FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Huhndorf, SM Fernandez, FA Lodge, DJ AF Huhndorf, SM Fernandez, FA Lodge, DJ TI Neotropical Ascomycetes 9. Jobellisia species from Puerto Rico and elsewhere SO SYDOWIA LA English DT Article DE Annulatascaceae; Clypeosphaeriaceae; neotropics; sordariales; systematics AB Jobellisia barrii sp. nov. and J. fraterna sp, nov, are described and illustrated based on material from Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, French Guiana and Thailand and are compared with J. rhynchostoma, J. luteola and J. nicaraguensis. Jobellisia is characterized by superficial or erumpent ascomata and red brown, ellipsoid, one-septate or one-celled ascospores. Jobellisia barrii and J. fraterna differ from the other species in having dark-colored, non-collapsing, beaked ascomata with a three-layered, variously colored ascomal wall structure. C1 Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Bot, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Huhndorf, SM (reprint author), Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Bot, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERLAG FERDINAND BERGER SOHNE GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI HORN PA WIENER STRASSE 21-23, 3580 HORN, AUSTRIA SN 0082-0598 J9 SYDOWIA JI Sydowia PD DEC 31 PY 1999 VL 51 IS 2 BP 183 EP 196 PG 14 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 268HU UT WOS:000084408900005 ER PT J AU Popov, K Yachmenev, V Kolosov, A Shabanova, N AF Popov, K Yachmenev, V Kolosov, A Shabanova, N TI Effect of soil electroosmotic flow enhancement by chelating reagents SO COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS LA English DT Article DE electrokinetics; soil remediation; chelating agents; textile waste ID REDUCTIVE DISSOLUTION; HYDROUS OXIDES; MAGNETITE; COMPLEXES; AGENTS; EDTA AB A new effect of a complexant enhanced electroosmotic how (EF) in clayey soils is described and interpreted. It is demonstrated that common chelating agents (Citric acid, EDTA, HEDPA) are capable of providing one order of magnitude increase in flow intensity. The intensity of EF depends on the character, concentration and pH of complexant solution, the character of soil and the voltage applied. EF passes maximum when HEDPA concentration changes from 0 to 0.8 M. It decreases at low pH of complexant solutions in comparison with high pH range. An observed ability of complexants to affect electroosmosis evidently offers a possibility of governing remediation technologies and to provide controlled delivery of nutrients to plant roots by an appropriate choice of the reagent, its concentration, and pH. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Moscow State Univ Food Technol, Dept Phys & Colloid Chem, Moscow 125080, Russia. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. D Mendeleyev Univ Chem Technol Russia, Colloid Chem Dept, Moscow 125147, Russia. RP Popov, K (reprint author), Moscow State Univ Food Technol, Dept Phys & Colloid Chem, Volokolamskoye Sh 11, Moscow 125080, Russia. RI Shabanova, Nadezhda /H-8655-2016; OI Popov, Konstantin/0000-0001-6034-7143 NR 23 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-7757 J9 COLLOID SURFACE A JI Colloid Surf. A-Physicochem. Eng. Asp. PD DEC 25 PY 1999 VL 160 IS 2 BP 135 EP 140 DI 10.1016/S0927-7757(99)00359-3 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 263JY UT WOS:000084122600009 ER PT J AU Mata-Sandoval, JC Karns, J Torrents, A AF Mata-Sandoval, JC Karns, J Torrents, A TI High-performance liquid chromatography method for the characterization of rhamnolipid mixtures produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2 on corn oil SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE Pseudomonas aeruginosa; rhamnolipids; lipids ID BIOSURFACTANT PRODUCTION; BIODEGRADATION; SOIL; SURFACTANTS; OCTADECANE; HYDROCARBONS AB A HPLC method was developed to quantify rhamnolipid species in a bacterial biosurfactant mixture. The biosurfactant mixtures containing mainly 3-[3'-(L-rhamnopyranosyl-oxy)decanoyloxy]decanoic acid (RhC10C10), 3-[3'-(2'-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-oxy)decanoyloxy]decanoic acid (Rh2C10C10), 3-[3'-(2'-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-oxy)decanoyloxy]dodecanoic acid (Rh2C10C12), and a dehydrogenated variety of the latter, 3-[3'-(2'-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-oxy)decanoyloxy]dodecenoic acid (Rh2C10C12-H-2), were isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2 cultures grown on corn oil as sole carbon. The rhamnolipid species were identified and quantified after their derivatization to the corresponding phenacyl esters. To confirm the reliability of the HPLC method, the biosurfactant mixtures and the HPLC isolated species were further analyzed. Mass spectroscopy (electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization techniques) was used to confirm their molecular mass, gas chromatography to verify their fatty acid content, and a colorimetric assay to quantify the rhamnose content. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Environm Engn Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Torrents, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Environm Engn Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 22 TC 114 Z9 124 U1 4 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD DEC 24 PY 1999 VL 864 IS 2 BP 211 EP 220 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00979-6 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 270AK UT WOS:000084513100004 PM 10669288 ER PT J AU Ochoa, R AF Ochoa, R TI A "mite" more information SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 USDA, Systemat Entomol Lab, Agr Res Stn, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ochoa, R (reprint author), USDA, Systemat Entomol Lab, Agr Res Stn, BARC W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 24 PY 1999 VL 286 IS 5449 BP 2451 EP 2452 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 268RQ UT WOS:000084429700024 ER PT J AU Izadyar, AB Wang, SY AF Izadyar, AB Wang, SY TI Changes of lipid components during dormancy in 'Hull Thornless' and 'Triple Crown Thornless' blackberry cultivars SO SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Article DE Rubus spp.; chilling units; dormancy; glycolipids; phospholipids; fatty acids ID PLANT BIOREGULATOR; MEMBRANE-LIPIDS; APPLE BUDS; THIDIAZURON; ENDODORMANCY; TOLERANCE; WHEAT AB Chilling requirements and changes in polar lipids of two blackberry cultivars (Rubus spp.), 'Triple Crown Thornless' and 'Hull Thornless' were determined during dormancy and budbreak. Under field conditions,'Triple Crown Thornless' required lower chilling units (CUs) than 'Hull Thornless' to overcome dormancy, 'Triple Crown Thornless' and 'Hull Thornless' achieved full budbreak after receiving 600 and 1000 CU (chilling units), respectively. Under cold temperature treatments, 'Triple Crown Thornless' needed 400 CU, while 'Hull Thornless' needed 600 CU at 4 degrees C to obtain 100% budbreak. The shoots kept at intermittent 6/24 degrees C (6 degrees C for 16 h, and 24 degrees C for 8 h) did not reach full budbreak even after receiving 1000 CUs. An increase in phospholipids and glycolipids was detected at the end of dormancy. The increase in phospholipids occurred prior to the increase in glycolipids. The percentage of 18:2 fatty acid decreased while that of 18.3 increased and there was approximately a fivefold increase in the 18:3/18:2 ratio observed at the time of budbreak. The increase in the 18 : 3/18 : 2 ratio could serve as an indicator of dormancy termination and growth resumption in blackberry. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Rm 211,Bldg 010A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4238 J9 SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM JI Sci. Hortic. PD DEC 23 PY 1999 VL 82 IS 3-4 BP 243 EP 254 DI 10.1016/S0304-4238(99)00051-5 PG 12 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 267VM UT WOS:000084380000006 ER PT J AU Lebel, T Castellano, MA AF Lebel, T Castellano, MA TI Australasian truffle-like fungi. IX. History and current trends in the study of the taxonomy of sequestrate macrofungi from Australia and New Zealand SO AUSTRALIAN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY LA English DT Review ID HYPOGEOUS FUNGI; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; PINUS-RADIATA; BASIDIOMYCOTINA; GENUS; MESOPHELLIACEAE; ENDOGONACEAE AB Australian sequestrate macrofungi have not been studied extensively until recently, even though their presence in Australia was recognised over 120 years ago by Baron Ferdinand von Mueller in connection with mycophagy by marsupials. The early mycological history in Australia is linked to the first expeditions and collections of plant material by naturalists from 1790 to 1830. These collections were sent to, and described by, foreign mycologists such as the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, the Rev. C. Kalchbrenner and E. M. Fries. M. C. Cooke's (1892) Handbook of Australian Fungi was the first attempt at compiling an Australian mycoflora. D. McAlpine and L. Rodway were the first resident collectors to expand on the information collated by Cooke. Later, G. H. Cunningham (1944) wrote The Gasteromycetes of New Zealand and Australia, bringing together the taxonomy of all known sequestrate macrofungi in the region. By 1895 approximately 2000 species of fungi had been recorded from Australia, 32 of them sequestrate. Recent intensive efforts in limited habitats have expanded our knowledge considerably, with more than 600 new species of sequestrate fungi recorded over the past 7 years. Many more remain to be discovered in Australia and New Zealand and knowledge of their biology and ecology needs to be developed. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Lebel, T (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. OI Lebel, Teresa/0000-0002-8592-1102 NR 117 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1030-1887 J9 AUST SYST BOT JI Aust. Syst. Bot. PD DEC 21 PY 1999 VL 12 IS 6 BP 803 EP 817 DI 10.1071/SB97039 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology SC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology GA 266YV UT WOS:000084328600004 ER PT J AU Weitz, AM Keller, M Linder, E Crill, PM AF Weitz, AM Keller, M Linder, E Crill, PM TI Spatial and temporal variability of nitrogen oxide and methane fluxes from a fertilized tree plantation in Costa Rica SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATE FOREST SOILS; WESTERN PUERTO-RICO; CARBON-DIOXIDE; NITRIC-OXIDE; EMISSIONS; N2O; GRASSLANDS; DENITRIFICATION; ATMOSPHERE; MANAGEMENT AB Nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) are naturally produced and consumed by soil biogeochemical processes. Naturally high variation between trace gas fluxes may temporarily increase due to agricultural management. We studied spatial and temporal variability of fluxes in the context of a 3-year field experiment established to identify and quantify N2O fluxes and controlling factors using automated field measurements. We measured trace gas fluxes, soil temperature, and moisture from fertilized and unfertilized balsa (Ochroma lagopus) plantations. Combining spatial and temporal sampling we evaluate if automatically measured time series of N2O emissions are representative of overall mean fluxes from fertilized loam under balsa. Soil trace gas fluxes were measured manually at 36 randomly distributed sampling locations per plot. Mean plot emissions were evaluated against fluxes measured by seven chambers commonly used for routine bimonthly manual measurements and against N2O emissions measured by two automated chambers at 4.6-hour sampling intervals. Trace gas fluxes were highly variable over 40 x 40 m plots. Nitrogen oxide fluxes were mainly spatially independent. Fertilization increased nitrogen oxide emissions but did not introduce spatial dependency of flux data. Within about 6 weeks fluxes approached pre-fertilization level again. Given high spatial variation of nitrogen oxide fluxes we find that automatically measured N2O fluxes represent the nature of the flux response well and are in the range of fluxes indicated by spatial sampling. When soils were relatively dry fertilization inhibited CH4 uptake. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Math, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Weitz, AM (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM antje@kaos.sr.unh.edu; michael@kaos.sr.unh.edu; elinder@christa.unh.edu; patrick.crill@unh.edu RI Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012; OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359; Crill, Patrick/0000-0003-1110-3059 NR 47 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 20 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D23 BP 30097 EP 30107 DI 10.1029/1999JD900952 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268DR UT WOS:000084399500002 ER PT J AU Yokelson, RJ Goode, JG Ward, DE Susott, RA Babbitt, RE Wade, DD Bertschi, I Griffith, DWT Hao, WM AF Yokelson, RJ Goode, JG Ward, DE Susott, RA Babbitt, RE Wade, DD Bertschi, I Griffith, DWT Hao, WM TI Emissions of formaldehyde, acetic acid, methanol, and other trace gases from biomass fires in North Carolina measured by airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID DIODE-LASER SPECTROMETER; TROPICAL SOUTH-ATLANTIC; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; BURNING EMISSIONS; ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER; OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS; SMOLDERING COMBUSTION; AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS; SAVANNA ECOSYSTEMS AB Biomass burning is an important source of many trace gases in the global troposphere. We have constructed an airborne trace gas measurement system consisting of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) coupled to a "flow-through" multipass cell (AFTIR) and installed it on a U. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service King Air B-90. The first measurements with the new system were conducted in North Carolina during April 1997 on large, isolated biomass fire plumes. Simultaneous measurements included Global Positioning System (GPS); airborne sonde; particle light scattering, CO, and CO2; and integrated filter and canister samples. AFTIR spectra acquired within a few kilometers of the fires yielded excess mixing ratios for 10 of the most common trace gases in the smoke: water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, formaldehyde, acetic acid, formic acid, methanol, ethylene, and ammonia. Emission ratios to carbon monoxide for formaldehyde, acetic acid, and methanol were each 2.5 +/- 1%. This is in excellent agreement with (and confirms the relevance of) our results from laboratory fires. However, these ratios are significantly higher than the emission ratios reported for these compounds in some previous studies of "fresh" smoke. We present a simple photochemical model calculation that suggests that oxygenated organic compounds should be included in the assessment of ozone formation in smoke plumes. Our measured emission factors indicate that biomass fires could account for a significant portion of the oxygenated organic compounds and HOx present in the tropical troposphere during the dry season. Our fire measurements, along with recent measurements of oxygenated biogenic emissions and oxygenated organic compounds in the free troposphere, indicate that these rarely measured compounds play a major, but poorly understood, role in the HOx, NOx, and O-3 chemistry of the troposphere. C1 Univ Montana, Dept Chem, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn Fire Sci Laab, Missoula, MT USA. USDA Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Athens, Greece. Univ Wollongong, Dept Chem, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia. RP Yokelson, RJ (reprint author), Univ Montana, Dept Chem, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM byok@selway.umt.edu RI Yokelson, Robert/C-9971-2011 OI Yokelson, Robert/0000-0002-8415-6808 NR 87 TC 155 Z9 154 U1 5 U2 42 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 20 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D23 BP 30109 EP 30125 DI 10.1029/1999JD900817 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 268DR UT WOS:000084399500003 ER PT J AU Whittaker, MM Kersten, PJ Cullen, D Whittaker, JW AF Whittaker, MM Kersten, PJ Cullen, D Whittaker, JW TI Identification of catalytic residues in glyoxal oxidase by targeted mutagenesis SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; GALACTOSE-OXIDASE; ACTIVE-SITE; PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; APOGALACTOSE OXIDASE; PICHIA-PASTORIS; ENZYME; EXPRESSION; MECHANISM; TYROSINE-495 AB Glyoxal oxidase is a copper metalloenzyme produced by the wood-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium as an essential component of its extracellular lignin degradation pathways. Previous spectroscopic studies on glyoxal oxidase have demonstrated that it contains a free radical-coupled copper active site remarkably similar to that found in another fungal metalloenzyme, galactose oxidase. Alignment of primary structures has allowed four catalytic residues of glyoxal oxidase to be targeted for site-directed mutagenesis in the recombinant protein. Three glyoxal oxidase mutants have been heterologously expressed in both a filamentous fungus (Aspergillus nidulans) and in a methylotrophic yeast (Pichia pastoris), the latter expression system producing as much as 2 g of protein per liter of culture medium under conditions of high density methanol-induced fermentation. Biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of the mutant enzymes supports structural correlation ions between galactose oxidase and glyoxal oxidase, clearly identifying the catalytically important residues in glyoxal oxidase and demonstrating the functions of each of these residues. C1 Oregon Grad Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Portland, OR USA. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Whittaker, JW (reprint author), Oregon Grad Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Portland, OR USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 46749] NR 38 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD DEC 17 PY 1999 VL 274 IS 51 BP 36226 EP 36232 DI 10.1074/jbc.274.51.36226 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 266AV UT WOS:000084279200029 PM 10593910 ER PT J AU Lanciotti, RS Roehrig, JT Deubel, V Smith, J Parker, M Steele, K Crise, B Volpe, KE Crabtree, MB Scherret, JH Hall, RA MacKenzie, JS Cropp, CB Panigrahy, B Ostlund, E Schmitt, B Malkinson, M Banet, C Weissman, J Komar, N Savage, HM Stone, W McNamara, T Gubler, DJ AF Lanciotti, RS Roehrig, JT Deubel, V Smith, J Parker, M Steele, K Crise, B Volpe, KE Crabtree, MB Scherret, JH Hall, RA MacKenzie, JS Cropp, CB Panigrahy, B Ostlund, E Schmitt, B Malkinson, M Banet, C Weissman, J Komar, N Savage, HM Stone, W McNamara, T Gubler, DJ TI Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; E-GLYCOPROTEIN; DNA-SEQUENCES; IDENTIFICATION; EVOLUTION; TREES; KUNJIN; GENE AB In Late summer 1999, an outbreak of human encephalitis occurred in the northeastern United States that was concurrent with extensive mortality in crows (Corvus species) as well as the deaths of several exotic birds at a zoological park in the same area. Complete genome sequencing of a flavivirus isolated from the brain of a dead Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), together with partial sequence analysis of envelope glycoprotein (E-glycoprotein) genes amplified from several other species including mosquitoes and two fatal human cases, revealed that West Nile (WN) virus circulated in natural transmission cycles and was responsible for the human disease. Antigenic mapping with E-glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies and E-glycoprotein phylogenetic analysis confirmed these viruses as WN. This North American WN virus was most closely related to a WN virus isolated from a dead goose in Israel in 1998. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Inst Pasteur, Unite Arbovirus & Virus Fievres Hemorragiques, F-75724 Paris 15, France. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Div Virol & Pathol, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Div Virol, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. Univ Queensland, Dept Microbiol & Parasitol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Minist Agr & Rural Dev, Kimron Vet Inst, Div Avian Dis, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Div Fish Wildlife & Marine Resources, Wildlife Pathol Unit, Delmar, NY 12054 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. RP Lanciotti, RS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RI Smith, Jane/B-6254-2009; OI Roehrig, John/0000-0001-7581-0479 NR 21 TC 969 Z9 1012 U1 14 U2 170 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 17 PY 1999 VL 286 IS 5448 BP 2333 EP 2337 DI 10.1126/science.286.5448.2333 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 266UK UT WOS:000084318500059 PM 10600742 ER PT J AU Vanden Wymelenberg, A Cullen, D Spear, R Andrews, J AF Vanden Wymelenberg, A Cullen, D Spear, R Andrews, J TI Regulated expression of green fluorescent protein under the control of Aureobasidium pullulans xylanase gene xynA SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Aureobasidium pullulans; green fluorescent protein; xylanase ID CARBON CATABOLITE REPRESSION; TRICHODERMA-REESEI; USTILAGO-MAYDIS; FUNGUS; PURIFICATION; INDUCTION; Y-2311-1; CLONING AB A mutant form of the jellyfish cDNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was fused to the promoter of the Aureobasidium pullulans xylanase gene xynA and the expression vector pxynEGFP was introduced into A. pullulans. In a manner consistent with regulation of the native xynA gene, gfp activity was induced by xylose and repressed by glucose. The marker may be useful for monitoring populations of A. pullulans in situ and for identifying transcriptional control elements of xynA. (C) 1999 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Andrews, J (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 181 IS 2 BP 205 EP 209 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08845.x PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 263LZ UT WOS:000084127300002 PM 10585539 ER PT J AU Gburek, WJ Folmar, GJ AF Gburek, WJ Folmar, GJ TI A ground water recharge field study: site characterization and initial results SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE recharge; groundwater; fractured bedrock; upland watersheds ID AQUIFER; MODEL; FLOW AB A field study site was installed in east-central Pennsylvania to examine processes controlling groundwater recharge. It was instrumented to monitor climatic inputs, soil water dynamics and groundwater response. Characterization of the layered fractured bedrock underlying the site by rock coring, seismic surveys and interval packer testing showed consistencies between layer depths, fracture frequencies, seismic velocities and hydraulic conductivities. Monthly summaries of rainfall and percolate over two years showed that percolate rates were generally high and closely related to precipitation during the dormant season. During the growing season, however, the relationship became erratic with large variabilities: occurring between individual lysimeter measurements. Eight dormant season rainfall events were examined in detail. Smaller events produced similar responses from 1 m deep percolate lysimeters, Approximately 10-15 mm of rain was required to initiate percolate, with the time delay in response dependent on how long it took this depth to accumulate; 5 to 6 mm of the rain was retained in storage, with the remainder becoming percolate. Larger rains, from 30-110 mm, caused correspondingly larger depths of percolate and larger water table responses, but generally similar patterns of site response. Groundwater at the site was typically about 6 m below the land surface during the dormant season. It responded 1-2 hours after the onset of percolate, and reached its maximum elevation anywhere from 4 to 16 hours after that, even though percolate was still-occurring, Based on causative depth of recharge and amount of water level rise in wells, the specific yield of the aquifer was found to be of the order of 0.01. This value is characteristic of fracture geometry rather than matrix properties of the bedrock. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Gburek, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 31 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 7 U2 25 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 17 BP 2813 EP 2831 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19991215)13:17<2813::AID-HYP901>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 19 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 273BJ UT WOS:000084686600012 ER PT J AU Adams, ML Philpot, WD Norvell, WA AF Adams, ML Philpot, WD Norvell, WA TI Yellowness index: an application of spectral second derivatives to estimate chlorosis of leaves in stressed vegetation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID LEAF REFLECTANCE; TRANSMITTANCE; NITROGEN; LIGHT; RED AB This paper introduces yellowness index (YI) as a measure for chlorosis of leaves in stressed plants. YI provides a measure of the change in shape of the reflectance spectra between the maximum near 0.55 mu m and the minimum near 0.65 mu m. Quantitatively, YI is a simple, three-point approximation of the second derivative of the spectra, calculated using a finite divided difference approximation. YI is compared with two vegetation indices based on spectral changes in the region of the red edge, VI and NDVI. For manganese-deficient soybean leaves, YI, VI and NDVI were all closely related to leaf chlorophyll concentrations. YI is calculated from wavelengths in the visible that are thought to be less sensitive to changes in leaf structure or water content. Because YI is an approximation of a spectral second derivative, it should be less sensitive to atmospheric effects than many other vegetation indices. Finally, although the results reported here are promising, they are based on leaf-level observations and must be verified at the canopy level for remote sensing applications. An example of the correlation between NDVI and YI in AVIRIS data is given. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Soil Crop & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Adams, ML (reprint author), CSIRO, Land & Water, Private Bag, Wembley, WA 6014, Australia. OI Philpot, William/0000-0002-5283-4774 NR 30 TC 125 Z9 156 U1 1 U2 23 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 20 IS 18 BP 3663 EP 3675 DI 10.1080/014311699211264 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 252BX UT WOS:000083481800016 ER PT J AU Dargatz, DA Garry, FB Clark, GB Ross, PF AF Dargatz, DA Garry, FB Clark, GB Ross, PF TI Serum copper concentrations in beef cows and heifers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID TRACE-ELEMENT DEFICIENCIES; CATTLE; DIAGNOSIS; MOLYBDENUM; SULFATE AB Objective-To characterize serum copper status of cows and heifers in beef cow-calf herds throughout the United States and to evaluate use of copper supplements in those herds. Design-Cross-sectional survey. Animals-2,007 cows and heifers from 256 herds in 18 states, Procedures-Producers participating in a health and management survey conducted as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System voluntarily allowed serum samples to be obtained from cows and heifers for determination of copper concentration. Results were categorized as deficient, marginally deficient, or adequate. The proportion of cattle and herds (on the basis of mean value of the tested cattle) in each category was determined, Copper concentrations were compared between herds that reportedly used copper supplements and those that did not. Results-Overall, 34 of 2,007 (1.7%) cows and heifers were deficient in copper, and 781 (38.9%) were marginally deficient. In each region, at least a third of the cattle were deficient or marginally deficient. For herds, 92 of 256 (35.9%) were marginally deficient, and 22 (0.8%) were deficient. Approximately half of the producers reported use of copper supplements, but a sizeable proportion of those producers' cattle and herds were classified as marginally deficient or deficient. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Copper deficiency is not restricted to a single geographic region of the United States. Copper deficiency can persist despite reported use of supplements by producers. Veterinarians dealing with beef cow-calf herds that have problems consistent with copper deficiency should not rule out copper deficiency solely on the basis of geographic region or reported use of copper supplements for the herd. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, USDA, Vet Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Anim Hlth, USDA, Vet Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Vet Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Dargatz, DA (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, USDA, Vet Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 215 IS 12 BP 1828 EP 1832 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 264WQ UT WOS:000084206300014 PM 10613217 ER PT J AU Wilkie, B Lunney, JK AF Wilkie, B Lunney, JK TI 1998 Distinguished Veterinary Immunologist: Dr. Alan J. Husband SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Univ Guelph, Ontario Vet Coll, Dept Pathobiol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, LPSI, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wilkie, B (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Ontario Vet Coll, Dept Pathobiol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 72 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 5 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00139-7 PG 3 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 265QZ UT WOS:000084256000002 PM 10614486 ER PT J AU Levine, M Daruwala, R Park, J Rumsey, SC AF Levine, M Daruwala, R Park, J Rumsey, SC TI Recommendations for vitamin C intake - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter ID RISK C1 NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Mead Johnson Nutr, Evansville, IN USA. RP Levine, M (reprint author), NIH, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 8 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 22 BP 2119 EP 2119 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 260UG UT WOS:000083971400017 ER PT J AU Azoulay, B Wasserman, E Brown, HC Castro, G Thackray, A Roy, R Olah, GA Pavlath, AE Bovenschulte, RD Lilley, D Massie, SP Raber, DJ Price, DB Walter, PHL Pearce, EM Hamamoto, R AF Azoulay, B Wasserman, E Brown, HC Castro, G Thackray, A Roy, R Olah, GA Pavlath, AE Bovenschulte, RD Lilley, D Massie, SP Raber, DJ Price, DB Walter, PHL Pearce, EM Hamamoto, R TI Millennial musings SO CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Elf Atochem N Amer, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. San Jose State Univ, Coll Sci, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. Penn State Univ, Mat Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ So Calif, Loker Hydrocarbon Res Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Amer Chem Soc, Publicat Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. USN Acad, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. Natl Res Council, Board Chem Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20418 USA. BF Goodrich Co, Performance Mat, Akron, OH 44333 USA. Petrochem Corp Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. RP Azoulay, B (reprint author), Elf Atochem N Amer, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2347 J9 CHEM ENG NEWS JI Chem. Eng. News PD DEC 6 PY 1999 VL 77 IS 49 BP 118 EP + PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 262KC UT WOS:000084065300064 ER PT J AU Schellekens, J Scatena, FN Bruijnzeel, LA Wickel, AJ AF Schellekens, J Scatena, FN Bruijnzeel, LA Wickel, AJ TI Modelling rainfall interception by a lowland tropical rain forest in northeastern Puerto Rico SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE interception loss; modelling; tropical rain forest; Puerto Rico ID PREDICTIVE MODEL; THETFORD FOREST; HURRICANE-HUGO; WATER-BALANCE; EVAPORATION; CANOPY; RAINFOREST AB Recent surveys of tropical forest water use suggest that rainfall interception by the canopy is largest in wet maritime locations. To investigate the underlying processes at one such location-the Luquillo Experimental Forest in eastern Puerto Rico-66 days of detailed throughfall and above-canopy climatic data were collected in 1996 and analysed using the Rutter and Gash models of rainfall interception. Throughfall occurred on 80% of the days distributed over 80 rainfall events. Measured interception loss was 50% of gross precipitarion. When Penman-Monteith based estimates for the wet canopy evaporation rate (0.11 mm h(-1) on average) and a canopy storage of 1.15 mm were used, both models severely underestimated measured interception loss. A detailed analysis of four storms using the Rutter model showed that optimizing the model for the wet canopy evaporation component yielded much better results than increasing the canopy storage capacity. However, the Rutter model failed to properly estimate throughfall amounts during an exceptionally large event. The analytical model, on the other hand, was capable of representing interception during the extreme event, but once again optimizing wet canopy evaporation rates produced a much better fit than optimizing the canopy storage capacity. As such, the present results support the idea that it is primarily a high rate of evaporation from a wet canopy that is responsible for the observed high interception losses. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. US Forest Serv, USDA, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Schellekens, J (reprint author), Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth Sci, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. NR 54 TC 90 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD DEC 6 PY 1999 VL 225 IS 3-4 BP 168 EP 184 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00157-2 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 261VY UT WOS:000084032000006 ER PT J AU Cornish, K Lytle, CD AF Cornish, K Lytle, CD TI Viral impermeability of hypoallergenic, low protein, guayule latex films SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hypoallergenic latex; latex allergy; latex prototypes; Parthenium argentatum; viral barrier properties ID HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS LATEX; CROSS-REACTIVITY; VIRUS AB Guayule latex proteins do not cross-react with antibodies raised against latex proteins in commercially available products manufactured from Hevea brasiliensis latex. Thus guayule latex is a promising raw material for the manufacture of hypoallergenic latex products, safe for use by people suffering from IgE-mediated Type I "latex allergy." Also, guayule latex is a low protein material and therefore unlikely to cause widespread sensitization. Latex products commonly are used as essential barriers against the transmission of disease, and so guayule hypoallergenic latex medical products would be a viable alternative only if they possess effective viral barrier properties. To address this question, fingers of prototype hand-dipped guayule latex examination gloves were tested for their permeability to a surrogate challenge virus, phi X174. This virus has a diameter of 27 nm and is similar in size to the smallest human pathogenic viruses. Prototype guayule latex condom films were tested using synthetic blood over a range of pressures and, after 4 years of storage, with synthetic blood and with the phi X174 virus. We concluded that guayule latex films taken from prototype hand-dipped gloves and condoms provide effective barriers to virus transmission and that they remain effective (at least in condoms) after long-term storage. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. US FDA, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. RP Cornish, K (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013 NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. PD DEC 5 PY 1999 VL 47 IS 3 BP 434 EP 437 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19991205)47:3<434::AID-JBM20>3.0.CO;2-N PG 4 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 239UV UT WOS:000082788800020 PM 10487897 ER PT J AU Hudak, C Bender, J Weigel, HJ Miller, J AF Hudak, C Bender, J Weigel, HJ Miller, J TI Interactive effects of elevated CO2, O-3, and soil water deficit on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L-cv. Nandu) SO AGRONOMIE LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; ozone; soil water deficit; multiple stress interaction; wheat ID OPEN-TOP CHAMBERS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; AIR-POLLUTANTS; CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT; PLANT-RESPONSES; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CROP RESPONSES; GAS-EXCHANGE; OZONE; STRESS AB This study investigated the interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O-3), and soil water deficit on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Nandu). Plants were grown in open-top chambers (OTCs) which were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial design consisting of two O-3 levels (ambient and 1.5-times ambient) in combination with two CO2 levels (ambient and ambient plus 320 mu mol mol(-1) CO2) Subplots in each OTC were subjected to two levels of watering, well-watered and restricted water supply. Total leaf conductance (g(L)), growth and biochemical analyses were determined to assess plant responses. The relative reduction in g(L) due to CO2, soil water deficit and/or O-3 depended on plant growth stage. However, complex interactions between the experimentally controlled factors occurred on many days. Reduced water supply resulted in growth reduction but provided some protection against the loss in dry weight caused by O-3. Elevated CO2 stimulated plant growth, but no interactive effects between CO2, soil water deficit and/or O-3 were observed, suggesting that elevated CO2 reduced the adverse effects of O-3 and/or soil water deficit in an additive manner. The complex nature of the multiple stress interactions involved was also illustrated by the responses of specific biochemical variables (carbohydrates, proline, pigments). (C) 1999 Inra/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. RP Bender, J (reprint author), Fed Agr Res Ctr FAL, Inst Agroecol, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. NR 48 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 7 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0249-5627 J9 AGRONOMIE JI Agronomie PD DEC PY 1999 VL 19 IS 8 BP 677 EP 687 DI 10.1051/agro:19990803 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 271ZU UT WOS:000084626300003 ER PT J AU McArthur, ED Sanderson, SC AF McArthur, ED Sanderson, SC TI Cytogeography and chromosome evolution of subgenus Tridentatae of Artemisia (Asteraceae) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Review DE Artemisia; Asteraceae; cytogeography; hybridization; polyploidy; sagebrush; Seriphidium; Tridentatae ID NARROW HYBRID ZONE; BIG SAGEBRUSH; DIFFERENTIATION; AUTOPOLYPLOIDY; COMPOSITAE; FRAGARIA; COMPLEX; RAPD; TAXA AB The subgenus Tridentatae of Artemisia (Asteraceae: Anthemideae) is composed of 11 species of various taxonomic and geographic complexities. It is centered on Artemisia tridentata with its three widespread common subspecies and two more geographically confined ones. Meiotic chromosome counts on pollen mother cells and mitotic chromosome counts on root tips were made on 364 populations ((X) over bar = 3.1 plants per population). These population counts are similar to 60% of all Tridentatae counts. Some are first records for taxa. The Tridentatae are a polyploid complex (x = 9) with ploidy levels from 2x to 8x, but mostly 2x (48%) and 4x (46%). Polyploidy occurs in nine of the ii species and in many subspecies as well. Supernumerary or b chromosomes are present only at a low frequency. In the principal species, A. tridentata, 2x plants are larger than 4x ones, which are adapted to drier conditions, probably in consequence of their slower growth rates. Gigas diploidy is a phenomenon shared by some other woody genera, but is in contrast to the gigas polyploid nature of many herbaceous genera. Polyploidy occurs within populations and is essentially autoploid. Hybridization sometimes occurs at taxa interfaces in stable hybrid zones. Stable Tridentatae hybrid zones coupled with the group's inherent propensity for polyploidization has led to the establishment of a geographically and numerically large and successful complex of species. C1 US Forest Serv, Dept Agr, Shrub Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP McArthur, ED (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Dept Agr, Shrub Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 735 N 500 E, Provo, UT 84606 USA. EM dmcarthur/rmrs_provo@fs.fed.us NR 126 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 4 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI ST LOUIS PA PO BOX 299, ST LOUIS, MO 63166-0299 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 86 IS 12 BP 1754 EP 1775 DI 10.2307/2656673 PG 22 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 267DW UT WOS:000084342500012 PM 10602768 ER PT J AU Abrams, SA AF Abrams, SA TI Using stable isotopes to assess mineral absorption and utilization by children SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Clinical-Nutrition in Conjunction with Experimental Biology 99 CY APR 17-20, 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Soc Clin Nutr DE calcium absorption; iron absorption; stable isotopes; mineral requirements; infant nutrition; mass spectrometry; nutrient interactions ID BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; NONHEME-IRON ABSORPTION; ENDOGENOUS FECAL EXCRETION; RED-BLOOD-CELLS; CALCIUM-ABSORPTION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PREMATURE-INFANTS; FRACTIONAL ABSORPTION; ADOLESCENT FEMALES; ZINC-ABSORPTION C1 USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Sect Neonatol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Abrams, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00188]; NIAMS NIH HHS [AR43740] NR 94 TC 88 Z9 96 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 70 IS 6 BP 955 EP 964 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 360VV UT WOS:000089688800004 PM 10584039 ER PT J AU Tang, G Gu, XF Hu, SM Xu, QM Qin, J Dolnikowski, GG Fjeld, CR Gao, X Russell, RM Yin, SA AF Tang, G Gu, XF Hu, SM Xu, QM Qin, J Dolnikowski, GG Fjeld, CR Gao, X Russell, RM Yin, SA TI Green and yellow vegetables can maintain body stores of vitamin A in Chinese children SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE Green-yellow vegetables; deuterated vitamin A; China; kindergarten children; total-body vitamin A stores ID A STATUS; BETA-CAROTENE; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LEAFY VEGETABLES; DARK-GREEN; RETINOL; PLASMA; HUMANS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; METABOLISM AB Background: Vitamin A activity of plant provitamin A carotenoids is uncertain. Objective: The objective was to determine whether plant carotenoids can sustain or improve vitamin A nutrition during the fall season in kindergarten children in the Shandong province of China. Design: The serum vitamin A concentration of 39% of the children was <1.05 mu mol/L and of 61% of the children was greater than or equal to 1.05 mu mol/L. For 5 d/wk for 10 wk, 22 children were provided approximate to 238 g green-yellow vegetables/d and 34 g light-colored vegetables/d. Nineteen children maintained their customary dietary intake, which included 56 g green-yellow vegetables/d and 224 g light-colored vegetables/d. Octadeuterated and tetradeuterated vitamin A were given before and after the interventions, respectively, and their enrichments in the plasma were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Serum retinol and carotenoid concentrations were measured by HPLC. Results: Carotenoid nutrition improved after consumption of green-yellow vegetables. Serum concentrations of retinol were sustained in the group fed green-yellow vegetables but decreased in the group fed light-colored vegetables (P < 0.01). The isotope-dilution tests confirmed that total-body vitamin A stores were sustained in the group fed green-yellow vegetables, but decreased 27 mu mol (7700 mu g retinol) per child, on average, in the group fed light-colored vegetables (P < 0.06). Conclusion: Green-yellow vegetables can provide adequate vitamin A nutrition in the diet of kindergarten children and protect them from becoming vitamin A deficient during seasons when the provitamin P; food source is limited. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Taian Med Coll, Taian City, Shandong, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Prevent Med, Inst Nutr & Food Hyg, Beijing, Peoples R China. Int Atom Energy Agcy, Vienna, Austria. RP Tang, G (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 34 TC 84 Z9 90 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 70 IS 6 BP 1069 EP 1076 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 360VV UT WOS:000089688800017 PM 10584052 ER PT J AU Caulfield, DF Feng, D Prabawa, S Young, RA Sanadi, AR AF Caulfield, DF Feng, D Prabawa, S Young, RA Sanadi, AR TI Interphase effects on the mechanical and physical aspects of natural fiber composites SO ANGEWANDTE MAKROMOLEKULARE CHEMIE LA English DT Article ID POLYPROPYLENE; POLYMERS; FILLERS C1 Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Amoco Polymer Grp, Alpharetta, GA 30202 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Sanadi, AR (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Sanadi, Anand/C-4420-2015 OI Sanadi, Anand/0000-0002-6382-9225 NR 15 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0003-3146 J9 ANGEW MAKROMOL CHEM JI Angew. Makromol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 272 BP 57 EP 64 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 287BA UT WOS:000085483100012 ER PT J AU Harari, AR Handler, AM Landolt, PJ AF Harari, AR Handler, AM Landolt, PJ TI Size-assortative mating, male choice and female choice in the curculionid beetle Diaprepes abbreviatus SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID MALE BODY-SIZE; MATE CHOICE; SEXUAL SELECTION; MALE COMPETITION; COLEOPTERA; SUCCESS; SPIDER; LEPIDOPTERA; ARANEIDAE; CRICKETS AB In the beetle Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) females are larger on average than males, as indicated by elytra length. Size-assortative matings were observed in wild populations in Florida and in laboratory mating experiments. We tested three mechanisms for this size-assortative mating: (1) mate availability; (2) mating constraints; and (3) mate choice. We found that mate choice influenced size-assortative mating by: (1) large and small males preferring to mate with large females; (2) large males successfully competing for large females, leaving small males to mate with small females; and (3) females accepting large males as mates more readily than small males. Males increased their reproductive success by mating with larger, more fecund females. They transferred protein to females during mating. (C) 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Harari, AR (reprint author), Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RI harari, ally/C-6566-2011 NR 63 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 58 BP 1191 EP 1200 DI 10.1006/anbe.1999.1257 PN 6 PG 10 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 280GR UT WOS:000085094300004 ER PT J AU Nonneman, D Koohmaraie, M AF Nonneman, D Koohmaraie, M TI Molecular cloning and mapping of the bovine and ovine skeletal muscle-specific calpains SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE bovine; CANP3; chromosomal location; coding region; ovine; p94; skeletal muscle-specific calpain ID PHENOL-CHLOROFORM EXTRACTION; SINGLE-STEP METHOD; RNA ISOLATION; LINKAGE MAP; TRANSLATION; DISTINCT; DOMAIN; GENE; P94 AB The coding regions of the bovine and sheep skeletal muscle-specific calpains (CANP3 or p94) were cloned and sequenced by RT-PCR. Direct sequencing confirmed open reading frames of 2466 bp for both species, and bovine and sheep CANP3 shared 98.5% identity in their amino acid code. These sequences were greater than 88% identical to human, pig, rat and mouse CANP3 nucleotide sequences, and greater than 93% identical for the amino acid code. Single nucleo tide polymorphisms were used to map the bovine and sheep CANP3 genes in two steps. The genes were placed into linkage groups based on two-point LOD scores (greater than or equal to 3.0) and the best order was determined with multipoint linkage analysis (CRI-MAP vs. 2.4). Bovine CANP3 mapped to bovine chromosome 10, relative position 33.9 CM with linkage to nine markers; LOD scores ranged ham 4.89 to 8.61 (order, BMS2349-BL1035-RME25-CANP3-BM6305-BMS861-ILSTS053-BMS2742-CA090-BMS529). Ovine CANP3 mapped to chromosome 7, relative position 58 CM, with linkage to only one marker, BMS861 (a bovine microsatellite that has been used in sheep), with no recombination and a LOD score of 5.72. The observed heterozygosity was 50% for both CANP3 markers in bovine and sheep pedigrees. C1 ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Koohmaraie, M (reprint author), ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 19 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 30 IS 6 BP 456 EP 458 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00550.x PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 268UJ UT WOS:000084433700008 PM 10612236 ER PT J AU Cepica, S Schroffel, J Redl, B Rohrer, GA AF Cepica, S Schroffel, J Redl, B Rohrer, GA TI Linkage mapping of two TaqI PCR-RFLPs within intron 6 of the porcine gene (LCN1) encoding Tear llipocalin/von Ebner's gland protein SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID GENOME; MAP C1 Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Anim Physiol & Genet, CR-27721 Libechov, Czech Republic. Univ Innsbruck, Fak Med, Inst Mikrobiol, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Cepica, S (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Anim Physiol & Genet, CR-27721 Libechov, Czech Republic. EM cepica@iapg.cas.cz RI Cepica, Stanislav/G-7180-2014 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 30 IS 6 BP 467 EP 468 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 268UJ UT WOS:000084433700017 PM 10612245 ER PT J AU Sonstegard, TS Kappes, SM AF Sonstegard, TS Kappes, SM TI Mapping of the UCP1 locus to bovine chromosome 17 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Sonstegard, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 30 IS 6 BP 472 EP 472 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 268UJ UT WOS:000084433700021 PM 10612249 ER PT J AU Sonstegard, TS Kappes, SM AF Sonstegard, TS Kappes, SM TI Mapping of the SDHA locus to bovine chromosome 20 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Sonstegard, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 30 IS 6 BP 473 EP 473 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00498-13.x PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 268UJ UT WOS:000084433700023 PM 10612251 ER PT J AU Li, YG Dewald, CL Sims, PL AF Li, YG Dewald, CL Sims, PL TI Genetic relationships within Tripsacum as detected by RAPD variation SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Tripsacum; RAPD; genetic relationships; genetic diversity ID EASTERN GAMAGRASS; MOLECULAR EVIDENCE; APOMIXIS; POACEAE; POLYMORPHISMS; POLYPLOIDY; GRAMINEAE; GENOME; MAIZE AB Genetic diversity within species of Tripsacum was surveyed based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation, as detected with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirteen of the 16 Tripsacum species, including both temperate and tropical species, were included in this study using 56 decamer oligonucleotide primers. Air of the 56 primers generated repeatable RAPD profiles and 53 of them detected polymorphic bands among the Tripsacum species. These 53 primers generated 350 repeatable bands ranging in size from 150-1600 bp, each primer generating an average of seven scoreable bands. Cluster analysis of polymorphic RAPDs indicated four major clusters. Cluster 1 consists of North American Tripsacum species, cluster 2 consists of South American Tripsacum species, cluster 3 includes T. zopilotense and T. latifolium from Mexico, and cluster 4 consists of Mesoamerican Tripsacum species. Cluster analysis does not reveal the division of two taxonomic sections (Fasciculata and Tripsacum). (C) 1999 Annals of Botany Company. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. RP Li, YG (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, 2000 18th, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NR 37 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 84 IS 6 BP 695 EP 702 DI 10.1006/anbo.1999.0973 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 266AQ UT WOS:000084278800002 ER PT J AU McCormick, SP Alexander, NJ Trapp, SE Hohn, TM AF McCormick, SP Alexander, NJ Trapp, SE Hohn, TM TI Disruption of TRI101, the gene encoding trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase, from Fusarium sporotrichioides SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REDUCED VIRULENCE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; GIBBERELLA-ZEAE; MET2 GENE; BIOSYNTHESIS; MYCOTOXINS; YEAST; TRANSFORMATION; CLUSTER; CULTURE AB We screened a Fusarium sporotrichioides NRRL 3299 cDNA expression library in a toxin-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain lacking a functional PDR5 gene. Fourteen yeast transformants were identified as resistant to the trichothecene 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, and each carried a cDNA encoding the trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase that is the F. sporotrichioides homolog of the Fusarium graminearum TRI101 gene. Mutants of F. sporotrichioides NRRL 3299 produced by disruption of TRI101 were altered in their abilities to synthesize T-2 toxin and accumulated isotrichodermol and small amounts of 3,15-didecalonectrin and 3-decalonectrin, trichothecenes that are not observed in cultures of the parent strain. Our results indicate that TRI101 converts isotrichodermol to isotrichodermin and is required for the biosynthesis of T-2 toxin. C1 ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP McCormick, SP (reprint author), ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM mccormsp@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 33 TC 55 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 65 IS 12 BP 5252 EP 5256 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 261XV UT WOS:000084036800010 PM 10583973 ER PT J AU Kang, DH Siragusa, GR AF Kang, DH Siragusa, GR TI Agar underlay method for recovery of sublethally heat-injured bacteria SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; MODEL CARCASS WASHER; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; ORGANIC-ACIDS; APPLE CIDER; BEEF; DECONTAMINATION; SURVIVAL; TISSUE; SALMONELLA AB A method of recovering sublethally heat-injured bacteria was developed. The procedure (termed the agar underlay method) uses a nonselective agar underlaid with a selective medium. In a two-chambered petri dish, the Lutri plate (LP), a nonselective agar is inoculated with a population of sublethally heat-injured bacteria. After a 2-h repair incubation period, selective agar is added to the bottom chamber of the LP and incubated. By diffusing through the nonselective top agar, selective agents fi om the underlay medium impart selectivity to the system. By the agar underlay method, recovery rates of the heat-injured food-borne pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium were not different (P > 0.05) from recovery rates determined with nonselective media. Sublethally heat-injured cells (60 degrees C for 1.5 min in buffer or 80 degrees C for 30 s on meat surfaces) grew and produced a typical colony morphology and color reaction when the agar underlay procedure was used with the appropriate respective selective agars. Unlike agar overlay methods for injury repair, the agar underlay procedure allows the typical selective-medium colony morphology to develop and allows colonies to be more easily picked for further characterization. Higher recovery rates of heat-injured fecal enterococci from bovine fecal samples and total coliforms from animal waste lagoons were obtained by the agar underlay method with selective agars than by direct plating on the respective selective media. C1 ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Siragusa, GR (reprint author), ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, POB 166,Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 32 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 65 IS 12 BP 5334 EP 5337 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 261XV UT WOS:000084036800022 PM 10583985 ER PT J AU Loper, JE Henkels, MD AF Loper, JE Henkels, MD TI Utilization of heterologous siderophores enhances levels of iron available to Pseudomonas putida in the rhizosphere SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENT; ENTEROBACTER-CLOACAE; FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONAS; PLANT-SURFACES; DAMPING-OFF; SOIL; WCS358; BIOSYNTHESIS; AEROBACTIN; AERUGINOSA AB Pseudomonas spp. have the capacity to utilize siderophores produced by diverse species of bacteria and fungi, and the present study was initiated to determine if siderophores produced by rhizosphere microorganisms enhance the levels of iron available to a strain of Pseudomonas putida in this natural habitat. We used a previously described transcriptional fusion (pvd-inaZ) between an iron-regulated promoter (pvd) and the ice nucleation reporter gene (inaZ) to detect alterations in iron availability to P. putida. Ice nucleation activity (INA) expressed from the pvd-inaZ fusion by P. putida N1R or N1R Pvd(-), a derivative deficient in the production of a pyoverdine siderophore, was inversely related to the concentration of ferric citrate in a culture medium. In culture, INA expressed by NIR Pvd(-) (pvd-inaZ) was reduced in the presence of the ferric complex of pseudobactin-358, a pyoverdine siderophore produced by P. putida WCS358 that can be utilized as a source of iron by NIR Pvd(-). In the rhizosphere of cucumbers grown in sterilized soil, N1R Pvd(-) (pvd-inaZ) expressed INA, indicating that iron availability was sufficiently low in that habitat to allow transcription of the iron-regulated pvd promoter. Coinoculation with WCS358 or N1R significantly decreased INA expressed by N1R Pvd(-) (pvd-inaZ) in the rhizosphere, whereas coinoculation with a pyoverdine-deficient mutant of WCS358 did not reduce INA expressed by N1R Pvd(-) (pvd-inaZ), These results indicate that iron availability to N1R Pvd(-) (pvd-inaZ) in the rhizosphere was enhanced by the presence of another strain of P. putida that produces a pyoverdine that N1R Pvd(-) (pvd-inaZ) was able to utilize as a source of iron, In culture, strain N1R Pvd(-) also utilized ferric complexes of the siderophores enterobactin and aerobactin as sources of iron. In the rhizosphere of cucumbers grown in sterilized soil, INA expressed by N1R Pvd(-) (pvd-inaZ) was reduced in the presence of strains of Enterobacter cloacae that produced enterobactin, aerobactin, or both siderophores, but INA expressed by N1R Pvd(-) (pvd-inaZ) was not altered in the presence of a mutant of E. cloacae deficient in both enterobactin and aerobactin production, Therefore, the iron status of P. putida was altered by siderophores produced by an unrelated bacterium coinhabiting the rhizosphere, Finally, we demonstrated that INA expressed by N1R containing pvd-inaZ in the rhizosphere differed between plants grown in sterilized versus nonsterilized field soil. The results of this study demonstrate that (i) P. putida expresses genes for pyoverdine production and uptake in the rhizosphere, but the level of gene expression is influenced by other bacteria that coexist with P. putida in this habitat, and (ii) diverse groups of microorganisms can alter the availability of chemical resources in microbial habitats on root surfaces. C1 ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Loper, JE (reprint author), ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, USDA, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 32 TC 119 Z9 134 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 65 IS 12 BP 5357 EP 5363 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 261XV UT WOS:000084036800026 PM 10583989 ER PT J AU Kristensen, HL McCarty, GW AF Kristensen, HL McCarty, GW TI Mineralization and immobilization of nitrogen in heath soil under intact Calluna, after heather beetle infestation and nitrogen fertilization SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Calluna vulgaris; gross ammonification; immobilization; Lockmaea suturalis; nitrification ID FOREST FLOOR MATERIAL; ORGANIC-MATTER; ECOSYSTEMS; NITRIFICATION; DEPOSITION; PLANTS; ABUNDANCE; AMMONIUM; GRADIENT; LITTER AB The maintenance of low availability of mineral N in heath soils is thought to be a key factor for the stability of heathland ecosystems, We investigated the turnover of NH4+ and NO3- in the organic surface layer of soils from a Danish heathland using N-15 isotope techniques in laboratory incubations. The soils were sampled under intact and dead Calluna vegetation. The dead Calluna vegetation had been fertilized at rates of 0, 15 or 35 kg N ha(-1) per year and the death of vegetation had been caused by a naturally occurring heather beetle infestation. In the soil under intact Calluna, the NH4+ pool was very low with no net mineralization, while a substantial mineralization-immobilization turnover of NH4+ was found with a large capacity for short term net NH4+ immobilization (36 mu g N g(-1) during 1 h; 135 mu g N g(-1) during 24 h). The metabolic inhibitor mercury chloride completely inhibited assimilation of Nit indicating the process was biological. The immobilization of NH4+ had no short or long-term (38 days) effect on soil respiration while NH4+ immobilization stimulated net mineralization of soil N during long-term incubation. The soils sampled under dead and dead/fertilized Calluna had large pools and high net mineralization rates of NH4+ with a decrease of gross NH4+ immobilization relative to the soil under intact Calluna. Neither net nor gross nitrification activity could be detected in any of the soils. The results indicate that the effects of an increased atmospheric N deposition to the heathland may be delayed because of the tight cycling of NH4+ and the storage capacity for N in the soil and vegetation. The ecosystem may, however, be susceptible to disruption of the tight NH4+ cycling because of the limited capacity of the ecosystem to remove excess mineral N from the soil. This may increase the risk of conversion of the heath into grassland. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Terr Ecol, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kristensen, HL (reprint author), Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Terr Ecol, Vejlsovej 25,POB 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. RI Kristensen, Hanne Lakkenborg/C-1735-2016 OI Kristensen, Hanne Lakkenborg/0000-0002-9200-1849 NR 39 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 187 EP 198 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(99)00036-0 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 271LG UT WOS:000084594600002 ER PT J AU Northup, BK Brown, JR Holt, JA AF Northup, BK Brown, JR Holt, JA TI Grazing impacts on the spatial distribution of soil microbial biomass around tussock grasses in a tropical grassland SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE grassland; grazing pressure; plant-microbe-soil interactions; soil condition ID NORTHERN AUSTRALIA; ORGANIC-MATTER; DEFOLIATION; WOODLANDS; CARBON; MANAGEMENT; PRESSURE; ROOT AB The role of grass tussocks in supporting soil microbial biomass (SMB) in grazed ecosystems is not fully understood, nor is the spatial distribution of SMB in response to different grass species. We undertook a study in 1997 that examined fine-scale distributions of SMB in grazed experimental paddocks located in the eucalypt woodlands of northern Queensland, Australia. Levels of SMB were determined on soil samples collected at seven locations along 60 cm transects in the vicinity of three species of tussock grass (Bothriochloa ewartiana, Chrysopogon fallax, Heteropogon contortus) and bare spaces, in replicate paddocks under five different grazing regimes. Data (n = 280) were analysed as a split-split plot in a randomised complete block. Slope position (block) and paddock management were the main plots, micro-patch type (tussocks and bare spaces) the split plot, and location around micro-patch the split-split plot. Paddock management, micro-patch, and location effects were significantly (p < 0.05) different, as were management x location and micro-patch x location interactions. The highest SMB levels were recorded at tussock centres on ungrazed (control) and lightly grazed paddocks, with lower levels recorded on degrading (15-27% reduction), and degraded/recovering (40-53% reduction) sites. Successively lower levels were noted from tussock centres outwards to the most distant locations (+30, -30 cm) with level of paddock degradation. High levels of SMB were noted around tussocks of B. ewartiana and C. fallax, while the lowest were recorded across bare patches (59% of levels for the above species). Heavy grazing reduced inputs of organic materials and carbon into the soil, thereby limiting resources available for microbial growth, Fine-scale monitoring of the plant-microbe-soil interface should be combined with large-scale measures of landscape response to properly describe degradation and recovery processes. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CSIRO, Trop Agr, Davies Lab, Aitkenvale, Qld 4814, Australia. USDA, NRCS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. CSIRO, Land & Water, Davies Lab, Aitkenvale, Qld 4814, Australia. USDA ARS, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Northup, BK (reprint author), CSIRO, Trop Agr, Davies Lab, Aitkenvale, Qld 4814, Australia. NR 47 TC 36 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 259 EP 270 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(99)00039-6 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 271LG UT WOS:000084594600009 ER PT J AU Teal, PEA Meredith, JA Gomez-Simuta, Y AF Teal, PEA Meredith, JA Gomez-Simuta, Y TI Isolation and identification of terpenoid sex pheromone components from extracts of hemolymph of males of the Caribbean fruit fly SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sex pheromone; Anastrepha suspensa; tephritid fruit fly; terpenes ID ANASTREPHA-SUSPENSA DIPTERA; LOEW DIPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; FLIES; VOLATILES; BLEND AB Extracts obtained from hemolymph of sexually mature males of the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa contained four biologically important terpenoid components of the sex pheromone. The four components were identified as farnesene, bisabolene, anastrephin, and epianastrepin based on their relative retention indexes from capillary gas chromatography analysis, using both apolar and polar phase columns and their chemical ionization (isobutane) mass spectra. The ratio of the components in extracts of hemolymph was the same as the ratio present in the volatile blend of pheromone released by sexually mature males during the reproductive period. Studies conducted to determine the effect of age on amounts of these components in hemolymph indicated that they increased from undetectable levels on the day of adult emergence to maximum levels on day eight. The increases in amounts of the components present in hemolymph with increasing age were correlated with increases in amounts of volatile pheromone released by males. Time of day studies showed that the amounts of these components in hemolymph followed the daily pattern of release of volatile pheromone components. Other components of the sex pheromone including ocimene, (Z)-3-nonen-1-ol, (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadien-1-ol and suspensolide were not found in extracts of hemolymph. The data suggest that the hemolymph plays a role in the transport of these pheromone components during sexual signalling. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 42:225-232, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32606 USA. Secretaria Agr & Recursos Hidraul, Programa Mosca Mediterraneo, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico. RP Teal, PEA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1700 SW 23 Dr, Gainesville, FL 32606 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 225 EP 232 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(199912)42:4<225::AID-ARCH1>3.0.CO;2-7 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 260EC UT WOS:000083935700001 PM 10578112 ER PT J AU Lamon-Fava, S Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ AF Lamon-Fava, S Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ TI Estrogen increases apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I secretion in Hep G2 cells by modulating transcription of the apo A-I gene promoter SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 17 beta-estradiol; estrogen receptor; apolipoprotein A-I ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; PREMATURE ATHEROSCLEROSIS; SYNERGISTIC INTERACTIONS; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; REPLACEMENT THERAPY; CONTROL EXPRESSION; DNA ELEMENTS; RECEPTOR AB Estrogen administration to postmenopausal women has been shown to increase plasma levels of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I. A human hepatoma cell line, Hep G2, was used to test the hypothesis that estrogen increases the hepatic production of apo A-I by modulating gene expression. When Hep G2 cells were treated fur 24 hours with E-2, the apo A-I content in the medium increased 4.3+/-1.0-fold at 10 mu mol/L E-2 and 1.8+/-0.4-fold at 1 mu mol/L E-2 compared with untreated cells. A time-course experiment indicated that there was no E-2-dependent (10 mu mol/L) increase in apo A-I medium content at 1 hour and 2 hours and that apo A-I was 165% of controls at 6 hours and 440% at 24 hours. Hep G2 cells were transfected, by the cationic lipid method, with constructs containing serial deletions of the 5' region of the apo A-I gene (-41/+397, -256/+397, and -2500/+397) cloned in front of the luciferase gene and with or without a 7-kb region spanning the apo C-III/A-IV intergenic region, which has been shown to contain regulatory elements for the expression of the apo A-I gene. With the exception of the construct containing only the basal promoter (-41/+397), the expression of all constructs was 2- to 3-fold greater in the presence of E-2. The smallest construct that maintained E-2 responsiveness,the -256/+397 construct, does not contain a typical estrogen-responsive element. In the same transfection experiments, the 4-fold increase in apo A-I in the culture medium was preserved. However, when the same set of transfections was performed by the calcium phosphate precipitation method, the E-2 effect on the apo A-I content in the culture medium and on transcription activation was nearly abolished. This effect was probably mediated by Ca2+ because incubation of cells with 20 mmol/L CaCl2 abolished the E,response. In conclusion, E-2 increases apo A-I production in hepatic cells by increasing the transcription of the apo A-I gene. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Lamon-Fava, S (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-03209] NR 41 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 19 IS 12 BP 2960 EP 2965 PG 6 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 263AQ UT WOS:000084100800021 PM 10591676 ER PT J AU Welty, FK Lichtenstein, AH Barrett, PHR Dolnikowski, GG Schaefer, EJ AF Welty, FK Lichtenstein, AH Barrett, PHR Dolnikowski, GG Schaefer, EJ TI Human apolipoprotein (apo) B-48 and apoB-100 kinetics with stable isotopes SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 70th Scientific Session of the American-Heart-Association Meeting CY NOV 09-13, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Heart Assoc DE apolipoprotein B; metabolism; stable isotopes; LDL cholesterol; lipoproteins ID TRIGLYCERIDE-RICH LIPOPROTEINS; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; B-67/B-100 HETEROZYGOTES; DEUTERATED LEUCINE; RETINYL ESTERS; B-100 KINETICS; MESSENGER-RNA; A-I; PLASMA; METABOLISM AB The kinetics of apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 and apoB-48 within triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and of apoB-100 within IDL and LDL were examined with a primed-constant infusion of (5,5,5-H-2(3)) leucine in the fed state (hourly feeding) in 19 subjects after consumption of an average American diet (36% fat). Lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation and apolipoproteins by SDS gels, and isotope enrichment was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Kinetic parameters were calculated by multicompartmental modeling of the data with SAAM II. The pool sizes (PS) of TRL apoB-48, VLDL apoB-100, and LDL apoB-100 were 17+/-10, 273+/-167, and 3325+/-1146 mg, respectively. There was a trend toward a faster fractional catabolic rate (FCR) for VLDL apoB-100 than for TRL apoB-48 (6.73+/-3.48 versus 5.02+/-2.07 pools/d, respectively, P=0.06). The mean FCRs for IDL and LDL apoB-100 were 10.07+/-7.28 and 0.27+/-0.08 pools/d, respectively. The mean production rate (PR) of TRL apoB-48 was 6.5% of VLDL apoB-100 (1.3+/-0.90 versus 20.06+/-6.53 mg . kg(-1). d(-1), P<0.0001). TRL apoB-48 PS was correlated with apoB-48 PR (r=0.780, P<0.0001) but not FCR (r=-0.1810, P=0.458), VLDL apoB-100 PS was correlated with both PR (r=0.713, P=0.0006) and FCR (r=-0.692, P=0.001) of VLDL apoB-100 and by apoB-48 PR (r=0.728, P=0.0004). LDL apoB-100 PS was correlated with FCR (r=-0.549, P=0.015). These data indicate that (1) the FCRs of TRL apoB-48 and VLDL apoB-100 are similar in the fed state, (2) TRL apoB-48 PS is correlated with TRL apoB-48 PR, (3) VLDL apoB-100 PS is correlated with both PR and FCR of VLDL apoB-100 and PR of TRL apoB-48, and (4) LDL apoB-100 PS is correlated with LDL FCR. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Bioengn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Welty, FK (reprint author), Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Cardiol, 1 Autumn St,5th Floor, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RI Barrett, Hugh/B-2745-2011; OI Barrett, Peter Hugh/0000-0003-3223-6125 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-39326, HL-49110, HL-56895] NR 41 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 19 IS 12 BP 2966 EP 2974 PG 9 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 263AQ UT WOS:000084100800022 PM 10591677 ER PT J AU Norman, HD Powell, RL AF Norman, HD Powell, RL TI Dairy cows of high genetic merit for yields of milk, fat and protein - Review SO ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE dairy cattle; yield; milk; fat; protein; genetic merit ID UNITED-STATES; HERD LIFE; ASSOCIATION; HOLSTEINS; CATTLE; TRAITS; SCORES AB Extensive emphasis on milk and mirk fat yields with no diversion for beef performance increased the yield efficiency of North American dairy cattle. Heavy demand for North American genetics followed national strain comparison trials in Poland, and US and Canadian dairy cattle and germplasm still are an important source of genetics for many countries. Genetic improvement has accelerated in many countries because of the implementation of sampling programs for young bulls and improved evaluation procedures. Rapid access to information and more frequent calculation of genetic information also are having a positive impact on genetic improvement. Traits other than yield should be considered in a breeding program, but those traits must have a reasonable opportunity for improvement and sufficient economic worth. Because of ever increasing efficiency, the world's mirk supply comes from fewer cows each year. However, no decline in the rate of genetic improvement is apparent under current genetic practices; estimates of heritability are increasing, and a decline in yield efficiency is unlikely in the near future. As management improves, especially for subtropical conditions, many of the selection principles used in temperate climates will be adopted for more adverse environmental conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Norman, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN ASSOC ANIMAL PRODUCTION SOCIETIES PI SUWEON PA COLLEGE AGRICULTURE LIFE SCIENCES, DEPT ANIMAL SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY, SUWEON 441-744, SOUTH KOREA SN 1011-2367 J9 ASIAN AUSTRAL J ANIM JI Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 12 IS 8 BP 1316 EP 1323 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 238UX UT WOS:000082732200023 ER PT J AU Wu, DY Koga, T Martin, KR Meydani, M AF Wu, DY Koga, T Martin, KR Meydani, M TI Effect of vitamin E on human aortic endothelial cell production of chemokines and adhesion to monocytes SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE adhesion molecule; chemokine; MCP-1; IL-8; IL-6; tocopherol; endothelial cell ID NF-KAPPA-B; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; HUMAN ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1; IN-VITRO; ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS AB Epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that vitamin E may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Modulation of adhesion molecule expression and chemokine production by vitamin E may contribute to its beneficial effect. In this study we found that the enrichment of confluent human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) or U937 monocytic cells with increasing doses of vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol, 20, 40, and 60 mu mol/l for 20 h) inhibited their adhesion when either or both cell types were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1 beta. Enrichment of HAEC with the same doses of vitamin E suppressed IL-1 beta-stimulated expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (E-selectin). Supplementation with increasing doses of vitamin E up to 60 mu mol/l was not effective in preventing spontaneous production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), but supplementation with vitamin E at 60 mu mol/l reduced IL-8 production significantly. However, IL-lp-induced productions of both MCP-1 and IL-8 were dose-dependently suppressed by enrichment of cells with vitamin E. Vitamin E, at the doses used, did not significantly change the spontaneous production but dose-dependently inhibited the IL-1 beta-induced production of inflammatory cytokine IL-6. We concluded that vitamin E could inhibit production of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines, in addition to inhibiting adhesion of HAEC to monocytes by reducing expression of adhesion molecules when cells were activated with an inflammatory cytokine. These mediators are actively involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Therefore, their inhibition by vitamin E may contribute to vitamin E's reported reduction in risk of CVD. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, JM USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vasc Biol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, JM USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutrit Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, M (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JM USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vasc Biol Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 68 TC 100 Z9 103 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD DEC PY 1999 VL 147 IS 2 BP 297 EP 307 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00199-9 PG 11 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 259CL UT WOS:000083876300011 PM 10559516 ER PT J AU Cook, JKA Huggins, MB Orbell, SJ Senne, DA AF Cook, JKA Huggins, MB Orbell, SJ Senne, DA TI Preliminary antigenic characterization of an avian pneumovirus isolated from commercial turkeys in Colorado, USA SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RHINOTRACHEITIS VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; INFECTION; STRAINS; DIFFERENTIATION; CHICKENS; VACCINE AB An avian pneumovirus (APV) isolated from turkeys showing respiratory disease in Colorado, USA, shared some characteristics with earlier subgroup A and B APV strains, This virus, designated the Colorado isolate (Colorado), when used after either seven passages in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF), or seven passages in CEF followed by six turkey passages, induced clinical signs in turkeys that were similar to those caused by earlier APV strains. Although it induced an antibody response in specific pathogen free chickens, clinical signs were not seen. Unlike subgroups A or B, Colorado did not cause ciliostasis in tracheal organ cultures, but produced a cytopathic effect in chick embryo fibroblasts typical of that seen with other APV strains. Monospecific antisera to A or B strains did not neutralize Colorado and vice versa; nor did monoclonal antibodies, which neutralize subgroup A or B strains, neutralize Colorado. However, it was partially neutralized by a subgroup A hyperimmune serum, A homologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen was essential for the detection of Colorado antibodies, since ELISAs in which subgroup A or B strains were used detected antibody to Colorado very poorly. Subgroup A and B vaccines protected turkeys against challenge with Colorado. However, while Colorado protected turkeys, and to some extent chickens, against subgroup A strains, protection against a subgroup B challenge was less good in both species. These results indicate that Colorado should be classified as an APV, but the antigenic differences suggest that it does not belong to subgroups A or B, and represents a separate subgroup (subgroup C) or possibly a separate serotype. C1 Intervet UK, Huntingdon PE17 2BQ, Cambs, England. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Cook, JKA (reprint author), Intervet UK, The Elms,Thicket Rd, Huntingdon PE17 2BQ, Cambs, England. NR 30 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 3 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 607 EP 617 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 270TK UT WOS:000084552200010 ER PT J AU Bock, CH Cotty, PJ AF Bock, CH Cotty, PJ TI Wheat seed colonized with atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus: Characterization and production of a biopesticide for aflatoxin control SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus flavus; aflatoxin; biopesticide; formulation ID COTTONSEED; STRAIN; MAIZE AB Biocontrol of aflatoxin contamination using atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus to competitively exclude aflatoxin-producing strains has previously been reported and is currently in the third year of commercial-scale tests (treating 50-200 ha per annum). Wheat seed colonized with atoxigenic A. flavus has been used in the commercial trials. Requirements Sor production of this colonized wheat seed are described and the spore yield of wheat is compared to other substrates. The study suggests that the most cost-effective inoculum production would require colonization of wheat (10(6) conidia kg(-1) of wheat seed) at 25% (w/w) moisture for 18 h at 31 degrees C. To prevent fungal growth and associated wheat aggregation in storage, seed had to be dried below, 15% (w/w) moisture, although a moisture content of 35% (w/w) did not reduce viability in sealed containers stored at 18-25 degrees C over an 8-month period. The dry biopesticide had multi-year stability without refrigeration and withstood temperatures of 70 degrees C for 20 min. Sporulation of the product occurred within 3 days at 31 degrees C and 100% relative humidity with yields averaging 4.9 x 10(9) conidia g(-1) by day 7. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Cotty, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. EM pjcotty@nola.srrc.usda.gov NR 26 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 529 EP 543 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 283AN UT WOS:000085254100008 ER PT J AU McKeever, DB AF McKeever, DB TI Generators and users - How woody residuals are recycled in the United States SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP McKeever, DB (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD DEC PY 1999 VL 40 IS 12 BP 33 EP + PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 429VQ UT WOS:000168539000024 ER PT J AU Anderson, RA Bryden, NA Waters, R AF Anderson, RA Bryden, NA Waters, R TI EDTA chelation therapy does not selectively increase chromium losses SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chromium; trace elements; diabetes; chelation; therapy; EDTA ID EXCRETION; DIETS AB Chelation therapy and supplemental Cr have both been shown to lead to improved blood glucose, lipids, and insulin activity. Chelation therapy leads to the removal of toxic as well as essential metals. To determine if chelation therapy leads to increased urinary Cr losses and altered Cr homeostasis, 2 groups of subjects (1 group that had undergone only 1 or no chelation therapy and 1 group in which all subjects had undergone at least 19 chelation sessions) were evaluated for differences in possible Cr homeostasis based on urinary Cr losses. There were no significant differences in urinary Cr losses between the two groups of subjects and there were no significant increases in urinary Cr losses resulting from chelation therapy. Increases in urinary Cr losses were strongly influenced by supplementation but not chelation therapy. C1 ARS, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Waters Prevent Med Ctr, Wisconsin Dells, WI USA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), ARS, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3 BP 265 EP 272 DI 10.1007/BF02783835 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 257HZ UT WOS:000083777600007 PM 10610065 ER PT J AU McCarty, GW Shelton, DR Sadeghi, AM AF McCarty, GW Shelton, DR Sadeghi, AM TI Influence of air porosity on distribution of gases in soil under assay for denitrification SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE denitrification; carbon dioxide production; soil gas flux; soil gas storage; surface ID CHAMBER METHODS; TIME AB There has been concern that the measurement of gas emissions from a soil surface may not accurately reflect gas production within the soil profile. But, there have been few direct assessments of the error associated with the use of surface emissions for estimating gas production within soil profiles at different water contents. To determine the influence of air porosity on the distribution of gases within soil profiles, denitrification assays were performed using soil columns incubated with different water contents to provide air porosities of 18%, 13%, and 0% (equivalent to 62%, 73%, and 100% water-filled pore space, respectively). The soil columns were formed by packing sieved soil into cylinders which could be sealed at the top to form a headspace for the measurement of surface emissions of soil gases. Gas-permeable silicone tubing was placed at three depths (4.5, 9, and 13.5 cm) within each soil core to permit the measurement of gas concentration gradients within the soil core. Assays for denitrification were initiated by the addition of acetylene (5 kPa) to the soil column, and gas samples were taken from both the headspace and gas-permeable tubing at various times during a 46-h incubation. The results showed that at 18% air porosity, the headspace gases were well equilibrated with pore-space gases, and that gas emissions from the soil could provide good estimates of N2O and CO2 production. At air porosities of 13% and 0%, however, substantial storage of these gases occurred within the soil profiles, and measurements of surface emissions of gas from the soils greatly underestimated gas production. For example, the sole use of N2O emission measurements caused three to five fold underestimates of N2O production in soil maintained at 13% air porosity. It was concluded that the confounding influence of soil moisture on gas production and transport in soil greatly limits the use of surface emissions as a reliable indicator of gas production. This is particularly pertinent when assessing processes such as denitrification in which N gas production is greatly promoted by the conditions that limit O-2 influx and concurrently limit N gas efflux. C1 USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP McCarty, GW (reprint author), Bldg 007,Room 201,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD DEC PY 1999 VL 30 IS 3 BP 173 EP 178 DI 10.1007/s003740050605 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 269AA UT WOS:000084452500001 ER PT J AU Arnold, SS Fernandez, IJ Rustad, LE Zibilske, LM AF Arnold, SS Fernandez, IJ Rustad, LE Zibilske, LM TI Microbial response of an acid forest soil to experimental soil warming SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE forest soil activity; microbial biomass; temperature; moisture; dehydrogenase ID NET NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; SPRUCE-FIR FOREST; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS; NUTRIENT-CONTENT; BIOMASS; ECOSYSTEMS; PASTURE; FLUX; USA AB Effects of increased soil temperature on soil microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity were examined on organic (O) horizon material in a low-elevation spruce-fir ecosystem. Soil temperature was maintained at 5 degrees C above ambient during the growing season in the experimental plots, and soil temperature, moisture, microbial biomass, and dehydrogenase activity were measured during the experiment. An incubation study was also conducted under three temperature regimes, 5, 15, and 25 degrees C, and under four moisture regimes of 20, 120, 220, and 320% to further evaluate these environmental factors on dehydrogenase activity and microbial biomass. Soil moisture content and microbial biomass controls were significantly lower (30% and 2 mu g g(-1) soil, respectively) in the heated plots during the treatment period, suggesting that moisture content was important in controlling microbial biomass. In the incubation study, temperature appeared more important than moisture in controlling microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity. Increasing temperature be tween 5 degrees C and 25 degrees C resulted in significant decreases in microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Forest Management, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Arnold, SS (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Forest Management, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 34 TC 27 Z9 35 U1 5 U2 23 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD DEC PY 1999 VL 30 IS 3 BP 239 EP 244 DI 10.1007/s003740050614 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 269AA UT WOS:000084452500010 ER PT J AU Carreiro, MM Howe, K Parkhurst, DF Pouyat, RV AF Carreiro, MM Howe, K Parkhurst, DF Pouyat, RV TI Variation in quality and decomposability of red oak leaf litter along an urban-rural gradient SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE leaf litter quality; forest litter decomposition; urban land use; microbial bioassay; Quercus rubra ID SULFUR-DIOXIDE; FOREST; SOIL; DECOMPOSITION; POLLUTION; NITROGEN; TANNINS; PLANTS; OZONE; RAIN AB This study tested whether urban land use can affect the chemistry and decomposability of Quercus rubra L. (red oak) leaf litter in forests within and near a large metropolitan area. Cities may affect the quality of leaf litter directly through foliar uptake of atmospheric pollutants, and indirectly through alterations in local climate and changes in soil fertility caused by pollutant loads and altered nutrient cycling regimes. Using a microbial bioassay, we tested whether red oak leaf litter collected from urban and suburban forests in and near New York City differed in decomposability from litter of the same species collected from rural forests 130 km from the city. We found that oak litter from the urban forests decayed 25% more slowly and supported 50% less cumulative microbial biomass in a laboratory bioassay than rural litter. Rural litter contained less lignin and more labile material than urban litter, and the amounts of these chemical constituents were highly correlated with the decay rate coefficients and integrated microbial growth achieved on the litter. The specific causes of the variation in litter chemistry are not known. The results of this study suggest that decomposer activity and nutrient cycling in forests near large cities may be affected both by altered litter quality and by altered biotic, chemical and physical environments. The sensitivity of the microbial bioassay makes it useful for distinguishing differences in within-species litter quality that result from natural or anthropogenic variation in the environment. C1 Fordham Univ, Louis Calder Ctr, Armonk, NY 10504 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Publ & Environm Affairs, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Res Stn, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Carreiro, MM (reprint author), Fordham Univ, Louis Calder Ctr, Armonk, NY 10504 USA. EM carreiro@fordham.edu NR 41 TC 50 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 36 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD DEC PY 1999 VL 30 IS 3 BP 258 EP 268 DI 10.1007/s003740050617 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 269AA UT WOS:000084452500013 ER PT J AU Anderson, JE Matteri, RL Abeydeera, LR Day, BN Prather, RS AF Anderson, JE Matteri, RL Abeydeera, LR Day, BN Prather, RS TI Cyclin B1 transcript quantitation over the maternal to zygotic transition in both in vivo-and in vitro-derived 4-cell porcine embryos SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID CELL-CYCLE; MESSENGER-RNA; IN-VITRO; PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYOS; MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT; INTERNAL STANDARDS; BOVINE OOCYTES; MOUSE EMBRYO; PIG EMBRYOS; ONSET AB Using reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-cPCR), the quantity of cyclin B1 transcript present over the maternal to zygotic transition was determined for both in vivo- and in vitro-derived 4-cell porcine embryos. After poly(A) RNA isolation, RT-cPCR was performed on single embryos using an introduced, truncated cyclin B1 DNA competitor. Visualization of embryonic cyclin B1 cDNA and competitor for each reaction allowed a ratio to be formed for use in transcript quantity calculations when compared to cPCR standards. Analysis of in vivo- and in vitro-derived control embryos revealed a decline in cyclin B1 transcripts from 5 to 33 h post-4-cell cleavage (P4CC). The quantity of cyclin B1 for the in vivo-derived embryos at 5 and 33 h P4CC was 11.26 and 4.54 attomol/embryo, respectively (P < 0.03), while the in vitro-derived embryos had 20.18 and 7.52 attomol/embryo, respectively (P < 0.03), Treatment with alpha-amanitin from 5, 10, 18, or 25 h P4CC to 33 h P4CC resulted in cyclin B1 quantities that did not differ from those in the 33-h control embryos, irrespective of time spent in the inhibitor. These findings suggest that maternal cyclin B1 transcript degradation occurred over the 4-cell stage with no detectable embryonic cyclin B1 transcripts produced. C1 Univ Missouri, Anim Sci Res Ctr 162, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Prather, RS (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Anim Sci Res Ctr 162, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. OI Prather, Randall/0000-0002-6012-4035 NR 32 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 61 IS 6 BP 1460 EP 1467 DI 10.1095/biolreprod61.6.1460 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 259TK UT WOS:000083909700013 PM 10569990 ER PT J AU Hsu, AF Wu, E Shen, SY Foglia, TA Jones, K AF Hsu, AF Wu, E Shen, SY Foglia, TA Jones, K TI Immobilized lipoxygenase in a packed-bed column bioreactor: continuous oxygenation of linoleic acid SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CROSS-LINKED PHYLLOSILICATES; SOYBEAN LIPOXYGENASE; OXIDATION AB The continuous oxygenation of linoleic acid (LA) by immobilized lipoxygenase (LOX) was studied. Enzymatic oxidation was carried out in a recirculating packed column reactor using immobilized LOX as the stationary phase and LA as the substrate. The column, when packed with LOX immobilized in either a calcium alginate set-gel matrix or a phyllosilicate sol-gel matrix, is equivalent to five continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs), The reactor cascade was calculated from the residence-time distribution for the reactor. Based on mass-balance calculations, a set of mathematical equations for predicting the concentration of oxygenated product generated in each CSTR was calculated. Product formation in the packed column reactor was simulated and results calculated with the model were compared with the experimental results, The data indicated that product yield (hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid, HPOD) increased asymptotically with reaction time. Experimentally, when the bioreactor was packed with calcium alginate sol-gel-immobilized LOX, an initial linear increase in HPOD production with time was observed, but reached a steady state. For the bioreactor packed with phyllosilicate sol-gel-immobilized LOX, initial HPOD production increased more rapidly but reached a lower steady-state concentration, From these data, a simple computer simulation model was developed to determine the process kinetics of this reactor design. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Hsu, AF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0885-4513 EI 1470-8744 J9 BIOTECHNOL APPL BIOC JI Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 30 BP 245 EP 250 PN 3 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 265WL UT WOS:000084269000010 PM 10574694 ER PT J AU Nagahashi, G Douds, DD AF Nagahashi, G Douds, DD TI Rapid and sensitive bioassay to study signals between root exudates and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi SO BIOTECHNOLOGY TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE arbuscular mycorrhiza; bioassay; hyphal branching; root exudates; signals AB A sensitive bioassay was developed to provide a way to detect chemical signals from host plants which induce changes in hyphal growth patterns of germinated spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The assay can be used to test host root exudates, as well as particulate fractions (root cap border cells and root mucilage), for their ability to affect AM fungal growth. Hyphal branching, induced by various host root components, can be detected as early as 4 h although results of the bioassay were usually determined after 16 to 24 h. The type of branching pattern observed was dose-dependent. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Nagahashi, G (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 7 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0951-208X J9 BIOTECHNOL TECH JI Biotechnol. Tech. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 13 IS 12 BP 893 EP 897 DI 10.1023/A:1008938527757 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 278GZ UT WOS:000084982100012 ER PT J AU Arendt, WJ Gibbons, DW Gray, G AF Arendt, WJ Gibbons, DW Gray, G TI Status of the volcanically threatened Montserrat Oriole Icterus oberi and other forest birds in Montserrat, West Indies SO BIRD CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID TRANSECT COUNTS; DENSITIES AB The Montserrat Oriole Icterus oberi is endemic to the Caribbean island of Montserrat where, prior to 1995, it was widely distributed across the island's three main interior mountain ranges: the Centre, Soufriere and South Soufriere Hills. In July 1995, a long-dormant volcano on Chances Peak in the Soufriere Hills began to erupt. Since then the forest habitat of the oriole on the Soufriere and South Soufriere Hills has been devastated by pyroclastic flows and surges, heavy ash eruptions and rock falls. The Montserrat Oriole populations that inhabited these two mountain ranges have probably been lost. In December 1997, a census of the remaining Centre Hills population was undertaken to assess its status in the face of the heavy ash fall that occurred earlier the same year. To do this, a systematic grid of 140 sample points was overlaid on an area of 1,437.5 ha encompassing the Centre Hills, and a 10-minute count of all bird species was undertaken at 137 of these points during an eight-day survey period. The distance from the point to each oriole detected was measured and records of all other species were allocated to one of five distance bands radiating out from the point. Distance sampling was used to model densities, and thus to estimate population sizes, of eight bird species in the study area. It was estimated that 4,000 (95% CIs 1,500-7,800) Montserrat Orioles remain in the Centre Hills and thus the world. Although the probability of pyroclastic flows and surges overrunning the Centre Hills is considered remote, it is recommended that the Montserrat Oriole be classified as Globally Threatened (Endangered) under the revised IUCN threat categories because of its loss of breeding habitat since 1995. C1 Royal Soc Protect Birds, Sandy SG19 2DL, Beds, England. Minist Agr Trade & Environm, WWF UK, Montserrat, W Ind Assoc St. USDA, US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Sabana Field Res Stn, Palmer, PR 00721 USA. RP Arendt, WJ (reprint author), Royal Soc Protect Birds, The Lodge, Sandy SG19 2DL, Beds, England. NR 29 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0959-2709 J9 BIRD CONSERV INT JI Bird Conserv. Int. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 351 EP 372 PG 22 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 268PZ UT WOS:000084425900005 ER PT J AU Stillman, R AF Stillman, R TI US dairy policy and the agreement on agriculture in the WTO: Discussion SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS-REVUE CANADIENNE D AGROECONOMIE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Stillman, R (reprint author), USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SOCIETY PI OTTAWA PA 141 LAURIER AVE WEST, SUITE 1112, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5J3, CANADA SN 0008-3976 J9 CAN J AGR ECON JI Can. J. Agric. Econ.-Rev. Can. Agroecon. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 43 EP 44 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7976.1999.tb00238.x PG 2 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 313YA UT WOS:000087026200007 ER PT J AU Stillman, R AF Stillman, R TI The future of European Union dairy policy: Discussion SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS-REVUE CANADIENNE D AGROECONOMIE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Stillman, R (reprint author), USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SOCIETY PI OTTAWA PA 141 LAURIER AVE WEST, SUITE 1112, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5J3, CANADA SN 0008-3976 J9 CAN J AGR ECON JI Can. J. Agric. Econ.-Rev. Can. Agroecon. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 103 EP 104 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7976.1999.tb00246.x PG 2 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 313YA UT WOS:000087026200015 ER PT J AU O'Dell, TE Ammirati, JF Schreiner, EG AF O'Dell, TE Ammirati, JF Schreiner, EG TI Species richness and abundance of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete sporocarps on a moisture gradient in the Tsuga heterophylla zone SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE fungi; old growth; species richness; sporocarp production; detrended correspondence analysis ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; OREGON; FORESTS; FUNGAL; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; BIOMASS; CARBON; SPECIFICITY; VEGETATION AB Sporocarps of epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungi and vegetation data were collected from eight Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. - Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco stands along a wet to dry gradient in Olympic National Park, Washington, U.S.A. One hundred and fifty species of ectomycorrhizal fungi were collected from a total sample area of 2.08 ha. Over 2 years, fungal species richness ranged from 19 to 67 taxa per stand. Sporocarp standing crop ranged from 0 to 3.8 kg/ha, averaging 0.58 kg/ha, 0.06 kg/ha in spring and 0.97 kg/ha in fall. Sporocarp standing crop and fungal species richness were correlated with precipitation. These results demonstrated that ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarp abundance and species richness can be partly explained in terms of an environmental gradient. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Bot, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Pk Serv, US Dept Interior, Olymp Natl Pk, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. RP O'Dell, TE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 52 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 17 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 77 IS 12 BP 1699 EP 1711 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 288NH UT WOS:000085568800002 ER PT J AU Poldmaa, K Larsson, E Koljalg, U AF Poldmaa, K Larsson, E Koljalg, U TI Phylogenetic relationships in Hypomyces and allied genera, with emphasis on species growing on wood-decaying homobasidiomycetes SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE fungicolous fungi; Hypocreales; ribosomal DNA; Sphaerostilbella; Sporophagomyces; systematics ID RIBOSOMAL DNA-SEQUENCES; MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS; HYPOCREALES; TAXONOMY AB To infer phylogenetic relationships among species of Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul and allied genera, partial sequences of the 28S rDNA were obtained for 21 strains representing 19 species. On the basis of these data and 38 sequences obtained from GenBank, phylogenetic analyses were performed using the programs PAUP and Pee-Wee. Hypomyces appears to be paraphyletic, with species having wet-conidial phialidic anamorphs more closely related to other genera. Hypomyces chrysostomus Berk & Broome is a sister group to the clade that includes species of Aphysiostroma Barrasa et al., Arachnocrea Moravec, and Hypocrea Fr. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, a new genus, Sporophagomyces, is described for Hypomyces chrysostomus and two allied species. Hypomyces broomeanus Tul. forms one clade with species of Sphaerostilbella Sacc. and is transferred to this genus. The recognition of Arachnocrea is justified. The integration of Cladobotryum Nees species that are not known to undergo sexual reproduction with Hypomyces species that possess Cladobotryum anamorphs receives strong support, but the whole complex of these species appears to be paraphyletic. However, constraint trees, which require monophyly of all these ana- and pleo-morphic species, do not appear significantly less likely than the other trees obtained under maximum likelihood or parsimony criteria. For the remaining species of Hypomyces, four distinct lineages are distinguished. C1 Inst Zool & Bot, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia. Univ Tartu, Inst Bot & Ecol, EE-50090 Tartu, Estonia. Univ Gothenburg, Inst Bot, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Poldmaa, K (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Stn, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Room 304,B-011A,BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 44 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 77 IS 12 BP 1756 EP 1768 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 288NH UT WOS:000085568800006 ER PT J AU Cecich, RA Sullivan, NH AF Cecich, RA Sullivan, NH TI Influence of weather at time of pollination on acorn production of Quercus alba and Quercus velutina SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL COASTAL CALIFORNIA; OAKS AB Pistillate flower development and acorn production were observed in small populations of white oak (Quercus alba L.) and black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) in central Missouri from 1990 to 1997. There were significant year-year differences in the size of flower crops for both species and significant tree-tree differences in black oak. About 7% of the white oak flowers matured into acorns; most flowers aborted by early July, just after fertilization. About 12% of the black oak flowers matured into acorns, but some individual trees never or rarely produced a mature acorn. The number of fertilized flowers in white oak and black oak in early July was positively correlated with acorn production. Over all trees and years, the number of flowers and acorns were significantly correlated. Acorn production varied in relation to weather variables during the time of pollination. Simple regression models were good predictors of white oak acorn production but not of black oak acorn production. Maximum temperature and the number of days with hail had negative effects on acorn production. The number of days of rain during the pollination period was positively correlated with flower survival in black oak but not with white oak. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Cecich, RA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 36 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 12 BP 1817 EP 1823 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-12-1817 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 271NK UT WOS:000084600200001 ER PT J AU Maguire, DA Johnston, SR Cahill, J AF Maguire, DA Johnston, SR Cahill, J TI Predicting branch diameters on second-growth Douglas-fir from tree-level descriptors SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID REGRESSION; DENSITY; STANDS; MODELS; SIZE AB The quality of lumber and veneer recovered from logs of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) is directly influenced by the maximum limb size attained on the crop tree. Because limb sizes are influenced by stand-density regimes, a need has arisen for quantitative tools that link a wide array of silvicultural regimes to wood-product quality by accounting for silvicultural effects on crown development. An equation for estimating maximum branch size at a given level within the live crown was developed from data collected on 96 felled sample trees in the Coast Ranges and Cascade foothills of Oregon and Washington. Height and basal diameter of the largest branch within each live whorl were measured on each felled tree, and a predictive equation was developed by various regression techniques. The final mixed-effects nonlinear model estimates maximum branch size as a function of depth into crown and tree diameter at breast height, height, and live crown length. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Siuslaw Natl Forest, Mapleton, OR 97453 USA. Bonneville Power Adm, TNF Ampu, Vancouver, WA 98666 USA. RP Maguire, DA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 29 TC 37 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 12 BP 1829 EP 1840 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-12-1829 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 271NK UT WOS:000084600200003 ER PT J AU Hennon, PE McWilliams, MG AF Hennon, PE McWilliams, MG TI Decline symptoms do not develop with grafting from dying yellow-cedar SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID TOMATO MOSAIC TOBAMOVIRUS; CHAMAECYPARIS-NOOTKATENSIS; RED SPRUCE; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; INFECTION; SEEDLINGS; MORTALITY; VIRUS AB Branchlets from dying yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) trees were grafted on healthy saplings to determine if agents transmissible through grafts are associated with the widespread yellow-cedar decline in Alaska. A total of 216 branchlets were removed from 72 mature yellow-cedar trees that were apparently healthy, in early stages of dying, or nearly dead. These scions were grafted on 72 saplings and monitored for 5 years. The survival of grafted scions was reduced to 33% after 5 years. All surviving scions that were chlorotic when grafted became green. Chlorotic symptoms did not develop proximally to grafts in branches or generally in any of the saplings. Grafting treatment produced no detectable effect on height or diameter growth of the recipient saplings. This study produced no evidence that a graft-transmissible agent is associated with yellow-cedar decline. C1 US Forest Serv, State & Private Forestry & Ppacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Oregon Dept Forestry, Salem, OR 97310 USA. RP Hennon, PE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, State & Private Forestry & Ppacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 12 BP 1985 EP 1988 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-12-1985 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 271NK UT WOS:000084600200019 ER PT J AU Shamloul, AM Hadidi, A Madkour, MA Makkouk, KM AF Shamloul, AM Hadidi, A Madkour, MA Makkouk, KM TI Sensitive detection of banana bunchy top and faba bean necrotic yellows viruses from infected leaves, in vitro tissue cultures, and viruliferous aphids using polymerase chain reaction SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYTOPATHOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE banana; banana tissue culture; BBTV; faba bean; FBNYV; detection; PCR; viruliferous aphids ID PUTATIVE REPLICASE GENE; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; RT-PCR; DISEASE; DNA; GENOME; AMPLIFICATION; COMPONENT; PLANTS; LEAFROLL AB DNA primers for banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) and for faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV) were constructed based on the nucleotide sequence of DNA component 1 of each virus that contains the viral putative replicase gene. Three pairs of primers for each virus were utilized for standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or immunocapture (IC) PCR amplification. DNA fragments of 439, 446, and 476 bp were amplified from extracts of BBTV-infected banana leaves, in vitro tissue culture, and viruliferous aphids. DNA fragments of 487, 931, and 1002 bp from extracts of FBNYV-infected faba bean plants and viruliferous vectors were also amplified. The amplified DNA fragments were identified by size, nucleotide sequence, and (or) hybridization analysis. Virus-specific DNA fragments were absent from amplified extracts of uninfected banana and faba bean tissues as well as from non-viruliferous aphids. The nucleotide sequence of the PCR-amplified major portion (923 nucleotides) of BBTV DNA component 1 of an Egyptian isolate has been determined. The sequence is 99% homologous to the Australian isolate of BBTV. C1 ARS, Fruit Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hadidi, A (reprint author), ARS, Fruit Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM ahadidi@ars-grin.gov OI MADKOUR, LOUTFY/0000-0002-3101-8356 NR 47 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU CANADIAN PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI OTTAWA PA MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-0661 J9 CAN J PLANT PATHOL JI Can. J. Plant Pathol.-Rev. Can. Phytopathol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 21 IS 4 BP 326 EP 337 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 276QH UT WOS:000084888500002 ER PT J AU Campbell, JF Kaya, HK AF Campbell, JF Kaya, HK TI Mechanism, kinematic performance, and fitness consequences of jumping behavior in entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema spp.) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID ECOLOGY AB The mechanism enabling entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema spp.) to jump is described. Jumping performance is measured and the contribution of jumping to host finding is estimated. We used the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae as a model species for the genus. Nematodes jump using a two-step process of forming and contracting a loop. During loop formation, the nematode bends the anterior half of its body until the head region makes contact with the side of the body. The two body regions are held fast by the surface tension of the water film covering the nematode. When the loop is contracted, the body becomes contorted so that the cuticle kinks. This extreme bending generates and stores sufficient energy that when the surface-tension force is broken the nematode is propelled through the air. The nematode (0.558 mm in length) can jump a distance of 4.8 +/- 0.8 mm (mean +/- SEM) and a height of 3.9 +/- 0.1 mm. The contribution of jumping to host finding varies among species and is related to the foraging strategy used by each species. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nematol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Campbell, JF (reprint author), ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RI Campbell, James/J-9901-2012 NR 24 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 77 IS 12 BP 1947 EP 1955 DI 10.1139/cjz-77-12-1947 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 284GY UT WOS:000085324800011 ER PT J AU Sohn, KJ Puchyr, M Salomon, RN Graeme-Cook, F Fung, L Choi, SW Mason, JB Medline, A Kim, YI AF Sohn, KJ Puchyr, M Salomon, RN Graeme-Cook, F Fung, L Choi, SW Mason, JB Medline, A Kim, YI TI The effect of dietary folate on Apc and p53 mutations in the dimethylhydrazine rat model of colorectal cancer SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Digestive Disease Week / 97th Annual Meeting of the American-Gastroenterological-Association CY MAY 17-20, 1998 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Gastroenterol Assoc ID HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; DEOXYNUCLEOTIDE POOL IMBALANCE; MOUSE COLON TUMORS; GENE-MUTATIONS; METHYLAZOXYMETHANOL ACETATE; DNA HYPOMETHYLATION; ALKYLATING-AGENTS; NO INVOLVEMENT; TREATED RATS; KI-RAS AB Dietary inadequacy of folate enhances and folate supplementation suppresses colorectal carcinogenesis in the dimethylhydrazine rat model. Folate is an essential factor for DNA methylation and the de novo biosynthesis of nucleotides, aberrations of which play important roles in mutagenesis, This study investigated whether the mutational hot spots of the Ape and p53 genes for human colorectal cancer are mutated in dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal neoplasms and whether dietary folate can modulate mutations in these regions. Rats were fed diets containing 0, 2 (basal requirement), 8 or 40 mg folate/ kg diet. Five weeks after diet initiation, dimethylhydrazine was injected weekly for 15 weeks. Mutations were determined by direct sequencing in 11 low and seven high grade dysplasias and 13 invasive adenocarcinomas. A total of six Ape mutations were found in four dysplastic and carcinomatous lesions: two in two low grade dysplasias, two in one high grade dysplasia and two in one adenocarcinoma. All mutations were single base substitutions, four of which were A:T-->G:C transitions. Five of the six mutations were located upstream from the region corresponding to the human APC mutation cluster region. Dietary folate had no effect on the frequency and type of Ape mutations. No mutations were detected in exons 5-9 of the p53 gene in neoplastic lesions. These data suggest that in the dimethylhydrazine rat model of colorectal cancer, the Ape gene is mutated in early stages, albeit to a lesser degree than observed in human colorectal cancer, whereas the mutational hot spot of the p53 gene for human colorectal cancer is not commonly mutated. Although the low frequency of Ape mutations and the small number of neoplasms studied in this study might have precluded our ability to observe modulatory effects of folate, dietary folate appears to have no significant effect on Ape and p53 mutations. C1 St Michaels Hosp, Dept Med, Div Gastroenterol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. Tufts Univ, Vitamin Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, New England Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Pathol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, New England Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med,Div Gastroenterol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, New England Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med,Div Clin Nutr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Pathol, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Kim, YI (reprint author), St Michaels Hosp, Dept Med, Div Gastroenterol, Room 7258,Med Sci Bldg,1 Kings Coll Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. FU NCI NIH HHS [1-UO1 CA63812-01] NR 45 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD DEC PY 1999 VL 20 IS 12 BP 2345 EP 2350 DI 10.1093/carcin/20.12.2345 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 270GB UT WOS:000084526100022 PM 10590231 ER PT J AU Patterson, DT Westbrook, JK Joyce, RJV Lingren, PD Rogasik, J AF Patterson, DT Westbrook, JK Joyce, RJV Lingren, PD Rogasik, J TI Weeds, insects, and diseases SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID CLIMATIC-CHANGE; CO2 ENRICHMENT; C-4 WEED; GROWTH; LEPIDOPTERA; PESTS; RESPONSES; OUTBREAKS; NOCTUIDAE; WEATHER AB The geographic distribution, vigor, virulence, and agricultural impact of weeds, insects, and plant pathogens will be affected by climatic changes accompanying the global "greenhouse effect." Weed/crop competitive interactions, particularly among species differing in photosynthetic pathway (C(3) v C(4)), may be altered, with the C(3) species favored by increasing CO(2). Physiological and biochemical changes induced in host crop plants by rising CO(2) may affect feeding patterns of pest insects. Compilation of climatic thresholds for phenological development of pest insects reveals the potential for shifts in pest behavior induced by global warming and other climatic change. Generation times may be reduced, enabling more rapid population increases to occur. Poleward migration may be accelerated during the crop season. The epidemiology of plant diseases also will be altered. Prediction of disease outbreaks will be more difficult in periods of rapidly changing climate and unstable weather. Environmental instability and increased incidence of extreme weather may reduce the effectiveness of pesticides on targeted pests or result in more injury to non-target organisms. Biological control may be affected either negatively or positively. Overall, the challenge to agriculture from pests probably will increase. C1 NCDA&CS, Raleigh, NC 27611 USA. USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. USDA ARS, Lane, OK 74555 USA. Agr Inst Climat Res, Muncheberg, Germany. RP Patterson, DT (reprint author), NCDA&CS, Raleigh, NC 27611 USA. NR 66 TC 85 Z9 89 U1 6 U2 38 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 4 BP 711 EP 727 DI 10.1023/A:1005549400875 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 248KD UT WOS:000083272900004 ER PT J AU Reilly, JM Schimmelpfennig, D AF Reilly, JM Schimmelpfennig, D TI Agricultural impact assessment, vulnerability, and the scope for adaptation SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Review ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; PRODUCTIVITY; UNCERTAINTY; COUNTRIES; RESPONSES; POLICY; CROPS AB Climate change assessments which have considered climate impacts of a 2xCO(2) climate, using models of the global agricultural system, have found small impacts on overall production, but larger regional changes. Production shifts among regions can be considered one mechanism for adaptation. Adaptation at the farm level, through changes in crops, cultivars, and production practices, is another adaptation mechanism. Existing studies differ in how important these mechanisms will be. Studies that have considered yield effects at specific sites have found very wide ranges of impacts. A useful way to evaluate the impacts of climate change, given the uncertainty about future impacts, is to consider vulnerability. Studies have defined vulnerability in terms of yield, farm profitability, regional economy, and hunger. Vulnerability and climate impacts, particularly in terms of higher order effects on profitability and sustainability, will depend on how society and the economy develop. Lower income populations and marginal agricultural regions, particularly arid or flood prone areas, are most vulnerable to climate change. C1 MIT, Joint Program Sci & Policy Global Change, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Reilly, JM (reprint author), MIT, Joint Program Sci & Policy Global Change, 77 Massachusetts Ave,Bldg E40-263, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NR 129 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 25 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 4 BP 745 EP 788 DI 10.1023/A:1005553518621 PG 44 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 248KD UT WOS:000083272900006 ER PT J AU Caperna, TJ Rosebrough, RW McMurtry, JP Vasilatos-Younken, R AF Caperna, TJ Rosebrough, RW McMurtry, JP Vasilatos-Younken, R TI Influence of dietary protein on insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the chicken SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insulin-like growth factors; growth hormone; IGF-binding proteins; chickens; broilers; dietary protein; ligand blotting ID I IGF-I; HOMOLOGOUS RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; DEVELOPMENTAL-CHANGES; SERUM; POULTRY; HORMONE; WEIGHT; RATS AB We determined the effect of dietary protein on the distribution of insulin-like growth factor (ICF) binding proteins in chicken plasma. Three groups of male broilers (n = 6 per group) were fed (ad libitum) isocaloric diets containing 12, 21 or 30% dietary protein. Birds were fed respective diets beginning at 7 days of age and killed at 28 days. No differences were observed between adequate (21%,) and high (30%) protein intakes for any of the parameters investigated (growth criteria, plasma levels of IGF-I, growth hormone or IGF-binding proteins). Feeding protein deficient diets (12%) resulted in a 34% decrease in body weight, 17% decrease in feed intake and a 39% increase in feed/gain ratio. IGF-binding proteins in plasma samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose sheets. Nitrocellulose blots were probed with [I-125]chicken IGF-II. Four regions of binding activity corresponding to 70, 43, 30 and 24 kDa were observed in all samples. Birds consuming 12% dietary group protein had less than 50% of the 33-kDa binding activity of birds consuming 21 or 30% dietary protein. The 30-kDa binding activity was 42%, lower in the 12% dietary protein group compared to birds consuming adequate protein. In contrast, 70- and 24-kDa binding activities were not influenced by dietary protein. Chickens consuming 12% dietary protein had higher levels of growth hormone and lower levels of TGF-I than those consuming 21 or 30% dietary protein. These data indicate that in chickens, the circulating levels of at least two independent IGF-binding proteins are influenced by dietary protein. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, LPSI, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP USDA ARS, LPSI, Growth Biol Lab, Rm 201,Bldg 200,BARC E,10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM caperna@lpsi.barc.usda.gov NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1096-4959 EI 1879-1107 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 124 IS 4 BP 417 EP 421 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(99)00134-0 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 263BN UT WOS:000084102900007 PM 10665369 ER PT J AU Carroll, C Zielinski, WJ Noss, RF AF Carroll, C Zielinski, WJ Noss, RF TI Using presence-absence data to build and test spatial habitat models for the fisher in the Klamath region, USA SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LANDSCAPE; ECOLOGY; BIODIVERSITY; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT; ECOSYSTEMS; DYNAMICS; FORESTS; DENSITY; OREGON AB Forest carnivores such as the fisher (Martes pennanti) have frequently been the target of conservation concern because of their association in some regions with older forests and sensibility to landscape-level habitat alteration. Although the fisher has been extirpated from most of its former range in the western United States, it is still found in northwestern California, Fisher distribution, however, is still poorly known in most of this region where surveys have not been conducted. To predict fisher distribution across the region, we created a multiple logistic regression model using data from 682 previously surveyed locations and a vegetation layer created from satellite imagery. A moving-window function in a geographic information system was used to derive landscape-level indices of canopy closure, tree size class, and percent conifer. The model was validated with new data from 468 survey locations. The correct classification rate of 78.6% with the new data was similar to that achieved with the original data set (80.4%). Whereas several fine-scale habitat attributes were significantly correlated with fisher presence, the multivariate model containing only landscape- and regional-scale variables performed as well as one incorporating fine-scale data, suggesting that habitat selection by fishers may be dominated by factors operating at the home-range scale and above. Fisher distribution was strongly associated with landscapes with high levels of tree canopy closure. Regional gradients such as annual precipitation were also significant. At the plot level, the diameter of hardwoods was greater at sites with fisher detections. A comparison of regional fisher distribution with land-management categories suggests that increased emphasis on the protection of biologically productive, low- to mid-elevation forests is important to ensuring the long-term viability of fisher populations. C1 Klamath Ctr Conservat Res, Orleans, CA 95556 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Conservat Sci Inc, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Carroll, C (reprint author), Klamath Ctr Conservat Res, POB 104, Orleans, CA 95556 USA. NR 65 TC 108 Z9 109 U1 5 U2 37 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 13 IS 6 BP 1344 EP 1359 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98364.x PG 16 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 260RF UT WOS:000083963100016 ER PT J AU Yeum, KJ Shang, F Schalch, W Russell, RM Taylor, A AF Yeum, KJ Shang, F Schalch, W Russell, RM Taylor, A TI Fat-soluble nutrient concentrations in different layers of human cataractous lens SO CURRENT EYE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE tocopherol; lutein; zeaxanthin; lens; epithelium; cortex; human; cataract ID CAROTENOIDS; GLUTATHIONE; NUCLEAR; TOCOPHEROLS; OPACITIES; PIGMENT AB Purpose. Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that differential risk for cataract in different areas of the lens may be related to intake of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherol. Nevertheless, there is little information about differential localization of these nutrients in the lens. To determine the spatial distribution of fat-soluble nutrients within the lens, we determined levels of these nutrients in the epithelium/outer cortex vs. inner cortex/nucleus. Methods. Concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherol were determined in the epithelial/cortical (younger, more metabolically active tissue) and nuclear (older, less metabolically active) layers of human cataractous lenses (n = 7, 64-75 yr) by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results. Lutein/zeaxanthin was the only carotenoid, which was detected, in human lens. Consistent with prior reports, no beta-carotene or lycopene were detected. Concentrations of lutein/zeaxanthin, tocopherol, and retinol in epithelium/cortex tissue were approximately 3-, 1.8-, and 1.3-fold higher than in the older lens tissue. Specifically, the epithelial/cortical lens layer, comprising about half of the tissue, contains 74 % of lutein/zeaxanthin (44 ng/g wet wt), 65 % of a-tocopherol (2227 ng/g wet wt), and 60 % of retinol (30 ng/g wet wt). Conclusions. The data suggest that upon development and aging, there is differential localization of these nutrients. The data are also consistent with a protective role of these nutrients against oxidative damage in the epithelium and cortex of the human lens. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. F Hoffmann La Roche & Co Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland. RP Taylor, A (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 22 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 3 PU AEOLUS PRESS PI BUREN PA PO BOX 740, 4116 ZJ BUREN, NETHERLANDS SN 0271-3683 J9 CURR EYE RES JI Curr. Eye Res. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 19 IS 6 BP 502 EP 505 DI 10.1076/ceyr.19.6.502.5282 PG 4 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 270HG UT WOS:000084529300007 PM 10550792 ER PT J AU Boughton, DA AF Boughton, DA TI Empirical evidence for complex source-sink dynamics with alternative states in a butterfly metapopulation SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE butterfly phenology; colonization; demography, source-sink inversion; Euphydryas editha; habitat effects on rate of larval development; habitat-specific colonization rates; metapopulation; population effects of host plant; pseudosink; source-sink dynamics; temporal barrier ID HOST-PLANT PHENOLOGY; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; EUPHYDRYAS-EDITHA; BALANCED DISPERSAL; INSECT POPULATION; EVOLUTION; ENVIRONMENTS; CONSEQUENCES; DETERMINANTS; ADAPTATION AB In heterogeneous landscapes, a species' habitat may be partitioned into sources and sinks. Conceptually, three kinds of habitat have been described: (1) "sources" are consistent net exporters of organisms; "true sinks" are net importers, and without immigration their populations go extinct; and (3) "pseudosinks" are also net importers, but without immigration they can sustain populations and sometimes can even become net exporters (sources). Previously, I have described sources and pseudosinks in a metapopulation of the butterfly Euphydryas editha and reported the extinction of populations in sources due to an unusual frost. Here, I describe the recolonization of the former sources by migrants from extant populations in the former pseudosinks. For comparison, a series of vacant patches was created in the former pseudosinks. Recolonization was tracked by sampling the population density in the vacant patches. Patches were sampled for 5 years. Contrary to theoretical expectations, the establishment rate of new populations was 10 times higher in outcrops, the former pseudosinks, than in clearings, the former sources. Initial population density was 150 times higher in outcrops (measured as number of larval webs per square meter). Yet in clearings, only the immigrants had poor reproductive success. On those occasions when a resident population was established, the residents had high reproductive success, and the population grew rapidly. The low recolonization rate of clearings could not be attributed to effects of patch size or spatial barriers. A temporal barrier was hypothesized, in which immigrants arrived too late each year to reproduce successfully on host plants in clearings. The host plant in clearings, Collinsia torreyi, typically senesced during the breeding season, but the host plant in outcrops, Pedicularis semibarbata, did not. The hypothesis proposed that immigrants oviposited later than residents because the immigrants originated in outcrops, which had a different microclimate that delayed adult eclosion. The hypothesis was supported: the newly established resident populations in clearings tended to oviposit 10 d earlier than populations in nearby outcrops. An experiment showed earlier eclosion times in clearings than in outcrops. Another experiment showed much higher larval survival in early clearings than in late clearings. Mortality was correlated with host-plant senescence. The temporal barrier was strong enough to keep clearings as net importers of butterflies from outcrops, meaning that the net flow of butterflies reversed after the frost destroyed the resident populations in clearings. Thus, "early" clearings had been sources, but "late" clearings were true sinks, giving the system two kinds of source-sink relationships. After the frost, the metapopulation as a whole underwent a demographic source-sink inversion from one locally stable state to the other. The findings suggest that asymmetric constraints on dispersal, due to temporal structure, may be a mechanism for complex source-sink dynamics in herbivorous insects and possibly other animals. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Zool, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Boughton, DA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forest Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM dboughton@fsl.orst.edu NR 57 TC 87 Z9 87 U1 4 U2 35 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD DEC PY 1999 VL 80 IS 8 BP 2727 EP 2739 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 264VR UT WOS:000084204100022 ER PT J AU Harvey, BC Nakamoto, RJ AF Harvey, BC Nakamoto, RJ TI Diel and seasonal movements by adult Sacramento pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis) in the Eel River, northwestern California SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE Ptychocheilus grandis; diel; movement; seasonality; radio telemetry; behavior; stream fish; river discharge ID COLORADO SQUAWFISH; STREAM FISHES; PREDATION; HABITAT; ASSEMBLAGE AB In late summer and fall, radio-tagged adult Sacramento pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis) at three sites in the Eel River of northwestern California moved more at night than during the day. Fish moved up to 535 m at night and returned to their original positions the following morning. Adult Sacramento pikeminnow at all sites occupied only pools during the day, but at one site moved through high gradient riffles and occupied fast water habitats at night. Adult Sacramento pikeminnow at the upstream limit of their range in one Eel River tributary moved downstream up to 23 km during the winter and tended to return to their original position the following spring, where they remained through the summer. Fish radio tagged at downstream sites exhibited more variable behavior, moving 2-92 km over less than or equal to 393 days. Our observations suggest that the most appropriate scale of consideration for attempts to manage this species or estimate population size includes entire river drainages. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Harvey, BC (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 12 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0906-6691 EI 1600-0633 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD DEC PY 1999 VL 8 IS 4 BP 209 EP 215 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0633.1999.tb00072.x PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 262PQ UT WOS:000084076000002 ER PT J AU Bourgeron, PS Humphries, HC Barber, JA Turner, SJ Jensen, ME Goodman, IA AF Bourgeron, PS Humphries, HC Barber, JA Turner, SJ Jensen, ME Goodman, IA TI Impact of broad- and fine-scale patterns on regional landscape characterization using AVHRR-derived land cover data SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; ECOLOGICAL RISK; CLASSIFICATION; MANAGEMENT; METRICS; HEALTH; LEVEL AB As global environmental issues and the impact of global environmental changes attract increasing attention from the public and policymakers, the focus has been on developing indicators of ecosystem health at regional to global scales. This broadening of the scale of assessments has led to a heavy reliance on quantitative tools using an array of technological advances (e.g., GIS, remote sensing). The accuracy and quality of reports on ecosystem integrity or health obtained from broad-scale assessments depend to a large extent on understanding the limits of the data and the technologies used. As the public and policymakers increasingly require rapid, timely evaluation of ecosystem conditions, the use of data and technologies that allow real-time, relatively inexpensive, frequent assessments will increase accordingly. Although the limitations of these data and technologies are broadly understood, the practical implications for specific assessments are not always fully considered. Ar broad scales, key measures or indicators of ecosystem integrity are usually related to landscape patterns, such as patch abundance, size, and spatial distribution. Therefore, accurate and robust assessments of ecosystem health require a reliable methodology that captures relevant measures of ecosystem health. It is the purpose of this article to document one aspect of the development of reliable characterization and monitoring protocols, namely the appropriateness of the data used to characterize landscape patterns for assessing ecosystem integrity and ecological conditions. We assessed the use of coarse-resolution advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) derived data for characterizing broad-scale (ecoregions) and fine-scale landscape patterns over the 580,000 km(2) of the interior Columbia River basin. We analyzed patch and landscape indices, correlations, principal components, and a statistical comparison of an AVHRR-derived land-cover map with fine-resolution data. Differences in broad-scale landscape patterns among ecoregions were most successfully characterized using combinations of patch and landscape indices. Both classification levels differentiated ecoregion patterns, but the finest level provided increased discriminating ability. Ecoregion and classification levels interacted to produce results specific to particular cover types. AVHRR-derived data did not adequately characterize some important fine-resolution landscape features. We hypothesized that AVHRR-derived data would be in closest agreement with fine-resolution data when landscape texture was coarse. The results Indicated that landscape texture influenced the performance of AVHRR-derived data, but in an inconsistent manner, suggesting that coarse-resolution differences from fine-resolution data have limited predictability. Our results have important implications for characterizing and discriminating landscape patterns among and within ecoregions and along ecological gradients. Across areas with varying landscape heterogeneity, changes in relationships among ecoregion levels, classification levels, and data resolutions may increase opportunities for inaccurate representation of landscape patterns. The choice of a specific ecoregion level, classification level, and data resolution should be examined for patterns of inconsistent characterization before use in broad-scale ecological assessments. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. St Cloud State Univ, Dept Sci Biol, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ecol Applicat Serv Team, Missoula, MT USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Bourgeron, PS (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, 1560 30th St,Campus Box 450, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Humphries, Hope/C-6481-2013 NR 85 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1076-2825 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH JI Ecosyst. Health PD DEC PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 234 EP 258 DI 10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09943.x PG 25 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 279RR UT WOS:000085059400003 ER PT J AU Singh, A Dieye, A Finco, M AF Singh, A Dieye, A Finco, M TI Assessing environmental conditions of major river basins in Africa as surrogates for watershed health SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH LA English DT Article AB There is a growing recognition of the importance of transboundary shared natural resources. However, with limited resources, international policymakers need to be able to prioritize regions before allocating resources and addressing transboundary problems. River basins are perhaps the most natural transboundary division and, as such, provide an ecological framework for environmental assessments. The health of watersheds that are divided by political boundaries are at particular risk due to differential land management practices within each watershed. In Africa, more than any other continent, over 60% of the geographical area is a transboundary water-shed. In this article, a comparative study of the five major basins in Africa-the Congo, Chad, Nile, Niger, and Zambezi-has been carried out using consistent geospatial data sets at l-km resolution. Population, land cover type, and protected areas were used to assess the current status, characteristic differences, and impending pressure on river basin resources for each watershed. In addition, a focused study within the Nile River basin is used to compare the particular differences between countries. C1 UNEP Div Environmm Informat Assessment & Early Wa, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Remote Sensing Appl Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Ctr Suivi Ecol, Dakar, Senegal. RP Singh, A (reprint author), UNEP Div Environmm Informat Assessment & Early Wa, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM singh@cdcmail.cr.usgs.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1076-2825 J9 ECOSYST HEALTH JI Ecosyst. Health PD DEC PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 265 EP 274 DI 10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09945.x PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 279RR UT WOS:000085059400005 ER PT J AU Blackmer, JL Byrne, DN AF Blackmer, JL Byrne, DN TI The effect of Bemisia tabaci on amino acid balance in Cucumis melo SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; whitefly; nutrient sink; free amino acids; cantaloupe ID APHID; SAP C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Blackmer, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 93 IS 3 BP 315 EP 319 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 275KC UT WOS:000084818500009 ER PT J AU Logan, JA Bentz, BJ AF Logan, JA Bentz, BJ TI Model analysis of mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) seasonality SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mountain pine beetle; direct temperature control; phenology; seasonality; climate change; temperature-dependent development ID DENDROCTONUS-PONDEROSAE; TEMPERATURE; SIMULATION AB The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, is a natural disturbance agent of considerable consequence in western pine forests. This economically and ecologically important insect has a strong requisite for maintaining a strict seasonality. Given this ecological requirement, it is somewhat surprising that no evidence for diapause or other physiological tinting mechanism has been found. Seasonality and phenological timing for this species are apparently under direct temperature control. We investigate the consequences of direct temperature control by first constructing a computationally efficient phenology model based on previously published temperature dependent developmental data. We explored the dynamic properties of this model when subjected to observed microhabitat temperatures representing a range of thermal habitats from one region of the mountain pine beetle distribution. We also investigated the consequences of global climate change on phenology and seasonality. Our results indicate that an adaptive seasonality is a natural consequence of the interaction between developmental parameters and seasonal temperatures. Although this adaptive phenology appears to be resilient to temperature fluctuations, changes in climate within the magnitude of predicted climate change under a CO(2) doubling scenario are capable of shifting a thermally hostile environment to a thermally benign environment. Similarly, increasing temperature by the same amount resulted in phenological disruption of a previously favorable thermal habitat. We discuss the implications of these results for restricting the current distribution of mountain pine beetle, and the potential for shifting distribution caused by global climate change. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan Forestry Sci Lab, Logan, UT 84321 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RP Logan, JA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan Forestry Sci Lab, 860 North 1200 East, Logan, UT 84321 USA. NR 32 TC 100 Z9 103 U1 5 U2 32 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 924 EP 934 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 271KJ UT WOS:000084592500002 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ Hofstetter, RW Biddick, LL AF Landolt, PJ Hofstetter, RW Biddick, LL TI Plant essential oils as arrestants and repellents for neonate larvae of the codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; repellent; deterrent; arrestant; attractant ID RESISTANCE AB Nonhost chemicals may be useful for controlling insect pests of crop plants by interfering with orientation to, and selection of, host plants. Essential oils of 27 plant species were tested in 2 different laboratory assays for evidence of arrest and repellency of neonate larvae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. In an olfactometer in which larval upwind movement toward apples was assessed, greatest arrest was achieved with oils of lavender, Lavandula officinalis L.; pennyroyal, Mentha pulegium L.; and cypress, Cupressus sempervirens L.. Oil of lavender was most effective in preventing larvae from moving upwind in the olfactometer. In a barrier assay, essential plant oils were applied to the distal ends of a glass rod (15 cm long) on which larvae were placed. Larvae crossed the barrier to reach apples impaled on each end of the glass rod. The most effective repellents in this barrier assay were rue, Ruta graveolens L.; garlic, Allium sativum L.; patchouly, Pogostemom cablin (Blanco);and tansy Tanacetum vulgare L., oils. These 4 plant essential oils were most effective in causing larvae to turn away at the oil barrier. These materials, or their active ingredients, may be useful in protecting fruit from attack by codling moth larvae by preventing larvae from orienting to and arriving at fruit. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 20 TC 45 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 20 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 954 EP 960 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 271KJ UT WOS:000084592500006 ER PT J AU Hammack, L Hibbard, BE Holyoke, CW Kline, M Leva, DM AF Hammack, L Hibbard, BE Holyoke, CW Kline, M Leva, DM TI Behavioral response of corn rootworm adults to host plant volatiles perceived by western corn rootworm (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; Diabrotica barberi; maize silk volatiles; attractants; repellents; semiochemicals ID ELECTROANTENNOGRAM-ACTIVE COMPONENTS; DIABROTICA-VIRGIFERA-VIRGIFERA; COLORADO POTATO BEETLE; 8-METHYL-2-DECYL PROPANOATE; GLANDULAR TRICHOMES; MAIZE SILK; NORTHERN; STEREOISOMERS; ATTRACTANTS; ORIENTATION AB We used field bioassays to evaluate maize silk volatiles with electroantennogram (EAG) activity in western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, for effects on the behavior of feral adult western and northern corn rootworm, D. barberi Smith and Lawrence. Test volatiles from maize silk were 2-tridecanone, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one, and (E)-2-nonenal. Two analogs of the silk volatiles, (E,Z)-3,7-decadien-2-one and 3-nonene-2-one, also were tested. None of the EAG-active maize silk volatiles was attractive to either Diabrotica species, whether tested alone or in selected mixtures, although there was evidence of slight attraction to (E,Z)-3,7-decadien-2-one by northern corn rootworm females. A mixture of 2-tridecanone, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, (E,E) -3,5-octadien-2-one, and (E,Z) -3,7-decadien-2-one markedly reduced capture of both sexes and species on traps also baited with a standard lure. In some cases, the same mixture when tested by itself reduced northern corn rootworm capture below that on control traps, suggesting mixture repellency. Activity was traced primarily to 2-tridecanone for northern corn rootworm, but this ketone had no tendency to repel western corn rootworm. (E,Z)-2,6-Nonadienal interfered weakly with western corn rootworm response to the standard lure, hut did not account for mixture potency. Potential applications of adult repellents to protect maize from corn rootworm damage are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. Univ Missouri, Plant Genet Res Unit, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. DuPont Agr Prod, Stine Haskell Res Ctr, Newark, DE 19714 USA. RP Hammack, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 961 EP 967 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 271KJ UT WOS:000084592500007 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ Tumlinson, JH Alborn, DH AF Landolt, PJ Tumlinson, JH Alborn, DH TI Attraction of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) to damaged and chemically induced potato plants SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Colorado potato beetle; attraction; host-finding; volicitin ID LEPTINOTARSA-DECEMLINEATA; PROTEINASE-INHIBITORS; OLFACTORY ORIENTATION; METHYL JASMONATE; PARASITIC WASPS; HERBIVORY; LEAVES AB Unmated adult female Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were attracted to damaged and chemically treated potato plants in an olfactometer. Significantly more beetles moved upwind to potato plants with damage from larval Colorado potato beetle compared with undamaged plants. More beetles moved upwind toward potato plants treated with regurgitant from Colorado potato beetle larvae or cabbage looper larvae, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), compared with undamaged plants. Greater numbers of beetles moved upwind toward potato plants treated with N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine (volicitin) or to plants treated with the plant hormone methyl jasmonate, compared with untreated plants. Mechanical injury to potato foliage did not increase beetle attraction when plants were tested 1 or 24 h after injury. These results indicate that volatile chemicals produced by the plant in response to stimuli from feeding larvae enhance the attractiveness of the plant to female Colorado potato beetles. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 20 TC 56 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 18 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ANNAPOLIS PA 3 PARK PLACE, STE 307, ANNAPOLIS, MD 21401-3722 USA SN 0046-225X EI 1938-2936 J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 973 EP 978 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 271KJ UT WOS:000084592500009 ER PT J AU Shah, PA Pickett, JA Vandenberg, JD AF Shah, PA Pickett, JA Vandenberg, JD TI Responses of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera : Aphididae) to aphid alarm pheromone SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diuraphis noxia; Myzus persicae; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; aphid; semiochemicals; alarm pheromone ID FIELD AB rn a series of laboratory tests, Russian wheat aphids, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), responded to synthetic aphid alarm pheromone, (E)-beta-farnesene, by removing stylets and leaving feeding sites or by crawling out of test arenas. Late instars and adults were more responsive than early instars. In dose-response assays, EC50 estimates ranged from 0.94 to 8.95 mg/ml among 3 experiments. In arenas, D. noxia also responded to the proximity of cornicle-damaged nymphs of either the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), or of D. noxia, which suggests endogenous production of alarm pheromone by D. noxia. Combinations of (E)-beta-farnesene and the aphid pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith did not enhance aphid mortality relative to controls treated with fungus only. Further studies involving appropriate formulations of (E)-beta-farnesene are necessary before practical biorational strategies can be devised combining this semiochemical and biological control agents. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Microbiol, ETH Zentrum, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. AFRC, Inst Arable Crops Res, Dept Biol & Ecol Chem, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Shah, PA (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Microbiol, ETH Zentrum, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 983 EP 985 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 271KJ UT WOS:000084592500011 ER PT J AU Haverty, MI Getty, GM Copren, KA Lewis, VR AF Haverty, MI Getty, GM Copren, KA Lewis, VR TI Seasonal foraging and feeding behavior of Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) in a wildland and a residential location in northern California SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE subterranean termites; feeding behavior; foraging behavior; wood consumption ID SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE ISOPTERA; POPULATIONS; BAIT AB Seasonal activity of Reticulitermes was observed at 2 sites using ABS pipe monitoring stations. At a wildland site, 68 of the monitoring stations were occupied by termites during the study; 53, 10, and 5 for hydrocarbon phenotypes A, B, and C, respectively. At the residential site, 26 monitoring stations were occupied; 14 and 12, for hydrocarbon phenotypes A' and D, respectively. Live body weights of workers averaged 2.28, 1.46, and 1.66 mg for phenotypes A, B, and C, respectively, at the wildland site. The workers had similar live body weights at the residential site; phenotype D averaged 2.40 mg, slightly more than the 2.26 mg for phenotype A'. There were no discernible seasonal or monthly trends in live body weights. The percentage of the monitoring stations occupied ranged from 76.7-89.3% and 81.2-93.5% at the wildland and residential sites, respectively. The estimated number of termites was low in the late fall through the early spring and peaked from June to October at the wildland site and peaked from June to November or December at the residential site. Wood consumption by Reticulitermes followed similar trends at both sites. Wood consumption was minimal during the winter, increased slightly in the spring and early summer, peaked in the summer and early fall, then declined in the late fall. Wood consumption reached 1.1-1.3 g per day per monitoring station at the wildland site and 0.8 g per day per monitoring station at the residential site. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Haverty, MI (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Forest Prod Lab, Struct Pest Res & Extens Ctr, 1301 S 46th St, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. NR 28 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1077 EP 1084 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 271KJ UT WOS:000084592500022 ER PT J AU Rice, WC Croughan, TP Ring, DR Muegge, MA Stout, MJ AF Rice, WC Croughan, TP Ring, DR Muegge, MA Stout, MJ TI Delayed flood for management of rice water weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus; rice water weevil; rice plant; herbicide resistant germplasm; delayed flood ID DRAINAGE AB Draining and reestablishment of permanent flood has been used to prevent injury caused by larvae of the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel. However, there are negative effects associated with this management practice such as loss of weed control and nitrogen, which necessitate the reapplication of herbicide and nitrogen followed by the reestablishment of permanent flood. An alternative to draining rice, Oryza sativa L., fields for rice water weevil management is to simply delay the establishment of the permanent flood, Delayed flood avoids problems associated with draining and reflooding fields. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of delay ed flood for rice water weevil management and its impact on weed management using a herbicide resistant rice line. Use of herbicide resistant lice lines enables the application of delayed flood for rice water weevil management because of an increased spectrum of herbicidal activity against weeds. Delaying flood significantly reduced and delayed rice water weevil larval populations, providing an alternative cultural practice for rice water weevil management. Significantly improved management of noxious weeds was also observed without additional herbicide inputs. We anticipate that the yield gain from lice water weevil management without an insecticide application and with reduced (or altered) herbicide applications will be such that the potential yield loss from delayed flooding (as a result of possible physiological stress on the rice plant) will be offset. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Rice Res Stn, USDA ARS, RRU, Crowley, LA 70527 USA. RP Rice, WC (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Rice Res Stn, USDA ARS, RRU, Crowley, LA 70527 USA. NR 27 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1130 EP 1135 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 271KJ UT WOS:000084592500029 ER PT J AU Cornelius, ML Duan, JJ Messing, RH AF Cornelius, ML Duan, JJ Messing, RH TI Capture of oriental fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) by protein-baited traps and fruit-mimicking visual traps in a guava orchard SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bactrocera dorsalis; protein; visual stimuli; olfactory stimuli; pest sampling ID OLFACTORY-MEDIATED BEHAVIOR; APPLE MAGGOT DIPTERA; MELON FLY DIPTERA; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS; SYNTHETIC ATTRACTANT; STICKY SPHERES; ODOR; DYNAMICS; MEXICO AB Experiments were conducted to compare the effectiveness of 2 commercially available traps, the protein-baited Mcphail trap and the fruit-mimicking Ladd trap, for capturing oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, in a commercial guava orchard. The relative attractiveness of McPhail and Ladd traps changed over seasons. In the winter of 1996. Ladd traps captured more females than McPhail traps. In the spring of 1997, McPhail traps captured > 4 times as many females as Ladd traps. In the summer, fall, and winter of 1997, equal numbers of females were captured on Ladd and McPhail traps, and in the spring of 1998, McPhail traps captured >10 times as many females as Ladd traps. Ovaries of female fruit flies captured in these 2 traps were dissected and examined for the presence of mature eggs. Greater numbers of immature females were captured in McPhail traps than on Ladd traps in both 1997 and 1998. In 1997, the proportion of immature versus mature females captured in both trap types changed over seasons, with the greatest proportion of immature females being captured in the spring. We conclude that McPhail traps are a better option for growers than Ladd traps, especially in the spring when the proportion of protein-hungry flies may be greater. RP Cornelius, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1140 EP 1144 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 271KJ UT WOS:000084592500031 ER PT J AU LeNoir, JS McConnell, LL Fellers, GM Cahill, TM Seiber, JN AF LeNoir, JS McConnell, LL Fellers, GM Cahill, TM Seiber, JN TI Summertime transport of current-use pesticides from California's Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE chlorpyrifos; endosulfan; Sierra Nevada Mountains; atmospheric transport; deposition ID ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; WET DEPOSITION; DRY DEPOSITION; CONTAMINANTS; ENDOSULFAN; FROG AB Agricultural activity in California's Central Valley may be an important source of pesticides that are transported in the air to the: Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, USA. Pesticides applied to this intensive crop production area may volatilize under warm temperatures typical of the valley and be transported through the atmosphere to be deposited in the cooler, higher elevation regions of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. To determine the extent of summertime atmospheric transport of pesticides to this region, high-volume air, dry deposition, and surface water samples were collected in the Central Valley and at different elevations in California's Sequoia National Park. Results revealed that the highest residue concentrations were those of compounds with heavy summertime agricultural use. A significant drop in pesticide concentrations in both air and water samples was observed within a few 100-m elevation from the valley; however, levels remained relatively constant between similar to 500 and 2,000 m. Water concentrations from two areas above 3,000 m contained levels less than a tenth as high as those at lower elevations. Possible effects of the pesticides were estimated using measured water concentrations to calculate total exposure of three aquatic species to organophosphate insecticides. Aggregate exposure calculations showed concentrations were well below 96-h LC50 values for rainbow trout and stonefly but concentrations may be harmful to amphipods. C1 Univ Nevada, Ctr Environm Sci & Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Environm Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Point Reyes Natl Seashore, Point Reyes, CA 94956 USA. RP Seiber, JN (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Ctr Environm Sci & Engn, Mail Stop 199, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 NR 38 TC 135 Z9 136 U1 0 U2 13 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 18 IS 12 BP 2715 EP 2722 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<2715:STOCUP>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 258ZV UT WOS:000083870300010 ER PT J AU Garcia-Conesa, MT Kroon, PA Ralph, J Mellon, FA Colquhoun, IJ Saulnier, L Thibault, JF Williamson, G AF Garcia-Conesa, MT Kroon, PA Ralph, J Mellon, FA Colquhoun, IJ Saulnier, L Thibault, JF Williamson, G TI A cinnamoyl esterase from Aspergillus niger can break plant cell wall cross-links without release of free diferulic acids SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE esterase; ferulic acid; dehydrodiferulic acids; cross-links; plant cell walls ID SUGAR-BEET PULP; FERULIC ACID; FERULOYLATED OLIGOSACCHARIDES; PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION; OXIDATIVE GELATION; MAIZE BRAN; DEHYDRODIMERS; PENTOSANS; POLYSACCHARIDES AB A cinnamoyl esterase, ferulic acid esterase A, from Aspergillus niger releases ferulic acid and 5-5- and 8-O-4-dehydrodiferulic acids from plant cell walls. The breakage of one or both ester bonds from dehydrodimer cross-links between plant cell wall polymers is essential for optimal action of carbohydrases on these substrates, but it is not known if cinnamoyl esterases can break these cross-links by cleaving one of the ester linkages which would not release the free dimer. It is difficult to determine the mechanism of the reaction on complex substrates, and so we have examined the catalytic properties of ferulic acid esterase A from Aspergillus niger using a range of synthetic ethyl esterified dehydrodimers (5-5-, 8-5-benzofuran and 8-O-4-) and two 5-5-diferulate oligosaccharides. Our results show that the esterase is able to cleave the three major dehydrodiferulate crosslinks present in plant cell walls. The enzyme is highly specific at hydrolysing the 5-5- and the 8-5-benzofuran diferulates but the 8-O-4-is a poorer substrate. The hydrolysis of dehydrodiferulates to free acids occurs in two discrete steps, one involving dissociation of a monoesterified intermediate which is negatively charged at the pH of the reaction. Although ferulic acid esterase A was able to release monoesters as products of reactions with all three forms of diesters, only the 5-5- and the 8-O-4-monoesters were substrates for the enzyme, forming the corresponding free diferulic acids. The esterase cannot hydrolyse the second ester bond from the 8-5-benzofuran monoester and therefore, ferulic acid esterase A does not form 8-5-benzofuran diferulic acid. Therefore, ferulic acid esterase A from Aspergillus niger contributes to total plant cell wall degradation by cleaving at least one ester bond from the diferulate cross links that exist between wall polymers but does not always release the free acid product. C1 Inst Food Res, Norwich NR4 7UA, Norfolk, England. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. INRA, Unite Rech Polysaccharides Leurs Org & Interact B, F-44026 Nantes, France. RP Inst Food Res, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7UA, Norfolk, England. EM maria.conesa@bbsrc.ac.uk RI Williamson, Gary/C-9684-2010; Kroon, Paul/C-3420-2011; Kroon, Paul/H-5384-2013; Garcia-Conesa, Maria-Teresa/N-4032-2014 OI Williamson, Gary/0000-0002-5624-6267; Kroon, Paul/0000-0002-9805-6947; Garcia-Conesa, Maria-Teresa/0000-0002-4125-853X NR 39 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0014-2956 J9 EUR J BIOCHEM JI Eur. J. Biochem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 266 IS 2 BP 644 EP 652 DI 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00910.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 268XB UT WOS:000084444000038 PM 10561608 ER PT J AU Goolsby, JA Ciomperlik, MA AF Goolsby, JA Ciomperlik, MA TI Development of parasitoid inoculated seedling transplants for augmentative biological control of silverleaf whitefly (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE augmentation; parasitoids Eretmocerus hayati; Bemisia argentifolii; imidacloprid ID BEMISIA-TABACI GENNADIUS; RIO-GRANDE VALLEY; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; EXOTIC PARASITOIDS; HYMENOPTERA; APHELINIDAE; TEXAS AB Methods are presented for producing banker plants, transplants that are used for augmentation of Eretmocerus parasitoids for biological control of Bemisia argentifolii in cucurbit crops. Preference tests were conducted with B. argentifolii and its parasitoid Eretmocerus hayati for ten cantaloupe varieties to determine their suitability for use as banker plants. Bemisia argentifolii showed a significant preference for the varieties Copa de Oro and Mission, whereas, E. hayati showed the greatest preference for Copa de Ore, Mission and Prime. The impact of imidacloprid on the development of parasitoid immatures on banker plants was evaluated. Thirteen days after release off, hayati, banker plants treated with imidacloprid produced equivalent numbers of parasitoids as did control plants. Field trials, incorporating the use of banker plants and imidacloprid, mere conducted for two seasons in spring cantaloupes and one season in fall watermelons. Numbers of parasitoid progeny produced per cantaloupe banker plant were approximately 94.6 and 102.1 in two trials during the Spring of 1997 and 1998. Field release rates per acre in cantaloupe were estimated to be 68,946 and 29,970 for the 1997 and 1998 trials, with banker plants incorporated with regular transplants at a ratio of 1:10 and 1:30 respectively. In the watermelon trial, the mean number of parasitoid progeny produced per banker plant was determined to be 94.6, with an estimated 4156 released per acre with a ratio of 1:30 banker to regular transplants. Banker plants were shown to be a reliable method for field delivery of Eretmocerus parasitoids in transplanted and direct seeded cantaloupe or watermelon crops. The methods used to produce parasitoid inoculated banker plants are discussed. C1 USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Mission Biol Control Ctr, Mission, TX 78573 USA. RP Goolsby, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Australian Biol Control Lab, PMB 3, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 10 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 82 IS 4 BP 532 EP 545 DI 10.2307/3496471 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 306RV UT WOS:000086610800004 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ Reed, HC Aldrich, JR Antonelli, AL Dickey, C AF Landolt, PJ Reed, HC Aldrich, JR Antonelli, AL Dickey, C TI Social wasps (Hymenoptera : Vespidae) trapped with acetic acid and isobutanol SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Vespidae; wasps; lures; attractants; traps; acetic acid; isobutanol ID VESPULA-GERMANICA; BAIT PREFERENCES; NEW-ZEALAND; VULGARIS AB The combination of acetic acid and isobutanol is attractive to different species of Vespidae in different areas of the United States. In Washington, the blend was attractive to workers and queens of Vespula pensylvanica (Saussure), Vespula germanica (F.), and workers of Dolichovespula maculata (L.). In Maryland, these chemicals were attractive to worker Vespula maculifrons (Buysson), worker V. germanica, worker Vespula squamosa (Drury), worker D. maculata, worker Vespa crabro L., and female Polistes dominulus F. In Oklahoma, the blend eras attractive to worker V. maculifrons, worker V. squamosa, female Polistes fuscatus (F.), and Polistes annularis (L.). Several species were weakly attracted to acetic acid alone; V: maculifrons and D. maculata in Maryland, and V. squamosa, V: maculifrons, P. fuscatus, P. perplexus, and P. annularis in Oklahoma. Queens of V. germanica in Washington, workers of V. maculifrons in Maryland, as well as workers of V: squamosa and V. maculifrons in Oklahoma were weakly attracted to isobutanol alone. C1 USDA ARS, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. Oral Roberts Univ, Dept Biol, Tulsa, OK 74171 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Washington State Univ, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 18 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 13 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 82 IS 4 BP 609 EP 614 DI 10.2307/3496477 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 306RV UT WOS:000086610800010 ER PT J AU Mizell, RF Tedders, WL AF Mizell, RF Tedders, WL TI Evaluation of trap type and color for monitoring Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus in Florida SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Hylobius pales; Pachylobius picivorus; Tedders trap; root weevils; Pinus spp. ID BLACK TURPENTINE BEETLE; FOREST COLEOPTERA; CURCULIONIDAE; WEEVIL; ETHANOL; HERBST AB The pyramid-shaped Tedders trap was evaluated in north Florida for capturing the root weevils, Hylobius pales (Herbst) and Pachylobius picivorus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Weevil response to Tedders traps of several colors was compared to the Fatzinger stovepipe trap and a new traffic cone trap. Traps were baited with a 1:1 ratio of the attractants ethanol and turpentine. Black or brown Tedders traps were more effective than yellow or white traps. The Tedders trap and the cone trap were as good as or more effective and easier to use than the stovepipe trap for monitoring weevil adults. Tedders traps also captured many other species of forest insects. C1 NFREC Monticello, Monticello, FL 32344 USA. USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Mizell, RF (reprint author), NFREC Monticello, Rt 4,Box 4092, Monticello, FL 32344 USA. NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 82 IS 4 BP 615 EP 624 DI 10.2307/3496478 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 306RV UT WOS:000086610800011 ER PT J AU Juneja, VK Marks, HM AF Juneja, VK Marks, HM TI Proteolytic Clostridium botulinum growth at 12-48 degrees C simulating the cooling of cooked meat: development of a predictive model SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE AB The objective of this study was to develop a model to predict the germination, outgrowth and lag (GOL) and exponential growth rates of Clostridium botulinum from spores at temperatures (12-48 degrees C) applicable to the cooling of cooked meat products. The growth medium, Reinforced Clostridial medium (RCM) supplemented with oxyrase enzyme to create suitable anaerobic conditions, was inoculated with approximately 4 log(10) spores ml(-1). Clostridium botulinum populations were determined at appropriate intervals by plating onto RCM. Clostridium botulinum growth from spores was not observed at temperatures < 12 degrees C or > 48 degrees C for up to 3 weeks. Growth curves were determined by fitting Gompertz functions to the data. From the parameters of the Gompertz function the growth characteristics, GOL times and exponential growth rates were calculated! These growth characteristics were subsequently described by Ratkowsky functions using temperature as the independent variable. Closed form equations were developed that allow for predicting relative growth for a general cooling scenario. By applying multivariate statistical procedures, the standard errors and confidence intervals were computed on the predictions of the amount of relative growth for a cooling scenario. The predictive model is capable of predicting spore outgrowth and multiplication for general cooling scenarios, for suitable but unverified mathematical assumptions, and should aid in evaluating the safety of cooked products after cooling. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 16 IS 6 BP 583 EP 592 DI 10.1006/fmic.1999.0270 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 268GB UT WOS:000084405000006 ER PT J AU Buzby, JC Frenzen, PD AF Buzby, JC Frenzen, PD TI Food safety and product liability SO FOOD POLICY LA English DT Article DE food safety; foodborne illness; product liability; law AB This paper focuses on the U.S. product liability system for food poisoning cases and makes six key points. First, current legal incentives to produce safer food are weak, though slightly stronger in outbreak situations and in markets where foodborne illness can be more easily traced to individual firms. Far less than 0.01% of cases are litigated and even fewer are paid compensation. Second, even if potential plaintiffs can overcome the high information and transaction costs necessary to file lawsuits, monetary compensation provides only weak incentives to pursue litigation. Firms paid compensation in 56% of the 294 cases examined in this study and the median compensation was only $2,000 before legal fees. Third, indirect incentives for firms may be important and deserve more research. For example, firms may be influenced by costly settlements and decisions against other firms in the same industry. Fourth, confidential settlements, health insurance, and product liability insurance distort legal incentives to produce safer food. Fifth, the ambiguity about whether microbial contamination is "natural" or an "adulterant" hinders the legal system from effectively dealing with food safety issues. Sixth, a brief comparison of the incentives from U.S. and English legal systems suggests that more research is needed to understand the strengths, weaknesses, and relative impact of each country's legal system on the incentives to produce safer food. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Buzby, JC (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, Room 2154,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0306-9192 J9 FOOD POLICY JI Food Policy PD DEC PY 1999 VL 24 IS 6 BP 637 EP 651 DI 10.1016/S0306-9192(99)00070-6 PG 15 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 256YF UT WOS:000083753500004 ER PT J AU Prior, RL Cao, GH AF Prior, RL Cao, GH TI In vivo total antioxidant capacity: Comparison of different analytical methods SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE antioxidant; free radical; ORAC; oxidant; pro-oxidant; reductant; total antioxidant capacity ID RADICAL ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; BIOLOGICAL-FLUIDS; SCAVENGING CAPACITY; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; ABSORBING CAPACITY; AUTOMATED-ASSAY; HUMAN PLASMA; HUMAN SERUM; RATS AB Several methods have been developed to measure the total antioxidant capacity of a biological sample. The use of peroxyl or hydroxyl radicals as pro-oxidants in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay makes it different and unique from the assays that involve oxidants that are not necessarily pro-oxidants. An improvement in quantitation is achieved in the ORAC assay by taking the reaction between substrate and free radicals to completion and using an area-under-curve technique for quantitation compared to the assays that measure a lag phase. The interpretation of the changes in plasma or serum antioxidant capacity becomes complicated by the different methods used in detecting these changes. The interpretation also depends upon the conditions under which the antioxidant capacity is determined because the measurement reflects outcomes in a dynamic system. An increased antioxidant capacity in plasma or serum may not necessarily be a desirable condition if it reflects a response to increased oxidative stress. Similarly, a decrease in plasma or serum antioxidant capacity may not necessarily be an undesirable condition if the measurement reflects decreased production of reactive species. Because of these complications, no single measurement of antioxidant status is going to be sufficient, but a "battery" of measurements, many of which will be described in Forum articles, will be necessary to adequately assess oxidative stress in biological systems. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, HNRCA, USDA ARS, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Prior, RL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, HNRCA, USDA ARS, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 50 TC 545 Z9 562 U1 7 U2 89 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 27 IS 11-12 BP 1173 EP 1181 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00203-8 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 267BN UT WOS:000084334900006 PM 10641708 ER PT J AU Denisova, NA Fisher, D Provost, M Joseph, JA AF Denisova, NA Fisher, D Provost, M Joseph, JA TI The role of glutathione, membrane sphingomyelin, and its metabolites in oxidative stress-induced calcium "dysregulation" in PC12 cells SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE oxidative stress; calcium; glutathione; sphingomyelin metabolites; sphingomyelinase; L-cycloserine; PC12 cells; free radicals ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE; HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; INDUCED APOPTOSIS; CEREBRAL-CORTEX; OXIDANT INJURY; POSSIBLE MODEL; FREE-RADICALS; GROWTH-FACTOR AB Previous research showed that increasing membrane sphingomyelin (SPH) levels in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells to the same extent as that seen in some brain regions with aging dramatically increases the vulnerability to oxidative stress (OS). These increases in vulnerability were determined by assessing deficits in the ability of these cells to extrude and/or sequester Ca2+ following 30 mM KCl-induced depolarization (recovery). The purpose of the present experiments was to discern whether increasing the levels of particular SPH metabolite(s), i.e., ceramide (Cer), sphingosine (Ssine), or sphingosine-l-phosphate (SPP), or indirectly increasing the concentrations of these metabolites with sphingomylinase (Sase), would interact with the cell's sensitivity to OS induced by low (5 mu M) or high (nonlethal, 300 mu M) H2O2. In addition, the OS vulnerability was examined as above under decreased SPH levels by exposing the cells to L-cycloserine (Lcc), which prevents SPH synthesis. Both Sase and SPP significantly decreased Ca2+ recovery of PC12 cells after H2O2 exposure. Conversely, Lcc-treated cells showed no further OS-induced decrements in recovery below those seen in controls. SPP significantly decreased glutathione levels (GSH) in the: absence of OS. Repletion of GSH with 20 mM N-acetylcysteine significantly attenuated the effect of 5 mu M H2O2 on recovery in SPP-treated cells and decreased sensitivity of SPP-treated cells to low doses of OS. Overall,our results suggest a critical role for GSH and SPP in the regulation of OS vulnerability, especially as it relates to Ca2+ homeostasis. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Northeastern Univ, Coll Nursing, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Denisova, NA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG04418, AG007728] NR 61 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 27 IS 11-12 BP 1292 EP 1301 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00163-X PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 267BN UT WOS:000084334900021 PM 10641723 ER PT J AU Cantuti-Castelvetri, I Joseph, JA AF Cantuti-Castelvetri, I Joseph, JA TI Differential effect of dopamine catabolism and uptake inhibition on dopamine-induced calcium dysregulation and viability loss SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE dopamine toxicity; pargyl MAO inhibitors; dopamine receptor antagonists; caspase-3; permeability transition pores; calcium homeostasis; cell viability; free radicals ID PARKINSONS-DISEASE; CELL-DEATH; IN-VITRO; SUBSTANTIA-NIGRA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; FREE-RADICALS; DNA-DAMAGE; LIFE-SPAN; BRAIN; MITOCHONDRIA AB The present study was aimed at evaluating of the effects of dopamine (DA) toxicity on PC12 cells' calcium homeostasis, cellular viability, and free radical levels. Moreover, the effect of receptor inhibition, and DA metabolism and reuptake antagonism on all parameters was also evaluated. Acute treatment with DA impaired the ability of PC12 cells to buffer excess calcium after K+-depolarization, decreased cellular viability by approximately 35%, and increased free radical levels by about 10% in a dose dependent manner. Pretreatment with both active and inactive pargyl monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOi) protected PC12 cells from DA toxicity on cellular viability and free radical levels, regardless of the presence or absence of their target enzymes in PC12 cells. These results suggest a lack of specific involvement of DA metabolism by MAO in dopamine's effects on cellular viability and production of free radicals. However, DA-induced dysregulation of calcium homeostasis seems to be more specifically mediated by DA metabolism by MAO. Results indicate that, in order for toxicity to occur the DA must be taken up into the cells. DA receptors do not mediate dopamine cytoxicity, and the D-2 receptor plays a modest role in DA-induced calcium dysregulation and generation of free radicals. Moreover, DA-induced cell viability loss is not mediated by calcium, nor by caspase-3 enzyme, but is prevented by inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pores. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, ARS,Lab Neurosci, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Cantuti-Castelvetri, I (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, ARS,Lab Neurosci, 711 Washington St,Rm 714, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 62 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 27 IS 11-12 BP 1393 EP 1404 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00188-4 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 267BN UT WOS:000084334900032 PM 10641734 ER PT J AU Cordell, S Goldstein, G Meinzer, FC Handley, LL AF Cordell, S Goldstein, G Meinzer, FC Handley, LL TI Allocation of nitrogen and carbon in leaves of Metrosideros polymorpha regulates carboxylation capacity and delta C-13 along an altitudinal gradient SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon isotope ratios; homeostatic responses; photosynthesis; photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency ID ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; HAWAIIAN METROSIDEROS; GAS-EXCHANGE; MAUNA-LOA; PLANTS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; FOLIAR; CO2 AB 1. Metrosideros polymorpha (O'hia), the dominant tree species in Hawaiian forest ecosystems, grows from sea level to treeline (2500 m). Consistent changes in its morphology and anatomy occur along this altitudinal/temperature gradient. Patterns of variation in photosynthetic gas exchange, leaf nitrogen content, nitrogen-use efficiency, delta(13)C, and morphological and anatomical characteristics were determined across the elevational gradient. In addition, on-line carbon isotope discrimination studies of high and low elevation M. polymorpha were performed. 2. Observed trends with increasing altitude were: (1) progressively higher carboxylation efficiency, leaf N content on an area basis, leaf mass per unit area (LMA), less negative foliar delta(13)C and (2) progressively smaller leaf size. Net CO2 assimilation (A) expressed on an area basis, leaf dry mass and N content per leaf remained relatively constant along the gradient. 3. Foliar delta(13)C became less negative with increasing elevation (- 30 parts per thousand at low elevation to - 24 parts per thousand at high elevation) and was strongly correlated with foliar N and LMA. Foliar delta(13)C was also correlated with variations in the ratio of intercellular to ambient partial pressure of CO2 (p(i)/p(a)), as determined by field gas-exchange studies. 4. Results from on-line fractionation experiments suggested that the relatively large internal resistance to CO2 diffusion did not differ between high and low elevation populations, despite differences in LMA. Less negative values of delta(13)C at high elevations and corresponding lower values of p(i)/p(a) were associated with increased carboxylation efficiency and N content on a unit leaf area basis. 5. Two major homeostatic responses in M. polymorpha plants along elevational/temperature gradients were observed: (1) maintenance of similar photosynthetic rates per unit leaf surface area despite suboptimal conditions for CO2 assimilation at high elevation and (2) similar N content per leaf despite lower soil N availability at high elevations. These homeostatic mechanisms allow M. polymorpha to maintain a relatively high level of growth-related activities at high elevation, despite limiting environmental conditions. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. RP Cordell, S (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, 23 E Kawili St, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RI Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012 NR 25 TC 87 Z9 118 U1 6 U2 33 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-8463 J9 FUNCT ECOL JI Funct. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 13 IS 6 BP 811 EP 818 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00381.x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 274WT UT WOS:000084788600010 ER PT J AU Rosewich, UL Pettway, RE McDonald, BA Kistler, HC AF Rosewich, UL Pettway, RE McDonald, BA Kistler, HC TI High levels of gene flow and heterozygote excess characterize Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA (Thanatephorus cucumeris) from Texas SO FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rhizoctonia solani; Thanatephorus cucumeris; sheath blight; rice; heterozygote excess; gene flow; RFLPs; Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ID ANASTOMOSIS GROUPS; INTRASPECIFIC GROUPS; SHEATH BLIGHT; POPULATION; RICE; DIFFERENTIATION; PATHOGENICITY; COMPLEX; DISEASE; NUMBER AB To date, much of the genetics of the basidiomycete Thanatephorus cucumeris (anamorph = Rhizoctonia solani) remains unknown. Here, we present a population genetics study using codominant markers to augment laboratory analyses. Seven single-copy nuclear RFLP markers were used to examine 182 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA collected from six commercial rice fields in Texas, Thirty-six multilocus RFLP genotypes were identified. Population subdivision analyses indicated a high degree of gene flow/migration between the six geographic populations. Tests for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) among the 36 multilocus RFLP genotypes revealed that four of the seven loci did not significantly differ from HWE, Subsequent analysis demonstrated that departures from HWE at the three remaining loci were due to an excess of heterozygotes, Data presented here suggest that R. solani AG-1 IA is actively outbreeding (heterothallic), Possible explanations for heterozygote excess, which was observed at all seven RFLP loci, are discussed. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ETH Zentrum, Fed Inst Technol, Inst Plant Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Rosewich, UL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI McDonald, Bruce/A-2748-2008 OI McDonald, Bruce/0000-0002-5332-2172 NR 44 TC 46 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1087-1845 J9 FUNGAL GENET BIOL JI Fungal Genet. Biol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 148 EP 159 DI 10.1006/fgbi.1999.1174 PG 12 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology GA 286ME UT WOS:000085449100003 PM 10669581 ER PT J AU Aradhya, MK Manshardt, RM Zee, F Morden, CW AF Aradhya, MK Manshardt, RM Zee, F Morden, CW TI A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Carica L. (Caricaceae) based on restriction fragment length variation in a cpDNA intergenic spacer region SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Caricaceae; Carica; cpDNA; phylogenetic analysis; restriction fragment length polymorphism ID CHLOROPLAST DNA VARIATION; DATISCACEAE; FAMILY; PAPAYA; GENOME; RBCL AB The phylogenetic relationships among twelve wild and cultivated species of Carica (Caricaceae) were analyzed using restriction fragment length variation in a 3.2-kb PCR amplified intergenic spacer region of the chloroplast DNA. A total of 138 fragments representing 137 restriction sites accounting for 5.8% of the amplified region were examined. Both parsimony and neighbor joining cluster analyses confirmed the close association among South American wild Carica species. However, cpDNA data did not support the traditional monophyly hypothesis for the evolution of Carica. Further, cpDNA analyses showed two basic evolutionary lineages within the genus Carica, one defined by cultivated C. papaya and another consisting of the remaining wild species from South America in a well resolved but poorly supported monophyletic assemblage. This evolutionary split in Carica strongly suggests that C. papaya diverged from the rest of the species early in the evolution of the genus and evolved in isolation, probably in Central America. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Hort, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Evolutionary Biol Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Aradhya, MK (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Hort, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 42 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 46 IS 6 BP 579 EP 586 DI 10.1023/A:1008786531609 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 253HA UT WOS:000083549700006 ER PT J AU Johnson, RC Bergman, JW Flynn, CR AF Johnson, RC Bergman, JW Flynn, CR TI Oil and meal characteristics of core and non-core safflower accessions from the USDA collection SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Carthamus tinctorius; core collections; fatty acids; phenolic glucosides; safflower; vitamin E ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION AB Germplasm evaluation of ex situ collections is needed to document collection characteristics, enhance utilization, and to determine collection needs. The objectives of this study were to (1) provide oil and meal evaluation information for a major portion of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) collection, (2) compare ranges, variances and means between 203 core and 797 non-core accessions, and (3) determine if region of origin could be differentiated based on accession oil and meal characteristics. Means of the core and non-core accessions differed for % oil, palmitic acid, stearic acid, alpha-tocopherols, and phenolic glucosides (both bitter and cathartic) (P < 0.05). Differences between linoleic acid, oleic acid and beta-tocopherol means were not significant, and the variance between core and non-core accessions differed only for palmitic acid. Thus the core was not fully representative of the non-core accessions, but did capture a large fraction of the diversity in oil and meal factors present. Accessions from the Americas, China, South-West Asia, and South-Central Asia were differentiated using canonical discriminate analysis, but these regions overlapped to varying degrees with the E. European, Mediterranean, and E. African regions. Variation in % oil and fatty acids were generally more important than tocopherols and phenolic glucosides in differentiating accessions on a regional basis. The check cultivars Montola 2001 (high oleic) and Morlin (high linoleic) had oil and fatty acid content comparable to the maximums found in the collection. The ranges for tocopherols and phenolic glucosides among collection accessions, however, exceeded those of the cultivars, suggesting that collection accessions could be useful for genetic manipulation of these factors. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Montana State Univ, Sidney, BC 59270, Canada. RP Johnson, RC (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Introduct Stn, 59 Johnson Hall,Box 646402, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 15 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 46 IS 6 BP 611 EP 618 DI 10.1023/A:1008756600094 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 253HA UT WOS:000083549700009 ER PT J AU Wei, FS Gobelman-Werner, K Morroll, SM Kurth, J Mao, L Wing, R Leister, D Schulze-Lefert, P Wise, RP AF Wei, FS Gobelman-Werner, K Morroll, SM Kurth, J Mao, L Wing, R Leister, D Schulze-Lefert, P Wise, RP TI The Mla (powdery mildew) resistance cluster is associated with three NBS-LRR gene families and suppressed recombination within a 240-kb DNA interval on chromosome 5S (1HS) of barley SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; F SP HORDEI; PLANT-DISEASE RESISTANCE; FLAX RUST RESISTANCE; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; PATHOGEN RESISTANCE; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; DIVERGENT SELECTION; LACTUCA-SATIVA; PHYSICAL MAP AB Powdery mildew of barley, caused by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei, is a model system for investigating the mechanism of gene-for-gene interaction between large-genome cereals and obligate-fungal pathogens. A large number of loci that confer resistance to this disease are located on the short arm of chromosome 5(1H). The Mla resistance-gene cluster is positioned near the telomeric end of this chromosome arm. AFLP-, RAPD-, and RFLP-derived markers were used to saturate the Mla region in a high-resolution recombinant population segregating for the (Mla6 + Mla14) and (Mla13 + Ml-Ru3) resistance specificities. These tightly linked genetic markers were used to identify and develop a physical contig of YAC and BAC clones spanning the Mla cluster. Three distinct NBS-LRR resistance-gene homologue (RGH) families were revealed via computational analysis of low-pass and BAC-end sequence data derived from Mla-spanning clones. Genetic and physical mapping delimited the Mla-associated, NBS-LRR gene families to a 240-kb interval. Recombination within the RGH families was at least 10-fold less frequent than between markers directly adjacent to the Mla cluster. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Interdepartmental Genet Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England. Clemson Univ, Genomics Inst, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Wise, RP (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Dept Plant Pathol, 409 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Schulze-Lefert, Paul/A-7746-2008; Leister, Dario/D-5587-2009; Schulze-Lefert, Paul/B-6707-2011; OI Leister, Dario/0000-0003-1897-8421; Wing, Rod/0000-0001-6633-6226 NR 90 TC 179 Z9 196 U1 6 U2 21 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD DEC PY 1999 VL 153 IS 4 BP 1929 EP 1948 PG 20 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 262RB UT WOS:000084079300038 PM 10581297 ER PT J AU Ryan, SE Porth, LS AF Ryan, SE Porth, LS TI A field comparison of three pressure-difference bedload samplers SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bedload transport; gravel-bed channels; instrumentation ID TRANSPORT RATES; VARIABILITY; MOVEMENT; SEDIMENT AB The movement of bedload over a cross-section is often sampled using a "pressure-difference bedload sampler", such as the Helley-Smith. Whereas several types are in use, no one device has gained universal acceptance as the standard for use in all types of streams. Moreover, evidence suggests that similar devices may collect substantially different amounts of bedload because of only slight modifications in design. In this study, sample weights collected by three types of pressure-difference samplers are compared to determine whether differences are statistically significant or whether sampler performance is so irregular and overlapping that one might regard them as being the same. The results confirm that the weights of samples collected by the devices are significantly different. Generally, the US BLH 84 collected less material, the Sheetmetal Helley-Smith collected more material, and the Original Helley-Smith was intermediate; these tendencies were consistent at two sites where bedload was measured. The implication of these results is that measured transport rates will vary depending on the sampler used and, therefore, they are not directly comparable without some mode of calibration. To place this finding in a larger context, sediment rating curves, determined from weights of samples and measurements of flow, were integrated over available flow records and used to estimate annual yield. Three estimates of annual yield, one for each device, were then compared with measures of annual accumulation from a weir pond below one of the collection sites. The results indicate that despite differences between the devices, data obtained with pressure-difference samplers estimated annual accumulations of sediment reasonably well. Predicted accumulations were within 40-50% of the measured yield for two samplers whereas the third sampler predicted within 80%. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Ryan, SE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 222 S 22nd St, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. NR 38 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD DEC PY 1999 VL 30 IS 4 BP 307 EP 322 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(99)00059-8 PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 274VX UT WOS:000084786700001 ER PT J AU Harden, JW Sharpe, JM Parton, WJ Ojima, DS Fries, TL Huntington, TG Dabney, SM AF Harden, JW Sharpe, JM Parton, WJ Ojima, DS Fries, TL Huntington, TG Dabney, SM TI Dynamic replacement and loss of soil carbon on eroding cropland SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER LEVELS; NITROGEN; MODEL; MANAGEMENT; RESPIRATION; EROSION; CO2; CULTIVATION; SIMULATION; ATMOSPHERE AB Links between erosion/sedimentation history and soil carbon cycling were examined in a highly erosive setting in Mississippi loess soils. We sampled soils on (relatively) undisturbed and cropped hillslopes and measured C, N, C-14, and CO2 flux to characterize carbon storage and dynamics and to parameterize Century and spreadsheet C-14 models for different erosion and tillage histories, For this site, where 100 years of intensive cotton cropping were followed by fertilization and contour plowing, there was an initial and dramatic decline in soil carbon content from 1870 to 1950, followed by a dramatic increase in soil carbon. Soil erosion amplifies C loss and recovery: About 100% of the original, prehistoric soil carbon was likely lost over 127 years of intensive land use, but about 30% of that carbon was replaced after 1950. The eroded cropland was therefore a local sink for CO2 since the 1950s. However, a net CO2 sink requires a full accounting of eroded carbon, which in turn requires that decomposition rates in lower slopes or wetlands be reduced to about 20% of the upland value. As a result, erosion may induce unaccounted sinks or sources of CO2, depending on the fate of eroded carbon and its protection from decomposition. For erosion rates typical of the United States, the sink terms may be large enough (1 Gt yr(-1), back-of-the-envelope) to warrant a careful accounting of site management, cropping, and fertilization histories, as well as burial rates, for a more meaningful global assessment. C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. ARS, USDA, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Harden, JW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 962, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Ojima, Dennis/C-5272-2016; OI Huntington, Thomas/0000-0002-9427-3530 NR 54 TC 142 Z9 147 U1 8 U2 36 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 BP 885 EP 901 DI 10.1029/1999GB900061 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 270VK UT WOS:000084557700007 ER PT J AU Hollinger, DY Goltz, SM Davidson, EA Lee, JT Tu, K Valentine, HT AF Hollinger, DY Goltz, SM Davidson, EA Lee, JT Tu, K Valentine, HT TI Seasonal patterns and environmental control of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange in an ecotonal boreal forest SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AmeriFlux; Bowen ratio; carbon exchange; eddy covariance ID LONG-TERM MEASUREMENTS; BROAD-LEAVED FOREST; EDDY-CORRELATION; PINE FOREST; CO2; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SPRUCE; FLUX; VARIABILITY; SENSITIVITY AB Carbon dioxide, water vapour, and sensible heat fluxes were measured above and within a spruce dominated forest near the southern ecotone of the boreal forest in Maine, USA. Summer, mid-day carbon dioxide uptake was higher than at other boreal coniferous forests, averaging about -13 mu mol CO2 m(-2) s(-1). Nocturnal summer ecosystem respiration averaged approximate to 6 mu mol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) at a mean temperature of approximate to 15 degrees C. Significant ecosystem C uptake began with the thawing of the soil in early April and was abruptly reduced by the first autumn frost in early October. Half-hourly forest CO2 exchange was regulated mostly by the incident photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD). In addition to the threshold effects of freezing temperatures, there were seasonal effects on the inferred photosynthetic parameters of the forest canopy. The functional response of this forest to environmental variation was similar to that of other spruce forests. In contrast to reports of carbon loss from northerly boreal forest sites, in 1996 the Howland forest was a strong carbon sink, storing about 2.1 t C ha(-1). C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Appl Ecol & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hollinger, DY (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 271 Mast Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012; Davidson, Eric/K-4984-2013 OI Davidson, Eric/0000-0002-8525-8697 NR 38 TC 202 Z9 218 U1 5 U2 37 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 5 IS 8 BP 891 EP 902 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00281.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 279NN UT WOS:000085051700006 ER PT J AU Wilson, KB Carlson, TN Bunce, JA AF Wilson, KB Carlson, TN Bunce, JA TI Feedback significantly influences the simulated effect of CO2 on seasonal evapotranspiration from two agricultural species SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; evapotranspiration; maize; simulation; soybeans; stomatal conductance ID GLOBAL CLIMATE MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; REGIONAL TRANSPIRATION; WATER-USE; CARBON; PLANT; RESISTANCE; RESPONSES; LEAF AB The direct effect of elevated carbon dioxide on evapotranspiration over a growing season was investigated by scaling up single-leaf gas exchange measurements on soybean and corn plants grown and measured at three carbon dioxide concentrations. Stomatal conductance decreased markedly with increasing carbon dioxide in these species under most conditions. Coupled soil-vegetation-atmosphere models were used to scale up these single-leaf level measurements to simulate evapotranspiration at the regional scale from planting to harvest. The coupled modelling system introduced feedbacks over the season that are not present at the measurement level, which decreased the effect of carbon dioxide on evapotranspiration. Four sets of simulations were performed to evaluate specifically the magnitude of four feedbacks; two resulting from scale, surface layer and mixed layer feedback, one resulting from soil evaporation and one resulting from the interactions of stomatal conductance and the simulated canopy microclimate (physiological feedback). The feedbacks occurring from scale were consistent with previous analytical work indicating that transpiration becomes less dependent on stomatal conductance at larger scales. Evaporation from the soil has been generally neglected in past studies on carbon dioxide effects, but was especially important in decreasing the effects of carbon dioxide on evapotranspiration and showed a seasonal dynamic. The feedback resulting from physiological responses has also received less attention than the feedbacks from scale, but was only moderately important in these simulations. We also investigated the seasonal dynamics of how the observed increase in leaf area at elevated carbon dioxide affects evapotranspiration. Considering all the feedbacks and the observed increase in leaf area at elevated carbon dioxide, the simulated decrease in evapotranspiration was not negligible but was much less than the decrease in stomatal conductance. At the regional scale and maximum complexity in our model, the simulated decrease in seasonal evapotranspiration at doubled carbon dioxide (700 mu mol mol(-1)) was 5.4% for soybeans and 8.6% for corn. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wilson, KB (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, POB 2456, Oak Ridge, TN 37828 USA. NR 28 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 5 IS 8 BP 903 EP 917 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00280.x PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 279NN UT WOS:000085051700007 ER PT J AU King, JW Holliday, RL List, GR AF King, JW Holliday, RL List, GR TI Hydrolysis of soybean oil in a subcritical water flow reactor SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SUPERCRITICAL WATER; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS AB Subcritical water has been recently demonstrated to be a viable medium for conducting hydrolysis reactions on a variety of organic compounds. In this study, the hydrolysis of triglycerides in soybean oil to their respective free fatty acids has been affected using a flow reactor. The flow reactor permits hydrolysis to be accomplished without the need of a catalyst but requires higher temperatures than previously used in a static system to attain > 97% product conversion. Using a high pressure view cell as a diagnostic aid, it was found that the oil miscibility with water is crucial to attaining a high conversion to the free fatty acids. Water to oil ratios of 2.5:1-5:1 were found to optimal for high conversions as well as residence time between 10-15 minutes in the open tubular reactor. Such rapid hydrolysis times contrast with multi-hour conversions utilized industrially to achieve a 96-98% fatty acid yield. Although conversion of the all natural cis forms of the fatty acids to some trans form occurred, the isolated products were clear and free of degradation products, unlike previous results reported for the reaction run in a closed vessel under static conditions at these elevated temperatures (> 300 degrees C). Determination of the trans fatty acid content of aqueous hydrolyzed oils has not been previously reported, however they are of minor importance since the produced fatty acid mixtures are primarily intended for industrial utilization and not for food consumption. C1 ARS, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP King, JW (reprint author), ARS, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 28 TC 71 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 22 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 1 IS 6 BP 261 EP 264 DI 10.1039/a908861j PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 271QX UT WOS:000084605900008 ER PT J AU Kline, JD Alig, RJ AF Kline, JD Alig, RJ TI Does land use planning slow the conversion of forest and farm lands? SO GROWTH AND CHANGE LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION PROGRAM; OREGON; PERSPECTIVE; URBAN; PRICE AB Land use planning often is implemented to control development on forests and farmland, but its impact on land use remains untested. Previous studies evaluating such programs have relied on anecdotal evidence rather than on data describing actual land use change. A model of land use is specified as a function of socioeconomic factors, land rent, and landowners' characteristics, to examine how well Oregon's land use planning program has protected forests and farmland from development. The empirical model describes the probability that forests and farmland in western Oregon and western Washington were developed to residential, commercial, or industrial uses, before and after Oregon's land use planning program took effect. Land use data are provided by the USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis program. Results suggest that Oregon's land use planning program has concentrated development within urban growth boundaries since its implementation, but its success at reducing the likelihood of development on resource lands located within forest use and exclusive farm use zones remains uncertain. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kline, JD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 54 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0017-4815 J9 GROWTH CHANGE JI Growth Change PD WIN PY 1999 VL 30 IS 1 BP 3 EP 22 DI 10.1111/0017-4815.00102 PG 20 WC Planning & Development SC Public Administration GA 171GC UT WOS:000078853800001 ER PT J AU Staub, JE Simon, P Goldman, I AF Staub, JE Simon, P Goldman, I TI Enhancement of horticultural crops for improved human health: Introduction to the colloquium SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1999 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1157 EP 1157 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 264XW UT WOS:000084209800003 ER PT J AU Foley, RE AF Foley, RE TI Genetic basis for dormancy in wild oat SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Systems and Approaches to Studying Dormancy at the 95th ASHS Annual Conference CY JUL 13, 1998 CL CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA SP Amer Soc Hort Sci, Plant Dormancy Res Working Grp, Plant Biol Working Grp, Environm Stress Physiol Working Grp, Seed Res Working Grp, Hist Hort Sci Working Grp C1 ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Foley, RE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1999 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1174 EP 1174 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 264XW UT WOS:000084209800009 ER PT J AU Rowland, LJ Ogden, EL Arora, R Lim, CC Lehman, JS Levi, A Panta, GR AF Rowland, LJ Ogden, EL Arora, R Lim, CC Lehman, JS Levi, A Panta, GR TI Use of blueberry to study genetic control of chilling requirement and cold hardiness in woody perennials SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Systems and Approaches to Studying Dormancy at the 95th ASHS Annual Conference CY JUL 13, 1998 CL CHARLOTTE, NC SP Amer Soc Hort Sci, Plant Dormancy Res Working Grp, Plant Biol Working Grp, Environm Stress Physiol Working Grp, Seed Res Working Grp, Hist Hort Sci Working Grp ID TETRAPLOID VACCINIUM-CORYMBOSUM; FREEZING TOLERANCE; FLORAL BUDS; LINKAGE MAP; PROTEINS; DORMANCY; DARROWI; IDENTIFICATION; ENDODORMANCY; CYANOCOCCUS C1 ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Plant & Soil Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Otterbein Coll, Dept Life & Earth Sci, Westerville, OH 43081 USA. ARS, Vegetable Lab, So Reg, USDA, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Rowland, LJ (reprint author), ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 38 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1999 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1185 EP 1191 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 264XW UT WOS:000084209800011 ER PT J AU Yoder, KS Miller, SS Byers, RE AF Yoder, KS Miller, SS Byers, RE TI Suppression of fireblight in apple shoots by prohexadione-calcium following experimental and natural inoculation SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Metabolism, Action, and Use of BAS-125W in Apples CY JUL 26, 1997 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SP Growth Regulators in Fruit & Nut Prod Working Grp, Pomol Working Grp, Amer Soc Hort Sci C1 Virginia Tech, Ctr Agr Res & Extens, Dept Plant Pathol Physiol & Weed Sci, Winchester, VA 22602 USA. USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Virginia Tech, Ctr Agr Res & Extens, Dept Hort, Winchester, VA 22602 USA. RP Yoder, KS (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Ctr Agr Res & Extens, Dept Plant Pathol Physiol & Weed Sci, Winchester, VA 22602 USA. NR 6 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1999 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1202 EP 1204 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 264XW UT WOS:000084209800016 ER PT J AU Tomasi, P Dierig, DA Backhaus, RA Pigg, KB AF Tomasi, P Dierig, DA Backhaus, RA Pigg, KB TI Floral bud and mean petal length as morphological predictors of microspore cytological stage in Lesquerella SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE androgenesis; Lesquerella fendleri; microsporogenesis; morphometrics ID BRASSICA-NAPUS; CULTURE C1 ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Tomasi, P (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1999 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1269 EP 1270 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 264XW UT WOS:000084209800034 ER PT J AU Finn, CE Lawrence, FJ Strik, BC Yorgey, B DeFrancesco, J AF Finn, CE Lawrence, FJ Strik, BC Yorgey, B DeFrancesco, J TI 'Siskiyou' trailing blackberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Rubus; fruit breeding; small fruit ID SET C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, NW Ctr Small Fruit Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Finn, CE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, NW Ctr Small Fruit Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 6 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 1999 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1288 EP 1290 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 264XW UT WOS:000084209800039 ER PT J AU Lemly, AD AF Lemly, AD TI Selenium impacts on fish: An insidious time bomb SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE coal-fired power plants; fly-ash landfills; phosphate mining; livestock feedlot wastes; wastewater treatment wetlands; aquatic pollution ID FRESH-WATER RESERVOIR; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; TOXICITY; POPULATIONS; WETLANDS; STRESS AB A selenium time bomb situation is developing in the United States and elsewhere that may result in substantial impacts on fish populations. The selenium time bomb has three components: (1) high food-chain bioaccumulation, (2) steep toxic response curve for fish, and (3) insidious mode of toxicity. If the threshold for selenium toxicity is exceeded, the time bomb explodes and a cascade of events is set into motion that will result in major ecosystem disruption. Several human-related factors are emerging that are capable of igniting the fuse of the time bomb by increasing waterborne concentrations of selenium and providing conditions favorable for bioaccumulation. Some of these factors are (1) mobilization of selenium due to open-pit phosphate mining, (2) use of constructed wetlands to treat selenium-laden wastewater from oil refineries and agricultural irrigation, (3) landfill disposal of seleniferous fly ash from coal-fired power plants, and (4) mobilization of selenium from animal feedlot wastes. Collectively, these threats may be sufficient to cause widespread, unanticipated toxic effects in fish populations. Only environmentally sound risk assessments followed by prudent management actions can defuse the selenium time bomb - once it explodes, it is too late to avoid significant impacts. C1 Virginia Tech Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Coldwater Fisheries Res Unit, US Forest Serv,So Res Stn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Lemly, AD (reprint author), Virginia Tech Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Coldwater Fisheries Res Unit, US Forest Serv,So Res Stn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Schneider, Larissa/C-9863-2012 NR 30 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 15 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 5 IS 6 BP 1139 EP 1151 DI 10.1080/10807039991289374 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 279TJ UT WOS:000085061000002 ER PT J AU Zhu, YC Baker, JE AF Zhu, YC Baker, JE TI Characterization of midgut trypsin-like enzymes and three trypsinogen cDNAs from the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera : Bostrichidae) SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lesser grain borer; Rhizopertha dominica; digestion; serine proteinase; trypsin; BApNAase; cDNA; cloning; sequence ID PLANT PROTEINASE-INHIBITORS; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; DIGESTIVE PROTEINASES; GENE FAMILY; CHORISTONEURA-FUMIFERANA; CYSTEINE PROTEINASES; DECARBOXYLASE GENE; ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE; AEDES-AEGYPTI; MANDUCA-SEXTA AB Protein digestion in the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), results from the action of a complex of serine proteinases present in the midgut. In this study we partially characterized trypsin-like enzyme activity against N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine p-nitroanilide (BApNA) in midgut preparations and cloned and sequenced three cDNAs for trypsinogen-like proteins. BApNAase activity in R. dominica midgut was significantly reduced by serine proteinase inhibitors and specific inhibitors of trypsin, whereas BApNAase activity was not sensitive to specific inhibitors of chymotrypsin or aspartic proteinases. However, trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino) butane (E-64) inhibited BApNAase activity by about 30%. BApNAase was most active in a broad pH range from about pH 7 to 9.5. The gut of R. dominica is a tubular tract approximately 2.5 mm in length. BApNAase activity was primarily located in the midgut region with about 1.5-fold more BApNAase activity in the anterior region compared to that in the posterior region. Proteinases with apparent molecular masses of 23-24 kDa that were visualized on casein zymograms following electrophoresis were inhibited by TLCK. Three cDNAs for trypsinogen-like proteins were cloned and sequenced from mRNA of R. dominica midgut. The full cDNA sequences consisted of open reading frames encoding 249, 293, and 255 amino acid residues for RdoT1, RdoT2, and RdoT3, respectively. cDNAs RdoT1, RdoT2, and RdoT3 shared 77-81% sequence identity. The three encoded trypsinogens shared 54-62% identity in their amino acid sequences and had 16-18 residues of signal peptides and 12-15 residues of activation peptides. The three predicted mature trypsin-like enzymes had molecular masses of 23.1, 28, and 23.8 kDa for RdoT1, RdoT2, and RdoT3, respectively. Typical features of these trypsin-like enzymes included the conserved N-terminal residues IVGG(62-65); the catalytic amino acid triad of serine proteinase active sites (His(109), Asp(156), Ser(157)), three pairs of conserved cysteine residues for disulfide bridges, and the three residues (Asp(251), Gly(274), Gly(284)) that determine specificity in trypsin-like enzymes. In addition, RdoT2 has both a PEST-like sequence at the C-terminus and a free Cys(158) near the active site, suggesting instability of this enzyme and/or sensitivity to thiol reagents. The sequences have been deposited in GenBank database (accession numbers AF130840 for. RdoT1, AF130841 for RdoT2, and AF130842 for RdoT3). Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Baker, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 46 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 12 BP 1053 EP 1063 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(99)00081-8 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 261BA UT WOS:000083986900002 PM 10612040 ER PT J AU Gianni, R Cescutti, P Bosco, M Fett, WF Rizzo, R AF Gianni, R Cescutti, P Bosco, M Fett, WF Rizzo, R TI Influence of substituents on the solution conformation of the exopolysaccharide produced by Pseudomonas 'gingeri' strain Pf9 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Carbohydrate Symposium CY AUG 09-14, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA DE microbial polysaccharides; Pseudomonas; structure-function relationships; conformational properties; acetyl and pyruvate groups ID ACIDIC EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE; CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE; VISCOSITY AB The influence of pyruvate ketals and acetyl groups on the conformational behaviour of the exopolysaccharide produced by Pseudomonas 'gingeri' strain Pf9 has been investigated experimentally through studies of intrinsic viscosity and circular dichroism experiments. A conformational variation was detected as a function of the ionic strength. Measurements carried out on the native polymer, as well as on both de-pyruvated and de-acetylated samples, suggested a critical role for the acetyl group on the solution conformation of the polysaccharide. Molecular mechanics calculations indicated the possibility of intramolecular hydrogen bonding between acetyl substituents on the mannose and the C(2)OH group of the preceding saccharidic unit. NMR linewidth measurements, carried out as a function of temperature, on the low molecular weight de-pyruvated sample indicated different polymeric backbone dynamics in aqueous solutions with respect to that observed in 0.3 M NaCl solutions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Biochim Biofis & Chim Macromol, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. POLYTech SCARL, I-34012 Trieste, Italy. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Rizzo, R (reprint author), Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Biochim Biofis & Chim Macromol, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-8130 J9 INT J BIOL MACROMOL JI Int. J. Biol. Macromol. PD DEC 1 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 4 BP 249 EP 253 DI 10.1016/S0141-8130(99)00090-2 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Polymer Science SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 255LP UT WOS:000083670500006 PM 10569286 ER PT J AU Robichaud, PR Miller, SM AF Robichaud, PR Miller, SM TI Spatial interpolation and simulation of post-burn duff thickness after prescribed fire SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE geostatistics; forest floor; duff water content; spatial patterns; northern Rocky Mountains AB Prescribed fire is used as a site treatment after timber harvesting. These fires result in spatial patterns with some portions consuming all of the forest floor material (duff) and others consuming little. Prior to the burn, spatial sampling of duff thickness and duff water content can be used to generate geostatistical spatial simulations of these characteristics. Results from field studies indicated that spatial patterns of duff characteristics occurred, and they were then modeled by kriging, simulation and a trend-surface modeling techniques. The higher elevations of the study unit burned more severely than the lower portion. This is believed to be due to the heat generated by the fire drying out the upper portions of the units, thus consuming more duff material and thinner preburn duff thickness due to ground-based harvesting techniques. Attempts to predict duff consumption and subsequent post-burn duff thickness were successful using a trend-surface model developed for this site and a general duff consumption model. Knowledge of spatial patterns of duff remaining may help land managers adjust prescriptions and alter ignition patterns to reduce areas where total consumption of duff might occur. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Robichaud, PR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, 1221 S Main St, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. EM probichaud@fs.fed.us; smmiller@uidaho.edu NR 22 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PD DEC PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 137 EP 143 DI 10.1071/WF00018 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 391DU UT WOS:000166339500007 ER PT J AU Everett, R Lehmkuhl, J Schellhaas, R Ohlson, P Keenum, D Riesterer, H Spurbeck, D AF Everett, R Lehmkuhl, J Schellhaas, R Ohlson, P Keenum, D Riesterer, H Spurbeck, D TI Snag dynamics in a chronosequence of 26 wildfires on the east slope of the Cascade Range in Washington State, USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE snag density; snag decay; wildlife habitat; soil organic matter ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; WESTERN OREGON AB Snag numbers and decay class were measured on a chronosequence of 26 wildfires (ages 1-81 years) on the east slope of the Cascade Range in Washington. Snag longevity and resultant snag densities varied spatially across burns in relation to micro-topographic position. Longevity of snags < 41 cm dbh was greater for thin-barked Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) than thick-barked Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). With larger diameter snags, however, Douglas-fir persisted longer than Engelmann spruce. The time period required for recruitment of soft snags > 23 cm dbh was estimated to exceed snag longevity for ponderosa pine, Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine, and subalpine fir, causing an "on-site gap" in soft snags for these species. Snags of Douglas-fir greater than or equal to 41 cm dbh stood for a sufficient time (40% standing after 80 years) to potentially overlap the recruitment of soft snags greater than or equal to 23 cm dbh from the replacement stand. Providing continuity in soft snags following stand-replacement events would require a landscape-scale perspective, incorporating adjacent stands of different ages or disturbance histories. Results suggest that standards and guidelines for snags on public forest lands need to be sufficiently flexible to accommodate both disturbance and stand development phases and differences in snag longevity among species and topographic positions. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Wenatchee Forestry Sci Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Everett, R (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Wenatchee Forestry Sci Lab, 1133 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. EM r.everett2@gte.net; jlehmkuhl@fs.fed.us; rschellhaas@fs.fed.us; pohlson@fs.fed.us; dkeenum@fs.fed.us; hriesterer@fs.fed.us; dspurbeck@fs.fed.us NR 31 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 10 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 EI 1448-5516 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PD DEC PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 223 EP 234 DI 10.1071/WF00011 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 391DZ UT WOS:000166340000001 ER PT J AU Lamikanra, O Kassa, AK AF Lamikanra, O Kassa, AK TI Changes in the free amino acid composition with maturity of the Noble cultivar of Vitis rotundifolia Michx. grape SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Vitis; muscadine; amino acids ID MUSCADINE WINE; VARIETIES; FRACTIONS; YEASTS; JUICE AB The changes in amino acid composition that occur with maturity of the Noble cultivar of the Vitis rotundifolia Michx. (muscadine) grape were determined by HPLC. Eighteen amino acids were identified. Histidine was the most prominent amino acid followed by alanine. The concentrations of most of the major amino acids (alanine, glycine, histidine, valine, isoleucine, aspartic acid, and serine) were highest at verasion. Glutamine and threonine contents dropped sharply after fruit set, while those of arginine and proline increased gradually with maturity and ripening. Tyrosine content increased gradually with maturity and ripening following a slight drop after fruit set. In ripe grapes, seeds contained most of the amino acids in mature grapes (50%) followed by the pulp (23%), the juice (15%), and the skin (11%). Alanine, histidine, and arginine were the principal amino acids identified in the juice. Alanine, histidine, arginine, valine, glutamine, aspartic acid, proline, serine, and threonine accounted for about 90% of the amino acids in the pulp. In seeds, alanine, proline, asparagine, and histidine accounted for over 55% of the amino acids, while alanine and histidine were found to be the predominant free amino acids in the skin. The profile indicates some differences in the changes in amino acid composition with berry maturity and relative amounts of amino acids present in muscadine compared to those in nonmuscadine grape species. C1 Florida A&M Univ, Ctr Viticultural Sci & Small Farm Dev, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. RP Lamikanra, O (reprint author), ARS, Food Proc & Sensory Qual Res Unit, USDA, SRRC, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 12 BP 4837 EP 4841 DI 10.1021/jf981085e PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 267RZ UT WOS:000084374200003 PM 10606539 ER PT J AU Grohmann, K Manthey, JA Cameron, RG Buslig, BS AF Grohmann, K Manthey, JA Cameron, RG Buslig, BS TI Purification of citrus peel juice and molasses SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE citrus molasses; orange peel; bitterness; adsorption; macroporous resins ID ANION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY; BITTER PRINCIPLES; GRAPEFRUIT JUICE; REMOVAL; ORANGE; GROWTH; ACIDS AB Citrus peel juice and molasses are extremely bitter and unpalatable byproducts of orange and grapefruit juice production. Major components of interest are soluble sugars, glucose, fructose, and sucrose, which account for 60-70% of the dry solids. Analyses indicate that the remaining components are suspended tissue fragments, proteins, organic acids, mineral ions, phenolic compounds, and polyols. A purification sequence that removed a majority of bitter limonoids and phenolic compounds by adsorption on nonionic, macroporous resins was tested. Residual phenolic compounds were removed by adsorption on activated carbon or anion-exchange resin, which also removed anions of organic and inorganic acids. Taste panel results suggested that debittered products could be acceptable for food uses. C1 ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Res Lab, S Atlantic Area, USDA, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. RP Grohmann, K (reprint author), ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Res Lab, S Atlantic Area, USDA, POB 1909, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. NR 32 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 12 BP 4859 EP 4867 DI 10.1021/jf9903049 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 267RZ UT WOS:000084374200007 PM 10606543 ER PT J AU Handelman, GJ Cao, G Walter, MF Nightingale, ZD Paul, GL Prior, RL Blumberg, JB AF Handelman, GJ Cao, G Walter, MF Nightingale, ZD Paul, GL Prior, RL Blumberg, JB TI Antioxidant capacity of oat (Avena sativa L.) extracts. 1. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation and oxygen radical absorbance capacity SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Avena sativa; oat; antioxidant capacity; phenolics; radical scavengers; oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC); low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation; aleurone ID ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; GROATS; HULLS; ACID; LDL; AVENANTHRAMIDES; IDENTIFICATION; PHENOLICS; TOCOLS; ASSAY AB Milled oat great pearlings, trichomes, flour, and bran were extracted with methanol and the fractions tested in vitro for antioxidant capacity against low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and R-phycoerythrin protein oxidation in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. The oxidative reactions were generated by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) HCl (AAPK) or Cu2+ in the LDL assay and by AAPH or Cu2+ + H2O2 in the ORAC assay and calibrated against a Trolox standard to calculate Trolox equivalents (1 Trolox equivalent = 1 TE = activity of 1 mu mol of Trolox). The antioxidant capacity of the oat fractions was generally consistent with a potency rank of pearlings (2.89-8.58 TE/g) > flour (1.00-3.54 TE/g) > trichome (1.74 TE/g) = bran (1.02-1.62 TE/g) in both LDL and ORAC assays regardless of the free radical generator employed. A portion of the oat antioxidant constituents may be heat labile as the greatest activity was found among non-steam-treated pearlings. The contribution of oat tocols from the fractions accounted for <5% of the measured antioxidant capacity. AAPH-initiated oxidation of LDL was inhibited by the oat fractions in a dose-dependent manner, although complete suppression was not achieved with the highest doses tested. In contrast, Cu2+-initiated oxidation of LDL stimulated peroxide formation with low oat concentrations but completely inhibited oxidation with higher doses. Thus, oats possess antioxidant capacity most of which is likely derived from polar phenolic compounds in the aleurone. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Quaker Oats Co, Clin Res Programs, Barrington, IL 60010 USA. RP Blumberg, JB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 41 TC 59 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 12 BP 4888 EP 4893 DI 10.1021/jf990529j PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 267RZ UT WOS:000084374200012 PM 10606548 ER PT J AU Emmons, CL Peterson, DM Paul, GL AF Emmons, CL Peterson, DM Paul, GL TI Antioxidant capacity of oat (Avena sativa L.) extracts. 2. In vitro antioxidant activity and contents of phenolic and tocol antioxidants SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Avena sativa; oat; antioxidant activity; phenolic acids; tocols ID AVENANTHRAMIDES; IDENTIFICATION; PLASMA; GROATS; HULLS AB Oat milling fractions were examined for concentrations of total phenolics, tocols, and phenolic acids and in vitro antioxidant activity to determine their potential as dietary antioxidants. Methanolic extracts of pearling fractions, flour and aspirations from flaking, and trichomes had high, intermediate, and low antioxidant activities, respectively, evaluated by the beta-carotene bleaching method. Pearling fractions were also highest in total phenolics and tocols, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were identified and quantified by HPLC. Three avenanthramides and an unidentified ferulate derivative were also detected. Total phenolic content was significantly correlated with antioxidant activity, and regression equations that predicted antioxidant activity from phenolic and tocol concentrations were calculated. Antioxidant activity, evaluated by beta-carotene bleaching, was correlated with measures of oxygen radical absorbance capacity and low-density lipoprotein oxidation. These data indicate a potential for oat products, especially those enriched in outer layers of the great, to contribute to dietary intakes of antioxidant phytonutrients. C1 ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Peterson, DM (reprint author), ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, USDA, 501 Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 20 TC 153 Z9 168 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 12 BP 4894 EP 4898 DI 10.1021/jf990530i PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 267RZ UT WOS:000084374200013 PM 10606549 ER PT J AU Gardner, DR Panter, KE Pfister, JA Knight, AP AF Gardner, DR Panter, KE Pfister, JA Knight, AP TI Analysis of toxic norditerpenoid alkaloids in Delphinium species by electrospray, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and sequential tandem mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Delphinium; electrospray mass spectrometry; norditerpenoid alkaloids; poisonous plants ID QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; LARKSPUR DELPHINIUM; BARBEYI; METHYLLYCACONITINE; NUTTALLIANUM; OCCIDENTALE; RAT AB A rapid electrospray mass spectrometry method was developed for screening larkspur (Delphinium spp.) plant material for toxic norditerpenoid alkaloids. The method was calibrated using two standard alkaloids, methyllycaconitine (1) and deltaline (2), with a recovery of 92% from spiked samples and relative standard deviations of 6.0% and 8.1% for the two alkaloids, respectively. Thirty-three samples of plains larkspur, Delphinium geyeri, were analyzed. Methyllycaconitine (1) concentration was 0.27% +/- 0.08% during a 1-month period in 1997 establishing the relative risk of poisoning from the plant to be low. The method was also applied to the trace analysis (<1 ppm) of 1 in serum samples from sheep dosed different levels of the alkaloid. Electrospray ionization combined with sequential tandem mass spectrometry and HPLC coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry were used to detect and tentatively identify three new norditerpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium nuttallianum [bearline (6), 14-acetylbearline (7), 16-deacetylgeyerline (8)]. The tentative structure of the new alkaloids was predicted from the tandem mass spectra fragmentation patterns and assigning the substitution pattern for methoxy and acetyl groups at the C-14 and C-16 carbons. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Gardner, DR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 26 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 12 BP 5049 EP 5058 DI 10.1021/jf990615j PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 267RZ UT WOS:000084374200035 PM 10606571 ER PT J AU Obenland, DM Arpaia, ML Austin, RK MacKey, BE AF Obenland, DM Arpaia, ML Austin, RK MacKey, BE TI High-temperature forced-air treatment alters the quantity of flavor-related, volatile constituents present in navel and Valencia oranges SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE volatiles; flavor; quarantine; heat; citrus ID FRUIT-FLY DISINFESTATION; HEAT-TREATMENTS; TANGERINE; TOLERANCE; QUALITY; JUICES; MOIST; HOT AB A number of volatile compounds that contribute to orange flavor were quantified following high-temperature forced-air (HTFA) treatment of the fruit to determine if a relationship exists between the flavor loss that is observed following HTFA treatment and the volatile composition of the juice. Following different durations of HTFA treatment, fruit were stored for a period of 4 weeks and juiced and the juice subjected to headspace analysis using either a Tenax/Carbotrap column or a solid-phase microextraction device for trapping of the volatiles. alpha-Pinene, beta-myrcene, and limonene were reduced in amount by 60%, 58%, and 34%, respectively, over the course of the 5-h HTFA treatment. The influence of heat on the amount of decanal was less clear, although in one of the two fruit lots there was little change. The amount of ethanol was reduced by 70% after the initial hour of HTFA treatment and then steadily increased to exceed the initial amount during the remaining 4 h of the treatment. Taste evaluations of the fruit showed a reduction of flavor quality following 4 h or more of treatment. Percent acidity and soluble solids, two other very important determinants of flavor, were nearly unchanged by treatment. Alterations in the volatile constituents of oranges by HTFA treatment may be an important reason behind the negative impact of this treatment on flavor quality. C1 ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, USDA, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Univ Calif, Kearney Agr Ctr, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. ARS, Biometr Serv, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Obenland, DM (reprint author), ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, USDA, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 12 BP 5184 EP 5188 DI 10.1021/jf990077a PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 267RZ UT WOS:000084374200056 PM 10606592 ER PT J AU Buttery, RG Glenn, GM Stern, DJ AF Buttery, RG Glenn, GM Stern, DJ TI Sorption of volatile flavor compounds by microcellular cereal starch SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE starch; microcellular foams; flavor compounds; sorption ID COMPLEXES; FOAMS AB Wheat starch based microcellular foam (MCF) forms of (dry) starch possess a significant percentage of micropores in the range of 5-14 Angstrom. The present study confirmed earlier preliminary studies that MCF starch (in a 0.25-1.0 mm diameter bead form) is effective in sorbing and lowering the headspace partial pressure of many volatile compounds in a manner similar (although less efficient) to that exhibited by other microcavity sorbants such as charcoal. It was found that the proportion of polar compounds sorbed was much greater than the proportion of nonpolar compounds. A major portion of the sorbed volatile compound was readily displaced from the MCF microcellular starch by the addition of water. These properties make this form of edible starch a potential useful carrier of flavor compounds for dried foods. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Buttery, RG (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 11 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 12 BP 5206 EP 5208 DI 10.1021/jf990495f PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 267RZ UT WOS:000084374200060 PM 10606596 ER PT J AU Chung, SY Champagne, ET AF Chung, SY Champagne, ET TI Allergenicity of Maillard reaction products from peanut proteins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Maillard reaction; peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.); peanut lectin; allergenicity; IgE antibodies; immunoblots; nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) ID COWS-MILK-PROTEINS; PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS; IGG ANTIBODIES; CROSS-LINKING; GLUCOSE; 3-DEOXYGLUCOSONE; INTERMEDIATE; GLYCATION; ALBUMIN AB It is known that peanut allergy is caused by peanut proteins. However, little is known about the impact of roasting on the allergenicity of peanuts. During roasting, proteins react with sugars to form Maillard reaction products, which could affect allergenicity. To determine if the Maillard reaction could convert a nonallergenic peanut protein into a potentially allergenic product, nonallergenic lectin was reacted with glucose or fructose at 50 degrees C for 28 days. Browning products from heat-treated peanuts were also examined. The products were analyzed in immunoblot and competitive assays, using a pooled serum (i.e., IgE antibodies) from patients with peanut anaphylaxis. Results showed that the products were recognized by IgE and had an inhibitory effect on IgE binding to a peanut allergen. Thus, the findings suggest that these Maillard reaction products are potentially allergenic and indicate the need to verify whether the Maillard reaction products formed in peanuts during roasting increase their allergenicity. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Chung, SY (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM sychung@nola.srrc.usda.gov NR 38 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 12 BP 5227 EP 5231 DI 10.1021/jf9904416 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 267RZ UT WOS:000084374200064 PM 10606600 ER PT J AU Gordon, SH Jones, RW McClelland, JF Wicklow, DT Greene, RV AF Gordon, SH Jones, RW McClelland, JF Wicklow, DT Greene, RV TI Transient infrared spectroscopy for detection of toxigenic fungus in corn: Potential for on-line evaluation SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus flavus; aflatoxin; fungi; corn; transient infrared spectroscopy; FTIR-photoacoustic spectroscopy ID GREENISH-YELLOW FLUORESCENCE; EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; NATURAL OCCURRENCE; AFLATOXIN; FUMONISIN-B1 AB An urgent need for rapid sensors to detect contamination of food grains by toxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus prompted research and development of Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) as a highly sensitive probe for fungi growing on the surfaces of individual corn kernels. However, the photoacoustic technique has limited potential for screening bulk corn because currently available photoacoustic detectors can accommodate only a single intact kernel at a time. Transient infrared spectroscopy (TIRS), on the other hand, is a promising new technique that can acquire analytically useful infrared spectra from a moving mass of solid materials. Therefore, the potential of TIRS for on-line, noncontact detection of A. flavus contamination in a moving bed of corn kernels was explored. Early test results based on visual inspection of TIRS spectral differences predict an 85% or 95% success rate in distinguishing healthy corn from grain infected with A. flavus. Four unique infrared spectral features which identified infected corn in FTIR-PAS were also found to be diagnostic in TIRS. Although the technology is still in its infancy, the preliminary results indicate that TIRS is a potentially effective screening method for bulk quantities of corn grain. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Gordon, SH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM gordonsh@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 30 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 47 IS 12 BP 5267 EP 5272 DI 10.1021/jf990011f PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 267RZ UT WOS:000084374200071 PM 10606607 ER PT J AU Loomis, J Traynor, K Brown, T AF Loomis, J Traynor, K Brown, T TI Trichotomous choice: A possible solution to dual response objectives in dichotomous choice contingent valuation questions SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE contingent valuation; open space; willingness to pay AB We investigate the possibility that some respondents to a dichotomous choice question vote YES, even though they would not pay the posted dollar amount in order to register support for the project or policy. A trichotomous choice question format is proposed to determine if allowing respondents the opportunity to vote in favor of a project at an amount less than their bid affects estimated willingness to pay. Using univariate and multivariate tests, we find the trichotomous choice question format reduces the number of YES responses and produces a statistically significant decrease in willingness to pay for an open-space program. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado Alliance Environm Educ, Golden, CO USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Loomis, J (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 24 IS 2 BP 572 EP 583 PG 12 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 254ZH UT WOS:000083643900017 ER PT J AU Reams, GA Van Deusen, PC AF Reams, GA Van Deusen, PC TI The Southern Annual Forest Inventory System SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Environmental Monitoring Surveys Over Time CY 1998 CL UNIV WASHINGTON, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Univ Washington Natl Res Ctr Statist & Envirnom, US Envirnom Protect Agcy, USDA Forest Serv, Nat Resources Inventory & Analysis Inst, Nat Resource Conservat Serv, USDA Forest Serv, Inventory & Monitor Inst & Forest Inventory & Analysis HO UNIV WASHINGTON DE annual survey; area estimation; imputation; interpreting panel design; time series modeling ID PARTIAL REPLACEMENT; THEMATIC MAPS; IMPUTATION AB The Southern Annual Forest inventory System (SAFIS) is in various stages of implementation in 7 of the 13 southern states serviced by the Southern Research Station. The SAFIS design is an interpenetrating design where the Is, units (1/6 acre plots) are divided into k = 5 panels, each panel containing m = n/k units. Panel 1 plots are measured in year 1, panel 2 in year 2, etc., such that all plots have been visited by the end of year 5. The panel cycle is repeated into perpetuity. Each panel, in effect, is a 5-year periodic survey with complete overlap of sample units. Numerous estimation schemes are possible, and we explore five possible options. The five options are (1) use existing periodic inventory programs to produce 5-year survey estimates by adjusting all five panels to a common year, (2) analyze each annual panel independently, (3) produce 5-year estimates by combining the five panel estimates by varying the weight given to each panel, (4) base inventory estimates on mixed estimation where actual and predicted values are combined, and (5) use imputation techniques such that unmeasured plots are filled in with imputed plots. A two-phase method for forest area estimation that uses the known map marginals from a thematic map is presented as an alternative to photo interpretation-based estimates. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. Tufts Univ, NCASI, Medford, MA 02155 USA. RP Reams, GA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, POB 2680,200 Weaver Blvd, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 4 IS 4 BP 346 EP 360 DI 10.2307/1400494 PG 15 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 265XE UT WOS:000084270800004 ER PT J AU McRoberts, RE Hansen, MH AF McRoberts, RE Hansen, MH TI Annual forest inventories for the north central region of the United States SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Environmental Monitoring Surveys Over Time CY 1998 CL UNIV WASHINGTON, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Univ Washington Natl Res Ctr Statist & Envirnom, US Envirnom Protect Agcy, USDA Forest Serv, Nat Resources Inventory & Analysis Inst, Nat Resource Conservat Serv, USDA Forest Serv, Inventory & Monitor Inst & Forest Inventory & Analysis HO UNIV WASHINGTON DE growth models; imputation; remote sensing AB The primary objective in developing procedures for annual forest inventories for the north central region of the United States is to establish the capability of producing standard forest inventory and analysis estimates on an annual basis. The inventory system developed to accomplish this objective features several primary functions, including (1) an annual sample of measured field plots, (2) satellite-based remote sensing for stratification into land use and land use change classifications, (3) a database of current and past plot and tree information, and (4) models for predicting the,growth and survival of trees not measured in the current year. The discussion focuses on specific features and options for each function. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, St Paul, MN USA. RP McRoberts, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 4 IS 4 BP 361 EP 371 DI 10.2307/1400495 PG 11 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 265XE UT WOS:000084270800005 ER PT J AU Moisen, GG Edwards, TC AF Moisen, GG Edwards, TC TI Use of generalized linear models and digital data in a forest inventory of northern Utah SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Environmental Monitoring Surveys Over Time CY 1998 CL UNIV WASHINGTON, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Univ Washington Natl Res Ctr Statist & Envirnom, US Envirnom Protect Agcy, USDA Forest Serv, Nat Resources Inventory & Analysis Inst, Nat Resource Conservat Serv, USDA Forest Serv, Inventory & Monitor Inst & Forest Inventory & Analysis HO UNIV WASHINGTON DE AVHRR; generalized additive model; GIS; map accuracy; sample survey; stratification; satellite imagery; TM ID ACCURACY AB Forest inventories, like those conducted by the Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis Program (FIA) in the Rocky Mountain Region, are under increased pressure to produce better information at reduced costs. Here we describe our efforts in Utah to merge satellite-based information with forest inventory data for the purposes of reducing the costs of estimates of forest population totals and providing spatial depiction of forest resources. We illustrate how generalized linear models can be used to construct approximately unbiased and efficient estimates of population totals while providing a mechanism for prediction in space for mapping of forest structure. We model forest type and timber volume of five tree species groups as functions of a variety of predictor variables in the northern Utah mountains. Predictor variables include elevation, aspect, slope, geographic coordinates, as well as vegetation cover types based on satellite data from both the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Thematic Mapper (TM) platforms. We examine the relative precision of estimates of area by forest type and mean cubic-foot volumes under six different models, including the traditional double sampling for stratification strategy. Only very small gains in precision were realized through the use of expensive photointerpreted or TM-based data for stratification, while models based on topography and spatial coordinates alone were competitive. We also compare the predictive capability of the models through various map accuracy measures. The models including the TM-based vegetation performed best overall, while topography and spatial coordinates alone provided substantial information at very low cost. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. Utah State Univ, USGS Biol Resources Div, Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Moisen, GG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 507 25th St, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. NR 31 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 4 IS 4 BP 372 EP 390 DI 10.2307/1400496 PG 19 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 265XE UT WOS:000084270800006 ER PT J AU Vargas, CA Olson, TA Chase, CC Hammond, AC Elzo, MA AF Vargas, CA Olson, TA Chase, CC Hammond, AC Elzo, MA TI Influence of frame size and body condition score on performance of Brahman cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE zebu; somatotype; body conformation; height; reproductive traits; production ID REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; BEEF-CATTLE; PUBERTAL CHARACTERS; GROWTH; HEIFERS; WEIGHT; COWS; AGE; EFFICIENCY; BREEDS AB The effects of frame size (FS) and body condition score (BCS) on performance of Brahman cows were evaluated using records collected from 1984 to 1994 at the Subtropical Agricultural Research Station, Brooksville, Florida. Age at puberty (AP), calving rate (CR), calving date (CD), survival rate (SR), weaning rate (WR), birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), preweaning ADG, and kilograms of calf produced per cow exposed (PPC) were obtained from first- (n = 215), second- (n = 130), and third or greater-parity (n = 267) dams. Based on hip height at 18 mo of age, heifers were assigned to three FS groups: small (115 to 126 cm), medium (127 to 133 cm), or large (134 to 145 cm). Small and medium FS heifers attained puberty at younger (P < .05) ages (633.2 +/- 12.3 and 626.4 +/- 12.0 d) than large FS heifers (672.3 +/- 17.1 d). Calving rate in large FS second-parity dams was 27% less (P < .05) than in small and medium FS dams. In third or greater-parity dams, CR was greater (P < .05) for small FS cows than for medium and large FS cows. Across the three parity groups, CR improved with increasing BCS. Except for the first-parity dame, animals with better fall BCS calved earlier (P < .05). In first-parity dams, SR was less (P < .01) in large (47.9 +/- 11.0%) than in small (80.7 +/- 5.2%) and medium (83.4 +/- 4.7%) FS groups. Weaning rates of large FS first- and second-parity dams were less (P < .05) than those of small and medium FS dams. Second-parity dams with BCS 3 had lower (P < .05) WR than dams with BCS 4 and 5. Within first- and third or greater-parity dame, BWT of calves born to small FS cows were the lightest, and those born to large FS dams were the heaviest; those born to medium FS dams were intermediate (P < .05). In second-parity darns, BWT of calves of large FS dams were greater (P < .05) than those of small and medium FS dams, In first-parity dams, calves weaned by small FS cows had lower (P < .05) WWT than those weaned by higher FS cows. In the third or greater-parity group, large FS dams weaned heavier calves (P < .05) than other dams. In all parity groups of dams, calves out of large FS cows had greater ADG (P < .05) than those from small and medium FS cows. In first-parity dams, PPC was comparable between small and medium FS dams, but both tended to be greater (P < .10) than PPC of large FS dams. Small and medium FS females reached puberty at an earlier age, calved earlier, and had greater calving, survival, and weaning rates, as well as greater kilograms of calf produced per cow exposed than the large FS females. As the large FS cows matured, they seemed to have overcome the negative effects imposed by FS that were observed at younger ages. Their performance traits were generally all comparable to those of smaller cows once they had reached maturity. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. ARS, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. ARS, PWA, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Olson, TA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, POB 110910, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 31 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 77 IS 12 BP 3140 EP 3149 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 351VV UT WOS:000089179600003 PM 10641856 ER PT J AU Dodenhoff, J Van Vleck, LD Wilson, DE AF Dodenhoff, J Van Vleck, LD Wilson, DE TI Comparison of models to estimate genetic effects for weaning weight of angus cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; growth; genetic parameters ID MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD-ESTIMATION; BEEF-CATTLE; VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; GROWTH TRAITS; COVARIANCES; PARAMETERS AB Weaning weights from nine sets of Angus field data from three regions of the United States were analyzed. Six animal models were used to compare two approaches to account for an environmental dam-offspring covariance and to investigate the effects of sire x herd-year interaction on the genetic parameters. Model 1 included random direct and maternal genetic, maternal permanent environmental, and residual effects. Age at weaning was a covariate. Other fixed effects were age of dam and a herd-year-management-sex combination. Possible influence of a dam's phenotype on her daughter's maternal ability was modeled by including a regression on maternal phenotype (f(m)) (Model 3) or by fitting grandmaternal genetic and grandmaternal permanent environmental effects (Model 5). Models 2, 4, and 6 were based on Models 1, 3, and 5, respectively, and additionally included sire x herd-year (SH) interaction effects. With Model 3, estimates of f(m) ranged from -.003 to .014, and (co)variance estimates were similar to those from Model 1. With Model 5, grandmaternal heritability estimates ranged from .02 to .07. Estimates of maternal heritability and direct-maternal correlation (r(am)) increased compared with Model 1. With models including SH, estimates of the fraction of phenotypic variance due to SH interaction effects were from .02 to .10. Estimates of direct and maternal heritability were smaller and estimates of r(am) were greater than with models without SH interaction effects. Likelihood values showed that SH interaction effects were more important than f(m) and grandmaternal effects. The comparisons of models suggest that r(am) may be biased downward if SH interaction and(or) grandmaternal effects are not included in models for weaning weight. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Van Vleck, LD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 29 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 77 IS 12 BP 3176 EP 3184 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 351VV UT WOS:000089179600008 PM 10641861 ER PT J AU Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M AF Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M TI Trained sensory panel and consumer evaluation of the effects of gamma irradiation on palatability of vacuum-packaged frozen ground beef patties SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; consumers; ground beef; irradiation; quality; sensory evaluation ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; SHELF-LIFE; FOOD; ELIMINATION AB The objectives for this experiment were to determine the effects of gamma irradiation on 1) the palatability of vacuum-packaged frozen ground beef patties by trained sensory panel and 2) consumer evaluation of the taste of hamburgers made with those patties. Boxes (4.5 kg) of frozen (-28 degrees C) ground beef patties (113.4 g/patty, 19% fat) from a commercial supplier were irradiated at a commercial gamma irradiation facility at one of three levels (0, 3.0, or 4.5 kGy). All boxes were stored at 28 degrees C for 27 to 29 d after irradiation before evaluation by a trained descriptive attribute sensory panel and for 62 to 104 d after irradiation before consumer evaluation. The trained panel evaluated grilled patties for ground beef aroma intensity, off-aroma, and off-flavor on 4-point scales (4 = intense, none, and none; 1 = none, intense, and intense, respectively) and ground beef flavor intensity, tenderness, and juiciness on 8-point scales (8 = extremely intense, tender, or juicy; 1 = extremely bland, tough, or dry). Control patties had more intense (P < .05) ground beef aroma (3.1 vs 2.6), less off-aroma (3.3 vs 2.6), and more intense ground beef flavor (4.9 vs 4.3) than irradiated patties. However, there were no differences (P > .05) in any sensory trait between frozen ground beef patties treated with 3.0 or 4.5 kGy of gamma irradiation. There were no differences (P > .05) among treatments for tenderness (6.3, 6.6, and 6.7) or juiciness ratings (5.7, 5.9, and 5.9), respectively, for 0, 3.0, and 4.5 kGy. The consumers evaluated taste of a hamburger that included their choice of condiments on a 10-point scale (10 = excellent; 1 = terrible). Hamburgers made with patties treated with 4.5 kGy were rated lower (P < .05) in taste than hamburgers made with either control patties or those treated with 3.0 kGy (6.5, 6.6, and 6.2, respectively, for 0, 3.0, and 4.5 kGy); however, all doses were rated at some level of "fair." These results imply that hamburgers made from ground beef patties irradiated under the conditions of this experiment would encounter little, if any, consumer acceptance problems at the 3.0 kGy dose and only slightly greater problems at the 4.5 kGy dose. C1 ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Wheeler, TL (reprint author), ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 23 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 77 IS 12 BP 3219 EP 3224 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 351VV UT WOS:000089179600014 PM 10641867 ER PT J AU Geesink, GH Koohmaraie, M AF Geesink, GH Koohmaraie, M TI Technical note: A rapid method for quantification of calpain and calpastatin activities in muscle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calpain; calpastatin; muscles; ion-exchange chromatography ID OVINE SKELETAL-MUSCLE; CATHEPSIN-B; GROWTH; MEAT AB Stepwise and continuous gradient ion-exchange chromatography were compared for yield of calpains and calpastatin from ovine muscle in a study designed to quantify their activities for comparative purposes. In Exp. 1, a continuous (25 to 400 mM NaCl) gradient and a two-step gradient method (200 mM NaCl to coelute mu-calpain and calpastatin together and then 400 mM NaCl to elute m-calpain) were compared. For the two-step method, mu-calpain activities were determined by subtracting calpastatin activities before and after heat inactivation of mu-calpain. Both the two-step and the continuous gradient method yielded similar results over a broad range of activities. The stepwise gradient method does not require the use of fraction collectors and pumps, and it can be completed in a fraction of the time required for the continuous gradient method. In Exp. 2, the two-step method was compared with a three-step method (100 mM NaCl to elute calpastatin, then 200 mM NaCl to elute mu-calpain, and then 400 mM NaCl to elute m-calpain). Unlike the continuous gradient method, calpastatin and mu-calpain could not be completely separated using the three-step chromatography method. Thus, the three-step gradient method should not be used to quantify the components of the calpain proteolytic system. The present results indicate that the two-step gradient method is a fast and inexpensive method to determine calpain and calpastatin activities in studies designed to quantify the components of the calpain proteolytic system in skeletal muscle. C1 ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Koohmaraie, M (reprint author), ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 10 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 77 IS 12 BP 3225 EP 3229 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 351VV UT WOS:000089179600015 PM 10641868 ER PT J AU Chen, HY Lewis, AJ Miller, PS Yen, JT AF Chen, HY Lewis, AJ Miller, PS Yen, JT TI The effect of excess protein on growth performance and protein metabolism of finishing barrows and gilts SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; protein excess; sex differences; growth ID ACID-SUPPLEMENTED DIETS; CRUDE PROTEIN; CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS; GROWING BOARS; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; PIGS; ENERGY; NITROGEN; LYSINE; LEVEL AB Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of excess protein on growth performance, carcass characteristics, organ weights, plasma urea concentration, and liver arginase activity of finishing barrows and gilts. In Exp. 1, 35 barrows and 35 gilts with an initial BW of 51 kg were used. Five pigs of each sex were slaughtered at the start of the study to determine initial body composition. The remaining 60 pigs were allotted to a randomized complete block (RCB) experiment with a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement of treatments (two sexes x five protein levels: 13, 16, 19, 22, and 25% CP). The experiment continued until the average BW was 115 kg, at which time three blocks of pigs (30 total) were selected randomly and slaughtered. Feed intake decreased with increasing protein concentration (linear, P < .05), and the reduction was greater in gilts than in barrows (P < .05). There was a trend toward a linear negative effect of dietary protein on ADG (P < .10) and also a quadratic effect of protein on protein accretion (P < .10). Fat accretion decreased linearly as protein level increased (P < .05). Increased protein concentrations increased liver, kidney, and pancreas weights (linear, P < .05). Plasma urea concentration increased with each protein concentration, with the exception of the 25 vs 22% CP treatment in gilts. In Exp. 2, 18 barrows and 18 gilts (BW 63 kg) were allotted to an RCB design consisting of a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with two sexes and two dietary protein concentrations (16 and 25% CP). The experiment was terminated when the average BW of pigs reached 105 kg. Average daily feed intake was greater (P < .10) in barrows than in gilts. Average daily gain was reduced by 18% in gilts when dietary protein was increased from 16 to 25% but was only reduced 3% in barrows (sex x protein, P < .10). Barrows had lighter livers (P < .005), greater arginase activities (P < .05), and greater plasma urea concentrations (P < .005) than did gilts. Increasing dietary protein concentration from 16 to 25% increased liver weight, arginase activity, and plasma urea concentration (P < .005). These data suggest that gilts are more sensitive than barrows to excessive intakes of protein. The more negative effects in gilts may be related to liver metabolic capacity and activity of urea cycle enzymes. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Lewis, AJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 37 TC 58 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 77 IS 12 BP 3238 EP 3247 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 351VV UT WOS:000089179600017 PM 10641870 ER PT J AU Chen, HY Lewis, AJ Miller, PS Yen, JT AF Chen, HY Lewis, AJ Miller, PS Yen, JT TI The effect of infusion of urea into the vena cava on feed intake of finishing gilts SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; infusion; plasma; urea; feed intake ID PROTEIN; PIG AB Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the relationship between feed intake and plasma urea concentration. In Exp. 1, six gilts (BW 53 kg) with catheters in their venae cavae were used in a 5 x 5 + 1 Latin square design to determine the amount of infused urea needed to mimic the plasma urea concentration of pigs fed a 25% CP diet. Five gilts were fed a 16% CP corn-soybean meal diet and were infused continuously with either saline or one of four doses of urea (6, 12, 18, and 24 g/d) during each of five periods (12 h/period). Between periods, infusions were stopped for 36 h. The sixth pig was fed a 25% CP diet and infused with saline during each of the experimental periods. Venous blood samples were obtained at 1-h intervals starting 1 h before infusion. As expected, plasma urea concentration increased with increasing amount of urea infused. A daily infusion of 24 g of urea resulted in a plasma urea concentration similar to that of the pig fed the 25% CP diet with saline infusion. In Exp. 2, 12 gilts (BW 60 kg) were used in a crossover design. Pigs received a 16% CP diet and a different treatment (saline or 24 or 30 g/d of urea) in each of three infusion periods. Each infusion period lasted 2 wk. Infusions were stopped for 2 d between periods. Blood samples were obtained before infusion and daily after infusions started. Feeders were weighed daily to determine ADFI. Experiment 3 was similar to Exp. 2, except that only two treatments (saline and 30 g/d of urea) were used. Data from Exp. 2 and 3 were combined for statistical analysis. Plasma urea concentration increased linearly (P < .001) with increasing amount of urea infused. Overall, there was a trend (P < .10) for urea infusion to decrease ADFI, and pigs infused with 30 g/d consumed less (P < .05) feed than pigs infused with saline. Therefore, plasma urea concentration may play a role in regulating feed intake in gilts consuming excess protein. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Lewis, AJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 77 IS 12 BP 3248 EP 3252 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 351VV UT WOS:000089179600018 PM 10641871 ER PT J AU Cromwell, GL Calvert, CC Cline, TR Crenshaw, JD Crenshaw, TD Easter, RA Ewan, RC Hamilton, CR Hill, GM Lewis, AJ Mahan, DC Miller, ER Nelssen, JL Pettigrew, JE Tribble, LF Veum, TL Yen, JT AF Cromwell, GL Calvert, CC Cline, TR Crenshaw, JD Crenshaw, TD Easter, RA Ewan, RC Hamilton, CR Hill, GM Lewis, AJ Mahan, DC Miller, ER Nelssen, JL Pettigrew, JE Tribble, LF Veum, TL Yen, JT TI Variability among sources and laboratories in nutrient analyses of corn and soybean meal SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chemical analysis; maize; soybean oilmeal AB A cooperative research study involving members of a regional committee (North Central Regional Committee on Swine Nutrition [NCR-42]) was conducted to assess the variability in nutrient composition (DM, CP, Cat P, Se, and amino acids) of corn and soybean meal from 16 sources (15 states, mostly in the Midwest) and to assess the analytical variability in nutrient assays among 22 laboratories (labs; 16 experiment station labs and six commercial labs). Corn samples were obtained from each participating station's feed mill during a 3-yr period (1989, 1990, and 1992), as were soybean meal samples during a 2-yr period (1989 and 1990). Both regular soybean meal (with hulls) and dehulled soybean meal were represented in the study. Samples were analyzed for DM and CP by all 22 labs, for Ca and P by 15 labs, for amino acids by 10 labs, and for Se by 6 labs. Each lab used its own analytical procedures. Samples of corn and soybean meal varied in their nutrient composition depending on the area of origin. The greatest variation among sources was in Se concentration, ranging from .02 to .29 mg/kg in corn and .08 to .95 mg/kg in soybean meal. Crude protein and lysine in corn were positively correlated, but the regression coefficient was low (r(2) = .49). The relationship between CP and lysine for the two soybean meals combined was considerably stronger (r(2) = .81). Lysine in corn increased by .018 percentage point and lysine in soybean meal (regular and dehulled combined) increased by .063 percentage point for each 1 percentage point increase in CP. Except for CP and Se, the analytical variability among labs was as great as, and in some cases greater than, the variability in nutrient composition among sources of corn and soybean meal. Within-lab analytical variability tended to be less than among-lab variability. Some labs performed certain analyses with considerably less variability and more accuracy than others. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Anim Sci, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA USA. S Dakota State Univ, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Kansas State Univ, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO USA. ARS, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE USA. RP Cromwell, GL (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Anim Sci, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RI Scott, M./E-3291-2010 NR 10 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 77 IS 12 BP 3262 EP 3273 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 351VV UT WOS:000089179600020 PM 10641873 ER PT J AU Rath, D Long, CR Dobrinsky, JR Welch, GR Schreier, LL Johnson, LA AF Rath, D Long, CR Dobrinsky, JR Welch, GR Schreier, LL Johnson, LA TI In vitro production of sexed embryos for gender preselection: High-speed sorting of X-chromosome-bearing sperm to produce pigs after embryo transfer SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sex; spermatozoa; pigs; in vitro; fertilization; embryo transfer ID IN-VITRO; INVITRO FERTILIZATION; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; HUMAN-SPERMATOZOA; Y-SPERM; OOCYTES; INSEMINATION; CALCIUM; PORCINE; DNA AB The objectives for the present experiments were to apply sperm sexing technology to an in vitro production system with porcine oocytes obtained from slaughterhouse material. On six experimental days, ovaries were obtained from an abattoir, and cumulus-oocyte-complexes were matured in vitro. Semen was collected from mature boars of proven fertility and was sorted for X-chromosome-bearing sperm, using the Beltsville Sperm Sexing Technology incorporating the use of high-speed sorting. A total of 5,378 oocytes were submitted for in vitro fertilization (IVF). Of these, 559 ova were stained for cytogenetic analysis 18 h after IVF. From the remaining 4,819 ova, 1,595 cleaved, and 1,300 of the cleaved embryos were transferred into 26 synchronized recipients (5 control gilts for unsorted sperm, 21 gilts for X-sorted sperm). In a test of two fertilization media (FERT-A vs FERT-B) higher cleavage rates (P < .05) were obtained when FERT-B was used as a fertilization medium for unsorted (43.4 +/- 5.1%) and sorted sperm (43.1 +/- 1.1%;), whereas in FERT-A unsorted sperm gave a cleavage rate of 17.9 +/- 4.4% and sorted sperm gave 30.4 +/- 1.4%. Additionally, cleavage rates were higher (P < .05) after fertilization with sorted sperm vs unsorted sperm, independent of fertilization medium. Cytogenetic analysis of ova revealed that more oocytes with unsorted than with sorted sperm remained in Metaphase 2 arrest (P < .05). This was also independent of the fertilization medium. Monospermic fertilization rates were the same for IVF with unsorted or sorted sperm, independent of the fertilization system, except FERT-A with unsorted sperm (P < .05). Polyspermic fertilization rates were highest in FERT-B (37.6 +/- 6.6). A total of 57 pigs were born from nine litters. Six litters from sexed sperm (X-sorted) produced 33 females (97%) and one male. Three litters from control transfers produced 23 pigs, 11 of which were female (48%). The sex ratio of the offspring was predicted based on the sort reanalysis of the sorted sperm for DNA content. C1 ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Inst Anim Sci & Anim Behav, D-31535 Neustadt, Germany. RP Johnson, LA (reprint author), ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Bldg 200,Rm 124,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 38 TC 101 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 77 IS 12 BP 3346 EP 3352 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 351VV UT WOS:000089179600030 PM 10641883 ER PT J AU Ferrell, CL Kreikemeier, KK Freetly, HC AF Ferrell, CL Kreikemeier, KK Freetly, HC TI The effect of supplemental energy, nitrogen, and protein on feed intake, digestibility, and nitrogen flux across the gut and liver in sheep fed low-quality forage SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sheep; forage; nitrogen metabolism ID TALLGRASS-PRAIRIE FORAGE; PORTAL-DRAINED VISCERA; GROWING BEEF STEERS; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; ORCHARDGRASS SILAGE; NET ABSORPTION; SOYBEAN-MEAL; AMINO-ACIDS; AMMONIA; FLOW AB Our objective was to determine the impact of supplemental energy, N, and protein on feed intake and N metabolism in sheep fed low-quality forage. Six Texel x Dorset wethers (16 mo, 63 +/- 3.1 kg) fitted with mesenteric, portal, and hepatic venous catheters were used in a Latin square design with five sampling periods. Lambs were fed chopped bromegrass hay (4.3% CP) to appetite, and a mineral mixture was given. Treatments were 1) control (no supplement), 2) energy (cornstarch, molasses, and soybean oil), 3) energy plus urea, 4) energy plus soybean meal (SBM), and 5) energy plus ruminally undegraded protein (RUP; 50:50 mixture of blood and feather meals). Supplements were fed once daily (.3% BW). Forage DMI did not differ (P = .13), but intake of total DM, N, and energy differed (P < .01) among treatments. Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, and energy were less (P < .01) for control than for other treatments. Apparent N digestibility was least for control and energy and greatest for urea treatments (P < .05). As a result, digested DM, OM, and energy ranked from least to greatest were control, energy, urea, SBM, and RUP, respectively. Apparently digested N was 2.44, 2.24, 11.39, 9.80, and 11.25 g/d for control, energy, urea, SBM, and RUP (P < .01; SE = .10). Hour of sampling x treatment was a significant source of variation for blood concentrations of ammonia N and urea N, net ammonia N release from portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver, and urea N release from splanchnic tissues. These results were primarily because patterns through time for the urea treatment differed from the other treatments. Net PDV release of alpha-amino N did not differ (P > .05) between control and energy treatments. Values for those treatments were about one-half of values for urea, SBM, and RUP treatments, which did not differ (P > .05). Hepatic net uptake (negative release) of alpha-amino N for control was 53% of values for the other treatments, which did not differ (P > .05). Net release of alpha-amino N from splanchnic tissues did not differ among treatments (P = .34) and did not differ from zero. The data indicate that arterial alpha-amino N concentration, hepatic alpha-amino N uptake, PDV release and hepatic uptake of ammonia N, and hepatic release of urea N were greater in energy than in control treatments. We also found that hepatic uptake of alpha-amino N was 187% of PDV release in energy-supplemented lambs. These results suggest that energy supplementation of a protein-limiting diet stimulated mobilization of body protein. C1 ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Ferrell, CL (reprint author), ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 39 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 77 IS 12 BP 3353 EP 3364 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 351VV UT WOS:000089179600031 PM 10641884 ER PT J AU Hudson, HA Wilson, JL Rowland, GN Buhr, RJ Britton, WM AF Hudson, HA Wilson, JL Rowland, GN Buhr, RJ Britton, WM TI Feed restriction affects bone properties of the broiler breeder pullet femur SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bone; breeder pullets; feeding programs ID SKIP-A-DAY AB Feed restriction programs are used to grow broiler breeder pullets to maturity to get better performance during the laying cycle. Femur bone properties were evaluated as influenced by two feed restriction programs, limited daily access (LDA) and skip-a-day (SAD) using Arbor Acres conventional broiler breeder pullets grown to 17 wk of age using a SAD feed restriction program. The pullets were then assigned to two feeding programs, LDA (12 pullets) and SAD (13 pullets). The pullets were terminated at 22 wk of age, and femur bone properties were examined. Body weights of the two feed restricted treatments were not statistically different. The femur mineral apposition rate, an indicator of the activity of bone-forming cells, was not different in the LDA (3.58+/-0.15 mu m/day) and the SAD (3.45+/-0.13 mu m/day) treatments. The number of osteons (the bone-forming structural unit within the femur) was also not statistically affected by the dietary regimes (50.5+/-4.9, LDA and 36.7+/-4.2, SAD). Bone surface covered by osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) was significantly greater in pullets fed the LDA program. More bone-forming cells could alter final bone mass. Bone surface covered by bone-forming cells was greater near the medial and lateral areas of the femur than in the central areas, while bone surface covered by osteoclasts (cells breaking down bone) did not significantly differ throughout the bone examined. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Britton, WM (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 8 IS 4 BP 400 EP 407 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 289RP UT WOS:000085636000003 ER PT J AU Holt, PS Mitchell, BW Seo, KH Gast, RK AF Holt, PS Mitchell, BW Seo, KH Gast, RK TI Use of negative air ionization for reducing airborne levels of Salmonella Enterica serovar enteritidis in a room containing infected caged layers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE airborne transmission; induced molting; negative air ionization; pathogen reduction; Salmonella enteritidis; stress ID HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION; LAYING CHICKENS; BROILER CHICKS; HENS; COLONIZATION; TYPHIMURIUM AB Removal of Salmonella Enterica serovar enteritidis (S. enteritidis) circulating in the air can be important in reducing S. enteritidis problems in a flock. One potential method to aid in this removal is the use of a negative air ionizer. Such a device imparts a negative charge on airborne particles, causing them to be attracted to grounded surfaces, therefore, effectively taking them out of circulation. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether such a device could lower levels of S. enteritidis in a room containing infected caged laying hens. In both experiments, the negative air ionizer effectively decreased the room airborne levels of S. enteritidis compared to levels in a room lacking a device. This improvement was particularly evident in Experiment 2, in which the S. enteritidis reduction brought about by the ionizer averaged 96.5% during the last 6 days of the sampling period. Failure to brush dust off the ionizer every other day resulted in reduced efficiency. These results demonstrate the potential efficacy of negative air ionization in removing poultry bacterial pathogens in a layer room situation. C1 ARS, USDA, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Holt, PS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RI Tast Lahti, Elina/R-8664-2016 NR 19 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 8 IS 4 BP 440 EP 446 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 289RP UT WOS:000085636000007 ER PT J AU Berrang, ME Cox, NA Frank, JF Buhr, RJ AF Berrang, ME Cox, NA Frank, JF Buhr, RJ TI Bacterial penetration of the eggshell and shell membranes of the chicken hatching egg: A review SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE bacteria; eggshell; eggshell membranes; hatching eggs; penetration ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; BROILER CHICKS; CONTAMINATION; HATCHERIES AB Bacteria, including human enteropathogens, can penetrate the outer structures of the egg. There are several mechanisms employed by bacteria to gain entry to the egg. The most likely area on the egg to be penetrated is the air cell end, especially when temperature differential and moisture are favorable. The natural defenses that an egg has against such attack are generally not adequate to completely protect the egg from bacteria. The implications and consequences of bacterial penetration of the shell and membranes are serious, including potential dissemination of human pathogens to the hatchery, grow-out flock, and final product. This paper reviews the mechanisms involved in bacterial penetration, methods used to detect penetration, and the stages of modern production which lend themselves to shell penetration and the subsequent potential contamination of many chicks. C1 ARS, USDA, PPMQRU, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. ARS, USDA, PMSRU, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Berrang, ME (reprint author), ARS, USDA, PPMQRU, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 39 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 11 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 8 IS 4 BP 499 EP 504 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 289RP UT WOS:000085636000015 ER PT J AU Olivier, C Vaughn, SF Mizubuti, ESG Loria, R AF Olivier, C Vaughn, SF Mizubuti, ESG Loria, R TI Variation in allyl isothiocyanate production within Brassica species and correlation with fungicidal activity SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mustard; Brassica juncea; Brassica nigra; fungitoxic; allyl isothiocyanate; Brassicaceae; glucosinolate; 2-phenylethyl-ITC; Helminthosporium solani; Verticillium dahliae ID CRUCIFER GREEN MANURES; LEAF TISSUE; ROOT-ROT; MUSTARD; CABBAGE; SOIL; PATHOGENS; NITRILES; RAPESEED; GROWTH AB Bassica nigra (black mustard) and B. juncea (Indian mustard) genotypes were tested for pathogen suppression and release of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a fungitoxic volatile produced in mustard tissue after enzymatic hydrolysis of allyl glucosinolate (sinigrin). In bioassays, 28 genotypes of B. nigra and 35 genotypes of B, juncea were screened for inhibition of the potato pathogens Helminthosporium solani and Verticillium dahliae by volatiles released from macerated leaf tissue. Release of AITC from plant tissue was quantified by gas chromatography; isothiocyanate profiles were determined by headspace analysis. All mustard genotypes produced compounds that suppressed radial growth of both fungi. Growth suppression and AITC release differed significantly (P < 0.001) among genotypes of B. nigra and B. juncea. Mustard treatments releasing >1.2 mg AITC/g plant tissue were fungicidal to both pathogens. Headspace analysis confirmed that allyl glucosinolate was the major glucosinolate in all genotypes of B. nigra tested; most genotypes also produced 2-phenylethyl-isothiocyanate (ITC). Brassica juncea genotypes produced variable amounts of AITC and other volatiles with antimicrobial activity, including 2-phenylethyl-ITC, benzyl-ITC, and 3-butenyl-ITC. Evaluating mustards from geographically diverse locations allowed selection of mustard genotypes that may be useful in breeding programs designed to develop disease-suppressing green manure cultivars. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Loria, R (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Mizubuti, Eduardo/C-3578-2013 OI Mizubuti, Eduardo/0000-0001-9612-5155 NR 37 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 25 IS 12 BP 2687 EP 2701 DI 10.1023/A:1020895306588 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 261XN UT WOS:000084036100006 ER PT J AU Light, DM Jang, EB Binder, RG Flath, RA Kint, S AF Light, DM Jang, EB Binder, RG Flath, RA Kint, S TI Minor and intermediate components enhance attraction of female Mediterranean fruit flies to natural male odor pheromone and its synthetic major components SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diptera; Tephritidae; Mediterranean fruit fly; Ceratitis capitata; pheromone; male odor; attractant; minor components; multiple choice olfactometer; flight tunnel ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA DIPTERA; LABORATORY FLIGHT TUNNEL; FLY DIPTERA; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; MATING-BEHAVIOR; SEX-PHEROMONE; CALLING MALES; TEPHRITIDAE; IDENTIFICATION; TRIMEDLURE AB The attraction of virgin female medflies to either the natural pheromonal odor of calling males or its synthetic major components was enhanced by both intermediate and minor pheromonal components in multiple choice discrimination tests. The modification of the standard Gow rotating-trap-array cage olfactometer to allow a single source of natural pheromonal odor to be delivered equally and simultaneously to a number of traps greatly increased trapping efficacy (64% capture rate) and ability to resolve odor preference discrimination by female flies. In olfactometer cage bioassays, responding female medflies expressed preferences in attraction to male odor augmented with either synthetic intermediate or minor components over male odor alone. In dual-choice flight-tunnel bioassays, the minor blend enhanced the attractiveness of both the natural male odor and its synthetic major components. Moreover, the minor blend, when presented together with the synthetic major components, comprised an artificial pheromonal lure competitive for the first time with the natural male odor in attraction of virgin female medflies. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. USDA ARS, Trop Fruit & Veg Res Lab, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Light, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 45 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 25 IS 12 BP 2757 EP 2777 DI 10.1023/A:1020855625244 PG 21 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 261XN UT WOS:000084036100011 ER PT J AU Kelsey, RG Joseph, G AF Kelsey, RG Joseph, G TI Ethanol and water in Pseudotsuga menziesii and Pinus ponderosa stumps SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Douglas fir; ponderosa pine; anaerobic respiration; fermentation; kairomone ID WEEVIL HYLOBIUS-ABIETIS; STEREMNIUS-CARINATUS COLEOPTERA; PISSODES-NEMORENSIS COLEOPTERA; HYLASTES-NIGRINUS COLEOPTERA; STAIN ROOT DISEASE; DOUGLAS-FIR LOGS; CONIFER SEEDLINGS; MIRB. FRANCO; ALPHA-PINENE; CURCULIONIDAE AB Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), west of the Oregon Cascades, and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), east of the Cascades, were cut during the fall in conjunction with various forest management practices. Trees cut Varied in size and age, and the stumps were exposed to disparate winter temperatures and precipitation patterns. Nevertheless, the stumps showed similar responses in their synthesis and accumulation of ethanol. The following spring, ethanol concentrations in above-ground tissues of both species ranged from 3 to 116 times higher than in their corresponding root tissues. We suggest that this difference results from the above-ground tissues being more hypoxic than roots because they were exposed to more water from precipitation and warmer temperatures. Ethanol concentrations in the above-ground tissues of ponderosa pine stumps were about two to six times higher than in Douglas fir, and root tissues from pine stumps usually contained more ethanol after anaerobic incubation than roots from Douglas Br. Ethanol and volatile terpenes released from stumps can attract various beetle species that not only vector root diseases, but can also damage or kill seedlings and saplings. Understanding the dynamics of ethanol synthesis and accumulation in stumps and slash might contribute to new alternatives for managing these insects. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kelsey, RG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 25 IS 12 BP 2779 EP 2792 DI 10.1023/A:1020807709314 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 261XN UT WOS:000084036100012 ER PT J AU Kelsey, RG Joseph, G AF Kelsey, RG Joseph, G TI Ethanol and ambrosia beetles in Douglas fir logs exposed or protected from rain SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pseudotsuga menziesii; Gnathothrichus spp.; ethanol; host selection; anaerobic respiration; fermentation; Coleoptera; Scolytidae ID TRYPODENDRON-LINEATUM COLEOPTERA; STEREMNIUS-CARINATUS COLEOPTERA; PISSODES-NEMORENSIS COLEOPTERA; HYLASTES-NIGRINUS COLEOPTERA; WEEVIL HYLOBIUS-ABIETIS; STAIN ROOT DISEASE; GNATHOTRICHUS-SULCATUS; PINE WEEVIL; ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; PRIMARY ATTRACTANT AB Logs from the base of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees cut in October 1993 were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: (1) wet logs-cut from the fallen tree and left exposed to rain, (2) dry logs-cut from the fallen tree, placed on blocks, and protected from rain under a plastic tent, and (3) crown logs-left attached to the fallen tree with its branches intact and exposed to rain. The following May, ethanol concentrations were highest in the phloem and sapwood of wet logs (0.24 and 0.35 mu mol/g fresh wt, respectively). Ethanol concentrations in tissues from dry and crown logs were similar to each other (ranging from 0.002 to 0.03 mu mol/g fresh wt), but were significantly lower than in wet logs. It appears that rain absorbed by the outer bark of wet logs creates a barrier to gas exchange between living tissues and the atmosphere, which facilitates the development of hypoxic conditions necessary for ethanol synthesis and accumulation. Branches on crown logs exposed to rain help maintain low ethanol concentrations in the log tissues; we discuss several potential mechanisms to explain this response. By early September, the densities of Gnathothrichus spp. gallery entrance holes were high on wet logs (21.5/m(2)) and low on dry (2.5/m(2)) and crown logs (5.8/m(2)), indicating their preference for logs with higher ethanol concentrations. Protecting logs from rain will significantly reduce ethanol concentrations and the density of ambrosia beetle galleries. Leaving branches attached to logs will produce similar results, but its effectiveness may vary depending on the environmental conditions. Host selection by secondary scolytid beetles that use ethanol as a kairomone can be manipulated and possibly managed by controlling the production of ethanol in the host resource. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kelsey, RG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 55 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 25 IS 12 BP 2793 EP 2809 DI 10.1023/A:1020859726152 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 261XN UT WOS:000084036100013 ER PT J AU Voigt, K Cigelnik, E O'Donnell, K AF Voigt, K Cigelnik, E O'Donnell, K TI Phylogeny and PCR identification of clinically important zygomycetes based on nuclear ribosomal-DNA sequence data SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MOLECULAR PROBES; PATHOGENIC FUNGI; ABSIDIA-CORYMBIFERA; INFECTION; ZYGOMYCOSIS; RHIZOPUS; RHIZOMUCOR; SPECIMENS; LIMITS AB A molecular database for all clinically important Zygomycetes was constructed from nucleotide sequences from the nuclear small-subunit (18S) ribosomal DNA and domains D1 and D2 of the nuclear large-subunit (28S) ribosomal DNA. Parsimony analysis of the aligned 18S and 28S DNA sequences was used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among 42 isolates representing species of Zygomycetes reported to cause infections in humans and other animals, together with commonly cultured contaminants, with emphasis on members of the Mucorales. The molecular phylogeny provided strong support for the monophyly of the Mucorales, exclusive of Echinosporangium transversale and Mortierella spp., which are currently misclassified within the Mucorales, Micromucor ramannianus, traditionally classified within Mortierella, and Syncephalastrum racemosum represent the basal divergences within the Mucorales, Based on the 18S gene tree topology, Absidia corymbifera and Rhizomucor variabilis appear to be misplaced taxonomically, A. corymbifera is strongly supported as a sister group of the Rhizomucor miehei-Rhizomucor pusillus clade, while R. variabilis is nested within Mucor. The aligned 28S sequences were used to design 13 taxon-specific PCR primer pairs for those taxa most commonly implicated in infections, All of the primers specifically amplified DNA of the size predicted based on the DNA sequence data from the target taxa; however, they did not cross-react with phylogenetically related species. These primers have the potential to be used in a PCR assay for the rapid and accurate identification of the etiological agents of mucormycoses and entomophthoromycoses. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Voigt, K (reprint author), Univ Jena, Fungal Reference Ctr, Dept Gen Microbiol & Microbial Genet, Inst Microbiol, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany. NR 51 TC 134 Z9 138 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 37 IS 12 BP 3957 EP 3964 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 259CY UT WOS:000083877400029 PM 10565914 ER PT J AU Nonnecke, BJ Horst, RL Waters, WR Dubeski, P Harp, JA AF Nonnecke, BJ Horst, RL Waters, WR Dubeski, P Harp, JA TI Modulation of fat-soluble vitamin concentrations and blood mononuclear leukocyte populations in milk replacer-fed calves by dietary vitamin A and beta-carotene SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE vitamin A status; vitamin E; neonatal calf; immune function ID DAIRY-CATTLE; RETINOL; SERUM; SUPPLEMENTATION; LYMPHOCYTES; TOCOPHEROL; NUTRITION; PHENOTYPE; CHICKENS; PLASMA AB Dairy calves (n = 18), separated from dams at birth, were fed 1 L of pooled-colostrum. For the remaining 7 wk of the study, they were fed one of three diets consisting of either a custom-formulated milk replacer without vitamin A (controls), or supplemented with retinyl palmitate (equivalent to 32,000 IU of vitamin A/d) or with beta-carotene (equivalent to 20,000 IU of vitamin A/d). Plasma retinol, beta-carotene, and RRR-alpha-tocopherol concentrations were lowest at birth, and increased substantially from birth to 1 wk postpartum in all groups, a probable consequence of ingestion of colostrum. From 1 to 7 wk of age, retinol concentrations were greatest in retinyl palmitate-supplemented calves, intermediate in beta-carotene-supplemented calves and lowest in control calves. At 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 wk, RRR-alpha-tocopherol concentrations were lower in retinyl palmitate-supplemented calves than in control calves. A negative correlation between plasma retinol and vitamin E concentrations existed from wk 2 to 7, suggesting vitamin A influences the absorption and distribution of RRR-alpha-tocopherol. Supplemental retinyl palmitate, but not beta-carotene, was associated with a reduction in the percentage of blood mononuclear leukocytes expressing CD2, CD4,and CD8 T cell antigens and interleukin-2 receptors. By wk 7, leukocyte populations from retinyl palmitate-supplemented calves were more similar to those from adult cattle than those from control calves, suggesting that supplemental vitamin A, as retinyl palmitate, affects the maturation of the neonatal immune system. Differences in the composition of blood mononuclear leukocyte populations may represent changes in immune competency. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Nonnecke, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 38 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 82 IS 12 BP 2632 EP 2641 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 267LL UT WOS:000084359400016 PM 10629811 ER PT J AU Valadares, RFD Broderick, GA Valadares, SC Clayton, MK AF Valadares, RFD Broderick, GA Valadares, SC Clayton, MK TI Effect of replacing alfalfa silage with high moisture corn on ruminal protein synthesis estimated from excretion of total purine derivatives SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alfalfa silage; allantoin; nonfiber carbohydrates; purine derivatives ID MILK UREA NITROGEN; DAIRY-COWS; HOLSTEIN COWS; CATTLE DIETS; RUMEN; ENERGY; CREATININE; AMMONIA; PLASMA; URINE AB Twenty-four multiparous dairy cows (eight with ruminal cannulae) were blocked by days in milk and assigned to six balanced 4 x 4 Latin squares with 21-d periods. The four diets, formulated from alfalfa silage plus a concentrate mix based on ground high moisture ear corn, contained (dry matter basis): 1) 20% concentrate, 80% alfalfa silage (24% nonfiber carbohydrate; NFC), 2) 35% concentrate, 65% alfalfa silage (30% NFC, 3) 50% concentrate, 50% alfalfa silage (37% NFC), or 4) 65% concentrate, 35% alfalfa silage (43% NFC). Soybean meal and urea were added to make diets isonitrogenous with equal nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) (43% of total N). Total urine was collected with indwelling Folley catheters for 24 h during each period. There was no effect of diet on urinary creatinine excretion (average 29 mg/kg of BW/d). There were quadratic effects of diet on total urinary ecretion of allantoin, uric acid, and purine derivatives (allantoin plus uric acid), and on ruminal synthesis of microbial N estimated from purine derivatives; maxima occurred at about 35% dietary NFC. Urinary excretion also was estimated with spot urine samples from creatinine concentration and the mean daily creatinine excretion. Daily excretion of allantoin, uric acid, and purine derivatives estimated from spot urine sampling followed the same pattern as that observed with total collection; differences between measured and estimated urine volume were significant only for 35% dietary concentrate. Spot urine sampling appeared to yield satisfactory estimates of purine derivative excretion. Maximal urea N excretion was estimated to occur at about 31% dietary NFC. Milk allantoin secretion increased linearly with concentrate and accounted for 4 to 6% of the total purine derivative excretion. Microbial yield was maximal at 35% dietary NFC, suggesting that this was the optimal level for utilization of dietary NPN from alfalfa silage and other sources. C1 USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Fed Vicosa, BR-36570000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Stat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Broderick, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1925 Linden Dr W, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 38 TC 230 Z9 259 U1 3 U2 58 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 82 IS 12 BP 2686 EP 2696 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 267LL UT WOS:000084359400021 PM 10629816 ER PT J AU Kuehn, CS Linn, JG Johnson, DG Jung, HG Endres, MI AF Kuehn, CS Linn, JG Johnson, DG Jung, HG Endres, MI TI Effect of feeding silages from corn hybrids selected for leafiness or grain to lactating dairy cattle SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE corn silage; corn hybrids; dairy cattle ID WHOLE-PLANT; COWS; MAIZE; YIELD; DIGESTIBILITY; DEGRADATION AB Three corn hybrids were harvested as silage and fed to lactating dairy cows to determine performance and digestibility differences between hybrids. Corn hybrids were a grain type, a generic blend, and a leafy type. Starch content of the grain, blend, and leafy silage hybrids was 26.1, 23.8, and 23.5%, respectively. In vitro digestible dry matter of the leafy hybrid silage (69.2%) was higher than the grain (66.8%) or blend (66.7%) hybrid silage. Sixty-two Holstein cows (39 primiparous and 23 multiparous) were fed diets containing (dry matter basis) 40.6% of one of the corn silages, 10.2% alfalfa haylage, 23.5% corn grain, 7.4% whole-fuzzy cottonseed, 13.8% protein concentrate, and 4.5% vitamin and mineral mix. Cows were assigned to their silage treatment diet 3 d after parturition and remained on the diet until wk 22 of lactation. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk components did not differ for cows fed the grain, leafy, or generic blend silage diets for either parity group. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber, and rate of passage were not different across the silage diets for either parity. Multiparous cows receiving the blend silage diet lost more weight throughout the 22-wk study than did cows on the leafy or grain silage diets. Primiparous cows receiving the blend silage diet spent more time eating than cows on either the grain or leafy silage diet. Time spent chewing did not differ among hybrids. Corn hybrid at 40% of dietary dry matter as silage did not have a major impact on dairy cattle performance in this trial. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Anim Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, W Cent Expt Stn, Morris, MN 56267 USA. USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Mycogen Seeds, Eagan, MN 55121 USA. RP Kuehn, CS (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Anim Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 82 IS 12 BP 2746 EP 2755 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 267LL UT WOS:000084359400027 PM 10629822 ER PT J AU Powell, RL Norman, HD AF Powell, RL Norman, HD TI Examination of more frequent genetic evaluations for dairy bulls SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic evaluation; evaluation frequency AB Genetic evaluations of Holstein bulls for February 1997 through May 1998 were examined to determine the value of more frequent evaluation for quicker identification of bulls with changing predicted transmitting abilities (PTA) and of new bulls of superior genetic merit. Changes in PTA between evaluations that were calculated quarterly rather than semiannually were reduced by 30%. About two-thirds of PTA were closer to PTA that were calculated 3 mo later than were PTA calculated 3 mo earlier. Improvements in accuracy were 94 to 96% for a subset of bulls with substantial PTA changes from 3 mo before to 3 mo after an evaluation. With quarterly evaluation, half of the bulls had initial PTA available 3 mo sooner than with semiannual evaluation, and those PTA were better predictors of later PTA than were the parent averages that would have remained the best genetic estimates for 3 mo longer. Correlations of parent averages with PTA about a year later were 0.5 to 0.6, whereas correlations with later PTA were about 0.8 for initial PTA and 0.9 for second PTA. Although later PTA are expected to be improved estimates of true genetic merit, the timely results provided by quarterly evaluation were useful in identifying bulls with PTA that changed substantially and in identifying top new bulls. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Powell, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 82 IS 12 BP 2766 EP 2770 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 267LL UT WOS:000084359400029 PM 10629824 ER PT J AU VanRaden, PM Smith, LA AF VanRaden, PM Smith, LA TI Selection and mating considering expected inbreeding of future progeny SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE inbreeding; relationship matrix; mating programs ID NUMERATOR RELATIONSHIP MATRIX; GENETIC EVALUATION; UNITED-STATES; COEFFICIENTS; INVERSE AB Animals most related or least related to current members of their breed were revealed by calculating the expected inbreeding of their future progeny. A sample of potential mates was chosen by randomly selecting 600 females from a recent birth year (1995). Relationships among the sample were computed by the tabular method. Relationships of other animals to the sample population were computed quickly from the relationships of their parents or ancestors. To-Mar Blackstar-ET and Round Oak Rag Apple Elevation were most related to the Holstein breed with expected inbreeding of 7.9 and 7.7%, respectively. Corresponding Jersey bulls were Highland Magic Duncan and Soldierboy Boomer Sooner of CJF with expected inbreeding of 10.9 and 9.5%, respectively. The highest expected inbreeding was 11.1% for Selwood Bettys Commander, 8.6% for Forest Lawn Simon Jetway, 10.1% for Dutch Mill Telestars Fayette, and 7.4% for Korncrest Pacesetter for Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, and Milking Shorthorn breeds, respectively. Regression on inbreeding in the genetic evaluation model removed effects of past inbreeding. Future inbreeding effects could be included for each potential mating or by adjusting breeding values for average inbreeding expected with random mating. The correlation between Holstein breeding values unadjusted and adjusted for inbreeding was 0.9976. The estimated genetic trend was 6% lower with future inbreeding included. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP VanRaden, PM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 82 IS 12 BP 2771 EP 2778 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 267LL UT WOS:000084359400030 PM 10629825 ER PT J AU Rotz, CA Mertens, DR Buckmaster, DR Allen, MS Harrison, JH AF Rotz, CA Mertens, DR Buckmaster, DR Allen, MS Harrison, JH TI A dairy herd model for use in whole farm simulations SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dairy herd; model; production; system ID EARLY LACTATION; COWS; SYSTEM AB A dairy herd submodel was created for integration with other farm submodels to form DAFOSYM, a dairy farm simulation model. The herd submodel determines the best mix of available feeds to meet the fiber, energy, and protein requirements for each of six animal groups. The groups are early-, mid-, late-, and nonlactating cows, heifers over 1 yr old, and younger heifers. Feed intake, milk production, and manure dry matter and nutrient (N, P, and K) excretions are functions of the nutrient content of the diets. Required feed characteristics include crude protein, rumen degradable protein, acid detergent insoluble protein, net energy of lactation, neutral detergent fiber, total digestible nutrients, P, and K concentrations. Feed intake is predicted with fill and roughage units. These units are functions of feed neutral detergent fiber adjusted for particle size distribution and the relative rate of ruminal digestibility or physical effectiveness of the fiber. The herd submodel predicted feed intakes, nutrient requirements, diets, and manure excretions similar to those recommended or measured for dairy animals. When integrated with other farm components in DAFOSYM, the comprehensive model provides a useful tool for evaluating the long-term performance and economics of alternative dairy farm systems. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Washington State Univ, Puyallup Res & Extens Ctr, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. RP Rotz, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Allen, Michael/B-5771-2009 NR 15 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 82 IS 12 BP 2826 EP 2840 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 267LL UT WOS:000084359400037 PM 10629832 ER PT J AU Rotz, CA Satter, LD Mertens, DR Muck, RE AF Rotz, CA Satter, LD Mertens, DR Muck, RE TI Feeding strategy, nitrogen cycling, and profitability of dairy farms SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; whole farm; simulation; environment ID MODEL; ALFALFA; EXCRETION; MANURE; COWS AB On a typical dairy farm today, large amounts of N are imported as feed supplements and fertilizer. if this N is not recycled through crop growth, it can lead to large losses to the atmosphere and ground water. More efficient use of protein feed supplements can potentially reduce the import of N in feeds, excretion of N in manure, and losses to the environment. A simulation study with a dairy farm model (DAFOSYM) illustrated that more efficient feeding and use of protein supplements increased farm profit and reduced N loss from the farm. Compared to soybean meal as the sole protein supplement, use of soybean meal along with a less rumen degradable protein feed reduced volatile N loss by 13 to 34 kg/ha of cropland with a small reduction in N leaching loss (about 1 kg/ha). Using the more expensive but less degradable protein supplement along with soybean meal improved net return by $46 to $69/cow per year, dependent on other management strategies of the farm. Environmental and economic benefits from more efficient supplementation of protein were generally greater with more animals per unit of land, higher milk production, more sandy soils, or a daily manure hauling strategy. Relatively less benefit was obtained when either alfalfa or corn silage was the sole forage on the farm or when relatively high amounts of forage were used in animal rations. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Rotz, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 16 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 82 IS 12 BP 2841 EP 2855 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 267LL UT WOS:000084359400038 PM 10629833 ER PT J AU Diao, XS Roe, T Yeldan, E AF Diao, XS Roe, T Yeldan, E TI Strategic policies and growth: an applied model of R & D-driven endogenous growth SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE applied general equilibrium; endogenous growth; strategic trade policy ID EAST-ASIAN MIRACLE; LONG-RUN GROWTH; RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC-GROWTH; D SPILLOVERS; PRODUCTIVITY; REGRESSIONS; COUNTRIES; LESSONS; TRADE AB We introduce and explore a general equilibrium model with R&D-driven endogenous growth, whose antecedents are the models of Romer (1990) [Romer, P.M., 1990. Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98, S71-102] and Grossman and Helpman (1991) [Grossman, G.M., Helpman E., 1991. Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, The MIT Press, Cambridge]. Utilizing evidence front recent econometric studies on sources of growth, the model also accounts explicitly for cross-border technological spillovers. The model is specified and calibrated to data from Japan, and is solved to obtain both the transitional and the steady-state equilibria. We explore the effects of selective trade and R&D promotion policies on long-run growth and social welfare. The model results suggest that while a strategic trade policy has little effect on re-allocating resources into domestic R&D activities, it can significantly affect the cross-border spillovers of technological knowledge, which, in turn, stimulates growth. We find that trade liberalization may cause the growth rate to fall and lead to a loss of social welfare in the long-run, although it improves welfare in the short-run. R&D promotion policies stimulate growth by inducing private agents to allocate more resources to domestic R&D, as well as to take greater advantage of global R&D spillovers. Here, we find significantly high growth effects together with sizable gains in social welfare at low incidence to tax payers. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, ERS, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Bilkent Univ, Dept Econ, TR-06533 Bilkent, Turkey. RP Yeldan, E (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, 1994 Buford Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Hussain, Sadiq/D-7704-2013 NR 74 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3878 J9 J DEV ECON JI J. Dev. Econ. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 60 IS 2 BP 343 EP 380 DI 10.1016/S0304-3878(99)00044-9 PG 38 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 256KL UT WOS:000083724400004 ER PT J AU Mulrooney, JE Goli, D AF Mulrooney, JE Goli, D TI Efficacy and degradation of fipronil applied to cotton for control of Anthonomus grandis grandis (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anthonomus grandis grandis; fipronil; ultralow volume AB Fipronil was applied to cotton Ly ground sprayer at ultralow volume and conventional spray rates. Boil weevil mortality and residue analysis of fipronil and its metabolites at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 6 d after application were used to evaluate treatments. An evaluation of the toxicity of fipronil and metabolites to bell weevils also was conducted. The order of toxicity (LD50) of fipronil metabolites at 48 h was sulfide > fipronil > sulfone > desulfinyl. Differences in percentage of mortality between treatments did not occur until 3 d after application when the ultralow volume application had higher mortality (98%) than the conventional (85%) spray rate. There were no differences in mortality between treatments at 6 d after application. Fipronil residues were present oil the leaf surface longer and in higher amounts when applied in cottonseed oil at 1.17 liter/ha than when applied in water as a conventional application at 97 liter/ha. C1 ARS, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Mulrooney, JE (reprint author), ARS, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Unit, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1364 EP 1368 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 341PG UT WOS:000088598300018 ER PT J AU Hallman, GJ Thomas, DB AF Hallman, GJ Thomas, DB TI Gamma irradiation quarantine treatment against blueberry maggot and apple maggot (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rhagoletis mendax; Rhagoletis pomonella; ionizing radiation; irradiation; phanerocephalic pupa; disinfestation AB The criterion for efficacy of irradiation disinfestation treatments against tephritid fruit flies has been prevention of adult emergence. Although this technique has worked well for tropical tephritids that do not diapause, it is difficult to apply to diapausing insects that must be brought out of diapause by lengthy and not entirely successful procedures. Therefore, a more reliable method of measuring efficacy of irradiation quarantine treatments against diapausing tephritids is needed. Some Tephritidae are known to diapause as phanerocephalic pupae. Accordingly, that would be the latest stage that could be used to determine efficacy without the complications posed by estimating diapause survival. Prevention of the phanerocephalic pupa at the 99% level was accomplished with an estimated 58 and 24 Gy for the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), and the blueberry maggot, Rhagoletis mendax Curran, respectively, when irradiated as 3rd instars in fruits. Adult apple maggot emergence was prevented with an estimated 15 Gy, which was 26% of the dose required to prevent pupation to the complete phanerocephalic stage. Prevention of the phanerocephalic pupa can be determined approximate to 6 d after pupariation at ambient temperatures, making it possible to adjust research parameters during a limited season, such as when working with the blueberry maggot, which is available in the field in blueberries during late July through early September. Although basing efficacy of irradiation quarantine treatments against diapausing tephritids on prevention of pupation will result in substantially higher doses than basing efficacy on prevention of adult emergence, the research can be done more rapidly and with greater confidence, and many temperate fruits, including blueberries and apples, tolerate much higher radiation doses than those required to prevent pupation of tephritids. C1 ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Hallman, GJ (reprint author), ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1373 EP 1376 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 341PG UT WOS:000088598300020 ER PT J AU Davey, RB George, JE AF Davey, RB George, JE TI Efficacy of coumaphos applied as a dip for control of an organophosphorus-resistant strain of Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae) on cattle SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Boophilus microplus; coumaphos; insecticide resistance; organophosphate ID TICK ACARI AB The efficacy of coumaphos, an organophosphorus acaricide, was tested on a strain of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) that was 9.5 times more resistant to the chemical than a susceptible strain. Cattle infested with larval, nymphal, and adult ticks were dipped into a vat charged at concentrations of 0.031, 0.083, 0.160, and 0.279% (AI). Assessment of efficacy was based on surviving tick numbers, female weight, egg mass weight, egg hatchability, and index of reproduction. At 0.031% (AI), the level of control was lower than the other coumaphos treatments, and the weight, fecundity, and fertility of surviving females was similar to untreated females, indicating only minimal adverse effects on the ticks. At 0.160 and 0.279% (AI), no differences in control, female weight, egg mass weight, or percentage egg hatch were observed, but effects were greater than that of untreated ticks or ticks treated at 0.031% (AI). At 0.083% (AI), most biological parameters were intermediate, but there was no difference in control compared with the 2 higher concentrations. Thus, even with the increase in concentration of more than 3 times between treatments of 0.083 and 0.279% (AI), there was no substantial increase in control. The residual efficacy of all 4 treatments showed that none provided complete protection against larval reinfestation for even 1 wk after treatment. Therefore, the presence of organophosphorus-resistant ticks at U.S. ports-of-entry could jeopardize the success of the Boophilus eradication program. C1 ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Unit, USDA, So Plains Area, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, USDA, So Plains Area, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Davey, RB (reprint author), ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Unit, USDA, So Plains Area, Rt 3,Box 1010, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 92 IS 6 BP 1384 EP 1391 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 341PG UT WOS:000088598300022 PM 10633578 ER PT J AU Panda, RK Clark, RN AF Panda, RK Clark, RN TI Stochastic study of windpumps with reservoir in Southern High Plains SO JOURNAL OF ENERGY ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID WIND-SPEED AB Hourly wind-speed data for 11 years (1983-1993), historical groundwater table data, and performance test results under varying conditions for two mechanical windpumps and one electrical windpump were used at Bushland, Tex., to evolve major recommendations pertaining to: wind-powered irrigation management. Stochastic analysis of hourly wind-speed data showed that the average daily wind speed lies most frequently in the range of 5.5-6 m/s, with the upper and lower limits being 16 and 4.5 m/s, respectively. This is conducive to most of the wind energy conversion systems manufactured today. The discharge of the electrical windpump was more than four times higher than the mechanical windpumps at high wind speeds. The performance of the electrical windpump was also much better at a high operating head (60 m) than at low operating heads under high wind regimes, showing its suitability for ground-water pumping in the Southern High Plains. Stochastic estimation of daily windpump discharge revealed that pumping rates are high in the spring and autumn seasons, favoring irrigation of a winter wheat crop. The trend of variation in unit reservoir capacity, under different levels of daily demand and risk, shows that wind-powered irrigation systems with high risk can be adopted under higher economic return conditions. Though the results obtained in this study are applicable mainly to the Southern High Plains of the United States, the methodology developed will have general applicability. C1 Indian Inst Technol, Dept Agr Engn, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India. ARS, USDA, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX USA. RP Panda, RK (reprint author), Indian Inst Technol, Dept Agr Engn, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9402 J9 J ENERG ENG-ASCE JI J. Energy Eng.-ASCE PD DEC PY 1999 VL 125 IS 3 BP 79 EP 93 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(1999)125:3(79) PG 15 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 256ZZ UT WOS:000083757500001 ER PT J AU Wunderle, JM AF Wunderle, JM TI Avian distribution in Dominican shade coffee plantations: Area and habitat relationships SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIRD POPULATIONS; FOREST; MIGRANTS; ISLANDS AB Residents and wintering Nearctic migrants were sampled by point counts in 40 small to medium-sized (0.07-8.65 ha) shade coffee plantations with an overstory of Inga vera in the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic. The purpose of the study was to determine the relative importance of plantation area, isolation, and habitat structure to avian distribution and abundance. Variation in abundance was unrelated to plantation area for all migrant species (n = 7), whereas the local abundance of four of ten resident species increased significantly with area. Elevation was the only variable that significantly contributed to the total number of species per plantation (fewer species at higher elevation), and no habitat variables significantly contributed to variation in the total number of migrant species. In contrast, significantly higher numbers of resident species were found in larger and older plantations at lower elevations, characterized by numerous stems greater than or equal to 3 cm DBH, little or no pruning of overstory branches, and maximum canopy cover at 12.0-15.0 m. Coffee plantations with high levels of structural and floristic diversity should be encouraged for avian conservation, and even the smallest plantations, if not too isolated by treeless areas, can contribute to avian abundance and diversity in tropical agricultural regions. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Palmer, PR 00721 USA. RP Wunderle, JM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, POB 490, Palmer, PR 00721 USA. NR 31 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 7 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 58 EP 70 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 192FB UT WOS:000080066900009 ER PT J AU Janisiewicz, WJ Conway, WS Leverentz, B AF Janisiewicz, WJ Conway, WS Leverentz, B TI Biological control of postharvest decays of apple can prevent growth of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in apple wounds SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID NISIN RESISTANCE; UNITED-STATES; BIOCONTROL; PATHOGENS; BACTERIA; VEGETABLES; SURVIVAL; DIARRHEA; DISEASES; STORAGE AB Fresh cells of the antagonist Pseudomonas syringae at 2.4 x 10(8) CFU/ml inoculated into wounds of 'Golden Delicious' apple prevented Escherichia coli O157:H7 (concentrations ranging from 2.4 x 10(5) to 2.4 x 10(7) CFU/ml) from growing in the wounds. This occurred when the two microorganisms were co-inoculated or inoculation with E. coli O157:H7 was conducted 1 or 2 days after inoculation with the antagonist. In similar tests, application of the commercial formulation of this antagonist prevented the growth of E, coli O157:H7 in wounds when inoculated 1 or 2 days after application of the antagonist. Populations of E. coli O157:H7 in wounds treated with water (control) before inoculation with this pathogen increased approximately 2 log units during the first 48 h after inoculation. These results indicate that biocontrol agents developed for controlling storage decays of fruits may have the additional benefit of preventing the growth of foodborne pathogens in freshly wounded tissue of intact and fresh-cut fruits. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. ARS, USDA, HCQL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Janisiewicz, WJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 29 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 62 IS 12 BP 1372 EP 1375 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 263VQ UT WOS:000084146300002 PM 10606139 ER PT J AU Fedorka-Cray, PJ Bailey, JS Stern, NJ Cox, NA Ladely, SR Musgrove, M AF Fedorka-Cray, PJ Bailey, JS Stern, NJ Cox, NA Ladely, SR Musgrove, M TI Mucosal competitive exclusion to reduce Salmonella in swine SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL ORGANS; CHOLERAESUIS; TYPHIMURIUM; TRANSMISSION; PREVALENCE; INFECTION; CHICKENS; FLORA AB A mucosal competitive exclusion culture has been shown to reduce or eliminate Salmonella spp. in poultry. Using similar techniques, a mucosal competitive exclusion culture from swine (MCES) was produced from the cecum of a 6-week-old pig. Suckling pigs were inoculated with 5 mi of MCES by oral gavage within 6 h postfarrowing (PF) and again at 24 h PE All pigs were challenged with 10(3) CFU of Salmonella Choleraesuis at 48 h PF by intranasal instillation, including pigs from two sows that had not been given MCES. Clinical signs and rectal swabs were monitored daily, and pigs were allowed to suckle throughout the experiment. All pigs underwent necropsy on day 7 PF, and presence of Salmonella was determined in both qualitative (10 tissues) and quantitative (two tissues) samples. Clinical signs were inapparent in all pigs throughout the experiment. Recovery of Salmonella from rectal swabs was variable. However, 28% of the gut tissues were positive from the MCES-treated pigs versus 79% from the control pigs. A 2- to 5-log(10) reduction of Salmonella in the cecal contents or ileocolic junction was observed in the MCES-treated pigs when compared with the controls. These data indicate that use of MCES may be a useful approach for control of Salmonella. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Fedorka-Cray, PJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Antimicrobial Resistance Res Unit, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 24 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 62 IS 12 BP 1376 EP 1380 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 263VQ UT WOS:000084146300003 PM 10606140 ER PT J AU Oscar, TP AF Oscar, TP TI Response surface models for effects of temperature and previous growth sodium chloride on growth kinetics of Salmonella typhimurium on cooked chicken breast SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID PREINCUBATION TEMPERATURE; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; LABORATORY MEDIUM; MICROBIAL-GROWTH; TIME; PH AB Response surface models were developed and validated for effects of temperature (10 to 40 degrees C) and previous growth NaCl (0.5 to 4.5%) on lag time (lambda) and specific growth rate (mu) of Salmonella Typhimurium on cooked chicken breast. Growth curves for model development (n = 55) and model validation (n = 16) were fit to a two-phase linear growth model to obtain lambda and mu of Salmonella Typhimurium on cooked chicken breast. Response surface models for natural logarithm transformations of lambda and mu as a function of temperature and previous growth NaCl were obtained by regression analysis. Both lambda and mu of Salmonella Typhimurium were affected (P < 0.0001) by temperature but not by previous growth NaCl. Models were validated against data not used in their development. Mean absolute relative error of predictions (model accuracy) was 26.6% for lambda and 15.4% for mu. Median relative error of predictions (model bias) was 0.9% for lambda and 5.2% for mu. Results indicated that the models developed provided reliable predictions of lambda and mu, of Salmonella Typhimurium on cooked chicken breast within the matrix of conditions modeled. In addition, results indicated that previous growth NaCl (0.5 to 4.5%) was not a major factor affecting subsequent growth kinetics of Salmonella Typhimurium on cooked chicken breast. Thus, inclusion of previous growth NaCl in predictive models may not significantly improve our ability to predict growth of Salmonella spp, on food subjected to temperature abuse. C1 Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. RP Oscar, TP (reprint author), Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, 1124 Trigg Hall, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. EM toscar@mail.umes.edu NR 16 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 62 IS 12 BP 1470 EP 1474 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 263VQ UT WOS:000084146300017 PM 10606154 ER PT J AU Yu, SL Bolton, D Laubach, C Kline, P Oser, A Palumbo, SA AF Yu, SL Bolton, D Laubach, C Kline, P Oser, A Palumbo, SA TI Effect of dehairing operations on microbiological quality of swine carcasses SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID PIG CARCASSES; DRESSING PROCESS AB To develop a hazard analysis and critical control point plan for food processing operations, critical control points must be determined. Swine slaughtering and dressing operations were investigated to establish their critical control points. We monitored the microbiology of swine carcasses by surface swabbing carcass bellies at various steps during the process and by quantitating total aerobic plate count (APC) and coliforms. Starting with a dehaired carcass, the sequential steps monitored included presingeing, postsingeing, polishing, and chilling. initial results indicate that singeing and chilling substantially reduced the levels of APC and coliforms, whereas polishing increased their levels. The hygienic characteristics of individual operations involved in dressing swine carcasses were then evaluated in the second experiment. A set of 40 randomly selected carcasses leaving singeer, polisher, shaver, and washer were sampled. Carcasses were heavily contaminated during the final polishing procedure, and the APC increased threefold compared with prepolishing levels. Washing reduced the bacterial numbers by 69%. To reduce the microbial load on swine carcasses, final polishing and manual shaving steps were not used during the dressing operation on a set of 90 carcasses. APCs on singed carcasses were reduced from 1.34 to -0.15 log(10) CFU/cm(2) when the final polisher and manual shavers were not used, However, carcasses were subsequently recontaminated with bacteria after evisceration, and the APCs were similar (P > 0.05) regardless of whether the final polishing and manual shaving steps were used, averaging 1.30 and 1.46 log(10) CFU/cm(2). These results indicated that individual operations can be identified as critical control points, appropriate limits can be set and monitored in a hazard analysis and critical control point system, and steps where further changes to reduce bacterial levels may be needed for swine slaughtering plants. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. TEAGASC, Natl Food Ctr, Dept Food Safety, Dublin 15, Ireland. Hatfield Qual Meats, Hatfield, PA 19440 USA. RP Yu, SL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 62 IS 12 BP 1478 EP 1481 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 263VQ UT WOS:000084146300019 PM 10606156 ER PT J AU Moline, HE Buta, JG Newman, IM AF Moline, HE Buta, JG Newman, IM TI Prevention of browning of banana slices using natural products and their derivatives SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID POLYPHENOL OXIDASE; AMINO-ACIDS; APPLE; FRUITS; INHIBITION; JUICE; 4-HEXYLRESORCINOL; VEGETABLES AB Fresh-cut banana slices were treated with pineapple juice, neutral sugars, isoascorbic acid, citric acid, other organic acids, N-acetylcysteine, 4-hexylresorcinol and mixtures of these compounds and evaluated for browning reaction. A number of other compounds previously reported to be antibrowning agents were also tested. Preliminary tests revealed that many purported antibrowning agents, including pineapple juice, had only transitory or no effects on browning of banana slices. Subsequent replicated treatments of slices stored at 5C and 15C for 7 days showed that of the several treatments, those using citric acid and N-acetylcysteine were highly effective at reducing browning. Reflectance measurements taken immediately after treatment, after 2 days of storage, and at the end of the I week storage period confirmed that a mixture of 0.5 M citric acid and 0.05 M N-acetylcysteine provided the best protection against browning at both temperatures. No microbial decay was observed during the 7 day period studied. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Moline, HE (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 002, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 9 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 22 IS 5 BP 499 EP 511 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1999.tb00181.x PG 13 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 276JP UT WOS:000084874800002 ER PT J AU Qi, L Wu, TZ Watada, AE AF Qi, L Wu, TZ Watada, AE TI Quality changes of fresh-cut honeydew melons during controlled atmosphere storage SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SHELF-LIFE; CANTALOUPE; PERSIMMONS; SPINACH; SLICES AB Quality, physiology, and microbial population were monitored with honeydew cubes held in air or controlled atmosphere (CA) of 2% 0(2) + 10% CO2 at 5C and 4%0(2) + 10% CQ at 10C. The CA was beneficial in maintaining quality of honeydew cubes. Quality deteriorated rapidly with concomitant increase in respiration rate during the latter half of the 6-day at 10C or IO-day at 5C shelf-life. The shear force of samples was maintained by CA at 10C, but the visual quality was poor when that benefit was still noticeable. At 5C, an effect of CA was not noted because the low temperature did not allow the shearforce to decrease. The bacterial population was less on honeydew cubes held in CA than in air. Modified atmosphere with these gas mixtures would be beneficial in maintaining quality and retarding microbial growth on honeydew cubes, but strict temperature control is essential to avoid anaerobic respiration. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Watada, AE (reprint author), 2360 Vineyard Pl, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. NR 18 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 22 IS 5 BP 513 EP 521 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1999.tb00182.x PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 276JP UT WOS:000084874800003 ER PT J AU Perkins-Veazie, P Collins, JK Clark, JR AF Perkins-Veazie, P Collins, JK Clark, JR TI Shelf-life and quality of 'Navaho' and 'Shawnee' blackberry fruit stored under retail storage conditions SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SUGARS; ACIDS AB The quality of soft-fruited ('Shawnee') and firm-fruited ('Navaho') blackberry cultivars held under simulated retail conditions was determined. Leakage and decay increased during storage and exceeded 20% in Shawnee' fruit after 14 days at 2C or 7 days at 5C, while 'Navaho' held under similar conditions was still marketable (<10% decay). Transferring fruit to 20C for 2 days after low temperature storage intervals was detrimental to fruit quality, resulting in increased weight loss, leakage, decay and softening in both cultivars. After retail warming, 'Shawnee' fruit lost 25% of marketable fruit while 'Navaho' had a 10% loss. Soluble solids concentration did not change significantly during storage, but titratable acidity declined 40-50%. Anthocyanin content increased from 20-100% depending on cultivar, storage temperature and storage intervals. The sugar composition of blackberries before storage was about 10, 260 and 260 mg/g dry weight, glucose, and fructose, respectively. Sucrose and glucose decreased and fructose increased slightly during storage. Warming fruit after low temperature storage did not accelerate loss of total sugars. If held constantly at 2C, 'Navaho' could be held 21 days. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Perkins-Veazie, P (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 22 IS 5 BP 535 EP 544 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1999.tb00184.x PG 10 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 276JP UT WOS:000084874800005 ER PT J AU Gillespie, AJR AF Gillespie, AJR TI Rationale for a National Annual Forest Inventory program SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB The USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program is changing to an annual inventory system that will operate at reduced intensity simultaneously in all states every year. This system will provide annual inventory updates in all parts of the country every year, and will make it easier for partners (mainly state forestry agencies) to collaborate in program planning and implementation. The change has significant implications for traditional and new users of the national inventory system. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Inventory Natl Program, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Gillespie, AJR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Inventory Natl Program, USDA, 201 14th St SW,POB 96090, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 6 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 97 IS 12 BP 16 EP 20 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 261DR UT WOS:000083993900005 ER PT J AU Reams, GA Roesch, FA Cost, ND AF Reams, GA Roesch, FA Cost, ND TI Annual forest inventory - Cornerstone of sustainability in the South SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB With many competing uses and large regional shifts in forestland use, the sustainability of southern forests is being questioned. The new Southern Annual Forest Inventory System (SAFIS) is being implemented to address regional, state, and national questions regarding past, current, and projected changes in the southern forest. The annual inventory system will provide the information needed to closely monitor and quantify the landscape dynamics of southern forests. These annual inventory data will form the basis of state, regional, and national forest sustainability assessments. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. RP Reams, GA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 200 Weaver Blvd,POB 2680, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 97 IS 12 BP 21 EP 26 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 261DR UT WOS:000083993900006 ER PT J AU McRoberts, RE AF McRoberts, RE TI Joint annual forest inventory and monitoring system - The North Central perspective SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB The USDA Forest Service is developing procedures for annual forest inventories to establish the capability of producing annual estimates of forested area, timber volume, related variables, and changes in these variables. The inventory system (JAFIMS) features an annual sample of measured field plots; remote sensing; a database of plot and tree information; logistical procedures for supporting field crews; and an optional function, mechanisms for updating the status of plots measured in previous years. The discussion focuses on system implementation in the North Central region. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP McRoberts, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 97 IS 12 BP 27 EP 31 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 261DR UT WOS:000083993900007 ER PT J AU Roesch, FA Reams, GA AF Roesch, FA Reams, GA TI Analytical alternatives for an annual inventory system SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB Methods for analyzing data from the Southern Annual Forest Annual Forest Inventory System (SAFIS) are discussed. Differences between the annual inventory approach and the more traditional periodic approach require that we revisit the previous assumption that there are no important spatial and temporal trends in the data. Over the next few years, the USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station will be evaluating models of varying complexity to determine the most efficient estimation approach for each variable, at all spatiotemporal scales of interest. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. RP Roesch, FA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 160A Zillicoa St,POB 2750, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. NR 6 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 97 IS 12 BP 33 EP 37 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 261DR UT WOS:000083993900016 ER PT J AU Czaplewski, RL AF Czaplewski, RL TI Multistage remote sensing - Toward an annual national inventory SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB Remote sensing can improve efficiency of statistical information. Landsat data can identify and map a few broad categories of forest cover and land use. However, more-detailed information requires a sample of higher-resolution imagery, which costs less than field data but considerably more than Landsat data. A national remote sensing program would be a major undertaking requiring unprecedented partnerships between federal programs and stakeholders. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Czaplewski, RL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 7 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 97 IS 12 BP 44 EP 48 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 261DR UT WOS:000083993900018 ER PT J AU Keister, DL Tully, RE van Berkum, P AF Keister, DL Tully, RE van Berkum, P TI A cytochrome P450 gene cluster in the Rhizobiaceae SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cytochrome P450; Rhizobiaceae; symbiosis; terpenoids ID BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; HEMOPROTEINS C1 USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Keister, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Bldg 006,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM dkeister@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU MICROBIOL RES FOUNDATION PI TOKYO PA JAPAN ACAD SOC CENTER BLDG 4-16 YAYOI 2-CHOME, TOKYO, 113-0032, JAPAN SN 0022-1260 EI 1349-8037 J9 J GEN APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 45 IS 6 BP 301 EP 303 DI 10.2323/jgam.45.301 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 309KB UT WOS:000086766100006 ER PT J AU Makarova, NA Kaverin, NV Krauss, S Senne, D Webster, RG AF Makarova, NA Kaverin, NV Krauss, S Senne, D Webster, RG TI Transmission of Eurasian avian H2 influenza virus to shorebirds in North America SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID A-VIRUSES; HEMAGGLUTININ GENES; WILD DUCKS; SUBTYPES; EVOLUTION; RESERVOIR; SEQUENCE; ORIGIN; SITES AB Influenza A virus of the H2 subtype caused a serious pandemic in 1957 and may cause similar outbreaks in the future. To assess the evolution and the antigenic relationships of avian influenza H2 viruses, we sequenced the haemagglutinin (HA) genes of H2 isolates from shorebirds, ducks and poultry in North America and derived a phylogenetic tree to establish their interrelationships. This analysis confirmed the divergence of H2 HA into two geographical lineages, American and Eurasian. One group of viruses isolated from shorebirds in North America had HA belonging to the Eurasian lineage, indicating an interregional transmission of the H2 gene. Characterization of HA with a monoclonal antibody panel revealed that the antigenicity of the Delaware strains differed from the other avian strains analysed. The data emphasizes the importance of avian influenza surveillance. C1 DI Ivanovskii Virol Inst, Moscow 123098, Russia. St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Virol & Mol Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. APHIS, Avian Viruses Sect, Diagnost Virol Lab, Natl Vet Serv Labs,USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Makarova, NA (reprint author), DI Ivanovskii Virol Inst, Gamaleya Str 16, Moscow 123098, Russia. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-21765]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI29680] NR 24 TC 91 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 80 BP 3167 EP 3171 PN 12 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 261ZU UT WOS:000084041900014 PM 10567648 ER PT J AU Matthews, KR Pope, KL AF Matthews, KR Pope, KL TI A telemetric study of the movement patterns and habitat use of Rana muscosa, the mountain yellow-legged frog, in a high-elevation basin in Kings Canyon National Park, California SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTRODUCED FISHES; NATIVE FROG; AMPHIBIANS; SURVIVAL; SEQUOIA AB In a high-elevation (3470 m) lake basin (upper Dusy Basin) in Kings Canyon National Park, California, we used radio transmitters on 24 mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) to gather basic information on their movement patterns. Rana muscosa have declined throughout their range in the Sierra Nevada and restoration plans require information on their movement ecology. Our study indicates that R. muscosa had different movement patterns and habitat associations during the 1997 summer period (August and September) compared to October when winter dormancy began. In August, visual surveys found frogs in 10 of the 11 lakes in upper Dusy Basin. During August most tagged frogs moved little (mean movement 77 m over five day periods) and all were found in the lake or adjacent stream where they were originally tagged. During September, movement increased compared to August Frogs moved from the original capture lake mean distances of 145 m, and moved cumulative distances of 315-466 m. By October, frogs were again sedentary (mean distance moved 43 m) and frogs were found in three of the II lakes in the basin. Moreover, mean home ranges (adaptive kernel 90% contours) also were different throughout the summer and were highest for frogs tracked during September (5336.2 m(2)) compared to August (385 m(2)); and October (52.8 m(2)). Before this study it was assumed that R, muscosa over-wintered in the deepest portion of the lake. However, most lakes were frozen when our study ended, and tagged frogs were found nearshore under ledges and in deep underwater crevices suggesting that at least some R. muscosa over-winter in these nearshore areas. In this study, we found R. muscosa in different aquatic habitats over the course of their activity period and that they readily moved between these habitats using both aquatic and overland pathways. The movements appear to be associated with seasonal migrations between summer and over-wintering sites. C1 USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Matthews, KR (reprint author), USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, POB 245, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RI Matthews, Kathleen/G-8773-2012 NR 31 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 5 U2 19 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 33 IS 4 BP 615 EP 624 DI 10.2307/1565578 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 263RN UT WOS:000084139200012 ER PT J AU Marin, DH Barker, KR Kaplan, DT Sutton, TB Opperman, CH AF Marin, DH Barker, KR Kaplan, DT Sutton, TB Opperman, CH TI Aggressiveness and damage potential of Central American and Caribbean populations of Radopholus spp. in banana SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE banana; burrowing nematode; host resistance; Musa spp.; nematode; Radopholus; reproductive fitness ID REPRODUCTIVE FITNESS; CV POYO; PATHOGENICITY; SIMILIS; NEMATODES; NOMENCLATURE AB Monoxenic cultures of burrowing nematode populations extracted from banana roots from Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica were established on carrot discs. Cultures of Radopholus spp. were also obtained from Florida, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Ivory Coast. The aggressiveness (defined as reproductive fitness and root necrosis) of these populations was evaluated by inoculating banana plants (Musa AAA, cv. Grande Naine) with 200 nematodes/plant. Banana plants produced by tissue culture were grown 0.4-liter styrofoam cups, containing a 1:1 mix of a coarse and a fine sand, at ca. 27 degrees C and 80% RH. Banana plants were acclimated and allowed to grow for 4 weeks prior to inoculation. Plant height, fresh shoot and root weights, root necrosis, and nematode population densities were determined 8 weeks after inoculation. Burrowing-nematode populations varied in aggressiveness, and their reproductive fitness was generally related to damage reported in the field. Plant height and fresh shoot and root weight did not reflect damage caused by nematodes under our experimental conditions. Necrosis of primary roots was closely related to the reproductive fitness of the nematode populations. Variation in aggressiveness among nematode populations followed a similar trend in the two susceptible hosts tested, Grande Naine and Pisang mas. All nematode populations had a low reproductive factor (Rf less than or equal to 2.5) in the resistant host except for the Ivory Coast population which had a moderate reproductive factor (Rf = 5) on Pisang Jari Buaya. This is the first report of a burrowing nematode population parasitizing this important source of resistance to R similis. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. ARS, USDA, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Marin, DH (reprint author), DelMonte Corp, Apudo 4084-1000, San Jose, Costa Rica. EM marin.douglas@freshdelmonte.co.cr NR 30 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI MARCELINE PA PO BOX 311, MARCELINE, MO 64658 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 31 IS 4 BP 377 EP 385 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 283CT UT WOS:000085259100003 PM 19270910 ER PT J AU Wergin, WP Yaklich, RW Chitwood, DJ Erbe, EF AF Wergin, WP Yaklich, RW Chitwood, DJ Erbe, EF TI Evaluation of dry ice as a potential cryonematicide for Meloidogyne incognita in soil SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; control; cryogen; cryonematicide; dry ice; Lycopersicon esculentum; Meloidogyne incognita; nematicide; nematode; population dynamics; root-knot nematode; temperature; winter survival ID HAPLA 2ND-STAGE JUVENILES; TEMPERATURE; TOLERANCE AB Solid CO2 (dry ice) was added to pots containing soil that was infested either with eggs of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, or with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum 'Rutgers') root fragments that were infected with various stages of the nematode. Two hours after dry ice was added, thermocouples in the soil recorded temperatures ranging from -15 degrees C to -59 degrees C. One day after treatment with the dry ice, the temperature of the soil was allowed to equilibrate with that of the greenhouse, and susceptible tomato seedlings were planted in pots containing infested soil treated or untreated (controls) with dry ice. After 5 weeks, roots were removed from the pots and nematode eggs were extracted and counted. Plants grown in soil infested with eggs and receiving dry ice treatment had less than 1% of the eggs found in the controls; plants from soil infested with root fragments and receiving dry ice treatment had less than 4% of the eggs found in controls. Dry ice used to lower soil temperature may have potential as a cryonematicide. C1 ARS, Nematol Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wergin, WP (reprint author), ARS, Nematol Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 31 IS 4 BP 455 EP 459 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 283CT UT WOS:000085259100011 PM 19270918 ER PT J AU Shapiro, DI Obrycki, JJ Lewis, LC Jackson, JJ AF Shapiro, DI Obrycki, JJ Lewis, LC Jackson, JJ TI Effects of crop residue on the persistence of Steinernema carpocapsae SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE crop residue; entomopathogenic nematodes; mulch; nematode; Steinernema carpocapsae; survival; tillage ID ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES; SOIL AB We determined the effects of crop residue on the persistence of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae. During 2 consecutive years, nematodes were applied at rates of 2.5 x 10(4) and 1.0 x 10(5) infective juveniles/m(2) to small field plots planted with corn. Nematode persistence was monitored by exposing Galleria mellonella larvae to soil samples from plots with and without crop residue (approximately 75% coverage of soybean stubble). Persistence of S. carpocapsae was significantly greater in crop residue plots than in plots without residue. In crop residue plots that received the higher rate of nematode application, larval mortality did not significantly decrease during the study period (3 to 5 days) and remained above 85%. In nematode-treated plots without crop residue, however, larval mortality fell from over 96% to below 11% and 35% in the first and second trials, respectively. The increased crop residue may have benefited nematode persistence through protection from desiccation or ultraviolet light. We conclude that increased ground cover in cropping systems (e.g., due to reduced tillage) may lend to increased insect pest suppression with entomopathogenic nematodes. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, USDA, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Windfall, IN USA. RP Shapiro, DI (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SAA, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 31 IS 4 BP 517 EP 519 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 283CT UT WOS:000085259100017 PM 19270924 ER PT J AU Pinkerton, JN Forge, TA Ivors, KL Ingham, RE AF Pinkerton, JN Forge, TA Ivors, KL Ingham, RE TI Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with grapevines, Vitis vinifera, in Oregon vineyards SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dagger nematode; distribution; grape; Meloidogyne hapla; Mesocriconema xenoplax; ring nematode; Vitis vinifera; Xiphinema americanum ID MICHIGAN AB A survey of vineyards in western Oregon was conducted in 1994 and 1995 to determine the association of plant-parasitic nematodes with vine health. Seventy vineyards in four regions of western Oregon (16 to 21 vineyards per region) were sampled. The regions were the northern, middle, and southern Willamette Valley, and southern Oregon. Vineyards were selected and partitioned into blocks by variety, age of planting, crop history, and soil characteristics. Mesocriconema xenoplax Xiphinema americanum, Pratylenchus spp., and Paratylenchus spp. were recovered from more than 85% of the vineyards; only 10% of vineyards had detectable populations of Meloidogyne hapla. Mesocriconema xenoplax and X. americanum were found in 20% and 8% of vineyard blocks, respectively, at population densities reported to cause moderate yield loss in California. Mesocriconema xenoplax was found at greatest population densities in vineyards older than 10 years and on former Prunus orchard sites in the northern Willamette Valley. Populations of Mesocriconema xenoplax and X. americanum were associated with both healthy and stunted vines. The long-term impact of M. xenoplax, X. americanum, and other nematodes on Oregon vineyard production has not yet been determined. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Pinkerton, JN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 32 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 31 IS 4 SU S BP 624 EP 634 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 284GE UT WOS:000085322500003 PM 19270927 ER PT J AU Shapiro, DI Lewis, LC Obrycki, JJ Abbas, M AF Shapiro, DI Lewis, LC Obrycki, JJ Abbas, M TI Effects of fertilizers on suppression of black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) damage with Steinernema carpocapsae SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Agrotis ipsilon; black cutworm; entomopathogenic nematodes; fertilizer; manure; nematode; Steinernema carpocapsae ID INSECT-PARASITIC NEMATODES; LARVAE; LEPIDOPTERA; AMENDMENTS; RHABDITIDA; VIRULENCE; MANURE; SOIL; CORN AB The ability of Steinernema carpocapsae to reduce damage to seedling cam by the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, in soil amended with three fertilizers (fresh cow manure, composted manure, and urea) was determined. Total nitrogen was standardized among the fertilizers at 280 kg/ha and 560 kg/ha. Black cutworm damage was assessed by the percentage of cut corn plants in small field plots. Relative to a control (no nematodes), nematode applications resulted in reduced black cutworm damage in all treatments except in the higher rate of fresh manure. Black cutworm damage in nematode-treated plots was greater in plots with fresh manure than in plots without fertilizer. Other amendments (urea and composted manure) did not have a detrimental effect on suppression of the black cutworm by S. carpocapsae. C1 USDA ARS, SAA, Byron, GA 31008 USA. USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Shapiro, DI (reprint author), USDA ARS, SAA, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 17 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 31 IS 4 SU S BP 690 EP 693 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 284GE UT WOS:000085322500013 PM 19270937 ER PT J AU Liddell, S Jenkins, MC Collica, CM Dubey, JP AF Liddell, S Jenkins, MC Collica, CM Dubey, JP TI Prevention of vertical transfer of Neospora caninum in BALB/c mice by vaccination SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; DAIRY-CATTLE; INFECTION; TRANSMISSION; DOGS; MOUSE; PCR; HYBRIDIZATION; DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE AB Neosporosis is an important cause of abortion and neonatal morbidity in dairy cattle. The disease is caused by Neospora caninum, an intracellular protozoan parasite. In this report, we describe the use of a mouse model in the preliminary evaluation of vaccination as a means to prevent vertical transfer of N. caninum. Parasites present in the tissues of the offspring were detected using an N. caninum-specific polymerase chain reaction assay. Immunization of darns with a single inoculation of a crude lysate of N. caninum tachyzoites appeared to induce complete protection against infection of the offspring. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Liddell, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI liddell, susan/C-2653-2012 NR 31 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1072 EP 1075 DI 10.2307/3285670 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 273GU UT WOS:000084700200014 PM 10647039 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Snyder, DE AF Hamir, AN Snyder, DE TI A retrospective histopathological survey of capillariasis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Oregon SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB A 2-yr retrospective survey (1995-1998) of 63 adult raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Oregon, northwestern United States, was conducted by histopathological examination of various tissues. An overall prevalence of capillariasis was recorded in 52% of the raccoons. Highest prevalence of nematodes (29/30, 97.7%) was present in the anal sacs, where variable numbers of nematodes, their ova, and extensive diffuse inflammatory cellular infiltrate were evident. Lesser numbers of nematodes were also seen in the mucosa of the anterior alimentary tract (mouth 2/63, tongue 10/62, esophagus 2/63) and in the urinary bladder (7/63). However, at these sites, there was a paucity of inflammatory infiltrate. The findings of this study indicate that capillariasis of the anal sacs is commonly seen in free-ranging raccoons in Oregon, and the infection is essentially subclinical because only 1 case of anal sac impaction has been reported. Measurements of the nematode and their ova from the anal sacs indicate that it is most likely a new capillariid species, which to date has not been fully described in raccoons. It is speculated that the high prevalence of anal sac infection by a Capillaria sp. in Oregon raccoons may also be true for raccoons in other parts of North America and in parts of Europe and Asia where this species has been introduced. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Elanco Anim Hlth, Greenfield, IN 46140 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1172 EP 1174 DI 10.2307/3285684 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 273GU UT WOS:000084700200028 PM 10647053 ER PT J AU Hoberg, EP Ebinger, W Render, JA AF Hoberg, EP Ebinger, W Render, JA TI Fatal cysticercosis by Taenia crassiceps (Cyclophyllidea : Taeniidae) in a presumed immunocompromised canine host SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Cysticercosis in a canine host (Canis familiaris) attributable to the taeniid cestode Taenia crassiceps is reported for the first time in North America. Numerous parent and daughter cysticerci occurred in a massive intrapleural and intraperitoneal infection in an apparently immunocompromised host. The largest cysticerci were ovoid to elongate, 5-9 mm in maximum length, and armed with 32-34 rostellar hooks in 2 rows; small hooks measured 114-143 mu m long ((x) over bar = 124 +/- 8.2 mu m), and large hooks were 156-180 mu m ((x) over bar = 163 +/- 7.4 mu m). Taenia crassiceps is widespread in boreal North America and, like a number of other taeniids, constitutes a potential risk as a zoonotic parasite. The immunological status of the host may be important in determining the outcome of infections for this and other taeniids in atypical hosts. C1 USDA ARS, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Oakland Anim Hosp, Rochester, MI 48307 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Hoberg, EP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, BARC E 1180,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1174 EP 1178 DI 10.2307/3285685 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 273GU UT WOS:000084700200029 PM 10647054 ER PT J AU Edwards, JV Batiste, SL Gibbins, EM Goheen, SC AF Edwards, JV Batiste, SL Gibbins, EM Goheen, SC TI Synthesis and activity of NH2- and COOH-terminal elastase recognition sequences on cotton SO JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE elastase; cotton; peptidocellulose; nonhealing wounds; affinity chromatography; bioconjugates; enzyme inhibition ID HUMAN-LEUKOCYTE; INHIBITORS; CELLULOSE AB The application of peptide recognition sequences of elastase to fibers of wound dressings is a possible route to inhibiting high levels of destructive elastase in the chronic wound. For this reason we have synthesized the elastase recognition sequence Val-Pro-Val on both cotton cellulose, and carboxymethylated cellulose cotton (CMC) and prepared chromatography columns of these to examine elastase retention. The tripepride was synthesized on cotton-based cellulose fibers both in sequence and as a tripeptide methyl ester. Glycine war employed as a linker of the recognition sequence to the cotton cellulose. Pretreatment of cotton cellulose with cellulase improved the substitution level of glycine. The peptidocellulose conjugates were employed asa chromatographic stationary phase to assess elastase retention. The sequence Val-Pro-Val-OMe was amino-terminally anchored to carboxymethylated cotton and demonstrated retention of up to 58% of elastase when first applied to the column. Higher repetitive retention was demonstrated subsequently. Cotton gauze similarly modified with Val-Pro-Val-Gly cellulose was compared with untreated gauze for reduction of elastase activity in buffered saline. Solutions of elastase that were treated with Val-Pro-Val-Gly cellulose cotton gauze, demonstrated reduced elastase activity. This study demonstrates the use of elastase recognition sequences as sequestering agents of elastase when attached to cotton fibers and constitutes a model far the design of peptidocellulose analogs in dressing fibers for chronic wounds. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Cotton Text Chem Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Edwards, JV (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Cotton Text Chem Res Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 1397-002X J9 J PEPT RES JI J. Pept. Res. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 54 IS 6 BP 536 EP 543 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3011.1999.00134.x PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 261YZ UT WOS:000084040100010 PM 10604599 ER PT J AU Millie, DF Dionigi, CP Schofield, O Kirkpatrick, G Tester, PA AF Millie, DF Dionigi, CP Schofield, O Kirkpatrick, G Tester, PA TI The importance of understanding the molecular, cellular, and ecophysiological bases of harmful algal blooms SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID RED TIDE; DYNAMICS; NITROGEN C1 USDA ARS, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Mote Marine Lab, USDA ARS, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Millie, DF (reprint author), Mote Marine Lab, USDA ARS, 1600 Ken Thompson Pkwy, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. EM dmillie@nola.srrc.usda.gov NR 31 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-3646 EI 1529-8817 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 35 IS 6 SU S BP 1353 EP 1355 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3561353.x PG 3 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 275PN UT WOS:000084828700001 ER PT J AU Zimba, PV Dionigi, CP Millie, DF AF Zimba, PV Dionigi, CP Millie, DF TI Evaluating the relationship between photopigment synthesis and 2-methylisoborneol accumulation in cyanobacteria SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carotenoids; chlorophyll alpha; cyanobacteria; 2-methylisoborneol; Oscillatoria; phycobilins; Pseudanabaena ID BLUE-GREEN-ALGA; OSCILLATORIA-BREVIS; GEOSMIN PRODUCTION; MICROCYSTIS-AERUGINOSA; CONTINUOUS CULTURES; SURFACE BLOOMS; LIGHT; CYANOPHYTA; ADAPTATION; INTENSITY AB The relationship between photopigments and the terpene-derived secondary metabolite, 2-methyliso-borneol (MIB), was analyzed in photoacclimated cultures of Pseudanabaena articulata Skuja throughout growth, during the diel cycle, and following chemical-induced inhibition of the isoprenoid pathway, Accumulation of MIB coincided with the accumulation of lipophilic and phycobilin pigments during the early to mid-exponential portion of the growth cycle with the greatest accumulation of MIB during the late-exponential phase, Cellular release of MIB occurred as culture populations entered mid- to late-logarithmic phase of growth and was greatest in irradiance-stressed cultures. The greater correspondence of MIB accumulation with photopigments was seen in cultures transferred from a 12:12 h LD photoperiod alone and the consistent relationship between MIB and photopigment accumulation under varying irradiance suggested a photopigment-dependent regulation for MIB synthesis. However, the consistent allocation of carbon into MIB during instances of phytofluene and tetrapyrrole biosynthetic inhibition within P. articulata and Oscillatoria perornata Skuja indicated that MIB accumulation is not Limited by isopreniod-carbon availability and does not appear to serve as an "overflow" product. Rather, MIB accumulation simply appears to reflect overall carbon accumulation resulting from increased cell metabolism. C1 Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Res Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Zimba, PV (reprint author), Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Res Ctr, POB 38, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RI Zimba, Paul/O-2778-2013 NR 46 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 22 PU PHYCOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 35 IS 6 SU S BP 1422 EP 1429 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3561422.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 275PN UT WOS:000084828700009 ER PT J AU Lewitus, AJ Willis, BM Hayes, KC Burkholder, JM Glasgow, HB Glibert, PM Burke, MK AF Lewitus, AJ Willis, BM Hayes, KC Burkholder, JM Glasgow, HB Glibert, PM Burke, MK TI Mixotrophy and nitrogen uptake by Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae) SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cryptophytes; fish kills; harmful algal bloom; kleptoplastidy; nutrient loading; Pfiesteria piscicida; primulin; starch; toxic dinoflagellates ID PHANTOM DINOFLAGELLATE; AMINO-ACIDS; FISH KILLS; PHYTOPLANKTON; CRYPTOPHYCEAE; RETENTION; MICROSCOPY; BEHAVIOR; DIATOM; RATES AB The nutritional versatility of dinoflagellates is a complicating factor in identifying potential links between nutrient enrichment and the proliferation of harmful algal blooms. For example, although dinoflagellates associated with harmful algal blooms (e.g. red tides) are generally considered to be phototrophic and use inorganic nutrients such as nitrate or phosphate, many of these species also have pronounced heterotrophic capabilities either as osmotrophs or phagotrophs, Recently, the widespread occurrence of the heterotrophic toxic dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger et Burkholder, has been documented in turbid estuarine waters. Pfiesteria piscicida has a relatively proficient grazing ability, but also has an ability to function as a phototroph by acquiring chloroplasts from algal prey, a process termed kleptoplastidy. We tested the ability of kleptoplastidic P. piscicida to take up N-15-labeled NH4+, NO3-, urea, or glutamate, The photosynthetic activity of these cultures was verified, in part, by use of the fluorochrome, primulin, which indicated a positive relationship between photosynthetic starch production and growth irradiance, All four N substrates were taken up by P, piscicida, and the highest uptake rates were in the range cited for phytoplankton and were similar to N uptake estimates for phagotrophic P. piscicida, The demonstration of direct nutrient acquisition by kleptoplastidic P. piscicida suggests that the response of the dinoflagellate to nutrient enrichment is complex, and that the specific pathway of nutrient stimulation (e.g. indirect stimulation through enhancement of phytoplankton prey abundance vs. direct stimulation by saprotrophic nutrient uptake) may depend on P. piscicida's nutritional state (phagotrophy vs. phototrophy). C1 Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Coastal Res, Baruch Marine Lab, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Maryland, Horn Point Environm Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Lewitus, AJ (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Belle W Baruch Inst Coastal Res, Baruch Marine Lab, POB 1630, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA. RI glibert, patricia/G-1026-2013 OI glibert, patricia/0000-0001-5690-1674 NR 42 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 8 PU PHYCOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 35 IS 6 SU S BP 1430 EP 1437 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3561430.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 275PN UT WOS:000084828700010 ER PT J AU Schofield, O Grzymski, J Bissett, WP Kirkpatrick, GJ Millie, DF Moline, M Roesler, CS AF Schofield, O Grzymski, J Bissett, WP Kirkpatrick, GJ Millie, DF Moline, M Roesler, CS TI Optical monitoring and forecasting systems for harmful algal blooms: Possibility or pipe dream? SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Review DE bio-optics; forecasting; harmful algal blooms; remote sensing ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; RED-TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE; FLUORESCENCE EXCITATION-SPECTRA; REMOTE-SENSING REFLECTANCE; OCEAN CIRCULATION MODEL; COLOR SCANNER DATA; ABSORPTION-SPECTRA; PARTICULATE ABSORPTION; GYMNODINIUM BREVE; CHLOROPHYLL-A AB Monitoring programs for harmful algal blooms (HABs) are currently reactive and provide little or no means for advance warning. Given this, the development of algal forecasting systems would be of great use because they could guide traditional monitoring programs and provide a proactive means for responding to HABs. Forecasting systems will require near real-time observational capabilities and hydrodynamic/biological models designed to run in the forecast mode. These observational networks must detect and forecast over ecologically relevant spatial/temporal scales. One solution is to incorporate a multiplatform optical approach utilizing remote sensing and in situ moored technologies, Recent advances in instrumentation and data-assimilative modeling may provide the components necessary for building an algal forecasting system, This review will outline the utility and hurdles of optical approaches in HAB detection and monitoring. In all the approaches, the desired HAB information must be isolated and extracted from the measured bulk optical signals. Examples of strengths and weaknesses of the current approaches to deconvolve the bulk optical properties are illustrated. After the phytoplankton signal has been isolated, species-recognition algorithms will be required, and we demonstrate one approach developed for Gymnodinium breve Davis, Pattern-recognition algorithms will be species-specific, reflecting the acclimation state of the HAB species of interest. Field data will provide inputs to optically based ecosystem models, which are fused to the observational networks through data-assimilation methods. Potential model structure and data-assimilation methods are reviewed. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Coastal Ocean Observat Lab, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Florida Environm Res Inst, Tampa, FL 33611 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. USDA ARS, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Dept Biol Sci, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. Bigelow Lab Ocean Sci, Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 USA. RP Schofield, O (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Coastal Ocean Observat Lab, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. OI schofield, oscar/0000-0003-2359-4131 NR 152 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 29 PU PHYCOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 35 IS 6 SU S BP 1477 EP 1496 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3561477.x PG 20 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 275PN UT WOS:000084828700015 ER PT J AU Dyer, JM Chapital, DC Lax, AR Pepperman, AB AF Dyer, JM Chapital, DC Lax, AR Pepperman, AB TI Identification of a subtilisin-like protease in seeds of developing tung fruits SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aleurites fordii; eleostearic acid; subtilisin-like protease; sucrose binding protein; tung ID PROCESSING ENDOPROTEASES; NODULE DEVELOPMENT; TOMATO PLANTS; GENE; EXPRESSION; PRECURSOR; PROTEINS AB A subtilisin-like protease was identified in the low-density microsomal fraction of developing tung seeds. The abundance of the protease changed significantly throughout seed development and showed a direct temporal correlation with accumulation of storage oil. Once storage oil synthesis was complete, the abundance of the protease decreased dramatically. Determination of the N-terminal amino, acid sequence revealed that the protease sequence began just after a conserved pro-domain cleavage site, suggesting that the protease was fully active in developing tissue. Extraction of microsomal membranes with high salt or pH demonstrated that the protease was not a membrane-anchored protein. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Dyer, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 155 IS 6 BP 802 EP 805 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 274EK UT WOS:000084750600022 ER PT J AU Behall, KM Scholfield, DJ Hallfrisch, J AF Behall, KM Scholfield, DJ Hallfrisch, J TI The effect of particle size of whole-grain flour on plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon and thyroid-stimulating hormone in humans SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE wheat particle size; glucose; insulin; glucagon; thyroid hormones ID GLYCEMIC INDEX; POSTPRANDIAL GLYCEMIA; GENDER DIFFERENCES; RESPONSES; STARCH; HYPOGLYCEMIA; METABOLISM; BREAD; MEALS AB Objective: Although it is well known that consumption of whore-grain foods with higher fiber content results in beneficial health effects, most Americans usually prefer bread made with white flour. Changes in bread texture and undesirable intestinal responses have been reported as reasons for avoiding consumption of whole-grain foods or high-fiber menus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether consumption of bread made with ultra-fine-ground whole-grain wheat flour retained beneficial effects while reducing undesirable effects. Methods: Twenty-six men and women, 31 to 55 years of age, consumed glucose solutions or bread made with traditional white, conventional whole-grain wheat (WWF), or ultra-fine whore-grain wheat (UFWF) flour (1 g carbohydrate/kg body weight) in a Latin square design after two days of controlled diet The effect on glycemic response was determined by comparing blood variables, after a tolerance test with white bread, WWF bread, and UFWF bread, with those after a glucose tolerance test. Results: Men and women had similar responses to all tolerances except postprandial TSH. Glucose and insulin levels one half hour after the glucose load were significantly higher than after any of the bread tolerances. Glucose, but not insulin, areas under the curve were significantly higher after the glucose load than areas after the three breads. Consumption of UFWF resulted in glucose and insulin responses, as well as areas under the curve, similar to those after consumption of conventional whole-wheat bread. Conclusion: The particle size of whole grain wheat flour did not substantially affect glycemic responses. C1 USDA ARS, BARC E, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Behall, KM (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC E, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Bldg 308, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 18 IS 6 BP 591 EP 597 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 266VV UT WOS:000084321700005 PM 10613410 ER PT J AU Block, G Mangels, AR Patterson, BH Levander, OA Norkus, EP Taylor, PR AF Block, G Mangels, AR Patterson, BH Levander, OA Norkus, EP Taylor, PR TI Body weight and prior depletion affect plasma ascorbate levels attained on identical vitamin C intake: A controlled-diet study SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE ascorbic acid; vitamin C; nutrient requirements; obesity ID STEADY-STATE TURNOVER; ACID METABOLISM; BLOOD-PRESSURE; DETERMINANTS; REQUIREMENT; INDEXES; HUMANS; WOMEN; MALES; POOL AB Purpose: To evaluate the role of factors that may affect the lever of plasma ascorbic acid (AA), including age, body weight, physical activity, minor illness and the impact of prior depletion and repletion. Methods: After one month of stabilization on 60 me vitamin C/day, subjects underwent two complete depletion-repletion cycles (one cycle=one month of vitamin C depletion with nine mg/day, followed by one month of repletion with 117 mg per day). Subjects (68 men, ages 30 to 59 years) did not smoke or drink alcohol during the study. All food was provided by the study. Results: There was extreme individual variability in the plasma AA level achieved on an identical repletion dose: after four weeks at 117 mg/day of vitamin C AA ranged from 26.5 mu mol/L to 85.8 mu mol/L. Body weight was inversely associated with plasma AA attained (p<0.0001). Regression analysis indicated that, compared to a 130-lb man, a 200-lb man reached 10 mu mol/L rower AA after the first repletion and 18 mu mol/L lower AA after the second repletion. One-third of the subjects did not reach a plasma plateau after the first repletion. Prier depletion and apparent repletion also had a major impact, and only 10% of subjects reached the same plasma AA on the second repletion as on the first repletion. Conclusions: Plasma AA attained on a given dose depends on body weight (or dose per kg of body weight) and an whether or not any prior depletions had been repleted adequately. The results have implications for nutrition recommendations and research design. C1 USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Our Lady Mercy Med Ctr, Bronx, NY USA. RP Block, G (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, 426 Warren Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Block, Gladys/E-3304-2010 NR 45 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 18 IS 6 BP 628 EP 637 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 266VV UT WOS:000084321700010 PM 10613415 ER PT J AU Von Hoven, TM Belleau, BD Summers, TA Negulescu, II AF Von Hoven, TM Belleau, BD Summers, TA Negulescu, II TI Determination of testing techniques to define textile properties of emu skin SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB To increase the use of exotic skins in the textile industry, physical properties must be identified by establishing appropriate test methods and techniques. Test results establish a database from which appropriate textile end uses can be recommended. The purpose of this research was to determine appropriate testing techniques for emu skins. The skin was subjected to a series of textile and leather tests. Scanning electron microscopy served as a tool to relate mechanical to structural properties. Drape, an important property for apparel applications, was measured using bending, compression, shearing, and textile tests of Kawabata KES. Based on preliminary results, image analysis seems to be a promising technique to visually characterize the skin, and to evaluate abrasion resistance. Drape, important for apparel applications, was evaluated with Kawabata testing, and resulted in data that would be useful to apparel designers and manufacturers. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Human Ecol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Von Hoven, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 94 IS 10 BP 368 EP 377 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 264NH UT WOS:000084188000001 ER PT J AU Wagner, M Bailey, DG AF Wagner, M Bailey, DG TI Structure of bovine skin and hair root - A scanning electron microscope investigation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID INNERMOST CELL LAYER; FOLLICLE; SHEATH AB A great deal of research has been done on the structure of human and ovine skin and hair, but the literature provides only limited information on bovine skin and hair tissue at the level of scanning electron microscopy. Details of normally hidden surface structures of bovine skin, epidermis and of the different cell types associated with the hair root were obtained by scanning electron microscopy using simple sample preparation techniques. These include the pulling of hairs after acidic incubation, modification of hair roots by trypsin or mechanical action, and freeze-fracturing of skin samples. The details presented reveal the hair root sheath as a highly organized and differentiated structure of five various cell layers, and confirm the general structure of bovine skin, hair root and epidermis as found in other mammals. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. TFL USA Canada Inc, Greensboro, NC 27410 USA. RP Wagner, M (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 94 IS 10 BP 378 EP 383 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 264NH UT WOS:000084188000002 ER PT J AU Shen, N Duvick, S White, P Pollak, L AF Shen, N Duvick, S White, P Pollak, L TI Oxidative stability and AromaScan analyses of corn oils with altered fatty acid content SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE aroma; AromaScan; corn oil; electronic nose; fatty acids; oil stability; oxidation; peroxide value; volatile compounds ID SOYBEAN OILS; LINOLENATE AB This project was designed to evaluate the oxidative stability of corn oils with increased total saturated fatty acid composition and to test the feasibility of using the AromaScan, an "electronic nose," to detect the odors/aromas produced by oxidation. Corn oils with traditional (13.1%) and elevated (14.7 to 17.1%) total saturated fatty acid percentages were evaluated for their oxidative quality. Oils from five corn genotypes were extracted, refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) in the laboratory. Two replications, separated at the point of extraction, were evaluated for each genotype. The RED corn oils (18.0 g) were stored in 50-mL beakers at 60 degrees C in the dark, and peroxide values were measured every other day for 8 d. Corn ails with elevated saturated fatty acid compositions were more-stable (P < 0.05) than the traditional corn oil. Aroma intensity of the oils was measured with an AromaScan at days 0, 4, and 8. The AromaScan provided a useful tool to detect odors/aromas produced by oxidation during an oxidative stability study; this tool might be used to partly replace human sensory panel evaluation of oxidized samples. Paper no. J9053 in JAOCS 76, 1425-1429 (December 1999). C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Pollak, L (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, 1405 Agron Bldg, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 76 IS 12 BP 1425 EP 1429 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0179-z PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 274BR UT WOS:000084744300006 ER PT J AU Singleton, JA Stikeleather, LF AF Singleton, JA Stikeleather, LF TI A solvent extractor system for the rapid extraction of lipids and trace bioactive micronutrients in oilseeds SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE design; equipment; evaluation; matrix; oil; quantitation; rapid extraction; solvent ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY ANALYSIS; SUPERCRITICAL CARBON-DIOXIDE; PEANUT PHOSPHOLIPIDS; OXIDATIVE STABILITY; OIL AB A low-cast laboratory extractor has been designed and constructed that selectively extracts polar and non-polar components from oilseeds and other matrices. The extractor uses available high-performance liquid chromatography laboratory equipment for pumping the solvent into the extractor. Pressure, temperature, and valving arrangements are automatically controlled by commercially available components. Advantages of this system include low initial investment, reduced solvent consumption, shorter extraction times, quantitative lipid recovery, use of multiple extraction solvents, and reduction in cost per sample. The method has broader applications that include extraction of trace components from a variety of matrices, for example, the extraction of pesticides from foods and polychlorobiphenyls from soil.:lass separation of components from different matrices can be achieved easily by selection of solvents with the appropriate polarity characteristics. Very small samples can be extracted simply by changing cell size or by adding an inert material to the cell to fill the void volume. Analyte collection can be accomplished by collecting in a test tube with an appropriate solvent, or on a solid-phase material. Optimization of extraction rimes, number of extractions, matrices, and solvent used is described. Neutral lipids were extracted from peanut meal in 70 min by the rapid extraction method compared to 1440 min required to extract the comparable amount of neutral lipids from a similar sample by the Soxhlet extraction method. Paper no. J9029 in JAOCS 76, 1461-1466 (December 1999). C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Singleton, JA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, 280 Weaver Bldg, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 76 IS 12 BP 1461 EP 1466 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0185-1 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 274BR UT WOS:000084744300012 ER PT J AU Harvey, RB Young, CR Ziprin, RL Hume, ME Genovese, KJ Anderson, RC Droleskey, RE Stanker, LH Nisbet, DJ AF Harvey, RB Young, CR Ziprin, RL Hume, ME Genovese, KJ Anderson, RC Droleskey, RE Stanker, LH Nisbet, DJ TI Prevalence of Campylobacter spp isolated from the intestinal tract of pigs raised in an integrated swine production system SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTER; PORK CARCASSES; JEJUNI; SALMONELLA; COLI; POULTRY; AREA; FOOD AB Objective-To enumerate the prevalence of Campylobacter isolates in the intestinal tract of market-weight swine raised in an integrated swine operation in Texas. Sample Population-Samples of cecal contents were collected from 595 pigs (mean body weight, 110 kg [242 Ib]) at time of slaughter. Pigs were offspring of Yorkshire-Landrace sows and Duroc or Hampshire boars. Pigs originated from 4 farrow-to-finish farms. Procedure-During a g-month period, visits were made to a slaughter plant to remove cecal contents from market-weight hogs. Samples were obtained from 50 pigs/visit from designated farms so that samples were obtained 3 times from pigs of each of 4 farms. Isolation of Campylobacter spp was accomplished by use of enrichment broth and restrictive media, using microaerophilic conditions. Results-Campylobacter spp were isolated from 70 to 100% of the pigs, depending on the farm and the date the samples were collected. Campylobacter coil was isolated from 20 to 100% (mean, 60%) of samples, and C jejuni was isolated from 0 to 76% (mean, 31%) of samples. Campylobacter lari was isolated from 2 pigs. Concentrations of C coli or C jejuni ranged from 10(3) to 10(7) colony-forming units/g of cecal content. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Campylobacter cell generally is accepted as a common inhabitant of the intestinal tract of swine. However, analysis of results of this study suggests that a relatively high prevalence of C jejuni may be found in pigs raised on specific farms. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Harvey, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 24 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 1 PY 1999 VL 215 IS 11 BP 1601 EP 1604 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 258BV UT WOS:000083819000027 PM 14567422 ER PT J AU Rossel, F Garbrecht, J AF Rossel, F Garbrecht, J TI Variability characteristics of monthly precipitation in Central Oklahoma SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE meteorology/climatology; monthly precipitation; spatial variability; temporal variability; climate division; divisional value AB To fully take advantage of regional climate forecast information for agricultural applications, the relationship between divisional and station scale precipitation characteristics must be quantified. The spatial variability of monthly precipitation is assumed-to consist of two components: a systematic and a random component. The systematic component is defined by differences in long-term mean precipitation between stations within a climate division, and the-random component by differences between station and divisional standardized values. For the Central Climate Division of Oklahoma, the systematic component has a positive precipitation gradient from west to east with a slope ranging between 3 to 16 mm of precipitation per 100 km depending on the month of the year. On the other hand, the random component ranges between 27 to 48 percent of the mean temporal variation of the monthly precipitation. This significant random spatial variability leads to large localized departures from divisional values, and clearly demonstrates the critical influence of the random component in the utilization of divisional climate forecasts for local agricultural applications. The results of this study also provide an uncertainty range for local monthly precipitation projections that are derived from divisional climate information. C1 USDA ARS, GRL, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Rossel, F (reprint author), USDA ARS, GRL, 7207 Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1455 EP 1461 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04229.x PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 271ZB UT WOS:000084624600015 ER PT J AU Hatch, U Jagtap, S Jones, J Lamb, M AF Hatch, U Jagtap, S Jones, J Lamb, M TI Potential effects of climate change on agricultural, water use in the southeast US SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE simulation modeling; crop response; agricultural economics and farm management; agricultural water use; irrigation; multidisciplinary AB Climate change has the potential to have dramatic effects on the agricultural sector nationally and internationally as documented in many research papers. This paper reports on research that was focused on a specific crop growing area to demonstrate how farm managers might respond to climate-induced yield changes and the implications of these responses for agricultural water use. The Hadley model was used to generate climate scenarios for important agricultural areas of Georgia in 2030 and 2090. Linked crop response models indicated generally positive yield changes, as increased temperatures were associated with increased precipitation and CO2. Using a farm management model, differences in climate-induced yield impacts among crops led to changes in crop mix and associated water use; non-irrigated cropland received greater benefit since irrigated land was already receiving adequate moisture. Model results suggest that farm managers will increase cropping intensity by decreasing fallowing and increasing double cropping; corn acreage decreased dramatically, peanuts decreased moderately and cotton and winter wheat increased. Water use on currently irrigated cropland fell. The potential for increased water use through conversion of agriculturally important. but currently non-irrigated, growing areas is substantial. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Sociol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NASA, Global Hydrol & Climate Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. RP Hatch, U (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Sociol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1551 EP 1561 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04237.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 271ZB UT WOS:000084624600023 ER PT J AU Wywialowski, AP AF Wywialowski, AP TI Wildlife-caused losses for producers of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in 1996 SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; DELTA REGION; MISSISSIPPI; PREDATION; HATCHERIES; INDUSTRY; IMPACT; FISH AB The National Agricultural Statistics Service surveyed by telephone and mail in January and February 1997 all known producers of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus to acquire current information about wildlife-caused losses in calendar year 1996. Many producers tried to prevent wildlife-caused losses of their catfish by shooting (57%), vehicle patrol (55%), or frightening (36%), at an estimated cost of >$5 million. Yet, 69% of catfish producers cited some wildlife-caused losses. Birds were most frequently cited as a cause of losses, and double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus was the species cited most frequently (53%). The next most frequently cited birds were herons Ardea spp. (48%), egrets Egretta spp. (16%), and pelicans Pelecanus spp. (8%). Muskrats Ondatra zibethicus were cited by 10% of producers, primarily for damaging dikes and roads. The main problems caused by wildlife were feeding on catfish (67%), injuring catfish (40%) or disturbing feeding patterns of the catfish (23%). The total estimated cost of losses was $12 million. Overall, wildlife damage and damage prevention may have cost catfish producers >$17 million, about 4% of the total $425 million of catfish sales in 1996. Of the 44% of all catfish producers who were familiar with Wildlife Services (WS), 51% had ever contacted WS for assistance, 55% used methods suggested by WS to reduce their losses, and 40% received direct assistance from WS in 1996. Mississippi producers, who most frequently received direct assistance from WS, had proportionately lower wildlife-caused losses. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Risk Anal Syst, Unit 117, USDA, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RP Wywialowski, AP (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Risk Anal Syst, Unit 117, USDA, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 30 IS 4 BP 461 EP 472 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1999.tb00994.x PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 263UT UT WOS:000084144200007 ER PT J AU Xue, RD Barnard, DR AF Xue, RD Barnard, DR TI Effects of partial blood engorgement and pretest carbohydrate availability on the repellency of beet to Aedes albopictus SO JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mosquito; sucrose; carbohydrate; blood; feeding; repellents ID BODY-SIZE; CULICIDAE; DIPTERA; AGE AB The pretest availability of 10% sucrose solution and/or partial blood engorgement in Aedes albopictus Skuse significantly influenced mosquito attack rates and the time of repellent protection in laboratory bioassays. In 46 cm L x 38 cm W x 37 cm H cages used in USDA repellent tests, non-blood-fed and partially blood-fed mosquitoes attempted to bite at similar rates. In small cages (5 cm dia. x 4 cm H), holding individual females, mean mosquito attack rates were reduced when females were partially blood fed, compared with those not blood fed. The protection period from bites by Ae. albopictus using 25% ethanolic deet (N,N diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) increased significantly in small and USDA stand ard cages when females had pretest access to sucrose solution, compared with females starved for 12 h. Partial blood engorgement in mosquitoes affected repellent protection time in USDA standard test cages but not in small cages. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Xue, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 9 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC VECTOR ECOLOGY PI SANTA ANA PA PO BOX 87, SANTA ANA, CA 92702 USA SN 1081-1710 J9 J VECTOR ECOL JI J. Vector Ecol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 24 IS 2 BP 111 EP 114 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 276ZY UT WOS:000084909300002 PM 10672540 ER PT J AU Chinsangaram, J Piccone, ME Grubman, MJ AF Chinsangaram, J Piccone, ME Grubman, MJ TI Ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus to form plaques in cell culture is associated with suppression of alpha/beta interferon SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID INITIATION FACTOR-II; LEADER PROTEINASE; IDENTIFICATION; PROTEASE; CLEAVAGE; SUBUNIT; CATTLE; BOVINE; LIVE; MICE AB A genetic variant of foot-and-mouth disease virus lacking the leader proteinase coding region (A12-LLV2) is attenuated in both cattle and swine and, in contrast to wild-type virus (A12-IC), does not spread from the initial site of infection after aerosol exposure of bovines, We have identified secondary cells from susceptible animals, i.e., bovine, ovine, and porcine animals, in which infection with A12-LLV2, in contrast to A12-IC infection, does not produce plaques; this result indicates that this virus cannot spread from the site of initial infection to neighboring cells. Nevertheless, A12-LLV2 can infect these cells, but cytopathic effects and virus yields are significantly reduced compared to those seen with A12-IC infection. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis demonstrates that both A12-LLV2 and A12-IC induce the production of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) mRNA in host cells, However, only supernatants from A12-LLV2-infected cells have significant antiviral activity. The antiviral activity in supernatants from A12-LLV2-infected embryonic bovine kidney cells is IFN-alpha/beta specific, as assayed with mouse embryonic fibroblast cells with or without IFN-alpha/beta receptors, The results obtained with cell cultures demonstrate that the ability of A12-IC to form plaques is associated with the suppression of IFN-alpha/beta expression and suggest a role for this host factor in the inability of A12-LLV2 to spread and cause disease in susceptible animals. C1 ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, NAA, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Grubman, MJ (reprint author), ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, NAA, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 32 TC 108 Z9 126 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 73 IS 12 BP 9891 EP 9898 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 255ZD UT WOS:000083699300024 PM 10559301 ER PT J AU Zaslavsky, BG Tam, BS AF Zaslavsky, BG Tam, BS TI On the Jordan form of an irreducible matrix with eventually non-negative powers SO LINEAR ALGEBRA AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Conference of the International-Linear-Algebra-Society in Honor of Hans Schneider CY JUN 03-06, 1998 CL MADISON, WISCONSIN SP Int Linear Algebra Soc DE irreducible eventually non-negative matrix; eventually real matrix; m-cyclic matrix; cyclic index; self-conjugate Frobenius collection of elementary Jordan blocks; Jordan form ID NONNEGATIVE MATRICES; CONTROLLABILITY; SYSTEMS AB In terms of the concept of a Frobenius collection of elementary Jordan blocks which we introduce, we characterize the collection of elementary Jordan blocks that appear in the Jordan form of an irreducible m-cyclic eventually non-negative matrix whose mth power is permutationally similar to a direct sum of m eventually positive matrices. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. AMS classification: 15A21; 15A48; 93B15; 93B60. C1 Tamkang Univ, Dept Math, Tamsui 25137, Taiwan. USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Tam, BS (reprint author), Tamkang Univ, Dept Math, Tamsui 25137, Taiwan. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0024-3795 J9 LINEAR ALGEBRA APPL JI Linear Alg. Appl. PD DEC 1 PY 1999 VL 303 BP 303 EP 330 PG 28 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 268FJ UT WOS:000084403400019 ER PT J AU Lin, YR Zhu, LH Ren, SX Yang, JS Schertz, KF Paterson, AH AF Lin, YR Zhu, LH Ren, SX Yang, JS Schertz, KF Paterson, AH TI A Sorghum propinquum BAC library, suitable for cloning genes associated with loss-of-function mutations during crop domestication SO MOLECULAR BREEDING LA English DT Article DE BAC; positional cloning; Sorghum propinquum ID ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME LIBRARY; MAP-BASED CLONING; MAIZE DNA PROBES; RFLP LINKAGE MAP; MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES; DISEASE RESISTANCE; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; HUMAN GENOME; RICE; CONSTRUCTION AB A large insert Sorghum propinquum BAC library has been constructed to analyze the physical organization of the sorghum genome and to facilitate positional cloning of sorghum genes and QTLs associated with the early stages of grain crop domestication. This library was established from 12 different ligations using high-molecular-weight DNA generated from either one cycle or two cycles of size selection. This library consists of 38 016 BAC clones with an estimated average insert size of 126 kb and coverage of 6.6 genome equivalents. The 6.6 genome-equivalent BAC library of S. propinquum provides a 99.7% probability of finding one or more BACs that contain genes of interest. Twenty mapped DNA probes, ten homologous and ten heterologous, were used to screen the library, and 121 positive clones were identified, 6.05 per locus or 6.37 per probe. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Fudan Univ, Inst Genet, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China. ARS, USDA, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Paterson, AH (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. OI Lin, Yann-rong/0000-0001-6833-8276 NR 60 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1380-3743 J9 MOL BREEDING JI Mol. Breed. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 5 IS 6 BP 511 EP 520 DI 10.1023/A:1009642201139 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 278HK UT WOS:000084983100003 ER PT J AU Pawlowska, TE Douds, DD Charvat, I AF Pawlowska, TE Douds, DD Charvat, I TI In vitro propagation and life cycle of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORMED CARROT ROOTS; GIGASPORA-MARGARITA; SPORE GERMINATION; HYPHAL GROWTH; MONOXENIC CULTURE; DUAL CULTURE; INTRARADICES; MOSSEAE; INVITRO; SYSTEM AB Progress in understanding the biology of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is hampered by the limited number of species that can be successfully propagated and studied in vitro. We report the establishment of monoxenic cultures of Glomus etunicatum in association with excised Ri T-DNA transformed carrot roots. The fungus can be propagated in vitro using monoxenically formed resting spores and/or colonized root fragments. Modified White's medium buffered with 10 mM MES (pH 6) or MOPSO (pH 6.5) was most optimal for the host root growth as well as for G. etunicatum spore germination and mycorrhiza formation. The number of resting spores formed in vitro correlated positively with the length of roots occupied by arbuscular mycorrhizal structures, including arbuscules and vesicles. Spores first appeared in dual cultures within two weeks of root inoculation. Sporulation was asynchronous and continued until root senescence. Under applied culture conditions, spores achieved mature appearance within 5-7 d after their initiation. Approximately 6% of monoxenic spores were aborted at different stages of their development. Although G. etunicatum spores formed in vitro exhibited general morphological and anatomical similarity to soil-borne inoculum, they were significantly smaller and had thicker spore walls than their soil-borne counterparts. Caution should, therefore, be exercised in utilizing the in vitro system as a model of growth and development of glomalean fungi in soil. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, Biol Sci Ctr 220, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Charvat, I (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, Biol Sci Ctr 220, 1445 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 39 TC 24 Z9 30 U1 5 U2 15 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 103 BP 1549 EP 1556 DI 10.1017/S0953756299008801 PN 12 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 268MY UT WOS:000084421200008 ER PT J AU Draghia-Akli, R Fiorotto, ML Hill, LA Malone, PB Deaver, DR Schwartz, RJ AF Draghia-Akli, R Fiorotto, ML Hill, LA Malone, PB Deaver, DR Schwartz, RJ TI Myogenic expression of an injectable protease-resistant growth hormone-releasing hormone augments long-term growth in pigs SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE growth hormone-releasing hormone; gene therapy; muscle-specific promoter; electroporation ID GENE-TRANSFER; PORCINE PLASMA; GH SECRETION; GRF ANALOGS; IN-VIVO; CHILDREN; BOVINE; ELECTROPORATION; DEGRADATION; STABILITY AB Ectopic expression of a new serum protease-resistant porcine growth hormone-releasing hormone, directed by an injectable muscle-specific synthetic promoter plasmid vector (pSP-HV-GHRH), elicits growth in pigs. A single 10 mg intramuscular injection of pSP-HV-GHRH DNA followed by electroporation in three week-old piglets elevated serum GHRH levels by twofold to fourfold, enhanced growth hormone secretion, and increased serum insulin-like growth factor-I by threefold to sixfold over control pigs. After 65 days the average body weight of the pigs injected with pSP-HV-GHRH was similar to 37% greater than the placebo-injected controls and resulted in a significant reduction in serum urea concentration, indicating a decrease in amino acid catabolism. Evaluation of body composition indicated a uniform increase in mass, with no organomegaly or associated pathology. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Appl Vet Syst, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Natl Space Biol Res Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Draghia-Akli, R (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 33 TC 80 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1087-0156 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL JI Nat. Biotechnol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 17 IS 12 BP 1179 EP 1183 DI 10.1038/70718 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 264FV UT WOS:000084170700024 PM 10585714 ER PT J AU Cabanillas, HE Bradford, JM Smart, JR AF Cabanillas, HE Bradford, JM Smart, JR TI Effect of tillage system, soil type, crop stand, and crop sequence on reniform nematodes after harvest SO NEMATROPICA LA English DT Article DE conservation tillage; crop rotation; cultural control; no-till; Rotylenchulus reniformis; soil type; tillage ID ROTYLENCHULUS-RENIFORMIS; NO-TILLAGE; STEINERNEMA-RIOBRAVIS; MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA; POPULATION-DENSITIES; AGROECOSYSTEMS; CORN; IMPACT; COTTON; TEXAS AB Conservation tillage is rapidly being accepted by farmers in the United States because of its advantages ol er conventional systems. However, there is limited information about its impact on soil organisms, especially nematodes, which play an important role in crop production. Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of tillage system on nematodes after han-est in relation to soil type, crop stand, and crop sequence at two sites in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas (LRGV). In a dryland site in Willacy Co., neither conventional tillage nor conservation minimum tillage systems affected the numbers of free-living (36 vs 27 nematodes/100cm(3) soil): and reniform nematodes, Rotylenchulus reniformis (2 vs 9 nematodes/100cm(3) soil). Although the number of free-living nematodes (25-42 nematodes/100cm(3) soil) was greater than that of R. reniformis (0-7 nematodes/100cc soil), they were not significantly different among soil types. In contrast, at the irrigated Hidalgo Co. site, higher numbers of R. reniformis were found in non-tillage and ridge tillage (118 and 102 nematodes/100cm(3) soil) than the conventional (39 nematodes/100cm(3) soil) systems. Crop sequence impacted nematode population; the highest number of R. reniformis was found in plots where the previous crop was cotton followed by corn (121 nematodes/100cm(3) soil) and the lowest nematode population was in plots with a corn (spring)-fallow (fall) sequence every year (64 nematodes/100cm(3) soil). Neither soil type nor crop stand affected the population of R. reniformis and free-living nematodes after harvest. Predominance of the reniform nematode, though in low numbers, indicates a potential threat for future susceptible crops such as cotton. Apparently, nematode population within a particular tillage system can be managed through crop sequence that includes a non-susceptible crop. Our study provides new information of value in implementing new farming practices and pest management programs in the LRGV of Texas. C1 ARS, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Cabanillas, HE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 4 U2 7 PU ORGANIZATION TROP AMER NEMATOLOGISTS PI AUBURN PA AUBURN UNIV DEPT PLANT PATHOLOGY, AUBURN, AL 36849 USA SN 0099-5444 J9 NEMATROPICA JI Nematropica PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 137 EP 146 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 267YX UT WOS:000084387800001 ER PT J AU Emery, KM Beuselinck, P English, JT AF Emery, KM Beuselinck, P English, JT TI Evaluation of the population dynamics of the forage legume Lotus corniculatus using matrix population models SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE forage ecology; forage legume; Lotus corniculatus (birdsfoot trefoil); matrix population model; population dynamics; population establishment ID BIRDSFOOT-TREFOIL; MANAGEMENT; PLANT AB The population dynamics of perennial crop plants are influenced by numerous factors, including management practices. Conditions in the field vary from year to year, and matrix population models are useful for evaluating population behaviour in relation to environmental variability. In Missouri, the stand persistence of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), a perennial legume, is often limited by disease and poor seed production. A stage-based, matrix population model was developed to evaluate the population dynamics of birdsfoot trefoil in relation to clipping treatment. The plant growth stages represented in the model were seeds, seedlings, mature vegetative and reproductive plants. Two phases of population growth were evaluated in clipped and unclipped stands. Establishment-phase populations were characterized by relatively high mortality and low reproduction. Elasticity analysis indicated that growth of these populations was most sensitive to the survival of vegetative plants. Mature vegetative plants and seeds comprised the majority of surviving individuals in clipped and unclipped populations, respectively; however, establishment-phase populations under both management treatments tended toward extinction. Populations in the post-establishment phase of growth were characterized by relatively low mortality and high reproduction. Population growth in this phase of growth was most sensitive to seed production, and most individuals in these populations were at the seed stage. C1 Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Unit, Columbia, MO USA. RP Emery, KM (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 144 IS 3 BP 549 EP 560 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00540.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 280HG UT WOS:000085095800016 ER PT J AU Hilderbrand, GV Hanley, TA Robbins, CT Schwartz, CC AF Hilderbrand, GV Hanley, TA Robbins, CT Schwartz, CC TI Role of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the flow of marine nitrogen into a terrestrial ecosystem SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE bear; nitrogen; nutrient flow; salmon; spruce ID N-15 NATURAL-ABUNDANCE; STABLE ISOTOPES; PACIFIC SALMON; SYSTEMS; ALASKA AB We quantified the amount, spatial distribution, and importance of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)-derived nitrogen (N) by brown bears (Ursus arctos) on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. We tested and confirmed the hypothesis that the stable isotope signature (delta(15)N) Of N in foliage of white spruce (Picea glauca) was inversely proportional to the distance from salmon-spawning streams (r=-0.99 and P<0.05 in two separate watersheds). Locations of radio-collared brown bears, relative to their distance from a stream, were highly correlated with delta(15)N depletion of foliage across the same gradient (r=-0.98 and -0.96 and P<0.05 in the same two separate watersheds). Mean rates of redistribution of salmon-derived N by adult female brown bears were 37.2+/-2.9 kg/year per bear (range 23.1-56.3), of which 96% (35.7+/-2.7 kg/year per bear) was excreted in urine, 3% (1.1+/-0.1 kg/year per bear) was excreted in feces, and <1% (0.3+/-0.1 kg/year per bear) was retained in the body. On an area basis, salmon-N redistribution rates were as high as 5.1+/-0.7 mg/m(2) per year per bear within 500 m of the stream but dropped off greatly with increasing distance. We estimated that 15.5-17.8% of the total N in spruce foliage within 500 m of the stream was derived from salmon. Of that, bears had distributed 83-84%. Thus, brown bears can be an important vector of salmon-derived N into riparian ecosystems, but their effects are highly variable spatially and a function of bear density. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Zool, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Hilderbrand, GV (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, 333 Raspberry Rd, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. NR 27 TC 144 Z9 147 U1 5 U2 60 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD DEC PY 1999 VL 121 IS 4 BP 546 EP 550 DI 10.1007/s004420050961 PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 273VJ UT WOS:000084728300012 PM 28308364 ER PT J AU Swanson, FJ AF Swanson, FJ TI Not just trees: The legacy of a Douglas-fir forest SO OREGON HISTORICAL QUARTERLY LA English DT Book Review C1 USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Swanson, FJ (reprint author), USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, OR USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OREGON HISTORICAL SOC PI PORTLAND PA 1230 SW PARK AVE, PORTLAND, OR 97205 USA SN 0030-4727 J9 OREG HIST QUART JI Oregon Hist. Q. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 100 IS 4 BP 462 EP 463 PG 2 WC History SC History GA 302FP UT WOS:000086355300009 ER PT J AU Butt, KR Shipitalo, MJ Bohlen, PJ Edwards, WM Parmelee, RW AF Butt, KR Shipitalo, MJ Bohlen, PJ Edwards, WM Parmelee, RW TI Long-term trends in earthworm populations of cropped experimental watersheds in Ohio, USA SO PEDOBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE earthworm populations; experimental watersheds; Lumbricus terrestris; monitoring AB Earthworm communities in 7 experimental watersheds at Coshocton, Ohio were monitored twice annually (Spring and Autumn) for 5 years (1990-94). Sampling by formalin extraction was undertaken along a transect running up slope within the small (0.5-0.7 ha) watersheds that were used for row crop production under a variety of tillage practices. Six earthworm species were found: Aporrectodea turgida, A. trapezoides, Lumbricus rubellus, and Octolasion tyrtaeum present in all watersheds, plus A. tuberculata and L. terrestris with restricted distributions. In individual watersheds, earthworm density was lowest at 3 m(-2) (Autumn 1991) and highest at 397 m(-2) (Spring 1994), with overall watershed averages fluctuating between 55 and 247 m(-2). Tillage practice and crop type did not have, a significant effect on earthworm numbers (p > 0.05). Equally, position along the transect was not significant for all watersheds, however, in some years (e. g. 1991) more worms were found towards the slope bottom. This suggested a link with rainfall but no significant correlations were found between recorded rainfall and earthworm numbers over the 5 year period. Additional sampling during Spring 1994 using a combination of formalin extraction and hand-sorting revealed that some populations may have been underestimated by 75 % (this difference mainly due to the smaller species), but overall no significant differences were recorded (p > 0.05) for biomass or density. The presence of deep burrowing species has a marked effect on rainfall infiltration. Therefore, attempts were made to establish L. terrestris in one watershed where it was previously absent. These proved unsuccessful, even though a number of techniques were used. This indicated that the distribution of earthworms within this system was not simply a factor of colonisation ability. C1 Univ Cent Lancashire, Dept Environm Management, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancs, England. USDA, ARS, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Butt, KR (reprint author), Univ Cent Lancashire, Dept Environm Management, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancs, England. EM k.r.butt@uclan.ac.uk OI Shipitalo, Martin/0000-0003-4775-7345; Butt, Kevin/0000-0003-0886-7795 NR 10 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0031-4056 J9 PEDOBIOLOGIA JI Pedobiologia PD DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 6 BP 713 EP 719 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 275QW UT WOS:000084831700033 ER PT J AU Shipitalo, MJ Butt, KR AF Shipitalo, MJ Butt, KR TI Occupancy and geometrical properties of Lumbricus terrestris L-burrows affecting infiltration SO PEDOBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE burrow morphology; earthworms; macropores; preferential flow ID SURFACE-APPLIED CHEMICALS; EARTHWORM BURROWS; CYLINDRICAL MACROPORES; SOIL; WATER; CHANNELS; TILLAGE; FLOW; TRANSPORT; MOVEMENT AB Substitution of conservation tillage for conventional tillage practices can greatly decrease runoff and losses of soil, nutrients, and pesticides in overland flow. Earthworm populations also frequently increase with a reduction in tillage: intensity, which suggests that their effects on soil structure and porosity may contribute to the decrease in runoff. In particular, the size and number of L. terrestris burrows found in some agricultural fields suggest that they may have a major impact on hydrology. In fact, a number of studies have documented rapid transmission of water and surface-applied agricultural chemicals in L. terrestris burrows. Most studies, however, have been conducted on unoccupied burrows and the techniques used disrupt natural low, which raises concern that their contribution to water and chemical movement may be overestimated. In this study, we used a Mariotte device to measure infiltration into active L. terrestris burrows in Coshocton, Ohio, USA and Bilsborrow, Lancashire, UK. Earthworms were expelled from some of the burrows prior to conducting the infiltration experiments. Afterwards, plastic replicas of the burrows were made so depth, length, volume, and diameter could be determined. Average infiltration rates were highly variable (19-1005 mt min(-1) per burrow), but greatly exceeded what would be expected under natural rainfall. The presence of a live L. terrestris had little, if any, effect on infiltration. No significant correlations (P less than or equal to 0.05) between infiltration rate and burrow geometrical properties or earthworm weight were detected. These results suggest that high infiltration rates measured in burrows via other methods are realistic, but that models based on burrow geometrical properties are unlikely to accurately predict infiltration for soils similar to those investigated. C1 USDA ARS, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. Univ Cent Lancashire, Dept Environm Management, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancs, England. RP Shipitalo, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 488, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. OI Shipitalo, Martin/0000-0003-4775-7345; Butt, Kevin/0000-0003-0886-7795 NR 35 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 2 U2 25 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0031-4056 J9 PEDOBIOLOGIA JI Pedobiologia PD DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 6 BP 782 EP 794 PG 13 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 275QW UT WOS:000084831700044 ER PT J AU Jordan, D Hubbard, VC Ponder, F Berry, EC AF Jordan, D Hubbard, VC Ponder, F Berry, EC TI Effect of soil compaction and organic matter removal on two earthworm populations and some soil properties in a hardwood forest SO PEDOBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE earthworm; organic matter; compaction; hardwood AB Earthworms can alter the physical, chemical, and biological properties of a forest ecosystem. Any physical manipulation to the soil ecosystem may, in turn, affect the activities and ecology of earthworms. The effects of organic matter removal (logs and forest floor) and soil compaction on earthworm activities were measured in a central hardwood region (oak-hickory) forest in the Missouri Ozarks. Soils in this region are characterized by a cherty residuum that is primarily of the Clarksville series (Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Paledults). Earthworms were collected from a 15 cm depth each spring and fall for 2 years by the handsorting method and estimated on a per meter square basis. Two earthworm species, Diplocardia ornata and Diplocardia smithii, were the most dominant native species found in the site. Organic matter removal decreased the average individual biomass of both species. However, these species responded differently to soil compaction. Soil compaction affected D. ornata adversely and D. smithii favorably. This suggests that the degree of soil compaction was not restrictive to D. smithii (2-mm die) but it was to D ornata (5 mm dia). Moreover, the apparent better soil environmental conditions resulting from the remaining organic matter in compacted soil enhanced D. smithii population anti, growth. Sampling position affected D. ornata but not D. smithii. Other factors influencing the ecology and activity of these two species will require further study. C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Jefferson City, MO USA. Lincoln Univ, Jefferson City, MO USA. USDA, ARS, Ames, IA USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Jordan, D (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI hubbard, Victoria/N-8938-2014 NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0031-4056 J9 PEDOBIOLOGIA JI Pedobiologia PD DEC PY 1999 VL 43 IS 6 BP 802 EP 807 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 275QW UT WOS:000084831700046 ER PT J AU Martinez, A Elsasser, TH Bhathena, SJ Pio, R Buchanan, TA Macri, CJ Cuttitta, F AF Martinez, A Elsasser, TH Bhathena, SJ Pio, R Buchanan, TA Macri, CJ Cuttitta, F TI Is adrenomedullin a causal agent in some cases of type 2 diabetes? SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Article DE adrenomedullin; gastational diabetes; radioimmunoassay; glucose tolerance; glycemia regulation; diabetic rat model ID INSULIN-SECRETION; PLASMA ADRENOMEDULLIN; GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; HYPOTENSIVE PEPTIDE; CAMP ACCUMULATION; EXPRESSION; MELLITUS; RAT; COMPLICATIONS; HYPERTENSION AB The study of two populations with a recent onset of type 2 diabetes showed that a subset of the patients had higher levels of adrenomedullin (AM) than the rest of the diabetics. In this subset, physiological elevations of AM might have triggered the disease in predisposed individuals. Diabetics showed higher levels of AM than healthy controls. In addition, glycemia was measured in diabetic rats after injection of saline, AM, or antiAM antibody. AM elevated glycemia, whereas the antibody reduced circulating glucose to normal. These results suggest that manipulation of AM levels could represent a new approach in the management of diabetes for the appropriate individuals. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 NCI, Dept Cell & Canc Biol, Med Branch, Div Clin Sci,NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ So Calif, Sch Med, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. Univ So Calif, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. RP Martinez, A (reprint author), NCI, Dept Cell & Canc Biol, Med Branch, Div Clin Sci,NIH, Bldg 10,Room 13N262, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Martinez, Alfredo/A-3077-2013 OI Martinez, Alfredo/0000-0003-4882-4044 NR 49 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PD DEC PY 1999 VL 20 IS 12 BP 1471 EP 1478 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(99)00158-8 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 283FH UT WOS:000085265100011 PM 10698123 ER PT J AU Sicher, RC Bunce, JA AF Sicher, RC Bunce, JA TI Photosynthetic enhancement and conductance to water vapor of field-grown Solanum tuberosum (L.) in response to CO2 enrichment SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE elevated carbon dioxide; feedback inhibition; leaf starch; photosynthetic acclimation; potato (Solanum tuberosum); Rubisco activity ID CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION; ELEVATED CO2; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; RUBISCO ACTIVITY; ACCLIMATION; WHEAT; LEAVES; LIMITATION; BINDING AB The photosynthetic responses of potato [Solanum tuberosum (L.)] to CO2 enrichment were studied in open-topped field chambers. Plants were raised in 2.4 m(2) plastic enclosures over three growing seasons from 1996 to 1998. Plots were continuously fertilized with 1, 1.5 and 2 times ambient daytime CO2. These were the low (L), medium (M) and high (H) CO2 treatments, respectively. Tuber dry matter yields were increased 9 and 40%, respectively, in the M and H treatments compared to the L CO2 treatment. Net photosynthesis (P-n) and conductance to water vapor (g(s)) of upper canopy leaves were measured at 1 or 2-week intervals at the growth CO2 partial pressure and then P-n of plants in the L treatment was determined at 70 Pa CO2 (L-70). Leaflet P-n rates averaged over all measurement dates were 28, 49 and 84% greater, respectively, in the M, H and L-70 CO2 treatments, compared to plants in the L treatment. Changes of P-n in response to the L, M and H CO2 treatments were proportional to increases of internal CO2 (C-i) and at low leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficits mid-day g(s) was inversely related to growth CO2. The ratio of P-n at H compared to L-70 was 0.81 when averaged over all measurement dates. Leaf soluble protein, Rubisco protein and chlorophyll (a + b) levels were unaffected by CO2 treatment. Total Rubisco activity was decreased by CO2 enrichment in 1998, but percent activation was similar in the L, M and H plots. Leaf starch was increased but sucrose, glucose and fructose were unaffected by CO2 treatment. The above findings indicated that a down regulation of P-n in response to elevated CO2 was consistently observed in field-grown potato. This was attributed to a decrease of total Rubisco activity that was potentially due to the presence of inhibitory compounds bound to the active site of the enzyme. The amount of photosynthetic acclimation observed here did not preclude a persistent enhancement of P-n under the elevated CO2 growth conditions. C1 ARS, USDA, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sicher, RC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 046-A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 62 IS 2-3 BP 155 EP 163 DI 10.1023/A:1006327931675 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 305FN UT WOS:000086528900005 ER PT J AU Turano, FJ Muhitch, MJ AF Turano, FJ Muhitch, MJ TI Differential accumulation of ferredoxin- and NADH-dependent glutamate synthase activities, peptides, and transcripts in developing soybean seedlings in response to light, nitrogen, and nodulation SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID HIGHER-PLANTS; ARABIDOPSIS MUTANTS; MOLECULAR-CLONING; EXPRESSION; ASSIMILATION; GENES; CDNA; DEHYDROGENASE; PURIFICATION; COTYLEDONS AB Soybean (Glycine mns [L.] Merr. cv, Century) seedlings were germinated in vermiculite, sub-irrigated with a complete nutrient solution, without nitrogen or supplemented with 10 mM KNO3, 5 mM (NH4)(2)SO4, or 5 mM NH4NO3, After 14 days in the light, or 5 days in the dark, tissues from different organs were harvested separately. Similarly, tissues from different organs from 14- or 21-day-old nodulated or non-nodulated soybean seedlings, maintained in the absence of nitrogen, were harvested. Proteins and total RNA were isolated from the different plant organs and used for immunoblot and RNA blot analyses, respectively. Protein or RNA blots were separately incubated with antisera or hybridized with probes specific for either ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT) or NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT), The specific activity and the abundance of the Fd-GOGAT peptide and transcript increased, approximately 3-10 times, in cotyledons and hypocotyls/stems in plants germinated in the light compared with those germinated in the dark. Fd-GOGAT activity, peptide, and transcript were highest in leaves. Except for increases in the specific activity of samples from roots treated with (NH4)(2)SO4 or NH4NO3, there mere minor or no changes in Fd-GOGAT activity, peptide and transcript among organs of seedlings treated with different nitrogen sources or by nodulation, Low levels of NADH-GOGAT transcript were detected in all organs. NADH-GOGAT activity, peptide, and transcript increased in roots of seedlings treated with different nitrogen sources, but these changes were more apparent on RNA blots versus immunoblots, The highest NADH-GOGAT activity and most abundant amounts of the peptide and transcript were observed in nodules, Despite being induced by different environmental factors, both GOGAT activities are controlled, at least in part, by either gene expression or by RNA stability, because in most instances, both isoenzymes exhibited paralleled changes in specific activity and the abundance of their corresponding peptides acid transcripts on immunoblot and RNA blots, respectively. However, there were some exceptions to the parallel increases in specific activities, peptides and transcripts which suggest that posttranslational modification may also regulate the activties of the two GOGAT isoforms, Collectively, the results presented here suggest that the two GOGAT isoforms have distinct physiological functions in soybean. C1 USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Turano, FJ (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 2023 G St NW, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 4 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 107 IS 4 BP 407 EP 418 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.100406.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 276RP UT WOS:000084891400006 ER PT J AU Mattoo, AK Giardi, MT Raskind, A Edelman, M AF Mattoo, AK Giardi, MT Raskind, A Edelman, M TI Dynamic metabolism of photosystem II reaction center proteins and pigments SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID INDUCED D1-PROTEIN DEGRADATION; REACTION-CENTER SUBUNITS; D1 PROTEIN; CHLAMYDOMONAS-REINHARDTII; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; D2 PROTEIN; PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS; 32-KILODALTON PROTEIN; CHLOROPLAST MEMBRANE AB Photosystem II (PSII) reaction center is an intrinsic membrane-protein complex in the chloroplast that catalyzes primary charge separation between P680, a chlorophyll a dimer, and the primary quinone acceptor Q(A), This supramolecular protein complex consists of D1, D2, alpha and beta subunits of cytochrome b(559), the psbI gene product, and a few low molecular mass proteins. Ligated to this complex are pigments: chlorophyll a, pheophytin a, B-carotenes, and non-heme iron, One of the major outcomes of light-mediated photochemistry is the fact that in the light, D1 protein is rapidly turned over compared to the other proteins of the reaction center; the relative lability of proteins being: D1 much greater than D2 > Cyt b(559). D1 degradation in visible light exhibits complex, multiphasic kinetics, D1 degradation can be uncoupled from photosynthetic electron transport, which suggests that degradation may perform some separate function(s) beyond maintaining photosynthetic activity. The presence of a physiologically relevant level of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation in a background of photosynthetically active radiation stimulates D1/D2 heterodimer degradation in a synergistic manner. D1 undergoes several post-translational modifications including N-acetylation, phosphorylation, and paltmitoylation, Light-dependent phosphorylation of DI occurs in all flowering plants but not in the green alga Clamydomonas or in cyanobacteria, and the same may be true for D2, The roles of these modifications in D1/D2 assembly, turnover, or function are still a matter of conjecture. Nor do we yet know shout the fate of the liganded pigments, such as the chlorophyll and carotenoids bound to the reaction center proteins, Environmental extremes that negatively impact photosynthesis seem to involve D1 metabolism, Thus, D1 protein is a major factor of PSII instability, and its replacement after its degradation is a primary component of the PSII repair cycle. C1 USDA, Vegetable Lab, Agr Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. CNR, IBEV, I-00016 Monterotondo, Italy. Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Plant Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. RP Mattoo, AK (reprint author), USDA, Vegetable Lab, Agr Res Ctr W, Bldg 010A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Mattoo, Autar/G-9863-2011; OI Giardi, Maria Teresa/0000-0002-7401-5905 NR 94 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 8 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 107 IS 4 BP 454 EP 461 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.100412.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 276RP UT WOS:000084891400012 ER PT J AU Zeringue, HJ Shih, BY Maskos, K Grimm, D AF Zeringue, HJ Shih, BY Maskos, K Grimm, D TI Identification of the bright-greenish-yellow-fluorescence (BGY-F) compound on cotton lint associated with aflatoxin contamination in cottonseed SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum L; Malvaceae; bright-greenish-yellow fluoresence (BGY-F); Aspergillus flavus; aflatoxin; HPLC-UV/F-MS; NMR; kojic acid; kojic acid dimer ID C-13 ASSIGNMENTS; H-1; NMR AB In order to characterize the structure of the bright-greenish-yellow-fluorescence (BGY-F) compound on cotton lint associated with aflatoxin contamination in cotton seed, various, in vitro and in vivo natural BGY-F reaction products were prepared. Under similar high pressure liquid chromatography separation with variable wavelength and programmable fluorescence detection (HPLC-UV/FL), combined with atmospheric pressure ionization and mass spectral determinations it was found that the BGY-F reaction products prepared from three preparations: (a) kojic acid (KA) + peroxidase (soybean peroxide or horseradish type VI and type II) + H2O2, or (b) detached fresh cotton locules + KA + H2O2, or (c) attached field cotton locules that were treated with a spore suspension of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus, all resulted in identical chromatographic characteristics, and all exhibited a molecular weight of 282. Further characterization of the BGY-F reaction product with H-1- and C-13-NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed that it was a dehydrogenator dimer of 2 KA, linked through the C-6 positions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Tulane Univ, Coordinated Instrumentat Facil, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RP Zeringue, HJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD DEC PY 1999 VL 52 IS 8 BP 1391 EP 1397 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00432-X PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 273EL UT WOS:000084694900002 PM 10647218 ER PT J AU Larkin, RP Fravel, DR AF Larkin, RP Fravel, DR TI Mechanisms of action and dose-response relationships governing biological control of fusarium wilt of tomato by nonpathogenic Fusarium spp. SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE; PLANT-PATHOGENS; BIOCONTROL AGENT; SUPPRESSIVE SOIL; OXYSPORUM; PSEUDOMONAS; CUCUMBER; MICROORGANISMS; WATERMELON; INDUCTION AB Three isolates of nonpathogenic Fusarium spp. (CS-1, CS-20, and Fo47), previously shown to reduce the incidence of Fusarium wilt diseases of multiple crops, were evaluated to determine their mechanisms of action and antagonist-pathogen inoculum density relationships. Competition for nutrients, as represented by a reduction in pathogen saprophytic growth in the presence of the biocontrol isolates, was observed to be an important mechanism of action for isolate Fo47, but not for isolates CS-I and CS-20. All three biocontrol isolates demonstrated some degree of induced systemic resistance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) plants, as determined by split-root tests, but varied in their relative abilities to reduce disease. Isolate CS-20 provided the most effective control (39 to 53% disease reduction), while Fo47 provided the least effective control (23 to 25% reduction) in split-root tests. Dose-response relationships also differed considerably among the three biocontrol isolates, with CS-20 significantly reducing disease incidence at antagonist doses as low as 100 chlamydospores per g of soil (egs) and at pathogen densities up to 10(5) cgs. Isolate CS-1 also was generally effective at antagonist densities of 100 to 5,000 cgs, but only when pathogen densities were below 10(4) cgs. Isolate Fo47 was effective only at antagonist densities of 10(4) to 10(5) cgs, regardless of pathogen density. Epidemiological dose-response models (described by linear, negative exponential, hyperbolic saturation [HS], and logistic [LG] functions) fit to the observed data were used to quantify differences among the biocontrol isolates and establish biocontrol characteristics. Each isolate required a different model to best describe its dose-response characteristics, with the HS/HS, LG/HS, and LG/LG models (pathogen/biocontrol components) providing the best fit for isolates CS-1, CS-20, and Fo47, respectively. Model parameters defining effective biocontrol dose (ED(50)) indicated an ED(50) of 2.6, 36.3, and 2.1 x 10(6) cgs and estimates of biocontrol efficiency of 0.229, 0.539, and 0.774 for isolates CS-I, CS-20, and Fo47, respectively. Differences in dose-response relationships among the biocontrol isolates were attributed to differences in their mechanisms of action, with CS-20 and CS-I functioning primarily by induced resistance and Fo47 functioning primarily by competition for nutrients. C1 USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Larkin, RP (reprint author), Univ Maine, USDA ARS, New England Plant Soil & Water Lab, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM larkin@maine.edu NR 35 TC 109 Z9 126 U1 4 U2 24 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 1999 VL 89 IS 12 BP 1152 EP 1161 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.12.1152 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 259XG UT WOS:000083918800008 PM 18944639 ER PT J AU Stockwell, VO McLaughlin, RJ Henkels, MD Loper, JE Sugar, D Roberts, RG AF Stockwell, VO McLaughlin, RJ Henkels, MD Loper, JE Sugar, D Roberts, RG TI Epiphytic colonization of pear stigmas and hypanthia by bacteria during primary bloom SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; Erwinia amylovora; fire blight; microbial ecology; Pyrus spp ID ERWINIA-AMYLOVORA; FIRE BLIGHT; PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; APPLE BLOSSOMS; ANTAGONISTS; LEAVES; ESTABLISHMENT; ANTIBIOTICS AB Pear blossoms were sampled during various stages of bloom in 1991 and 1992 from orchards at Cashmere, WA, and Corvallis and Medford, OR, for epiphytic populations of culturable bacteria. On stigmatic surfaces, bacteria were isolated from 2 to 32% of blossoms prior to petal expansion and from 47 to 94% of blossoms by petal fall. In general, a lower percentage of hypanthia than stigmas supported bacterial populations. Randomly selected bacteria isolated at population levels of greater than or equal to 10(4) CFU/tissue were identified by fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Diverse genera of gram-negative and -positive bacteria were identified from the Medford and Cashmere field sites. Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas viridiflava were isolated from all sites and were the predominant species detected at Corvallis, where they were isolated from 28% of the blossoms sampled on a given date. Because most pear blossoms do not support detectable populations (greater than or equal to 10(2) CFU/tissue) of culturable bacteria prior to petal expansion, we speculate that introduced biocontrol agents may become established with minimal competition from indigenous epiphytes at early bloom stages. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Oregon State Univ, So Oregon Res & Extens Ctr, Medford, OR 97502 USA. RP Stockwell, VO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 43 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 1999 VL 89 IS 12 BP 1162 EP 1168 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.12.1162 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 259XG UT WOS:000083918800009 PM 18944640 ER PT J AU Choi, IR French, R Hein, GL Stenger, DC AF Choi, IR French, R Hein, GL Stenger, DC TI Fully biologically active in vitro transcripts of the eriophyid mite-transmitted wheat streak mosaic tritimovirus SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INFECTIOUS INVITRO TRANSCRIPTS; LENGTH CDNA CLONE; POTATO-VIRUS-Y; IN-VIVO; POTYVIRUS; INSERTION; RYMOVIRUS; SEQUENCE; PROMOTER AB Infectious RNA of wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) has been produced using a full-length cDNA clone as a template for in vitro transcription with SP6 RNA polymerase. Infectivity was dependent on the use of template plasmid DNA that had not undergone spontaneous rearrangement during amplification in Escherichia coli. The presence of WSMV in systemically infected wheat plants inoculated with in vitro transcripts was confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of the WSMV P3 gene and by accumulation of WSMV coat protein as detected by immunoblotting. Maintenance of the full-length WSMV cDNA in the high copy number plasmid pUC18 was problematic because of spontaneous rearrangement of WSMV sequences during growth in liquid media for more than similar to 8 h or if the clone was subcultured. Stability of the WSMV cDNA clone was improved by the use of the low copy number plasmid pACYC177, and it could be grown in large scale volumes (up to I liter) of liquid culture for similar to 14 h without noticeable rearrangements. Both the original WSMV culture and the progeny virus derived from infectious in vitro transcripts were efficiently transmitted by the natural eriophyid mite vector Aceria tosichella. This is the first report of infectious in vitro transcripts for any eriophyid mite-transmitted plant virus and represents the only monopartite member of the family Potyviridae infecting monocotyledonous hosts for which infectious in vitro transcripts are available. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Physiol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Panhandle Res & Extens Ctr, Scottsbluff, NE 69361 USA. RP Stenger, DC (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 15 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 1999 VL 89 IS 12 BP 1182 EP 1185 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.12.1182 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 259XG UT WOS:000083918800012 PM 18944643 ER PT J AU Timper, P Riggs, RD Crippen, DL AF Timper, P Riggs, RD Crippen, DL TI Parasitism of sedentary stages of Heterodera glycines by isolates of a sterile nematophagous fungus SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE efficacy; soybean cyst nematode ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; NEMATODES; EFFICACY; AGENT; ARF18 AB Isolates of a sterile fungus designated ARF (Arkansas fungus) can be separated into two groups, ARF-C and ARF-L, that differ morphologically and in their ability to suppress numbers of Heterodera glycines on soybean. Our objectives were to determine if the two ARF groups differed in their ability to parasitize juveniles, females, and eggs in the rhizosphere of soybean and to proliferate in soil. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse using soil infested with homogenized ARF mycelium. The ARF-L isolates parasitized more juveniles and young females than did the ARF-C isolates. Suppression of these stages was 67% for ARF-L and 12% for ARF-C isolates 14 days after nematode inoculation. When soybean plants containing gravid females were transplanted into fungus-infested soil, ARF-L isolates parasitized 55 to 98% of nematode eggs, whereas ARF-C isolates parasitized 0 to 22%. In both heat-treated and nonheated soil, the biomass of mycelial mats, a measure of relative proliferation, tended to be greater for ARF-L than for ARF-C isolates. The ability of ARF-L isolates to parasitize a large percentage of both prereproductive stages and eggs of H. glycines may contribute to its effectiveness as a biological control agent. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Plant Pathol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Timper, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nematodes Weeds & Crops Res Unit, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 1999 VL 89 IS 12 BP 1193 EP 1199 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.12.1193 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 259XG UT WOS:000083918800014 PM 18944645 ER PT J AU Hoang, CV Wessler, HG Local, A Turley, RB Benjamin, RC Chapman, KD AF Hoang, CV Wessler, HG Local, A Turley, RB Benjamin, RC Chapman, KD TI Identification and expression of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plastidial carbonic anhydrase SO PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.); enzyme activity; plant gene expression; plastidial carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1); sulfonamide inhibitors ID CHLAMYDOMONAS-REINHARDTII; CO2 CONCENTRATION; BUNDLE-SHEATH; EVOLUTION; MECHANISM; SPINACH; CLONING; PLANTS AB Fear carbonic anhydrase (CA) cDNA clones were isolated from a 48 h dark-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedling cDNA library, Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed, two different CA isoforms designated GhCA1 and GhCA2. The encoded polypeptides possess N-terminal serine/threonine-rich regions indicative of plastid transit peptides, and approximately 80% sequence identity to other plant plastidial beta-CAs, The GhCA1 cDNA encodes a nearly complete preprotein of 323 amino acids with a molecular mass of 34.9 kDa and a predicted mature protein of 224 amino acids with a molecular mass of 24.3 kDa. Eleven nucleotide differences within ORFs of GhCA1 and GhCA2 result in 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. The 3' GhCA2 untranslated region contains five additional substitutions and one single nucleotide addition. GhCA1 clones, nearly full-length or with 70% of the transit peptide deleted, were expressed as LacZa fusion proteins in E. coli. Lysates of these strains contained 9-fold higher levels of CA activity as compared to untransformed controls and this activity was inhibited by CA-specific inhibitors. Sulfanilamide, acetazolamide, ethoxyzolamide, each at 10 mM, inhibited recombinant CA activity approximately 50%, 65%, and 75%, respectively. In plant tissue homogenates these inhibitors reduced CA activity by 50%, 70%, and 95%, respectively. Although CA activity was highest in extracts of mature cotton leaves, probing total RNA with GhCA1 revealed CA transcript levels to be highest in, the cotyledons of dark-grown cotton seedlings. Collectively, our data indicate the presence of a plastid-localized CA in cotyledons of germinated seeds, suggesting a role for GA in postgerminative growth. C1 Univ N Texas, Dept Biol Sci, Denton, TX 76203 USA. ARS, USDA, Stoneville, MS USA. RP Chapman, KD (reprint author), Univ N Texas, Dept Biol Sci, Denton, TX 76203 USA. NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU JAPANESE SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI KYOTO PA SHIMOTACHIURI OGAWA HIGASHI KAMIKYOKU, KYOTO, 602, JAPAN SN 0032-0781 J9 PLANT CELL PHYSIOL JI Plant Cell Physiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 40 IS 12 BP 1262 EP 1270 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 268CT UT WOS:000084397300009 PM 10682348 ER PT J AU Kimber, A Crumpton, WG Parkin, TB Spalding, MH AF Kimber, A Crumpton, WG Parkin, TB Spalding, MH TI Sediment as a carbon source for the submersed macrophyte Vallisneria SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE delta C-13; sediment CO2; submersed macrophyte ID POTAMOGETON-PERFOLIATUS L; FRESH-WATER MACROPHYTES; AQUATIC MACROPHYTES; FONTINALIS-ANTIPYRETICA; ZOSTERA-MARINA; OXYGEN RELEASE; ISOTOPE RATIO; PLANTS; ROOTS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Carbon assimilation by submersed macrophytes is potentially limited by low CO2 availability, Since sediment CO2 concentrations are typically much higher than water column concentrations, a strategy for sediment CO2 assimilation would be advantageous. The network of interconnected lacunae in macrophytes provides a pathway and reservoir for CO2 that may come from the sediments. We report very high concentrations of CO2 in leaf lacunae of the submersed macrophyte Vallisneria that do not vary with light/dark cycles (in contrast to diurnal changes in internal O-2 concentrations), The gradient of CO2 concentration from leaf base to leaf tip is similar to the gradient in CH4 concentration and opposite to the gradient in O-2 concentrations in the same leaf samples, suggesting influx of CO2 and CH4 from the sediments. Further, plants grown in sediments with contrasting delta(13)C values have leaf and lacunar gas delta(13)C values that reflect the delta(13)C value of sediment pore-water rather than the water column and indicate that the majority of carbon fixed is sediment-derived. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Bot, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Kimber, A (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Bot, 353 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 22 IS 12 BP 1595 EP 1600 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 278LQ UT WOS:000084991600012 ER PT J AU Schaad, NW Berthier-Schaad, Y Sechler, A Knorr, D AF Schaad, NW Berthier-Schaad, Y Sechler, A Knorr, D TI Detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp sepedonicus in potato tubers by BIO-PCR and an automated real-time fluorescence detection system SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SYRINGAE PV PHASEOLICOLA; BACTERIAL RING ROT; BEAN SEED; DNA; AMPLIFICATION; HYBRIDIZATION; EXTRACTION; SAMPLES; ASSAY AB Ring rot of potato, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, is one of the most regulated diseases of potatoes world wide. The organism is often difficult to detect in symptomless tubers because of low populations and slow competitive growth on available media. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and a fluorescent probe for use in the Perkin Elmer 7700 automated real time PCR detection system (TaqMan) were designed from a C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus-specific genomic DNA fragment for development of a BIO-PCR assay for C. michiganensis subsp, sepedonicus in potato tubers. Results of screening the primers with strains of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus and other bacteria showed the primers to be specific. A total of 30 naturally infected ring rot suspect tubers were sampled by the core extract, shaker incubation procedure and assayed by (i) plating aliquots onto agar media, (ii) classical PCR, and (iii) BIO-PCR. In all, 4 tubers were positive by agar plating and pathogenicity tests, 8 by classical TaqMan PCR, and 26 by TaqMan BIO-PCR. We conclude that BIO-PCR combined with the TaqMan automated closed detection system is a rapid, reliable method of assaying large numbers of potato tuber extracts for C, michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. Furthermore, for a large central laboratory running large numbers of PCR assays, the high-throughput TaqMan system can reduce costs per sample over the more labor-intensive classical PCR. C1 USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Perkin Elmer Corp, Foster City, CA USA. RP Schaad, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NR 23 TC 96 Z9 114 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 83 IS 12 BP 1095 EP 1100 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.12.1095 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 258QP UT WOS:000083850100003 ER PT J AU Griffiths, HM Sinclair, WA Boudon-Padieu, E Daire, X Lee, IM Sfalanga, A Bertaccini, A AF Griffiths, HM Sinclair, WA Boudon-Padieu, E Daire, X Lee, IM Sfalanga, A Bertaccini, A TI Phytoplasmas associated with elm yellows: Molecular variability and differentiation from related organisms SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS; GENETIC RELATEDNESS; AMPLIFICATION; CLASSIFICATION; DNA; ASH AB Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses were performed on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplimers of phytoplasmal DNA from eight samples obtained from Ulmus spp. (elms) affected by elm yellows (EY) in Italy and the United States, from Catharanthus roseus infected with strain EY1, and from five other plant species infected with phytoplasmas of the EY group sensu late (group 16SrV). RFLP profiles obtained with restriction enzyme TaqI from ribosomal DNA amplified with primer pair P1/P7 differentiated elm-associated phytoplasmas from strains originally detected in Apocynum cannabinum, Prunus spp., Rubus fruticosus, Vitis vinifera, and Ziziphus jujuba. RFLP profiles obtained similarly with BfaI differentiated strains from A. cannabinum and V. vinifera from other phytoplasmas of group 16SrV. Elm-associated strains from within the United States had two RFLP patterns in ribosomal DNA based on presence or absence of an RsaI site in the 16S-23S spacer. Elm-associated phytoplasma strains from Italy were distinguished from those of American origin by RFLPs obtained with MseI in the same fragment of non-ribosomal DNA. Strain HD1, which was discovered in A. cannabinum associated with EY-diseased elms in New York State, was unique among the strains studied. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. INRA, Stn Rech Phytoplasmes, F-21034 Dijon, France. USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Florence, Ist Patol & Zool Forestale & Agraria, I-50100 Florence, Italy. Univ Bologna, Ist Patol Vegetale, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. RP Griffiths, HM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 24 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 83 IS 12 BP 1101 EP 1104 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.12.1101 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 258QP UT WOS:000083850100004 ER PT J AU Mueller, DS Hartman, GL Pedersen, WL AF Mueller, DS Hartman, GL Pedersen, WL TI Development of sclerotia and apothecia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from infected soybean seed and its control by fungicide seed treatment SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Field and laboratory studies were done to evaluate the development of sclerotia and apothecia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from soybeans and its control with fungicide seed treatment. Soybean seed infected with S. sclerotiorum produced mycelia on both seed coats and cotyledons after 48 h on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Obviously infected soybean seed also were placed in aluminum pans containing field soil and placed in soybean fields near Urbana, Illinois and Clinton, Wisconsin. In 1997, a total of 553 sclerotia, 20 stipes, and 10 apothecia were produced from 500 infected seeds. In 1998, 201 sclerotia and 22 stipes were produced, but no apothecia were observed from the 500 infected seeds. Fludioxonil was the most effective fungicide for reducing radial growth of S, sclerotiorum on PDA plates and suppressed 99% of the radial growth at 0.1 mu g a.i./ml. S, sclerotiorum was recovered from 2% of soybean seed lots containing infected seed. When this seed lot was treated with several fungicides, captan + pentachloronitrobenzene + thiabendazole and fludioxonil completely inhibited mycelial growth from infected seed; thiram and thiabendazole each reduced recovery of S. sclerotiorum by 90%. In the field, 754 sclerotia and 10 apothecia were produced from 1,000 infected seeds over a two-year period. When evaluating fungicide control in the field, thiram, fludioxonil, and captan + pentachloronitrobenzene + thiabendazole reduced sclerotia formation from infected seed by more than 98%. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Pedersen, WL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 83 IS 12 BP 1113 EP 1115 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.12.1113 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 258QP UT WOS:000083850100007 ER PT J AU Wicklow, DT AF Wicklow, DT TI Influence of Aspergillus flavus strains on aflatoxin and bright greenish yellow fluorescence of corn kernels SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE kojic acid; maize; mycotoxin; resistance; seed coat; temperature ID FIELD INOCULATION TECHNIQUES; EAR ROT; MAIZE; INFECTION; CONTAMINATION; PATHOGENESIS AB The objective of this study was to relate the diversity of a naturally occurring population of Aspergillus flavus to their ability to contaminate grain with aflatoxin and produce bright greenish yellow fluorescent (BGYF) kernels. A total of 19 strains of A. flavus isolated from a corn field near Kilbourne, Illinois were used as inoculum, including 16 genotypes (DNA fingerprinting), and representing both aflatoxin producers and non-producers. A commercial corn hybrid (Pioneer 3394) was grown in this field in 1996 and 1998. A total of 20 ears in the late-milk to early-dough stage of maturity were inoculated with each A. flavus strain using a toothpick-wound procedure. At harvest, 20 to 24 of the kernels nearest to each wounded site were separated into three categories: wound-inoculated kernels, intact BGYF kernels, and all other intact kernels. Sample weights of intact BGYF kernels in 1996 and 1998 grain samples averaged 5.0 and 9.5% of the total sample weight, respectively. Aflatoxin-producing strains were associated with a higher frequency (P < 0.05) of BGYF kernels for grain samples harvested in 1998. Removal of the individual wound-inoculated kernels and the intact BGYF kernels from corn ears inoculated with 13 aflatoxin-producing strains of A. flavus lowered mean aflatoxin values from 115 ng/g (range = <1 to 387 ng/g) to 2 ng/g for 1996 grain samples and from 744 ng/g (range = 20 to 1,416 ng/g) to 33 ng/g for 1998 grain samples. Results indicated substantial variation among A. flavus genotypes in their ability to produce aflatoxin in the germ and endosperm of infected BGYF kernels. The naturally occurring A. flavus population may include a majority of strains that produce no aflatoxin but exhibit BGYF and are thus aflatoxin "false positives" when corn grain is examined with an ultraviolet light at 365 nm. Intraspecific competition between aflatoxin-producing and non-producing strains would be expected to naturally suppress the severity of aflatoxin outbreaks within the Midwestern corn belt. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Wicklow, DT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 83 IS 12 BP 1146 EP 1148 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.12.1146 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 258QP UT WOS:000083850100014 ER PT J AU Wetzell, HC Skinner, DZ Tisserat, NA AF Wetzell, HC Skinner, DZ Tisserat, NA TI Geographic distribution and genetic diversity of three Ophiosphaerella species that cause spring dead spot of bermudagrass SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Leptosphaeria korrae; L-narmari ID NECROTIC RING SPOT; LEPTOSPHAERIA-KORRAE; TURFGRASS; POPULATIONS; HERPOTRICHA; DISEASE; FUNGI AB The distribution of three Ophiosphaerella spp, that cause spring dead spot (SDS) of bermudagrass was studied by systematically sampling two golf courses in Oklahoma and one in Kansas. O. herpotricha was isolated from all three locations and was the most abundant species. It was the only SDS pathogen found at Jenks, Oklahoma. O. korrae was isolated from Afton, Oklahoma, and Independence, Kansas, whereas O. narmari was only detected in samples from Afton. This is the first report of all three Ophiosphaerella species on bermudagrass at the same location. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker analysis was used to investigate inter- and intraspecific genetic diversity of Ophiosphaerella isolates from North America and Australia. A majority of the O. herpotricha and O. narmari isolates from Afton were distinct haplotypes, suggesting that sexual recombination was occurring within the population. Conversely, the presence of multiple isolates of O. herpotricha and O. narmari with the same haplotype also indicated that asexual propagation was occurring. The genetic diversity among O. herpotricha isolates from Afton was not distinctly different from that of isolates collected throughout the southern United States. In contrast, O. narmari isolates from Afton were distinct from those collected in Australia. The genetic diversity in O. korrae was markedly different than that in the other Ophiosphaerella spp. The population at Afton was dominated by just a few haplotypes, and these were nearly identical to isolates collected from bermudagrass and Kentucky bluegrass throughout western, central, and northern North America. However, O. korrae isolates collected in the southeastern United States were only distantly similar to other North American isolates. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Tisserat, NA (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 34 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 83 IS 12 BP 1160 EP 1166 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.12.1160 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 258QP UT WOS:000083850100017 ER PT J AU Hoy, JW Grisham, MP Damann, KE AF Hoy, JW Grisham, MP Damann, KE TI Spread and increase of ratoon stunting disease of sugarcane and comparison of disease detection methods SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB The spread and increase of ratoon stunting disease (RSD) resulting from two mechanical harvests were compared in eight sugarcane cultivars at two locations. RSD spread and increase were detected in the ratoon crops grown after each harvest and varied among cultivars and locations. Disease spread and increase were greater in plants grown from stalks collected at the first harvest than in the first ratoon growth from the harvested field. RSD infection was determined using five disease detection methods: alkaline-induced metaxylem autofluorescence; microscopic examination of xylem sap; and dot blot, evaporative-binding, and tissue blot enzyme immunoassays. The tissue blot enzyme immunoassay was the most accurate RSD detection method. The dot blot and evaporative-binding enzyme immunoassays were the least sensitive for detection of RSD-infected stalks, and alkaline-induced metaxylem autofluorescence was least accurate for correct identification of noninfected stalks. The results indicate that disease spread and increase are variable even among cultivars susceptible to yield loss due to RSD, and the greatest threat of disease spread and increase occurs at planting. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70361 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Hoy, JW (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 13 TC 17 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 83 IS 12 BP 1170 EP 1175 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.12.1170 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 258QP UT WOS:000083850100019 ER PT J AU Nuutila, AM Ritala, A Skadsen, RW Mannonen, L Kauppinen, V AF Nuutila, AM Ritala, A Skadsen, RW Mannonen, L Kauppinen, V TI Expression of fungal thermotolerant endo-1,4-beta-glucanase in transgenic barley seeds during germination SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cellulase; heterologous expression; Hordeum vulgare L.; particle bombardment; thermotolerant endo-1,4-beta-glucanase; transgenic barley ID TRICHODERMA-REESEI; FERTILE BARLEY; PROTOPLASTS; DNA; ELECTROPORATION; TRANSFORMATION; BOMBARDMENT; PROMOTER; PLANTS; GENES AB The malting quality of two barley cultivars, Kymppi and Golden Promise, was modified to better meet the requirements of the brewing process. The egl1 gene, coding for fungal thermotolerant endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (EGI, cellulase), was transferred to the cultivars using particle bombardment, and transgenic plants were regenerated on bialaphos selection. Integration of the egl1 gene was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. The transgenic seeds were screened for the expression of the heterologous EGI. Under the high-pI alpha-amylase promoter, the egl1 gene was expressed during germination. The heterologous enzyme was thermotolerant at 65 degrees C for 2 h, thus being suitable for mashing conditions. The amount of heterologous EGI produced by the seeds (ca. 0.025% of soluble seed protein), has been shown to be sufficient to reduce wort viscosity by decreasing the soluble beta-glucan content. A decrease in the soluble beta-glucan content in the wort improves the filtration rate of beer. C1 VTT Biotechnol & Food Res, Espoo 02044, Finland. Natl Food Adm, Helsinki 00531, Finland. ARS, USDA, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Nuutila, AM (reprint author), VTT Biotechnol & Food Res, POB 1500,Tietotie 2, Espoo 02044, Finland. NR 22 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 41 IS 6 BP 777 EP 783 DI 10.1023/A:1006318206471 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 272NB UT WOS:000084655800007 PM 10737142 ER PT J AU Wei, CF Tyree, MT Steudle, E AF Wei, CF Tyree, MT Steudle, E TI Direct measurement of xylem pressure in leaves of intact maize plants. A test of the cohesion-tension theory taking hydraulic architecture into consideration SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DYNAMIC-MODEL; WATER; CONDUCTANCE; RESISTANCE; TRANSPORT; CHAMBER; ASCENT; PROBE; SAP; FLOWMETER AB The water relations of maize (Zea mays L. cv Helix) were documented in terms of hydraulic architecture and xylem pressure. A high-pressure flowmeter was used to characterize the hydraulic resistances of the root, stalk, and leaves. Xylem pressure measurements were made with a Scholander-Hammel pressure bomb and with a cell pressure probe. Evaporation rates were measured by gas exchange and by gravimetric measurements. Xylem pressure was altered by changing the light intensity, by controlling irrigation, or by gas pressure applied to the soil mass (using a root pressure bomb). Xylem pressure measured by the cell pressure probe and by the pressure bomb agreed over the entire measured range of 0 to -0.7 MPa. Experiments were consistent with the cohesion-tension theory. Xylem pressure changed rapidly and reversibly with changes in light intensity and root-bomb pressure. Increasing the root-bomb pressure increased the evaporation rate slightly when xylem pressure was negative and increased water flow rate through the shoots dramatically when xylem pressure was positive and guttation was observed. The hydraulic architecture model could predict all observed changes in water flow rate and xylem. We measured the cavitation threshold for oil- and water-filled pressure probes and provide some suggestions for improvement. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. Univ Vermont, Dept Bot, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. Univ Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Pflanzenokol, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. RP Tyree, MT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 705 Spear St, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. NR 41 TC 82 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 121 IS 4 BP 1191 EP 1205 DI 10.1104/pp.121.4.1191 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 266CA UT WOS:000084282000013 ER PT J AU Canton, FR Quail, PH AF Canton, FR Quail, PH TI Both phyA and phyB mediate light-imposed repression of PHYA gene expression in arabidopsis SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHYTOCHROME-A GENES; TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION; ALTERNATIVE PROMOTERS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PISUM-SATIVUM; NUCLEAR GENE; GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE; MULTIPLE TRANSCRIPTS; START SITES; THALIANA AB The negatively photoregulated PHYA gene has a complex promoter structure in Arabidopsis, with three active transcription start sites. To identify the photoreceptors responsible for regulation of this gene, and to assess the relative roles of the three transcription start sites, we analyzed the changes in PHYA transcript levels in wild-type and photoreceptor mutant seedlings under various irradiation conditions. Continuous far-red or red light exposures each induced a significant decline in transcript levels in wild-type etiolated seedlings. Analysis of mutants specifically lacking either phyA or phyB protein demonstrated that these phytochromes are required for the negative regulation induced by far-red and red light, respectively. Ribonuclease protection experiments showed further that this negative regulation is confined almost exclusively to the shortest, most abundant PHYA transcript, and occurs predominantly in shoots. By contrast, both of the other minor transcripts in shoots, and all three transcripts in roots, exhibit near constitutive expression. This complex expression pattern indicates that the PHYA gene is subject to regulation by multiple signals, including environmental, developmental, and organ-specific signals. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Ruiz Canton, Francisco/L-7520-2014 NR 52 TC 62 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 121 IS 4 BP 1207 EP 1215 DI 10.1104/pp.121.4.1207 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 266CA UT WOS:000084282000014 PM 10594107 ER PT J AU Murphy, AS Eisinger, WR Shaff, JE Kochian, LV Taiz, L AF Murphy, AS Eisinger, WR Shaff, JE Kochian, LV Taiz, L TI Early copper-induced leakage of K+ from Arabidopsis seedlings is mediated by ion channels and coupled to citrate efflux SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SILENE-CUCUBALUS; OXIDATIVE DAMAGE; CELL PLASMALEMMA; ROOTS; TOLERANT; EXPRESSION; ACONITASE; PROTEIN; BINDING; STRESS AB Copper tolerance among Arabidopsis ecotypes is inversely correlated with long-term K+ leakage and positively correlated with short-term K+ leakage (A. Murphy, L. Taiz [1997] New Phytol 136:211-222). To probe the mechanism of the early phase of K+ efflux, we tested various channel blockers on copper and peroxide-induced K+ efflux from seedling roots. The K+ channel blockers tetraethyl ammonium chloride and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) both inhibited short-term copper-induced K+ efflux. In contrast, peroxide-induced K+ efflux was insensitive to both tetraethyl ammonium chloride and 4-AP. Copper-induced lipid peroxidation exhibited a lag time of 4 h, while peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation began immediately. These results suggest that short-term copper-induced K+ efflux is mediated by channels, while peroxide-induced K+ efflux represents leakage through nonspecific lesions in the lipid bilayer. Tracer studies with Rb-86(+) confirmed that copper promotes K+ efflux rather than inhibiting K+ uptake. Short-term K+ release is electroneutral, since electrophysiological measurements indicated that copper does not cause membrane depolarization. Short-term K+ efflux was accompanied by citrate release, and copper increased total citrate levels. Since citrate efflux was blocked by 4-AP, K+ appears to serve as a counterion during copper-induced citrate efflux. As copper but not aluminum selectively induces citrate production and release, it is proposed that copper may inhibit a cytosolic form of aconitase. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Dept Biol, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Taiz, L (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 23 TC 87 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 121 IS 4 BP 1375 EP 1382 DI 10.1104/pp.121.4.1375 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 266CA UT WOS:000084282000032 PM 10594125 ER PT J AU Song, QJ Quigley, CV Nelson, RL Carter, TE Boerma, HR Strachan, JL Cregan, PB AF Song, QJ Quigley, CV Nelson, RL Carter, TE Boerma, HR Strachan, JL Cregan, PB TI A selected set of trinucleotide simple sequence repeat markers for soybean cultivar identification SO PLANT VARIETIES AND SEEDS LA English DT Article ID LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; GENETIC-VARIATION; SSR MARKERS; MICROSATELLITE; DNA; LOCI AB Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars are described for purposes of Plant Variety Protection (PVP) by standard pigmentation and morphological traits. However, many commercial soybeans arise from a limited number of elite lines and ave often indistinguishable based on these traits. A system based an DNA markers could provide unique DNA profiles or fingerprints of cultivars. Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) or microsatellite allele size profiling is used in human forensics to provide unique DNA fingerprints of an individual. Allele sizing technologies are well established and can be readily used to size SSR alleles from any organism. The purpose of the work presented here was to select and evaluate a small set of trinucleotide SSR markers with maximum reliability and repeatability that would provide a high level of discriminatory power to distinguish soybean genotypes. A total of 48 fluorescently labelled SSR primer sets was used to amplify genomic DNA of the 35 ancestors of N American soybeans as well as a diverse group of elite N. American soybean cultivars. Only loci with allele size ranges that showed no overlap in size over a series of analyses and in which adjacent alleles differed by at least three basepairs were maintained for further statistical analysis via a clustering procedure. Cluster analysis was performed on the remaining loci and resulted in the identification of a subset of 13 loci, from 12 different linkage groups, that easily produced unique SSR allele size profiles for each of the 66 elite N. American soybean cultivars. This set of 13 loci wets used to characterise four independent sets of elite cultivars that were selected based upon identical maturity morphological, and pigmentation traits. Based upon these analyses, all cultivars could be distinguished using the set of 13 selected SSR loci. This set of loci is proposed as ct standard set for use in DNA profiling of soybean cultivars for purposes of obtaining PVP. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Agr Mkt Serv, Plant Variety Protect Off, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Song, QJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Bldg 006,Rm 100, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 25 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL INST AGRICULTURAL BOTANY PI CAMBRIDGE PA HUNTINGDON RD, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND CB3 0LE SN 0952-3863 J9 PLANT VAR SEEDS JI Plant Var. Seeds PD DEC PY 1999 VL 12 IS 3 BP 207 EP 220 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 291QM UT WOS:000085747600007 ER PT J AU Huff, WE Huff, GR Clark, FD Moore, PA Rath, NC Balog, JM Barnes, DM Erf, GF Beers, KW AF Huff, WE Huff, GR Clark, FD Moore, PA Rath, NC Balog, JM Barnes, DM Erf, GF Beers, KW TI Research on the probable cause of an outbreak of field rickets in turkeys SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE field rickets; turkeys; poults; feed ID TIBIAL DYSCHONDROPLASIA; STERILE CORN; LEG WEAKNESS; BLOOD-PLASMA; POULTS; CHICKENS; BROILERS AB An outbreak of field rickets in turkeys prompted studies on the cause. Ln Experiment 1, there were four treatments with two replicate pens of 10 poults per pen. The treatments consisted of poults fed newly manufactured feed (control), poults fed a diet containing control feed and 5% clean litter, poults fed control feed and 5% litter from the pens of affected poults, and poults challenged with an intestinal homogenate by gavage. Field rickets did not develop with these treatments. The feed was suspect, and, in Experiment 2, poults were either fed the suspect feed or newly manufactured feed. There were four replicate pens of 25 poults per pen. Poults fed the suspect feed had a decrease (P less than or equal to 0.05) in BW at 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk of age; an increase in the relative weight of the liver, pancreas, kidney, and bursa of Fabricius; acid a decrease in bone ash. There were changes in clinical chemistries. Ln the third study, there were five dietary treatments with two replicate pens of 25 poults per treatment. The treatments consisted of poults fed newly manufactured feed; new feed mixed with 25, 50, or 75% suspect feed; or 100% suspect feed. Body weights of poults fed 100% suspect feed were decreased at 2, 3, and 4 wk as was the relative weight of the liver, pancreas, and bursa of Fabricius. The relative weight of the kidney increased. Lameness, a decrease in bone ash, and changes in hematology and blood chemistry were observed in the poults consuming 100% suspect feed. These data demonstrate that feed from the original outbreak could induce field rickets and was toxic. Because the feed contained adequate vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus, the cause of this outbreak of field rickets is thought to be a toxic feed contaminant affecting bone development. C1 ARS, USDA, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Huff, WE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 78 IS 12 BP 1699 EP 1702 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268KV UT WOS:000084413600008 PM 10626644 ER PT J AU Boothe, DDH Arnold, JW Chew, V AF Boothe, DDH Arnold, JW Chew, V TI Utilization of substrates by bacterial communities (biofilm) as they develop on stored chicken meat samples SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE poultry; biofilms; bacteria; substrate utilization; chicken meat ID CARBON-SOURCE UTILIZATION; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; BIOLOG SYSTEM; PATTERNS; YEASTS AB Understanding and controlling the metabolic processes of microorganisms associated with chicken meat can lead to safer poultry products with a longer shelf life. The objective of the present study was threefold: 1) to determine the feasibility of using 96-well Biolog GN microtiter plates to assess substrate utilization profiles of bacterial communities (biofilm) as they develop on poultry products, 2) to identify substrates metabolized by microbial populations associated with stored chicken meat, and 3) to compare the substrate utilization profiles of biofilm communities as they develop on meat stored: at 4 C (refrigeration temperature) for up to 5 d or at 13 C (a temperature common in poultry processing areas) for 2 d. The protocol used herein for preparing inocula for microplates was acceptable for the collection of optical density values (590 nm) in microplate wells as an indicator of microbial substrate utilization over time. Data from treatment of chicken meat samples using this protocol indicate that most of the 95 substrates tested were metabolized by microbial communities present as early as 1 d after storage at 4 or at 13 C. However, the rapidity (incubation time required for initial substrate utilization) and frequency (percentage of plates positive for transformation of an individual substrate) of metabolism of the substrates by the biofilm communities varied from ii to 164 h of plate incubation and from 17 to 100% of microplates, respectively. At 13 C, polymers were the most rapidly metabolized substrate group, followed by carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, miscellaneous or amino acids, and amides or amines. Initial utilization of these substrate groups at 4 C occurred within a consistently shorter period (24 h of plate incubation). The frequency of metabolism of each individual substrate group varied only 3 to 16% between samples stored at 4 and 13 C. However, a greater difference in frequency of utilization of some individual substrates was noted. Such divergences may be useful in characterizing biofilm communities implicated in pathogenicity or affecting food quality of poultry products. C1 USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Biometr Serv, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Arnold, JW (reprint author), USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 78 IS 12 BP 1801 EP 1809 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268KV UT WOS:000084413600023 PM 10626659 ER PT J AU Joseph, JA Shukitt-Hale, B McEwen, J Rabin, B AF Joseph, JA Shukitt-Hale, B McEwen, J Rabin, B TI Magnesium activation of GTP hydrolysis or incubation in S-adenosyl-L-methionine reverses iron-56-particle-induced decrements in oxotremorine enhancement of K+-evoked striatal release of dopamine SO RADIATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-PARTICLE IRRADIATION; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; BINDING PROTEINS; RAT-BRAIN; MEMBRANES; DEFICITS; SENSITIVITY; CHOLESTEROL; PSYCHOMOTOR; PERFORMANCE AB Previous research has determined that the deficits in motor behavior seen in aged animals irradiated with Fe-56 particles involved alterations in muscarinic receptor sensitivity. In the present experiments, we determined whether increasing either membrane fluidity by exposure of striatal slices from irradiated (56Fe particles) animals to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) or GTP hydrolysis with Mg2+ would reverse this Fe-56-particle-induced loss of muscarinic receptor sensitivity, as has been observed in aged animals. Results indicated that, while increasing Mg2+ concentrations in the incubation medium was effective in reducing the radiation effects, SAM was able to effect some reversal of the radiation effects only at the lower concentration (200 mu M). These results suggest that similar mechanisms may be involved in the deficits in signal transduction seen after Fe-56-particle irradiation to those seen in aging, and that these may include changes in the membrane structure or composition that could alter subsequent responsiveness of transduction pathways. The results further suggest that, as has been reported previously, Fe-56-particle irradiation may accelerate brain aging, and that since these HZE particles contribute at least 1% of the dose that astronauts would receive from cosmic rays, long-term exposure on extended space flights (e.g. to Mars) may produce similar deficits that could have immediate or delayed effects on behavior. (C) 1999 bg Radiation Research Society. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Joseph, JA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU RADIATION RESEARCH SOC PI OAK BROOK PA 2021 SPRING RD, STE 600, OAK BROOK, IL 60521 USA SN 0033-7587 J9 RADIAT RES JI Radiat. Res. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 152 IS 6 BP 637 EP 641 DI 10.2307/3580259 PG 5 WC Biology; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 264EW UT WOS:000084168500008 PM 10581534 ER PT J AU Lefsky, MA Cohen, WB Acker, SA Parker, GG Spies, TA Harding, D AF Lefsky, MA Cohen, WB Acker, SA Parker, GG Spies, TA Harding, D TI Lidar remote sensing of the canopy structure and biophysical properties of Douglas-fir western hemlock forests SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; CONIFEROUS FORESTS; TROPICAL FORESTS; AIRBORNE LIDAR; LASER; BIOMASS; VOLUME; VEGETATION AB Scanning lidar remote sensing systems have recently become available for use in ecological applications. Unlike conventional microwave and optical sensors, lidar sensors directly measure the distribution of vegetation material along the vertical axis and can be used to provide three-dimensional, or volumetric, characterizations of vegetation structure. Ecological applications of scanning lidar have hitherto used one-dimensional indices to characterize canopy height. A novel three-dimensional analysis of lidar waveforms was developed to characterize the total volume and spatial organization of vegetation material and empty space within the forest canopy. These aspects of the physical structure of canopies have been infrequently measured, from either field or remote methods. We applied this analysis to 22 plots in Douglas-fir/western hemlock stands on the west slope of the Cascades Range in Oregon. Each plot had coincident lidar data and field measurements of stand structure. We compared results from the novel analysis to two earlier methods of canopy description. Using the indices of canopy structure from all three methods of description as independent variables in a stepwise multiple regression, we were able to make nonasymptotic predictions of biomass and leaf area index (LAI) over a wide range, up to 1200 Mg ha(-1) of biomass and art LAI of 12, with 90% and 75% of variance explained respectively. Furthermore, we were able to make accurate estimates of other stand structure attributes, including the mean and standard deviation of diameter at breast height, the number of steins greater than 100 cm in diameter and independent estimates of the basal area of Douglas-fir and western hemlock. These measurements can be directly related to indices of forest stand structural complexity, such as those developed for old-growth forest characterisation. Indices of canopy structure developed using the novel, three-dimensional analysis accounted for most of the variables used in predictive equations generated by the stepwise multiple regression. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. RP Lefsky, MA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Lefsky, Michael/A-7224-2009; Harding, David/F-5913-2012; OI Parker, Geoffrey/0000-0001-7055-6491 NR 76 TC 432 Z9 470 U1 22 U2 150 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3 BP 339 EP 361 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00052-8 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 266JF UT WOS:000084296300009 ER PT J AU Ziecik, AJ Sienkiewicz, W Okrasa, S Kalamarz, H Lakomy, M Kraeling, RR AF Ziecik, AJ Sienkiewicz, W Okrasa, S Kalamarz, H Lakomy, M Kraeling, RR TI Concentration and distribution of neuropeptide Y, galanin, beta-endorphin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamus of gilts during oestrogen-induced surge secretion of luteinizing hormone SO REPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS LA English DT Article ID ESTRADIOL-INDUCED SURGE; MEDIAN-EMINENCE; IMMUNOREACTIVE NEURONS; OPIOID MODULATION; OVARIECTOMIZED GILTS; CB-154 TREATMENT; IMMATURE GILTS; CIRCULATING LH; ESTROUS-CYCLE; IN-VITRO AB The relationship of neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin (GAL), beta-endorphin (beta-END) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to GnRH neurons were determined during the estradiol-induced LH surge. In experiment 1, 16 ovariectomized (OVX) gilts received 15 mu g estradiol benzoate (EB)/kg BW at 0800 h and were slaughtered at either 24 h (n = 5), 48 h (n = 6) or 72 h (n = 5) later and five were injected with corn oil vehicle (0 h controls). Concentrations of neuropeptides were determined in tissue extracts by RIA. In experiment 2, nine OVX gilts were injected with EB as in experiment I and killed at either 24, 48 or 72 h (n = 3) later and three were not injected with EB (0 h controls). Frozen sections were processed to localize neuropeptides. In experiment 1, all measured neuropeptides were highest in pituitary stalk median eminence (SME). The GnRH concentration was not different at any time point in medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), preoptic area (POA) or SME. The NPY content in MBH was lower at 24, 48 and 72 h after EB than at 0 h (p < 0.001), and lower in SME at 48 and 72 h than at 24 h (p < 0.05) and 0 h (p < 0.01), respectively. Concentration of GAL in SME was four times higher at 72 h than at 0, 24 or 48 h (p < 0.001). The VIP concentration increased in POA (p < 0.05) and MBH (p < 0.001) at 24 h and 72 h (p < 0.05). Concentration of VIP in SME was lower at 24 and 48 h than at 0 h (p < 0.05) and increased to more than twice (P < 0.05) by 72 h. Concentrations of beta-END were not different at any time point in POA and MBH but the highest content of beta-END in SME occurred at 24 h (p < 0.001). In experiment 2 a moderate number of GnRH-immunoreactive (IR) fibres were found in the periventricular area of the POA and in organum vasculosum of the laminae terminalis (OVLT). The GnRH-IR fibres formed networks in the external and internal layer of the median eminence (ME). At 24 h, GnRH-IR neurons and fibres in the POA and ME were more numerous and noticeable differences were found in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and ventromedial nucleus (NVM). At 48 and 72 h. numbers of IR neurons and fibres were higher in the ARC and NVM, but no changes occurred in the POA and ME. The ARC contained a moderate number of NPY-IR fibres, but less numerous small cell bodies. Only a few NPY-IR perikarya and fibres were in the NVM and fibre density was similar at all times after EB injection. VIP-IR fibres were scarcely distributed mostly in the posterior POA and the internal layer of ME. The number of VIP-IR fibres was similar at all time points and regions. A moderate number of varicose beta-END fibres supplied the POA, and they were especially dense near the OVLT, but the cell bodies were moderate in number and did not show strong immunoreactivity. In ME, ARC and NVM, the number of beta-END immunoreactive structures was greater at 24 and 48 h than at 0 h. The number of beta-END-IR nerve fibres in POA was higher at 72 h than at 0 h. Levels of all neuropeptides studied were similar in the POA and MBH and content of NPY, GAL and beta-END was very high in the SME of the pig forebrain. The dynamic changes of NPY, GAL, VIP and beta-END content in pig hypothalamus during the oestrogen-induced negative and positive feedback phases of LH secretion indicate their potential role in modulating GnRH release from the median eminence. C1 Polish Acad Sci, Inst Anim Reprod & Food Res, PL-10747 Olsztyn 5, Poland. Univ Agr & Technol, Inst Anim Physiol, Olsztyn, Poland. Univ Agr & Technol, Dept Anat, Olsztyn, Poland. ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA USA. RP Ziecik, AJ (reprint author), Polish Acad Sci, Inst Anim Reprod & Food Res, Ul Tuwima 10,POB 55, PL-10747 Olsztyn 5, Poland. NR 61 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0936-6768 J9 REPROD DOMEST ANIM JI Reprod. Domest. Anim. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6 BP 477 EP 487 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0531.1999.00203.x PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 270MQ UT WOS:000084540000005 ER PT J AU Carrillo-Garcia, A de la Luz, JLL Bashan, Y Bethlenfalvay, GJ AF Carrillo-Garcia, A de la Luz, JLL Bashan, Y Bethlenfalvay, GJ TI Nurse plants, mycorrhizae, and plant establishment in a disturbed area of the Sonoran Desert SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL DRY FOREST; SEMIARID ENVIRONMENT; ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERS; RESOURCE ISLANDS; NUTRIENT STATUS; SOIL; FUNGI; MEXICO; ASSOCIATION; STEPPE AB Arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) fungi stabilize the soil and enhance plant growth by alleviating nutrient and drought stress. Their contributions to agriculture are well known, but their role in desert ecosystems has received less attention. The AM status of perennial plants in disturbed and undisturbed plots were investigated in the Sonoran Desert near La Pat, Baja California Sur, Mexico to determine if AM fungi contribute to resource-island stability and plant establishment. All perennial plants (46 species) in the study plots were AM, but root colonization varied widely (<10 to >70%). Roots of plants that established in greatest numbers in plant-free zones (colonizers) of disturbed areas were highly AM. Plants with trace (<10%) root colonization (cacti of the tribe Pachycereae: Pachycereus pringlei, Machaerocereus gummosus, and Lemaireocereus thurberi; and Agave datilyo) established preferentially in association with nurse trees. The pachycereid cacti grew under Prosopis articulata and A. datilyo under Olneya tesota canopies. Of the nine species of trees and arborescent shrubs in the area, the mature (>20 yr) nurse-legumes P. articulata and O. tesota supported the largest number of under-story plants. Younger plants had only occasional associates. AM propagule densities in plant-free areas were lower than under plant canopies (40 vs. 280 propagules/kg soil). Occurrence of soil mounds (islands) under plants owing to soil deposition was related to the nature of the canopies and to the AM status of the roots. Island soils were enmeshed with AM-fungal hyphae, especially in the upper layer (approximately 10 cm). Seedlings of P. pringlei, growing in a screenhouse for six months, in soil collected under P. articulata, had a biomass ten times greater than plants growing in bare-area soil. The results are consistent with the proposition that AM fungi contributed to the plant-soil system of our study area by: (1) helping to stabilize windborne soil that settles under dense plant canopies; (2) enhancing the establishment of colonizer plants in bare soils of disturbed areas; and (3) influencing plant associations through differences in the mycotrophic status of the associates. C1 Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste, La Paz 23000, Baja California, Mexico. USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Bethlenfalvay, GJ (reprint author), Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste, AP 128, La Paz 23000, Baja California, Mexico. EM bethleng@thegrid.net NR 69 TC 108 Z9 116 U1 5 U2 40 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 7 IS 4 BP 321 EP 335 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72027.x PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 268XD UT WOS:000084444200002 ER PT J AU Harrod, RJ Malmquist, LA Carr, RL AF Harrod, RJ Malmquist, LA Carr, RL TI A review of the taxonomic status of Hackelia venusta (Boraginaceae) SO RHODORA LA English DT Article DE Hackelia; taxonomy; rare species AB Morphological variables were analyzed using principal components and discriminant analyses to determine patterns of relationships among populations of Hackelia venusta, a narrow endemic, and H. diffusa var. arida, a relatively common species, The results of the analyses indicate that H. venusta, as currently circumscribed, consists of two discordant taxa with the population from the type locality at a low elevation clearly distinct from high elevation populations that have been assigned to this species. The high elevation populations represent an undescribed taxon. No affinities with either the low elevation H. venusta or the high elevation undescribed taxon were found to exist with populations of H. diffusa var. arida. Both H. venusta and the undescribed high elevation taxon are very narrow endemics and would benefit from well-developed conservation strategies and subsequent management. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Leavenworth Ranger Dist, Leavenworth, WA 98826 USA. RP Harrod, RJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Leavenworth Ranger Dist, 600 Sherbourne, Leavenworth, WA 98826 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 6 PU NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB INC PI LAWRENCE PA P.O. BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0035-4902 J9 RHODORA JI Rhodora PD WIN PY 1999 VL 101 IS 905 BP 16 EP 27 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 189CH UT WOS:000079886200002 ER PT J AU Ju, ZQ Duan, YS Ju, ZG AF Ju, ZQ Duan, YS Ju, ZG TI Effects of covering the orchard floor with reflecting films on pigment accumulation and fruit coloration in 'Fuji' apples SO SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Article DE reflecting film; anthocyanin; chlorophyll; carotenoid; flavonoid; fruit coloration; apple ID ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS; DELICIOUS APPLES; MCINTOSH APPLES; LIGHT; SKIN; MATURATION; MATURITY; ETHYLENE; QUALITY AB Effects of covering the orchard floor with reflecting films (crinkled aluminum foil bonded onto cloth (foil film), aluminum metalized polypropylene film (metalized film), and polypropylene film (Poly film) on anthocyanin, flavonoid, chlorophyll, and carotenoid accumulation and fruit coloration in 'Fuji' apple were studied. After film application, light intensity inside the tree canopy increased from 30% of daylight to 68% and 50% of daylight, respectively, for foil film and metalized film. Poly film did not significantly increase light intensity in the tree canopy, Both foil film and metalized film increased anthocyanin concentration and reduced chlorophyll concentration in fruit peel. and improved percent red color of fruit. Carotenoid and flavonoid concentrations were nor affected by use of reflecting films. Poly film did not affect anthocyanin synthesis and chlorophyll degradation, or carotenoid and flavonoid accumulation. Both foil and metalized film application stimulated internal ethylene synthesis and elevated UFGalT activity. The relationships among light intensity, UFGalT activity, and pigment concentrations in fruit peel are discussed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Eureka Biotechnol Co, Dept Res & Dev, Zibo, Peoples R China. Univ Calif Davis, Kearney Agr Ctr, Dept Pomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 36 TC 42 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4238 EI 1879-1018 J9 SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM JI Sci. Hortic. PD DEC 1 PY 1999 VL 82 IS 1-2 BP 47 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0304-4238(99)00038-2 PG 10 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 266EQ UT WOS:000084288000004 ER PT J AU Wang, Y Chen, J Lu, J Lamikanra, O AF Wang, Y Chen, J Lu, J Lamikanra, O TI Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Vitis species and Florida bunch grapes SO SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Article DE Vitis; grapes; muscadines; randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD); principal component analysis ID ARBITRARY PRIMERS; MARKERS; CULTIVARS AB Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed on 42 accessions of Vitis, representing 13 species. Inter- and intra-specific/varietal variation were observed. Principal component analysis of Nei and Li's similarity index separated V. rotundifolia from other bunch-grape species. Within the bunch-grape species, V. vinifera, the North American bunch grapes, and the East Asian bunch grapes formed three separate RAPD clusters. RAPD analysis also demonstrated its sensitivity by detecting the genetic diversity within Florida bunch-grape cultivars. RAPD analysis, together with the published morphological data, will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of Vitis genetic diversity. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Florida A&M Univ, Ctr Viticultural Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. RP Lamikanra, O (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4238 J9 SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM JI Sci. Hortic. PD DEC 1 PY 1999 VL 82 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 94 DI 10.1016/S0304-4238(99)00049-7 PG 10 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 266EQ UT WOS:000084288000007 ER PT J AU Eira, MTS Walters, C Caldas, LS AF Eira, MTS Walters, C Caldas, LS TI Water sorption properties in Coffea spp. seeds and embryos SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Coffea; coffee; desiccation tolerance; embryo; equilibrium; germplasm; glass; orthodox; recalcitrant; relative humidity; seed; seed storage; temperature; water content; water sorption isotherms ID STORAGE BEHAVIOR; INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY; DESICCATION-TOLERANCE; POLLEN; TEMPERATURE; BINDING AB The relationships among water content, relative humidity and temperature were documented in both seeds and excised embryos of Coffea spp. using water sorption isotherms. Isotherms were constructed at 5, 15 and 25 degrees C and calculated for lower temperatures. There were no apparent differences in sorption characteristics among whole seeds of several cultivars of C. arabica and among different species of Coffea. Excised embryos of genetically diverse Coffea germplasm also exhibited similar sorption characteristics, though there were substantial differences observed between embryos and whole seeds. The shape of isotherms of coffee seed tissues was intermediate to the reverse sigmoidal shape observed for orthodox seeds and the monotonic shape observed for desiccation intolerant plant tissues. The heats of sorption calculated for RH less than or equal to 25% for whole seeds of Coffea spp. were similar to orthodox seeds. In contrast, the heats of sorption calculated in the same RH range for excised embryos were intermediate between those of orthodox and recalcitrant embryos. Our observations are consistent with earlier observations that desiccation sensitivity or poor longevity is linked with low levels of water sorption at relative humidities less than 25%. An explanation for this remains elusive. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. EMBRAPA, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Univ Brasilia, Dept Bot, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. RP Walters, C (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 40 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 321 EP 330 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 282CY UT WOS:000085200000006 ER PT J AU Clapp, CE Hayes, MHB AF Clapp, CE Hayes, MHB TI Characterization of humic substances isolated from clay- and silt-sized fractions of a corn residue-amended agricultural soil SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Humic Substances; corn residue; Mollisol; amino acids; neutral sugars; CPMAS C-13-NMR spectra; C-13 and N-15 isotopes ID AMINO-ACIDS; MONOSACCHARIDE AB In a small-plot field study on a Waukegan silt loam soil, annual applications of 20 g N m(-2) were made each May for 8 years before planting corn (Zea mays L.). Subplots were fertilized with 0.8 g N-15 m(-2). Soil treatment in the fall either incorporated the chopped corn stover after grain harvest, using a rototiller, or the stover was removed from the plots. Soil samples taken in the fall were ultrasonicated, separated into clay- and silt-sized fractions, and extracted exhaustively with 0.1 mol L-1 sodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7) + 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH (pH 12.6). Humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acids were isolated using the International Humic Substances Society (MSS) procedures. A variety of analytical methods were employed. The most useful information was obtained from amino acid (AA) and neutral sugar (NS) analyses, and from cross polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) C-13-NMR and delta(13)C data. Overall, the corn residue amendments did not have a large effect on the composition of the humic substances (HS) from the different sized separates, but there were differences in the relative abundance of some AA and NS in the HAs and FAs. The NMR and delta(13)C data provided evidence of some compositional differences and extent of humification between the HS fi om the clay- and silt-sized separates. The conclusion reached is, therefore, that the silt-sized particles were microaggregates of clay-sized particles, and the HS in these microaggregates were partially protected from bioalteration. These HS bore greater resemblance to the plants of origin than did those associated with the clays. The composition of the HAs and that of the FAs were similar to that of the Mollisol soil standard of the MSS, but they were different from humic samples from other non-Mollisol soil types. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Limerick, Dept Chem & Environm Sci, Limerick, Ireland. RP Clapp, CE (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Hayes, Michael/C-3463-2011 NR 34 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 164 IS 12 BP 899 EP 913 DI 10.1097/00010694-199912000-00003 PG 15 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 271YV UT WOS:000084623900003 ER PT J AU Dong, ZB Fryrear, DW Gao, SY AF Dong, ZB Fryrear, DW Gao, SY TI Modeling the roughness properties of artificial soil clods SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil clods; aerodynamic roughness; surface roughness; prediction model ID AERODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS; WIND; EROSION; RIDGES AB Knowledge of the aerodynamic roughness length (Z(0)) resulting from management practices that include soil clods, vegetation, and ridges is essential to describing their protective roles in wind erosion. The usual method of obtaining Z(0) from a logarithmic wind profile has limited accuracy because the probes used to measure wind profiles do not reveal well the subtle characteristics of the very near-surface airflow. To evaluate the roughness properties of soil clods in this study, Z(0) is derived by direct measurement of the drag on cloddy surfaces. Z(0) values, in response to different wind velocities and artificial soil clod coverage, were obtained in a wind tunnel. Z(0) was found to be the function of both clod coverage and wind velocity increasing with clod coverage by a function of Z(0) = a + bS(c)lnS(c)(R-2 > 0.81, P < 0.001) and decreasing with wind velocity by a function of Z(0) = c + d exp (-V/k) (R-2 > 0.68, P < 0.001), where S-c and V are clod coverage and wind velocity and a, b, c, d, and k are regression constants. A multivariate predictive equation was developed by regressing Z(0) on S-c and V. The predicted values matched those from the wind tunnel reasonably well (R-2 = 0.92). These results demonstrate a need for distinguishing the concept of aerodynamic roughness that is a dynamic dimension of the interaction between near-surface airflow and surface rougher than that of surface roughness that is dependent exclusively on surface conditions. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Desert Res Inst, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Big Spring, TX 79720 USA. RP Dong, ZB (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Desert Res Inst, 260,W Donggang Rd, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 164 IS 12 BP 930 EP 935 DI 10.1097/00010694-199912000-00006 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 271YV UT WOS:000084623900006 ER PT J AU Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF AF Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF TI Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae): Diapause larval exit from cotton bolls, larval and pupal development and mortality, and spring moth emergence in the insectary and in the field SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID PECTINOPHORA-GOSSYPIELLA SAUNDERS; POPULATIONS; TERMINATION AB The number of days that pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), diapause larvae remained in harvested immature cotton bells, larval and pupal mortality after exiting bells, and spring moth emergence under insectary and field conditions was studied at Phoenix, AZ. In the insectary, diapause larvae exited immature bells sporadically during January, February, and early March. Thereafter, exit from the bells was more consistent and increased to peak numbers in late April, May or early June. Larval and pupal mortality was highest in January and February, decreased in early March, and increased again in late June and July. Larvae remained in immature bells as long as 319 days after harvest. Duration of the larval stage after exiting bells between 28 December and 16 March averaged 34 to 135 days but was shorter for larvae exiting bells after mid-March. Days in the pupal stage averaged 6 to 21 days over the entire experimental period. Moth emergence in the insectary and in the field was significantly correlated to accumulated heat units (12.8 and 30.6 degrees C lower and upper developmental thresholds). In the insectary, shading, reduced temperature, and dry conditions delayed moth emergence as compared to moth emergence under unshaded field conditions and following spring irrigations. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, PWA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Henneberry, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, PWA, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 42 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 24 IS 4 BP 281 EP 300 PG 20 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 271AN UT WOS:000084569500002 ER PT J AU Snodgrass, GL Scott, WP AF Snodgrass, GL Scott, WP TI A discriminating-dose bioassay for detecting pyrethroid resistance in tarnished plant bug (Heteroptera : Miridae) populations SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID TOBACCO BUDWORM LEPIDOPTERA; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; FIELD POPULATIONS; MISSISSIPPI DELTA; NOCTUIDAE; COTTON AB A discriminating-dose bioassay for monitoring pyrethroid resistance in adult tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), populations was developed and tested on field populations. In the bioassay, adult plant bugs were placed into glass vials (20 ml, two adults per vial) that had been treated with 15 mu g of permethrin. A minimum of 50 adults were tested from each population, and mortality was determined after 1.5 to 3.0 h of exposure. Mortality was 95% at 3.0 h of exposure in the susceptible laboratory colony used to develop the bioassay, while mortality was 98% at 3.0 h exposure in a susceptible field population. Mortalities less than 10% were found for a selected pyrethroid-resistant laboratory colony used to develop the bioassay and also for a field population collected near cotton at Wainwright, LA. Field populations were also tested that had mortalities in the discriminating-dose bioassay of 30, 48, and 78%. These were pyrethroid-resistant populations with varying numbers of susceptible plant bugs in each population. Mortality in the discriminating-dose bioassay was directly related to pyrethroid resistance as determined with a glass-vial bioassay, and as mortalities in the discriminating-dose bioassays declined, the LC,, values for permethrin for the plant bug populations increased. In spray chamber tests designed to simulate field conditions, three pyrethroid-resistant plant bug populations were tested that had mortalities of 9, 64, and 78% in the discriminating-dose bioassay. All three resistant populations had significantly lower mortalities when caged on cotton terminals treated with permethrin (Pounce) than susceptible plant bugs (92% mortality in the discriminating-dose bioassay). These results indicated that the discriminating-dose bioassay could detect pyrethroid-resistant plant bug populations, and predict possible control problems from using pyrethroid insecticides against resistant populations. The discriminating-dose bioassay developed in the study should be very useful to researchers, growers, and consultants in detecting plant bug populations with pyrethroid resistance. C1 USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Snodgrass, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 24 IS 4 BP 301 EP 307 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 271AN UT WOS:000084569500003 ER PT J AU Baxter, JR Ibarra, J Wilson, WT Arther, RG Kellerby, JD Stewart, J AF Baxter, JR Ibarra, J Wilson, WT Arther, RG Kellerby, JD Stewart, J TI Amitraz or coumaphos efficacy tests in Guatemala for control of Varroa jacobsoni Mesostigmata : Varroidae in honey bees? SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID RESISTANCE AB Field studies in southwestern Guatemala demonstrated that plastic strips impregnated with either amitraz or coumaphos controlled Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans in colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera L. In the spring of 1997, four groups of 12 colonies each were given two plastic strips in the broodnest containing one of four concentrations of amitraz (5, 7.5, 10 or 12.5%). A fifth group was untreated. All four amitraz treatments were highly effective (97 to 99% mite mortality) in reducing numbers of varroa over a 47-day treatment period. In the fall of 1997, a similar study was done with coumaphos-impregnated plastic strips placed in the broodnest or attached to the hive entrance. Four groups often colonies each received treatment, and the remaining six colonies were untreated controls. Broodnest treatments were one, 10% strip; or two, 10% strips; or two, 1% strips per colony. Two 10% strips were attached to the hive entrance in the fourth group. One or two 10% strips were effective against varroa (91-97% reduction) when placed in the broodnest or across the hive entrance. The 1% strips and controls were ineffective and failed to reduce the mire population. C1 USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Baxter, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 24 IS 4 BP 309 EP 313 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 271AN UT WOS:000084569500004 ER PT J AU Seidel, GE Johnson, LA AF Seidel, GE Johnson, LA TI Sexing mammalian sperm - Overview SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Current Status of Sexing Mammalian Sperm CY JAN 08, 2000 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS C1 Colorado State Univ, Anim Reprod & Biotechnol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Seidel, GE (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Anim Reprod & Biotechnol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 22 TC 30 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD DEC PY 1999 VL 52 IS 8 BP 1267 EP 1272 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00215-0 PG 6 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 268JL UT WOS:000084410500002 PM 10735074 ER PT J AU Johnson, LA Welch, GR AF Johnson, LA Welch, GR TI Sex preselection: High-speed flow cytometric sorting of X and Y sperm for maximum efficiency SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Current Status of Sexing Mammalian Sperm CY JAN 08, 2000 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS DE sexed sperm; offspring; flow cytometry; Hoechst 33342; X- and Y-sperm ID CHROMOSOME-BEARING SPERM; IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; RESOLUTION DNA ANALYSIS; BOAR SPERMATOZOA; MAMMALIAN SPERM; INSEMINATION; SEPARATION; HOECHST-33342; INJECTION; OOCYTES AB Sex preselection that is based on flow-cytometric measurement of sperm DNA content to enable sorting of X- from Y-chromosome-bearing sperm has proven reproducible at various locations and with many species at greater than 90% purity. Offspring of the predetermined se?: in both domestic animals and human beings have been born using this technology since its introduction in 1989. The method involves treating sperm with the fluorescent dye, Hoechst 33342, which binds to the DNA and then sorting them into X- and Y-bearing-sperm populations with a flow cytometer/cell sorter modified specifically for sperm. Sexed sperm are then used with differing semen delivery routes such as intra-uterine, intra-tubal, artificial insemination (deep-uterine and cervical), in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, and intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI). Offspring produced at all locations using the technology have been morphologically normal and reproductively capable in succeeding generations. With the advent of high-speed cell sorting technology and improved efficiency of sorting by a new sperm orienting nozzle, the efficiency of sexed sperm production is significantly enhanced. This paper describes development of the these technological improvements in the Beltsville Sexing Technology that has brought sexed sperm to a new level of application. Under typical conditions the high-speed sperm sorter with the orienting nozzle (HiSON) results in purities of 90% of X-and Y-bearing sperm at 6 million sperm per h for each population. Taken to its highest performance level, the HiSON has produced X-bearing-sperm populations at 85 to 90% purity in the production of up to 11 million X- bearing-sperm per h of sorting. In addition if one accepts a lower purity (75 to 80%) of X, nearly 20 million sperm can be sorted per h. The latter represents a 30 to 60-fold improvement over the 1989 sorting technology using rabbit sperm. It is anticipated that with instrument refinements the production capacity can be improved even further. The application of the current technology has led to much wider potential for practical usage through conventional and deep-uterine artificial insemination of many species, especially cattle. It also opens the possibility of utilizing sexed sperm for artificial insemination in swine once low-sperm-dose methods are perfected. Sexed sperm on demand has become a reality through the development of the HiSON system. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Johnson, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 49 TC 141 Z9 149 U1 1 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD DEC PY 1999 VL 52 IS 8 BP 1323 EP 1341 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00220-4 PG 19 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 268JL UT WOS:000084410500007 PM 10735079 ER PT J AU Welch, GR Johnson, LA AF Welch, GR Johnson, LA TI Sex preselection: Laboratory validation of the sperm sex ratio of flow sorted X- and Y-sperm by sort reanalysis for DNA SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Current Status of Sexing Mammalian Sperm CY JAN 08, 2000 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS DE sexing; sperm; DNA; sorted sperm; flow cytometer/cell sorter ID CHROMOSOME-BEARING SPERMATOZOA; IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; CYTOMETRIC DETERMINATION; SEPARATION; INSEMINATION; BIRTHS AB Laboratory validation is essential in developing an effective method for separating X and Y sperm to preselect sex. Utilizing sexed sperm from a particular experiment to test fertility and achieve the subsequent phenotypic sex without knowing the likely outcome at conception is too costly for most applications. Further, research advances need to be built on an ongoing assessment with respect to the collection of data to continue progress towards achieving a successful outcome. The Beltsville Sperm Sexing Technology, which is based on the sorting of X- and Y-bearing sperm through the process of flow-cytometric sperm sorting, is also well suited for validation in the laboratory by "sort reanalysis" of the sperm X- and Y-bearing fractions for DNA content. Since the sexing technology is based on the use of Hoechst 33342, a permeant nuclear DNA stain for sorting X- and Y-bearing sperm, it also can be the marker for determining the proportions of X and Y populations by sort reanalysis. The process consists of using an aliquot of the sorted sperm and sonicating to obtain sperm nuclei. The uniformity of the nuclear staining is re-established through the addition of more Hoechst 33342. Separate analysis of each aliquot produces a histogram that is fitted to a double gaussian curve to determine proportions of X and Y populations. The relative breadths of the distributions of DNA of X- and Y-bearing sperm within a species affects interpretations of the histogram. Sort reanalysis is consistently repeatable with differences in X/Y DNA equal to or greater than 3.0%. This information on sex ratio of the sperm then provides the precise tool by which one can predict the outcome in terms of sex, from a particular sample of semen. Simple analysis of unsorted sperm to determine the proportions of X- and Y-bearing sperm based on DNA content is also an effective tool for validating sperm-sex ratio, whether it is in a sample assumed to be 50:50 or predicted to be something other than 50:50. This simple analysis provides for a check on the potential sex ratio of any sample of semen. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Johnson, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 85 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD DEC PY 1999 VL 52 IS 8 BP 1343 EP 1352 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00221-6 PG 10 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 268JL UT WOS:000084410500008 PM 10735080 ER PT J AU Maxwell, WMC Johnson, LA AF Maxwell, WMC Johnson, LA TI Physiology of spermatozoa at high dilution rates: The influence of seminal plasma SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Current Status of Sexing Mammalian Sperm CY JAN 08, 2000 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS DE spermatozoa; high dilution; sperm sorting; seminal plasma; capacitation ID IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS; BOAR SPERMATOZOA; SPERM MOTILITY; CHROMOSOME-BEARING; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; FERTILITY; FECUNDITY; SEMEN; RAM AB Extensive dilution of spermatozoa, as occurs during flow-cytometric sperm sorting, can reduce their motility and viability. These effects map be minimized by the use of appropriate dilution and collection media, containing balanced salts, energy sources, egg yolk and some protein. Dilution and flow-cytometric sorting of spermatozoa, which involves the removal of seminal plasma, also destabilizes sperm membranes leading to functional capacitation. This membrane destabilization renders the spermatozoa immediately capable of fertilization in vitro, or in vivo after deposition close to the site of fertilization, but shortens their lifespan, resulting in premature death if the cells are deposited in the female tract distant from the site of fertilization or are-held in vitro at standard storage temperatures. This functional capacitation can be reversed in boar spermatozoa by inclusion of seminal plasma in the medium used to collect the cells from the cell sorter and, consequently, reduces their in vitro fertility. It has yet to be determined whether seminal plasma would have similar effects on flow cytometrically sorted spermatozoa of other species, and what its effects might be on the in vivo fertility of flow sorted boar spermatozoa. (C) 1999 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Sydney, Dept Anim Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Maxwell, WMC (reprint author), Univ Sydney, Dept Anim Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. NR 41 TC 147 Z9 160 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD DEC PY 1999 VL 52 IS 8 BP 1353 EP 1362 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00222-8 PG 10 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 268JL UT WOS:000084410500009 PM 10735081 ER PT J AU Krueger, C Rath, D Johnson, LA AF Krueger, C Rath, D Johnson, LA TI Low dose insemination in synchronized gilts SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Current Status of Sexing Mammalian Sperm CY JAN 08, 2000 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS DE insemination; swine; intra-uterine insemination ID FROZEN BOAR SEMEN; SURGICAL INSEMINATION; SPERM TRANSPORT; FERTILIZATION; OVULATION; SPERMATOZOA; TIME; PIG; BEARING; UTERINE AB Conventional insemination techniques in pigs require 2 to 3x10(9) sperm/dose. When using the latest high-speed sperm-sorting technology, one can still sort only about 5 to 6 million sperm of each sex per hour. The objective of the present study was to find the minimal sperm concentration at a low-insemination volume in pigs without diminishing fertilization rate and litter size using surgical deep intra-uterine insemination (IUI). Semen from boars was collected and diluted with Androhep to 5x10(8), 1x10(8), 1x10(7), 5x10(6), 1x10(6) or 1x10(6) sperm/0.5 mi. In trial 1, 10(9) prepuberal gilts were synchronized and surgically inseminated into the tip of each uterine horn 32 h or 38 h after hCG treatment or at the time of ovulation, respectively. Pregnant gilts were allowed to go to term. Pregnancy and farrowing rates did not differ significantly except at the lowest sperm concentration if inseminated 32 h or 38 h after hCG treatment (p<0.05). No differences were found among insemination groups for the total number of piglets, number of piglets born alive, stillborn piglets, and mummified fetuses. In trial 2, 34 gilts were inseminated as described above 32 h after hCG. Additionally, 9 gilts were inseminated once nonsurgically with 1x10(9) sperm as controls. Gilts were slaughtered 48 h after insemination, and embryos were recovered. Embryos were cultured in NCSU 23 (120 h), evaluated morphologically and stained with fluorescent dye (Hoechst 33342) to visualize nuclei. Recovery rates varied between 71.4% and 84.4%. Fertilization rate of the lowest sperm concentration(1x10(6) sperm/horn) differed significantly (p<0.05) from all other groups. Cleavage rates at specific developmental stages did not differ. After 5 days of in vitro culture, embryos developed to morulae and blastocysts. No differences were found for these stages. In conclusion, no major differences were found between insemination groups as long as the sperm dosage was at least 10 million sperm per gilt. The low volume was sufficient for successful deep intra-uterine insemination. Embryo development was comparable to the controls. (C) 1999 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Inst Anim Sci & Anim Behav, D-31535 Neustadt, Germany. USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rath, D (reprint author), Inst Anim Sci & Anim Behav, D-31535 Neustadt, Germany. NR 36 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD DEC PY 1999 VL 52 IS 8 BP 1363 EP 1373 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00223-X PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 268JL UT WOS:000084410500010 PM 10735082 ER PT J AU McDonald, PM Fiddler, GO AF McDonald, PM Fiddler, GO TI Ecology and development of Douglas-fir seedlings and associated plant species in a coast range plantation SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE Douglas-fir seedlings; ecology; growth; manual and chemical release; northern California; plant community AB On an average site in northern coastal California, a tanoak-mixed shrub community was given several treatments (manual release one, two, and three times; a combination chainsaw and cut surface chemical treatment; two foliar chemicals; and a tank mix of the two chemicals) to study its development over an Ii-year period in both a broadcast-burned (untreated control) and released (treated) condition. The chemicals were 2, 4-D, Garlon 3A, and Garlon 4, each applied two times. In addition to Douglas-fir, data are presented individually for the four most abundant and well distributed species (tanoak, hairy manzanita, huckleberries, and rhododendron), and for these plus two more of the tallest and most abundant (but poorly distributed) species (snowbrush, elderberry) combined. At the study's end in 1991, combined shrubs in the control had a mean density of 4,733 plants per acre, foliar cover of 16,800 ft(2) per acre, and height of 9.5 feet. In contrast, combined shrubs in one of the most effective treatments for controlling them-2,4-D-had a mean density of 2,000 plants per acre, foliar cover of 2,600 ft(2) per acre and height of 5.5 feet at the end of the study. Here, mean Douglas-fir diameter was 4.0 inches at 12 inches above mean ground line, height averaged 18.7 feet, and mean foliar cover was 34,800 ft(2) per acre. The cost (including chemical) was $77 per acre. The biological and economical data in this paper provide the ecosystem manager, wildlife biologist, and fuels manager with knowledge on how to attain plant communities with different density and development potentials, and the cost of creating them. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Western Forest Management Res Unit,Silviculture L, Redding, CA 96001 USA. RP McDonald, PM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Western Forest Management Res Unit,Silviculture L, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU USDA FOREST SERVICE PI BERKELEY PA PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STN PO BOX 245, BERKELEY, CA 94701-0245 USA SN 0363-5988 J9 USDA FOR SERV PSW R JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Southwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD DEC PY 1999 IS 243 BP I EP + PG 21 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 408GG UT WOS:000167317700001 ER PT J AU Perumaalla, VS Adams, LG Payeur, J Baca, D Ficht, TA AF Perumaalla, VS Adams, LG Payeur, J Baca, D Ficht, TA TI Molecular fingerprinting confirms extensive cow-to-cow intra-herd transmission of a single Mycobacterium bovis strain SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium bovis; molecular fingerprints; epidemiolgy; bovine tuberculosis ID REPUBLIC-OF-IRELAND; GENETIC-MARKERS; TUBERCULOSIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CATTLE; DIFFERENTIATION AB In this study we have characterized M. bovis isolates from a herd of cattle in Uvalde, Texas in which 52 of the 193 animals selected at random in 1994 from a herd of 331 were caudal fold skin-test positive. Thirty-two of 52 skin-test positive cattle had gross lesions at slaughter, and isolations of M. bovis were made from 29 animals. The herd was comprised of Red Devon cattle purchased between 1978 and 1980 (n = 26) and breeding bulls (n = 3) introduced at later times, and all were tuberculosis test negative at the time of purchase. Other animals were natural additions (offspring) of these cattle. One additional animal, a Holstein present on the ranch at the time of purchase in 1976, was retained to nurse orphaned and weak calves. Using several molecular fingerprinting techniques we have verified a clonal relationship among the M. bovis isolates consistent with infection originating with a single strain. The molecular fingerprint patterns demonstrate the stability of the profiles despite persistence and spread of the organism within the herd for two decades and confirms their use in epidemiological tracing. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Texas Anim Hlth Commiss, San Antonio, TX 78207 USA. RP Ficht, TA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 10 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3-4 BP 269 EP 276 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00143-1 PG 8 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 261ET UT WOS:000083996700012 PM 10596810 ER PT J AU Casey, TA AF Casey, TA TI Is Escherichia coli STb enterotoxin sufficient to cause pig diarrhea? Reply SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID SWINE; GENES; TOXIN C1 ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Casey, TA (reprint author), ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3-4 BP 283 EP 285 PG 3 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 261ET UT WOS:000083996700014 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI Factors affecting the use of conservation tillage in the United States SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE agricultural production; conservation tillage; environmental impact; soil erosion ID TECHNOLOGY AB Conservation tillage was used on nearly 36% of planted hectares in 1996 in the U.S. This level has remained relatively unchanged since 1991. The use of conservation tillage varies by crop and is dependent on site-specific factors including soil sype, topsoil depth, and local climate conditions. A number of economic, demographic, geographic, and policy factors have affected the adsorption of conservation tillage. While it is not possible to quantify exactly the impact of these factors, it is clear that management complexities and profitability are key factors impeding the further adsorption of conservation tillage. C1 USDA, RID, NRCS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA, RID, NRCS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 116 IS 3-4 BP 621 EP 638 DI 10.1023/A:1005168928627 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 248KG UT WOS:000083273200012 ER PT J AU Perry, RW Thill, RE Peitz, DG Tappe, PA AF Perry, RW Thill, RE Peitz, DG Tappe, PA TI Effects of different silvicultural systems on initial soft mast production SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Arkansas; clearcut; even-aged management; forest management; fruit; group selection; Oklahoma; Ouachita Mountains; shelterwood; silviculture; single-tree selection; soft mast; uneven-aged management AB Recent policy changes by federal land management agencies such as the United Slates Forest Service have led to increased use of silvicultural systems other than clearcutting. Because soft mast is an integral part of wildlife habitat and the effects of these alternative silviculture systems on soft mast production are unknown, we evaluated effects of different stand-level silvicultural systems on soft mast production in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma. We evaluated differences in soft mast production and coverage among 4 replications of 5 treatments (clearcut, shelterwood, group selection, single-tree selection, and late-rotation, unharvested forest stands) during the first (1994), third (1996), and fifth (1998) years after initial timber harvest. Coverage of all mast-producing plants combined did not differ among treatments over all years. Soft mast production did not differ among treatments the first year after timber harvest, but was greater in harvested stands than in unharvested stands in the third post-harvest year. Production in shelterwood cuts and clearcuts was greater than in single-tree selection, group selections, and unharvested stands the fifth post-harvest year. Unharvested stands, greenbelts (unharvested buffers surrounding stream drainages), and the thinned matrix of group-selection stands produced little mast in all years. A significant linear relationship between soft mast production and residual overstory basal area was present in years 3 and 5. We present equations to predict soft mast production 3 and 5 years after harvest when residual overstory basal areas are known. Without additional stand treatments (e.g., thinning or burning), we expect production in even-aged stands (clearcuts and shelterwood cuts) to decline as canopy closure progresses; likewise, production in single-tree selection stands will likely decline due to midstory development. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. Univ Arkansas, Sch Forest Resources, Arkansas Forest Resources Ctr, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Perry, RW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. NR 18 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 915 EP 923 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800006 ER PT J AU Nelms, CO Otis, DL Linz, GM Bleier, WJ AF Nelms, CO Otis, DL Linz, GM Bleier, WJ TI Cluster sampling to estimate breeding blackbird populations in North Dakota SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE cluster sampling; common grackle; North Dakota; population estimate; red-winged blackbird; stratification; yellow-headed blackbird AB Local blackbird populations cause most of the damage to sunflower crops in North Dakota. Precise estimates of blackbird breeding populations are necessary before management practices designed to reduce their numbers are implemented. We estimated populations of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthacephalus), and common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) in North Dakota from 798 quarter sections surveyed during May and June 1991. We tested the hypothesis that: a stratified, 2-stage, cluster sampling scheme using Neyman allocation of cluster sample units would improve precision of statewide population estimates and be more cost-efficient than a stratified random sample design. Population estimates of breeding blackbirds were 1,425,000 (SE=43,000) pairs of red-winged blackbirds, 665,000 (SE=52,000) pairs of yellow-headed blackbirds, and 698,000 (SE=23,000) pairs of common grackles. Stratified cluster sampling using Neyman allocation yielded smaller variances than a stratified random sampling design would have with the same effort. The design effect ratio of 2.06 for all blackbirds indicates that effective sample size was about 400 random quarter sections as opposed to the 798 quarter sections actually surveyed. Because cluster sampling reduced overall cost/quarter section surveyed by 60% compared to stratified random sampling without reducing precision, cluster sampling was more cost-effective. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Zool, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA, Dept Agr, Denver Wildlife Res Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. N Dakota State Univ, N Dakota Field Stn, USDA, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Nelms, CO (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Zool, Stevens Hall, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 931 EP 937 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800008 ER PT J AU Belant, JL Tyson, LA Seamans, TW AF Belant, JL Tyson, LA Seamans, TW TI Use of alpha-chloralose by the Wildlife Services program to capture nuisance birds SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE alpha-chloralose; American cool; Anatidae; capture agent; Columba livia; Fulica americana; pigeon; waterfowl; wildlife damage management; Wildlife Services ID CANADA AB In 1992, the United States Department of Agriculture's Wildlife Services (WS) program received approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to use alpha-chloralose (AC) to capture nuisance waterfowl (Anatidae), American coots (Fulica americana), and pigeons (Columba livia). We summarized use of AC by the WS program to capture nuisance birds during 1994-1995. WS biologists used AC to capture 3,767 birds during 124 operations in 19 states. Captured birds included wild mallards (Anas platyrynchos, 20%), domestic mallards (24%), muscovies (Cairina moschata, 5%), Canada geese (Branta canadensis, 10%), domestic geese (8%), coots (27%), pigeons (5%), and other (<1%). The proportion of birds present at a site that were captured was less for pigeons (6%) than for waterfowl and coots (greater than or equal to 68%). Overall mortality of target birds was 5%, ranging from 0.1% (n=1,014) for coots to 67% (n=3) for mute swans (Cygnus olor). In addition, 102 nontarget birds were captured, of which there was 12% mortality. States with the greatest number of AC operations were Tennessee (14%), Georgia (12%), and California, Nevada, and Oregon (10% each). Most nuisance situations were at parks (39%), followed by golf courses and resorts (19%), and residential areas (17%). Capture operations were most frequent during March-April (29%) and least frequent during: October-January (19%). AC is an effective tool to remove nuisance ducks, geese, and coots from situations where other techniques are impractical. We recommend additional research to improve existing techniques and to expand use of AC to capture other nuisance species. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Belant, JL (reprint author), Denali Natl Pk & Preserve, Natl Pk Serv, POB 9, Denali Pk, AK 99755 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 938 EP 942 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800009 ER PT J AU Wagner, KK Conover, MR AF Wagner, KK Conover, MR TI Impact of snowfall on the Utah preventive aerial hunting program SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE aerial hunting; Canis latrans; coyote; damage management; predators C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Olympia Field Stn,Widlife Serv, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. Utah State Univ, Inst Wildlife Damage Management, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Wagner, KK (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Olympia Field Stn,Widlife Serv, 9730 Lathrop Ind Dr,Suite B, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 943 EP 945 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800010 ER PT J AU Reid, JA Horn, RB Forsman, ED AF Reid, JA Horn, RB Forsman, ED TI Detection rates of spotted owls based on acoustic-lure and live-lure surveys SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE acoustic lure; live lure; northern spotted owl; Strix occidentalis; surveys AB Most survey protocols for northern sported owls (Strix occidentalis) assume that 3 surveys from roads at night are sufficient to document occupation of territories by spotted owls. The 3-survey protocol was based on the information available at the time and did not use radiotelemetry to determine the adequate number of surveys needed. We used vocal-lure and live-lure surveys to assess detection rates of territorial northern spotted owls in Oregon. The sample included 8 pairs, in each of which 1 or both members were radio-marked. All males were detected within 3 visits with a 10-minute acoustic-lure survey, but 37% of females never responded to either a 10- or 20-minute acoustic lure survey. When we used the acoustic-lure and live-lure techniques in combination, all individuals were confirmed within 5 visits and 94% were located within 3 visits. We conclude that the acoustic-lure and live-lure techniques in combination will locate most pairs of spotted owls in 3 repeat surveys. By itself, the acoustic-lure technique will tend to underestimate the proportion of females in the territorial population. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Forest Res Stn, Bur Land Management, Roseburg, OR 97470 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Forest Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Reid, JA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Forest Res Stn, Bur Land Management, 777 NW Garden Valley Blvd, Roseburg, OR 97470 USA. NR 14 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 986 EP 990 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800016 ER PT J AU Cromwell, JA Warren, RJ Henderson, DW AF Cromwell, JA Warren, RJ Henderson, DW TI Live-capture and small-scale relocation of urban deer on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE damage control; live-capture; Odocoileus virginianus; relocation; urban deer ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; SURVIVAL AB White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have become overabundant in many urban and suburban areas. Residents in these areas often are opposed to using lethal methods to control deer populations and insist that live-capture and relocation of deer is a viable and humane method of control. Therefore, we conducted a controlled experiment in the Sea Pines residential area on Hilton Head Island (HHI), South Carolina. Nineteen deer were captured with rocket nets, chemically immobilized, and marked with radiotransmitter collars. Of these, 10 deer were relocated to a forest preserve on the island and 9 were released at their capture site as controls. We monitored deer movements over 24-hour periods at 1 day, 3 days, 5 weeks, and 10 weeks post-capture and compared movement rates and post-release dispersal for relocated versus control deer. Mean movement rates (m/hr) did not differ between relocated and control deer, or among days post-release. Five of the 10 relocated deer (50%) dispersed from their release site, compared to none of the controls. We analyzed post-release mortality over 3-month and 1-year intervals. Relocated deer experienced greater mortality from capture-related causes during the 3-month, post-release interval than did control deer (P<0.005, t=31.8, df=17). However, relocated deer experienced less mortality from noncapture-related causes during the 1-year, post-release interval than did control deer (P<0.005, t=49.6, df=14). We concluded that live-capture and relocation, even over short distances, was not viable because most deer did not remain in their relocated area and they suffered greater rates of capture-related mortality shortly after relocation than deer that were not relocated. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Cromwell, JA (reprint author), USDA, Wildlife Serv, POB 130, Moseley, VA 23120 USA. NR 24 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 14 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 1025 EP 1031 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800022 ER PT J AU Johnston, J Volz, S Bruce, K Chipman, R Luchsinger, J McConnell, J Owens, R AF Johnston, J Volz, S Bruce, K Chipman, R Luchsinger, J McConnell, J Owens, R TI Information transfer for wildlife management SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE information transfer; wildlife management; wildlife services ID DEER AB Wildlife Services (WS) is comprised of research [National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC)] and operations entities. WS personnel indicated that WS would operate more efficiently if information transfer between research and operations could be improved. In response, we conducted a survey of information transfer between WS research and operations. We surveyed wildlife management field employees in the operational component of WS to 1) determine whether they have sufficient access to wildlife management information, 2) identify some of their wildlife information needs, and 3) identify approaches to increase the efficiency of information transfer between research and operations personnel. Respondents indicated that operations personnel felt they received more wildlife management-related information from NWRC than from other sources. Respondents were evenly split as to whether they received adequate job-related information from NWRC. Perceived knowledge and applicability of 10 wildlife management techniques were correlated positively. Field personnel great ly valued interpersonal forms of communication. The most favored sources of information about wildlife management techniques were one-on-one training, workshops, demonstrations, and videos. Our findings suggest methods to improve information transfer not only within WS but also between research and field personnel throughout the wildlife management community. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Raleigh, NC 27613 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Castleton, NY 12033 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Lincoln, NE 68501 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv,Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Predator & Ec, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Eastern Reg Off, Nashville, TN 37203 USA. RP Johnston, J (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 1043 EP 1049 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800025 ER PT J AU Anderson, DR Burnham, KP Franklin, AB Gutierrez, RJ Forsman, ED Anthony, RG White, GC Shenk, TM AF Anderson, DR Burnham, KP Franklin, AB Gutierrez, RJ Forsman, ED Anthony, RG White, GC Shenk, TM TI A protocol for conflict resolution in analyzing empirical data related to natural resource controversies SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE analysis strategy; conflict resolution; controversy; data analysis; northern spotted owl; protocol ID SCIENCE C1 Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Anderson, DR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Colorado Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Room 201 Wagar Bldg, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009 NR 23 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 1050 EP 1058 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800026 ER PT J AU Saenz, D Collins, CS Conner, RN AF Saenz, D Collins, CS Conner, RN TI A bark-shaving technique to deter rat snakes from climbing red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Picoides borealis; rat snake; red-cockaded woodpecker; snake-excluder device; tree climbing AB We developed a bark-shaving technique to deter rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta) from climbing red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) trees as an aesthetically pleasing, more cost-effective, and safer alternative to other snake excluder devices. We used a drawknife to carefully shave the bark around the circumference of 4 treatment trees in a l-m-wide band to eliminate any furrows or rough surfaces, without cutting into the cambium. Four control trees were not altered. We tested our method from April 1997 to August 1997 and found that shaved trees were nearly 100% effective in preventing rat snakes from climbing (n=40 climbing attempts), whereas control trees were successfully climbed (n=20 climbing attempts) on each attempt. One shaved barrier was crossed by one snake 14 weeks after the barrier was initially created. The bark had roughened from tree growth. After we reshaved the barrier, the snake was unable to cross the barrier again. Despite loss of effectiveness over time, the shaved barriers can provide red-cockaded woodpeckers a head-start in developing their own defenses against rat snake predation in a manner that is more natural in appearance than other snake-excluder devices. C1 US Forest Serv, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, So Res Stn, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. RP Saenz, D (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, So Res Stn, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 1069 EP 1073 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 281BT UT WOS:000085138800029 ER PT J AU Conner, RN Rudolph, DC Schaefer, RR Saenz, D Shackelford, CE AF Conner, RN Rudolph, DC Schaefer, RR Saenz, D Shackelford, CE TI Relationships among Red-cockaded Woodpecker group density, nestling provisioning rates, and habitat SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CAVITY-TREE SELECTION; BEHAVIOR AB We examined Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) food provisioning rates of nestlings during the 1992 and 1993 breeding seasons on the Vernon Ranger District of the Kisatchie National Forest in Louisiana. Provisioning rates were monitored at nest trees in moderate (9.8 groups/2 km radius, n = 10) and low (5.9 groups/2 km radius, n = 10) density populations. Habitat around each cluster was measured within three radii (100 m, 400 m, and 800 m) to evaluate the possible influence of habitat quality on group density and nestling provisioning rates. We tested the null hypothesis that habitat quality and provisioning rates would be similar in areas with different densities of woodpecker groups. We failed to detect differences in nestling provisioning rates between woodpecker groups in moderate versus low group densities. Woodpecker groups from areas where group densities were moderate attempted to nest significantly more often than woodpecker groups occurring in low densities. Hardwood midstory vegetation was more abundant in areas with low woodpecker group density. Old-growth pines, which are known to be important for cavity excavation, were present in habitat around cavity-tree clusters of moderate-density groups, but generally absent in areas where group density was low. Woodpecker group density may be related to hardwood midstory conditions and the abundance and spatial distribution of remnant old pines. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, So Res Stn, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. Texas Partners Flight, Texas Pk & Wildlife Dept, Austin, TX 78704 USA. RP Conner, RN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, So Res Stn, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 111 IS 4 BP 494 EP 498 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 267KK UT WOS:000084357000006 ER PT J AU Stoleson, SH Finch, DM AF Stoleson, SH Finch, DM TI Unusual nest sites for southwestern Willow Flycatchers SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB The endangered southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) is an obligate riparian species that typically nests in willow (Salix spp.) thickets or other dense, shrubby habitats. We report on the first nests in Arizona sycamore (Pla tanus wrightii) and in a climbing rose vine (Rosa multiflora). Although these nests were located in novel substrates, they were typical for the species in bring supported by multiple small stems and in having a dense canopy cover. We suggest that nest substrate preferences of Willow Flycatchers in the Southwest may be broader than generally considered. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RP Stoleson, SH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2205 Columbia SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RI Finch, Deborah/H-2876-2015 OI Finch, Deborah/0000-0001-9118-7381 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 111 IS 4 BP 574 EP 575 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 267KK UT WOS:000084357000019 ER PT J AU Yong, W Finch, DM AF Yong, W Finch, DM TI A critique of Wang Yong and Finch's field-identifications of Willow Flycatcher subspecies in New Mexico - Response SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Forest Res Stn, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RP Finch, DM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Forest Res Stn, 2205 Columbia SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RI Finch, Deborah/H-2876-2015 OI Finch, Deborah/0000-0001-9118-7381 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 111 IS 4 BP 589 EP 592 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 267KK UT WOS:000084357000024 ER PT J AU Westbrook, JK Isard, SA AF Westbrook, JK Isard, SA TI Atmospheric scales of biotic dispersal SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Aerial Dispersal of Pests and Pathogens - Implications for Developing and Deploying Integrated Pest Management Strategies at a Joint APS/ESA Symposium CY NOV 10, 1998 CL LAS VEGAS, NV DE aerobiology; dispersal; atmospheric scale; insects; pollen; spores; fungi; plant pathogens ID CORN-EARWORM LEPIDOPTERA; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; BUDWORM MOTH FLIGHT; BOUNDARY-LAYER; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; MIGRATING INSECTS; SETTLING VELOCITY; FLYING INSECTS; HIGH-PLAINS; NOCTUIDAE AB 0Recent advances in meteorological technologies and techniques are providing new insight into microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale aerobiological processes. For example, Lidar systems have identified rmicroscale characteristics of atmospheric turbulence over agricultural fields which cannot be readily determined by conventional (site-specific) atmospheric sensors. Also, neutrally buoyant superpressure balloons (tetroons) have been tracked more than 400 km per night indicating atmospheric pathways of migrating insects between agricultural regions in south-central Texas. Such atmospheric trajectories often reveal substantial day-to-day variation of aerobiological pathways and, consequently, affect the risk of pest infestations and host infections. Further, the NEXRAD network of WSR-88D Doppler weather radars can measure the aerial abundance, speed, and displacement direction of concentrated biota over areas of >1000 km(2). Emphasis is placed on identifying biologically-relevant, temporal and spatial scales of atmospheric motion and other atmospheric variables which help control the abundance and dispersal of airborne biota, specifically insects, spores, pollen, fungi, and plant pathogens. Major technologies, including the NEXRAD network of WSR-88D Doppler weather radars, are described, and examples are presented for aerobiological applications. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Geog, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. RP Westbrook, JK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. NR 83 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 EI 1873-2240 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD NOV 30 PY 1999 VL 97 IS 4 BP 263 EP 274 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00071-4 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 259CG UT WOS:000083875900004 ER PT J AU Meydani, M AF Meydani, M TI Dietary antioxidants modulation of aging and immune-endothelial cell interaction SO MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International NILS Workshop on Longevity Sciences CY NOV 26-27, 1998 CL AICHI, JAPAN SP Japan Fdn Aging & Hlth, Minist Hlth & Welf Japan DE dietary antioxidants; endothelial cell interaction; superoxide dismutase ID VITAMIN-E SUPPLEMENTATION; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; HEALTHY ELDERLY SUBJECTS; FREE-RADICAL THEORY; INFLUENZA-A VIRUS; LIFE-SPAN; CALORIC RESTRICTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS AB Oxidative damage by free radicals, which is the basis for the free radical theory of aging, has been well investigated within the context of oxidant/antioxidant balance. Age-associated disorders are believed to be associated with the time-dependent shift in the antioxidant/prooxidant balance in favor of oxidative stress. In this brief review, the importance of dietary antioxidant intervention on longevity and age-associated changes in bodily functions and diseases are discussed. Evidence has indicated that increasing the endogenous antioxidants defense system and modulation of free radical production by dietary restrictions contribute to increased longevity in animal models. Thus, increasing dietary intake of antioxidants is believed to increase longevity. Earlier studies have shown some increase in median life span in animal models. It was found that supplementing middle-aged (18 months) C57/BL mice with various antioxidants (vitamin E, glutathione, melatonin, and strawberry extract) had no effect on longevity as measured by the average age of death. Therefore, dietary antioxidant supplementation seems unlikely to increase longevity when begun in middle age supplementation started in early life might be more effective. However, in middle-aged mice, vitamin E was effective in reducing lung viral titer when animals were exposed to influenza virus. Vitamin E supplementation improves cell-mediated immunity in mice and in humans. In addition to modulating the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, vitamin E can modulate immune/endothelial cells interactions, thus reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), a major cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly. Thus, antioxidants such as vitamin E from food sources or supplements appear to be promising for successful aging by improving immune function, and reducing the risk of several age-associated chronic diseases, such as CVD. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Vasc Biol Program, JM USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, M (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Vasc Biol Program, JM USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 51 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0047-6374 J9 MECH AGEING DEV JI Mech. Ageing. Dev. PD NOV 30 PY 1999 VL 111 IS 2-3 BP 123 EP 132 DI 10.1016/S0047-6374(99)00067-6 PG 10 WC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 269KF UT WOS:000084475300006 PM 10656531 ER PT J AU Bickford, PC Shukitt-Hale, B Joseph, J AF Bickford, PC Shukitt-Hale, B Joseph, J TI Effects of aging on cerebellar noradrenergic function and motor learning: nutritional interventions SO MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International NILS Workshop on Longevity Sciences CY NOV 26-27, 1998 CL AICHI, JAPAN SP Japan Fdn Aging & Hlth, Minist Hlth & Welf Japan DE aging; oxidative stress; cerebellum; norepinephrine; antioxidant; nutrition ID AMYOTROPHIC-LATERAL-SCLEROSIS; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; LOCOMOTOR TASKS; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; IMPAIRED ACQUISITION; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; PROTEIN OXIDATION; AGED RATS; LIFE-SPAN; DEFICITS AB Aging is associated with a decline in motor coordination and the ability to learn new motor learning skills. This loss of function is correlated with a decline in cerebellar beta-adrenergic receptor function. We have examined the role of oxidative stress on this system by exposing young rats to normobaric hyperoxia. This exogenous oxidative insult results in a decline in cerebellar beta-adrenergic receptor function that resembles what is observed in normal aged rats. This effect of hyperoxia is blocked by antioxidants. We have also examined the effects of nutritional supplementation of aged rats with diets high in antioxidant capacity. Foods such as blueberries and spinach can prevent and/or reverse age-related declines in cerebellar noradrenergic receptor function. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Denver, CO USA. USDA, Boston, MA USA. Ctr Human Nutr & Aging, Boston, MA USA. RP Bickford, PC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, C-236,4200 E 9th Ave, Denver, CO 80262 USA. RI Bickford, Paula/J-5970-2012 OI Bickford, Paula/0000-0001-9657-7725 NR 34 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0047-6374 J9 MECH AGEING DEV JI Mech. Ageing. Dev. PD NOV 30 PY 1999 VL 111 IS 2-3 BP 141 EP 154 DI 10.1016/S0047-6374(99)00063-9 PG 14 WC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 269KF UT WOS:000084475300008 PM 10656533 ER PT J AU Choi, KD Lillehoj, HS Zalenga, DS AF Choi, KD Lillehoj, HS Zalenga, DS TI Changes in local IFN-gamma and TGF-beta 4 mRNA expression and intraepithelial lymphocytes following Eimeria acervulina infection SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chickens; interferon-gamma; transforming growth factor-beta; coccidiosis; intestinal immunity; cytokine ID TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTOR; DEVELOPING CHICKEN-EMBRYO; FACTOR-BETA; INTERFERON-GAMMA; CHALLENGE INFECTION; COCCIDIA INFECTION; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; IN-VITRO; CYTOKINES; MICE AB Inbred chickens SC (B(2)B(2)) and TK (B(15)B(21)) display different levels of susceptibility to Eimeria acervulina infection. Following primary and secondary infections, SC chickens showed significantly lower oocyst production compared to TK chickens. Both strains produce significantly fewer oocysts during secondary infection (si) indicating that a protective host immune response had developed subsequent to primary infection (pi). To elucidate the immunologic differences between SC and TK chickens that may account for their different levels of disease susceptibility, cellular and molecular parameters of intestinal immunity were compared. CD4 T-lymphocytes increased significantly and more rapidly post-pi and si in SC relative to TK chickens during the later stages of infections. However, later during the infections, CD4 cells were higher in TK compared to SC chickens. Although the percentage of CD8 lymphocytes increased in both strains after pi, following si the percentage of these cells continued to increase in SC chickens but showed a marked decrease in TK chickens. Contrary to the effects on CD4 cells, the percentage of TCR1 cells was higher in TK chickens early after pi while the same cell subset was higher in SC chickens later following infection. The percentages of TCR2 cells were significantly higher in both strains following pi. At the molecular level, IFN-gamma mRNA expression in caecal tonsils and splenic lymphocytes was generally higher in SC compared to TK chickens following E. acervulina infection, while intraepithelial lymphocytes from the duodenum demonstrated reduced levels of this cytokine in both the strains, particularly following pi. TGF-beta 4 mRNA levels generally increased in lymphocytes from the caecal tonsils, spleen and duodenum from both the strains. These differences in lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokine mRNA expression between SC and TK chickens following E. acervulina infection indicate a complex genetic control of the native immune response to coccidiosis. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM hlilleho@lpsi.barc.usda.gov NR 51 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD NOV 30 PY 1999 VL 71 IS 3-4 BP 263 EP 275 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00103-8 PG 13 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 257XG UT WOS:000083807500010 PM 10587306 ER PT J AU Teal, PEA Nachman, RJ AF Teal, PEA Nachman, RJ TI Development of amphiphylic pseudopeptide analogs of insect neuropeptides SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ARS, CMAVE, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD NOV 27 PY 1999 VL 848 IS 1-2 MA P221 BP A28 EP A28 PG 1 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 268MN UT WOS:000084420300067 ER PT J AU Link, TE Marks, D AF Link, TE Marks, D TI Point simulation of seasonal snow cover dynamics beneath boreal forest canopies SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ENERGY EXCHANGE; SPECTRAL ALBEDO; ALPINE REGION; SIERRA-NEVADA; CLIMATE; SURFACE; MODEL; SENSITIVITY; ATMOSPHERE; RADIATION AB The accurate simulation of snowpack deposition and ablation beneath forested areas is complicated by the fact that the vegetation canopy strongly affects the snow surface energy balance. Data collected as part of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study are used to derive a series of simple canopy adjustments and drive a two-layer coupled energy- and mass-balance snowmelt model to simulate the deposition and ablation of the seasonal snowpack at six sites within the boreal forest for the 1994-1995 snow season. Snow cover energy gain in the spring is strongly controlled by canopy cover and is dominated by net radiation fluxes which contribute from 66% to 92% of the snow cover energy balance. Turbulent fluxes comprise 11% of the net energy balance on average, with minor contributions from soil and advected energy fluxes. Simulated depths at the forested sites generally show good agreement with measured snow depths, indicated by model efficiencies ranging from 0.90 to 0.94, with root-mean-square differences less than 5 cm, Seasonal snow covers in the boreal environment may be more sensitive to land use transitions, rather than climate shifts, due to the strong control exerted by vegetation canopies on radiation transfer processes. C1 Oregon State Univ, US EPA, NHEERL, Environm Sci Grad Program, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Link, TE (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, US EPA, NHEERL, Environm Sci Grad Program, 200 SW 35Th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. EM tim@orst.edu; danny@quercus.ars.ps.usbr.gov RI Link, Timothy/G-5556-2012 NR 34 TC 83 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D22 BP 27841 EP 27857 DI 10.1029/1998JD200121 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 259BT UT WOS:000083874700048 ER PT J AU Chen, JM Leblanc, SG Miller, JR Freemantle, J Loechel, SE Walthall, CL Innanen, KA White, HP AF Chen, JM Leblanc, SG Miller, JR Freemantle, J Loechel, SE Walthall, CL Innanen, KA White, HP TI Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) used for mapping biophysical parameters of boreal forests SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LEAF-AREA-INDEX; BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE MODEL; CANOPY ARCHITECTURE; CONIFER FORESTS; VEGETATION AB During the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS), which took place in Saskatchewan and Manitoba in 1994, the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) acquired images of boreal forests. In this paper we present results of radiometric and geometric analysis of the CASI data for developing algorithms for retrieving leaf area index (LAI) and crown closure of the boreal forest. The images of over 30 sites, composed of black spruce, jack pine, and aspen stands, were acquired on different days and locations with various solar illumination and view geometries. The geometrical-optical model, named "4-Scale" [Chen and Leblanc, 1997, 1316-1337], was used to correct the images to a common solar zenith angle (35 degrees) and a common view angle (nadir). The 4-Scale model is also used for radiometric analysis based on spectral signatures of leaves and the background (moss, grass, and soil) acquired using various field and laboratory techniques. The red reflectance of all three cover types decreased with increasing LAI as expected. Similar but weaker decreasing trends were found in the near-infrared (NIR) band for conifer stands in contrast to previous findings for cropland and grassland. No significant NIR response to LAI was found for aspen stands. It is shown from 4-Scale that as LAI increases, the crown and ground shadow fractions of conifer forests increase, while the sunlit background fraction decreases and the sunlit crown fraction increases. The large change in the shadow fractions is the major factor controlling the behavior of red and NIR signals. Since boreal forests have abundant green moss and understory as the background, there is only a small difference in optical properties between the overstory and the background. The increases in the shadow fractions with LAI help strengthen the response of optical measurements to changes in LAI, providing a key mechanism for remote information retrieval. The implications of these findings on formulating/selecting vegetation indices and inversion models are discussed in this paper. Relationships of crown closure with CASI measurements are also included in the analysis. C1 Canada Ctr Remote Sensing, Ottawa, ON K1A OY7, Canada. York Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. Ctr Res Earth & Space Technol, Toronto, ON M3J 3K1, Canada. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chen, JM (reprint author), Canada Ctr Remote Sensing, 588 Both St, Ottawa, ON K1A OY7, Canada. EM jing.chen@ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca RI Innanen, Kristopher/A-2304-2013 NR 46 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D22 BP 27945 EP 27958 DI 10.1029/1999JD900098 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 259BT UT WOS:000083874700056 ER PT J CA CDC TI Safer and healthier foods - 1900-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 905, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID UNITED-STATES; INFECTIONS; OUTBREAK; PELLAGRA; EPIDEMIC; OBESITY C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. USDA, Washington, DC USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NIH, Div Nutr Res Coordinat, Bethesda, MD USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 24 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 20 BP 1909 EP 1912 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 257BZ UT WOS:000083763400010 ER PT J AU Irwin, P Brouillette, J Giampa, A Hicks, K Gehring, A Tu, SI AF Irwin, P Brouillette, J Giampa, A Hicks, K Gehring, A Tu, SI TI Cyclomaltoheptaose (beta-cyclodextrin) inclusion complex formation with chlorogenic acid: hydration enthalpy, the solvent entropy (hydrophobic) effect, and enthalpy-entropy compensation SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cyclomaltoheptaose; beta-cyclodextrin; beta-cyclodextrin polymer; chlorogenic acid; thermodynamics; binding; enthalpy-entropy compensation; binding heat capacity change ID ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY INTERACTION; CALORIMETRIC TITRATION; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; ALPHA-CYCLODEXTRIN; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; BINDING CONSTANTS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; WATER-MOLECULES; THERMODYNAMICS; SPECTROSCOPY AB Direct isothermal titration calorimetric measurement of Delta H and Delta S for the inclusion of chlorogenic acid (CA) by epichlorohydrin-polymerized cyclomaltoheptaose (beta-cyclodextrin, beta-CDn), beta-CD, and hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (HP-beta-CD) was performed at various temperatures (T = 10, 25, 40, and 55 degrees C) in 0.1 M Na phosphate buffer (pH 6.7). beta-CDn and HP-beta-CD, but not soluble beta-CD, binding reactions with CA exhibited a significant variation in Delta H as a function of T (Delta C-p = - 228 +/- 51, -145 +/- 32, and -10 +/- 38 J mol(-1) deg(-1), respectively). These CD-CA systems exhibited normal enthalpy-entropy compensation (T Delta S versus Delta H) behavior with a slope close to unity (alpha = 1.05 +/- 0.1) and small intercept (T Delta S-0 = 18 kJ mol(-1)). Thus, as Delta G was fairly uniform (-17 +/- 2 kJ mol(-1)) across T, mutually compensating adjustments in solvent-associated perturbations in both Delta S and Delta H for binding occurred. Relatively large unfavorable changes in Delta S (e.g., Delta S-solv decreased with T) mainly occurred in the substituted beta-CD-CA systems and were compensated for by commensurate changes in Delta H. This thermodynamically favorable enthalpic deficit (negative values increasing with T) was negatively correlated with T-dependent alterations in the number of water molecules bound by the beta-CDn-CA complexes. This interpretation agrees with previous work [Carbohydr. Res., 282 (1996) 65-79], whereupon the convex curvature in the partitioning of CA by beta-CDn as a function of T, implying a non-vanishing Delta C-p, was eliminated with low water activity. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM pirwin@arserrc.gov NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 EI 1873-426X J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD NOV 23 PY 1999 VL 322 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S0008-6215(99)00204-9 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 264WB UT WOS:000084205000008 ER PT J AU Parrotta, JA AF Parrotta, JA TI Productivity, nutrient cycling, and succession in single- and mixed-species plantations of Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus robusta, and Leucaena leucocephala in Puerto Rico SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE biomass productivity; Casuarina; Eucalyptus; floristic diversity; Leucaena; litterfall; nitrogen-fixing trees; plantations; soils; tropics ID NATIVE FOREST REGENERATION; TREE PLANTATIONS; SHORT-ROTATION; ALBIZIA; HAWAII; RECOVERY; FIXATION; DYNAMICS; GROWTH; STANDS AB Tree growth, biomass productivity, litterfall mass and nutrient content, changes in soil chemical properties and understory forest succession were evaluated over a 8.5-year period in single- and mixed-species (50 : 50) plantations of two N(2)-fixing species, Casuarina equisetifolia and Leucaena leucocephala, and a non-fixing species, Eucalyptus robusta. At the optimal harvest age for maximum biomass production (4 years), total aboveground biomass ranged from 63 Mg ha(-1) in the Eucalyptus monoculture to 124 Mg ha(-1) in the Casuarina/Leucaena mixture, and was generally greater in the mixed-species than in single-species treatments due to increased productivity of the N-fixing species in the mixed stands. Total litterfall varied from 5.3 to 10.0 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) among treatments, or between 5.9% and 13.2% of net primary production. Litterfall production and rates of nutrient return for N, P, K, Ca and Mg were generally highest for Leucaena, intermediate for Casuarina and lowest for Eucalyptus. These rates were usually higher in the mixed-species than in monospecific stands due to differences in biomass productivity, but varied considerably depending on their species composition. Total system carbon and nutrient pools (in biomass plus soils to 40-cm depth) for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn at four years were consistently greater in the plantation treatments than in the unplanted control plots. Relative to the single-species plantations, these system pools were generally larger in the mixed-species plantations for C (-10% to +10%), N (+17% to +50%), P (-1% to +63%), K (-19% to +46%), Ca (-10% to +48%), Mg (+5% to +57%) and Mn (+19% to +86%). Whole-tree harvests at four years would result in substantial system carbon and nutrient losses, although these estimated losses would not exceed the estimated gains realized during the four-year period of tree growth at this site. At 7.5 years, soil organic matter and effective cation exchange capacity were reduced in all plantation treatments relative to the control. Changes in soil nutrient content from 0 to 7.5 years were highly variable and not significantly different among treatments, although stands containing Leucaena generally showed higher rates of nitrogen and phosphorus accretion in soils than those with Eucalyptus and/or Casuarina. Natural regeneration of secondary forest tree and shrub species increased over time in all plantation treatments. A total of 24 native or naturalized forest species were recorded in the plantations at 8.5 years. Woody species abundance at this age was significantly greater beneath Casuarina than either Eucalyptus or the Eucalyptus/Leucaena mixed stands. Species richness and diversity, however, were greatest beneath stands containing Eucalyptus and/or Leucaena than in stands with Casuarina. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Parrotta, JA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. EM j_parrotta@upr1.uprclu.edu NR 73 TC 143 Z9 165 U1 4 U2 57 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 22 PY 1999 VL 124 IS 1 BP 45 EP 77 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00049-3 PG 33 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 249PD UT WOS:000083340700005 ER PT J AU Pimentel, D Skidmore, EL AF Pimentel, D Skidmore, EL TI Rates of soil erosion SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Cornell Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Pimentel, D (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 19 PY 1999 VL 286 IS 5444 BP 1477 EP 1477 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 257DZ UT WOS:000083768300022 ER PT J AU Fine, A Layton, M Miller, J Cimini, D Vargas, MC Inglesby, A Cohen, N Weisfuse, I Ramon, A Poshni, I Stirling, H McNamara, T Huang, A Rosenberg, A Yang-Lewis, P Adel, HN Sherman, M Terillion, G Smith, B Porter, R Greenberg, A Gaffney, KA Novello, A White, D Morse, D Spitalny, K Gallo, R Wong, S Grady, L Eidson, M Wallace, B Smith, P Cartter, M Nelson, R Hadler, J Andreadis, T Blumenstock, J Degraaf, J Sorhage, F Campbell, C Brook, J Gerwell, M Adams, D Bruder, K Kent, R Eisner, R Halpern, N Roscoe, D Bresnitz, E Crans, W Mackenzie, J Hall, R Sherret, J Artsob, H Smith, J Parker, M Steele, K AF Fine, A Layton, M Miller, J Cimini, D Vargas, MC Inglesby, A Cohen, N Weisfuse, I Ramon, A Poshni, I Stirling, H McNamara, T Huang, A Rosenberg, A Yang-Lewis, P Adel, HN Sherman, M Terillion, G Smith, B Porter, R Greenberg, A Gaffney, KA Novello, A White, D Morse, D Spitalny, K Gallo, R Wong, S Grady, L Eidson, M Wallace, B Smith, P Cartter, M Nelson, R Hadler, J Andreadis, T Blumenstock, J Degraaf, J Sorhage, F Campbell, C Brook, J Gerwell, M Adams, D Bruder, K Kent, R Eisner, R Halpern, N Roscoe, D Bresnitz, E Crans, W Mackenzie, J Hall, R Sherret, J Artsob, H Smith, J Parker, M Steele, K CA New York City Oubreak Invest Team TI Update: West Nile virus encephalitis - New York, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 944-950, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 New York City Outbreak Invest Team, New York, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, New York, NY USA. Westchester Cty Hlth Dept, New Rochelle, NY USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth & Addict Serv, Hartford, CT 06106 USA. Connecticut Agr Expt Stn, New Haven, CT USA. New Jersey Dept Agr, Trenton, NJ USA. New Jersey Dept Environm Protect, Trenton, NJ USA. New Jersey State Dept Hlth, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Univ Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. Hlth Canada, Lab Ctr Dis Control, Ottawa, ON, Canada. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Washington, DC USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Arbovirus Dis Br, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Fine, A (reprint author), New York City Outbreak Invest Team, New York, NY USA. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 17 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 19 BP 1806 EP 1807 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 254MD UT WOS:000083615700009 ER PT J AU Merkel, RC Pond, KR Burns, JC Fisher, DS AF Merkel, RC Pond, KR Burns, JC Fisher, DS TI Intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of three tropical tree legumes I. As sole feeds compared to Asystasia intrusa and Brachiaria brizantha SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tree legumes; proanthocyanidins; condensed tannin; digestibility; Asystasia intrusa; digestible energy ID LOTUS-CORNICULATUS L; CONDENSED TANNINS; GLIRICIDIA-SEPIUM; SOLUBLE PHENOLICS; NUTRITIONAL-VALUE; DRY-MATTER; SHEEP; PROTEIN; PEDUNCULATUS; DIGESTION AB The tropical tree legumes Paraserianthes falcataria, Gliricidia sepium, and Calliandra calothyrsus were fed to ram lambs to evaluate their potential as feeds. Dry matter intake, digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and nitrogen, and digestible energy content were determined through a digestion study. The herbaceous dicot Asystasia intrusa was included as an underutilized source of nitrogen and Brachiaria brizantha was included as a standard tropical (C-4) grass. Of the tree legumes, C. calothyrsus had the highest level of soluble phenolics (SPHE), averaging 38% of dry matter, and soluble proanthocyanidins (SPRO), averaging 13.7 absorbance units per gram (AU g(-1)) of dry matter. P. falcataria was intermediate, averaging 15% SPHE and 4.8 AU g(-1) SPRO, with G. sepium the lowest, with 5% SPHE and 0.4 AU g(-1) SPRO. Dry matter intake (percent of body weight) was lowest for C. calothyrsus-fed lambs, averaging 2.0%, compared with 3.2% for P. falcataria and 2.5% for G. sepium. Intakes were similar for A. intrusa and B. brizantha, averaging 2.6%. C. calothyrsus also had the lowest dry matter digestibility, averaging 55%, compared with 61% for P. falcataria and 63% for G. sepium, which were similar. Highest dry matter digestibility was obtained for A. intrusa, averaging 72%, and B. brizantha, averaging 65%. Forages had similar rank for neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Proanthocyanidins in the tree legumes may have bound with cell wall carbohydrates, resulting in a reduction in dry matter and NDF digestibilities. Digestible energy (kcal g(-1)) was highest for G. sepium, averaging 3.0, and ranged from 2.6 to 2.7 kcal g(-1) for C. calothyrsus, P. falcataria, A. intrusa and B. brizantha. Fecal N was higher from the lambs fed tree legumes (average, 0.419 g kg(-1) BW/day) compared with A. intrusa or B. brizantha (0.261 and 0.159 g kg(-1) BW/day, respectively). This was attributed to higher fecal NDF-N, averaging 0.329 g kg(-1) BW/day, from the tree legumes versus 0.162 g kg(-1) BW/day for A. intrusa and 0.048 g kg(-1) BW/day for B. brizantha. Consequently, apparent and true N digestibilities were lower for the tree legumes, averaging 61 and 69%, respectively, versus 73 and 84% for A. intrusa, and 76 and 93% for B. brizantha. Within the tree legumes, C. calothyrsus had lowest apparent and true N digestibility, averaging 51 and 57%, while P. falcataria and G. sepium had apparent and true N digestibilities averaging 67 and 76%. Proanthocyanidins and phenolic compounds in the three legumes, especially C. calothyrsus, were associated with reduced forage quality. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Indonesia Winrock Int, Small Ruminant Collaborat Res Support Program, Morrilton, AR 72110 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Food Technol, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci & Anim Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, JP Campbell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Merkel, RC (reprint author), Langston Univ, E Kika de la Gaeza Inst Goat Res, POB 730, Langston, OK 73050 USA. NR 57 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 1999 VL 82 IS 1-2 BP 91 EP 106 DI 10.1016/S0377-8401(99)00094-2 PG 16 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 259LH UT WOS:000083895000007 ER PT J AU Merkel, RC Pond, KR Burns, JC Fisher, DS AF Merkel, RC Pond, KR Burns, JC Fisher, DS TI Intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of three tropical tree legumes II. As protein supplements SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Calliandra calothyrsus; Paraserianthes falcataria; Gliricidia sepium; proanthocyanidins; daily gain; digestibility ID CONDENSED TANNINS; LOTUS-PEDUNCULATUS; NUTRITIONAL-VALUE; SHEEP; DIGESTION; PHENOLICS; FORAGE AB Calliandra calothyrsus, Paraserianthes falcataria and Gliricidia sepium leaves were supplemented at both 25 and 50% of dietary crude protein to a basal concentrate and fed to growing ram lambs. ii control diet consisted of concentrate and the forage grass Brachiaria brizantha. Dry matter intakes and ADG of tree legume supplemented treatments were lower (P < 0.05) than control lambs, but increasing the amount of tree leaves fed did not result in further decreases in either dry matter intake or ADG. Dry matter digestibility was lower (P < 0.05) in both 25 and 50% dietary treatments compared with the control, while NDF digestibility was lower (P < 0.001) only in the 50% dietary treatments. Increasing the amount of leaves fed from all three tree species, led to decreased NDF digestibility. Fecal NDF-N was higher in tree-supplemented groups (P < 0.01) compared with control and increased (P < 0.05) with increasing amounts of tree leaves fed. Both apparent and true N digestibility were lower (P < 0.05) in C. calothyrsus, than in the other tree legume treatments. True N digestibility of 91% for the control was higher (P < 0.01) than the tree legume treatments supplemented at both 25 (range, 83-86%) and 50% dietary CP (range, 74-79%). Increasing the amount of tree leaves fed, regardless of tree species, decreased N digestibility in the diets. Higher fecal NDF-N and lower N digestibility in tree leaf supplemented lambs indicated that condensed tannins present in these tree species were binding protein and rendering it less available for digestion. Supplementation with C. calothyrsus, which had the highest levels of SPHE and SPRO, affected N utilization more negatively than did supplementation with either P. falcataria or G. sepium. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Indonesia Winrock Int, Small Ruminant Collaborat Res Support Program, Morrilton, AR 72110 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Food Technol, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci & Anim Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, JP Campbell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Merkel, RC (reprint author), Langston Univ, E Kika de la Garza Inst Goat Res, POB 730, Langston, OK 73050 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 1999 VL 82 IS 1-2 BP 107 EP 120 DI 10.1016/S0377-8401(99)00095-4 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 259LH UT WOS:000083895000008 ER PT J AU Railsback, SF Lamberson, RH Harvey, BC Duffy, WE AF Railsback, SF Lamberson, RH Harvey, BC Duffy, WE TI Movement rules for individual-based models of stream fish SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE individual-based model; fish; foraging; growth; movement; risk; survival ID GRAYLING THYMALLUS-ARCTICUS; JUVENILE RAINBOW-TROUT; RESTRICTED MOVEMENT; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; HABITAT SELECTION; PREDATION HAZARD; SALMONIDS; RISK; SIMULATIONS; POSITIONS AB Spatially explicit individual-based models (IBMs) use movement rules to determine when an animal departs its current location and to determine its movement destination; these rules are therefore critical to accurate simulations. Movement rules typically define some measure of how an individual's expected fitness varies among locations, under the assumption that animals make movement decisions at least in part to increase their fitness. Recent research shows that many fish move quickly in response to changes in physical and biological conditions, so movement rules should allow fish to rapidly select the best location that is accessible. The theory that a fish's fitness is maximized by minimizing the ratio of mortality risk to food intake is not applicable to typical IBM movement decisions and can cause serious errors in common situations. Instead, we developed fitness measures from unified foraging theory that are theoretically and computationally compatible with individual-based fish models. One such fitness measure causes a fish to select habitat that maximizes its expected probability of survival over a specified time horizon, considering both starvation and other risks. This fitness measure is dependent on the fish's current state, making fish with low energy reserves more willing to accept risks in exchange for higher food intake. Another new measure represents the expectation of reaching reproductive maturity by multiplying expected survival by a factor indicating how close to the size of first reproduction the fish grows within the time horizon. One of the primary benefits of the individual-based approach is avoiding the need for simplifying assumptions; this benefit is best realized by basing movement decisions on such simple, direct measures of fitness as expected survival and expected reproductive maturity. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Lang Railsback & Associates, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Math, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Cooperat Fisheries Res Unit, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Railsback, SF (reprint author), Lang Railsback & Associates, 250 Calif Ave, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM lra@northcoast.com OI Railsback, Steven/0000-0002-5923-9847 NR 36 TC 107 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 15 PY 1999 VL 123 IS 2-3 BP 73 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00124-6 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 260PN UT WOS:000083959200003 ER PT J AU Gutierrez, AP Yaninek, JS Neuenschwander, P Ellis, CK AF Gutierrez, AP Yaninek, JS Neuenschwander, P Ellis, CK TI A physiologically-based tritrophic metapopulation model of the African cassava food web SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE cassava; mealybugs; metabolic pool; number and mass dynamics; metapopulation dynamics; mites; parasitoids; predators; stochastic simulation ID MONONYCHELLUS-TANAJOA ACARI; MEALYBUG PHENACOCCUS-MANIHOTI; LOPEZI DESANTIS HYMENOPTERA; MATILE-FERRERO HEMIPTERA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; EPIDINOCARSIS-LOPEZI; WEST-AFRICA; PATCHY ENVIRONMENTS; TETRANYCHUS-URTICAE; CROPPING SYSTEMS AB The metapopulation dynamics of the African cassava food web is explored using a physiologically based tritrophic model. The interacting species are cassava, cassava mealybug and its natural enemies (two parasitoids, a coccinellid predator and a fungal pathogen), and the cassava greenmite and its natural enemies (two predators and a fungal pathogen). The metapopulation model is based on a single patch age-structured population dynamics model reported by Gutierrez et al. (Gutierrez, A.P., Wermelinger, B., Schulthess, F., Baumgartner, J.U., Herren, H.R., Ellis, C.K., Yaninek, J.S., 1988b. Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa: I. Simulation of carbon nitrogen and water dynamics in cassava. J. Appl. Ecol. 25, 901-920; Gutierrez, A.P., Neuenschwander, P. van Alphen, J.J.M., 1993. Factors affecting the establishment of natural enemies: biological control of the cassava mealybug in West Africa by introduced parasitoids. J. Appl. Ecol. 30, 706-721). The same model simulates the mass number dynamics of each plant or animal species in each patch and the movement of animals between patches. Movement is based on species specific supply-demand relations. The pathogen mortality rate is a simple function of rainfall intensity. The within-patch species composition, their initial densities, and the initial values of edaphic variables may be assigned stochastically. Sensitivity, graphical and multiple linear regression analyses are used to summarize the effects of spatial and resource heterogeneity on species dynamics. Important plant level effects on higher trophic levels are demonstrated, and recommendations are made as to the appropriate model for different ecological studies. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Biol Control, Div Ecosyst Sci, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Int Inst Trop Agr, Ctr Biol Control, Cotonou, Benin. USDA, CSREES, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Biol Control, Div Ecosyst Sci, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, 151 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM carpdiem@nature.berkeley.edu NR 82 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 15 PY 1999 VL 123 IS 2-3 BP 225 EP 242 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00144-1 PG 18 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 260PN UT WOS:000083959200012 ER PT J AU McGraw, GW Hemingway, RW Ingram, LL Canady, CS McGraw, WB AF McGraw, GW Hemingway, RW Ingram, LL Canady, CS McGraw, WB TI Thermal degradation of terpenes: Camphene, Delta(3)-carene, limonene, and alpha-terpinene SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION; BETA-PINENE; MONOTERPENES; PRODUCT AB Emissions from wood dryers have been of some concern for a number of years, and recent policy changes by the Environmental Protection Agency have placed emphasis upon the gaseous emissions that lead to the formation of particulate matter as small as 2.5 mu m diameter. in this qualitative study, camphene, Delta(3)-carene, limonene, and alpha-terpinene were thermally degraded in the presence of air to determine the number and kind of oxidative degradation products that might be expected under drying conditions used in processing wood products. Various chromatographic methods were used to isolate the products far proof of structure by NMR and/or GC-MS. The degradation products resulted from dehydrogenations, epoxidations, double bond cleavages, allylic oxidations, and rearrangements. A number of compounds not previously associated with the thermal degradation of these terpenes were identified. C1 Louisiana Coll, Dept Chem, Pineville, LA 71359 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forest Prod, Forest Prod Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP McGraw, GW (reprint author), Louisiana Coll, Dept Chem, Pineville, LA 71359 USA. NR 28 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 15 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 22 BP 4029 EP 4033 DI 10.1021/es9810641 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 255UQ UT WOS:000083688900012 ER PT J AU Kapich, AN Jensen, KA Hammel, KE AF Kapich, AN Jensen, KA Hammel, KE TI Peroxyl radicals are potential agents of lignin biodegradation SO FEBS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE white rot; wood decay; lignin biodegradation; manganese peroxidase; lipid peroxidation; peroxyl radical ID PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; MANGANESE PEROXIDASE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; NONPHENOLIC LIGNIN; CERIPORIOPSIS-SUBVERMISPORA; DEGRADATION; OXIDATION; MECHANISM; WOOD; METHOXYBENZENES AB Past work has shown that the extracellular manganese-dependent peroxidases (MnPs) of ligninolytic fungi degrade the principal non-phenolic structures of lignin when they peroxidize unsaturated fatty acids. This reaction is likely to be relevant to ligninolysis in sound wood, where enzymes cannot penetrate, only if it employs a small, diffusible lipid radical as the proximal oxidant of lignin, Here we show that a non-phenolic beta-O-4-linked lignin model dimer was oxidized to products indicative of hydrogen abstraction and electron transfer by three different peroxyl radical-generating systems: (a) MnP/Mn(II)/linoleic acid, (b) arachidonic acid in which peroxidation was initiated by a small amount of H2O2/Fe(II), and (c) the thermolysis in air of either 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) or 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride. Some quantitative differences in the product distributions were found, but these were attributable to the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents on the peroxyl radicals derived from azo precursors. Our results introduce a new hypothesis: that biogenic peroxyl radicals may be agents of lignin biodegradation, (C) 1999 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Hammel, KE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Hammel, Kenneth/G-1890-2011 OI Hammel, Kenneth/0000-0002-2935-5847 NR 38 TC 106 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-5793 J9 FEBS LETT JI FEBS Lett. PD NOV 12 PY 1999 VL 461 IS 1-2 BP 115 EP 119 DI 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01432-5 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 257WY UT WOS:000083806600023 PM 10561507 ER PT J AU Waters, WR Pesch, BA Hontecillas, R Sacco, RE Zuckermann, FA Wannemuehler, MJ AF Waters, WR Pesch, BA Hontecillas, R Sacco, RE Zuckermann, FA Wannemuehler, MJ TI Cellular immune responses of pigs induced by vaccination with either a whole cell sonicate or pepsin-digested Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae bacterin SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae; CD8(+) lymphocytes; gamma delta T cells; protease-digested vaccine ID DELTA T-CELLS; LYMPHOCYTES-T; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; LYMPHOID-TISSUES; ANTIGENS; SUBSETS; BLOOD; GAMMA/DELTA; ACTIVATION; EXPRESSION AB Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae infection of pigs (swine dysentery) causes a mucohemorrhagic diarrhea resulting in significant economic losses for producers. A commercial vaccine consisting of a proteinase-digested bacterin has shown efficacy in the reduction of disease due to B. hyodysenteriae, Vaccines consisting of whole cell bacterins, however, generally fail to protect pigs from disease. In the present study, cellular immune responses induced by a proteinase-digested bacterin were compared to responses induced by a whole cell sonicate antigen preparation. In addition, usage of either squalene or Freund's incomplete adjuvants in combination with each antigen preparation was also compared. Both antigen preparations induced significant cellular immune responses as measured by in vitro (IFN-gamma production and T cell proliferation) and in vivo methods (DTH responses). No significant differences were detected in proliferative, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), or delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses by pigs receiving either adjuvant or antigen preparation. T cells (CD3(+)) but not B cells from vaccinated animals proliferated in response to in vitro stimulation with B, hyodysenteriae antigen. CD8(+) (single positive and CD4/CD8 double positive) and gamma delta(+) T cells were particularly responsive. In addition, high percentages of both CD8 single positive and CD4/CD8 double positive cells were detected in antigen-stimulated cultures. These findings demonstrate the unique sensitivity of porcine CD8(+) T cells to priming for recall response by vaccination with a proteinase-digested B. hyodysenteriae bacterin. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Waters, WR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, 1802 Elwood Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 26 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD NOV 12 PY 1999 VL 18 IS 7-8 BP 711 EP 719 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00266-2 PG 9 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 256NP UT WOS:000083731800019 PM 10547431 ER PT J AU Heyen, DW Weller, JI Ron, M Band, M Beever, JE Feldmesser, E Da, Y Wiggans, GR VanRaden, PM Lewin, HA AF Heyen, DW Weller, JI Ron, M Band, M Beever, JE Feldmesser, E Da, Y Wiggans, GR VanRaden, PM Lewin, HA TI A genome scan for QTL influencing milk production and health traits in dairy cattle SO PHYSIOLOGICAL GENOMICS LA English DT Article DE genomics; lactation; mastitis ID BOVINE LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN; GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; SOMATIC-CELL SCORE; MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; UNITED-STATES; COMPLEX TRAITS; SEGREGATING POPULATIONS; HOLSTEIN POPULATION AB A genome scan was conducted in the North American Holstein-Friesian population for quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting production and health traits using the granddaughter design. Resource families consisted of 1,068 sons of eight elite sires. Genome coverage was estimated to be 2,551 cM (85%) for 174 genotyped markers. Each marker was tested for effects on milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage, protein percentage, somatic cell score, and productive herd life using analysis of variance. Joint analysis of all families identified marker effects on 11 chromosomes that exceeded the genomewide, suggestive, or nominal significance threshold for QTL effects. Large marker effects on fat percentage were found on chromosomes 3 and 14, and multimarker regression analysis was used to refine the position of these QTL. Half-sibling families from Israeli Holstein dairy herds were used in a daughter design to confirm the presence of the QTL for fat percentage on chromosome 14. The QTL identified in this study may be useful for marker-assisted selection and for selection of a refined set of candidate genes affecting these traits. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Edward R Madigan Lab 206, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Inst Anim Sci, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. ARS, USDA, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lewin, HA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Edward R Madigan Lab 206, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 60 TC 140 Z9 149 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1094-8341 J9 PHYSIOL GENOMICS JI Physiol. Genomics PD NOV 11 PY 1999 VL 1 IS 3 BP 165 EP 175 PG 11 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity; Physiology SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity; Physiology GA 317PD UT WOS:000087234100007 PM 11015574 ER PT J AU Fine, A Layton, M Miller, J Cimini, D Vargas, MC Inglesby, A Labowitz, A Bornschlegel, K Maldin, B Samoff, E Haddow, D Mullin, S Gadd, J Giebelhaus, E Mascuch, L Sher, A Foggin, M Mojica, BJ Cohen, N Weisfuse, I Bhalla, R Lee, E Malebranche, D Sacajiu, G Sharma, A Eisenberg, M Ramon, A Poshni, I Stirling, H Goldberg, A Hauer, J Huang, A Rosenberg, A Yang-Lewis, P Adel, HN Novello, A White, D Morse, D Spitalny, K Gallo, R Wong, S Grady, L Eidson, M Wallace, B Smith, P Cartter, M Nelson, R Hadler, J Andreadis, T Blumenstock, J Degraaf, J Sorhage, F Campbell, C Brook, J Gerwell, M Adams, D Bruder, K Kent, R Eisner, R Halperin, N Roscoe, D Bresnitz, E Crans, W AF Fine, A Layton, M Miller, J Cimini, D Vargas, MC Inglesby, A Labowitz, A Bornschlegel, K Maldin, B Samoff, E Haddow, D Mullin, S Gadd, J Giebelhaus, E Mascuch, L Sher, A Foggin, M Mojica, BJ Cohen, N Weisfuse, I Bhalla, R Lee, E Malebranche, D Sacajiu, G Sharma, A Eisenberg, M Ramon, A Poshni, I Stirling, H Goldberg, A Hauer, J Huang, A Rosenberg, A Yang-Lewis, P Adel, HN Novello, A White, D Morse, D Spitalny, K Gallo, R Wong, S Grady, L Eidson, M Wallace, B Smith, P Cartter, M Nelson, R Hadler, J Andreadis, T Blumenstock, J Degraaf, J Sorhage, F Campbell, C Brook, J Gerwell, M Adams, D Bruder, K Kent, R Eisner, R Halperin, N Roscoe, D Bresnitz, E Crans, W CA CDC TI Update: West Nile-like viral encephalitis - New York, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 890-892, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 New York City Outbreak Invest Team, New York, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Mayors Off Emergency Management, New York, NY USA. Westchester Cty Hlth Dept, New Rochelle, NY USA. Connecticut Dept Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. Connecticut Agr Expt Stn, New Haven, CT USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. US Geol Survey, Washington, DC USA. CDC, US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Div Appl Publ Hlth TRaining,Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Fine, A (reprint author), New York City Outbreak Invest Team, New York, NY USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 10 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 18 BP 1714 EP 1714 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 251XJ UT WOS:000083471400009 ER PT J AU Hunt, HD Lee, LF Foster, D Silva, RF Fadly, AM AF Hunt, HD Lee, LF Foster, D Silva, RF Fadly, AM TI A genetically engineered cell line resistant to subgroup J avian leukosis virus infection (C/J) SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENV GENE; SARCOMA-VIRUSES; HOST-RANGE; ANTIGENIC VARIANTS; HPRS-103 STRAIN; DESIGNATED-J; ENVELOPE; TRANSMISSION; SEQUENCE; FAMILY AB A cell line (DF-1\J) expressing the envelope protein isolated from the ADOL-Hc1 strain of the avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) was used to analyze receptor interference to six different isolates of ALV-J as well as ALV subgroups A-D. The traditional gag-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as well as flow cytometry was used to evaluate viral infection. The parental cell line (DF-1) was susceptible to all ALV subgroups tested while the DF-1\J cell line was selectively resistant to the subgroup J isolates. The DF-IU cell line was resistant to infection by all six ALV-J isolates as determined using the gag-specific ELISA. There was no interference with the other ALV subgroups (A-D) induced by the expression of the ADOL-Hcl envelope. The ALV-J isolates used in this analysis are serologically distinct when analyzed by flow cytometry. Convalescent sera to ADOL-Hcl cross-reacts with all of the ALV-J isolates tested; however, sera to HPRS-103 did not bind to four of the six isolates. Based on the intensity and differential binding of these antisera using flow cytometry, the six ALV-J isolates used can be grouped into four categories. Thus the DF-1\J cell line is resistant to infection by a serologically and genetically diverse group of ALV-J isolates and should be useful as a diagnostic tool. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, USDA, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Anim Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Hunt, HD (reprint author), ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, USDA, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD NOV 10 PY 1999 VL 264 IS 1 BP 205 EP 210 DI 10.1006/viro.1999.9993 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 255MU UT WOS:000083673300023 PM 10544146 ER PT J AU Fabian, M Wong, WW Gennis, RB Palmer, G AF Fabian, M Wong, WW Gennis, RB Palmer, G TI Mass spectrometric determination of dioxygen bond splitting in the "peroxy" intermediate of cytochrome c oxidase SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; SPECTROSCOPIC EVIDENCE; OXYGEN; FERRYL; REVERSAL; CYANIDE; COMPLEX; STATE; PH AB The "peroxy" intermediate (P form) of bovine cytochrome c oxidase was prepared by reaction of the two-electron reduced mixed-valence CO complex with O-18(2) after photolytic removal of CO. The water present in the reaction mixture was recovered and analyzed for O-18 enrichment by mass spectrometry, It was found that approximately one oxygen atom (O-18) per one equivalent of the P form was present in the bulk water. The data show that the oxygen-oxygen dioxygen bond is already broken in the P intermediate and that one oxygen atom can be readily released or exchanged with the oxygen of the solvent water. C1 Rice Univ, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77251 USA. Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Coll Med,Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Biochem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Palmer, G (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77251 USA. EM graham@bioc.rice.edu FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R37 HL016101, HL 16101, R01 HL016101]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 55807, R01 GM055807] NR 38 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 9 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 23 BP 13114 EP 13117 DI 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13114 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 255BJ UT WOS:000083649400027 PM 10557282 ER PT J AU Heitzman, E Pregitzer, KS Miller, RO Lanasa, M Zuidema, M AF Heitzman, E Pregitzer, KS Miller, RO Lanasa, M Zuidema, M TI Establishment and development of northern white-cedar following strip clearcutting SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE northern white-cedar; strip clearcutting; white-tailed deer; stem analysis; regeneration ID MICHIGAN; REGENERATION AB Overbrowsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) has created difficulties in regenerating northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) in Michigan during the last 30 years. This has prompted concerns among resource managers regarding the long-term sustainability of cedar forests. After reviewing many areas, we identified three that were strip clearcut 20-30 years ago and had successfully regenerated. We determined patterns of species establishment and height growth and computed the time interval over which this cedar was vulnerable to browsing by deer. Cedar comprised 51-82% of all trees and 36-70% of overstory trees in the three study areas. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), and white spruce (P. glauca (Moench) Voss) were important associates. Seedling establishment in these stands had continued for up to 20 years after clearcutting. However, all overstory trees were derived from advance regeneration or from seedlings that established within the first 10 years after cutting. Seedlings that established early but were overtopped by faster growing trees, or seedlings that established later than 10 years after cutting, were restricted to understory positions. It took 23-26 years after logging for two of our study sites to become fully stocked with cedar that were tall enough to escape overbrowsing by deer. The third area had no trees of this size, even after 20 years. Cedar's successful regeneration on these strip clearcuts can be attributed to its aggressive colonization, the lack of faster-growing competitors, and Limited herbivory over several decades. Extending this experience to other areas, where strip clearcutting has failed, will require an unprecedented, steadfast management policy. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49905 USA. Michigan State Univ, Upper Peninsula Tree Improvement Ctr, Escanaba, MI 49829 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Hiawatha Natl Forest, Escanaba, MI 49829 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Forest Management Div, Gladstone, MI 49837 USA. RP Heitzman, E (reprint author), Univ Maine, 25 Pleasant St, Ft Kent, ME 04743 USA. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 8 PY 1999 VL 123 IS 2-3 BP 97 EP 104 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00025-0 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 236LQ UT WOS:000082601400001 ER PT J AU Kimball, BA Johnson, GR Nolte, DL Griffin, DL AF Kimball, BA Johnson, GR Nolte, DL Griffin, DL TI An examination of the genetic control of Douglas-fir vascular tissue phytochemicals: Implications for black bear foraging SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE forest management; Pseudotsuga menziesii; sugars; tree genetics; terpenoids; Ursus americanus ID BROWSING MAMMALS; WOODY-PLANTS; PREFERENCE; DEFENSE; SELECTION; NUTRIENTS; FLAVORS; SHEEP AB Silvicultural practices can influence black bear (Ursus americanus) foraging preferences for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) cambial-zone vascular tissues, but little is known about the role of genetics. To study the impact of genetic selection, vascular tissue samples were collected from Douglas-fir trees in six half-sib families from five different sites in north central Oregon. Four replications of three-tree non-contiguous plots were sampled at each site to examine inter- and intra-site variation. Tree growth was measured as tree diameter at breast height and the absolute concentrations of 26 different terpenoids were determined by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection from ethyl acetate extracts. The simple carbohydrates fructose, glucose, and sucrose, and the phenolic glycoside coniferin were quantified using anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Cluster analysis was used to reduce the number of variables used in analyses of variance. Results for the families studied here indicate that tree growth and some terpenoids were under some level of genetic control. Furthermore, allocation of constitutive terpenoids in vascular tissues was not at the expense of tree growth. The sugars present in vascular tissue were affected by environment (site) and genetics (family) and their interaction. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, APHIS, NWRC, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, APHIS, NWRC, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Kimball, BA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, USDA, APHIS,NWRC, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 8 PY 1999 VL 123 IS 2-3 BP 245 EP 251 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00042-0 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 236LQ UT WOS:000082601400013 ER PT J AU Martin, CW Bailey, AS AF Martin, CW Bailey, AS TI Twenty years of change in a northern hardwood forest SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE hardwood forest; research natural areas; undisturbed forest; biomass; climax forest ID HUBBARD-BROOK; ECOSYSTEM; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; MANAGEMENT; DIVERSITY; LEAD AB Forests undisturbed by logging play a vital role in our understanding and management of forest ecosystems. The Bowl Research Natural Area (RNA) in the White Mountains of New Hampshire is such a forest. The Bowl RNA and an adjacent area known to have been logged in 1888 were inventoried in 1974 and 1994. The mean basal area of the mixed forest below an elevation of 915 m in the RNA increased from 29 m(2) ha(-1) in 1974 to 32 m(2) ha(-1) in 1994. There was no significant difference in basal areas of the RNA forest and the adjacent forest cut in 1888, in either the 1974 or 1994 sampling. Beech was the most numerous species in all areas of the Bowl followed by spruce-fir. Yellow birch had the greatest basal area followed by spruce-fir and beech. Results from this study indicate that northern hardwood forests of several hundred hectares can be expected to maintain average basal areas of ca. 30 m(2) ha(-1) and above-ground biomass of 150-250 Mg ha(-1). Comparisons of the Bowl and nearby Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest indicate that, within 100 years following heavy forest cutting, the northern hardwood forest can be expected to regrow to the point where numbers of stems, basal-area, and biomass will be comparable with old-growth forests. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Hubbard Brook Expt Forest, Campton, NH 03223 USA. RP Martin, CW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Hubbard Brook Expt Forest, Campton, NH 03223 USA. NR 28 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD NOV 8 PY 1999 VL 123 IS 2-3 BP 253 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00045-6 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 236LQ UT WOS:000082601400014 ER PT J AU Fahrenkrug, SC Freking, BA Smith, TPL AF Fahrenkrug, SC Freking, BA Smith, TPL TI Genomic organization and genetic mapping of the bovine PREF-1 gene SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; FETAL ANTIGEN-1; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; CARCASS TRAITS; LINKAGE MAP; PROTEIN; CATTLE; SEQUENCES; TUMORS; FA1 AB As a potential regulator of nutrient partitioning in beef cattle, we have cloned and genetically mapped the bovine PREF-1 gene. A full-length PREP-1 cDNA was isolated by iterative purification from a mixed-tissue cDNA library to which adipose contributed mRNA. Analysis of partial cDNAs from this library revealed that the 3'-terminal exon of the bovine PREF-1 mRNA is spliced in a manner analogous to its murine ortholog. However, we have also detected a PREF-1 splice form apparently unique to cattle. Aside from this alternative selection of a splice donor in the bovine fifth exon, the exon/intron junctions of the bovine PREF-1 gene recapitulate those observed for mice. The sequences proximal to the bovine PREF-1 transcription start site are homologous to the mouse PREF-1 promoter. Importantly, the sequence experimentally identified as critical to PREF-1 "suppression in adipocyte differentiation" is conserved in the bovine gene. The bovine PREF-1 gene was mapped to the telomeric end of BTA 21 by virtue of a physically linked microsatellite with seven alleles and 285 informative meiosis. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Fahrenkrug, SC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Spur 18D,POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Freking, Brad/C-6494-2008 NR 28 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD NOV 2 PY 1999 VL 264 IS 3 BP 662 EP 667 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1558 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 255JR UT WOS:000083666200011 PM 10543989 ER PT J AU Ordovas, JM Vargas, C Santos, A Tayler, TD Daly, JA Augustine, J Seman, LJ McNamara, JR Schaefer, EJ AF Ordovas, JM Vargas, C Santos, A Tayler, TD Daly, JA Augustine, J Seman, LJ McNamara, JR Schaefer, EJ TI The G/A promoter polymorphism at the APOA1 gene locus predicts individual variability in pasting and postprandial responses to the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD NOV 2 PY 1999 VL 100 IS 18 SU S MA 1242 BP 239 EP 239 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 250YD UT WOS:000083417101241 ER PT J AU McKay, DL Dallal, G Jacques, P Selhub, J Blumberg, JB Mayer, J AF McKay, DL Dallal, G Jacques, P Selhub, J Blumberg, JB Mayer, J TI Effect of multi-vitamin/mineral supplementation on micronutrient status and remocysteine in healthy older adults: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD NOV 2 PY 1999 VL 100 IS 18 SU S MA 1381 BP 265 EP 265 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 250YD UT WOS:000083417101380 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH Welty, FK Millar, JS Jenner, JL Dolnikowski, G Schaefer, EJ AF Lichtenstein, AH Welty, FK Millar, JS Jenner, JL Dolnikowski, G Schaefer, EJ TI Fish consumption increases TRL apoB-48 and apoB-100 production rates SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, HNRCA, USDA, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD NOV 2 PY 1999 VL 100 IS 18 SU S MA 3472 BP 659 EP 659 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 250YD UT WOS:000083417103468 ER PT J AU Perez-Jimenez, F Lopez-Miranda, J Velasco, MJ Pinillos, D Castro, P Paz, E Gomez, P Marin, C Fuentes, F Ordovas, JM AF Perez-Jimenez, F Lopez-Miranda, J Velasco, MJ Pinillos, D Castro, P Paz, E Gomez, P Marin, C Fuentes, F Ordovas, JM TI The S2 allele at the SstI polymorphism and the APOC3 gene is associated with impaired insulin sensitivity independently of dietary fat content SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hosp Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain. Tufts Univ, HNRCA, USDA, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD NOV 2 PY 1999 VL 100 IS 18 SU S MA 3474 BP 659 EP 659 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 250YD UT WOS:000083417103470 ER PT J AU Matthan, NR Jones, PJ Cianflone, K McGladdery, S Frohlich, JJ Ausman, LM Lichtenstein, AH AF Matthan, NR Jones, PJ Cianflone, K McGladdery, S Frohlich, JJ Ausman, LM Lichtenstein, AH TI Hydrogenated fat consumption affects triglyceride clearance and re-esterification in hypercholesterolemic women SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Tufts Univ, HNRCA, USDA, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD NOV 2 PY 1999 VL 100 IS 18 SU S MA 3476 BP 660 EP 660 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 250YD UT WOS:000083417103472 ER PT J AU Couture, P Otvos, JD Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Couture, P Otvos, JD Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI Association of the A-278C polymorphism in the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene with variations in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the framingham offspring study SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD NOV 2 PY 1999 VL 100 IS 18 SU S MA 3908 BP 740 EP 740 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 250YD UT WOS:000083417103900 ER PT J AU Russo, G Cupples, LA Otvos, JD Wilson, PWF Kelleher, AL Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Russo, G Cupples, LA Otvos, JD Wilson, PWF Kelleher, AL Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI The s2 allele at the APOC3 gene locus is associated with lipid profiles that are atherogenic but that differ by gender SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD NOV 2 PY 1999 VL 100 IS 18 SU S MA 3906 BP 740 EP 740 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 250YD UT WOS:000083417103898 ER PT J AU Hodis, HN Mack, WJ Selhub, J LaBree, L Seizer, RH Liu, CR Li, YJ Lee, ZA Liu, CH Mahrer, PR AF Hodis, HN Mack, WJ Selhub, J LaBree, L Seizer, RH Liu, CR Li, YJ Lee, ZA Liu, CH Mahrer, PR TI Pasting total plasma homocysteine levels correlate with progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy individuals without cardiovascular symptoms SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Kaiser Permanente Med Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90034 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD NOV 2 PY 1999 VL 100 IS 18 SU S MA 4586 BP 869 EP 869 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 250YD UT WOS:000083417104576 ER PT J AU Sanderson, MA Elwinger, GF AF Sanderson, MA Elwinger, GF TI Grass species and cultivar effects on establishment of grass-white clover mixtures SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PERENNIAL RYEGRASS; COMPATIBILITY; INTERFERENCE; ASSOCIATION; VARIETIES; CANOPIES; SWARDS AB Grasses may differ in their compatibility with white clover (Trifolium repens L.) during establishment. We conducted greenhouse and field experiments to evaluate the compatibility of early- and late-maturing cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) with 'Will' white clover during establishment. Monocultures and binary mixtures of each cultivar with white clover were established from seed in pots in two greenhouse studies. After an initial harvest at 6 wk of growth, plants were harvested el erg 2 or 4 wk at a 4- or 8-cm height for 8 wk. The same monocultures and mixtures were planted in field plots and harvested twice at 4 or 8 cm after an 11-wk establishment period. White clover produced more (P < 0.05) stolen + leaf mass and clover proportion of herbage yield was greater when grown with early-maturing than with tate-maturing grass cultivars in the field and greenhouse. This indicates that early-maturity grasses were more compatible with white clover. Individual perennial ryegrass plants had about twice as many tillers per plant (P < 0.01) and yielded 24% more (P < 0.01) dry matter than orchardgrass in mixture with clover. Perennial ryegrass-clover mixtures yielded 20% more herbage and had 40% more tillers per unit area than orchardgrass-clover in the field. Clover plants in monoculture were heavier and more complex in structure than plants in mixture in both field and greenhouse. We conclude that maturity of grass cultivars has an effect on white clover establishment and that early-maturing cultivars of perennial ryegrass or orchardgrass are more compatible with Will white clover during the establishment phase. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Waershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sanderson, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Waershed Management Res Lab, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 24 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 91 IS 6 BP 889 EP 897 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 283MD UT WOS:000085278600002 ER PT J AU Baumhardt, RL Lascano, RJ AF Baumhardt, RL Lascano, RJ TI Water budget and yield of dryland cotton intercropped with terminated winter wheat SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INFILTRATION; TILLAGE; RESIDUE; SOIL; EVAPORATION; PLAINS AB A Texas South Plains production system for reducing wind erosion in irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), a low-residue crop, is to plant winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) after cotton harvest, chemically terminate the wheat in the spring, and plant cotton using conservation tillage. The terminated wheat-cotton system (TWC) utilizes fall rain to grow wheat residue, This system has increased irrigated cotton lint yields compared with continuous clean-tillage cotton (CCC), but there is limited information on the annual water budget and adaptability of TWC under dryland conditions. This study compares CCC and TWC effects on (i) runoff and infiltration of rain, (ii) the annual water balance, and (iii) cotton hint yield under dryland conditions. The water budget of TWC end CCC was measured in 3-by 30-m subplot watersheds from May 1992 to December 1995 on an Amarillo sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Aridic Paleustalf) at Wellman, TX, Compared with CCC plots, the TWC residue reduced average annual runoff by 43 mm, but increased average fallow water use by 28 mm (tor growing wheat), The use of TWC did not significantly (P = 0.05) increase either water conservation or cotton lint yields compared with CCC. Cotton establishment was problematic due to limited soil water at planting in 1993 for TWC and CCC. This prevented 1994 TWC cotton establishment, thus offsetting improved establishment in 1992, when residue protected cotton seedlings during above-average rain. In semiarid regions, inadequate soil water for crop establishment is an uncontrolled risk with dryland TWC production. Because no significant gains in mater storage or cotton lint yield were observed under dryland conditions with TWC compared with CCC, undertaking the greater crop establishment risk with TWC cotton production is not recommended in the Tex-as South Plains. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. Texas Agr Exp Stn, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. RP Baumhardt, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 91 IS 6 BP 922 EP 927 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 283MD UT WOS:000085278600007 ER PT J AU Valencia, E Williams, MJ Sollenberger, LE AF Valencia, E Williams, MJ Sollenberger, LE TI Yield and botanical composition of rhizoma peanut-grass swards treated with herbicides SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PASTURES AB Weeds are an increasing problem in rhizoma peanut (RP) (Arachis glabrata Benth.), a warm-season perennial forage Legume. The objective of this field study was to measure the effect of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] at 1.12, 2.24, or 3.36 kg a.i. ha(-1) and triclopyr ([(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid) at 0.56, 1.12? or 1.68 kg a.i. ha(-1) applied in the summer on dry matter (DM) yield and botanical composition of weed-infested RP-grass swards at 2 and 4 mo after application. Mexican-tea (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.) and cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L) P. Beauv.] Here the most common Heeds. Glyphosate, at all rates, reduced Mexican-tea DM 2 mo after application in both gears. However, substantial recovery of existing MT plants Has observed 4 mo after application at all but the high rate. Glyphosate had no effect on cogongrass or other grasses in 1995 or 1996. In both years, rhizoma peanut DM declined as the rate of glyphosate increased. Some recovery of RP was noted at the low (1.12 kg ha(-1)) rate of glyphosate by 3 mo after application. Edible DM (RP + other grasses) was reduced due to glyphosate treatment only st the high glyphosate rate. In both years, triclopyr was effective in reducing Mexican-tea DM 2 mo after application with limited recovery of treated plants 4 mo after application. Cogongrass and other grasses increased in the triclopyr treatments in both years, possibly due to reduced competition from Mexican-tea Rhizoma peanut DM decreased as the rate of triclopyr increased in 1995 at 2 and 4 mo after application, but this effect was observed only at 2 mo after application in 1996. Triclopyr application had Little effect on edible DM. but this was a consequence of the substitution effect of other grasses for RP. Both triclopyr and glyphosate can be useful in weed-infested RP stands, but glyphosate at the rates tested Has not as effective as triclopyr in controlling Mexican-tea. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Williams, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 91 IS 6 BP 956 EP 961 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 283MD UT WOS:000085278600013 ER PT J AU Pettigrew, WT AF Pettigrew, WT TI Potassium deficiency increases specific leaf weights and leaf glucose levels in field-grown cotton SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LINT YIELD; NUTRITION; NITROGEN; QUALITY AB Potassium deficiency reduces Lint yield and causes fiber quality problems for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) producers throughout the U.S, production regions, This deficiency produces plants exhibiting reduced leaf area but increased specific leaf weights (SLW). The objectives of this research were (i) to determine whether the alterations in leaf growth produced by a ii deficiency are associated with changes in leaf carbohydrate levels or leaf water status and (ii) to determine if a K deficiency alters the carbohydrate concentration in root tissue. Field studies were conducted in 1993 and 1993 using four genotypes ('DES 119','MD 51 ne','Prema', and 'STV' 825') and two levels of Ii fertilization (0 and 112 kg K ha(-1)). Glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch concentrations were quantified for leaves collected at three different dates in both years, Root carbohydrate concentrations were determined once in each growing season. Leaf water potential and its components were determined once each growing season using thermocouple psychrometers. Glucose was the only carbohydrate whose leaf concentration was consistently altered by the ii deficiency; it was increased an average of 84% across all leaf harvest dates. Leaf concentrations of starch, starch, sucrose, and fructose were inconsistent in their response to variation in Il levels, The K deficiency increased root tissue concentrations of starch by 82%, glucose by 14%, and fructose by 27%, averaged across gears. Although leaf eater potential (psi(1)) and leaf osmotic potential (psi(pi)) were unaffected by varying the level of K fertilization, leaf turgor (psi(t)) averaged across both years was increased 17% in leaves from the Ii-deficient plants. The elevated carbohydrate concentrations remaining in source tissue, such as leaves, appear to be part of the overall effect of Ii deficiency in reducing the amount of photosynthate available for reproductive sinks and thereby producing reductions in tint yield and fiber quality seen in cotton. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Pettigrew, WT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, POB 345, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 27 TC 63 Z9 97 U1 4 U2 18 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 91 IS 6 BP 962 EP 968 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 283MD UT WOS:000085278600014 ER PT J AU Just, RE Calvin, L Quiggin, J AF Just, RE Calvin, L Quiggin, J TI Adverse selection in crop insurance: Actuarial and asymmetric information incentives SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE actuarial incentives; adverse selection; asymmetric information; crop insurance ID AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE; EMPIRICAL-ANALYSIS; INCREASING RISK; MARKETS; DEMAND; WHEAT AB Adverse selection is often blamed for crop insurance indemnities exceeding premiums plus subsidies. However, nationwide empirical evidence has been lacking or based on inadequate county-level data. This article uses nationwide farm-level data on corn and soybeans to decompose incentives for participation in U.S, multiple peril crop insurance into a risk-aversion incentive (the conventional justification for insurance), an actuarial or subsidy incentive (reflecting government subsidization), and an asymmetric information incentive (which reflects farmers' information advantage). Results show that the risk-aversion incentive is small. Farmers participate in crop insurance primarily to receive the subsidy or because of adverse selection possibilities. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Econ Res Serv, Market & Trade Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Just, RE (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Quiggin, John/C-1621-2013 OI Quiggin, John/0000-0003-0398-8280 NR 27 TC 65 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 81 IS 4 BP 834 EP 849 DI 10.2307/1244328 PG 16 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 249AK UT WOS:000083309500007 ER PT J AU O'Donnell, CJ Shumway, CR Ball, VE AF O'Donnell, CJ Shumway, CR Ball, VE TI Input demands and inefficiency in US agriculture SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE Bayes; concavity; input demands; Markov Chain Monte Carlo; technical efficiency ID FLEXIBLE FUNCTIONAL FORMS; PANEL-DATA; CANADIAN AGRICULTURE; TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY; COST FUNCTION; OUTPUT; TECHNOLOGY; SUBSTITUTION; ELASTICITIES; UNCERTAINTY AB Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are used to estimate a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) system of input demand functions for U.S. agriculture. Our demand functions have flexible forms and allow for nonrandom technical inefficiency. Concavity constraints are imposed at individual data points, and the distributions of measures of relative technical efficiency are constrained to the unit interval. Results are evaluated in terms of characteristics of the posterior distributions of parameters, measures of relative technical efficiency, and other nonlinear functions of the parameters. C1 Univ New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Econ Res Serv, Resource Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP O'Donnell, CJ (reprint author), Univ New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. RI Shumway, C/A-9495-2009; OI O'donnell, Colm/0000-0002-8004-450X NR 55 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 5 U2 12 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 81 IS 4 BP 865 EP 880 DI 10.2307/1244330 PG 16 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 249AK UT WOS:000083309500009 ER PT J AU Wilde, PE McNamara, PE Ranney, CK AF Wilde, PE McNamara, PE Ranney, CK TI The effect of income and food programs on dietary quality: A seemingly unrelated regression analysis with error components SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE error components; food stamps; seemingly unrelated regression; WIC ID STAMP PROGRAM AB This article employs new Food Guide Pyramid servings data to measure how food intake is affected by income and two food programs. The analysis uses a maximum likelihood estimator that combines the seemingly unrelated regression and one-way error component models, to account for two types of intrahousehold correlations. Participation in the Food Stamp Program is associated with higher intake of meats, added sugars, and total fats. Participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children is associated with lower intake of added sugars. C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Agr & Consumer Econ, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Agr Managerial & Resource Econ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Grad Sch, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Wilde, PE (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RI Wilde, Parke/B-6011-2009 OI Wilde, Parke/0000-0002-9596-9230 NR 18 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 81 IS 4 BP 959 EP 971 DI 10.2307/1244338 PG 13 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 249AK UT WOS:000083309500017 ER PT J AU Sztein, AE Cohen, JD de la Fuente, IG Cooke, TJ AF Sztein, AE Cohen, JD de la Fuente, IG Cooke, TJ TI Auxin metabolism in mosses and liverworts SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE auxin; auxin conjugates; auxin metabolism; indole-3-acetic acid; liverworts; mosses; tracheophytes; vascular tissue ID INDOLEACETIC-ACID; PLANT; BIOSYNTHESIS; PHYLOGENY; GROWTH; RBCL; AMIDOHYDROLASE; CONJUGATION; TRYPTOPHAN; BRYOPHYTES AB The plant hormone auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) is involved in the control of many phenomena during plant development. By characterizing steady-state free and conjugated IAA levels using a stable isotope dilution method coupled with gas chromatography- selected ion monitoring- mass spectrometry, this paper provides a detailed characterization of IAA metabolism in five liverworts, four mosses, and two tracheophytes. Long-term IAA conjugation patterns were monitored by incubating actively growing tissue with C-14-IAA and then analyzing the de novo synthesis of IAA conjugates with radioimaging techniques. The liverworts, mosses, and tracheophytes can be differentiated by the total amount of IAA metabolites, the proportion of free and conjugated IAA, the chemical nature of their IAA conjugates, and the rates of IAA conjugation. Our tentative conclusion is that the liverworts appear to employ a biosynthesis-degradation strategy for the regulation of free IAA levels, in contrast to the conjugation-hydrolysis strategy apparently used by the mosses and tracheophytes. Such alternative metabolic strategies may have profound implications for macroevolutionary processes in these plant groups. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Cell Biol & Mol Genet, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sztein, AE (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Cell Biol & Mol Genet, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 54 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 8 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1544 EP 1555 DI 10.2307/2656792 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 257FA UT WOS:000083770800005 ER PT J AU Nilsen, ET Walker, JF Miller, OK Semones, SW Lei, TT Clinton, BD AF Nilsen, ET Walker, JF Miller, OK Semones, SW Lei, TT Clinton, BD TI Inhibition of seedling survival under Rhododendron maximum (Ericaceae): Could allelopathy be a cause? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE allelopathy; deciduous forest; ectomycorrhizae; Ericaceae; Rhododendron; seedling inhibition; southern Appalachian mountains; subcanopy ID GROWTH; FORESTS; SPRUCE AB In the southern Appalachian mountains a subcanopy species, Rhododendron maximum, inhibits the establishment and survival of canopy tree seedlings. One of the mechanisms by which seedlings could be inhibited is an allelopathic effect of decomposing litter or leachate from the canopy of R. maximum (R.m.) on seed germination, root elongation, or mycorrhizal colonization. The potential for allelopathy by R.m. was tested with two bioassay species (lettuce and cress), with seeds from four native tree species, and with three ectomycorrhizal fungi. Inhibitory influences of throughfall, fresh litter, and decomposed litter (organic layer) from forest with R.m. (+R.m. sites) were compared to similar extractions made from forest without R.m. (-R.m. sites). Throughfall and leachates of the organic layer from both +R.m. and -R.m. sites stimulated germination of the bioassay species above that of the distilled water control, to a similar extent. There was an inhibitory effect of leachates of litter from +R.m. sites on seed germination and root elongation rate of both bioassay species compared with that of litter from -R.m. sites. Native tree seed stratified in forest floor material from both forest types had a slightly higher seed germination rate compared with the control. A 2-yr study of seed germination and seedling mortality of two tree species, Quercus rubra and Prunus serotina, in field plots showed no significant influence of litter or organic layer from either forest type. Incorporating R.m. leaf material into the growth medium in vitro depressed growth of one ectomycorrhizal species but did not affect two other species. Leaf material from other deciduous tree species depressed ectomycorrhizal growth to a similar or greater extent as leaf material from R.m. In conclusion, R.m. litter can have an allelopathic effect on seed germination and root elongation of bioassay species as well as some ectomycorrhizal species. However, this allelopathic affect is not manifest in field sites and is not likely to be an important cause for the inhibition of seedling survival within thickets of R.m. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. CSIRO, Cotton Res Unit, Narrabri, NSW, Australia. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RP Nilsen, ET (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 29 TC 48 Z9 57 U1 4 U2 30 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1597 EP 1605 DI 10.2307/2656796 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 257FA UT WOS:000083770800009 PM 10562250 ER PT J AU Hainds, MJ Mitchell, RJ Palik, BJ Boring, LR Gjerstad, DH AF Hainds, MJ Mitchell, RJ Palik, BJ Boring, LR Gjerstad, DH TI Distribution of native legumes (Leguminoseae) in frequently burned longleaf pine (Pinaceae)-wiregrass (Poaceae) ecosystems SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Aristida stricta; fire; intermediate disturbance; Leguminosae; light; N-2; fixation; nutrients; Pinaceae; Pinus palustris; soil moisture ID NITROGEN; FORESTS; AVAILABILITY; PHOSPHORUS; FIXATION AB Legume species distribution and abundance and selected environmental variables were quantified across a complex gradient (varying in both water-holding capacity and fertility) for frequently burned longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)-wiregrass (Aristida stricta) ecosystems. Legumes were present in all months; however, abundance peaked in June and was minimal after killing frosts in October. Legume species were prominent in the flora (43 species encountered) ubiquitous (94% of 2-m(2) subplots had at least one legume species), and abundant (nearly 120000 stems/ha). Although most species were widely distributed throughout the gradient, Lespedeza angustifolia was distinctly associated with the more hydric end of the gradient, while both Petalostemon pinnatum and Galactia microphylla were located in the more xeric extreme. The percentage variation in species that could be accounted for by environmental variation was low (27%). Of the variation that could be accounted for, a number of environmental variables were important, including soil moisture, pine basal area (i.e., light), and bivalent base cations (e.g., Ca2+). Although gradients in resource availability among sites did not affect the distribution of species or abundance of legumes strongly, variation in resources are likely to regulate N-2-fixation rates of the various native legume species, and thereby affect ecological functions such as maintenance of N capital and productivity. C1 Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Mitchell, RJ (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 61 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 13 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1606 EP 1614 DI 10.2307/2656797 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 257FA UT WOS:000083770800010 PM 10562251 ER PT J AU Wellman, NS Scarbrough, FE Ziegler, RG Lyle, B AF Wellman, NS Scarbrough, FE Ziegler, RG Lyle, B TI Do we facilitate the scientific process and the development of dietary guidance when findings from single studies are publicized? An American Society for Nutritional Sciences Controversy Session Report SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 97 Conference CY APR 06-10, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA DE dietary guidance; publicity; science journalism; communicating research; media; nutrition AB This American Society for Nutritional Sciences Controversy Session presented at the 1997 Experimental Biology meeting considered whether publicity of findings from single studies facilitates or hampers the scientific process and the development of scientifically sound dietary guidance. Ln a 1995 survey, 78% of primary household shoppers believed it "very likely" or "somewhat likely" that in the next 5 y experts would have a completely different idea about which foods were healthy and which were not. This skepticism is fueled by the media's emphasis on reporting new and often controversial findings about food and nutrition. Media efforts are reinforced by the fact that some scientific journals regularly publicize newly published research findings. As a consequence, journalists frequently mediate scientific debate in a public forum-debate that previously was conducted among knowledgeable peers. Tight deadlines often make it difficult for reporters to thoroughly investigate findings publicized in press releases. Headlines can make results from single studies appear important, even when results are inconclusive. Finally, scientists and public policymakers have limited opportunity for making timely comments in response to an issue reported in the media. Nevertheless, the public has a right to be informed about health-related research findings to help them make decisions about their diets, The media are a valuable resource for educating the public and maintaining public interest in the importance of diet in overall health status. Nutrition scientists should be more involved in helping the media accurately convey diet and health messages. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Nutr & Dietet, Natl Policy & Resource Ctr Nutr & Aging, Miami, FL 33199 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NCI, Nutr Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Kraft Gen Foods Inc, Dept Nutr, Glenview, IL 60025 USA. RP Wellman, NS (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Nutr & Dietet, Natl Policy & Resource Ctr Nutr & Aging, OE 200, Miami, FL 33199 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 70 IS 5 BP 802 EP 805 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 249WL UT WOS:000083356200005 PM 10539738 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ Wong, WW AF Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ Wong, WW TI Measurement of body water by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy in a multiethnic pediatric population SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE total body water; extracellular water; intracellular water; bioelectrical impedance analysis; bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; total body potassium; children; adolescents; body composition ID EXTRACELLULAR WATER; NEUTRON-ACTIVATION; DEFICIENT ADULTS; BROMIDE; DILUTION; COMPARTMENTS; DEUTERIUM; VOLUME AB Background: Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) may provide a noninvasive, rapid method for the assessment of total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECW), and intracellular water (ICW). Few studies, however, have examined the accuracy of BIS in pediatric populations. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the accuracy of BIS for the measurement of TEW, ECW, and ICW in healthy children. Design: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), total body potassium (TBK), and BIS measurements were performed in 347 children (202 males and 145 females aged 4-18 y). The reference values for TEW, ECW, and ICW were defined by using a DXA+TBK model. BIS values were evaluated by using the method of Bland and Altman. A randomly selected calibration group (n = 231) was used to derive new BIS constants that were tested in the remaining group (n = 116). Results: BIS values were highly correlated with the reference values (r(2) = 0.94-0.97, P < 0.0001), but differences between the BIS and DXA+TBK models for individuals were significant (P < 0.001). Use of new BIS constants reduced the mean differences between the BIS and DXA+TBK models; the SDs of the mean differences were improved (1.8 L for TEW, 1.4 L for ICW, and 1.0 L for ECW) for the total population. Conclusions: On a population basis, BIS can be calibrated to replace the DXA+TBK model for the assessment of TEW, ECW, and ICW in healthy children. The accuracy of the BIS measurement in individual children may be refined further by using age-and sex-specific adjustments for the BIS calibration constants. C1 USDA ARS, Body Composit Lab, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat,Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Ellis, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Body Composit Lab, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat,Baylor Coll Med, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 31 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 70 IS 5 BP 847 EP 853 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 249WL UT WOS:000083356200012 PM 10539745 ER PT J AU Jacques, PF Rosenberg, IH Rogers, G Selhub, J Wright, JD Johnson, CL AF Jacques, PF Rosenberg, IH Rogers, G Selhub, J Wright, JD Johnson, CL TI Serum folate and homocysteine concentrations in large population samples of US ethnic and racial groups - Reply to JE Baggott SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID DISEASE; DETERMINANTS C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Jacques, PF (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 70 IS 5 BP 939 EP 940 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 249WL UT WOS:000083356200026 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ Abrams, SA Wong, WW AF Ellis, KJ Abrams, SA Wong, WW TI Monitoring childhood obesity: Assessment of the weight/height(2) index SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE body mass index; child; densiometry; x-ray; ethnic groups; obesity ID BODY-MASS INDEX; X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; UNITED-STATES; CHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS; POPULATION; FAT; OVERWEIGHT; YOUNG; ADIPOSITY AB The body mass index (BMI), defined as weight/height(2), is often used to monitor childhood obesity. BMI values for 979 children (438 White, 283 Black, and 258 Hispanic) aged 3-18 years living in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area from 1994 to 1998 were compared with percentage of fat (%Fat) measurements obtained by using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, The associations between %Fat and BMI were statistically significant (r(2) = 0.34-0.70, p < 0.0005) and were gender and ethnic dependent (p < 0.0005), indicating that BMI can provide a general description of the adiposity characteristics of a healthy pediatric population. However, BMI was a poor predictor for the individual child, with a standard error for %Fat of 4.7-7.3% of body weight. It is advantageous to identify accurately, as early as possible, those children who truly have excess adiposity, but this assessment should not be done at the risk of falsely mislabeling a significant number of healthy children as overweight or obese. C1 USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Ellis, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 33 TC 105 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD NOV 1 PY 1999 VL 150 IS 9 BP 939 EP 946 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 251VX UT WOS:000083468000006 PM 10547139 ER PT J AU Klein, SL Gamble, HR Nelson, RJ AF Klein, SL Gamble, HR Nelson, RJ TI Role of steroid hormones in Trichinella spiralis infection among voles SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arvicoline rodents; corticosterone; endocrine-immune interactions; estradiol; testosterone ID SEX-DIFFERENCES; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; MICE; BRASILIENSIS; DIMORPHISM; RESISTANCE; PARASITES; PATTERNS; BEHAVIOR AB Males are generally more susceptible to parasite infection than females. This sex difference may reflect the suppressive effects of testosterone and enhancing effects of estradiol on immune function. This study characterized the role of circulating steroid hormones in sex differences after infection with the nematode Trichinella, spiralis. Because testosterone suppresses immune function and because polygynous males have higher circulating testosterone concentrations than monogamous males, sex differences in parasite burden were hypothesized to be exaggerated among polygynous meadow voles compared with monogamous prairie voles. As predicted, sex differences in response to T. spiralis infection were increased among meadow voles; males had higher worm numbers than females. Male and female prairie voles had equivalent parasite burden. Overall, prairie voles had higher worm numbers than meadow voles. Contrary to our initial prediction, differences in circulating estradiol concentrations in females, testosterone concentrations in males, and corticosterone concentrations in both sexes were not related to the observed variation in II spiralis infection. Taken together, these data suggest that not all sex differences in parasite infection are mediated by circulating steroid hormones and that adaptive-functional explanations may provide new insight into the causes of variation in parasite infection. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Psychol, Behav Neuroendocrinol Grp, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Div Reprod Biol, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Div Reprod Biol, Dept Biochem, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Nelson, RJ (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Psychol, Behav Neuroendocrinol Grp, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM rnelson@jhu.edu FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH-57535] NR 39 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6119 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-REG I JI Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 277 IS 5 BP R1362 EP R1367 PG 6 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 255QV UT WOS:000083682400015 PM 10564208 ER PT J AU Bamberg, JB AF Bamberg, JB TI Dependence on exogenous gibberellin for seed germination in Solanum acaule bitter and other Solanum (potato) species SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE germplasm; genebank AB Certain seed populations of the wild potato species Solanum acaule Bitter were identified as having consistent qualitative dependence on GA to germinate. This was true for both germination in petri plates and in greenhouse conditions. The effect could be transmitted across sexual generations. Progeny from crosses with GA-independent populations were intermediate, with no consistent reciprocal effect. A broad survey of 2,580 populations including 60 potato species indicated that significant dependence on GA also exists in other species. This trait may have physiological and evolutionary implications worth further investigation. Recognizing that populations of some species are highly dependent on GA allows genebank managers and other potato scientists to accurately assess seed viability and avoid inadvertent selection against useful traits which may be linked. C1 ARS, USDA, US Potato Genebank, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. RP Bamberg, JB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Potato Genebank, NRSP-6,4312 Hwy 42, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 76 IS 6 BP 351 EP 355 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 264YZ UT WOS:000084212600005 ER PT J AU Hoar, BR Atwill, ER Elmi, C Utterback, WW Edmondson, AJ AF Hoar, BR Atwill, ER Elmi, C Utterback, WW Edmondson, AJ TI Comparison of fecal samples collected per rectum and off the ground for estimation of environmental contamination attributable to beef cattle SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM OOCYSTS; CULTURABLE CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; UNITED-STATES; WATER; SURVIVAL; GIARDIA; INFECTIVITY; VIABILITY; ANIMALS AB Objectives-To determine whether sampling feces off the ground replicates prevalence estimates for specific pathogens obtained from fecal samples collected per rectum of adult cows, and to determine characteristics of feces on the ground (fecal pats) that are associated with subsequent identification of Campylobacter spp, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Giardia duodenalis. Animals-A random sample of adult beef cattle from 25 herds located throughout California. Procedure-1,115 rectal and ground fecal samples were obtained. Samples were submitted for culture of Campylobacter spp and examined, using a direct fluorescent antibody assay, to detect C parvum oocysts and G duodenalis cysts. Characteristics of fecal pats, such as volume and consistency, were recorded. Results-Prevalence of Campylobacter spp was 5.0% (20/401) for rectal fecal samples, which was significantly greater than prevalence determined for ground fecal samples (2/402; 0.5%). Most isolates were C jejuni subsp jejuni Prevalence of C parvum was higher in rectal fecal samples (6/557; 1.1%) than in ground fecal samples (1/558; 0.2%), but this difference was not significant. Prevalence of G duodenalis did not differ for rectal (36/557; 6.5%) versus ground (26/558; 4.7%) fecal samples. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Evaluation of ground fecal samples may not accurately indicate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp or C parvum in cattle but may reflect prevalence of G duodenalis. Differences in prevalence estimates between the 2 methods suggest inactivation of pathogens in feces after cattle have defecated. Prevalence estimates generated by evaluation of ground fecal samples, however, may more accurately estimate environmental pathogen burden. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA, Fresno, CA 93725 USA. USDA, Sacramento, CA 95827 USA. Calif Dept Food & Agr, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. RP Hoar, BR (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 34 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 60 IS 11 BP 1352 EP 1356 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 252XZ UT WOS:000083528700004 PM 10566807 ER PT J AU Connick, WJ Ingber, BF Goynes, WR Daigle, DJ Jackson, MA Lewis, JA AF Connick, WJ Ingber, BF Goynes, WR Daigle, DJ Jackson, MA Lewis, JA TI Microscopy as a research tool in the biocontrol of agricultural pests with fungal pathogens SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Article ID TERMITES; SOIL AB Light and scanning electron microscopy are powerful tools for the biocontrol scientist, especially when both techniques are focused on the same specimen. This paper discusses pathogens for fungi, weeds, and insects. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Connick, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 31 IS 22 BP 13 EP + PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 256QW UT WOS:000083737700002 ER PT J AU Laves, KS Loeb, SC AF Laves, Kevin S. Loeb, Susan C. TI Effects of southern flying squirrels Glaucomys volans on red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis reproductive success SO ANIMAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article AB Anecdotal data gathered from many populations suggest that southern flying squirrel (SFS, Glaucomys volans) use of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker's (RCW, Picoides borealis) nest and roost cavities may negatively affect RCW populations. We conducted a controlled experiment to determine the effects of SFSs on RCW reproductive success. During the 1994 and 1995 breeding seasons, SFSs were removed from 30 RCW clusters and 32 clusters served as controls. SFSs were the most frequently encountered occupants of RCW cavities and used 20-33% of RCW cavities in control and treatment clusters over both years. Treatment groups produced significantly more successful nests (>= 1 fledgling) than control groups in 1994. In 1995 however, there was no difference in the number of successful nests. In both years, RCW groups nesting in treatment clusters produced significantly more fledglings than groups in control clusters in each of four experimental areas, averaging approximately 0.7 additional fledglings per nesting group. Loss of entire clutches or broods, possibly as a result of predation or abandonment, was a major factor limiting reproduction in control groups in 1994. In contrast, differences in partial brood loss appeared to be the cause of differential fledging success in 1995. Usurpation of RCW roost cavities by SFSs may have placed greater energetic demands on RCWs for cavity defence or thermoregulation, thus reducing energy available for reproduction. Our results show that SFS use of RCW cavities during the breeding season has a significant impact on RCWs and that management of RCW populations should include activities that either minimize SFS populations in RCW clusters or limit access of SFSs to RCW cavities. C1 [Laves, Kevin S.] Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. [Loeb, Susan C.] Clemson Univ, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Laves, KS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, 870 Emerald Bay Rd,Suite 1, S Lake Tahoe, CA 96150 USA. EM klaves/r5_ltbmu@fs.fed.us FU U.S. Department of Energy-Savannah River Site; U.S. Department of the Interior; U.S. Geological Survey; Biological Resources Division; South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Clemson University FX This research was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy-Savannah River Site (through the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Savannah River Forest Station and Southern Research Station, Clemson University) and the U.S. Department of the Interior, the U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Clemson University.; We thank S. Aughey, S. Canniff, S. Crafts, R. Drumm, D. Gardner, G. Hupton, S. Hutchings, K. Misiak, A. Raabe, H. Rustigian and J. White for field assistance. S. Haig provided invaluable contributions to the development of this project. D. Otis and E. Stevens provided helpful comments on this manuscript. We also thank the staff of CSNWR under the direction of R. Ingram, for contributions of personnel, equipment and housing. NR 40 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1367-9430 EI 1469-1795 J9 ANIM CONSERV JI Anim. Conserv. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 2 IS 4 BP 295 EP 303 DI 10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00076.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V71EJ UT WOS:000204810900008 ER PT J AU Neal, JW Bentz, JA AF Neal, JW Bentz, JA TI Evidence for the stage inducing phenotypic plasticity in pupae of the polyphagous whiteflies Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : aleyrodidae) and the raison d'etre SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Bemisia; Trialeurodes; phenotypic plasticity; crawler experience; whiteflies; plant resistance ID ENCARSIA-FORMOSA HYMENOPTERA; PARASITE-HOST RELATIONSHIP; HERBIVOROUS INSECTS; SEARCHING BEHAVIOR; ADULT WHITEFLIES; NATURAL ENEMIES; NORTH-AMERICA; APHELINIDAE; OVIPOSITION; RESISTANCE AB The effect of leaf surface topography on the production of homologous dorsal pupal structures in 2 major pest species, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), was determined. When cohorts of the 2 whitefly species developed separately at either high or low nymphal densities on a hirsute poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima (Willdenow), most (>95%) pupal exuviae had wax extrusions (T. vaporariorum) or setae (B, argentifolii). When either species was reared at a low density on a glabrous lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., or on a normally pubescent salvia, Salvia splendens P. Sellow ex Roemer & Schultes, only 30% or fewer of the pupae had dorsal structures. When high nymphal densities of T. vaporariorum developed on both lettuce or salvia however, a significant increase occurred in the percentage of pupae with dorsal wax extrusions; and a significant, although slight, increase occurred in the dorsal setae of B. argentifolii. Differences in leaf trichome density among 3 isolines of soybean, Glycine mat L., regardless of the whitefly density on the leaf, influenced the number of dorsal pupal structures occurring on the 2 whitefly species. More than 90% of the pupal exuviae of both species exhibited dorsal structures when reared on the hirsute isoline. In contrast, cohorts of the 2 species developing on the normal and on the glabrous isolines produced <39% of T. vaporariorum pupae and <10% of B. argentifolii pupae with dorsal structures, an indication that host plant nutrition probably does not quantitatively affect dorsal structures. When cohorts of the 2 species developed on large, fully expanded and on small, partially expanded leaves on the same zinnia plant, Zinnia elegans Jacquin, significantly more pupae with dorsal structures of both species occurred when reared on the partially expanded leaf than when reared on the expanded leaf Because the number of trichomes on a zinnia leaf does not change during leaf expansion, fewer trichomes/unit area of leaf occur on expanded leaves. This within-host test demonstrated that crawlers emergent on a fully expanded leaf would have had a lower probability of tactile experiences before settling and feeding than crawlers emergent on an unexpended leaf. Out discussion includes an interpretation of why sensory setae and well-developed antennae may occur only in the crawler, the impact of crawler behavior on polyphenism, the importance of polyphenism to polyphagous whiteflies, the role of adult wax particles, and a recommendation for host plant resistance. C1 ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, US Natl Arboretum, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Neal, JW (reprint author), ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, US Natl Arboretum, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 93 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 92 IS 6 BP 774 EP 787 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 261JB UT WOS:000084005100002 ER PT J AU Castle, SJ AF Castle, SJ TI Agricultural intensification and pest outbreaks: A reappraisal of events in the Sudan Gezira SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE pest outbreaks; secondary and primary pests; insecticide resistance; natural enemies; crop diversification ID BEMISIA-TABACI; COTTON AB Pest control crises in agricultural systems often have been attributed to either direct or indirect effects of pesticide use and less frequently to the underlying cropping structure and environment. As an example of intensive, high-input agriculture, the Gezira Irrigation Scheme in Sudan and the pest crises that occurred there in the late 1970s are drawn upon to examine 2 principal arguments that have frequently been invoked to explain causes of pest outbreaks in crops. Bath arguments considered pesticides to have been the principle inducers of the pest crises in the Sudan Gezira, but differed in their evaluation of the responsible mechanisms. One argument considered that pesticides indirectly led to the depletion of natural enemies and the concomitant rise in pest status of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), whereas the other argued that pesticides directly affected B. tabaci populations through fertility stimulation and resistance to insecticides. A 3rd argument is submitted herein to suggest that rising pest problems occurred in conjunction with a program of agricultural intensification and diversification that took place in the Gezira from the late 1950s through the late 1970s. This process began with crop intensification, was followed by favorable changes in agronomic practices from the standpoint of a crop pest, and together led to increasing densities of pests responding to significant improvements in the environment. Finally, management reacted to the pest surge by increasing the number of spray applications and types of insecticides used. Dramatic changes in the crop environment are viewed as having given rise to pest populations that were intrinsically capable of exploiting an expanded, improved resource base and that ultimately exceeded the inherent limitations of pesticides to effectively manage their populations. C1 ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, USDA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Castle, SJ (reprint author), ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, USDA, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 52 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 92 IS 6 BP 840 EP 852 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 261JB UT WOS:000084005100007 ER PT J AU Howard, RW Stanley, DW AF Howard, RW Stanley, DW TI The tie that binds: Eicosanoids in invertebrate biology SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Review DE reproduction; defense; host-parasite relationships; ecology; behavior ID BARNACLE BALANUS-BALANOIDES; CRICKET TELEOGRYLLUS-COMMODUS; EGG-HATCHING ACTIVITY; LONE STAR TICK; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHETASE INHIBITORS; CRAYFISH PROCAMBARUS-PAENINSULANUS; MOLLUSK TETHYS-FIMBRIA; SCHISTOSOMA-MANSONI; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; FATTY-ACIDS AB Eicosanoids are oxygenated compounds formed from C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids by reactions involving at least 1 step of mono- or dioxygenase-dependent oxidation. These compounds have been detected in species representing all major animal taxa including numerous insect species. Although these compounds are best understood in human biology where they have immense clinical medicinal significance, they are now recognized as universally important to all life forms. Indeed, these compounds appear to have been recruited into roles as biological signaling moieties long before the origin of the Metazoa During the ensuing evolutionary diversification of animals, eicosanoids have been commandeered into a plethora of biological roles, some of which are known only from invertebrates. In this review we provide a brief chemical overview of the diversity of eicosanoids that have been discovered and discuss a number of physiological, behavioral and ecological systems where these compounds have been shown to be of major importance. Our discussions are couched in terms of comparative biology, and where it is appropriate, include evolutionary speculations. C1 ARS, USDA, USGMRL, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Howard, RW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, USGMRL, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 105 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 92 IS 6 BP 880 EP 890 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 261JB UT WOS:000084005100011 ER PT J AU Teal, PEA Davis, NT Meredith, JA Christensen, TA Hildebrand, JG AF Teal, PEA Davis, NT Meredith, JA Christensen, TA Hildebrand, JG TI Role of the ventral nerve cord and terminal abdominal ganglion in the regulation of sex pheromone production in the tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera : noctuidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE moth; tobacco budworm; pheromone biosynthesis; pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide ID BIOSYNTHESIS-ACTIVATING NEUROPEPTIDE; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; HELICOVERPA-ZEA; LYMANTRIA-DISPAR; SUBESOPHAGEAL GANGLION; MAMESTRA-BRASSICAE; BOMBYX-MORI; GYPSY-MOTH; SPODOPTERA-LITTORALIS; NEURAL REGULATION AB We sought to clarify the role of the nervous system, and its relationship to hormonal regulation, in controlling sex-pheromone biosynthesis in the female tobacco budworm moth, Heliothis virescens (F.). Isolation of the terminal abdominal ganglion (TAG) from the rest of the ventral nerve cord (VNC), or transection of the terminal nerves that extend from the TAG to the periphery, resulted in severe reduction in the production of sex pheromone that normally occurs during the scotophase. The amount of pheromone extracted from the sex-pheromone glands of these surgically manipulated moths, however, was greater than that extracted from glands of normal females during the photophase, a period when pheromone levels are low or undetectable. Injection of an extract of female TAGs into virgin females stimulated production of sex pheromone. Fractionation of extracts of the TAG and of the brain/subesophageal ganglion (Brain-SEG) complex by solid-phase extraction, ion exchange, and reverse-phase liquid chromatography revealed that the TAG contains pheromonotropic peptides with retention characteristics very similar to those of the Brain-SEG. Immunochemical studies showed that the TAG-derived pheromonotropic peptides have some degree of homology, at their C-termini, to the pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa tea (Hez-PBAN). Discrepancies between chromatographic properties of Hez-PBAN and the TAG pheromonotropic peptides, however, indicated that the peptides from H. virescens are not identical to Hez-PBAN. Immunocytochemical studies revealed that axons of PBAN-immunoreactive neurons in the SEG project through the VNC and terminate in the neuropil of the TAG. Because the immunoreactivity was not found in nerves or neurohemal organs of the TAG, it is likely that the pheromonotropic peptides in the TAG function within the TAG rather than as neurohormones or peripheral neurotransmitters. It is not yet clear whether these PBAN-like peptides are involved in control of the pheromone gland. Nevertheless, our Endings suggest that in H. virescens, optimal production of sex pheromone depends on both neural and hormonal regulation. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Arizona, ARL Div Neurobiol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Teal, PEA (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 53 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 92 IS 6 BP 891 EP 901 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 261JB UT WOS:000084005100012 ER PT J AU Kontoyiannis, DP Sagar, N Hirschi, KD AF Kontoyiannis, DP Sagar, N Hirschi, KD TI Overexpression of Erg11p by the regulatable GAL1 promoter confers fluconazole resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; CANDIDA-ALBICANS; LANOSTEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE; AZOLE RESISTANCE; CONTRIBUTE; GENE AB The contribution of the dosage of target enzyme P-450 14 alpha-demethylase (14 alpha DM) to fluconazole resistance in both Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae remains unclear. Here, we show that overexpression of Saccharomyces P-450 14 alpha DM in S. cerevisiae, under the control of the regulatable promoter GAL1, results in azole resistance. C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Infect Dis Sect, Dept Internal Med Specialties, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA, ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Kontoyiannis, DP (reprint author), Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Infect Dis Sect, Dept Internal Med Specialties, 1515 Holcombe Blvd,Box 47, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA16672, P30 CA016672]; NICHD NIH HHS [5P30 HD 27823]; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM 57427] NR 13 TC 33 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 43 IS 11 BP 2798 EP 2800 PG 3 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 251KR UT WOS:000083445300037 PM 10543768 ER PT J AU Luchansky, JB AF Luchansky, JB TI Overview on applications for bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria and their bacteriocins SO ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL AND MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Lactic Acid Bacteria CY 1999 CL NETHERLANDS C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Luchansky, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 0 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-6072 J9 ANTON LEEUW INT J G JI Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek PD NOV PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1-4 BP 335 EP 335 DI 10.1023/A:1002094723628 PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 233RK UT WOS:000082440200018 PM 10532387 ER PT J AU Miller, DN Bryant, JE Madsen, EL Ghiorse, WC AF Miller, DN Bryant, JE Madsen, EL Ghiorse, WC TI Evaluation and optimization of DNA extraction and purification procedures for soil and sediment samples SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MICROBIAL DNA; RAPID METHOD; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; BACTERIAL-DNA; RNA; MICROORGANISMS; AMPLIFICATION; SEPARATION; GENE AB We compared and statistically evaluated the effectiveness of nine DNA extraction procedures by using frozen and dried samples of two silt loam soils and a silt loam wetland sediment with different organic matter contents. The effects of different chemical extractants (sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS], chloroform, phenol, Chelex 100, and guanadinium isothiocyanate), different physical disruption methods (bead mill homogenization and freeze-thaw lysis), and lysozyme digestion were evaluated based on the yield and molecular size of the recovered DNA. Pairwise comparisons of the nine extraction procedures revealed that bead mill homogenization with SDS combined with either chloroform or phenol optimized both the amount of DNA extracted and the molecular size of the DNA (maximum size, 16 to 20 kb). Neither lysozyme digestion before SDS treatment nor guanidine isothiocyanate treatment nor addition of Chelex 100 resin improved the DNA yields. Bead mill homogenization in a lysis mixture containing chloroform, SDS, NaCl, and phosphate-Tris buffer (pH 8) was found to be the best physical lysis technique when DNA yield and cell lysis efficiency were used as criteria. The bead mill homogenization conditions were also optimized for speed and duration with two different homogenizers. Recovery of high-molecular-weight DNA was greatest when we used lower speeds and shorter times (30 to 120 s). We evaluated four different DNA purification methods (silica-based DNA binding, agarose gel electrophoresis, ammonium acetate precipitation, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration) for DNA recovery and removal of PCR inhibitors from crude extracts. Sephadex G-200 spin column purification was found to be the best method for removing PCR-inhibiting substances while minimizing DNA loss during purification. Our results indicate that for these types of samples, optimum DNA recovery requires brief, low-speed bead mill homogenization in the presence of a phosphate-buffered SDS-chloroform mixture, followed by Sephadex G-200 column purification. C1 Cornell Univ, Div Biol Sci, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Miller, DN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Box 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. OI Miller, Daniel/0000-0003-3476-487X FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05950-03] NR 45 TC 509 Z9 585 U1 18 U2 125 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 65 IS 11 BP 4715 EP 4724 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 252AQ UT WOS:000083478900002 PM 10543776 ER PT J AU Callaway, TR Russell, JB AF Callaway, TR Russell, JB TI Selection of a highly monensin-resistant Prevotella bryantii subpopulation with altered outer membrane characteristics SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS; RUMINAL BACTERIUM; RUMEN BACTERIA; RUMINICOLA; IONOPHORES; GROWTH; SEQUENCE; LYSOZYME; BINDING; STRAIN AB Prevotella bryantii cultures treated with monensin grew more Slowly than untreated cultures, but only if the monensin concentration was greater than 1 mu M. Cultures-that were;repeatedly transferred (eight transfers or 25 doublings) with monensin always grew rapidly, even at a 10 mu M concentration, The amount of monensin needed to facilitate half-maximal potassium depletion (K-d) from monensin-selected cells was 16-fold greater than "unadapted" wild-type cultures (3,200 versus 200 nM). Cells taken from continuous culture had a K-d of 100 nM, and these inocula could not grow in batch culture when the monensin concentration was greater than 300 nM, Continuous cultures treated with monensin nearly washed out, but the surviving cells had a K-d of 1,300 nM. When wild-type cells were transferred in batch culture with 10 mu M monensin, the K-d did not reach its maximum value (3,200 nM) until after eight transfers (25 doublings), K-d declined when monensin was removed, and it took eight transfers to reach the control value (200 nhl), The most probable number of wild-type cells was 1,000-fold lower than of the monensin-selected cells, but calculations based on relative growth advantage and K-d indicated that the wild-type culture had 1 to 10% highly monensin-resistant cells. Cell pellets of wild-type cultures were more difficult to disperse than were monensin-selected cells, and water-soluble phenol extracts of monensin-selected cells had 1.8-fold more anthrone-reactive material than did the wild type. Wildtype cultures that were washed in Tris buffer (pH 8.0) released little alkaline phosphatase and were agglutinated by lysozyme. Monensin-selected cultures leaked ninefold more alkaline phosphatase and were not agglutinated by lysozyme, Wild-type colonies taken from high-dilution agar roll tubes retained the lysozyme agglutination phenotype even if transferred with monensin, and monensin-selected colonies were never agglutinated, These observations indicated that wild-type P, bryantii cultures had a:subpopulation with different outer membrane characteristics and increased monensin resistance. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 29 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 65 IS 11 BP 4753 EP 4759 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 252AQ UT WOS:000083478900008 PM 10543782 ER PT J AU Stanton, TB Rosey, EL Kennedy, MJ Jensen, NS Bosworth, BT AF Stanton, TB Rosey, EL Kennedy, MJ Jensen, NS Bosworth, BT TI Isolation, oxygen sensitivity, and virulence of NADH oxidase mutants of the anaerobic spirochete Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae, etiologic agent of swine dysentery SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TREPONEMA-HYODYSENTERIAE; STREPTOCOCCUS-MUTANS; LACTOBACILLUS-PLANTARUM; METABOLISM; GROWTH; GENE; PURIFICATION; LEUCONOSTOC; INACTIVATION; HEMOLYSIN AB Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae, the etiologic agent of swine dysentery, uses the enzyme NADH oxidase to consume oxygen. To investigate possible roles for NADH oxidase in the growth and virulence of this anaerobic spirochete, mutant strains deficient in oxidase activity were isolated and characterized. The cloned NADH oxidase gene (nox; GenBank accession no. U19610) on plasmid pER218 was inactivated by replacing 321 bp of coding sequence with either a gene for chloramphenicol resistance (cat) or a gene for kanamycin resistance (kan), The resulting plasmids, respectively, pCm Delta NOX and pKm Delta NOX, were used to transform wild-type B, hyodysenteriae B204 cells and generate the antibiotic resistant strains Nox-Cm and Nox-Km, PCR and Southern hybridization analyses indicated that the chromosomal wild-type nor genes in these strains had been replaced, through allelic exchange, by the inactivated nor gene containing cat or kan, Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western immunoblot analysis revealed that both nor mutant cell lysates were missing the 48-kDa Nor protein. Soluble NADH oxidase activity levels in cell lysates of Nox-Cm and Nox-Km were reduced 92 to 96% compared to the activity level in parent strain B204, In an aerotolerance test, cells of both nor mutants were at least 100-fold more sensitive to oxygen exposure than were cells of the wild-type parent strain B204, In swine experimental infections, both nor mutants were less virulent than strain B204 in that fewer animals were colonized by the mutant cells and infected animals displayed mild, transient signs of disease, with no deaths. These results provide evidence that NADH oxidase serves to protect B, hyodysenteriae cells against oxygen toxicity and that the enzyme, in that role, contributes to the pathogenic ability of the spirochete. C1 ARS, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc, Kalamazoo, MI 49001 USA. RP Stanton, TB (reprint author), ARS, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 50 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 65 IS 11 BP 5028 EP 5034 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 252AQ UT WOS:000083478900045 PM 10543819 ER PT J AU Leblanc, M Hrubovcak, J Durst, R AF Leblanc, M Hrubovcak, J Durst, R TI Changing fiscal federalism in the United States, effects on agriculture and food consumption SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM-ANALYSIS AB This study examines the effects of the changing fiscal role of the federal government with respect to providing financial support for low-income households and the taxation of returns from capital. Specifically, the effects of reducing transfers to low income families by US$10 billion and balancing the ensuing federal budget surplus by increasing the preferential tax treatment of capital gains for individual taxpayers are examined. We examine how this combined budget-neutral fiscal policy change affects agricultural production, economy-wide welfare and the consumption of food. Our results indicate reducing the distortion between the taxation of capital and labour increases economy-wide efficiency leading to increased consumption of food by all income classes. Although economy-wide food expenditures increase, offsetting the revenue shortfall from a reduced capital tax by decreasing transfers to low income families reduces food expenditures for the two lowest income groups by nearly US$1 billion. C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Leblanc, M (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0003-6846 J9 APPL ECON JI Appl. Econ. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 31 IS 11 BP 1373 EP 1382 PG 10 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 252EV UT WOS:000083489900009 ER PT J AU Harper, JK Takeda, F Peterson, DL AF Harper, JK Takeda, F Peterson, DL TI Economic evaluation of improved mechanical harvesting systems for eastern thornless blackberries SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE machine harvest; blackberries; trellis; cost; breakeven analysis ID CULTIVARS; FRUIT AB Three blackberry production systems which combine a mechanical harvester employing a new shaking principle with open trellis designs (V-, Y-, and rotatable Y-trellises) were evaluated to determine profit potential. Given a single cultivar planting of 4.7 ha and current fresh-market prices, all three machine harvest systems are profitable. When ;compared to a hand-harvested I-trellis, fresh-market packouts of from 72 to 132% of total yield would be required for the machine harvesting systems to have equal profitability The relative profitability, of the I-trellis, however, is very sensitive to increases in hand-harvest cost and decreases in fresh-market price. A 20% fall in price would reduce breakeven packout for the mechanical harvester to 27 to 70%. A $0.30/kg increase in hand harvest cost would reduce breakeven packout to 29 to 73%. The machine-harvesting systems are profitable under a greater range of price and yields than the 1-trellis. Machine-harvesting systems are profitable at prices as low as $0.48 to $0.67/kg, while hand-harvesting systems need prices of at least $1.42 to $1.55/kg to cover costs. Machine-harvesting systems are profitable at yields as low as 13 to 31% of expected yield for fresh market, while hand-harvesting systems need yields of 44 to 49% to breakeven. Low harvest cost indicates that machine-harvesting systems would also be profitable for processing growers. Hand-harvesting systems are not profitable under current processing prices. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Sociol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV USA. RP Harper, JK (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Sociol, 214 A Armsby Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 15 IS 6 BP 597 EP 603 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 274WL UT WOS:000084788000002 ER PT J AU Sorensen, RB Jones, TL Campbell, GS Montes-Helu, M AF Sorensen, RB Jones, TL Campbell, GS Montes-Helu, M TI Heat pulse needles to measure pecan tree transpiration SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE heat pulse needles; pecan; Carya illinoensis; water stress; irrigation ID SAP FLOW; WATER-USE; VELOCITY AB Heat pulse needles (HPN), three thermocouple (TC) junctions per needle, were inserted into pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) tree trunks to evaluate their effectiveness in measuring transpiration. Two terraces were selected and irrigated at 50% and 11% depletion of available water A maximum of four pairs of HPN were inserted into the tree at a 1.5-m (5-ft) trunk height. A datalogger was used to control an 8.0-s hear pulse and to collect temperature data at each TC junction at 2.0-s intervals for 60 s starting midway through the heat pulse. A nonlinear least-square (Marquardt) method was used to analyze each TC junction temperature trace to estimate sap velocity mid transpiration. Sap velocity was variable between needles and TC junctions and ranged from 0.05 mm.s(-1) (0.002 in./s) to 0.27 mm.s(-1) (0.01 in./s). Daily tree transpiration calculated from sap velocity and other tree characteristics measured about 20% of estimated ET0 (Penman equation referenced to grass) during peak water use and about 25% during the spring and autumn of the year. HPN transpiration was constant at 1.5 to 2.0 mm.day(-1) (0.06 to 0.08 in./day) throughout the growing season. Consistently low HPN transpiration rate was attributed to the ring-porous structure of the pecan tree and not to tree wounding. Hourly calculated HPN transpiration rates did not decrease when water stress occurred and stomatal resistance increased to 5.3 s.cm(-1) (13.5 s/in.) compared with non water stress conditions at 1.6 s.cm(-1) (4.1 s/in.). HPN with three TC junctions/needle does not appear to provide a practical measure of pecan tree transpiration or indicate water stress. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Peanut Res Lab, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Sorensen, RB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Peanut Res Lab, POB 509,1011 Forrester Dr SE, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 15 IS 6 BP 651 EP 657 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 274WL UT WOS:000084788000012 ER PT J AU Calmon, MA Jones, JW Shinde, D Specht, JE AF Calmon, MA Jones, JW Shinde, D Specht, JE TI Estimating parameters for soil water balance models using adaptive simulated annealing SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE simulated annealing; crop models; root growth; soil impedance; clumping ID SOYBEAN CULTIVARS; CROP MODELS; GROWTH; EXTRACTION; RESISTANCE; MANAGEMENT; IMPACT; ROOTS; CORN AB A desirable feature of crop simulation models is for the same model to be applicable in any region if one provides required soil, weather and crop input information. However, this is not an easy task. Each model requires a number of parameters that have to be measured or estimated. Moreover; many existing crop models have empirical relationships that represent important soil and crop processes, such as root growth and soil water extraction. Thus, objective methods are needed for estimating parameters for such crop models because they may not be known or easily estimated front readily available field or laboratory data. An objective procedure based on the Adaptive Simulated Annealing (ASA) optimization technique has been developed to estimate soil and root growth parameters for both the "current" (CROPGRO-Soybean v3.5) and "revised" models. We used this procedure to Estimate a soil impedance factor (SIF) and a root hospitality factor (RHFAC) in the "revised" model; and the root weighting function (WR) in the "current" model. This procedure uses field measurements of volumetric soil water content at different depth increments over time during a growing season. It estimates parameters that minimize the error sum of squares between observed and simulated values. Data sets from East Campus, Nebraska (Specht et al., 1986), Gainesville, Florida (Hammond et al., 1978, unpublished), and Castana, Iowa (Mason et al., 1980), were used to evaluate the ASA optimization program and to compare the performance of the two models. The results demonstrated that the ASA program was able to fit the predicted soil water in the "revised" model. Except for the Nebraska experiment, the "current" model with the optimized WR also fit soil water content over time. Although the two models predicted reasonably well final grain field for the Florida and lower experiments, the "current" model under predicted grain yield by more than 40% for the Nebraska location. The absolute percent errors in soil water contents estimated for the Nebraska experiment rising the "revised" and "current" models were less than 5% and 8%, respectively The global Adaptive Simulated Annealing (ASA) optimization method can be used successfully for estimating root growth and soil water extraction parameters for dynamic crop models. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Gainesville, FL USA. Univ Florida, Water Sci Dept, Gainesville, FL USA. ARS, USDA, Everglades Agrohydrol Res Unit, Miami, FL USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Calmon, MA (reprint author), Rua Jacaranda 199,Parque Florestal, BR-40295090 Salvador, BA, Brazil. NR 52 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 15 IS 6 BP 703 EP 713 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 274WL UT WOS:000084788000018 ER PT J AU Sethuraman, A Akin, DE Eriksson, KEL AF Sethuraman, A Akin, DE Eriksson, KEL TI Production of ligninolytic enzymes and synthetic lignin mineralization by the bird's nest fungus Cyathus stercoreus SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHITE-ROT FUNGI; CERIPORIOPSIS-SUBVERMISPORA; PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; PYCNOPORUS-CINNABARINUS; LACCASE; DEGRADATION; PURIFICATION; CULTURE; BIODEGRADABILITY; DELIGNIFICATION AB Production of ligninolytic enzymes and degradation of C-14-ring labeled synthetic lignin by the white-rot fungus Cyathus stercoreus ATCC 36910 were determined under a variety of conditions. The highest mineralization rate for C-14 dehydrogenative polymerizates (DHP; 38% (CO2)-C-14 after 30 days) occurred with 1 mM ammonium tartrate as nitrogen source and 1% glucose as additional carbon source, but levels of extracellular laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) were low. In contrast, 10 mM ammonium tartrate with 1% glucose gave low mineralization rates (10% (CO2)-C-14 after 30 days) but higher levels of laccase and manganese peroxidase. Lignin peroxidase was not produced by C. stercoreus under any of the studied conditions. Mn(II) at 11 ppm gave a higher rate of C-14 DHP mineralization than 0.3 or 40 ppm, but the highest manganese peroxidase level was obtained with Mn(II) at 40 ppm. Cultivation in aerated static flasks gave rise to higher levels of both laccase and manganese peroxidase compared to the levels in shake cultures. 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid at 500 mu M concentration was the most effective inducer of laccase of those tested. The purified laccase was a monomeric glycoprotein having an apparent molecular mass of 70 kDa, as determined by calibrated gel filtration chromatography. The pH optimum and isoelectric point of the purified laccase were 4.8 and 3.5, respectively. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of C. stercoreus laccase showed close homology to the N-terminal sequences determined from other basidiomycete laccases. Information on C. stercoreus, whose habitat and physiological requirements for lignin degradation differ from many other white-rot fungi, expands the possibilities for industrial application of biological systems for lignin degradation and removal in biopulping and biobleaching processes. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Ctr Biol Resource Recovery, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Akin, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 39 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 5 BP 689 EP 697 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 257UQ UT WOS:000083800700012 PM 10570816 ER PT J AU Moir, WH Rochelle, SG Schoettle, AW AF Moir, WH Rochelle, SG Schoettle, AW TI Microscale patterns of tree establishment near upper treeline, Snowy Range, Wyoming, USA SO ARCTIC ANTARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; MOUNTAIN NATIONAL-PARK; FOREST-TUNDRA ECOTONE; SUB-ALPINE MEADOWS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; GRADIENT ANALYSIS; SPATIAL VARIATION; COLORADO; VEGETATION; REGENERATION AB We report tree seedling (mostly Picea engelmannii, some Abies lasiocarpa, very infrequent Pinus contorta) invasion into meadows at upper timberline in the Snowy Range, Wyoming, from 1994 to 1996. We used gradient analysis to relate this to environmental patterns, particularly plant community structure (as aggregates of plant life-forms) and persistence of snowpack in 1995 and 1996. Tree seedlings established best at sites where snow melted earliest; the site with the shortest growing season had fewest seedlings. Microsites dominated by vascular plants admitted few or no seedlings; seedlings were most likely to be found where cryptogams dominated. These findings have implications for forest advance under some climate scenarios and successional hypotheses. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2500 S Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM whmoir@infomagic.com NR 57 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 13 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA SN 1523-0430 EI 1938-4246 J9 ARCT ANTARCT ALP RES JI Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 31 IS 4 BP 379 EP 388 DI 10.2307/1552586 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 267GQ UT WOS:000084350100005 ER PT J AU Nedumpara, MJ Moorman, TB Jayachandran, K AF Nedumpara, MJ Moorman, TB Jayachandran, K TI Effect of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus epigaeus) on herbicide uptake by roots SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE atrazine; corn; endomycorrhizal fungi; soybean; trifluralin ID WATER RELATIONS; ATRAZINE ABSORPTION; ONION PLANTS; SOIL; INFECTION; HYPHAE; GROWTH AB Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi increase root uptake of P and other minerals, but their role in the uptake of herbicides has received far less attention. These experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the VAM fungus, Glomus epigaeus (Daniels and Trappe), on the absorption of atrazine and trifluralin by roots of corn and soybean. Atrazine uptake by excised corn-root segments was consistently increased by the VAM fungus, but VAM enhancement of atrazine uptake by soybeans was less than that observed for corn. Roots from corn grown for 8 weeks in the greenhouse prior to the experiment took up 25 pmol mm(-3) root, whereas non-mycorrhizal roots took up only 11 pmol mm(-3) root. Soybean and corn root uptake of trifluralin was also enhanced by VAM infection. Addition of P did not increase herbicide uptake by non-VAM plants. The direct role of VAM hyphae on atrazine uptake was demonstrated using a two-chamber system, where only the fungal hyphae had access to C-14-atrazine-treated soil. Hyphal systems of the fungus were able to remove and transfer C-14-atrazine residues from soil to corn plants, demonstrating direct uptake of the herbicide by the fungal hyphae. C1 USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Agr Res Serv, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Moorman, TB (reprint author), USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Agr Res Serv, 2150 Pammel Dr Ames, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD NOV PY 1999 VL 30 IS 1-2 BP 75 EP 82 DI 10.1007/s003740050590 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 258YP UT WOS:000083867500012 ER PT J AU Finley, JW Duffield, A Ha, PC Vanderpool, RA Thomson, CD AF Finley, JW Duffield, A Ha, PC Vanderpool, RA Thomson, CD TI Selenium supplementation affects the retention of stable isotopes of selenium in human subjects consuming diets low in selenium SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE selenium; stable isotopes ID NEW-ZEALAND; NUTRITION AB Twenty-nine women and fifteen men from an area of low Se intake (South Island of New Zealand) consumed 100 mu g stable Se-74, as selenate given in water after an overnight fast, and blood was collected for 3 weeks. They were then divided into five groups and supplemented with 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mu g Se/d (as selenomethionine) for 5 months. After 5 months, they received a second dose of Se-74 identical to the first. Supplementation significantly altered retention of Se-74 in the plasma, but not in the erythrocytes or platelets. Subjects receiving the placebo retained the greatest amount, and subjects receiving 30 mu g supplemental Se/d retained the least Se-74. Supplementation resulted in relatively more isotope being retained in a medium molecular mass protein considered to be albumin, and relatively less in another fraction considered to be selenoprotein P. The lack of many observed changes in retention of stable Se, and the shift in retention among the plasma proteins, suggests that supplemental Se was not being used to replete critical pools of Se, probably because of adaptation to low Se intake. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ Otago, Dept Human Nutr, Dunedin, New Zealand. McGill Univ, Ctr Indigenous Peoples Nutr & Environm, St Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. RP Finley, JW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RI Thomson, Christine/D-5184-2011 NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-1145 J9 BRIT J NUTR JI Br. J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 82 IS 5 BP 357 EP 360 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 257GU UT WOS:000083774800004 PM 10673907 ER PT J AU Lee, RE Litzgus, JD Mugnano, JA Lee, MR Horton, DR Dunley, J AF Lee, RE Litzgus, JD Mugnano, JA Lee, MR Horton, DR Dunley, J TI Evaluation of ice-nucleating microorganisms for reducing the supercooling capacity and cold-hardiness of Cacopsylla pyricola (Hemiptera : Psyllidae) SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID POTATO BEETLE COLEOPTERA; STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS; WINTERFORM PEAR PSYLLA; ACTIVE BACTERIA; HOMOPTERA; TOLERANCE; CHRYSOMELIDAE; TEMPERATURES; RESISTANCE; FENOXYCARB AB In laboratory studies, suspensions of killed and live ice-nucleating microoganisms were used to decrease the supercooling capacity of the winter form of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Dry, untreated adults super cooled extensively before they froze at -22.7 degrees C. Application of 1000 ppm of a preparation of the killed ice-nucleating bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae Van Hall 1902 (Pseudomonadaceae), significantly decreased the adults' supercooling capacity causing some individuals to freeze at temperatures as high as -3.9 degrees C. Topical application of several live microorganisms also reduced the supercooling capacity of adults significantly; Pseudomonas putida (Trevisan 1989) was the most effective, causing more than 80% of C. pyricola adults to freeze at -15 degrees C or higher. Furthermore, the temperature of crystallization of adults treated with II putida remained significantly higher than controls for at least 11 d post-treatment. Application of ice-nucleating microorganisms also reduced the capacity of adults to survive short-term exposure to high subzero temperatures comparable to a mild frost. Realization of this approach for biological control of pear psylla will require the development of methods for the delivery of microorganisms to overwintering adults under field conditions. C1 Miami Univ, Dept Zool, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Microbiol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. ARS, USDA, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. Washington State Univ, Tree Fruit Res Ctr, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Lee, RE (reprint author), Miami Univ, Dept Zool, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 131 IS 6 BP 715 EP 723 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 257KE UT WOS:000083780400002 ER PT J AU Harvey, BC Nakamoto, RJ White, JL AF Harvey, BC Nakamoto, RJ White, JL TI Influence of large woody debris and a bankfull flood on movement of adult resident coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) during fall and winter SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE COHO SALMON; HABITAT USE; SEASONAL-CHANGES; RAINBOW-TROUT; DIEL ACTIVITY; OZARK STREAM; FISH; KISUTCH; TEMPERATURE; TRUTTA AB To improve understanding of the significance of large woody debris to stream fishes, we examined the influence of woody debris on fall and winter movement by adult coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) using radiotelemetry. Fish captured in stream pools containing large woody debris moved less than fish captured in pools lacking large woody debris or other cover. Fish from pools lacking cover commonly moved to habitats with large boulders or brush, particularly during the day. Movements by fish over 1-day periods were strongly influenced by large woody debris or other elements providing cover. Fish initially found in habitats lacking large woody debris, large boulders, or brush cover moved the most extensively, while fish initially found in pools with large woody debris moved the least. Fish did not move extensively in response to a bankfull flood, although some moved to habitat downstream of large woody debris in tributaries or secondary channels. Habitat downstream of woody debris in the main channel was not used during the flood, apparently because of extreme turbulence. Overall, these observations provide additional evidence for the value of habitat complexity to some stream fishes and support previous observations of minimal effects of flooding on adult fish. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacifis SW Res Stn, USDA, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Harvey, BC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacifis SW Res Stn, USDA, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 34 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 56 IS 11 BP 2161 EP 2166 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-11-2161 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 253GD UT WOS:000083547400018 ER PT J AU Rehfeldt, GE Tchebakova, NM Barnhardt, LK AF Rehfeldt, GE Tchebakova, NM Barnhardt, LK TI Efficacy of climate transfer functions: introduction of Eurasian populations of Larix into Alberta SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PINUS-SYLVESTRIS L; PROVENANCE TESTS; TEMPERATURE; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; SWEDEN AB Growth and survival of eight populations of Larix sukaczewii Dylis and one of both Larix sibirica Ledeb. and Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. were used to assess the effectiveness of climate transfer functions for predicting the 13-year performance of Eurasian provenances introduced to Alberta. Quadratic regression models showed that transfer distances for five climate variables (mean annual temperature, degree-days < 0 C, mean temperature in the coldest month, ratio of the mean annual temperature to mean annual precipitation, and the summer-winter temperature range) were particularly effective in predicting height and survival. Optimal transfer distances did not differ significantly from zero, and as a result, the best growth and survival in Alberta should be obtained by matching the provenance climate to that of the planting site for the five variables. Verification of the climate transfer functions with independent data from Russian provenance tests were strongly supportive. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of climate transfer functions for describing the response of plant populations to the environment and thereby have practical implications in reforestation. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Expt Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Sukachev Forest Inst, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. Alberta Tree Improvement & Seed Ctr, Smoky Lake, AB T01 3C0, Canada. RP Rehfeldt, GE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Expt Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. EM rehfeldt@forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu NR 23 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 29 IS 11 BP 1660 EP 1668 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-11-1660 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 262BU UT WOS:000084046400003 ER PT J AU Gove, JH Ringvall, A Stahl, G Ducey, MJ AF Gove, JH Ringvall, A Stahl, G Ducey, MJ TI Point relascope sampling of downed coarse woody debris SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB This paper presents a method based on angle-gauge sampling useful for inventorying downed coarse woody material in forest stands. The method is closely related to transect relascope sampling, except that sample points are used rather than line transects. The estimators for the total and per unit area are given along with the estimators of their variances. Methods for handling both borderline material and boundary overlap situations are also presented. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Resources Management & Geomat, S-90183 Umea, Sweden. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Gove, JH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Ducey, Mark/K-1101-2016 NR 13 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 29 IS 11 BP 1718 EP 1726 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-11-1718 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 262BU UT WOS:000084046400008 ER PT J AU Johnsen, KH Flanagan, LB Huber, DA Major, JE AF Johnsen, KH Flanagan, LB Huber, DA Major, JE TI Genetic variation in growth, carbon isotope discrimination, and foliar N concentration in Picea mariana: analyses from a half-diallel mating design using field-grown trees SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PHOTOSYNTHETIC GAS-EXCHANGE; BLACK SPRUCE; PINUS-RADIATA; WHITE SPRUCE; FAMILIES; EFFICIENCY; CO2; CONSERVATION; INHERITANCE; DELTA-C-13 AB We performed genetic analyses of growth, carbon isotope discrimination (Delta(13)C), and foliar N concentration using a half-diallel subset of a 7 + 7 complete diallel planted on three sites ranging in water availability. Trees were 22 years old. Heritabilities; general and specific combining abilities; as well as phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations were calculated using the best linear unbiased prediction and restricted maximum-likelihood methods. The four traits measured showed variable levels of genetic control. The calculated heritablilities for the traits were as follows: height, 0.39 +/- 0.22 (estimate +/- SD); diameter, 0.14 +/- 0.10; delta(13)C value, 0.54 +/- 0.26; and foliar N, 0.00. Phenotypic correlations were moderate (r = -0.35), genetic correlations were strong (r = -0.97), and environmental correlations were weak (r = -0.18) between height growth and delta(13)C. The strong negative genetic correlation between delta(13)C and growth supports earlier work with a subset of families indicating photosynthetic differences caused genetic variation in delta(13)C. Inbreeding greatly decreased growth while not impacting delta(13)C. High heritability, lack of inbreeding depression, and low environmental correlations indicate that a major proportion of delta(13)C genetic control may be relatively simple. Because delta(13)C is highly heritable, highly genetically correlated to growth, less environmentally sensitive than growth, and has the possibility of early selection, the trait is a good candidate trait for indirect selection for growth. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, SE Forest Expt Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Lethbridge, Dept Biol Sci, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada. Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Cooperat Forest Genet Res Program, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Atlantic Forestry Ctr, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. RP Johnsen, KH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, SE Forest Expt Stn, 3041 Cornwallis Rd,POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Flanagan, Lawrence/B-1307-2013 OI Flanagan, Lawrence/0000-0003-1748-0306 NR 37 TC 65 Z9 69 U1 2 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 29 IS 11 BP 1727 EP 1735 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-11-1727 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 262BU UT WOS:000084046400009 ER PT J AU St Clair, JB Sniezko, RA AF St Clair, JB Sniezko, RA TI Genetic variation in response to shade in coastal Douglas-fir SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID LIGHT AVAILABILITY; PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; LEAF-AREA; GROWTH; SEEDLINGS; GRADIENT; SURVIVAL; PATTERNS AB Tree improvement programs have generally relied on testing families in open light environments. With increased interest in multiaged silvicultural systems, some people have questioned whether families selected in the open are appropriate for planting in the shade. We grew Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) families from two climatically distinct seed sources for 2 years under four levels of shade. The response to shade differed for several traits between the two populations and among families within populations. The magnitude of variation associated with the interaction, however, was small compared with the overall effects of genetic selection or of shade. Families selected based on performance in an open light environment resulted in nearly the same response to selection when grown under shade as families selected based on performance in the shade. We conclude that seedlings from families selected in an open light environment are appropriate for use in the low-light environments of alternative silvicultural systems and that use of such genetically selected stock may compensate for the less favorable growing conditions. Genetic selection may contribute importantly to meeting multiple objectives, including the production of significant amounts of wood as well as the efficient and timely creation of large stand structures needed for other forest values. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Dorena Tree Improvement Ctr, Cottage Grove, OR 97424 USA. RP St Clair, JB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 29 IS 11 BP 1751 EP 1763 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 262BU UT WOS:000084046400012 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ AF Franzluebbers, AJ TI Introduction to symposium - Microbial biomass: Measurement and role in soil quality SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID FUMIGATION-INCUBATION; EXTRACTION METHOD; NITROGEN; CARBON C1 ARS, USDA, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU AGR INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA SUITE 907 151 SLATER ST, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-4271 J9 CAN J SOIL SCI JI Can. J. Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 79 IS 4 BP 505 EP 506 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 272WA UT WOS:000084672900001 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ Haney, RL Hons, FM Zuberer, DA AF Franzluebbers, AJ Haney, RL Hons, FM Zuberer, DA TI Assessing biological soil quality with chloroform fumigation-incubation: Why subtract a control? SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Microbial Biomass: Measurement and Role in Soil Quality Held at the 90th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Agronomy CY OCT 21, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Amer Soc Agron DE active soil carbon; chloroform fumigation-extraction; microbial biomass; soil organic matter; soil quality; substrate-induced respiration ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS-C; WHEAT MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS; ORGANIC-MATTER POOLS; SEASONAL-CHANGES; MINERALIZABLE CARBON; BIOCIDAL TREATMENTS; EXTRACTION METHOD; NITROGEN POOLS; TILLAGE; DYNAMICS AB Microbial biomass, as part of the active pool of soil organic matter, is critical in decomposition of organic materials, nutrient cycling, and formation of soil structure. We evaluated chloroform fumigation-incubation with subtraction of a control (CFI/F-C) and without subtraction of a control (CFI/F) as methods to assess biological soil quality. Relationships between CFI/F and:potential C mineralization, particulate organic C, and soil organic C were stronger (r(2) = 0.86 +/- 0.07, n = 232) than those between CFI/F-C and the same soil C pools (r(2) = 0.25 +/- 0.09) in soils from Georgia. From published data, relationships of CFI/F with potential C mineralization and soil organic C were stronger than those of chloroform fumigation-extraction and substrate-induced respiration with these soil C pools. Effects of land management on biological soil quality using CFI/F were consistent with those determined using other soil C pools as response variables. However, land management effects on biological soil quality using CFI/F-C were either contrary to those using other soil C pools or not detectable because of greater inherent variability in CFI/F-C. Chloroform fumigation-incubation without subtraction of a control is a robust and reliable method to assess biological soil quality under a wide range of soil conditions. C1 ARS, USDA, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. EM afranz@arches.uga.edu NR 49 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 8 PU AGRICULTURAL INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 280 ALBERT ST, SUITE 900, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5G8, CANADA SN 0008-4271 EI 1918-1841 J9 CAN J SOIL SCI JI Can. J. Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 79 IS 4 BP 521 EP 528 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 272WA UT WOS:000084672900003 ER PT J AU Haney, RL Franzluebbers, AJ Hons, FM Zuberer, DA AF Haney, RL Franzluebbers, AJ Hons, FM Zuberer, DA TI Soil C extracted with water or K2SO4: pH effect on determination of microbial biomass SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Microbial Biomass: Measurement and Role in Soil Quality Held at the 90th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Agronomy CY OCT 21, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Amer Soc Agron DE extractable carbon; chloroform fumigation-extraction; microbial biomass ID FUMIGATION-INCUBATION METHOD; CHLOROFORM FUMIGATION; ORGANIC-MATTER; FOREST SOILS; NITROGEN AB Routine determination of soil microbial biomass C has shifted during the past decade from chloroform fumigation-incubation to chloroform fumigation-extraction using 0.5 M K2SO4 as extractant. We compared extractable C with water and 0.5 M K2SO4 in eight soils ranging in pH from 5.4 to 8.3. In unfumigated soils with low pH, extractable C was 0.8- to 1.2-fold greater with water than with 0.5 M K2SO4. However, in unfumigated soils with pH > 7.7, extractable C, although not statistically significant, was 11 to 19% less with water than with 0.5 M K2SO4. In fumigated soils, no difference in extractable C between water and 0.5 M K2SO4 was detected among soils with pH < 7.7, but extractable C was 13 to 17% less with water than with 0.5 M K2SO4 with pH > 7.7. Our results suggest that 0.5 M K2SO4 (1) may flocculate soil and cause adsorption of solubilized C onto colloids at pH < 7.7, but (2) may disperse calcareous soils at pH > 7.7, thereby differentially affecting the fate of solubilized C depending upon soil pH. Our results put into question the widespread adaptability of using chloroform fumigation-extraction to estimate microbial biomass C. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Haney, RL (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 14 PU AGR INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA SUITE 907 151 SLATER ST, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-4271 J9 CAN J SOIL SCI JI Can. J. Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 79 IS 4 BP 529 EP 533 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 272WA UT WOS:000084672900004 ER PT J AU Nearing, MA AF Nearing, MA TI Response to 'Letter to the editor' by Mac Kirby and Richard Webster regarding my recent paper in Catena: 'Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses' SO CATENA LA English DT Letter C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Nearing, MA (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, 1196 Soil Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0341-8162 J9 CATENA JI Catena PD NOV PY 1999 VL 38 IS 1 BP 89 EP 91 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 254YE UT WOS:000083641200006 ER PT J AU Robertson, GH Cao, TK Ong, I AF Robertson, GH Cao, TK Ong, I TI Wheat gluten swelling and partial solubility with potential impact on starch-from-gluten separation by ethanol washing SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Swelling of wheat gluten may be a contributing factor in washing or displacement separation of gluten and starch using cold ethanol. To test this hypothesis, dissolution and swelling (settled volume or mass absorption) of a commercial gluten are reported here for the first time as a function of both temperature and ethanol solution concentration. In this test system, instant and substantial volumetric swelling was observed over most of the range of ethanol concentrations but not at 100%, v/v, ethanol. Settled volume reached a maximum of 50-70%, v/v, ethanol, and this was up to 3.5x the volume in absolute ethanol at 22 degrees C and 2x the volume at -15 degrees C. This maximum closely corresponds to the maximum dissolution of whole gluten and prior literature reports of full dissolution of gliadin. The reduction of settled volume at low temperature reflects the possible role of undissolved, gliadin-class proteins in reinforcing the gluten structure and limiting the ultimate swelling. The data suggest gluten-swelling properties as a contributing factor to the success of the cold ethanol, gluten-from-starch separation process. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Proc Chem & Engn Res Unit, Pacific W Area, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Robertson, GH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Proc Chem & Engn Res Unit, Pacific W Area, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 76 IS 6 BP 843 EP 845 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.6.843 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 257UB UT WOS:000083799300003 ER PT J AU Singh, V Moreau, RA Doner, LW Eckhoff, SR Hicks, KB AF Singh, V Moreau, RA Doner, LW Eckhoff, SR Hicks, KB TI Recovery of fiber in the corn dry-grind ethanol process: A feedstock for valuable coproducts SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LACTIC-ACID; TEMPERATURE; EXTRACTION AB A new process was developed to recover corn fiber from the mash before fermentation in dry-grind ethanol production. In this process, corn is soaked in water (no chemicals) for a short period of time and then degermed using conventional degermination mills. in the remaining slurry, corn coarse fiber is floated by increasing the density of the slurry and then separated using density differences. The fiber recovered is called quick fiber to distinguish it from the conventional wet-milled fiber. This study evaluated the percent of quick fiber recovery for a normal yellow dent and high oil corn hybrid. The quick fiber was analyzed for levels of corn fiber oil, levels of ferulate phytosterol esters (FPE) and other valuable phytosterol components in the oil and compared with conventional wet-milled corn coarse and fine fiber samples. Fiber samples were also analyzed and compared for yields of potentially valuable corn fiber gum (CFG, hemi-cellulose B). Comparisons were made between the quick fiber samples obtained with and without chemicals in the soakwater. An average quick fiber yield of 6-7% was recovered from the two hybrids and represented 46-60% of the total fiber (fine and coarse) that could be recovered by wet-milling these hybrids. Adding steep chemicals (SO2 and lactic acid) to the soakwater increased the quick fiber yields, percent of FPE recoveries, and total percent of phytosterol components to levels either comparable to (for the dent corn hybrid) or higher than (for the high oil corn hybrid) those recovered from the total conventional wet-milled fiber samples. CFG yields in the quick fiber samples were comparable to those from the wet-milled fiber samples. CFG yields in the quick fiber samples were not significantly affected by the addition of chemicals (SO2 and lactic acid) to the soakwater. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Singh, V (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 23 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 76 IS 6 BP 868 EP 872 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.6.868 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 257UB UT WOS:000083799300008 ER PT J AU Ohm, JB Chung, OK AF Ohm, JB Chung, OK TI Estimation of free glycolipids in wheat flour by HPLC SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIGHT-SCATTERING DETECTOR; LIPID-CONTENT; LOAF VOLUME; SEPARATION; EXTRACTION AB The chloroform-acetone mixture (4:1, v/v) was an effective solvent for eluting the nonpolar lipid fraction, including free fatty acids, from the polar lipid (glycolipid and phospholipid) fractions from free lipids of 21 hard winter wheat flours using a solid-phase extraction system. Amounts of monogalactosyldiglycerides (MGDG) and digalactosyldiglycerides (DGDG) in the glycolipid fraction were determined by normal-phase HPLC with a gradient system using an evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) and a diode array detectors (DAD). Unsaturated fatty acids showed higher UV absorbances from 200 to 213 nm when compared with saturated palmitic acid. However, significant linear correlation coefficients were obtained between the peak areas measured by a DAD and GL contents determined by an ELSD, suggesting that fatty acid composition of flour GL could be fairly constant. Using an ELSD as a reference, equations for determination of MGDG or DGDG quantities were derived from the peak areas of a DAD by multivariate regression methods. Determination of MGDG and DGDG quantifies was also possible using only a DAD. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Chung, OK (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 76 IS 6 BP 873 EP 876 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.6.873 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 257UB UT WOS:000083799300009 ER PT J AU Emmons, CL Peterson, DM AF Emmons, CL Peterson, DM TI Antioxidant activity and phenolic contents of oat groats and hulls SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; HEAT-TREATMENT; IN-VITRO; INHIBITION; OXIDATION; ACIDS; AVENANTHRAMIDES; CONSTITUENTS; MECHANISMS; VARIETY AB Research was initiated to measure antioxidant activity of extracts from oat (Avena sativa L.) greats and hulls and the concentrations of phenolic substances that may contribute to antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of four cultivars was evaluated by an in vitro assay that measures the inhibition of coupled autoxidation of linoleic acid and beta-carotene. Total phenolic content was determined using Folin and Ciocalteau's phenol reagent and was expressed as gallic acid equivalents. Phenolic compounds were separated by reversed-phase HPLC and detected at 290 nm. Peaks were identified by comparing retention times and spectra with known standards and verified with internal standards. Greats had significantly higher antioxidant activity than hulls. For two cultivars, total phenolic content was similar in greats and hulls, whereas one cultivar had higher and another lower total phenolic content in greats than hulls. Ten phenolic compounds were separated and identified in extracts, and one flavan-3-ol and three avenanthramides were tentatively identified. The concentrations of many of these compounds differed among cultivars and between fractions. In general, caffeic acid and the avenanthramides were predominantly found in greats, whereas many of the other phenolics were present in greater concentrations in hulls. C1 USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Peterson, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, 501 Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 33 TC 92 Z9 100 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 76 IS 6 BP 902 EP 906 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.6.902 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 257UB UT WOS:000083799300015 ER PT J AU Carter, BP Morris, CF Anderson, JA AF Carter, BP Morris, CF Anderson, JA TI Optimizing the SDS sedimentation test for end-use quality selection in a soft white and club wheat breeding program SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID WINTER-WHEAT; GLUTEN STRENGTH; UNITED-STATES; DURUM-WHEAT; PREDICTION; GENOTYPE; LINES; FLOUR AB Soft white and club wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) market subclasses have specific end-use characteristics. Among the most important of these characteristics are weak dough mixing and handling properties as a result of weak gluten. The SDS sedimentation test has gained wide acceptance as a useful, small-scale test in bread wheat breeding programs to predict gluten strength and baking quality. To optimize its use for soft white or club wheat breeding, variations of the SDS sedimentation test were performed on grain from winter wheats grown at eight locations in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, and the effects of lines, environment, and their interactions on SDS sedimentation volumes were determined. Using different sample weights and substituting whole meal for flour did not affect the ability of the SDS sedimentation test to differentiate among lines. Changes in protein concentration and sample weight caused proportional changes in SDS sedimentation volumes; however, the response was not consistent among all lines. Line had a greater effect on the SDS sedimentation volumes than any other source of variation, if differential effects of protein to SDS sedimentation among lines are taken into account, the SDS sedimentation test should be an effective small-scale test for end-use quality assessment in soft white and club wheat breeding programs. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crops & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Morris, CF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crops & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 21 TC 43 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 76 IS 6 BP 907 EP 911 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.6.907 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 257UB UT WOS:000083799300016 ER PT J AU O'Brien, DJ Craig, JC AF O'Brien, DJ Craig, JC TI Recovery of lysine from corn steepwater SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB One approach to increasing the utilization of agricultural products is fractionation of low-value materials to yield high-value products. In this study, lysine recovery from corn steepwater, an internal processing stream generated in the wet-milling of corn, was investigated. A weakly acidic cation exchange resin was employed to selectively recover lysine from corn steepwater at pH 7.0. In column studies, the product from the ion exchange operation had a lysine content of 4-6% (db). The only other amino acid in the product was arginine. The presence of sodium, potassium, and magnesium ions at significant concentrations in the steepwater limited the lysine content of the product because of competitive adsorption on the resin. The lysine-enriched product reported here is 4-10 times higher in lysine content than other corn milling coproducts and could potentially be useful as a lysine supplement in animal feeds. C1 USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wynmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP O'Brien, DJ (reprint author), USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wynmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 76 IS 6 BP 949 EP 952 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.6.949 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 257UB UT WOS:000083799300024 ER PT J AU Jenkins, MC Trout, J Murphy, C Harp, JA Higgins, J Wergin, W Fayer, R AF Jenkins, MC Trout, J Murphy, C Harp, JA Higgins, J Wergin, W Fayer, R TI Cloning and expression of a DNA sequence encoding a 41-kilodalton Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst wall protein SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPOROZOITE ANTIGENS; IMMUNOBLOT ANALYSIS; ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; FECAL SPECIMENS; EIMERIA-TENELLA; INFECTION; CALVES; CATTLE; SERUM AB This study was conducted to produce a recombinant species-specific oocyst wall protein of Cryptosporidium parvum. Antigens unique to C. parvum were identified big gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting of oocyst proteins from several different Cryptosporidium species. Antiserum was then prepared against a 41-kDa antigen unique to C. parvum and used to identify a recombinant DNA clone, designated rCP41. Expression of CP41 mRNA in C. parvum oocysts was confirmed by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Although the CP41 sequence was shown by PCR to be present in the genome of C. baileyi, CP41 mRNA was not detected in this species by RT-PCR Immunofluorescence staining with antiserum against recombinant CP41 detected native CP41 antigen on the surface of C. parvum oocysts but failed to detect CP41 on C. baileyi oocysts. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that native CP41 was distributed unevenly on the C. parvum oocyst surface and was associated with amorphous oocyst wall material. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, purified rCP41 performed as well as native C. parvum oocyst protein in measuring the serological responses of young calves and adult cows to experimental and natural C. parvum infections. These results indicate that recombinant CP41 antigen may have potential in the immunodiagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Jenkins, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 11 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 6 IS 6 BP 912 EP 920 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 254RF UT WOS:000083625400024 PM 10548585 ER PT J AU Li, M Schorr, K Ren, S Lewis, B Almiroudis, D Laucirica, R Capuco, A Furth, PA AF Li, M Schorr, K Ren, S Lewis, B Almiroudis, D Laucirica, R Capuco, A Furth, PA TI Role of STAT5, STAT3 and Bcl-2 family members in mammary epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis during normal physiology and tumorigenesis in mouse models. SO CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Baylor & Methodist Hosp, Houston, TX USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. UMD, Inst Human virol Med & Phys, Baltimore, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1078-0432 J9 CLIN CANCER RES JI Clin. Cancer Res. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 5 SU S MA 428 BP 3815S EP 3815S PG 1 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 260JL UT WOS:000083945700427 ER PT J AU Coudron, TA Iqbal, M Rice, WC Ellersieck, MR Pinnell, RE AF Coudron, TA Iqbal, M Rice, WC Ellersieck, MR Pinnell, RE TI Mediated pathogenicity of the baculovirus AcMNPV by the venom from Euplectrus comstockii Howard (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE baculovirus; biological control; molecular engineering; natural product; nuclear polyhedrosis virus; parasitoid; toxin; Trichoplusia ni; venom ID RECOMBINANT BACULOVIRUSES; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE AB The compatibility of the venom from the parasitic species Euplectrus comstockii Howard (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with the pathogenicity of Autographa californica (Speyer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) MNPV baculovirus (AcMNPV) was tested in third and fourth instar larvae of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The presence of AcMNPV did not alter the ability of the venom to arrest ecdysis in T. ni larvae. The presence of the venom delayed the rate of virosis by AcMNPV but increased the total mortality rates from days 9 to 14 in both third and fourth instar T. ni larvae. The delay in virosis was minimized by administering the virus prior to envenomation. In the presence of the venom, the final LD50 values were lower for fourth instar larvae than for third instar larvae. Surface response equations were developed to visualize the effect of the venom on the virosis caused by AcMNPV. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, USDA, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Entomol, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Rice Res Stn, USDA,ARS, Crowley, LA 70527 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Coudron, TA (reprint author), ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, USDA, 1503 S Providence Rd,Res Pk, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. EM coudront@missouri.edu NR 26 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1096-4959 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 124 IS 3 BP 231 EP 240 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(99)00103-0 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 254RA UT WOS:000083624900002 PM 10631800 ER PT J AU Valles, SM Koehler, PG Brenner, RJ AF Valles, SM Koehler, PG Brenner, RJ TI Comparative insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzyme activities among pestiferous Blattodea SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Review DE cockroach; Blattodea; propoxur; cyhalothrin; chlorpyrifos; Blattellidae; Blattidae; detoxification; insecticide toxicity ID GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASES; GERMAN-COCKROACH DICTYOPTERA; BIOCHEMICAL-CHARACTERIZATION; CYTOCHROME-P450 MONOOXYGENASES; DIAMONDBACK MOTH; BLATTELLIDAE; RESISTANCE; NOCTUIDAE; OXIDASES; STRAINS AB Topical bioassays using propoxur, chlorpyrifos, and lambda-cyhalothrin were conducted on eight cockroach species. Based on lethal dose values, the relative toxicities of the insecticide classes were generally pyrethroid > carbamate > organophosphorous. lambda-cyhalothrin and propoxur were more toxic toward the Blattidae as compared with the Blattellidae. The order of lambda-cyhalothrin toxicity was Periplaneta americana > Periplaneta brunnea = Periplaneta australasiae = Periplaneta fuliginosa = Blatta orientalis > Blattella asahinai = Blattella germanica > Blattella vaga. The order of propoxur toxicity was B. orientalis > P. americana > P. brunnea = P. australasiae>B. asahinai>P. fuliginosa=B. germanica>B. vaga. The order of chlorpyrifos toxicity was P. americana > B. asahinai = B. vaga > B. orientalis = P. australasiae = P. brunnea > B. germanica = P. fuliginosa. Detoxification enzyme activities for each species also were measured and compared with insecticide toxicity. Propoxur LD50 was significantly (P=0.01; r=0.81) correlated with glutathione S-transferase activity. lambda-Cyhalothrin LD50 correlated with methoxyresorufin O-demethylase activity (P = 0.01; I = 0.81), carboxylesterase activity (P = 0.03; r = -0.75), general esterase activity (P = 0.02; I = -0.79), and cockroach weight (P = 0.01; r = -0.95). (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Valles, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 65 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0742-8413 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 124 IS 3 BP 227 EP 232 DI 10.1016/S0742-8413(99)00076-6 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 263JZ UT WOS:000084122700001 PM 10661713 ER PT J AU Stuber, CW Polacco, M Lynn, M AF Stuber, CW Polacco, M Lynn, M TI Synergy of empirical breeding, marker-assisted selection, and genomics to increase crop yield potential SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Post-Green Revolution Trends in Crop Yield Potential - Increasing, Stagnant, or Greater Resistance to Stress held at the Annual ASA-CSSA-SSSA Meeting CY OCT 19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP CSSA, Div C1 C2 C3, ASA, Div A6, Rockefeller Fdn ID QUANTITATIVE-TRAIT LOCI; FACILITATED INVESTIGATIONS; MOLECULAR MARKERS; MAIZE INBREDS; HYBRID POPULATIONS; MENDELIAN FACTORS; CORN-EARWORM; PLANT HEIGHT; QTL ANALYSIS; IDENTIFICATION AB This paper was presented as part of the symposium entitled "PostGreen Revolution Trends in Crop Yield Potential: Increasing, Stagnant or Greater Resistance to Stress.' In this presentation, we have focused on (i) uses of marker technology in determining the genetic basis of phenotypic expression and the manipulation of phenotypic variation in plants, This included the use of markers in understanding heterosis, in attempts to improve hybrid predictions, in quantitative trait locus (QTL) identification and mapping, in marker-assisted selection (MAS), and in enhancing breeding success in the development of improved lines and hybrids; (ii) the role of genomics in developing a precise understanding of the genetic basis of phenotypic expression which will then provide more precision in the manipulation of phenotypic variation; and (iii) some attempts to integrate marker technology and genomics into empirical breeding strategies, In addition, we have focused on what has been successful as well as what has fallen short of expectations, and have suggested some of the possible reasons for the lack of success. Because of page limitations, we could not include an exhaustive review of the plant literature and have limited many of our examples to investigations in maize (Zea mays L). C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Genet, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Novartis Agribusiness Biotechnol Res Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Stuber, CW (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 72 TC 94 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 8 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1571 EP 1583 PG 13 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700005 ER PT J AU Orf, JH Chase, K Jarvik, T Mansur, LM Cregan, PB Adler, FR Lark, KG AF Orf, JH Chase, K Jarvik, T Mansur, LM Cregan, PB Adler, FR Lark, KG TI Genetics of soybean agronomic traits: I. Comparison of three related recombinant inbred populations SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GLYCINE-MAX L; LOCI; MARKERS AB Molecular markers provide a rapid approach to breeding for desired agronomic traits. To use them, it is necessary to determine the linkage between quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and such markers. The objective of this research was to determine such linkage in recombinant inbred (RI) soybean [Glycine max (L,) Merrill] populations. To do this, RI soybean segregants were characterized for molecular genetic markers and traits measured in several different environments. QTLs then were identified by interval mapping. Agronomic traits were measured and compared in large (about 230 segregants) RI populations derived from crosses between the cultivars Minsoy and Noir 1 (MN population), Minsoy and Archer (MA population), and Noir 1 and Archer (NA population). The MA and NA populations were grown together as two replications in each of four environments, Measurements from the MN population mere reported previously and were taken from three replications grown in four environments, Traits measured were plant height, lodging, date of flowering, reproductive period, maturity, yield, seed weight, seed oil, seed protein, leaf length, and leaf width, Additional traits were derived from these primary measurements. Each of the three RI populations was also characterized by a large (>400) number of molecular genetic markers including RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and SSR (simple sequence repeat polymorphisms). QTLs were identified for all of the primary and derived traits at a significance level greater than or equal to LOD 3 on 17 of the 20 linkage groups and tended to be clustered on three. QTLs with major effects (R-2 > 10%) were identified for all traits, and for many, these explained more than half of the heritable variation. Comparison of QTLs between the three RI populations established that for the majority of the traits, only two alleles could be identified. In only a fen instances could a third allele be detected. Many of the significant QTLs identified in one population were confirmed in another. However, an almost equal number were found in only one population, suggesting that a dependence on the genetic background for expression (epistasis) was common. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Pontificia Univ Catolica Valparaiso, Fac Agron, Quillota, Chile. USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Orf, JH (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM orfxx001@maroon.tc.umn.edu NR 17 TC 161 Z9 235 U1 3 U2 21 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1642 EP 1651 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700013 ER PT J AU Johnson, RC Li, YY AF Johnson, RC Li, YY TI Water relations, forage production, and photosynthesis in tall fescue divergently selected for carbon isotope discrimination SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID USE EFFICIENCY; TRANSPIRATION EFFICIENCY; CRESTED WHEATGRASS; GAS-EXCHANGE; PEANUT; HERITABILITY; GENOTYPES; GERMPLASM; COWPEA AB Carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) has been correlated with the ratio of dry matter production to transpiration (water-use efficiency, WUE) in C-3 plants and is potentially useful for breeding crops with improved WUE, Therefore, an assessment of the selection response of Delta and its relationship to plant water status and forage production is needed. Divergent selection for high Delta (low WUE expected) and low Delta (high WUE expected) was completed for two cycles from a 'Kentucky 31' tall fescue base (Festuca arundinacea Schreb,) population (C-0), Water relations, forage production, and Delta were evaluated in C-0 and the selected populations in irrigated and dryland field environments in 1995 and 1996, Average realized heritability for Delta was 0.49, suggesting that Delta could be successfully manipulated in a breeding program. In 1995, leaf pressure potential (turgor) was higher in the populations selected for low Delta, but in 1996, no differences in water relations measurements were observed. High-Delta populations always had lower forage production than observed in C-0, but the low-Delta populations never produced more than the C-0 population. In greenhouse-grown plants, high-Delta populations had higher internal substomatal [CO2] than C-0, Linking Delta with mechanisms that cause lower WUE, However, the internal [CO2] of the low-Delta populations and C-0 did not differ, suggesting that selection for low Delta may not have increased WUE as expected. The results show that Delta is a heritable trait in tall fescue, but an absence of increased production in populations selected for low Delta may limit its utility in tall fescue breeding programs. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Acad Sinica, Inst Soil & Water Conservat, Yangling 712100, Shaanix, Peoples R China. RP Johnson, RC (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Box 646402, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1663 EP 1670 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700016 ER PT J AU Friebe, B Kynast, RG Hatchett, JH Sears, RG Wilson, DL Gill, BS AF Friebe, B Kynast, RG Hatchett, JH Sears, RG Wilson, DL Gill, BS TI Transfer of wheat-rye translocation chromosomes conferring resistance to Hessian fly from bread wheat into durum wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RED WINTER-WHEAT; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; SPRING WHEAT; REGISTRATION; GERMPLASM; KARYOTYPE; 1BL.1RS AB The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), is a damaging pest of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and durum wheat, T. turgidum L, ssp. durum Desf. Husn,, in many wheat production areas of the world. Breeding for host plant resistance is the most agronomically desirable way to control this pest. Twenty-seven major genes conferring resistance to Hessian fly hale been identified and used in wheat improvement. These genes confer resistance to specific biotypes of the Hessian fly, Recently, new sources of Hessian fly resistance derived from cultivated rye, Secale cereale L,, have been reported that confer resistance to all known biotypes of the Hessian fly, The resistance gene H21 is present on the wheat-rye whole arm translocation T2BS . 2R#2L.H25 is present on an interstitial rye segment in the 4AL arm of the wheat-rye translocation chromosome Ti4AS . 4AL-6R#1L-4AL. The objective of the present study was to transfer H21 and H25 to tetraploid durum wheat, thereby making these genes available for the improvement of durum wheat. Homozygous T2BS . 2R#2L and Ti4AS . 4AL-6R#1L-4AL translocation durum lines were recovered that expressed the H21 and H25 resistance, The H25 durum translocation line was vigorous and set seeds similar to the durum wheat parental cultivar, Thus, the H25 transfer can be used directly in durum wheat improvement. Plant vigor and seed set of the H21 durum translocation line was drastically reduced, indicating that the missing 2BL arm in this translocation has genes that are essential for normal plant vigor and fertility. Further chromosome engineering is required to shorten the rye segment in this translocation before H21 can be used in durum breeding. C1 Kansas State Univ, Wheat Genet Resource Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Friebe, B (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Wheat Genet Resource Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Plant Sci Bldg,Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1692 EP 1696 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700021 ER PT J AU Bligh, HFJ Blackhall, NW Edwards, KJ McClung, AM AF Bligh, HFJ Blackhall, NW Edwards, KJ McClung, AM TI Using amplified fragment length polymorphisms and simple sequence length polymorphisms to identify cultivars of brown and white milled rice SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ORYZA-SATIVA L; MICROSATELLITE; MARKERS; REGISTRATION; POPULATIONS; VARIETIES; AFLP AB Increase in world rice consumption combined with the recent World Trade Organization General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs agreement on import tariffs have resulted in a need for a method to distinguish between white milled rife (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars sold at a premium from other milled cultivars, We have used two DNA-based methods, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs), to distinguish six genetically related long-grain rice cultivars, and a premium Basmati cultivar. Of the two methods, AFLPs proved difficult to reproduce due to the quality of DNA that could he extracted from the samples, while SSLPs showed sufficient variation to distinguish all seven cultivars with only a small number of markers. Our study demonstrates that, using white milled grains, SSLPs are a more robust and efficient method than AFLPs for the identification of rice cultivars. We also report the development of six new SSLP primer sets. C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Biol Sci, Div Plant Sci, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. Univ Bristol, Dept Agr Sci, IACR Long Ashton Res Stn, Bristol BS18 9AF, Avon, England. USDA ARS, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. RP Bligh, HFJ (reprint author), Univ Nottingham, Sch Biol Sci, Div Plant Sci, Univ Pk, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. NR 29 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1715 EP 1721 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700026 ER PT J AU Skinner, RH Morgan, JA Hanson, JD AF Skinner, RH Morgan, JA Hanson, JD TI Carbon and nitrogen reserve remobilization following defoliation: Nitrogen and elevated CO2 effects SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BOUTELOUA-GRACILIS C-4; PASCOPYRUM-SMITHII C-3; LOLIUM-PERENNE; WESTERN WHEATGRASS; ROOT RESPIRATION; WHITE CLOVER; BLUE GRAMA; GROWTH; REGROWTH; TEMPERATURE AB Early regrowth following defoliation of forage species often depends on remobilization of nitrogen and non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) reserves stored in roots and crowns. The degree to which TNC and N remobilization contribute to regrowth can depend on internal concentrations and on external COL and N supplies. We studied the effect of CO2 and N supply on reserve remobilization during the first 20 d following defoliation of 9-wk-old alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb) A. Love], and blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag ex Steud]. plants. Reserve remobilization was studied in controlled-environment chambers set at either ambient (350 mu mol mol(-1)) or elevated (700 mu mol mol(-1)) CO2. Plants were fertilized twice weekly with Hoaglands solution containing either 0 mg L-1 (low N) or 400 mg L-1 N (high N). Elevated CO, increased the total amount and percent of available TNC that was remobilized in alfalfa, and the amount of remobilized TNC in western wheatgrass, but reduced TNC remobilization in blue grama. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on TNC remobilization at ambient CO2, but increased remobilization in alfalfa and reduced remobilization in the two grasses under elevated CO2. Alfalfa remobilized a greater percentage of its root and crown N reserves than either grass species. Nitrogen remobilization was highest under high N and ambient CO2 conditions for all species. Nitrogen deficiency and elevated CO2 reduced N remobilization and the contribution of remobilized N to shoot regrowth. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, Rangeland Resources Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Skinner, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Bldg 3702 Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 37 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 17 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1749 EP 1756 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700031 ER PT J AU Brink, GE Pederson, GA Alison, MW Ball, DM Bouton, JH Rawls, RC Stuedemann, JA Venuto, BC AF Brink, GE Pederson, GA Alison, MW Ball, DM Bouton, JH Rawls, RC Stuedemann, JA Venuto, BC TI Growth of white clover ecotypes, cultivars, and germplasms in the southeastern USA SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID REGISTRATION AB Naturalized populations, or ecotypes, of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) are found in many southeastern U.S. pastures, often persisting despite adverse environmental and cultural conditions. Our objective was to compare the growth, morphology, and vegetative persistence of white clover ecotypes (small- to medium-leaf) with selected cultivars (large-leaf) and improved germplasm under grazing in four southeastern states. Seed or stolons of white clover ecotypes were collected primarily from grazed pastures in spring 1994 in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia, and increased by intercrossing. Plots of seven ecotype collections, 'Osceola','Regal', 'Louisiana S-1','Grasslands Huia','Grasslands Prestige', Brown Loam Synthetic No. 2 germplasm, and Southern Regional Virus Resistant germplasm were established in October 1995 in each state. Plots were stocked continuously with cattle (Bos taurus) (5-cm stubble) from January 1996 to January 1998. Stolen length and axillary bud viability, and number of stolen apices, rooted nodes, and seedlings were measured every 3 mo. Stolen length of the ecotypes usually exceeded that of the cultivars and germplasm at all locations, particularly in the winter and spring. By the end of the experiment, the ecotypes also exhibited greater stolen branching than the cultivars and germplasm (1580 vs. 320 branches m(-2)). Superior vegetative growth of the ecotypes was attributed to a greater proportion of the stolen nodes being both branched and rooted, particularly during the summer. White clover ecotypes represent a valuable source of germplasm to incorporate into breeding programs or to develop directly into more persistent cultivars. C1 USDA ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Macon Ridge Res Stn, Winnsboro, LA 71295 USA. Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Upper Coastal Plain Substn, Winfield, AL 35594 USA. USDA ARS, Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Brink, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1809 EP 1814 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700039 ER PT J AU Bauer, PJ Reeves, DW AF Bauer, PJ Reeves, DW TI A comparison of winter cereal species and planting dates as residue cover for cotton grown with conservation tillage SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID YIELD; RESPONSES; SYSTEMS AB Winter cereals are often used as cover crops before planting cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) is the predominate cereal cover crop for cash crops in southern Brazil and Paraguay, but limited information is available on the suitability of black oat as a cover crop in the southeastern USA. The objectives of this study were to compare black oat with adapted winter cereals for this region and to determine the effect of cereal residue species and amount on cotton growth, N status, and lint yield. Ln a greenhouse study in which black oat and rye (Secale cereale L,) residues were mixed with soil, tap root elongation of both cotton and radish (Raphanus sativa L.) was inhibited more by black oat residue than by rye residue. In a field experiment on a Goldsboro loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aquic Kandiudult), cotton was grown in 1995 and 1996 following black oat, oat (A vena sativa L.), rye, and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that were planted at three different times (October, November, and December). All four winter cereals had similar biomass production at each planting date in 1995. In 1996, rye was the only species not risibly damaged by a low temperature of -12.2 degrees C that occurred during the winter, Black oat biomass was comparable to wheat in all planting dates but averaged 60% less than rye over all three planting dates and was 37% less than oat in the October planting date in that year. Black oat tended to have a higher N concentration than the other cereal species. Cotton plant density nas lowest following black oat and rye. Cotton growth, leaf blade N, and petiole NO3-N were more dependent on residue amount than on residue species. Cotton lint yield following black oat was 120 kg ha(-1) higher than lint yield of cotton following rye. Cotton following black oat, wheat, and oat had similar lint yield. Black oat may be a promising cover crop for the southeastern USA, but evaluations of other cultivars and/or improvement programs to improve cold hardiness are needed to improve the utility of this species. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL USA. RP Bauer, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 23 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1824 EP 1830 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700041 ER PT J AU Riedell, WE Blackmer, TM AF Riedell, WE Blackmer, TM TI Leaf reflectance spectra of cereal aphid-damaged wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; GREENBUG HOMOPTERA; FEEDING DAMAGE; UNITED-STATES; WINTER-WHEAT; SOUTH-DAKOTA; YIELD LOSS; STRESS; RESISTANCE; CANOPIES AB The efficiency of field monitoring for insect pests would be improved with knowledge of reflected solar radiation from crop canopies during insect outbreaks, The objectives of this greenhouse study were to characterize leaf reflectance spectra of wheat (Triricum aestivum L.) damaged by Russian wheat aphids (Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko) and greenbugs (Schizaphis graminum Rondani) and to determine those leaf reflectance wavelengths that were most responsive to crop stress imposed by these aphid pests. When the ligule was visible on second oldest leaf, wheat plants were infested with four wingless adult Russian wheat aphids, four wingless adult greenbugs, or left uninfested (four replicate plants per treatment). Plants and aphid populations were allowed to grow under greenhouse conditions for 3 wk, after which leaf-reflected radiation (from the adaxial surface across the 350-1075 nm range), dry weight, area, and chlorophyll concentrations were measured. When compared with the control, greenbug feeding damage caused general necrosis in oldest (first) leaves and dramatically lowered the dry weight, leaf area, and chlorophyll concentration of the second, third, and fourth leaves. Russian wheat aphid feeding resulted in a reduction in leaf dry weight and area in the third and fourth leaves, and a reduction in total chlorophyll concentration in all leaves. Leaf reflectance in the 625- to 635-nm and the 680- to 695-nm ranges, as well as the normalized total pigment to chlorophyll a ratio index (NPCI), were significantly correlated with total chlorophyll concentrations in both greenbug- and Russian wheat aphid-damaged plants. Thus, both of these wavelength ranges, as well as this reflectance index, were good indicators of chlorophyll loss and leaf senescence caused by the aphid feeding damage. C1 USDA ARS, No Grain Inserts Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Riedell, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Inserts Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. EM wriedell@ngirl.ars.usda.gov NR 35 TC 72 Z9 91 U1 3 U2 12 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1835 EP 1840 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700043 ER PT J AU Lima, GFD Sollenberger, LE Kunkle, WE Moore, JE Hammond, AC AF Lima, GFD Sollenberger, LE Kunkle, WE Moore, JE Hammond, AC TI Nitrogen fertilization and supplementation effects on performance of beef heifers grazing limpograss SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN; DIGESTIBILITY; DIGESTION; FORAGES; FIBER AB Seasonally low N concentrations in 'Floralta' limpograss [Hemarthria altissima (Poir,) Stapf & C.E. Hubb.] limit intake and weight gain of growing animals. This research evaluated management alternatives for increasing summer weight gains of beef replacement heifers (Bos spp.) on limpograss pastures in Florida, Soils were sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic, aeric (Smyrna series) or ultic (Pomona series) Haplaquods. During 1992 and 1993, a factorial arrangement of two pasture N fertilization rates (50 and 150 kg ha(-1)) and three diet supplements (NONE, corn [Zea mays L.] plus urea [CU], and CU plus rumen undegradable protein [CUUP]) were studied in two replications of a completely randomized design, Supplementation with CU increased average daily gain (ADG) from 0.06 (NONE) to 0.41 kg on pastures fertilized with 50 kg N ha(-1), but there was no ADG response to CU when N rate was 150 kg ha(-1). When no supplement was fed, increasing pasture N fertilization from 50 to 150 kg ha(-1) increased ADG from 0.06 to 0.36 kg. Grass crude protein (CP; 73 vs. 56 g kg(-1)) and in vitro organic matter digestion (IVOMD; 542 vs. 509 g kg(-1)) were greater at the higher N rate. Heifer plasma urea N (PUN) concentration was low (4.2 mg dL(-1)) when no supplement was fed and pastures received 50 kg N ha(-1), suggesting that low CP was limiting ADG. These data indicate that N deficiencies of cattle grazing limpograss can be overcome by increasing rate of pasture N fertilization or by providing N supplements. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EMPARN, BR-59020390 Natal, RN, Brazil. Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA, ARS, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Sollenberger, LE (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM les@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu NR 28 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1853 EP 1858 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700046 ER PT J AU Doehlert, DC McMullen, MS Baumann, RR AF Doehlert, DC McMullen, MS Baumann, RR TI Factors affecting great percentage in oat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The great percentage represents an important quality characteristic of oat (Avena sativa L.). Our objectives were to characterize mechanical factors of the oat dehulling profess and the physical characteristics of the oat grain that affect great percentage. Mechanical factors were determined with a compressed air dehuller. Physical characteristics of oat grain were evaluated from 10 genotypes grown at three locations with digital image analysis. Great percentage as determined by hand dehulling was compared with mechanical dehulling. The strength and duration of mechanical stress required to separate the hull from the great and the strength of the aspiration required to remove free hulls from the greats had significant effects on great percentage results. Insufficient mechanical stress resulted in ineffective dehulling, but excessive stress resulted in great breakage. Excessive aspiration removed greats as well as hulls, but insufficient aspiration left excessive hulls with greats. Great percentage values obtained by hand dehulling or by mechanical means correlated well. Hand sorting of mechanically dehulled greats to remove hulls remaining after dehulling improved their correlation, indicating the importance of hand-sorting mechanically dehulled oats. Test weight and oat size uniformity were highly correlated with great percentage. Negative correlation between hulls remaining after dehulling with great percentage suggested that heavier hulls, associated with lower great percentage, were more difficult to remove by aspiration. Positive correlations between great breakage during dehulling and great percentage suggest that thin hulls provide less protection to the great during dehulling, resulting in higher levels of breakage. C1 N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Doehlert, DC (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Wheat Qual Lab, Harris Hall, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 19 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1858 EP 1865 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700047 ER PT J AU Casler, MD Jung, HJG AF Casler, MD Jung, HJG TI Selection and evaluation of smooth bromegrass clones with divergent lignin or etherified ferulic acid concentration SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CELL-WALL COMPOSITION; PHENOTYPIC SELECTION; MAIZE INTERNODES; NUTRITIVE-VALUE; FORAGE QUALITY; KLASON LIGNIN; DIETARY FIBER; DEGRADABILITY; POLYSACCHARIDES; DIGESTIBILITY AB Lignin and etherified ferulic acid (EthFA) are cell wall constituents believed to have important negative impacts on digestibility of forage cell walls, Our objective was to identify genotypes of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) With unconfounded divergence in lignin and EthFA, such that their independent effects could be determined on in vitro fiber digestibility (IVFD), Eight clones were selected from each of four populations ('Alpha', WB19e,'Lincoln', and WB88S). Selection was successful for EthFA in all populations except WB88S, treating repeatable divergence of 11.2 to 12.5%, Selection was unsuccessful for lignin concentration per se, most likely because of large genotype x environment interactions. Nevertheless, the resulting clones showed significant variation for both EthFA and lignin concentrations and these two variables were nearly independent among the selected clones. Both lignin and EthFA had significant negative effects on 96-h IVFD, regardless of the statistical estimation method used. Across estimation methods. there was not a clear difference in the magnitude of the lignin and EthFA effects on IVFD, Both the total amount of lignin in the cell wall and the amount of ferulic acid crosslinking lignin to polysaccharides,ia ether bonds appear to be under genetic control, and both components play a role in regulating the genetic potential for rumen degradation of fell walls in smooth bromegrass. These clones are a potential tool for conducting animal feeding trials using forages with relatively unconfounded differences in a single cell wall characteristic. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Casler, MD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 34 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1866 EP 1873 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700048 ER PT J AU Owens, VN Albrecht, KA Muck, RE Duke, SH AF Owens, VN Albrecht, KA Muck, RE Duke, SH TI Protein degradation and fermentation characteristics of red clover and alfalfa silage harvested with varying levels of total nonstructural carbohydrates SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DRY-MATTER; PROTEOLYSIS; QUALITY; FORAGE; MANAGEMENT; HERBAGE AB Extensive degradation of protein during fermentation of high-protein crops reduces efficiency of dietary N utilization in ruminants. Evidence suggests that enhanced levels of fermentable carbohydrates can reduce proteolysis. Our objective was to evaluate whether delaying daily cutting time, to allow total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) to accumulate, would inhibit protein degradation by way of greater acid production in the silo. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) were harvested at 0600, 1000, 1400, and 1800 h in 1993, 1994, and 1995 and wilted to a dry matter (DM) content of 350 g kg(-1) before ensiling. The level of TNC in fresh forage of both species increased throughout the day. Starch accounted for most of the daily change in TNC in fresh alfalfa, whereas in red clover, quantitative increases in sugar and starch impacted TNC similarly. Level of TNC at initiation of ensiling did not consistently affect protein degradation during fermentation as confirmed by generally insignificant correlation coefficients. The extent of proteolysis in the silo was consistently greater in alfalfa than red clover, Silage pH typically decreased and starch increased as cutting time was delayed from 0600 to 1800 h. While the extent of proteolysis was largely unaffected by inherent increases in TNC, lower silage pH and higher starch concentrations indicate that silage from the afternoon cuttings may be better preserved and higher in quality. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Owens, VN (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Box 2207A, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 33 TC 37 Z9 109 U1 3 U2 16 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1873 EP 1880 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700049 ER PT J AU Harvey, TL Seifers, DL Martin, TJ Brown-Guedira, G Gill, BS AF Harvey, TL Seifers, DL Martin, TJ Brown-Guedira, G Gill, BS TI Survival of wheat curl mites on different sources of resistance in wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STREAK MOSAIC-VIRUS; COMMON WHEAT; ERIOPHYIDAE; ACARI; GERMPLASM; TRITICALE; VECTOR AB Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield is limited by wheat streak mosaic virus which is vectored by the wheat curl mite (WCM) Aceria tosicheilla (Keifer). Host resistance to WCM has reduced losses. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of resistance in wheat to WCM collected from various locations in the Great Plains. Collections of WCM from Montana, Nebraska, South Dakota, Texas, Alberta, Canada, and eight locations in Kansas were compared for their ability to survive and reproduce in the greenhouse on seven lines of wheat and wheat relatives previously identified as resistant. The lines and their sources of resistance were: AC PGR16635 (Aegilops tauschii Coss., Cmc1), PI525452 (Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Liu and Wang, Cmc2), KS96WGRC40 (Ae. tauschii and Secale cereale L.), TA920 (Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk spp. armenidcum), PI 475772 (S. cereale), 'TAM 107' (S. cereale), PI 222655 (T. aestivum). KS96WGRC40 and TA920 were the only entries that were resistant to all WCM collections. Other sources of resistance were effective against WCMs from some but not all locations. PI 222655 was resistant to WCMs from Nebraska and central Kansas but not to mites from most other locations. WCMs that were virulent to TAM 107 generally were also virulent to PIs 222655 and 475772 but avirulent to Cmc2. The WCMs from western Kansas, where TAM 107 is widely grown, were generally more virulent to that cultivar than WCM from central Kansas where the hectarage of TAM 107 is smaller. WCMs collected at different times or locations may vary in their responses to different sources of resistance; therefore, testing mites for their response to resistance genes advanced in breeding programs may be needed before resistant cultivars are deployed in the field. C1 KSY, Agr Res Ctr, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Wheat Genet Resource Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Martin, TJ (reprint author), KSY, Agr Res Ctr, Hays, KS 67601 USA. NR 17 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1887 EP 1889 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700051 ER PT J AU Berdahl, JD Mayland, HF Asay, KH Jefferson, PG AF Berdahl, JD Mayland, HF Asay, KH Jefferson, PG TI Variation in agronomic and morphological traits among Russian wildrye accessions SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID REGISTRATION; COLLECTION; RYEGRASS AB Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fischer) Nevski] accessions in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System have not been adequately characterized for agronomic and morphological traits. Such characterization would be helpful in development of improved cultivars. Objectives of this study were to (i) measure consistency of dry-matter and seed yields as well as plant height and vigor of 65 Russian wildrye accessions and four cultivars at three diverse test sites, (ii) characterize phenotypic diversity among these accessions using cluster analysis, and (iii) define needs for future evaluation and collection of Russian wildrye germplasm, Field tests were conducted at Logan, UT; Mandan, ND; and Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada, Dry-matter and seed yields were not consistent among accessions and cultivars at the three locations, and testing at each location was necessary to identify accessions that were best suited to a specific location. Variance component estimates were small and of little consequence for accession x year interaction effects. The 69 entries were grouped into 10 clusters based on multivariate analysis of 17 classification variables. Accessions in Cluster 3 averaged well above the overall test mean for dry-matter yield, seed yield, and plant vigor and have high utility in plant breeding programs in North America. Only four accessions had high levels of resistance to Seproria spraguei Uecker & J.M. Krupinsky, an important foliar disease. Accessions from a defined geographic area tended to cluster, but some accessions from a particular area were spread among several clusters, This emphasizes the value of sampling diverse collection sites within a defined geographic area. C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Semiarid Prairie Agr Res Ctr, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada. RP Berdahl, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 16 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1890 EP 1895 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700052 ER PT J AU Crafts-Brandner, SJ Chu, CC AF Crafts-Brandner, SJ Chu, CC TI Insect clip cages rapidly alter photosynthetic traits of leaves SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; LEAF; ALEYRODIDAE; COTTON AB In plant-insect interaction experiments, a clip cage is frequently used to isolate insects or other small pests on a leaf. Clip rage effects on the physiology of the leaf could possibly confound experimental results, Our objective was to quantitate the effects of an insect clip rage of the type typically used for small pests such as whiteflies (Bemisia sp,), aphids (Aphis sp,) and mites (Urticae sp.) on the photosynthetic traits of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Coker 100A-glandless) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo L, cv, imperial 45) lea, es. Clip cages that enclosed 11.3 cm(2) of both the abaxial and adaxial sides of a leaf were attached to young fully expanded leaves. For the leaf tissue within the clip rage, incident radiation was decreased and leaf temperature was increased. After 24 h, chlorophyll content of tissue within the clip cage was significantly increased compared with noncaged-control samples taken from the opposite half of the same leaf. Three days after clip cages were attached to leaves, compared with controls, the tissue within the cage had a lower light-saturated, steady-state CO2 exchange rate (CER) and leaf soluble protein content. The cage effect on CER and soluble protein could be explained, at least in part, by decreased light-saturated initial Rubisco activity for leaf tissue within the clip cage. We conclude that the clip rages caused physiological and biochemical alterations of leaves that could alter insect nutrition. Thus, it is suggested that clip cage effects on leaf physiology and microenvironment must be considered when interpreting results of plant-insect interaction experiments. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Crafts-Brandner, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 14 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1896 EP 1899 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 274WH UT WOS:000084787700053 ER PT J AU Chang, YJ Reed, BM AF Chang, YJ Reed, BM TI Extended cold acclimation and recovery medium alteration improve regrowth of Rubus shoot tips following cryopreservation SO CRYO-LETTERS LA English DT Article DE cryopreservation; histology; recovery; shoot tip; raspberry; blackberry ID FREEZE PRESERVATION; MERISTEMS; SURVIVAL AB Extended cold acclimation (CA) of shoot cultures in alternating low temperatures [22 degrees C with 8 h light (10 mu E.m(-2).s(-1))/-1 degrees C 16 h dark] improved the recovery of cryopreserved shoot tips. As the duration of CA prior to cryopreservation inch-eased from 1 to 3 weeks, Rubus parvifolius L. shoot tip survival increased from 63% to 90% and shoot formation increased from 25% to 75%. Six to ten weeks of CA were required to achieve high survival and shoot formation in R caesius L. and improve shoot survival from 8% to 70-80% and shoot formation from zero to 60-80%. Eliminating indole-3-butyric acid from the recovery medium decreased callus formation and increased direct shoot formation for both R parvifolius and R caesius. Histological studies showed that R parvifolius shoot tips continued to grow and regenerated directly from the meristematic domes following liquid nitrogen exposure. The upper axillary buds often survived and regrew along with the apex. No shoots regenerated from callus produced on margins of leaf primordia and damaged meristematic domes. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Reed, BM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OI Reed, Barbara/0000-0003-0079-8473 NR 17 TC 36 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU CRYO LETTERS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 7 WOOTTON WAY, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB3 9LX SN 0143-2044 J9 CRYO-LETT JI Cryo-Lett. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 20 IS 6 BP 371 EP 376 PG 6 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA 260BY UT WOS:000083929500006 ER PT J AU Coderre, PE Somkuti, GA AF Coderre, PE Somkuti, GA TI Cloning and expression of the pediocin operon in Streptococcus thermophilus and other lactic fermentation bacteria SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; SUBLETHAL INJURY; LACTOCOCCIN-A; PLASMID DNA; ACH; PA-1; CONSTRUCTION; SEQUENCE; VECTORS AB Production of pediocin in Pediococcus acidilactici is associated with pMBR 1.0, which encodes prepediocin, a pediocin immunity protein, and two proteins involved in secretion and precursor processing. These four genes are organized as an operon under control of a single promoter. We have constructed shuttle vectors that contain all four structural genes, the chromosomal promoter STP2201 from Streptococcus thermophilus, and repA from the 2-kbp S. thermophilus plasmid pER8. The recombinant plasmid, pPC318, expressed and secreted active pediocin in Escherichia coli. Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, and Enterococcus faecalis::were electrotransformed with pPC418, a modified vector fitted with an erythromycin resistance tracking gene. Pediocin was produced and secreted in each of the lactic acid bacteria, and production was Stable for up to ten passages. The expression of pediocin in dairy fermentation microbes has important implications for bacteriocins as food preservatives in dairy products. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Somkuti, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 26 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 295 EP 301 DI 10.1007/s002849900462 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 240WH UT WOS:000082849700011 PM 10489440 ER PT J AU Neumann, CJ Grandel, H Gaffield, W Schulte-Merker, S Nusslein-Volhard, C AF Neumann, CJ Grandel, H Gaffield, W Schulte-Merker, S Nusslein-Volhard, C TI Transient establishment of anteroposterior polarity in the zebrafish pectoral fin bud in the absence of sonic hedgehog activity SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE sonic hedgehog; limb; fin; ZPA; hox; colinearity; cyclopamine; retinoic acid; zebrafish; Danio rerio ID APICAL ECTODERMAL RIDGE; LIMB-PATTERNING ACTIVITY; VERTEBRATE LIMB; GENE-EXPRESSION; RETINOIC ACID; FEEDBACK LOOP; CHICK LIMB; BODY PLAN; MUTANT; GROWTH AB Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in the posterior vertebrate limb bud mesenchyme and directs anteroposterior patterning and growth during limb development. Here we report an analysis of the pectoral fin phenotype of zebrafish sonic you mutants, which disrupt the shh gene, We show that Shh is required for the establishment of some aspects of anteroposterior polarity, while other aspects of anteroposterior polarity are established independently of Shh, and only later come to depend on Shh for their maintenance, We also demonstrate that Shh is required for the activation of posterior HoxD genes by retinoic acid, Finally, we show that Shh is required for normal development of the apical ectodermal fold, for growth of the fin bud, and for formation of the fin endoskeleton. C1 Max Planck Inst Entwicklungsbiol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Artemis Pharmaceut, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. RP Neumann, CJ (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Entwicklungsbiol, Spemannstr 35-III, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. NR 40 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 3 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD NOV PY 1999 VL 126 IS 21 BP 4817 EP 4826 PG 10 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 259EM UT WOS:000083881600013 PM 10518498 ER PT J AU Myers, MJ Farrell, DE Baker, JD Cope, CV Evock-Clover, CM Steele, NC AF Myers, MJ Farrell, DE Baker, JD Cope, CV Evock-Clover, CM Steele, NC TI Challenge differentially affects cytokine production and metabolic status of growing and finishing swine SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE endotoxin; INF alpha; IL-6; metabolism; swine ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; FACTOR-ALPHA; ENDOTOXIN CHALLENGE; CHROMIUM PICOLINATE; GROWTH-PERFORMANCE; LIPASE ACTIVITY; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; INJURY; LIVER; PIGS AB Growing (35 kg body weight) and finishing (85 kg body weight) swine challenged with endotoxin (Escherichia coli O55:B5) at a dose of either 2 or 20 mu g/kg produced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha in a dose-response relationship as measured by bioassay. Peak TNF alpha plasma levels were observed 1-2 hr post-challenge, returning to basal values 4 hr post-challenge. However, both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for swine TNF alpha and total human TNF alpha demonstrated no dose-response relationship; peak plasma levels of immunoreactive TNF alpha were also observed 1-2 hr post-challenge. Maximal plasma interleukin-6 levels occurred 1-2 hr post-challenge and remained elevated through 8 hr post-challenge; there was no effect of lipopolysaccharide dose or metabolic status. Although the metabolic status of the animals also affected glucose levels, with growing animals exhibiting greater sensitivity compared with finishing animals, endotoxin-induced decreases in blood glucose levels were primarily dose-dependent. In contrast, changes in plasma urea nitrogen and free fatty acid (FFA) levels were strictly related to the metabolic status. Urea nitrogen levels were unchanged in growing swine, whereas they were increased in finishing swine and remained elevated 24 hr post-challenge. FFA levels in growing and finishing swine increased 3-6 hr post-challenge. FFA levels returned to basal values for finishing swine 24 hr post challenge, but in growing swine remained elevated 24 hr post-challenge. Plasma aspartate transaminase levels were increased through 24 hr post-challenge; animals given a dose of 20 mu g/kg exhibited the greatest increase. Similarly, swine challenged with a dose of 20 mu g/kg also exhibited the greatest increase in levels of conjugated bilirubin; there was no effect on unconjugated (free) bilirubin. These results demonstrate that endotoxin challenge of swine result in a pattern of changes that are dependent on both the dose of endotoxin used and the metabolic status of the animal examined. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 US FDA, Div Anim Res, Ctr Vet Med, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US FDA, Div Therapeut Drugs Nonfood Anim, Ctr Vet Med, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. ARS, Growth Biol Lab, USDA, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Myers, MJ (reprint author), US FDA, Div Anim Res, Ctr Vet Med, 8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. NR 35 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 17 IS 4 BP 345 EP 360 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(99)00057-0 PG 16 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 267KU UT WOS:000084357800002 PM 10628426 ER PT J AU Chen, XL Dean, RG Hausman, GJ AF Chen, XL Dean, RG Hausman, GJ TI Expression of leptin mRNA and CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins in response to insulin deprivation during preadipocyte differentiation in primary cultures of porcine stromal-vascular cells SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OB GENE-EXPRESSION; WHITE ADIPOSE-TISSUE; OBESE GENE; 3T3-L1 ADIPOCYTES; FA/FA RATS; LONG-TERM; ALPHA; RNA; PROMOTER; C/EBP AB The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) and leptin gene expression in response to insulin deprivation in preadipocytes and adipocytes. Adipose tissue from 7 d-old pigs was digested enzymatically and stromal-vascular (S-V) cells were seeded and plated for 3 d in fetal bovine serum (FBS) with dexamethasone (DEX) followed by 6 d (Days 3-9) in serum-free medium with insulin (850 nM or 10 nM), transferrin, and selenium. During FBS+DEX treatment (Days 0-3) a large number of preadipocytes develop with no lipid accretion. In contrast, preadipocyte number does not change with lipid accretion during insulin treatment (Days 3-9), Total RNA and cells were harvested from S-V cultures after periods with and without insulin after FBS+DEX. Northern-blotting and Western blot analysis were used to study leptin mRNA and C/EBP protein expression in cultures, respectively. Insulin deprivation from Days 3-4 reduced leptin mRNA and C/EBP-alpha protein expression. Treatment with 850 nM or 10 nM insulin from Days 3-9 induced leptin mRNA and C/EBP-alpha expression at a similar level. In cultures treated with 10 nM insulin from Days 3-7, leptin and C/EBP-alpha expression were reduced markedly by insulin deprivation from Days 7-9, but were restored by insulin treatment for 6 hr before harvesting. The restoration of leptin expression by insulin was blocked by cycloheximide treatment. However, C/EBP-beta protein levels did not change regardless of insulin deprivation. Insulin deprivation from Days 7-9 in cultures treated with 850 nM insulin from Days 3-7 did not influence C/EBP-alpha or leptin mRNA expression, whereas C/EBP-alpha and leptin expression were reduced after treating these cultures with 1.5 uM okadaic acid for 45 min before harvesting on Day 9. However, cycloheximide treatment for 6 hr before harvesting did not reduce leptin mRNA expression. These results suggest that 1) leptin expression is positively correlated with C/EBP-alpha expression, and 2) the maintenance of leptin expression after insulin deprivation in 850 nM insulin-treated cultures on Day 9 may be associated with the presence of C/EBP-alpha expression and/or activation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Hausman, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 17 IS 4 BP 389 EP 401 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(99)00054-5 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 267KU UT WOS:000084357800005 PM 10628429 ER PT J AU Estienne, MJ McElwain, KV Barrett, JB Barb, CR AF Estienne, MJ McElwain, KV Barrett, JB Barb, CR TI Effects of N-methyl-D, L-aspartate on secretion of growth hormone-releasing hormone from the boar hypothalamic-preoptic area and median eminence in vitro SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE N-methyl-D; L-aspartate; growth hormone-releasing hormone; boars ID MODULATION; GLUTAMATE; PIG AB N-methyl-D, L-aspartate (NMA) elicited secretion of growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone from both the hypothalamic-preoptic area and the median eminence that were collected from boars. We suggest that the previously described increase in GH secretion that follows peripheral treatment of swine with NMA is attributable, at least in part, to NMA-stimulated secretion of GH-releasing hormone from the central nervous system. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Dept Agr, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Estienne, MJ (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Tidewater Agr Res & Extens Ctr, 6321 Holland Rd, Suffolk, VA 23437 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 17 IS 4 BP 403 EP 407 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(99)00053-3 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 267KU UT WOS:000084357800006 PM 10628430 ER PT J AU Liu, J Boyd, CK Kobayashi, Y Chase, CC Hammond, AC Olson, TA Elsasser, TH Lucy, MC AF Liu, J Boyd, CK Kobayashi, Y Chase, CC Hammond, AC Olson, TA Elsasser, TH Lucy, MC TI A novel phenotype for Laron dwarfism in miniature Bos indicus cattle suggests that the expression of growth hormone receptor 1A in liver is required for normal growth SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Laron; dwarfism; cattle; GH; IGF-I ID MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; BINDING-PROTEIN; GH RECEPTOR; GENE; SOMATOTROPIN; DEFICIENCY; TISSUES; SYSTEM; RAT; RNA AB Mutations within the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene that lead to an inactivated or truncated GHR protein cause abnormal growth and small adult size in a variety of species (Laron dwarfism). We studied a line of miniature Bos indicus cattle that have phenotypic (small mature size) and endocrine (increased blood growth hormone and decreased blood insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations) similarities to Laron dwarfs. Liver mRNA from miniature and control cattle was used to amplify a cDNA within the coding region of the GHR. The miniature cattle had GHR mRNA size (determined by Northern blot) and cDNA sequence that were similar to control cattle and, therefore, were unlike most Laron dwarf genotypes in which the GHR gene is mutated. Amounts of mRNA from liver as well as muscle (superficial neck and longissimus) were analyzed by ribonuclease protection assay for IGF-I, total GHR, GHR 1A (inducible, liver-specific GHR mRNA), and GHR 1B (constitutive GHR mRNA), Four control and five miniature bulls were tested. As expected, liver IGF-I mRNA was decreased in the miniature cattle (approximately 12% of control; P < 0.01). The amount of the total GHR as well, as GHR 1A mRNA were also decreased in liver (17% and 19% of control, respectively; P < 0.01). Other GHR mRNA, including GHR 1B mRNA, were similar for miniature and control cattle. In muscle, there was a tendency (P < 0.10) for decreased IGF-I mRNA and increased GHR mRNA in miniature compared with control cattle. In summary, a novel phenotype for Laron dwarfism in Bos indicus cattle was associated with underexpression of GHR 1A mRNA, but not other GHR mRNA variants in liver. In addition to decreased GHR 1A mRNA, the miniature cattle had decreased liver IGF-I mRNA. Full expression of GHR 1A in liver, therefore, may be required for full liver TGF-I expression and normal growth. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ARS, USDA, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. ARS, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lucy, MC (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 17 IS 4 BP 421 EP 437 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(99)00051-X PG 17 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 267KU UT WOS:000084357800008 PM 10628432 ER PT J AU Landres, PB Morgan, P Swanson, FJ AF Landres, PB Morgan, P Swanson, FJ TI Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Ecological-Society-of-America CY 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Ecol Soc Amer DE disturbance; ecosystem management; historical range of variability; landscape management; management of ecological systems; natural variability; restoration; variation; spatial and temporal scales ID OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; CLIMATE-CHANGE; FIRE HISTORY; DYNAMICS; DISTURBANCE; CONSERVATION; LANDSCAPES; DIVERSITY AB Natural resource managers have used natural variability concepts since the early 1960s and are increasingly relying on these concepts to maintain biological diversity, to restore ecosystems that have been severely altered, and as benchmarks for assessing anthropogenic change. Management use of natural variability relies on two concepts: that past conditions and processes provide context and guidance for managing ecological systems today, and that disturbance-driven spatial and temporal variability is a vital attribute of nearly all ecological systems. We review the use of these concepts for managing ecological systems and landscapes. We conclude that natural variability concepts provide a framework for improved understanding of ecological systems and the changes occurring in these systems, as well as for evaluating the consequences of proposed management actions. Understanding the history of ecological systems (their past composition and structure, their spatial and temporal variability, and the principal processes that influenced them) helps managers set goals that are more likely to maintain and protect ecological systems and meet the social values desired for an area. Until we significantly improve our understanding of ecological systems, this knowledge of past ecosystem functioning is also one of the best means for predicting impacts to ecological systems today. These concepts can also be misused. No a priori time period or spatial extent should be used in defining natural variability. Specific goals, site-specific field data, inferences derived from data collected elsewhere, simulation models, and explicitly stated value judgment all must drive selection of the relevant time period and spatial extent used in defining natural variability. Natural variability concepts offer an opportunity and a challenge for ecologists to provide relevant information and to collaborate with managers to improve the management of ecological systems. C1 US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. Univ Idaho, Coll Forestry Wildlife & Range Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Landres, PB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM plandres/rmrs_missoula@fs.fed.us NR 75 TC 538 Z9 564 U1 15 U2 169 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1179 EP 1188 DI 10.2307/2641389 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 255RV UT WOS:000083684700010 ER PT J AU Millar, CI Woolfenden, WB AF Millar, CI Woolfenden, WB TI The role of climate change in interpreting historical variability SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Ecological-Society-of-America CY 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Ecol Soc Amer DE climate change; forest management; historical variation; use in ecosystem management; natural variability; paleoecology ID SIERRA-NEVADA; MONO LAKE; CALIFORNIA; TEMPERATURE; RECORD; RECONSTRUCTION; FORESTS; PERIOD; TIME; ICE AB Significant climate anomalies have characterized the last 1000 yr in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Two warm, dry periods of 150- and 200-yr duration occurred during AD 900-1350, which were followed by anomalously cold climates, known as the Little Ice Age, that lasted from AD 1400 to 1900. Climate in the last century has been significantly warmer. Regional biotic and physical response to these climatic periods occurred. Climate variability presents challenges when interpreting historical variability, including the need to accommodate climate effects when comparing current ecosystems to historical conditions, especially if comparisons are done to evaluate causes (e.g., human impacts) of differences, or to develop models for restoration of current ecosystems. Many historical studies focus on "presettlement" periods, which usually fall within the Little Ice Age. Thus, it should be assumed that ecosystems inferred for these historical periods responded to different climates than those at present, and management implications should be adjusted accordingly. The warmer centuries before the Little Ice Age may be a more appropriate analogue to the present, although no historic period is likely to be better as a model than an understanding of what conditions would be at present without intervention. Understanding the climate context of historical reconstruction studies, and adjusting implications to the present, should strengthen the value of historical variability research to management. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Albany, CA 94701 USA. US Forest Serv, Inyo Natl Forest, Lee Vining, CA 93541 USA. RP Millar, CI (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Albany, CA 94701 USA. EM cmillar/psw@fs.fed.us NR 86 TC 95 Z9 101 U1 4 U2 22 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1207 EP 1216 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1207:TROCCI]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 255RV UT WOS:000083684700012 ER PT J AU Cissel, JH Swanson, FJ Weisberg, PJ AF Cissel, JH Swanson, FJ Weisberg, PJ TI Landscape management using historical fire regimes: Blue River, Oregon SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Ecological-Society-of-America CY 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO SP Ecol Soc Amer DE adaptive management; disturbance ecology; historical fire regime; landscape analysis; landscape plan; landscape structure; late-successional habitat; Northwest Forest Plan ID OLD-GROWTH; MICROCLIMATIC GRADIENTS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; WESTERN OREGON; FORESTS; COMMUNITIES; PATTERN AB Landscapes administered for timber production by the U.S. Forest Service in the Pacific Northwest in the 1950s-1980s were managed with dispersed patch clear-cutting, and then briefly in the late 1980s with aggregated patch clear-cutting. In the late 1990s, use of historical landscape patterns and disturbance regimes as a guide for landscape management has emerged as an alternative to the static reserves and standard matrix prescriptions in the Northwest Forest Plan. Use of historical information to guide management recognizes the dynamic and variable character of the landscape and may offer an improved ability to meet ecosystem management objectives. We describe a landscape management plan based in part on interpretations of historical disturbance regimes. The plan contains a reserve system and other landscape areas where three distinct types of timber harvest are prescribed. Timber harvest prescriptions approximate the frequency, severity, and spatial extent of past fires. Future harvest blacks are mapped and used to project forest patterns 200 yr forward and to map resulting landscape structure. This plan is compared with an alternative plan for the same area based on the extensive reserves and prescriptions for matrix lands in the Northwest Forest Plan. The management approach based on historical patterns produced more late-successional habitat (71% vs. 59%), more overstory structure in young stands (overstory canopy cover of 15-50% vs. 15%), larger patches (mean patch size of 48 vs. 26 ha), and less edge between young and old forest (edge density of 19 vs. 37 m/ha). While landscape structures resulting from both plans are historically unprecedented, we feel that landscape management plans incorporating key aspects of ecosystem history and variability may pose less risk to native species and ecological processes. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Willamette Natl Forest, Blue River, OR 97413 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Cissel, JH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Willamette Natl Forest, Blue River Ranger Dist, Blue River, OR 97413 USA. NR 37 TC 147 Z9 155 U1 2 U2 23 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1217 EP 1231 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1217:LMUHFR]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 255RV UT WOS:000083684700013 ER PT J AU Hessburg, PF Smith, BG Salter, RB AF Hessburg, PF Smith, BG Salter, RB TI Detecting change in forest spatial patterns from reference conditions SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Ecological-Society-of-America CY 1997 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO SP Ecol Soc Amer DE biological diversity; change detection; disturbance; ecosystem management; forest spatial patterns; historical range of variability; natural range of variability; reference conditions; reference variation; restoration; spatial patterns ID LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; RESEARCH AGENDA; SCIENCE ISSUES; MANAGEMENT; EXTINCTION; EVENNESS; TERRAIN; ISLAND AB Timber harvest, fire suppression, road construction, and domestic livestock grazing have transformed spatial patterns of Interior Northwest forests. As a consequence, parameters of current disturbance regimes differ radically from historical regimes; present-day wildlife habitat distributions differ from historical distributions; and long-term survival of some native terrestrial species is uncertain. Public land managers are under increasing scientific and social pressure to mold existing forest spatial patterns to reflect those resulting from natural disturbance regimes and patterns of biophysical environments. However, knowledge of the characteristics of natural spatial patterns is unavailable. Using a dichotomized ordination procedure, we grouped the 343 forested subwatersheds (mean area, 8000 ha) on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains in Washington State into ecological subregions by similarity of area in potential vegetation and climate attributes. We built spatially continuous "historical" (1938-1956) and "current" (1985-1993) vegetation maps for 48 randomly selected subwatersheds from aerial photo interpretations. From remotely sensed attributes, we classified cover types, structural classes, and potential vegetation types and attributed them to individual patches. We then estimated a reference variation (RV) in spatial patterns of patch types (cover type and structural class), by subwatersheds and five forested ecological subregions, using the 48 historical vegetation maps stratified by subregion and a spatial pattern analysis program. Finally, we compared the current pattern of an example subwatershed (MET_11) with the RV estimates of its corresponding subregion to illustrate how reference conditions can be used to evaluate the importance of spatial pattern change. By evaluating pattern changes in light of RV estimates (nominally, the sample median 80% range of a metric) and the full range of class and landscape metrics, we could identify both current and historical conditions of MET_11 that fell outside the RV. This approach gives land managers a tool to compare characteristics of present-day managed landscapes with reference conditions to reveal significant pattern departures, as well as to identify specific pattern characteristics that might be modified through management. It also provides a means to identify "outlier" conditions, relative to subregion RV estimates, that may occasionally be the object of pattern restoration activities. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. US Forest Serv, Deschutes Natl Forest, Bend, OR 97701 USA. RP Hessburg, PF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1133 NW Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 64 TC 77 Z9 83 U1 5 U2 26 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1232 EP 1252 DI 10.2307/2641393 PG 21 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 255RV UT WOS:000083684700014 ER PT J AU Peterson, JT Kwak, TJ AF Peterson, JT Kwak, TJ TI Modeling the effects of land use and climate change on riverine smallmouth bass SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE climate change; floodplain; flow regime; global warming; Kankakee River; USA; land use; Micropterus dolomieu; population model; simulation; smallmouth bass; streamflow; watershed restoration ID POTENTIAL HABITAT LOSS; UNITED-STATES; THERMAL HABITAT; STREAM; FISH; TEMPERATURE; LANDSCAPE; ECOLOGY; PRECIPITATION; FLUCTUATIONS AB Anthropogenic changes in temperature and stream flow, associated with watershed land use and climate change, are critical influences on the distribution and abundance of riverine fishes. To project the effects of changing land use and climate, we modeled a smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) population in a midwestern USA, large river-floodplain ecosystem under historical (1915-1925), present (1977-1990), and future (2060, influenced by climate change) temperature and flow regimes. The age-structured model included parameters for temperature and river discharge during critical seasonal periods, fish population dynamics, and fishing harvest. Model relationships were developed from empirical field data collected over a 13-yr period. Sensitivity analyses indicated that discharge during the spawning/rearing period had a greater effect on adult density and fishing yield than did spawning/rearing temperature or winter discharge. Simulations for 100 years projected a 139% greater mean fish density under a historical flow regime (64.9 fish/ha) than that estimated for the present (27.1 fish/ha) with a sustainable fishing harvest under both flow regimes. Simulations under future climate-change-induced temperature and flow regimes with present land use projected a 69% decrease in mean fish density (8.5 fish/ha) from present and an unstable population that went extinct during 56% of the simulations. However, when simulated under a future climate-altered temperature and flow regime with historical land use, the population increased by 66% (45.0 fish/ha) from present and sustained a harvest. Our findings suggest that land-use changes may be a greater detriment to riverine fishes than projected climate change and that the combined effects of both factors may lead to local species extinction. However, the negative effects of increased temperature and precipitation associated with future global warming could be mitigated by river channel, floodplain, and watershed restoration. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. Univ Arkansas, US Geol Survey, Biol Resorces Div,Dept Biol Sci, Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Peterson, JT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, 316 E Myrtle St, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 91 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 26 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 1391 EP 1404 DI 10.2307/2641404 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 255RV UT WOS:000083684700025 ER PT J AU De Moraes, CM Cortesero, AM Stapel, JO Lewis, WJ AF De Moraes, CM Cortesero, AM Stapel, JO Lewis, WJ TI Intrinsic and extrinsic competitive interactions between two larval parasitoids of Heliothis virescens SO ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cardiochiles nigriceps; competition; Heliothis virescens; larval parasitoids; Microplitis croceipes; multiparasitism ID CARDIOCHILES NIGRICEPS HYMENOPTERA; MICROPLITIS-CROCEIPES HYMENOPTERA; PRAON-PEQUODORUM HYMENOPTERA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; LEPIDOPTERA-NOCTUIDAE; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; SOUTHEASTERN ARKANSAS; HOST DISCRIMINATION; APHIDIUS-SMITHI; BRACONIDAE AB 1. Competition between parasitoid species may be a key factor in the community dynamics of plant-herbivore-parasitoid systems and is an important consideration in the selection and management of effective biological control agents. 2. Interspecific competition can occur between adult parasitoids searching fur hosts (extrinsic competition) and between multiple parasitoid larvae developing within a single host individual (intrinsic competition). A model system comprising the lepidopteran pest Heliothis virescens and two key hymenopteran endoparasitoids, Microplitis craceipes and Cardiochiles nigriceps, was employed to explore parasitoid host-location strategies and the consequences of intrinsic and extrinsic competitive interactions between parasitoid species. 3. The less specialised of the two parasitoids, M. croceipes, was found to have a shorter hatching time and to dominate intrinsic competition, except when its oviposition followed that of the more specialised parasitoid, C. nigriceps, by 16h or more. This interval corresponded to the differential in hatching time between the two species. 4. Cardiochiles nigriceps, however, displayed superior host-searching efficiency that may compensate for its disadvantage in intrinsic competition. This parasitoid was more effective at detecting host infestation sites via airborne odours and at locating and attacking early instar host larvae than was M. craceipes. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP De Moraes, CM (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. EM demoraes@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu NR 71 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0307-6946 EI 1365-2311 J9 ECOL ENTOMOL JI Ecol. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 24 IS 4 BP 402 EP 410 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2311.1999.00212.x PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 258MP UT WOS:000083843200005 ER PT J AU Jenkins, JC Kicklighter, DW Ollinger, SV Aber, JD Melillo, JM AF Jenkins, JC Kicklighter, DW Ollinger, SV Aber, JD Melillo, JM TI Sources of variability in net primary production predictions at a regional scale: A comparison using PnET-II and TEM 4.0 in northeastern US forests SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE climate; ecosystem process modeling; modeling uncertainty; net primary production; northeastern US; PnET; soil water holding capacity; spatial resolution; TEM; vegetation representation ID GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE; UNITED-STATES; NITROGEN SATURATION; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; EQUILIBRIUM RESPONSES; CARBON STORAGE; LAND-USE; MODEL; SENSITIVITY AB Because model predictions at continental and global scales are necessarily based on broad characterizations of vegetation, soils, and climate, estimates of carbon stocks and fluxes made by global terrestrial biosphere models may not be accurate for every region. At the regional scale, we suggest that attention can be focused more clearly on understanding the relative strengths of predicted net primary productivity (NPP) limitation by energy, water, and nutrients. We evaluate the sources of variability among model predictions of NPP with a regional-scale comparison between estimates made by PnET-II (a forest ecosystem process model previously applied to the northeastern region) and TEM 4.0 (a terrestrial biosphere model typically applied to the globe) for the northeastern US. When the same climate, vegetation, and soil data sets were used to drive both models, regional average NPP predictions made by PnET-II and TEM were remarkably similar, and at the biome level, model predictions agreed fairly well with NPP estimates developed from field measurements. However, TEM. 4.0 predictions were more sensitive to regional variations in temperature as a result of feedbacks between temperature and belowground N availability. In PnET-II, the direct link between transpiration and photosynthesis caused substantial water stress in hardwood and pine forest types with increases in solar radiation; predicted water stress was relieved substantially when soil water holding capacity (WHC) was increased. Increasing soil WHC had little effect on TEM 4.0 predictions because soil water storage was already sufficient to meet plant demand with baseline WHC values, and because predicted N availability under baseline conditions in this region was not limited by water. Because NPP predictions were closely keyed to forest cover type, the relative coverage of low- versus high-productivity forests at both fine and coarse resolutions was an important determinant of regional NPP predictions. Therefore, changes in grid cell size and differences in the methods used to aggregate from fine to coarse resolution were important to NPP predictions insofar as they changed the relative proportions of forest cover. We suggest that because the small patches of high-elevation spruce-fir forest in this region are substantially less productive than forests in the remainder of the region, more accurate NPP predictions will result if models applied to this region use land cover input data sets that retain as much fine-resolution forest type variability as possible. The differences among model responses to variations in climate and soil WHC data sets suggest that the models will respond quite differently to scenarios of future climate. A better understanding of the dynamic interactions between water stress, N availability, and forest productivity in this region will enable models to make more accurate predictions of future carbon stocks and fluxes. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Jenkins, JC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, No Global Change Program, George D Aiken Forest Sci Lab, 705 Spear St, S Burlington, VT 05403 USA. RI El Husny, Chafic/G-5410-2012; Ollinger, Scott/N-3380-2014 OI Ollinger, Scott/0000-0001-6226-1431 NR 78 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 2 IS 6 BP 555 EP 570 DI 10.1007/s100219900102 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 270KG UT WOS:000084534100008 ER PT J AU Hamilton, SJ Lemly, AD AF Hamilton, SJ Lemly, AD TI Water-sediment controversy in setting environmental standards for selenium SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Editorial Material ID MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; SUCKER XYRAUCHEN-TEXANUS; 3 ENDANGERED FISHES; SAN-JUAN RIVER; RAZORBACK SUCKER; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; QUALITY CRITERIA; IRRIGATION DRAINWATER; TOXICITY THRESHOLDS; COLORADO SQUAWFISH AB A substantial amount of laboratory and field research on selenium effects to biota has been accomplished since the national water quality criterion was published for selenium in 1987. Many articles have documented adverse effects on biota at concentrations below the current chronic criterion of 5 mu g/L. This commentary will present information to support a national water quality criterion for selenium of 2 mu g/L, based on a wide array of support from federal, state, university, and international sources. Recently, two articles have argued for a sediment-based criterion and presented a model for deriving site-specific criteria. In one example, they calculate a criterion of 31 mu g/L for a stream with a low sediment selenium toxicity threshold and low site-specific sediment total organic carbon content, which is substantially higher than the national criterion of 5 mu g/L. Their basic premise for proposing a sediment-based method has been critically reviewed and problems in their approach are discussed. C1 US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Ecotoxicol Res Stn, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn,Coldwater Fisheries Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Hamilton, SJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Ecotoxicol Res Stn, 31247 436th Ave, Yankton, SD 57078 USA. NR 89 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 44 IS 3 BP 227 EP 235 DI 10.1006/eesa.1999.1833 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 264MN UT WOS:000084186200001 PM 10581116 ER PT J AU Elsasser, TH Sartin, JL Martinez, A Kahl, S Montuenga, L Pio, R Fayer, R Miller, MJ Cuttitta, F AF Elsasser, TH Sartin, JL Martinez, A Kahl, S Montuenga, L Pio, R Fayer, R Miller, MJ Cuttitta, F TI Underlying disease stress augments plasma and tissue adrenomedullin (AM) responses to endotoxin: Colocalized increases in AM and inducible nitric oxide synthase within pancreatic islets SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ENDOCRINE PANCREAS; FACTOR-ALPHA; EXPRESSION; INSULIN; METABOLISM; AUTOCRINE; SEPSIS; CALVES; CELLS AB Rapid onset metabolic impairments accompany the initiation of the acute phase response to many disease stresses, whereas more chronic metabolic perturbations may prolong the recovery period. In the present experiment the application of a mild endotoxin challenge [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] alone or additive to a chronic subclinical parasitic infection (Sarcocystis cruzi; LPS + PI) in calves was used as a model to investigate and define a dynamic axis coordinated between adrenomedullin (AM) and nitric oxide in response to immune challenge. Plasma AM and NO2/NO3 concentration responses after LPS (0.45 mu g/kg, iv) were rapid in onset and of higher magnitude and longer duration in PI + LPS calves than in those challenged with LPS alone. The post-LPS increase in plasma insulin was significantly greater in PI + LPS than in LPS; following refeeding of calves, insulin secretion was most blunted in PI + LPS calves, consistent with the inhibitory effects of NO and AM on insulin secretion. A more chronic response to the immune challenge (organ specific) was in evidence in tissues harvested 24 h after LPS challenge. Where lung and Liver showed no immunostaining for inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), iNOS immunostaining was present in the pancreas, localized to islets only. The percentages of iNOS-immunopositive cells in islets were 1.7%, 21%, 6.7%, and 24% for control(C; saline infused), PI, LPS, and PI + LPS calves, respectively. AM immunostaining was not evident in the liver and was present, but not differentially affected by treatment, in airway epithelium in the lung. The number of islet cells with positive immunostaining for AM was increased in LPS, PI, and PI + LPS calves. The percentages of AM-immunopositive cells in islets were 8%, 27%, 20%, and 33% for C, PI, LPS, and PI + LPS, respectively. Immunostaining for AM and iNOS was colocalized with cells positive for pancreatic polypeptide. By triple label confocal fluorescence immunocytochemistry, colocalization of intense AM and iNOS immunostaining was confirmed in peripheral islet cells. A weaker, more diffuse iNOS signal was also apparent in insulin-containing cells in PI + LPS. We conclude that chronic low level infection potentiates the severity of metabolic perturbations that arise with additive sudden onset immune challenge, as can occur with bacterial toxins. These metabolic disturbances are reflected in and possibly mediated by early onset increases in plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha, insulin, and AM and up-regulated iNOS activity. These acute complications rapidly progress into a more chronic state characterized by diminished insulin response to feeding stimulus and colocalized increases in pancreatic islet AM and iNOS. The pancreatic responses in AM and iNOS may play a major role in mediating prolonged disturbances in nutrient use by tissues through their influences on temporal patterns of pancreatic hormone secretion during chronic illness. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NCI, Dept Cell & Canc Biol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Elsasser, TH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM elsasser@lpsi.barc.usda.gov RI Martinez, Alfredo/A-3077-2013 OI Martinez, Alfredo/0000-0003-4882-4044 NR 39 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0013-7227 EI 1945-7170 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD NOV PY 1999 VL 140 IS 11 BP 5402 EP 5411 DI 10.1210/en.140.11.5402 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 247BK UT WOS:000083200600059 PM 10537172 ER PT J AU Lacey, LA Horton, DR Chauvin, RL Stocker, JM AF Lacey, LA Horton, DR Chauvin, RL Stocker, JM TI Comparative efficacy of Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis, and aldicarb for control of Colorado potato beetle in an irrigated desert agroecosystem and their effects on biodiversity SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Beauveria bassiana; Colorado potato beetle; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Bacillus thuringiensis; biodiversity; desert cropping system; microbial control; nontarget organisms ID PERILLUS-BIOCULATUS HEMIPTERA; NATURAL ENEMIES; CHRYSOMELIDAE; COLEOPTERA; SUSCEPTIBILITY; PENTATOMIDAE; FIELDS; STRAIN; PLOTS AB Five weekly applications of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, a genetically engineered isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Raven (R)), and aldicarb (Temik (R)) were compared for control of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in an irrigated desert cropping system. B. thuringiensis was applied using low and high label rates (1.17 and 7.0 l ha(-)1). B. bassiana was applied at 5x10(13) spores ha(-1). Aldicarb (Rhone-Poulenc), applied at 3.37 kg a.i. ha(-1) provided the greatest beetle control and potato yields (45 metric tons ha(-1)), but overall lowest biodiversity in nontarget organisms, particularly predatory Heteroptera. Low and high rates of B. thuringiensis produced fair to excellent beetle control, yielded 33 and 40 metric tons ha(-1) and enabled good survival in predatory Heteroptera and other nontargets. Plots treated with B. bassiana resulted in poor control of beetles prior to row closure after which fair to good control was achieved. Yield in the Beauveria-treated plots was 33 metric tons ha(-1) and effect on biodiversity was comparable to the Bt-treated plots. The lowest number of overwintering adult L. decemlineata was found in the plots treated with bacteria and fungi (0.68-0.84 adults/0.03 m(-3) of soil) and the highest was found in control and aldicarb plots (3.44 and 1.84 adults/0.03 m(3) of soil). Aphids and leafhoppers showed higher densities in plots treated with microbial control agents, but were eliminated from plots treated with aldicarb. C1 ARS, USDA, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Lacey, LA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 38 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 93 IS 2 BP 189 EP 200 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00578.x PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 258AJ UT WOS:000083815600009 ER PT J AU Clarke, A Bell, PA Peterson, GL AF Clarke, A Bell, PA Peterson, GL TI The influence of attitude priming and social responsibility on the valuation of environmental public goods using paired comparisons SO ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article AB Determining the value of an environmental public good, such as litigation over oil-spill damage to a beach, is an abstract and difficult task. Integration of economics and psychology enabled the study of how social responsibility and persuasive priming influenced the valuations of environmental public goods. Research participants were 460 university students randomly assigned to one of six combinations of social responsibility and either a negative, neutral, or positive priming editorial about the environment. Participants completed an interactive computer program in which the items were either environmental public goads (e.g., wildlife refuge, clean air) private goods of known market value (e.g., $15 meal, $500 airline ticket) or sums of money ranging from $1 to $9000. Results indicated the values derived for the environmental public goods were higher when participants had sole responsibility for the group outcome, but were not affected by priming editorials, although the editorials affected subsequent attitudes. C1 USDA, Natl Resources Conservat Serv, Ft Collins, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Identificat & Valuat Wildland Resource Benefits R, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Clarke, A (reprint author), USDA, Natl Resources Conservat Serv, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0013-9165 J9 ENVIRON BEHAV JI Environ. Behav. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 31 IS 6 BP 838 EP 857 DI 10.1177/00139169921972371 PG 20 WC Environmental Studies; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Psychology GA 251XZ UT WOS:000083472800006 ER PT J AU Schreuder, HT Hansen, M Kohl, M AF Schreuder, HT Hansen, M Kohl, M TI Relative costs and benefits of a continuous and a periodic forest inventory in Minnesota SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE AFIS; costs and benefits assessment; forest inventory AB We show that the Annual Forest Inventory System (AFIS) being developed by the USDA Forest Service and tested in the state of Minnesota is no more costly than the periodic Minnesota forest inventory (12 year measurement cycle). Since very useful results could be generated with AFIS every 4 years in addition to the results from the periodic survey, a continuous inventory would be cost effective. Periodic surveys yield more precise estimates within the first few years of the full survey but afterwards the annual survey would be more precise. Where the changeover in precision occurs still needs to be determined. This cost-neutral advantage of AFIS is quite important to note since the USFS has decided to go to annualized inventories such as AFIS this year. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RP Schreuder, HT (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, 3825 E Mulberry, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 59 IS 2 BP 135 EP 144 DI 10.1023/A:1006137914405 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 239VW UT WOS:000082791400002 ER PT J AU Johnston, JJ Hurlbut, DB Avery, ML Rhyan, JC AF Johnston, JJ Hurlbut, DB Avery, ML Rhyan, JC TI Methods for the diagnosis of acute 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride poisoning in birds and the estimation of secondary hazards to wildlife SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE secondary hazard; mass spectrometry; necropsy; DRC-1339; 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride ID ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY; CHEMICALS AB Female boat-tailed grackles poisoned with 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride (CPTH) were analyzed by necropsy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The necropsies identified the presence of a white precipitate in the pericardium, which had been previously reported as a characteristic of CPTH-exposed birds. The CC-MS method, which utilized deuterated CPTH as a surrogate, quantified CPTH residues in the breast tissue and gastrointestinal tract of CPTH-exposed birds. Comparison of these techniques indicated that the GC-MS method was more accurate for assessing CPTH poisoning in birds. Regression analyses of consumption versus residue data indicated that the sum of breast and gastrointestinal residues can be used as an estimator of CPTH exposure. Comparison of CPTH residues in grackles with toxicity data for a variety of scavenger and predator species provided risk quotients of less than 0.1. Analysis of these data suggests that secondary hazards associated with the use of CPTH as an avicide for the control of pest birds are minimal. C1 USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Analyt Chem Project, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Florida Field Stn, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. USDA, APHIS, VS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Johnston, JJ (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Analyt Chem Project, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 18 IS 11 BP 2533 EP 2537 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<2533:MFTDOA>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 248JJ UT WOS:000083271100021 ER PT J AU Delaughter, MC Taffet, GE Fiorotto, ML Entman, ML Schwartz, RJ AF Delaughter, MC Taffet, GE Fiorotto, ML Entman, ML Schwartz, RJ TI Local insulin-like growth factor I expression induces physiologic, then pathologic, cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE IGF-I; SIS2 transgene; systolic function; hypertension ID MYOCYTE PROLIFERATION; VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; HEART-FAILURE; UP-REGULATION; HORMONE; PERFORMANCE; CARDIOMYOCYTES; INFARCTION; INDUCTION; SYSTEM AB In the present study we determined the long-term effects of persistent, local insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) expression on cardiac function in the SIS2 transgenic mouse. Cardiac mass/tibial length was increased in SIS2 mice by 10 wk of age; this cardiac hypertrophy became more pronounced later in life, Peak aortic outflow velocity, a correlate of cardiac output, was increased at 10 wk in SIS2 mice but was decreased at 52 wk, 72 wk SIS2 mouse hearts exhibited wide variability in the extent of cardiac hypertrophy and enlargement of individual cardiac myofibers, Sirius red staining revealed increased fibrosis in 72 wk SIS:! hearts, Persistent local ICE-I expression is sufficient to initially induce an analog of physiological cardiac hypertrophy in which peak aortic outflow velocity is increased relative to controls in the absence of any observed detrimental histological changes. However, this hypertrophy progresses to a pathological condition characterized by decreased systolic performance and increased fibrosis, Our results confirm the shortterm systolic performance benefit of increased ICE-I, but our demonstration that ICE-I ultimately diminishes systolic performance raises doubt about the therapeutic value of chronic ICE-I administration. Considering these findings, limiting temporal exposure to ICE-I seems the most likely means of delivering IGF-I's potential benefits while avoiding its deleterious side effects.-Delaughter, M. C,, Taffet, G. E., Fiorotto, M, L., Entman, M, L., Schwartz, R. J. Local insulinlike growth factor I expression induces physiologic, then pathologic, cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Huffington Ctr Aging, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cardiovasc Sci, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Schwartz, RJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL42550]; NIA NIH HHS [5 T32 AG000183]; NIDDK NIH HHS [2 T32 DK07696] NR 25 TC 106 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 4 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 13 IS 14 BP 1923 EP 1929 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 255GG UT WOS:000083660700004 PM 10544175 ER PT J AU Mackill, DJ Nguyen, HT Zhang, JX AF Mackill, DJ Nguyen, HT Zhang, JX TI Use of molecular markers in plant improvement programs for rainfed lowland rice SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Oryza sativa; root system; drought; submergence; gene mapping; marker assisted selection ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; BLIGHT RESISTANCE GENES; ORYZA-SATIVA L; ASSISTED SELECTION; BLAST-RESISTANCE; PHOTOPERIOD-SENSITIVITY; DEHYDRATION TOLERANCE; SUBMERGENCE TOLERANCE; DROUGHT RESISTANCE; OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT AB Molecular marker technology has progressed rapidly over the last decade and is beginning to be incorporated into breeding programs worldwide. As the technology is still relatively expensive, it is unlikely that marker-assisted selection (MAS) can be applied on a routine basis in the large populations that breeders normally handle. It will be particularly appropriate for improving the efficiency of selection for specific objectives in high-potential populations. This article focuses on the abiotic stresses, which uniquely delineate the rainfed lowland ecosystem. Drought resistance is the most complicated trait required for rainfed lowland cultivars, Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for root-related characters such as depth and thickness have been mapped in three populations involving crosses between susceptible lowland cultivars and upland japonica cultivars. A locus conferring dehydration tolerance from the drought susceptible cultivar CO39 has been mapped on chromosome 8. Genetic studies of submergence tolerance have concentrated on the 'FR13A' source, The majority of this tolerance derives from a single gene mapped on chromosome 9, although several other QTL have also been described. QTL for tolerance to adverse soils are being mapped, with loci for salinity and iron toxicity being identified. MAS can be used to transfer important QTL into cultivars with the broadest range of adaptation. As an example, MAS could be used to introduce QTL for tolerance to submergence and drought into a cultivar that produces high yields in a specific region. As the cost of MAS technology declines, the process can be applied to ever smaller eco-geographic regions. In the future, molecular marker technology will enable the identification of specific genes conferring increased yield as well as resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This will give breeders an unprecedented ability to tailor cultivars to the specific environments where they will be grown. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Lubbock, TX USA. RP Mackill, DJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Mackill, David/C-6368-2014 OI Mackill, David/0000-0003-4224-6781 NR 58 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 177 EP 185 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00058-1 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 263MD UT WOS:000084127700013 ER PT J AU Cherry, JP AF Cherry, JP TI Improving the safety of fresh produce with antimicrobials SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOOD PRESERVATION; VEGETABLES; FRUITS; INHIBITION; DISEASES C1 Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Cherry, JP (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 24 TC 75 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 7 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 53 IS 11 BP 54 EP + PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 259QN UT WOS:000083904700008 ER PT J AU Thayer, DW Rajkowski, KT AF Thayer, DW Rajkowski, KT TI Developments in irradiation of fresh fruits and vegetables SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Institute-of-Food-Technologists CY JUL 24-28, 1999 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Inst Food Technologists ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; LOW-ENERGY ELECTRONS; RADIATION PRESERVATION; PLANT-ORIGIN; GAMMA-IRRADIATION; SOFT-ELECTRONS; FOODS; QUALITY; STERILIZATION; SALMONELLA C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Thayer, DW (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 48 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 3 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 53 IS 11 BP 62 EP 65 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 259QN UT WOS:000083904700009 ER PT J AU Youngquist, JA Hamilton, TE AF Youngquist, JA Hamilton, TE TI Wood products utilization - A call for reflection and innovation SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Youngquist, JA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 49 IS 11-12 BP 18 EP 27 PG 10 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 268FZ UT WOS:000084404800005 ER PT J AU Ross, RJ Willits, SW von Segen, W Black, T Brashaw, BK Pellerin, RF AF Ross, RJ Willits, SW von Segen, W Black, T Brashaw, BK Pellerin, RF TI A stress wave based approach to NDE of logs for assessing potential veneer quality. Part 1. Small-diameter ponderosa pine SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICALLY DEGRADED WOOD AB Longitudinal stress wave nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques have been used in a variety of applications in the forest products industry. Recently, it has been shown that they can significantly aid in the assessment of log quality, particularly when they are used to predict performance of structural lumber obtained from a log. The purpose of the research described in this report was to investigate the use of stress-wave-based techniques for assessing the potential quality of veneer obtained from logs. Sixty-two ponderosa pine veneer blocks from 22 tree-length logs were nondestructively evaluated using longitudinal stress wave techniques. Stress wave transmission times were measured on both tree-length logs and veneer blocks. They were then rotary peeled, and the resulting veneer was dried and ultrasonically graded using commercially available grading equipment. The quality of the veneer, as determined by ultrasonic grading, was then compared with the nondestructive measurements of the logs from which they came. A strong relationship was found to exist between log and veneer nondestructive assessments. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Portland, OR USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Planning Publ Policy & Management, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Ross, RJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 8 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 49 IS 11-12 BP 60 EP 62 PG 3 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 268FZ UT WOS:000084404800010 ER PT J AU Rice, RW Zibilske, L AF Rice, RW Zibilske, L TI Estimated VOC losses during the drying of five northeastern species SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB During the past decade, Federal and State officials have increasingly focused their attention on point sources of emission from wood-processing operations. Among those sources, dry kilns have been highlighted as a potential source of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. Unfortunately, few data are available that quantify the magnitude of the emissions arising from drying either hardwoods or softwoods. Although the industry has been generally cooperative and several attempts have been made to measure the emission levels from operating dry kilns, the complexity of the drying process combined with the myriad variables that are related to the species and provenance combine to make the measurements a daunting task. This paper reports the results of experiments that were designed to approximate the VOC release levels during the drying of five common northeastern species. The results indicate that the average VOC release levels for each of the species tested were under 1.4 pounds per thousand board feet. Although done under laboratory conditions, the results are a reasonable estimate of the VOC emission levels from dry kilns drying green wood fi om the species tested. C1 Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. ARS, USDA, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Rice, RW (reprint author), Univ Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 49 IS 11-12 BP 67 EP 70 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 268FZ UT WOS:000084404800012 ER PT J AU Cao, QV Baldwin, VC AF Cao, QV Baldwin, VC TI A new algorithm for stand table projection models SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pinus taeda; loblolly pine; direct-seeded stands; Weibull distribution; constrained least squares ID DIAMETER DISTRIBUTION MODELS AB The constrained least squares method is proposed as an algorithm for projecting stand tables through time. This method consists of three steps: (1) predict survival in each diameter class, (2) predict diameter growth, and (3) use the least squares approach to adjust the stand table to satisfy the constraints of future survival, average diameter and stand basal area. The new method was evaluated against the Weibull parameter-recovery approach and another stand table projection method, using data from direct-seeded stands of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.). The constrained least squares method provided the best goodness-of-fit statistics (K-S, chi(2), and an error index) that were significantly different from those produced by the other two methods. This new algorithm can be employed in cases where diameter data do not necessarily follow the Weibull distribution. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Cao, QV (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 45 IS 4 BP 506 EP 511 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 256ME UT WOS:000083728400005 ER PT J AU North, MP Franklin, JF Carey, AB Forsman, ED Hamer, T AF North, MP Franklin, JF Carey, AB Forsman, ED Hamer, T TI Forest stand structure of the northern spotted owl's foraging habitat SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE old growth; stand structure; radio telemetry; canopy structure; biological legacies ID HOME-RANGE; CALIFORNIA; REGRESSION; OREGON AB Although the spotted owl's close association with old growth has been extensively studied, it has been more difficult to identify and quantify the abundance of particular stand structures associated with preferred owl foraging sites. Old-growth forests have a suite of characteristics that distinguish them from younger forests but which also make it difficult to isolate individual structural features important to the spotted owl. This study used an analysis of use-only sites in areas where natural disturbance had created a gradient of old-growth structural characteristics. We used radio telemetry data collected from reproducing owl pairs to locate sample stands and compute a relative measure of owl-use intensity in each stand. Snag volume and tree height class diversity (a measure of canopy layering) were the stand structures significantly associated with owl foraging intensity. Stands with 142 m(3)/ha of intact, snags and a high diversity of tree heights had medium or high foraging use by spotted owls. In these old-growth stands, biological legacies (e.g., large trees and snags) produced by past disturbance provide important forest structures associated with spotted owl foraging use. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forest Serv, Olympia, WA 98502 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP North, MP (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, AR-10, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM mnorth/psw_fresno@fs.fed.us; jerry@lternet.edu; efb@olywa.net; eforsman/r6pnw_corvallis@fs.fed.us; hammert@aol.com NR 46 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 45 IS 4 BP 520 EP 527 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 256ME UT WOS:000083728400007 ER PT J AU Green, EJ MacFarlane, DW Valentine, HT Strawderman, WE AF Green, EJ MacFarlane, DW Valentine, HT Strawderman, WE TI Assessing uncertainty in a stand growth model by Bayesian synthesis SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE loblolly pine; mechanistic models; confidence intervals; posterior distributions ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS MODEL; BOWHEAD WHALES; INFERENCE AB The Bayesian synthesis method (BSYN) was used to bound the uncertainty in projections calculated with PIPESTEM, a mechanistic model of forest growth. The application furnished posterior distributions of (a) the values of the model's parameters, and (b) the values of three of the model's output variables-basal area per unit land area, average tree height, and tree density-at different points in time. Confidence or credible intervals for the output variables were obtained directly from the posterior distributions. The application also provided estimates of correlation among the parameters and output variables. BSYN, which originally was applied to a population dynamics model for bowhead whales (Raftery et al. 1996, JASA 90:402-442), is generally applicable to deterministic models. Extension to two or more linked models is discussed. A simple worked example is included in an appendix. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Natr Resources, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Wyman Forest Sci Lab, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Stat, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Green, EJ (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Natr Resources, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NR 27 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 10 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 45 IS 4 BP 528 EP 538 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 256ME UT WOS:000083728400008 ER PT J AU Parresol, BR AF Parresol, BR TI Assessing tree and stand biomass: A review with examples and critical comparisons SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE model forms; weighting; selection criteria; subsampling; error components ID PIPE MODEL-THEORY; REGRESSION-MODELS; LEAF-AREA; ALLOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS; ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS; TROPICAL FORESTS; PINE PLANTATIONS; FOLIAGE BIOMASS; SAPWOOD AREA; VOLUME AB There is considerable interest today in estimating the biomass of trees and forests for both practical forestry issues and scientific purposes. New techniques and procedures are brought together along with the more traditional approaches to estimating woody biomass. General model forms and weighted analysis are reviewed, along with statistics for evaluating and comparing biomass models. Additivity and harmonization are addressed, and weight-ratio and density-integral approaches are discussed. Subsampling methods on trees to derive unbiased weight estimates are examined, and ratio and difference sampling estimators are considered in detail. Error components for stand biomass estimates are examined. This paper reviews quantitative principles and gives specific examples for prediction of tree biomass. The examples should prove useful for understanding the principles involved and for instructional purposes. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. RP Parresol, BR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, POB 2680, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. NR 116 TC 287 Z9 337 U1 5 U2 59 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 45 IS 4 BP 573 EP 593 PG 21 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 256ME UT WOS:000083728400012 ER PT J AU Brissette, JC Frank, RM Stone, TL Skratt, TA AF Brissette, JC Frank, RM Stone, TL Skratt, TA TI Precommercial thinning in a northern conifer stand: 18-year results SO FORESTRY CHRONICLE LA English DT Article ID SPRUCE; FIR AB Four levels of precommercial thinning were applied with and without fertilization in a young, even-aged stand of northern conifers in east-central Maine. After 18 years, precommercial thinning resulted in longer and wider crowns and greater survival, growth, and yield of selected crop trees compared to untreated controls. Growth and yield were greater with uniform spacing at approximately 2.4 x 2.4 m and 1.5-m row thinning with crop-tree release in residual strips than with row thinning without crop-tree release. Control of stand species composition was greatest with uniform spacing. Fertilization had no significant effect. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Brissette, JC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 271 Mast Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM jbrissette/ne_du@fs.fed.us NR 24 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU CANADIAN INST FORESTRY PI MATTAWA PA C/O CANADIAN ECOLOGY CENTRE, PO BOX 430, 6905 HWY 17 W, MATTAWA, ONTARIO P0H 1V0, CANADA SN 0015-7546 J9 FOREST CHRON JI For. Chron. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 75 IS 6 BP 967 EP 972 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 277MY UT WOS:000084938400034 ER PT J AU Bennett, SJ AF Bennett, SJ TI Effect of slope on the growth and migration of headcuts in rills SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE headcuts; knickpoints; soil erosion; rills; sediment yield ID CROPLAND FURROWS; EROSION MODEL; FLOW; IDENTIFICATION; HYDRAULICS; KNICKPOINT; MECHANICS; RAINFALL; BEDROCK; RUNOFF AB Experiments were conducted to examine soil erosion by headcut development and upstream migration in rills typical of upland areas. Soil material, simulated rain, overland flow discharge, and initial headcut height were held constant in each experiment, but initial slope of the bed varied from 1% to 10%. Air-dried, crushed, and sieved sandy loam to sandy clay loam soil was incrementally packed into a laboratory channel 2 m long and 0.165 m wide to a depth of 0.25 m. Soil bulk density was 1425 kg m(-3) in each experiment. A pre-formed headcut 25-mm high was constructed 1.5 m downstream of the entrance of the flume. Simulated rain, applied at 21 mm h(-1) for 4 h, produced a well-developed surface seal that minimized the detachment of the surface soil. Following the rainfall, overland flow at a rate of 52 1 min(-1) was released onto the bed, soil erosion occurred at the pre-formed headcut overfall, and a scour hole developed, enlarged, and migrated upstream. The rate of headcut migration was constant within each experiment, but higher slopes of the bed generally resulted in lower rates of migration. At slopes on the bed of 2% and smaller, the overfall nappe at the headcut brinkpoint remained submerged, and a steady-state condition was achieved: sediment yield and geometry of the scour hole remained constant as the headcut migrated upstream. For slopes on the bed of 3% and greater, the overfall nappe became aerated, and as the headcut migrated upstream, the depth of scour increased. Higher slopes on the bed resulted in deeper scour holes. Mechanisms of soil erosion included the formation of tension cracks and seal removal at the headcut brinkpoint, soil washout along the aerated headcut face, and plunge-pool scour. The slope of the sediment deposit downstream of the migrating headcut was 2.2% for all experiments, and suggests that flow discharge and not the initial slope of the bed controlled transport capacity and downstream adjustment of the bed. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Bennett, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 47 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD NOV PY 1999 VL 30 IS 3 BP 273 EP 290 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(99)00035-5 PG 18 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 267FL UT WOS:000084347000005 ER PT J AU Ernst, MK Matitschka, G Chatterton, NJ Harrison, PA AF Ernst, MK Matitschka, G Chatterton, NJ Harrison, PA TI A quantitative histochemical procedure for measurement of starch in apple fruits SO HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MICROSCOPY AB Measurements of starch (e.g. amyloplasts in stomatal guard cells, sieve elements, root tips or the starch sheath) is often very difficult using most analytical methods. An evaluation was made of interactive computer image analysis of starch measurements in apple fruits. The results obtained indicate that quantitative histochemistry can be an appropriate method to quantify starch. Correlations for starch values between the image analysis system and a colorimetric system were quantified. The thickness of plastic-embedded slices had no influence on the accuracy of the area occupied by image-quantified starch (starch/slice) or on its variance. The magnification of the objective also had no effect on measured starch-occupied areas (starch/slice), but there were big differences in variance. The number of replications required to establish statistically significant differences were calculated. C1 Univ Hohenheim 370, Dept Hort, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Ernst, MK (reprint author), Univ Hohenheim 370, Dept Hort, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-2214 J9 HISTOCHEM J JI Histochem.J. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 31 IS 11 BP 705 EP 710 DI 10.1023/A:1003992230135 PG 6 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 267NZ UT WOS:000084367300002 PM 10646834 ER PT J AU Zhao, CQ Nguyen, T Liu, LD Shamova, O Brogden, K Lehrer, RI AF Zhao, CQ Nguyen, T Liu, LD Shamova, O Brogden, K Lehrer, RI TI Differential expression of caprine beta-defensins in digestive and respiratory tissues SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID RICH ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES; HUMAN BETA-DEFENSIN-1; MOLECULAR-CLONING; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; GENES; LOCALIZATION; CHICKEN; HBD-1; ALPHA; LUNG AB We identified two novel P-defensin precursors, preproGBD-1 and preproGBD-2, in the tissues of a goat. Although the precursors were identical in 96.8% of their bases and 88.2% (60 of 68) of their amino acids, preproGBD-1 was expressed principally in the tongue and respiratory tract, whereas preproGBD-2 expression predominated throughout the intestine. These findings exemplify the phenomenon of tissue-specific expression in a family of host defense peptides that arose before the avian and mammalian lineages diverged. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Inst Expt Med, St Petersburg, Russia. USDA ARS, Midwest Area Natl Ainm Dis Ctr, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Lehrer, RI (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Med, Room CHS 37-062,10833 LeConte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. FU FIC NIH HHS [F15 TW000355, TW00355]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI 40248, AI 22839] NR 30 TC 26 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 67 IS 11 BP 6221 EP 6224 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 249QD UT WOS:000083343000099 PM 10531296 ER PT J AU Aliza, ARN Rana, RL Skoda, SR Berkebile, DR Stanley, DW AF Aliza, ARN Rana, RL Skoda, SR Berkebile, DR Stanley, DW TI Tissue polyunsaturated fatty acids and a digestive phospholipase A(2) in the primary screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE screwworm; Cochliomyia hominivorax; polyunsaturated fatty acids; phospholipids; phospholipase A(2); insect digestion ID LONE STAR TICK; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; MANDUCA-SEXTA; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM; TOBACCO HORNWORM; SALIVARY-GLANDS; METABOLISM; MOSQUITOS; INSECTS AB We report on the presence of arachidonic acid in larval and adult tissues of the primary screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax and of the secondary screwworm, C. macellaria. Arachidonic acid is present in the phospholipids of whole animal extracts of both species. This fatty acid appears to be accumulated during the larval stages, because proportions of arachidonic acid were higher in adults than in larvae. These insects probably obtain the arachidonic acid from dietary phospholipids. We also report on a phospholipase A(2) activity in midgut preparations from third instars of the primary screwworm. Phospholipase A(2) is responsible for hydrolyzing fatty acids from the sn-2 position of dietary phospholipids to release essential fatty acids. The screwworm enzyme is similar to mammalian digestive phospholipase A(2)s because it depends on calcium for high catalytic activity, it is sensitive to the site-specific inhibitor oleyloxyethylphosphorylcholine, and it interacts with heparin. We further characterized the screwworm midgut phospholipase A(2) by altering the reaction conditions, including reaction time, radioactive substrate concentration, protein concentration, pH and temperature. We speculate that the biological significance of this enzyme relates to acquiring essential fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, from dietary phospholipids. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, Insect Biochem Physiol Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Midwest Livestock Insects Res Unit, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Univ Nebraska, Insect Biochem Physiol Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM dstanley@unlnotes.unl.edu NR 33 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 EI 1879-0240 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 29 IS 11 BP 1029 EP 1038 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 250TW UT WOS:000083405100008 ER PT J AU Handler, AM Harrell, RA AF Handler, AM Harrell, RA TI Germline transformation of Drosophila melanogaster with the piggyBac transposon vector SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE piggyBac vector; germline transformation; green fluorescent protein; Drosophila melanogaster; position-effect variegation ID GREEN-FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; GENETIC-TRANSFORMATION; ELEMENT MARINER; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; EXPRESSION; HERMES; FLY; HOBO; GFP AB Germline transformation of Drosophila melanogaster was attempted with the piggyBac gene-transfer system from the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni. Using a self-regulated transposase helper and a white marked vector, a transformation frequency of 1-3% per fertile GO was obtained, similar to that previously achieved in the medfly. Use of an hsp70-regulated helper increased this frequency more than eight-fold. Transformation with a vector marked with white and green fluorescent protein (GFP) under polyubiquitin-nuclear localizing sequence regulation yielded seventy G1 transformants which all expressed GFP, but only twenty-seven of these expressed eye pigmentation that would have allowed their selection based on white(+) expression, PiggyBac transformation in two distantly related dipteran species and efficient expression of the gfp marker supports the potential use of this system in other dipterans, and perhaps insects in general. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Handler, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 36 TC 177 Z9 191 U1 0 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 8 IS 4 BP 449 EP 457 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.00139.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 269HP UT WOS:000084470900004 PM 10634970 ER PT J AU Szalanski, AL Roehrdanz, RL Taylor, DB Chandler, L AF Szalanski, AL Roehrdanz, RL Taylor, DB Chandler, L TI Genetic variation in geographical populations of western and Mexican corn rootworm SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ITS1; mtDNA; PCR-RFLP; Diabrotica; population variability; Wolbachia ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIATION; CHAIN-REACTION PRIMERS; CHRYSOMELIDAE POPULATIONS; COLEOPTERA; IDENTIFICATION; LEPIDOPTERA; NEBRASKA; DIPTERA AB Genetic variation in the nuclear rDNA ITS1 region of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (WCR), and Mexican corn rootworm, D. v. zeae (MCR) was studied. Two sites were detected which differentiated WCR and MCR in the 642-base sequence. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the first internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1) sequence revealed no variation within or among the twelve WCR and two MCR populations. PCR-RFLP of 75% of the mitochondrial DNA genome detected one significant polymorphic site out of the approximately 190 restriction sizes observed in WCR, The polymorphism did not differentiate geographical populations of WCR and is not diagnostic for the subspecies. The low levels of variation observed in WCR suggests either high levels of gene flow or a recent geographical expansion from a relatively small base. Gene flow would facilitate the rapid spread of traits that could compromise control programmes, such as insecticide resistance or behavioural modifications. The minimal genetic differentiation between WCR and MCR raises questions about the evolutionary history of these subspecies and how the distinct phenotypes are maintained. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, Midwest Livestock Insects Res Lab, Lincoln, NE USA. USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD USA. RP Szalanski, AL (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, 406 Plant Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Taylor, David/G-6025-2014 OI Taylor, David/0000-0002-4378-4867 NR 32 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 8 IS 4 BP 519 EP 525 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.00145.x PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 269HP UT WOS:000084470900010 PM 10620046 ER PT J AU Morgan, UM Xiao, LH Fayer, R Lal, AA Thompson, RCA AF Morgan, UM Xiao, LH Fayer, R Lal, AA Thompson, RCA TI Variation in Cryptosporidium: towards a taxonomic revision of the genus SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Cryptosporidium; genotypes; species; taxonomy ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; PIG CAVIA-PORCELLUS; PARASITIC PROTOZOA; GUINEA-PIGS; GENETIC-CHARACTERIZATION; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; POPULATION STRUCTURES AB Cryptosporidium is an important cause of enteric disease in humans and other animals. Limitations associated with conventional diagnostic methods for cryptosporidiosis based on morphological features, coupled with the difficulty of characterising parasites isolated in the laboratory, have restricted our ability to clearly identify species. The application of sensitive molecular approaches has obviated the necessity for laboratory amplification. Such studies have found considerable evidence of genetic heterogeneity among isolates of Cryptosporidium from different species df: vertebrate, and there is now mounting evidence suggesting that a series of host-adapted genotypes/strains/species of the parasite exist. In this article, studies on the molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium during the last 5 years are reviewed and put into Perspective with the past and present taxonomy of the genus. The predictive value of achieving a sound taxonomy for the genus Cryptosporidium with respect to understanding its epidemiology and transmission and controlling outbreaks of the disease is also discussed. (C) 1999 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Murdoch Univ, WHO, Collaborating Ctr Mol Epidemiol Parasit Infect, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Murdoch Univ, State Agr Biotechnol Ctr, Div Vet & Biomed Sci, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. ARS, USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Morgan, UM (reprint author), Murdoch Univ, WHO, Collaborating Ctr Mol Epidemiol Parasit Infect, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 144 TC 119 Z9 127 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 29 IS 11 BP 1733 EP 1751 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00109-5 PG 19 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 258ZN UT WOS:000083869700001 PM 10616920 ER PT J AU Zarlenga, DS Chute, MB Martin, A Kapel, CMO AF Zarlenga, DS Chute, MB Martin, A Kapel, CMO TI A multiplex PCR for unequivocal differentiation of all encapsulated and non-encapsulated genotypes of Trichinella SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diagnosis; multiplex; polymerase chain reaction; ribosomal DNA; Trichinella ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS; ALLOZYME ANALYSIS; REPETITIVE DNA; IDENTIFICATION; SPIRALIS; PSEUDOSPIRALIS; SEQUENCES; GENUS AB We have developed a single PCR test for the simple and unequivocal differentiation of all currently recognised genotypes of Trichinella. Partial DNA sequence data were generated from internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2, and from the expansion segment V region of the ribosomal DNA repeat from five species of Trichinella and two additional genotypes, designated T5 and T6. Five different PCR primer sets were identified which, when used simultaneously in a multiplex PCR, produce a unique electrophoretic DNA banding pattern for each species and genotype including three distinct genotypes of Trichinella pseudospiralis. The banding patterns for each parasite genotype consist of no more than two well-defined DNA fragments, except isolates of T. pseudospiralis which generate multiple, closely migrating bands. The expansion segment V-derived primer set contributes at least one fragment to each genotypic pattern and, therefore, functions both as a means for differentiation as well as an internal control for the PCR. The reliability and reproducibility of each DNA banding pattern were verified using multiple geographical isolates of each Trichinella genotype. The technique was developed further to distinguish genotypes at the level of single muscle larvae using a nested, multiplex PCR, whereby the entire internal transcribed spacer region as well as the gap region of the expansion segment V of the large subunit ribosomal DNA are amplified concurrently in a first-round PCR using primer sets specific for each region, followed by the multiplex PCR for final diagnosis. 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. RP Zarlenga, DS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Kapel, Christian/G-9168-2014 OI Kapel, Christian/0000-0002-9539-457X NR 35 TC 147 Z9 159 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 29 IS 11 BP 1859 EP 1867 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00107-1 PG 9 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 258ZN UT WOS:000083869700013 PM 10616932 ER PT J AU Kalt, W Forney, CF Martin, A Prior, RL AF Kalt, W Forney, CF Martin, A Prior, RL TI Antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, phenolics, and anthocyanins after fresh storage of small fruits SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE anthocyanins; phenolics; ascorbate; strawberries; raspberries; blueberries; ORAC ID ASCORBIC-ACID; MATURITY; DISEASE AB Fresh strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), raspberries (Rubus idaeus Michx.), highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), and lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) were stored at 0, 10, 20, and 30 degrees C for up to 8 days to determine the effects of storage temperature on whole fruit antioxidant capacity (as measured by the oxygen radical absorbing capacity assay, Cao et al., Clin. Chem. 1995, 41, 1738-1744) and total phenolic, anthocyanin, and ascorbate content. The four fruit varied markedly in their total antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant capacity was strongly correlated with the content of total phenolics (0.83) and anthocyanins (0.90). The antioxidant capacity of the two blueberry species was about 3-fold higher than either strawberries or raspberries. However, there was an increase in the antioxidant capacity of strawberries and raspberries during storage at temperatures >0 degrees C, which was accompanied by increases in anthocyanins in strawberries and increases in anthocyanins and total phenolics in raspberries. Ascorbate content differed more than 5-fold among the four fruit species; on average, strawberries and raspberries had almost 4-times more ascorbate than highbush and lowbush blueberries. There were no ascorbate losses in strawberries or highbush blueberries: during 8 days of storage at the various temperatures, but there were losses in the other two fruit species. Ascorbate made only a small contribution (0.4-9.4%) to the total antioxidant capacity of the fruit. The increase observed in antioxidant capacity through postharvest phenolic synthesis and metabolism suggested that commercially feasible technologies may be developed to enhance the health functionality of small fruit crops. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Atlantic Food & Hort Res Ctr, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada. Tufts Univ, USDA ARS, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Kalt, W (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Atlantic Food & Hort Res Ctr, 32 Main St, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada. OI Forney, Charles/0000-0002-7846-8485 NR 24 TC 529 Z9 571 U1 9 U2 111 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 47 IS 11 BP 4638 EP 4644 DI 10.1021/jf990266t PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 256QY UT WOS:000083737900025 PM 10552863 ER PT J AU Blummel, M Mgomezulu, R Chen, XB Makkar, HPS Becker, K Orskov, ER AF Blummel, M Mgomezulu, R Chen, XB Makkar, HPS Becker, K Orskov, ER TI The modification of an in vitro gas production test to detect roughage related differences in in vivo microbial protein synthesis as estimated by the excretion of purine derivatives SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO; FEED-INTAKE; FERMENTATION; PREDICTION; INVITRO; SHEEP; URINE AB The relationship between variations in in vitro microbial biomass production and microbial protein supply to the host animal was examined in 13 Malawian goats fed on stover leaves from two varieties of maize at Bunda College, Malawi, in 1995. The in vitro parameters were analysed based on the concept of the partitioning factor (PF) which is obtained by the combination of gas volume measurements with determinations of the amount of substrate truly degraded. The PF reflects substrate-dependent variation in the hi vitro partitioning of degraded substrate between short chain fatty acids (SCFA), gases and microbial biomass. The in vivo microbial protein synthesis was estimated by the urinary excretion of the purine derivatives (PD) allantoin, uric acid and xanthine + hypoxanthine. For the two types of stover leaves examined, the higher microbial efficiency of one variety in vitro was reflected by different PD excretions on practically identical digestible dry matter intakes in vivo. It is concluded that substrate-dependent variations in microbial efficiencies as detected by the PF are also evident and relevant for in vivo microbial protein synthesis. C1 Inst Anim Prod Trop & Subtrop, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany. Bunda Coll Agr, Lilongwe, Malawi. Rowett Res Inst, Bucksburn AB2 9SB, Aberdeen, Scotland. RP Blummel, M (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. EM blummel@larrl.ars.usda.gov NR 24 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0021-8596 J9 J AGR SCI JI J. Agric. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 133 BP 335 EP 340 DI 10.1017/S0021859699006991 PN 3 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 266PF UT WOS:000084307800011 ER PT J AU Patterson, KY Veillon, C Hill, AD Moser-Veillon, PB O'Haver, TC AF Patterson, KY Veillon, C Hill, AD Moser-Veillon, PB O'Haver, TC TI Measurement of calcium stable isotope tracers using cool plasma ICP-MS SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID BOMBARDMENT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ABSORPTION; REDUCTION; LACTATION; RATIOS; WOMEN; ZINC AB A method for the measurement of calcium isotopes (Ca-42, Ca-43, and Ca-44) using quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is described. Interferences from polyatomic ions such as (CO2+)-C-12-O-16 and (ArH2+)-Ar-40 at the calcium masses are greatly minimized by operating the ICP-MS in the cool plasma mode. Relative standard deviations (RSD) for the Ca-42:Ca-43 and Ca-44:Ca-43 ratios were found to be about 0.25%. Sample preparation involved using ammonium oxalate at a pH of 8 to separate calcium from samples such as serum, urine, feces, and breast milk. The isotope ratio measurements were used to determine fractional absorption of calcium by a lactating woman after intravenous administration of Ca-42 and ingestion of Ca-44. C1 USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Patterson, KY (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 10 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 14 IS 11 BP 1673 EP 1677 DI 10.1039/a900677j PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 247EQ UT WOS:000083208000002 ER PT J AU Rumsey, TS Hammond, AC Elsasser, TH AF Rumsey, TS Hammond, AC Elsasser, TH TI Responses to an estrogenic growth promoter in beef steers fed varying nutritional regimens SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE energy intake; growth; growth promoters; nitrogen balance; protein intake; steers ID METABOLISM AB We investigated the influence of DM and(or) energy intake and dietary CP levels on the performance and nitrogen (N) retention of beef steers with and without growth promoter implants. In Exp. 1, four implanted (Synovex-S, 200 mg of progesterone plus 20 mg of estradiol benzoate) Angus steers and four Angus steers that were not implanted were assigned to concurrent 4 x 4 Latin squares. Initial BW averaged 296 kg. Each square consisted of moderate and moderately high DM intake treatments (4 and 6 kg/d) and low and adequate CP intake treatments (450 and 600 g/d) in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, Periods were 2 wk of adaptation, 5 wk of growth, and 1 wk of balance collection. Experiment 2 consisted of two replicates of 32 Hereford steers each (initial BW 324 kg). Each replicate was a 4 x 2 factorial in which steers were individually fed for 63 d. All steers had ad libitum access to a 60% corn-based concentrate diet containing either 7.9, 10.0, 12.1, or 14.6% CP (DM basis), and steers were either implanted or not implanted with Synovex-S. Experiment 3 was similar to Exp. 2 except that all steers (initial BW 315 kg) received a low-protein diet (7.6% CP) with calculated energy densities of either 1.86, 2.04, 2.22, or 2.42 Mcal ME/kg DM, and steers were limited to an equalized DM intake of 9.5 kg daily. In Exp. 1, gains for the low CP, moderate and moderately high DM intakes and the adequate CP, moderate and moderately high DM intakes were 240, 555, 208, and 730 gld, respectively, for steers not implanted and 333, 643, 488, and 988 gld, respectively, for implanted steers (SEM = 102 g/d). Respective values for retained N were .13, .18, .16, and .26 g/kg BW.75 and .13, .15, .22, and .29 g/kg BW.75 (SEM = .04 g/kg BW.75). Implant response was greater (CP x implant, P < .01) for both gain and retained N when adequate CP compared to low CP diets were fed. For Exp. 2, the lowest CP diet reduced ADG (.97 vs 1.27 kg/d) and efficiency of gain (100 vs 120 g gain/kg DM). Synovex-S was less effective in improving efficiency for the lowest protein diet than for the other diets (11.7 vs 20.2%). During Exp. 3, neither Synovex-S nor dietary energy influenced gain and efficiency. We concluded that adequate dietary protein is necessary to optimize the response to estrogenic growth promoters and that the low response under inadequate protein and energy intake is not improved by increasing the energy density of the diet. C1 USDA ARS, LPSI, Growth Biol Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rumsey, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, LPSI, Growth Biol Lab, BARC E, Bldg 200,Room 102, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 77 IS 11 BP 2865 EP 2872 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268YD UT WOS:000084446600002 PM 10568453 ER PT J AU Harrell, RJ Thomas, MJ Boyd, RD Czerwinski, SM Steele, NC Bauman, DE AF Harrell, RJ Thomas, MJ Boyd, RD Czerwinski, SM Steele, NC Bauman, DE TI Ontogenic maturation of the somatotropin/insulin-like growth factor axis SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; somatotropin; ontogeny; insulin-like growth factor ID FACTOR-BINDING-PROTEINS; I IGF-I; GROWING-PIGS; FACTOR SYSTEM; NUTRITIONAL REGULATION; TISSUE CONCENTRATIONS; DIETARY-PROTEIN; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; LACTATING COWS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE AB The ontogeny of the somatotropin/insulin-like growth factor system was examined in well-fed pigs under basal conditions and during a short-term challenge of porcine ST (pST). The study was conducted with two replicates of eight castrate male pigs from 3.8 kg BW (10 d of age) to 92 kg BW (129 d of age). Pigs were reared individually with ad libitum access to milk replacer through 23 d of age. Thereafter, pigs were fed a corn, soybean meal, and dry skim milk diet formulated to exceed nutrient requirements by approximately 30%. Pigs were randomly assigned to receive daily i.m. injections of either 0 (buffer) or 120 mu g/kg BW of pST for a duration of 4 d starting at 10, 19, 33, 43, 63, 83, and 125 d of age. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture on d 0 and 4 of the challenge. Circulating levels of IGF-I were not dramatically affected by age, but levels of IGF-II were low from 10 to 19 d of age and then increased through later stages of growth. Circulating concentrations of IGF binding protein (BP)-3 increased with age (P < .05), but levels of IGFBP-2, a 30-kDa IGFBP, and IGFBP-4 were unchanged (P > .10). The PST challenge reduced plasma urea nitrogen at all ages, but the magnitude of the response was less in younger pigs compared with the maximum response in pigs greater than 30 kg BW (63 d of age). The IGF-I response to the pST challenge also increased from approximately 30% in young pigs to a threefold increase in older pigs. Regardless of age, concentrations of IGF-II were minimally affected by the PST challenge. Circulating levels of IGFBP-3 increased and IGFBP-2 levels decreased in response to the PST challenge, and the magnitude increased with age. The high nutritional status of pigs in the early phases of growth diminished the postnatal changes in IGF-I and IGFBP-2, but not IGF-II or IGFBP-3. Overall, data demonstrate a developmental regulation of the ST/IGF system, with PST challenges altering circulating concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-2 coincident with changes in amino acid metabolism. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bauman, DE (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 45 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 77 IS 11 BP 2934 EP 2941 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268YD UT WOS:000084446600010 PM 10568461 ER PT J AU Toerien, CA Sahlu, T Wong, WW AF Toerien, CA Sahlu, T Wong, WW TI Energy expenditure of Angora bucks in peak breeding season estimated with the doubly-labeled water technique SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE energy; stable isotopes; goats; bucks; breeding ID GOATS; DEUTERIUM; SHEEP; VALIDATION; RUMINANTS AB We used the doubly-labeled water (DLW; (H2O)-H-2-O-18) method to compare total energy expenditure (TEE) of Angora bucks and wethers over a 15-d period during peak breeding season. Four bucks (57 +/- 3 kg) and four wethers (45 +/- 2 kg) were fitted with marking harnesses to measure sexual activity and allocated pairwise to one of four breeding groups (n = 30 does/group). Subjects were infused i.v. with (H2O)-H-2-O-18 that provided 200 mg (H2O)-H-2 and 250 mg (H2O)-O-18/kg BW. Blood samples were collected over a 15-d period, with 3- to 4-d intervals for isotope enrichment measurements. Total DLW-derived energy expenditure (TEE) was similar (P = .55) between bucks and wethers (2,578 vs 2,365; SE 239 kcal/d). Large variation was observed among wethers in TEE, courtship, and attempted mountings. Total energy expended corrected for that in mohair production (CTEE) tended (P = .09) to be greater in sexually active wethers (133 +/- 8 kcal ME/[kg BW.75.d(-1)]; n = 3) than in bucks (110 +/- 7 kcal ME/[kg BW.75.d(-1)]; n = 4). Energy expended on activity (EEa) by these wethers was highly correlated (r = .98) with the number of does marked, which may explain high variability among wethers in EEa. Bucks marked more does (18 +/- 1; P < .05) than wethers (8 +/- 3), but a weak relationship (r = .36) existed between number of does marked and EEa, suggesting individuality in style and persistence while courting. In Angora bucks, CTEE during the breeding season was 9% greater than the maintenance energy requirement. In conclusion, breeding activities in single-buck breeding groups did not markedly increase energy requirements of Angora bucks. C1 E Kika Garza Inst Goat Res, Langston, OK 73044 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Sahlu, T (reprint author), E Kika Garza Inst Goat Res, Langston, OK 73044 USA. NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 77 IS 11 BP 3096 EP 3105 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268YD UT WOS:000084446600031 PM 10568482 ER PT J AU Nonneman, D Kappes, SM Koohmaraie, M AF Nonneman, D Kappes, SM Koohmaraie, M TI Rapid communication: A polymorphic microsatellite in the promoter region of the bovine calpastatin gene SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calpastatin; bovidae; microsatellites; chromosomes ID LINKAGE MAP C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Koohmaraie, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 7 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 77 IS 11 BP 3114 EP 3115 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268YD UT WOS:000084446600033 PM 10568484 ER PT J AU Hurlbut, DB Primus, TM Goodall, MJ Volz, SA Johnston, JJ AF Hurlbut, DB Primus, TM Goodall, MJ Volz, SA Johnston, JJ TI Determination of propionylpromazine hydrochloride in formulation matrixes using reversed-phase ion-pair small bore liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID TRANQUILIZERS; CARAZOLOL; RESIDUES; PIG AB Propionylpromazine hydrochloride (PPZHCl) has been investigated for use with leghold traps to reduce the amount of self-inflicted trauma experienced by animals restrained by these traps. Three types of PPZHCl formulations made with Karo dark syrup, K-Y Jelly, and Vaseline were used in 2 types of tranquilizer trap devices (TTDs). A reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography (LC) method using a small bore C-18 column was used to: (1) determine the purity of the PPZHCl material used in these formulations, and (2) to determine the resulting PPZHCl content of each formulation. Analyte quantitation was done using UV absorption at 280 nm. Regression analysis of calibration standard solutions indicated a linear and directly proportional relationship between analyte response and PPZHCl concentration over the range evaluated. Recovery data from: (I) Vaseline formulations containing 38.8, 16.2, and 8.78% PPZHCl were 104, 92.9, and 90.2%, respectively, (2) Karo dark syrup formulations containing 26.5, 18.1, and 10.3% PPZHCl were 97.7, 99.3, and 106%, respectively, and (3) K-Y Jelly formulations containing 33.0, 23.5, and 13.4% PPZHCl were 100, 99.4, and 88.7%, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values from triplicate analysis of these formulations ranged from 0.7 to 6.7%. The PPZHCl content from 9 manufactured TTDs, 3 for each formulation type, were analyzed in triplicate and produced RSD values ranging from 0.7-6.8%. These results indicate that the formulation extraction presented could be used to evaluate the PPZHCl content in TTDs prior to field use. The use of a small bore LC column reduced the amount of solvents consumed and hazardous waste generated, compared to sample analysis that uses a more conventional analytical LC column. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Analyt Chem Project, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Hurlbut, DB (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Analyt Chem Project, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 82 IS 6 BP 1321 EP 1328 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 258UT UT WOS:000083858100010 PM 10589483 ER PT J AU Pensabene, JW Fiddler, W Donoghue, DJ AF Pensabene, JW Fiddler, W Donoghue, DJ TI Isolation of chloramphenicol from whole eggs by supercritical fluid extraction with in-line collection SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RESIDUES; CONFIRMATION; SULFONAMIDES; ANIMALS; MILK; MEAT AB Egg consumption, at more than 65 billion per year in the United States, represents a potentially significant source of exposure to drug residues, particularly if the laying hens are treated with antimicrobial compounds or fed a diet containing medicated feed. Residues resulting from the use of chloramphenicol (CAP) is especially problematic if this compound is not used in accordance with national registration, e.g., for the control of Salmonella microorganisms in poultry. The mast commonly used methods for the determination of CAP in biological samples require the use of large amounts of organic solvent. As a result, a less solvent intensive supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method was developed for CAP in whole chicken eggs, and the results were compared with those for a solvent extraction procedure. In the SFE method, the egg sample is extracted with supercritical CO2 (without a modifier) at 10 000 psi (680 bar), 80 degrees C, and an expanded gas flow rate of 3.0 L/min to a total volume of 150 L. The CAP is trapped in-line on a Florisil sorbent bed. The CAP is eluted post-SFE by using the liquid chromatographic mobile phase solvent (water-methanol), and determined on a Cs column with ultraviolet detection at 280 nm. Recovery from eggs fortified at the 10 ppb level (n = 6) was 81.2 +/- 4.3%. To obtain eggs containing incurred CAP, hens were given a single daily dose of 75 mg CAP (orally by gelatin capsule) for 2 consecutive days, and the eggs were collected over a 12-day period. The mean value for "normally incurred" CAP in the eggs (n = 17) analyzed by SFE ranged from none detected to 174.5 ppb, with an overall mean of 60.5 ppb, compared with a mean of 60.4 ppb for the solvent extraction method. No significant difference in resuits was found between methods. However, the SFE method is more rapid, uses less solvent, and gives recoveries similar to those for the solvent extraction method, making it ideal for regulatory monitoring. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Div Anim Res, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Pensabene, JW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 82 IS 6 BP 1334 EP 1339 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 258UT UT WOS:000083858100012 PM 10589485 ER PT J AU Schenck, FJ Lagman, LH AF Schenck, FJ Lagman, LH TI Multiresidue determination of abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin, and moxidectin in milk using liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID BOVINE-MILK; PLASMA; AVERMECTINS; CATTLE; DERIVATIZATION; ANTHELMINTICS; MILBEMYCINS; RESIDUES AB Abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin, and moxidectin are macrocyclic lactones derived from soil dwelling actinomycetes, and are very effective against nematode, insect, and arthropod infestations. These compounds, known as endectocides, have been approved for use in beef cattle in the United States; however, they are currently not approved for use in dairy cattle. Abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin, and moxidectin residues were isolated from milk by a series of liquid-liquid extraction steps, derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride, and determined by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Recovery studies were performed in 2 laboratories. Recoveries of >80% (1-30 ng/mL) were achieved for all 4 compounds. C1 US FDA, Baltimore Dist Lab, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Agr Mkt Serv, USDA, Eastern Lab, Gastonia, NC 28054 USA. RP Schenck, FJ (reprint author), US FDA, 60 8th St NE, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. NR 26 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 82 IS 6 BP 1340 EP 1344 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 258UT UT WOS:000083858100013 PM 10589486 ER PT J AU Gara, RI Millegan, DR Gibson, KE AF Gara, RI Millegan, DR Gibson, KE TI Integrated pest management of Ips pini (Col., Scolytidae) populations in south-eastern Montana SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ENTOMOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID BARK BEETLES; COLEOPTERA; PREDATORS; ENGRAVER AB Second growth ponderosa pine forests of the Northern Cheyenne Reservation of south-eastern Montana sustained a chronic Ips pini outbreak between 1978 and 1994. Studies determined the emergence and seasonal flight patterns of the scolytids with regards to temporal and spatial distribution of host material as well as population changes during the year. These changes related to the dry-down rate of host material (thinning and logging slash) and the availability of slash; an index of population change (IPC) was developed to estimate seasonal changes in the Ips population from spring to autumn. Principal management components of an integrated pest management system included (1) an emphasis on creating thinning and logging slash between August and December, a time that provides quickly degrading host material for the overwintering Ips population while not providing suitable host material for the subsequent spring flight; (2) restrictions on winter logging as slash produced during this period provided suitable hosts for the first spring flights of I. pini; and (3) restrictions on the use of trap logs or pheromones to lower Ips populations as these materials provide kairomones for the predators (Enoclerus lecontei, Enoclerus spegeus and Temnochila chlorodia) that partition their I. pini host across the spring, summer and autumn. C1 Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Ecosyst Sci & conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Gara, RI (reprint author), Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Ecosyst Sci & conservat Div, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol.-Z. Angew. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 123 IS 9 BP 529 EP 534 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0418.1999.00416.x PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 265BG UT WOS:000084218500004 ER PT J AU Rorig, ML Ferguson, SA AF Rorig, ML Ferguson, SA TI Characteristics of lightning and wildland fire ignition in the Pacific Northwest SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES AB Lightning is the primary cause of fire in the forested regions of the Pacific Northwest, especially when it occurs without significant precipitation at the surface. Using thunderstorm occurrence and precipitation observations for the period 1948-77, along with automated lightning strike data for the period 1986-96, it was possible to classify convective days as either "dry" or "wet" for several stations in the Pacific Northwest. Based on the classification, a discriminant analysis was performed on coincident upper-air sounding data from Spokane, Washington. It was found that a discriminant rule using the dewpoint depression at 85 kPa and the temperature difference between 85 and 50 kPa was able to classify correctly between 56% and 80% of the convective days as dry or wet. Also, composite maps of upper-air data showed distinctly different synoptic patterns among dry days, wet days, and all days. These findings potentially can be used by resource managers to gain a greater understanding of the atmospheric conditions that are conducive to lightning-induced fires in the Pacific Northwest. C1 US Forest Serv, Seattle Forestry Sci Lab, Pacific NW Res Stn, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Rorig, ML (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Seattle Forestry Sci Lab, Pacific NW Res Stn, 4043 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. NR 15 TC 82 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 38 IS 11 BP 1565 EP 1575 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<1565:COLAWF>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 258MD UT WOS:000083842200001 ER PT J AU Boppart, MD Aronson, D Gibson, L Roubenoff, R Abad, LW Bean, J Goodyear, LJ Fielding, RA AF Boppart, MD Aronson, D Gibson, L Roubenoff, R Abad, LW Bean, J Goodyear, LJ Fielding, RA TI Eccentric exercise markedly increases c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activity in human skeletal muscle SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4; injury; interleukin-6 ID ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY; N-TERMINAL KINASE; GENE-EXPRESSION; SMOOTH-MUSCLE; STRESS; PHOSPHORYLATION; INTERLEUKIN-6; CYTOKINES; RECEPTOR AB Eccentric contractions require the lengthening of skeletal muscle during force production and result in acute and prolonged muscle injury. Because a variety of stressors, including physical exercise and injury, can result in the activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) intracellular signaling cascade in skeletal muscle, we investigated the effects of eccentric exercise on the activation of this stress-activated protein kinase in human skeletal muscle. Twelve healthy subjects (7 men, 5 women) completed maximal concentric or eccentric knee extensions on a KinCom isokinetic dynamometer (10 sets, 10 repetitions). Percutaneous needle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle 24 h before exercise (basal), immediately postexercise, and 6 h postexercise. Whereas both forms of exercise increased JNK activity immediately postexercise, eccentric contractions resulted in a much higher activation (15.4 +/- 4.5 vs. 3.5 +/- 1.4-fold increase above basal, eccentric vs. concentric). By 6 h after exercise, JNK activity decreased back to baseline values. In contrast to the greater activation of JNK with eccentric exercise, the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4, the immediate upstream regulator of JNK, was similarly activated by concentric and eccentric exercise. Because the activation of JNK promotes the phosphorylation of a variety of transcription factors, including c-Jun, the results from this study suggest that JNK may be involved in the molecular and cellular adaptations that occur in response to injury-producing exercise in human skeletal muscle. C1 Boston Univ, Sargent Coll Hlth & Rehabil Sci, Dept Hlth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Joslin Diabet Ctr, Div Res, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Spaulding Rehabil Hosp, Dept Phys Med & Rehabil, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Fielding, RA (reprint author), Boston Univ, Sargent Coll Hlth & Rehabil Sci, Dept Hlth Sci, 635 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RI Aronson, Doron/F-3390-2010 FU NIAMS NIH HHS [AR-42238] NR 43 TC 68 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 87 IS 5 BP 1668 EP 1673 PG 6 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 255NA UT WOS:000083675000015 PM 10562607 ER PT J AU Lantz, KO Disterhoft, P DeLuisi, JJ Early, E Thompson, A Bigelow, D Slusser, J AF Lantz, KO Disterhoft, P DeLuisi, JJ Early, E Thompson, A Bigelow, D Slusser, J TI Methodology for deriving clear-sky erythemal calibration factors for UV broadband radiometers of the US Central UV Calibration Facility SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RADIATION MONITORING PROGRAM; OZONE MEASUREMENTS; EARTHS SURFACE; ULTRAVIOLET; METER; IRRADIANCE; TRENDS; DEPLETION AB In the United States, there are several federal agencies interested in the effects of UV radiation, which has resulted in the establishment of UV monitoring programs each with their own instrumentation and sites designed to address their specific needs. In 1993, participating agencies of the U.S. Global Change Research Program organized a UV Panel for coordinating the different agencies' programs in order to ensure that UV data are intercalibrated, have common quality assurance and control procedures, and that the efforts among agencies are not duplicated. In order to achieve these goals, in 1994 the UV Panel recommended formation of the U.S. Central UV Calibration Facility (CUCF), which is operated by the Surface Radiation and Research Branch of the Air Resources Laboratory of National and Oceanic Atmospheric Administration. The CUCF is responsible for characterizing and calibrating UV measuring instruments from several U.S. federal agencies. Part of this effort is to calibrate UVB broadband radiometers from these agencies. The CUCF has three Yankee Environmental Systems (YES UVB-I) and three Solar Light (SL 501A) broadband radiometers as reference standards that are routinely calibrated. For the past three years, clear-sky erythema calibration factors were determined for these standard UVB broadband radiometers by using simultaneously measured erythema-weighted irradiance determined during the annual North American Intercomparison. Comparisons between erythemally weighted irradiance calculated spectra supplied by spectroradiometers typically agreed better than +/-2% for solar zenith angles less than 60 degrees. The spectroradiometers were participating in an intercomparison event organized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the CUCF. In this article, the calibration methodology is described for transferring the calibration from the spectroradiometers to the CUCF's standard broadband radiometers. The CUCF standard broadband radiometers are used to calibrate UVB broadband radiometers from several U.S. UV monitoring networks. Erythemal calibration factors for the CUCF's YES UVB-1 standard broadband radiometer triad are reported for 1994, 1995, and 1996. Erythemal calibration factors for CUCF's SL 501A standard broadband radiometer triad are reported for 1996. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, SRRB, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Colorado State Univ, USDA UVB Radiat Monitoring Program, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Lantz, KO (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, SRRB, R-E-ARx1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 34 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 16 IS 11 BP 1736 EP 1752 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<1736:MFDCSE>2.0.CO;2 PN 2 PG 17 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 258VH UT WOS:000083859600007 ER PT J AU Hampson, JW Maxwell, RJ Li, SF Shadwell, RJ AF Hampson, JW Maxwell, RJ Li, SF Shadwell, RJ TI Solubility of three veterinary sulfonamides in supercritical carbon dioxide by a recirculating equilibrium method SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID FLUID EXTRACTION; RECOVERY AB The equilibrium solubility of three pure sulfonamides in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was determined by use of a recirculating flow method. Overall, solubilities were in the part per million range. Solubilities were measured at two temperatures (40 and 60 degrees C) and at pressures from 131 to 488 bar. Sulfamerazine (SME) was slightly soluble than either sulfamethazine (SMZ) or sulfadimethoxine (SDM). The maximum. solubility determined for the three sulfonamides was at 60 degrees C (472 to 488 bar), and their solubility range was 6.50 x 10(-5) to 10.14 x 10(-5) mol.L-1. The data for SMZ and SDM at 40 degrees C were compared with published data that showed slight differences in the mole fraction versus pressure curve. Our results provide experimental validation that mole fraction solubility increases with pressure above the critical pressure. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Maxwell, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1222 EP 1225 DI 10.1021/je990075m PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 256JT UT WOS:000083722700022 ER PT J AU Krall, BS Bartelt, RJ Lewis, CJ Whitman, DW AF Krall, BS Bartelt, RJ Lewis, CJ Whitman, DW TI Chemical defense in the stink bug Cosmopepla bimaculata SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cosmopepla bimaculata; Pentatomidae; chemical defense; n-tridecane; (E)-2-decenal; (E)-2-decenyl acetate; (E)-2-hexenal; hexyl acetate; n-dodecane; n-undecane; n-tetradecane; pentadecane; (E)-8-heneicosene ID APOSEMATIC COLORATION; INDIVIDUAL SELECTION; ALARM PHEROMONE; SEX-PHEROMONE; SCENT GLANDS; HETEROPTERA; SECRETION; PENTATOMIDAE; IDENTIFICATION; ARTHROPODS AB Adult Cosmopepla bimaculata discharge a volatile secretion from paired Ventral metathoracic glands (MTG) when disturbed. Collected Volatiles were similar in both sexes and consisted of n-tridecane (67%), (E)-2-decenal (12%), (E)-2-decenyl acetate (12%), (E)-2-hexenal (3%), hexyl acetate (2%), n-dodecane (2%), a tridecene isomer (1%), and n-undecane, n-tetradecane, and n-pentadecane (all <1%). In addition, undisturbed males produced a novel insect compound, (E)-8-heneicosene, whose function is unknown. The MTG secretion emerges as an enlarging droplet, which is held in place by a cuticular projection and a pleural scent area consisting of specialized rough cuticle surrounding the gland opening. Insects can selectively discharge from either the right or left gland or both glands simultaneously, can control the amount of fluid ejected, and can resorb the ejected secretion droplet back into the gland reservoir. In feeding trials, killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), robins (Turdus migratorius), and anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis) rejected or demonstrated aversion to feeding on the bugs. Furthermore, bugs that lacked the secretion were more susceptible to predation than bugs with secretion, suggesting that the secretion functions in defense against predators. C1 Illinois State Univ, Behav Ecol Evolut & Systemat Sect, Normal, IL 61790 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Whitman, DW (reprint author), Illinois State Univ, Behav Ecol Evolut & Systemat Sect, 4120 Biol Sci, Normal, IL 61790 USA. NR 55 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 25 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 25 IS 11 BP 2477 EP 2494 DI 10.1023/A:1020822107806 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 252RZ UT WOS:000083517200007 ER PT J AU Vaughn, SF Berhow, MA AF Vaughn, SF Berhow, MA TI Allelochemicals isolated from tissues of the invasive weed garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE garlic mustard; Alliaria petiolata; Brassicaceae; glucosinolates; allelopathy; phytotoxins; allyl isothiocyanate; benzyl isothiocyanate; sinigrin; glucotropaeolin ID PRODUCTS; PLANT; ISOTHIOCYANATES; DEGRADATION; CRUCIFERAE; IDENTIFICATION; MYROSINASE; PHYTOTOXIN; NITRILES; SEEDMEAL AB Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is a naturalized Eurasian species that has invaded woodlands and degraded habitats in the eastern United States and Canada. Several phytotoxic hydrolysis products of glucosinolates, principally allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and benzyl isothiocyanate (BzITC), were isolated from dichloromethane extracts of garlic mustard tissues. AITC and BzITC were much more phytotoxic to wheat (Triticum aestivum) than their respective parent glucosinolates sinigrin and glucotropaeolin. However, garden cress (Lepidium sativum) growth was inhibited to a greater degree by glucotropaeolin than BzITC, possibly due to conversion to BzITC by endogenous myrosinase. Sinigrin and glucotropaeolin were not detected in leaf/stem tissues harvested at the initiation of flowering, but were present in leaves and stems harvested in the autumn. Sinigrin levels in roots were similar for both sampling dates, but autumn-harvested roots contained glucotropaeolin at levels over three times higher than spring-harvested roots. The dominance of garlic mustard in forest ecosystems may be attributable in part to release of these phytotoxins, especially from root tissues. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Vaughn, SF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 45 TC 88 Z9 102 U1 7 U2 47 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 25 IS 11 BP 2495 EP 2504 DI 10.1023/A:1020874124645 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 252RZ UT WOS:000083517200008 ER PT J AU Gries, G Schaefer, PW Khaskin, G Hahn, R Gries, R Chao, JT AF Gries, G Schaefer, PW Khaskin, G Hahn, R Gries, R Chao, JT TI Sex pheromone components of Casuarina moth, Lymantria xylina SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lepidoptera; Lymantriidae; Lymantria xylina; Lymantria dispar; Lymantria monacha; Lymantria fumida; sex pheromone; reproductive isolation; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane; 2-methyl-Z7-eicosene; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methylnonadecane; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methylnonadecane; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-3-methyl-nonadecane; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-3-methylnonadccane; disparlure ID GYPSY-MOTH; NUN MOTH; IDENTIFICATION; DISPARLURE AB cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyleicosane is a sex pheromone component of the Casuarina moth, Lymantria xylina Swinhoe. The compound was extracted from pheromone glands of female moths and was identified by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometry. In field experiments in Taiwan, traps baited with either or both of (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane (>99% eel [termed here (+)-xylinalure] and (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane (>99% eel [termed here (-)-xylinalure] captured male L. xylina. Addition of further candidate pheromone components to xylinalure did not enhance its attractiveness. Demonstration of whether or not female L. xylina produce both optical isomers of xylinalure, and determination of the ratio, will require pheromone extract analyses on a chiral, enantiomer-separating column (as yet unavailable) or derivatization of epoxides in accumulated gland extracts. Attraction of male L. xylina to either enantiomer of xylinalure contrasts with enantiospecific production of, and/or response to, epoxy pheromones in congeners. With no other nocturnal lymantriid moth known in Taiwan to utilize xylinalure for pheromonal communication, enantiospecific "fine tuning" of xylinalure, or evolution of a more complex pheromone blend, may not have been necessary for L. xylina to maintain specificity of sexual communication. Racemic xylinalure will be appropriate for pheromone-based detection surveys of L, xylina in North America. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Environm Biol, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Intro Res Lab, Newark, DE 19713 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Chem, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Taiwan Forestry Res Inst, Div Forest Protect, Taipei, Taiwan. RP Gries, G (reprint author), Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Ctr Environm Biol, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 25 IS 11 BP 2535 EP 2545 DI 10.1023/A:1020830309624 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 252RZ UT WOS:000083517200011 ER PT J AU Johns, MM Marshall, WE Toles, CA AF Johns, MM Marshall, WE Toles, CA TI The effect of activation method on the properties of pecan shell-activated carbons SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pecan; shell; steam; phosphoric; activation; metals; organics; oxidation; wastewater ID AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS; PHOSPHORIC-ACID; METALS; NUTSHELLS; STEAM AB Pecan shell chars were activated using steam, carbon dioxide (CO2), or phosphoric acid (H3PO4) to produce granular activated carbons (GACs). The GACs were characterized for select physical, chemical and adsorption properties. Air oxidation of the GACs was used to increase copper ion (Cu2+) adsorption. BET surface areas of pecan carbons were equal to or greater than commercial GACs. Carbon dioxide activation favored microporosity, while the other activations increased both mesoporosity and microporosity. Bulk densities and particle attrition of the pecan shell GACs were generally similar to the commercial carbons. Air oxidation of steam-and CO2-activated GACs increased copper ion adsorption, although not to the same extent as GACs made by H3PO4 activation. Copper ion adsorption and the amount of titratable functional groups greatly exceeded the values for the commercial GACs. Steam-and CO2-activated pecan shell carbons were similar to but in some cases exceeded the ability of commercial GACs to remove certain organic compounds from water. GACs from pecan shells showed considerable commercial potential to remove metal ions and organic contaminants from water. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Coll Agr, Chico, CA 95929 USA. Northeastern Univ, Dept Chem, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Marshall, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 18 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 24 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0268-2575 J9 J CHEM TECHNOL BIOT JI J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1037 EP 1044 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199911)74:11<1037::AID-JCTB160>3.0.CO;2-O PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Engineering GA 257LF UT WOS:000083782800004 ER PT J AU Wafwoyo, W Seo, CW Marshall, WE AF Wafwoyo, W Seo, CW Marshall, WE TI Utilization of peanut shells as adsorbents for selected metals SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE peanut shells; adsorbents; metals ions ID ION-EXCHANGE PROPERTIES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; BY-PRODUCTS; REMOVAL; CITRATE AB Peanut shells of mesh size 10-20 were modified by combinations of treatments following a 3(2) factorial design. Treatments consisted of either no wash, water wash or base wash followed by no modification or modification with 0.6M citric acid or 0.6M phosphoric acid. The nine samples were evaluated for their uptake of five metal ions (Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II)) from solution. The results were compared with metal ion adsorption by three commercial cation exchange resins, namely, Amberlite(R) 200, Amberlite(R) IRC 718 and Duolite(R) GT-73. The percent of metal ions adsorbed per gram of adsorbent was significantly increased by each of the acid treatments, average values ranged from 19 to 34% compared with non-acid treated samples at 5.7%. The percent of metal ions adsorbed for base-washed samples were higher than water-washed or unwashed shells. Interaction between wash and acid treatment was not significant for most of the experimental conditions used. Acid-treated samples were as effective as Duolite(R) GT-73 in the adsorption of Cd(II) and almost twice as effective in the adsorption of Zn(II) from solutions containing a single metal ion. In solutions containing multiple metal ions, citric acid samples were found to be most effective and selective for Cu(II) compared with Cd(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II). In general, phosphoric acid-modified shells removed the most metals from solution for the experimental samples and were more effective in removing Cd(II) and Zn(II) than two of the three commercial resins. Acid-modified peanut shells are promising as metal ion adsorbents. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 N Carolina Agr & Technol State Univ, Dept Human Environm & Family Sci, Food & Nutr Lab, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Seo, CW (reprint author), N Carolina Agr & Technol State Univ, Dept Human Environm & Family Sci, Food & Nutr Lab, 1601 E Market St, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. NR 20 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0268-2575 J9 J CHEM TECHNOL BIOT JI J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1117 EP 1121 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Engineering GA 257LF UT WOS:000083782800015 ER PT J AU Cannon, JG Angel, JB Ball, RW Abad, LW Fagioli, L Komaroff, AL AF Cannon, JG Angel, JB Ball, RW Abad, LW Fagioli, L Komaroff, AL TI Acute phase responses and cytokine secretion in chronic fatigue syndrome SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chronic fatigue syndrome; acute phase responses ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; EXERCISE; DEFINITION; MUSCLE; BLOOD; INTERLEUKIN-1; PERFORMANCE; ACTIVATION; ENDOCRINE AB This study addresses the hypothesis that clinical manifestations of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) are due in part to abnormal production of or sensitivity to cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and IL-6 under basal conditions or in response to st particular physical stress: 15 min of exercise consisting of stepping up and down on a platform adjusted to the height of the patella. The study involved 10 CFS patients and 11 age-, sex-, and activity-matched controls: of these, 6 patients and 4 controls were tested in both the follicular and the luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, and the remainder were tested in only one phase, for a total of 31 experimental sessions. Prior to exercise, plasma concentrations of the acute phase reactant alpha(2)-macroglobulin were 29% higher in CFS patients (P < 0.008) compared to controls. Secretion of IL-6 was generally higher for CFS patients (similar to 38%), however, this difference was statistically significant only if all values over a 3-day period were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA(P = 0.035). IL-6 secretion correlated with plasma alpha(2)-macroglobulin in control subjects at rest (R = 0.767, P = 0.001). Immediately after exercise, the CFS patients reported greater ratings of perceived exertion (P = 0.027) compared to the healthy control subjects. Ratings of perceived exertion correlated with IL-1 beta secretion by cells from healthy control subjects (R = 0.603, P = 0.022), but not from CFS patients, and IL-1 beta secretion was not different between groups. Exercise induced a slight (<12%) but significant (P = 0.006) increase in IL-6 secretion, but the responses of the CFS patients were not different than controls. Furthermore, no significant exercise-induced changes in body temperature or plasma alpha(2)-macroglobulin were observed. These data indicate that under basal conditions, CFS is associated with increased IL-6 secretion which is manifested by chronically elevated plasma alpha(2)-macroglabulin concentrations. These modest differences suggest that cytokine dysregulation is not a singular or dominant factor in the pathogenesis of CFS. C1 Penn State Univ, Noll Physiol Res Ctr, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Gen Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Cannon, JG (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Noll Lab 103, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01 RR00054]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI33414, AI32246] NR 30 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0271-9142 J9 J CLIN IMMUNOL JI J. Clin. Immunol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 19 IS 6 BP 414 EP 421 DI 10.1023/A:1020558917955 PG 8 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 273NL UT WOS:000084713700008 PM 10634215 ER PT J AU Kimura, K Goff, JP Kehrli, ME AF Kimura, K Goff, JP Kehrli, ME TI Effects of the presence of the mammary gland on expression of neutrophil adhesion molecules and myeloperoxidase activity in periparturient dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE periparturient immunosuppression; beta 2-integrin; L-selectin; myeloperoxidase ID INCREASED SURFACE EXPRESSION; BOVINE LEUKOCYTE SERUM; HOLSTEIN CATTLE; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; CD11B/CD18 MAC-1; DRY PERIOD; L-SELECTIN; MASTITIS; MILK; HYPOCALCEMIA AB Neutrophil function is reduced in periparturient dairy cows. Possible factors that reduce neutrophil function include endocrine changes associated with parturition and metabolic stresses associated with lactogenesis. In this study, mastectomized and intact cows were studied to specifically examine the effects of lactogenesis on neutrophil function in periparturient cows. Expression of adhesion molecules on neutrophils (L-selectin, mediating capture and rolling adhesion, and beta 2-integrin, mediating tight adhesion vital to egress) and neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity (an index of bactericidal activity) were assessed in mastectomized and intact cows. Expression of L-selectin decreased at parturition followed by rapid recovery to prepartum values in both intact and mastectomized cows. Expression of beta 2-integrins increased in intact cows at parturition but not in mastectomized cows. Expression of beta 2-integrins was greater in intact cows than in mastectomized cows throughout the study. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity decreased from baseline prepartum values as parturition approached in both intact and mastectomized cows, which suggests the endocrine changes associated with the act of parturition are predominant factors causing loss of neutrophil function. Myeloperoxidase activity recovered to prepartum values within a week of parturition in mastectomized cows; however, myeloperoxidase activity remained depressed in neutrophils obtained from intact cows throughout the first 20 d of lactation. The presence of the mammary gland and its attendant metabolic stresses slowed recovery of neutrophil function, which suggests that the metabolic stress of lactation exacerbated periparturient immunosuppression. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Goff, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 35 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 82 IS 11 BP 2385 EP 2392 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 254XU UT WOS:000083640200016 PM 10575605 ER PT J AU Schukken, YH Leslie, KE Barnum, DA Mallard, BA Lumsden, JH Dick, PC Vessie, GH Kehrli, ME AF Schukken, YH Leslie, KE Barnum, DA Mallard, BA Lumsden, JH Dick, PC Vessie, GH Kehrli, ME TI Experimental Staphylococcus aureus intramammary challenge in late lactation dairy cows: Quarter and cow effects determining the probability of infection SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mastitis; Staphylococcus aureus; somatic cell count; genetics ID SOMATIC-CELL COUNTS; MAJOR MASTITIS PATHOGENS; HOLSTEIN CATTLE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; CLINICAL MASTITIS; MINOR PATHOGENS; BOVINE; ALLELES; RISK; IDENTIFICATION AB The purpose of this study was to identify factors at the quarter and cow level that determine whether a quarter remains infected after an intramammary challenge with Staphylococcus aureus Newbould 305. A total of 135 cows were studied. Information on animal characteristics, cow-conformation, cow somatic cell count (SCC), and bacteriology, blood vitamin E levels, serology for retro-viral infections, bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency-carrier status, and the presence of bovine lymphocyte antigens class I alleles was collected on each animal. All quarters of all cows were then challenged with Staphylococcus aureus Newbould 305. The challenge with S. aureus Newbould 305 resulted in 28 cows (20.7%) that did not establish infection in any of the quarters, 21 (15.6%) cows had 1 quarter infected, 35 (25.9%) had 2 quarters infected, 24 (17.8%) had 3 quarters infected, and 27 (20.0%) had all quarters infected. A higher prechallenge SCC decreased the risk of infection. An infection with Corynebacterium bovis prior to challenge decreased the risk of S. aureus infection. Of the bovine lymphocyte antigen alleles, the presence of the W20A allele proved to be significantly associated with a decreased risk of infection. No other factors proved to be significant. C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Populat Med, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Populat Med & Diagnost Sci, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Pathobiol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Provel Corp, Div Elanco Canada, Res Pk Ctr, Guelph, ON N1G 4T2, Canada. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Leslie, KE (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Dept Populat Med, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RI Schukken, Ynte/C-3405-2008 OI Schukken, Ynte/0000-0002-8250-4194 NR 36 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 82 IS 11 BP 2393 EP 2401 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 254XU UT WOS:000083640200017 PM 10575606 ER PT J AU Broderick, GA Koegel, RG Mauries, MJC Schneeberger, E Kraus, TJ AF Broderick, GA Koegel, RG Mauries, MJC Schneeberger, E Kraus, TJ TI Effect of feeding macerated alfalfa silage on nutrient digestibility and milk yield in lactating dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE maceration; alfalfa silage ID SOLE FORAGE; FATTY-ACIDS; DRY-MATTER; NITROGEN; INVITRO; FERMENTATION; AMMONIA; RATES AB Five feeding studies were conducted with 141 lactating Holstein cows comparing macerated and control alfalfa silage harvested at two cuttings in each of 2 yr. Overall, silage made from macerated alfalfa contained more ash (suggesting improved soil contamination); greater fiber and lower nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) content suggested greater fermentation in the silo. In a digestion study, two diets were fed containing [dry matter (DM) basis] 72% of either control or macerated second-cutting alfalfa. Apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was increased by maceration, and similar changes in digestibility were observed with Yb or indigestible ADF as marker; indigestible ADF was used as a marker in later studies. Lactation trials were conducted with first- and second-cutting alfalfa from each year. In each study, diets were formulated from alfalfa silage plus concentrate based on processed high moisture ear corn; mean compositions were (DM basis): negative control (61% control alfalfa silage), macerated (61% macerated alfalfa silage), and positive control (50% control alfalfa silage). All diets contained 2% crude protein from either roasted soybeans or low-solubles fish meal; soybean meal was added to make the positive control isonitrogenous (but not equal in ruminal undegraded protein). Milk yield was greater on macerated than negative control in two of four trials but not different in the other two trials. Yields of milk and milk components were not different between macerated and positive control in one of four trials. Versus the negative control, milk fat synthesis was depressed on macerated alfalfa in one trial. Overall performance on macerated versus negative control indicated greater apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), greater yield of milk, protein, and solids not fat, but lower milk fat content. Yields of milk and milk components were greater overall on positive control versus macerated. Estimation of net energy for lactation (NEL) from maintenance, milk yield, and body weight gain indicated that control and macerated alfalfa silage contained, respectively, 1.36 and 1.42 Mcal of NEL of OM, an increase of about 5% due to maceration of alfalfa in these trials. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Ecol Super Agr, F-49007 Angers, France. New Holland N Amer, New Holland, PA 17557 USA. Australian Agr Univ, Vienna, Austria. RP Broderick, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 36 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 82 IS 11 BP 2472 EP 2485 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 254XU UT WOS:000083640200026 PM 10575615 ER PT J AU Ashwell, MS Van Tassell, CP AF Ashwell, MS Van Tassell, CP TI Detection of putative loci affecting milk, health, and type traits in a US Holstein population using 70 microsatellite markers in a genome scan SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE quantitative trait loci; microsatellite markers; type traits; milk production traits ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; DAIRY-CATTLE; BOVINE GENOME; LINEAR TYPE AB Quantitative trait loci affecting milk yield, health, and type traits were studied for seven large U.S. Holstein grandsire families using the granddaughter design. Seventy microsatellite markers located throughout the genome were selected for the quantitative trait loci scan. Effects of marker alleles were analyzed for 30 traits (21 type traits, 5 milk traits, 2 calving ease traits, and somatic cell score and productive life) and 16 canonical traits derived from type and production traits. Previously ave reported results from 36 of these markers but have re-evaluated those results using a more robust analysis method. We report results from all 70 markers using permutation tests to calculate experiment-wise significance values, replacing the less stringent comparison-wise values previously reported. With this new methodology we detected 9 putative quantitative trait loci within specific families. Four markers were associated with effects on type traits on chromosomes 4, 5, 14, and 23. Two markers were associated with effects on protein percentage on chromosomes 6 and 14, and 3 markers were associated with effects on productive life on chromosomes 2, 21, and 23. Although these initial 70 microsatellite markers have been completed in the 7 Holstein families, additional markers will need to be added to allow interval analysis of areas where putative QTL have been identified and to increase marker density where needed. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ashwell, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 26 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 82 IS 11 BP 2497 EP 2502 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 254XU UT WOS:000083640200028 PM 10575617 ER PT J AU Wanner, JM Rogers, GW Kehrli, ME Cooper, JB AF Wanner, JM Rogers, GW Kehrli, ME Cooper, JB TI Clinical mastitis in primiparous Holsteins: Comparisons of bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency carriers and noncarriers SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency; clinical mastitis ID DISEASE RESISTANCE; PREVALENCE; PARAMETERS; CATTLE AB The objective of this study was to determine the impact of bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency on clinical mastitis incidence, severity, and duration in Holstein cows. Genomic DNA from milk of 847 Holstein cows in six Pennsylvania herds was used to determine bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency genotypes (82 or 9.7% carriers). Data on clinical mastitis incidence, severity, duration, and pathogen involved were collected during first lactation for the project cows. One hundred ninety-four cows had one or more clinical mastitis episodes; milk samples from each quarter with clinical mastitis were collected at discovery of the episode and were cultured following National Mastitis Council recommendations. The overall incidence of clinical mastitis was significantly affected by sire and herd-year-season of calving. In addition, incidence of clinical mastitis tended to increase with age at first calving. Severity and duration of clinical mastitis were impacted by the pathogen involved. Incidence of clinical mastitis from all pathogens, from coagulase-negative staphylococci, and from coliform bacteria was not significantly related to bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency status. Carriers tended to have lower rates of mastitis from streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae when compared with noncarriers, but this result should be interpreted with caution because of the low frequency of mastitis from the streptococci. Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency status was unrelated to severity or duration of clinical episodes. Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency carriers are probably similar to noncarriers in resistance to clinical mastitis. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Dairy & Anim Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Rogers, GW (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Dairy & Anim Sci, 324 Henning Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 82 IS 11 BP 2517 EP 2523 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 254XU UT WOS:000083640200031 PM 10575620 ER PT J AU Filipov, NM Thompson, FN Stuedemann, JA Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Sharma, RP Young, CR Stanker, LH Smith, CK AF Filipov, NM Thompson, FN Stuedemann, JA Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Sharma, RP Young, CR Stanker, LH Smith, CK TI Increased responsiveness to intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge in steers grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue compared with steers grazing endophyte-free tall fescue SO JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; GROWTH-HORMONE; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; BINDING-PROTEINS; FACTOR-ALPHA; ENDOTOXIN; CATTLE; RESPONSES; CORTISOL AB Fescue toxicosis in cattle occurs as a result of consumption of ergot alkaloids in endophyte-infected (E+, Neotyphodium coenophialum) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). The condition is characterized by pyrexia, decreased weight gains, rough hair coats, and decreased calving rates. The objective of this experiment was to investigate whether steers grazing E+ fescue have altered host response to lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) challenge compared with steers grazing endophyte-free (E-) fescue. Angus steers (n = 8) had continuously grazed either E+ (n = 4) or E- (n = 4) tall fescue grass for 8 months prior to the experiment. The E+ steers had lower body weight, depressed average daily gain, and decreased basal serum prolactin compared with the E- steers prior to LPS administration. Each steer received a single bolus i.v. injection of LPS (0.2 mu g/kg body weight; Eschericha coli; 026:B6) dissolved in sterile saline, and blood was serially collected every 30 min for 4 h and at 24 h post LPS administration. LPS increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cortisol, and haptoglobin but decreased plasma glucose and IGF-I. Importantly, however, TNF-alpha, cortisol, and IGF-I responses to LPS were greater in E+ compared with E- steers. These results indicated that animals grazing E+ fescue had altered integrated metabolic host response compared with animals grazing E- fescue. Potentially, combined exposure to E+ fescue and a bacterial LPS could have greater deleterious effects on the animal compared with exposure to only one of the two and would likely lead to increased catabolism. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA USA. ARS, USDA, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX USA. RP Thompson, FN (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 42 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC ENDOCRINOLOGY PI BRISTOL PA 17/18 THE COURTYARD, WOODLANDS, BRADLEY STOKE, BRISTOL BS32 4NQ, ENGLAND SN 0022-0795 J9 J ENDOCRINOL JI J. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 163 IS 2 BP 213 EP 220 DI 10.1677/joe.0.1630213 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 330RJ UT WOS:000087974700008 PM 10556770 ER PT J AU Lockaby, BG Trettin, CC Schoenholtz, SH AF Lockaby, BG Trettin, CC Schoenholtz, SH TI Effects of silvicultural activities on wetland biogeochemistry SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Review ID FOREST MANAGEMENT-PRACTICES; WATER-QUALITY; FLOODPLAIN FORESTS; HARDWOOD FORESTS; INTERIOR ALASKA; TANANA RIVER; LOW-ORDER; DYNAMICS; NITROGEN; DISTURBANCE AB The unique biogeochemistry of wetlands either causes or influences many landscape functions that are valued by society. Because of their critical ecological role and the importance of wetlands to commodity and noncommodity values, we have reviewed the current state of knowledge regarding influences of silviculture on nutrient circulation, transformation, and retention in forested wetlands. Our approach was to contrast riverine and depressional systems. Globally, there are few generalizations that can be made regarding the effects of silvicultural disturbance. This conclusion is primarily a result of too few studies on the mechanisms and processes controlling ecosystem responses. Most work to date has focused solely on characterizing responses of state variables, and therefore a basis for integration is often lacking. While studies do show that water quality functions are not degraded as a result of harvesting, many other aspects of ecosystem functionality are not clarified. As examples, there are significant gaps in our understanding of biogeochemical controls on net primary productivity, organic matter turnover, and hydrologic interactions. Considerable research is warranted to provide information for effective resource management and conservation. C1 Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. US Forest Serv, Charleston, SC USA. Mississippi State Univ, Starkville, MS USA. RP Lockaby, BG (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 82 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1687 EP 1698 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 266EU UT WOS:000084288300001 ER PT J AU Owens, LB Edwards, WM Van Keuren, RW AF Owens, LB Edwards, WM Van Keuren, RW TI Nitrate leaching from grassed lysimeters treated with ammonium nitrate or slow-release nitrogen fertilizer SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID PASTURE PROGRAM; VOLATILIZATION; UREA; GRASSLAND; PHOSPHOROAMIDE; GROUNDWATER; SAMPLER; LOSSES; MANURE; RUNOFF AB Nitrate leaching is a potential in humid regions when crops and forages are fertilized. This study was conducted to compare NO3 leaching with two different N fertilizer formulations applied to forages. For 11 yr, ammonium nitrate (AN) was applied to a targe (8.1 m(2) surface area), undisturbed, monolithic lysimeter Y101B at an annual rate of 168 kg N ha(-1), and methylene area (MU), a slow-release fertilizer, was applied to a similar lysimeter (Y101D) at the same rate. Nitrate-N concentrations in the percolate from these 2.4 m-deep lysimeters were measured weekly. Even though NO3-N levels increased steadily with the AN applications, the greatest increases occurred during the eighth year of treatment and reached levels above 20 mg L-1. With the MU, NO3-N concentrations remained relatively constant until after 8 yr of treatment, reaching concentrations of 6 mg L-1. The highest rates of annual NO3-N transport in percolate were 42.3 and 12.1 kg ha(-1) from lysimeters treated with AN and MU, respectively. (Losses from NH3 volatilization were measured at 12.0 and 44.8 kg N ha(-1) for AN and MU, respectively.) Nitrate-N transport in percolate varied seasonally with the greatest amounts being moved during the late winter-early spring, Following 11 yr, the NO3-N concentrations in each lysimeter declined to approximately 1 mg L-1. Based on this study with a 168 kg N ha(-1) annual application rate, less NO3-N leaching will occur when a slow-release N fertilizer, such as MU, is applied to forages than when AN is applied. C1 ARS, USDA, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Owens, LB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, POB 488, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. NR 29 TC 21 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1810 EP 1816 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 266EU UT WOS:000084288300017 ER PT J AU Sainju, UM Singh, BP Rahman, S Reddy, VR AF Sainju, UM Singh, BP Rahman, S Reddy, VR TI Soil nitrate-nitrogen under tomato following tillage, cover cropping, and nitrogen fertilization SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CORN YIELD; IRRIGATION; WATER; DENITRIFICATION; MANAGEMENT; LEGUME; GROUNDWATER; DYNAMICS; LOSSES; SYSTEM AB Management practices can influence NO3-N content and movement in the soil. We examined the influence of 3 yr of tillage [no-till (NT), chisel (CH), and moldboard (MB)], cover crop [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) (HV), and no hairy vetch (NHV)], and N fertilization (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha(-1)) on residual NO3-N content and movement on a Norfolk sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Kandiudults) under tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in central Georgia. Because of low N recovery by tomato, NO3-N content in the soil increased with depth, regardless of treatments, and ranged from 127 to 316 kg ha(-1) at 0- to 120-cm depth in the fall (September 1997). The content increased with increasing rate of N addition from cover crop residue and N fertilizer. From fall to spring (March 1998), 22 to 58% (37 to 129 kg NO3-N ha(-1)) of this content was lost, mostly due to leaching. Greater loss occurred in NT than in CH or MB, with HV than with NHV, and with 180 or 90 than with 0 kg N ha(-1). Similarly, greater loss at 0- to 60-cm than at 60- to 120-cm depth and significant correlation between soil NO3-N and clay concentration with depth indicates that NO3-N moved from the surface layer to the underlying clay layer, where it moved slowly. Nitrate-N content and movement in the soil from cover crop residue and N fertilizer were similar. Minimum tillage reduced NO3-N movement compared with NT, yet avoided the negative effects on soil and water quality associated with MB. Although HV increased tomato N uptake and recovery, it was not effective in reducing NO3-N content and movement com pared with N fertilizer. C1 Ft Valley State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Ft Valley, GA 31030 USA. ARS, USDA, NRI Remote Sensing & Modelling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sainju, UM (reprint author), Ft Valley State Univ, Agr Res Stn, 1005 State Univ Dr, Ft Valley, GA 31030 USA. NR 59 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1837 EP 1844 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 266EU UT WOS:000084288300021 ER PT J AU Schreiber, JD AF Schreiber, JD TI Nutrient leaching from corn residues under simulated rainfall. SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID WHEAT STRAW RESIDUES; ORGANIC-CARBON; CROP RESIDUES; NO-TILL; PHOSPHORUS; NITROGEN; LOSSES; RUNOFF; INTENSITY; SURFACE AB Crop residues left on the soil surface after harvest are effective in reducing erosion; however, when subjected to rainfall-leaching, the residues are a significant source of soluble nutrients to agricultural runoff. Nutrient teaching from crop residues as a function of rainfall intensity, and residue loading rate, was studied in a series of laboratory experiments under controlled conditions. Using a multiple-intensity rainfall simulator corn (Zea mays L.) stover placed on a nylon screen at an equivalent field loading rate of 10 t ha(-1): was subjected to simulated rainfall at intensities of 6, 12, 25, 51, and 99 mm h(-1). In another series of experiments, simulated rainfall was applied at 25 mm h(-1) to four stover loading rates of 5, 7, 10, and 15 t ha(-1). In both experiments, leachate was sampled as a function of time and analyzed for PO4-P, NH4-N, NO3-N, and total organic carbon (TOC). Nutrient concentrations and losses were generally greater at the lower rainfall intensities and higher stover loading rates. In each study, nutrient concentrations decreased hyperbolically with either time or cumulative leachate volume. For all loading rates and rainfall intensities, nutrient amounts (kg ha(-1)) leached from the stover followed the order C >>N = P; however, the amounts of N as (NH4-N + NO3-N) or C leached were less than or equal to 1.5% of total nutrient in residue compared with 2.8 to 6.0% of fetal nutrient in residue for P. Stover exposed to field conditions over time showed leaching kinetics similar to freshly collected residues. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Schreiber, JD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 26 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1864 EP 1870 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 266EU UT WOS:000084288300024 ER PT J AU Kuykendall, HA Cabrera, ML Hoveland, CS McCann, MA West, LT AF Kuykendall, HA Cabrera, ML Hoveland, CS McCann, MA West, LT TI Stocking method effects on nutrient runoff from pastures fertilized with broiler litter SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID EXTRACTABLE SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; POULTRY LITTER; FESCUE PLOTS; MANURE; OPTIONS; LOSSES AB Repeated applications of broadcast broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) litter can increase nutrient runoff from pastures. Rotational stocking (RS) of rattle, as compared with continuous stocking (CS), may be useful in decreasing surface nutrient runoff because of better manure distribution and more uniform forage accumulation to act as filters and trap nutrients, Our objective was to measure nutrient runoff from six 0.75-ha tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)-common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pastures fertilized with 13 to 15 Mg (dry weight) broiler litter per hectare per year and managed under RS or CS. Two cross-bred beef (Bos taurus) steers were maintained on each pasture year around for 2 yr, Kith additional steers added to maintain similar forage availability between stocking methods, In each pasture, surface runoff was directed to a flume where it was sampled by an automatic sampler. Runoff was analyzed for total Kjeldahl N, (NO3- + NO2-)-N, NH4+-N, total Kjeldahl P, and dissolved reactive P (DRP). Grazing method had no effect (P > 0.10) an surface runoff quality or quantity. Average runoff expressed as a percentage of the rain was 15% for the first year and 12% for the second year. Tbe average flow-weighted concentrations of DRP and NH4+-N were 5.08 mg P L-1 and 1.07 mg N L-1 for the first year, and 8.22 mg P L-1 and 10.11 mg N L-1 for the second year (P < 0.10). C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Nat Resour Conserv Serv, Athens, GA 30601 USA. RP Cabrera, ML (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1886 EP 1890 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 266EU UT WOS:000084288300027 ER PT J AU Burkart, MR Kolpin, DW Jaquis, RJ Cole, KJ AF Burkart, MR Kolpin, DW Jaquis, RJ Cole, KJ TI Agrichemicals in ground water of the midwestern USA: Relations to soil characteristics SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS; LAND-USE; ATRAZINE; HERBICIDES; SURFACE; METABOLITES; PESTICIDES; NITRATE AB A comprehensive set of soil characteristics were examined to determine the effect of soil on the transport of agrichemicals to ground water. This paper examines the relation of local soil characteristics to concentrations and occurrence of nitrate, atrazine (2-chloro-4 ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-trazine), and atrazine residue [atrazine + deethylatrazine (2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) + de-isopropylatrazine (2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-triazine)] from 99 wells completed in unconsolidated aquifers across the midwestern USA. The occurrence and concentrations of nitrate and atrazine in ground water were directly related to soil characteristics that determine the rate of water movement. The substantial differences in the relations found among soil characteristics and nitrate and atrazine in ground water suggest that different processes affect the transformation, adsorption, nod transport of these contaminants, A multivariate analysis determined that the soil characteristics examined explained the amount of variability in concentrations for nitrate (19.0%), atrazine (33.4%), and atrazine residue (28.6%). These results document that, although soils do affect the transport of agrichemicals to ground water, other factors such as hydrology, land use, and climate must also be considered to understand the occurrence of agrichemicals in ground water. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. US Geol Survey, Iowa City, IA 52244 USA. RP Burkart, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 28 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1908 EP 1915 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 266EU UT WOS:000084288300030 ER PT J AU Van Kessel, JS Reeves, JB Meisinger, JJ AF Van Kessel, JS Reeves, JB Meisinger, JJ TI Storage and handling can alter the mineralization characteristics of manure SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILE FATTY-ACIDS; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; CATTLE SLURRY; ORGANIC MATERIALS; ANIMAL MANURES; SOIL; CARBON; FRESH; WASTES; MATTER AB In vitro incubations of manure-amended soil are frequently used to evaluate manure N and C availability. Manures are typically frozen, refrigerated, or dried prior to analysis. An experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of these manure storage methods on C and N mineralization characteristics. Two dairy slurries were collected and seven treatments, fresh, frozen (4 or 5 wk), refrigerated (1 d, 1 wk, 4 wk), freeze-dried or oven-dried, were compared. Rates and extents of N and C mineralization were determined by aerobic incubation of slurry-amended soil at 25 degrees C. Slurry was added at a rate equivalent to 265 kg N ha(-1) incorporated into the upper 15 cm of soil. The appearance of NH4+ and NO3- and the production of CO2 were monitored during 16 wk. Refrigeration or freezing had no effect on slurry N content; however, freeze drying and oven drying resulted in N tosses of 30% or more. CO2-C production followed first-order kinetics during 9 wk for all treatments with approximately 18 to 26% of the slurry C mineralized. Net mineralization of organic N was minimal in all treatments and was not affected by freezing or refrigerating the slurries. With oven dried and freeze-dried slurries, however, there was a greater immobilization of N when compared with fresh manure. Results indicate that oven drying and freeze drying are unsuitable methods of storage, but the mineralization characteristics of manure are not affected by refrigeration or freezing. C1 USDA ARS, Nutr Conserv & Metab Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Van Kessel, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nutr Conserv & Metab Lab, BARC E, Bldg 200, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 42 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1984 EP 1990 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 266EU UT WOS:000084288300039 ER PT J AU Kleinman, PJA Bryant, RB Reid, WS AF Kleinman, PJA Bryant, RB Reid, WS TI Development of pedotransfer functions to quantify phosphorus saturation of agricultural soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID PHOSPHATE ADSORPTION; ALUMINUM; OXIDES; IRON AB Soil P saturation affects the risk of P loss to surface and ground water and is therefore a critical environmental indicator in regions where eutrophication is a concern. In the USA, most soil testing laboratories do not include environmental indicators such as son P saturation as standard soil test options. Development of pedotransfer functions that relate soil test data to soil P saturation, however, would enable soil testing laboratories to estimate soil P saturation as part of soil test results without significant additional expenditures. This study examines associations between readily-available soil test data (pH, soil organic matter, and extractable P, Al, Fe, and Ca) and soil P saturation as estimated by add ammonium oxalate extraction. Fifty-nine soil samples were collected from the Delaware River Watershed in New York State (42 degrees 21'N, 74 degrees 52'W) and subjected to standard soil test analyses as well as to acid ammonium oxalate extraction. Some soil test variables were well correlated with soil P saturation. As a single predictor, soil test P was most highly correlated to soil P saturation (r = 0.88). This association supports the use of soil test P as an environmental indicator. Soil test Al also was well: correlated with soil P saturation following logarithmic transformation (r = 0.73). Multivariate pedotransfer functions containing soil test P, Al, Fe, soil organic matter, and pH did not significantly improve estimation of soil P saturation (R = 0.91) above soil test P alone. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Manage Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Soil Crop & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RP Kleinman, PJA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Manage Res Lab, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 22 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 2026 EP 2030 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 266EU UT WOS:000084288300044 ER PT J AU Dehority, BA Grings, EE Short, RE AF Dehority, BA Grings, EE Short, RE TI Effects of cross-inoculation from elk and feeding pine needles on the protozoan fauna of pregnant cows: Occurrence of Parentodinium africanum in domestic US cattle (Bos taurus) SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cattle abortion; cycloposthiidae; elk; pine needles; protozoal concentrations; rumen ID RUMEN; SHEEP; BISON AB Consumption of pine needles tends to cause abortion in domestic cattle but not in elk. The present study was undertaken to determine whether this difference was associated with the rumen microbial population. After emptying the rumen, pregnant cattle were inoculated with either elk or cattle rumen contents. For those cows fed the pine needle diet, there was no difference in abortion rate between those inoculated with rumen contents from either elk or cattle. Protozoal concentrations and number of genera were observed to decrease markedly in all cows fed the diet containing pine needles. The cycloposthiid ciliate Parentodinium africanum was observed in rumen contents from several of the domestic cattle (Bos taurus). Concentrations romped from 1.4 to 130.6 x 10(4) per mi of rumen contents, which comprised 4.6 to 80.3% of the total ciliate population. Mean dimensions of this species were: length, 33.4 mu m; width, 19.7 mu m; length/width ratio, 1.70, which were similar to those previously reported for this species from Bos indicus in Brazil. This is the first observation of P. africanum, originally observed and described in stomach contents of the hippopotamus, either in Bos taurus or in any host in the northern hemisphere. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Anim Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP Dehority, BA (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Anim Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 46 IS 6 BP 632 EP 636 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb05140.x PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 252TL UT WOS:000083518300010 PM 10568037 ER PT J AU Toyofuku, N Schatzki, TF AF Toyofuku, N Schatzki, TF TI Method for batch testing red tart cherries for the presence of pit fragments SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC-RESONANCE AB A previously developed method (Haff and Schatzki 1993) for detecting pits in red tart pitted canned cherries was expanded to detect pit fragments as well. The cherries were pulped in a modified kitchen blender and poured into a slit sieve designed with an adjustable slit width to let the cherry pulp wash through while retaining the pits and fragments. Some further fragmentation of pit fragments occurred during blending (3-5.5%), but can be corrected for. With an optimized slit width of 1.5 mm, 79% of fragments were caught by the sieve and thus detected, independent of fragment length. Passage of fragments followed a binomial distribution. This method, while not an on-line one, uses exceedingly simple and inexpensive equipment and is ideally suited for field testing. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Toyofuku, N (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8892 J9 J FOOD PROCESS PRES JI J. Food Process Preserv. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 23 IS 5 BP 435 EP 441 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4549.1999.tb00396.x PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 274MF UT WOS:000084769100006 ER PT J AU Yates, IE Meredith, F Smart, W Bacon, CW Jaworski, AJ AF Yates, IE Meredith, F Smart, W Bacon, CW Jaworski, AJ TI Trichoderma viride suppresses fumonisin B(1) production by Fusarium moniliforme SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; IN-VITRO; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; AIR-TEMPERATURE; HARZIANUM; FUNGI; BIOCONTROL; GROWTH; PLANTS AB Biocontrol activity against Fusarium moniliforme was analyzed for a Trichoderma viride strain isolated from root segments of corn plants grown in Piedmont Georgia. The isolate suppressed radial extension of F. moniliforme colonies during cocultivation on potato dextrose agar and fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) production during incubation of both fungi on corn kernels. T. viride decreased radial extension of F. moniliforme by 46% after 6 days and by 90% after 14 days. Furthermore, the colony diameter of F. moniliforme was less at 14 days than at 5 days, suggesting that F. moniliforme mycelia were undergoing lysis. FB(1) production by F. moniliforme on corn kernels decreased by 85% when both organisms were inoculated the same day onto corn kernels and by 72% when inoculation of T. viride was delayed by 7 days after F. moniliforme inoculation. These results are the first to demonstrate that T. viride can suppress FB(1) production by F. moniliforme, thereby functioning to control mycotoxin production. Thus, this isolate may be useful in biological control to inhibit F. moniliforme growth as a preharvest agent to prevent disease during plant development and/or as a postharvest agent during seed storage to suppress FB(1) accumulation when kernels are dried inadequately. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30502 USA. RP Yates, IE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM iyates@ars.usda.gov NR 36 TC 21 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 62 IS 11 BP 1326 EP 1332 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 253MA UT WOS:000083559300014 PM 10571324 ER PT J AU Kang, DH Fung, DYC AF Kang, DH Fung, DYC TI Thin agar layer method for recovery of heat-injured Listeria monocytogenes SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID THERMAL INACTIVATION; SELECTIVE-ENRICHMENT; RESUSCITATION; CABBAGE; GROWTH AB A thin agar layer (TAL) method was developed to recover heat-injured Listeria monocytogenes. Modified Oxford medium (MOX), a selective plating medium, inhibits heat-injured L. monocytogenes from growing, whereas tryptic soy agar (TSA), a nonselective medium, does not. In order to facilitate recovery of heat-injured L. monocytogenes cells while providing selectivity of isolation of L. monocytogenes from other bacteria in the sample, a unique TAL procedure was developed by overlaying 5 mi of nonselective medium (TSA) onto prepoured and solidified MOX medium in an 8.5-cm-diameter petri dish. The injured L. monocytogenes repaired and started to grow in the TSA during the first few hours after incubation of the plate. During the resuscitation of injured cells, the selective agents from MOX diffused to the TSA top layer to inhibit other microorganisms. L. monocytogenes showed a typical reaction (black colonies) on TAL after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. The recovery rate for heat-injured L. monocytogenes with the TAL method was compared with those rates associated with TSA, MOX, and the traditional overlay method (OV; pouring selective agar on top of resuscitated cells on TSA agar after 3 h incubation). Milk and 0.1% peptone water that were inoculated with L. monocytogenes (4 to 5 log CFU/ml) were heated for 15 min at 55 degrees C. L. monocytogenes was enumerated on TSA, MOX, QV, and TAL media and procedures. No significant difference occurred among TSA, OV, and TAL (P > 0.05) in terms of enumeration of heat-injured L. monocytogenes, but these media recovered significantly higher numbers than did MOX agar (P < 0.05)-in both samples. The TAL method involves only one step, whereas OV is a more cumbersome two-step procedure. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, Food Microbiol Lab, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Kang, DH (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 24 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 9 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 62 IS 11 BP 1346 EP 1349 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 253MA UT WOS:000083559300018 PM 10571328 ER PT J AU Hagenmaier, RD Grohmann, K AF Hagenmaier, RD Grohmann, K TI Polyvinyl acetate as a high-gloss edible coating SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE polyvinyl acetate; edible coating; apples; citrus; shellac; chocolate AB Edible coating formulations were made with food-grade polyvinyl acetate (PVA) dissolved in alcohol-water mixtures. PVA coatings had high gloss and relatively high permeance to O-2 and water vapor, and they formed glossy surfaces on chocolate candy, citrus fruit, and apples. Addition of propylene glycol helped to retain coating gloss when the alcohol content of the solvent was reduced to less than 70%. Fresh apples or citrus fruit with PVA coatings had higher internal O-2 than fruit with shellac and resin coatings and, consequently less tendency to ferment and produce alcohol during storage. Fruit with PVA coatings did not whiten or 'blush' after contact with water. C1 ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, USDA, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. RP Hagenmaier, RD (reprint author), ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, USDA, S Altantic Area,POB 1909, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 64 IS 6 BP 1064 EP 1067 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb12283.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 274VT UT WOS:000084786300028 ER PT J AU Franco-Lara, LF McGeachy, DK Commandeur, U Martin, RR Mayo, MA Barker, H AF Franco-Lara, LF McGeachy, DK Commandeur, U Martin, RR Mayo, MA Barker, H TI Transformation of tobacco and potato with cDNA encoding the full-length genome of Potato leafroll virus: evidence for a novel virus distribution and host effects on virus multiplication SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID COAT PROTEIN GENE; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; MOSAIC-VIRUS; PLANTS; LUTEOVIRUS; RESISTANCE; RNA; SPREAD; ACCUMULATION; EXPRESSION AB A full-length cDNA copy of the genome of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) was introduced into the genome of tobacco and potato plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Transgenic lines were obtained in which the transgene was readily detected by PCR with DNA extracted from T-1 tobacco seedlings and clonally multiplied potato plants. PLRV-specific genomic and sub-genomic RNAs, coat protein antigen and virus particles were detected in transgenic plants. Aphids fed on the transgenic tobacco plants readily transmitted PLRV to test plants, Infected transgenic tobacco plants, like non-transgenic (WT) PLRV-infected plants, displayed no symptoms of the infection but transgenic plants of potato were severely stunted. In parallel tests, the mean PLRV titres in WT tobacco plants and transgenic tobacco plants were 600 and 630 ng virus/g leaf, respectively, although differences in PLRV titres among transgenic plants were much greater than those among infected WT plants. In similar tests with potato, the mean PLRV titre of WT plants was 50 ng virus/g leaf whereas higher concentrations (up to 3400 ng virus/g leaf) accumulated in transgenic potato plants. In tissue prints of stems, PLRV was detected in similar proportions of phloem cells in transgenic and infected WT plants. In transgenic tobacco and potato plants, but not in infected WT plants, a few stem epidermal cells also contained virus. From tissue prints of transgenic tobacco leaves, it was estimated that about one in 40000 mesophyll cells contained virus, but in transgenic potato, a greater proportion of mesophyll cells was infected. C1 Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. Univ Aachen, Inst Mol Genet & Bot Biol 1, RWTH, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. USDA ARS, HCRL, NW Ctr Fruit Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Barker, H (reprint author), Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. NR 31 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 80 BP 2813 EP 2822 PN 11 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 251VD UT WOS:000083466300003 PM 10580042 ER PT J AU Mahama, AA Deaderick, LM Sadanaga, K Newhouse, KE Palmer, RG AF Mahama, AA Deaderick, LM Sadanaga, K Newhouse, KE Palmer, RG TI Cytogenetic analysis of translocations in soybean SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID GLYCINE-SOJA SIEB; MAX L MERR; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; CHROMOSOMES; ZUCC AB A complete tester set of translocations would be useful in the advancement of classical and molecular genetic linkage maps in soybean, Seven translocation lines have been identified in soybean. Establishment of the independence of these seven translocation lines is a necessary step toward isolation of other independent translocations, This study confirmed cytologically that the seven lines are true chromosome translocations, Fourteen F-1 progeny from intercrosses of six of the seven translocation lines were analyzed cytologically. Results suggested that 6 of the 20 chromosomes are involved in reciprocal translocations in the six lines analyzed. The translocations Clark T/T, KS172-11-3, and KS175-7-3 share one chromosome in common, while PI 189866, KS171-31-2, and L75-0283-4 share a different chromosome in common, Percentage pollen abortion, ovule abortion, and reduction in seed set were higher in F-1 progeny from crosses among homozygous translocation lines (a greater number of interchanged chromosomes) than from crosses between homozygous translocation lines and normal chromosome lines (only two nonhomologous chromosomes translocated), In terms of pollen and ovule abortion, and cytological behavior, soybean translocations were similar to those reported for many other crop species. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool & Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. St Johns Episcopal Church, Davis, CA USA. USDA ARS, CICOR, Ames, IA USA. RP Palmer, RG (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 41 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 90 IS 6 BP 648 EP 653 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.6.648 PG 6 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 259ZE UT WOS:000083923200009 ER PT J AU Cantone, FA Vandenberg, JD AF Cantone, FA Vandenberg, JD TI Genetic transformation and mutagenesis of the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; genetic transformation; REMI mutagenesis; Streptomyces hygroscopicus bar gene; glufosinate ammonium; Russian wheat aphid; Diuraphis noxia ID ENZYME-MEDIATED INTEGRATION; DOMINANT SELECTABLE MARKER; BIALAPHOS RESISTANCE; DNA AB We have developed a DNA-mediated transformation system for the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus based on resistance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium. The resistance is provided by the bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus and is under the control of the Aspergillus nidulans trpC promoter and terminator sequences. Frequencies of up to 110 transformants/mu g of linearized plasmid DNA were obtained aided by the addition of the nuclease inhibitor, aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA). The transformants were stable for drug resistance for five consecutive vegetative transfers under selective and nonselective conditions. Southern analyses revealed that the transforming DNA integrated into the P. fumosoroseus genome in single and multiple copies. Single-copy integration events were generated with higher efficiency by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI), although rates of transformation were generally not as high as those treatments containing ATA. Two mutant strains altered in sporulation capacity and virulence toward the Russian wheat aphid were recovered using this approach. This transformation-based manipulation of P. fumosoroseus will facilitate insertional mutagenesis and the functional analysis of various genes. C1 ARS, USDA, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Vandenberg, JD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 74 IS 3 BP 281 EP 288 DI 10.1006/jipa.1999.4885 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 256QL UT WOS:000083736700009 ER PT J AU Boughton, AJ Harrison, RL Lewis, LC Bonning, BC AF Boughton, AJ Harrison, RL Lewis, LC Bonning, BC TI Characterization of a nucleopolyhedrovirus from the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Agrotis ipsilon; Agrotis ipsilon multicapsid; nucleopolyhedrovirus; Baculovirus; virus characterization and host range studies ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; BACULOVIRUSES; LARVAE; BIOASSAY; DNA AB The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a serious localized pest of vegetable and field crops. We have characterized a newly discovered baculovirus, the Agrotis ipsilon multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgipMNPV), that was isolated from A. ipsilon in Illinois. Restriction enzyme fragment profiles of AgipMNPV DNA were distinct from those of previously described nucleopolyhedroviruses. Electron microscopy of AgipMNPV-infected tissues indicated that nucleocapsids of this virus are multiply enveloped. A. ipsilon was highly susceptible to infection by AgipMNPV and significantly more susceptible to infection by AgipMNPV than by Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). Host range studies showed that Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa tea were moderately susceptible to infection; Pseudaletia unipuncta and Spodoptera frugiperda were only partially susceptible, and Anticarsia gemmatalis, Spodoptera exigua, Trichoplusia ni, and Ostrinia nubilalis were not susceptible to infection by AgipMNPV. Because of its high virulence, AgipMNPV has potential as an alternative to chemical insecticides for control of A. ipsilon. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Genet Lab, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Boughton, AJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Harrison, Robert/I-4707-2014 NR 26 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 74 IS 3 BP 289 EP 294 DI 10.1006/jipa.1999.4901 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 256QL UT WOS:000083736700010 ER PT J AU Clemmens, AJ AF Clemmens, AJ TI Kostiakov infiltration parameters from kinematic wave model - Discussion SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID SURFACE IRRIGATION ADVANCE; FURROW IRRIGATION; NONCRACKING SOILS; FEEDBACK-CONTROL; FAMILIES C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Clemmens, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 125 IS 6 BP 386 EP 387 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1999)125:6(386) PG 2 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA 257FX UT WOS:000083772800010 ER PT J AU Leslie, DM Bowyer, RT Kie, JG AF Leslie, DM Bowyer, RT Kie, JG TI Life-history strategies of ungulates SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE life-history strategies; ungulates AB This Special Feature resulted from a symposium on life-history strategies of ungulates presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mammalogists in Blacksburg, Virginia, in June 1998. The presentations at the symposium represented only a vignette of the wide variety of life-history strategies that exists among ungulates. The four papers that follow include treatises on birth-site selection of moose (Alces alces), sex-ratio correlates with dimorphism and risk of predation, optimal foraging relative to risk of predation, and the role of density dependence in shaping life-history traits of ungulates. A theme of risk of predation in shaping life-history traits is common to three of four papers. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Div Biol Sci,US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Leslie, DM (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool, Div Biol Sci,US Geol Survey, Oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 80 IS 4 BP 1067 EP 1069 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V3327 UT WOS:000177533300001 ER PT J AU Bowyer, RT Van Ballenberghe, V Kie, JG Maier, JAK AF Bowyer, RT Van Ballenberghe, V Kie, JG Maier, JAK TI Birth-site selection by Alaskan moose: Maternal strategies for coping with a risky environment SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Alces alces; Alaskan moose; maternal strategies; birth-site selection; risk-averse foraging; risk of predation; tradeoffs; interior Alaska AB We studied birth-site selection in Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas) from 1990 to 1994 in Denali National Park and Preserve in interior Alaska. Twenty percent of preparturient females made extensive movements (greater than or equal to5 km) immediately before giving birth. Females selected (use was greater than availability) sites for giving birth (n = 39) that were on southerly exposures with low soil moisture and high variability in overstory cover. Moose selected birth sites based on micro-site characteristics rather than on broad types of habitat, which were used in proportion to their availability. Spatial distribution of birth sites did not differ significantly from random locations. We hypothesize that such unpredictable behavior by females is a strategy to avoid predators. Parturient females also selected sites with high visibility that were located at high elevation, which ostensibly allowed them to see and then hide from approaching predators. We rejected the hypothesis, however, that moose in this population spaced themselves away from predators or avoided habitat types favored by large carnivores. Likewise, we rejected the hypothesis that moose gave birth close to human developments to avoid predators; random sites were >100 m closer to human developments than were birth sites. Cover of forage, especially willows (Salix), was more than twice as abundant at birth sites than random sites. Forage quality, as indexed by nitrogen content and in vitro dry matter digestibility, was slightly but significantly higher at birth sites. An inverse relationship between visibility and availability of forage indicated that female moose made tradeoffs between risk of predation and food in selecting sites to give birth. Thus, maternal females coped with a risky environment; they gave birth at sites that helped them minimize risk of predation but exhibited risk-averse behavior with respect to the forage necessary to support the high cost of lactation. We hypothesize that risk of predation prevented moose from seeking birth sites with more forage and, hence, a greater nutritional reward, which reduced the variance in forage availability at birth sites. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Bowyer, RT (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 84 TC 106 Z9 115 U1 2 U2 33 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 80 IS 4 BP 1070 EP 1083 DI 10.2307/1383161 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V3327 UT WOS:000177533300002 ER PT J AU Kie, JG AF Kie, JG TI Optimal foraging and risk of predation: Effects on behavior and social structure in ungulates SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE ungulates; foraging behavior; optimal foraging theory; optimization; linear programming; stochastic dynamic programming; predation risk AB Optimal foraging theory predicts that animals will either attempt to maximize energy gained or minimize time spent to obtain a fixed amount of energy. A time-minimizing approach implies that an animal is attempting to maximize time spent in other behaviors such as reproduction or to minimize its exposure to temperature extremes, predators, or some other factor in the environment while foraging. Indeed, many ungulates must balance the need to obtain sufficient energy and other nutrients required for maintenance, growth, and reproduction while avoiding predation. Adopting social behavior that results in the formation of herds confers several advantages to the individual because of the difficulty a predator has in approaching large groups, or in capturing individuals in the confusion caused by a fleeing herd. Such behavior is often seen in ungulates occurring in open habitats where coursing predators are common. The problem becomes more acute, however, for ungulates living in closed habitats year-round, where predators commonly hunt by stealth, or for those sex and age classes such as females with young that exhibit solitary behavior. Such species or sex and age classes would be expected to exhibit a time-minimizing strategy at least seasonally. Use of linear-programming models of dietary choice have been successful in predicting classes of forages consumed by ungulates and other generalist herbivores and indicate that they often follow an energy-maximization strategy. Nonetheless, overwhelming evidence indicates that ungulates modify their behavior in the presence of predators. I suggest that decisions about when and how to forage are being made at different scales, and these differences may account for observed discrepancies between models and empirical evidence. Finally, new analytical techniques such as stochastic dynamic programming may allow development of more realistic models of foraging behavior and may better incorporate observed behaviors in ungulates. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Kie, JG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 93 TC 115 Z9 132 U1 9 U2 94 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 80 IS 4 BP 1114 EP 1129 DI 10.2307/1383163 PG 16 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA V3327 UT WOS:000177533300004 ER PT J AU Hernandez, R He, HQ Chen, AC Ivie, GW George, JE Wagner, GG AF Hernandez, R He, HQ Chen, AC Ivie, GW George, JE Wagner, GG TI Cloning and sequencing of a putative acetylcholinesterase cDNA from Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Boophilus microplus; organophosphorus resistance; cDNA sequencing ID CATTLE TICK; CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; SUSCEPTIBLE STRAINS; RESISTANCE; GENE; IDENTIFICATION; CHOLINESTERASE; INSECTICIDE; MUTAGENESIS; EXPRESSION AB Using a strategy based on degenerate primers derived from acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from other species, we cloned and sequenced a putative, AChE cDNA from the southern cattle tick. Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). The sequence has a high degree of homology to sequences of AChE from ether species reported in the GenBank. The open reading frame of 1,689 bp, corresponding to a deduced sequence of 563 amino acids, has conserved regions and features shared by the AChE family, necessary for its catalytic activity. No differences were found in the putative cDNA sequences from organophosphorus acaricide (OP) resistant and susceptible strains. The results suggest that this putative AChE gene is not involved in resistance to OP compounds as a mutated gene in the resistant strain studied. However, differences were detected, with a probe derived from this cDNA, in DNA fragments after digestion of genomic DNA from different strains with restriction nucleases. This indicates polymorphism in this gene in B. microplus. C1 USDA ARS, SAGAR, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. INIFAP SARH, Cenid Parasitol Vet, Civac 62500, Morelos, Mexico. USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Chen, AC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SAGAR, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 22 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 764 EP 770 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 256HE UT WOS:000083719200019 PM 10593078 ER PT J AU Nunamaker, RA Brown, SE McHolland, LE Tabachnick, WJ Knudson, DL AF Nunamaker, RA Brown, SE McHolland, LE Tabachnick, WJ Knudson, DL TI First-generation physical map of the Culicoides variipennis (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) genome SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Culicoides variipennis; physical mapping; fluoresence in situ hybridization; vector competence ID AEDES-AEGYPTI; UNITED-STATES; CHROMOSOMES; BLUETONGUE; VIRUS AB Recombinant cosmids labeled with biotin-11-dUTP or digoxigenin by nick translation were used as in situ hybridization probes to metaphase chromosomes of Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett). Failed fluorescent signals were detected on each arm of sister chromatids and were ordered along the 3 chromosomes. Thirty-three unique probes were mapped to the 3 chromosomes of C. variipennis (2n = 6): 7 to chromosome 1, 20 to chromosome 2, and a to chromosome 3. This work represents the first stage in generating a physical map of the genome of C. variipennis. C1 USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Nunamaker, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, POB 3965, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 34337] NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 771 EP 775 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 256HE UT WOS:000083719200020 PM 10593079 ER PT J AU Miller, RJ Broce, AB Dryden, MW Throne, JE AF Miller, RJ Broce, AB Dryden, MW Throne, JE TI Emergence, survival, and fecundity of adult cat fleas (Siphonaptera : Pulicidae) exposed as pupae to juvenile hormone mimics SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ctenocephalides felis; methoprene; pyriproxyfen; fenoxycarb ID CTENOCEPHALIDES-FELIS SIPHONAPTERA; LONGEVITY; PYRIPROXYFEN; METHOPRENE; EGGS AB Cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouche), adults exposed to sprays of methoprene, pyriproxyfen, or fenoxycarb as cocooned pupae emerged approximate to 1 d earlier than adults from water-treated control pupae. Mortality of adult fleas, after exposure to juvenile hormone mimics as pupae, was increased over that of controls. Females had higher mortality than males within the first 48 h of feeding. Fecundity of females exposed as pupae to juvenile hormone mimics was not different from that of controls. Early emergence of preemerged adults from treated cocoons is discussed along with reasons for higher female susceptibility to juvenile hormone mimics. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA, Grain Marketing Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Broce, AB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 776 EP 779 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 256HE UT WOS:000083719200021 PM 10593080 ER PT J AU Miller, RJ Broce, AB Dryden, MW Hopkins, T AF Miller, RJ Broce, AB Dryden, MW Hopkins, T TI Susceptibility to insect growth regulators and cuticle deposition of the cat flea (Siphonaptera : Pulicidae) as a function of age SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ctenocephalides felis; insect growth regulator; catecholamines ID CTENOCEPHALIDES-FELIS-FELIS; PYRIPROXYFEN; LUFENURON; LARVAL; PUPAE; MODE; EGGS AB Wandering larval, pharate pupal, pupal, and pharate adult stages of the cat nea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), were identified bl: examination of cuticular cross sections via scanning electron microscopy. Visible morphological characteristics of each stage were identified and described. Various stages of the nea throughout metamorphosis were exposed to juvenile hormone mimics and insect developmental inhibitors. Wandering lan ae treated with juvenile hormone mimics were unable to pupate, whereas treated pharate pupae ecdysed to the pupal stage but were unable to eclose. Pupae and pharate adults did not succumb to juvenile hormone mimic exposure, even at concentrations 3 orders of magnitude magnitude greater than those that killed 100% of the wandering lan ae and the pharate pupae. Adult females were more susceptible to juvenile hormone mimics than males. Possible explanations for the variation in tolerance to juvenile hormone mimics of the differing stadia are discussed. None of the stages were susceptible to insect developmental inhibitor exposure. Analysis of catecholamines that are precursors of cuticle sclerotization and melanization were measured in the wandering larval through the pharate adult stages of the cat nea. N-acetyldopamine concentration was highest in the pupa stage when the flea had a hard clear cuticle; N-beta-alanyldopamine concentration was highest during the production of the hard, dark cuticle of the pharate adult and dopamine fluctuated throughout development but was highest in the pupal stage. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Broce, AB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 780 EP 787 PG 8 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 256HE UT WOS:000083719200022 PM 10593081 ER PT J AU Ramsewak, RS Nair, MG DeWitt, DL Mattson, WG Zasada, J AF Ramsewak, RS Nair, MG DeWitt, DL Mattson, WG Zasada, J TI Phenolic glycosides from Dirca palustris SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS; DIFFERENTIAL INHIBITION; AGENTS AB Five novel phenolic glycosides (1-5) were isolated from the MeOH extract of the dried twigs of Dirca palustris, as confirmed by their H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, and MS data. Compounds 1-3 were not active against cyclooxygenase I (COX-I), but compound 4 (200 mu g/mL) and compound 5 (125 mu g/mL) showed 12.5 and 9.2% inhibition of the COX-I enzyme, respectively. Compounds 1-5 did not exhibit cyclooxygenase II (COX-II) enzyme inhibition. Compound 5 did not show any antioxidant activity using the liposome assay; however, compounds 1-4 displayed antioxidant activity at 60 mu g/mL, with compound 2 being the most efficacious. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Biochem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, N Cent Forest Res Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Nair, MG (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [DRR-00480] NR 12 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 62 IS 11 BP 1558 EP 1561 DI 10.1021/np9903595 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 260XK UT WOS:000083978600019 PM 10579873 ER PT J AU Choi, SW Stickel, F Baik, HW Kim, YI Seitz, HK Mason, JB AF Choi, SW Stickel, F Baik, HW Kim, YI Seitz, HK Mason, JB TI Chronic alcohol consumption induces genomic but not p53-specific DNA hypomethylation in rat colon SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology / American-Society-for-Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biology CY AUG 24-29, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Biochem & Molec Biol DE alcohol; DNA methylation; colorectal cancer; folate; rats ID FOLATE/METHYL-DEFICIENT RATS; ONE-CARBON METABOLISM; P53 GENE; S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; ETHANOL-CONSUMPTION; FOLATE-DEFICIENCY; COLORECTAL-CANCER; AMINO-ACIDS; CELL-LINES; METHYLATION AB Alcohol consumption has been implicated as an etiologic agent in colorectal carcinogenesis, but the mechanism by which alcohol enhances the development of colorectal cancer is not yet known. Recent reports indicate that alcohol consumption can diminish cellular S-adenosylmethionine levels, thus possibly altering normal patterns of DNA methylation, a phenomenon that is mediated by S-adenosylmethionine and whose abnormalities are observed in colonic neoplasia. This study investigated the effect of chronic alcohol consumption on genomic DNA methylation of rat colonic epithelium and methylation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, abnormalities of which have been implicated in colonic carcinogenesis. Two groups of rats (n = 10/group) were pair-fed either an alcohol-containing or an isocaloric control Lieber-DeCarli diet for 4 wk. The extent of genomic DNA methylation was assessed by incubating the extracted DNA with [H-3]S-adenosylmethionine and Sss1 methyltransferase. Gene-specific methylation was assessed by using semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Tritiated methyl uptake by colonic DNA (which is inversely correlated with genomic methylation) from alcohol-fed rats was 57% less than that in control DNA (P < 0.05). However, gene-specific DNA methylation, both in the p53 gene (exons 5-8) and in the beta-actin gene, a control gene, did not differ between the two groups. In conclusion, this study indicates that chronic alcohol consumption produces genomic DNA hypomethylation in the colonic mucosa. This may constitute a means by which carcinogenesis is enhanced, although further studies are required to establish causality. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Stiftsklin Augustinum, Dept Gastroenterol, D-81375 Munich, Germany. St Michaels Hosp, Dept Med, Div Gastroenterol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. Univ Heidelberg, Salem Hosp, Dept Med, D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Med,Div Gastroenterol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Med,Div Clin Nutr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Mason, JB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [1 U01-CA 63812-01] NR 57 TC 84 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 129 IS 11 BP 1945 EP 1950 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 251YA UT WOS:000083472900003 PM 10539767 ER PT J AU Dobelis, P Madl, JE Pfister, JA Manners, GD Walrond, JP AF Dobelis, P Madl, JE Pfister, JA Manners, GD Walrond, JP TI Effects of Delphinium alkaloids on neuromuscular transmission SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Article ID NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTORS; ALPHA-BUNGAROTOXIN BINDING; NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; METHYLLYCACONITINE; CURRENTS; POTENT; RAT; DIFFUSION; TOXICITY; LIGAND AB The Delphinium alkaloids methyllycaconitine (MLA), nudicauline, 14-deacetylnudicauline (14-DN), barbinine, and deltaline were investigated for their effects on neuromuscular transmission in lizards. The substituent at C14 provides the only structural difference among the alkaloids MLA, nudicauline, 14-DN, and barbinine. Deltaline lacks the N-(methylsuccinyl)anthranilic acid at C18 common to the other four alkaloids. Each alkaloid reversibly reduced extracellularly recorded compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 values for CMAP blockade were between 0.32 and 13.2 mu M for the N-(methylsuccinimido)anthranoyllycacotonine-type alkaloids and varied with the C14 moiety; the IC50 value for deltaline was 156 mu M. The slopes of the concentration-response curves for CMAP blockade were similar for each alkaloid except barbinine, whose shallower curve suggested alternative or additional mechanisms of action. Each alkaloid reversibly reduced intracellularly recorded spontaneous, miniature end-plate potential (MEPP) amplitudes. Alkaloid concentrations producing similar reductions in MEPP amplitude were 0.05 mu M for 14-DN, 0.10 mu M for MLA, 0.50 mu M for barbinine, and 20 mu M for deltaline. Only barbinine altered the time constant for MEPP decay, further suggesting additional or alternative effects for this alkaloid. MLA and 14-DN blocked muscle contractions induced by exogenously added acetylcholine. All five alkaloids are likely nicotinic receptor antagonists that reduce synaptic efficacy and block neuromuscular transmission. The substituent at C14 determines the potency and possibly the mechanism of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor blockade for MLA, nudicauline, 14-DN, and barbinine at neuromuscular synapses. The lower potency of deltaline indicates that the N-(methylsuccinyl)anthranilic acid at C18 affects alkaloid interactions with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84321 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Walrond, JP (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Behav Genet, Campus Box 447, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 38 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-3565 J9 J PHARMACOL EXP THER JI J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 291 IS 2 BP 538 EP 546 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 246DW UT WOS:000083150000014 PM 10525069 ER PT J AU Sachinvala, ND Hamed, OA Winsor, DL Niemczura, WP Maskos, K Parikh, DV Glasser, W Becker, U Blanchard, EJ Bertoniere, NR AF Sachinvala, ND Hamed, OA Winsor, DL Niemczura, WP Maskos, K Parikh, DV Glasser, W Becker, U Blanchard, EJ Bertoniere, NR TI Characterization of tri-O-methylcellulose by one- and two-dimensional NMR methods SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 2,3,6-tri-O-methylcellulose; 2D-NMR; DQF-COSY; heteronuclear single-quantum coherence; heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation; H-1 and C-13 chemical shift assignments; first-order coupling constants ID NONAQUEOUS CELLULOSE SOLVENT; ABSOLUTE-CONFIGURATION; MONOMER COMPOSITION; C-13-NMR SPECTRA; SPECTROSCOPY; RESONANCE; SUCROSE; ETHERS; HOMONUCLEAR; DERIVATIVES AB Tri-O-methylcellulose was prepared from partially O-methylated cellulose and its chemical shifts (H-1 and C-13), and proton coupling constants were assigned using the following NMR methods: (1) One-dimensional H-1 and C-13 spectra of the title compound were used to assign functional groups and to compare with literature data; (2) double quantum filtered proton-proton correlation spectroscopy (H-1, H-1 DQF-COSY) was used to assign the chemical shifts of the network of 7 protons in the anhydroglucose portion of the repeat unit; (3) the heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) spectrum was used to establish connectivities between the bonded protons and carbons; (4) the heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) spectrum was used to connect the hydrogens of the methyl ethers to their respective sugar carbons; (5) the combination of HSQC and HMBC spectra was used to assign the C-13 shifts Of the methyl ethers; (6) all spectra were used in combination to verify the assigned chemical shifts; (7) first-order proton coupling constants data (J(H,H) in Hz) were obtained from the resolution-enhanced proton spectra. The NMR spectra of tri-O-methylcellulose and other cellulose ethers do not resemble the spectra of similarly substituted cellobioses. Although the H-1 and C-13 shifts and coupling constants of 2,3,6-tri-O-methylcellulose closely resemble those of methyl tetra-O-methyl-beta-D-glucoside, there are differences with regard to the chemical shifts and the order of appearances of the resonating nuclei of the methyl ether appendages and the proton at position 4 in the pyranose ring. H4 in tri-O-methylcellulose is deshielded by the acetal system comprising the beta-1-->4 linkage, and it resonates downfield. H4 in the permethylated glucoside is not as deshielded by the equitorial O-methyl group at C4, and it resonates upfield. The order of appearance of the H-1 and C-13 resonances in the spectra of the tri-O-methylcellulose repeat-unit (from upfield to downfield) are H2 < H3 < H5 < H6a < H3a < H2a < pro R H6B < H4 < pro S H6A << H1 and C6a < C3a < C2a < C6 < C5 < C4 < C2 < C3 << C1, respectively. Close examination of the pyranose ring coupling constants of the repeat unit in tri-O-methylcellulose supports the C-4(1) arrangement of the glucopyranose ring. Examination of the proton coupling constants about the C5-C6 bond (J(5,6A) and J(5,6B)) in the nuclear Overhauser effect difference spectra revealed that the C6 O-methyl group is predominantly in the gauche gauche conformation about the C5-C6 bond for the polymer in solution. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* C1 ARS, Cotton Text Chem Res Unit, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. ARS, New Orleans Off, Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, USDA,So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Chem, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Tulane Univ, Coordinated Instrumentat Facil, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Sachinvala, ND (reprint author), ARS, Cotton Text Chem Res Unit, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 58 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-624X J9 J POLYM SCI POL CHEM JI J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. PD NOV 1 PY 1999 VL 37 IS 21 BP 4019 EP 4032 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19991101)37:21<4019::AID-POLA16>3.0.CO;2-Z PG 14 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 252FB UT WOS:000083490500016 ER PT J AU Gillen, RL Berg, WA Dewald, CL Sims, PL AF Gillen, RL Berg, WA Dewald, CL Sims, PL TI Sequence grazing systems on the southern plains SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE complementary forages; Old World bluestem; Bothriochloa; eastern gamagrass; Tripsacum; forage quality; livestock performance ID EASTERN GAMAGRASS; RESPONSES AB Eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.) is a perennial warm-season bunchgrass that starts growth earlier in the spring than most other warm-season grasses. This suggests that combining eastern gamagrass with other warm-season grasses in a sequence grazing system could lengthen the period of rapid livestock gain. We studied sequence grazing systems consisting of eastern gamagrass and Old World bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum L.) (EG-OWB) as compared to native mixed prairie and Old World bluestem (Native-OWB) from 1993 to 1997. Crossbred beef steers averaging 239 kg grazed eastern gamagrass or native pasture from early May to early June and again from late July through August, Old World bluestem was grazed in mid season. We measured forage yield and nutritive value and steer gain. Standing forage of eastern gamagrass above a 15-cm stubble height averaged 895 kg ha(-1) at the start of the first grazing period and 2,430 kg ha(-1) at the start of the second grazing period. Dry, cold winter and spring weather reduced this amount to 80 kg ha(-1) in May 1996 and precluded grazing the eastern gamagrass that season. Crude protein content of eastern gamagrass was greater than 14% and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) was greater than 65% in May. By August, crude protein content had dropped to 5-8% and IVDMD was 45-50%. Peak standing crop of Old World bluestem averaged 4,580 kg ha(-1) over years. Steer gain over the entire grazing season, 103 days, did not differ between forage systems, averaging 1.02 kg head(-1) day(-1) in both systems. Steer gain was higher on native pasture than eastern gamagrass in the late grazing season (0.91 versus 0.60 kg head(-1) d-1, p=0.02). As a result of higher stocking rates, steer gain was 257 kg ha(-1) for the EG-OWB system and 103 kg ha(-1) for the Native-OWE system (P<0.01). C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. RP Gillen, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, 2000 18th St, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 6 BP 583 EP 589 DI 10.2307/4003627 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 260NP UT WOS:000083957000006 ER PT J AU Corley, CJ Frasier, GW Trlica, MJ Smith, FM Taylor, EM AF Corley, CJ Frasier, GW Trlica, MJ Smith, FM Taylor, EM TI Technical Note: Nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff from 2 montane riparian communities SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE buffer strips; filtration; non-point source pollution; water quality; nutrient balance ID SIMULATED RAINFALL; DENITRIFICATION; SEDIMENT; POLLUTION; DRAINAGE; MOVEMENT; EROSION; FOREST; LOSSES AB It was hypothesized that the type and height of riparian vegetation would affect its ability to filter and retain inorganic nitrogen (nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N)), and inorganic phosphorus (phosphate-phosphorus (PO4-3-P)), A rotating boom rainfall simulator was used to evaluate 2 montane riparian communities as filters for removing NO3--N, NH4+-N, and PO4-3-P nutrients from sediment laden overland flow water. One riparian community was characterized by Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespifosa (L.) Beauv,), while the second community was dominated by beaked sedge (Carex rostrata Stokes) and water sedge (Carex aquatilus Wahl.). Three vegetation height treatments were evaluated: control (natural condition), moderate treatment (clipped to IO-cm height and clipped material removed), and heavy treatment (clipped to ground level, clipped material removed, and litter vacuumed up). A 10-m wide riparian buffer zone was an efficient filter as about 84% NO3--N and 79% PO4-3-P was removed from the applied water and sediment. However, there were no consistent differences among specific vegetation height treatments or communities in the removal of N and P nutrients. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Rangeland Resource Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. RP Corley, CJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 6 BP 600 EP 605 DI 10.2307/4003629 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 260NP UT WOS:000083957000008 ER PT J AU Emmerich, WE AF Emmerich, WE TI Nutrient dynamics of rangeland burns in Southeastern Arizona SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE surface runoff nutrient; sediment nutrient; soil nutrient; biomass nutrient; enrichment ratios; spring and fall burn ID SEDIMENT PRODUCTION; PLAINS GRASSLANDS; CHAPARRAL SOILS; NITROGEN; FIRE; INFILTRATION AB Burning of vegetation generally increases surface runoff and erosion and potentially can change the nutrient dynamics of an ecosystem with loss of nutrients. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient status of soil and aboveground biomass were determined before fall and spring burns and 1 year later at 2 different soil and vegetation type locations in southeastern Arizona. The evaluations were repeated in subsequent years to evaluate a year effect. Potential nutrient loss in surface runoff and sediment was assessed with rainfall simulations conducted immediately after prescribed burns and after a second burn one year later. Nutrient loss in the runoff water and sediment from burned areas was compared to paired unburned. The soil contained >98% of the total nutrient and was not significantly influenced by the burn treatment. The nutrient concentrations in the regrowth biomass were generally greater. Immediately after the first burn, nutrient loss in surface runoff and sediment was not affected by the burn treatment, but one location was greater than the other. After 1 year and a second burn, nutrient losses on the burn treatment were significantly greater than the unburned treatment and similar between locations. The nutrient loss in surface runoff was primarily associated with the sediment and influenced by an interaction between biomass and soil. The nutrient loss in runoff and sediment was small compared to the nutrient in the aboveground biomass and insignificant compared to the soil nutrient. The implication is that increased surface nutrient loss from burning could take place for many years before a significant amount of nutrient would be lost from the large soil pool and change the nutrient status of the ecosystem. Year and season were also important factors influencing nutrients in the soil, biomass, and in runoff and sediment losses, irrespective of a burn treatment effect. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Emmerich, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 10 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 6 BP 606 EP 614 DI 10.2307/4003630 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 260NP UT WOS:000083957000009 ER PT J AU Hall, FC Max, T AF Hall, FC Max, T TI Test of observer variability in measuring riparian shrub twig length SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE twig measurement; twig browsing; riparian shrubs AB Measurement of riparian shrub twig length before and after use should yield a useful utilization index. A first step towards determining utilization is measurement of twig length. This study appraised variability between 15 observers for measuring dormant season twig length on riparian alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) shrubs. Ten streamside shrubs were selected on which 5 branches consisting of 5 twigs each were tagged below the fifth twig for a total of 250 twigs. Fifteen experienced people independently measured twigs on the same day after instruction in the method. Data were analyzed by hierarchical analysis of variance for length of twigs by branches, by shrubs, and by observers. Variation among observers within a branch was about twice the size of variability among shrubs and represented 20% of the total variation. Items contributing to observer variability were measurement of dieback, selecting the twig end or live bud for measurement, inclusion of short lateral leaf stubs in measurements, and selection of a crotch from where the twig is measured. These results clearly illustrate major difficulties in trying to measure riparian shrub utilization. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Nat Resource Unit, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Stn Statistician, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Hall, FC (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Nat Resource Unit, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 6 BP 633 EP 636 DI 10.2307/4003634 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 260NP UT WOS:000083957000013 ER PT J AU Jones, TA Nielson, DC AF Jones, TA Nielson, DC TI Intrapopulation genetic variation for seed dormancy in Indian ricegrass SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Achnatherum hymenoides; Oryzopsis hymenoides; seed polymorphism; Stipa hymenoides ID GERMINATION; PALOMA AB Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides [Roem. & Schult.] Barkw. = Oryzopsis hymenoides [Roem. gr Schult.] Ricker = Stipa hymenoides Roem. & Schult.) may buffer its seed banks over time via morphological (lemma and palea) and physiological (seed coat) seed dormancy. However, Indian ricegrass seed dormancy has usually not been examined from a genetic perspective. Because a positive relationship between seed dormancy and seed size has long been noted within Indian ricegrass populations, we wanted to determine if genetic variation for seed dormancy was present among seed morphs. We also wanted to determine if genetic variation for seed dormancy was present in material without polymorphism. The T-593 population from McKinley Co., N.M., has 3 seed morphs produced on genetically distinct plants,'elongate' (2.24 mg/seed), 'globose' (3.00 mg/seed), and 'jumbo' (8.70 mg/seed). Following a 3-week prechill, elongate seed showed higher germination (66%) than globose seed (20%) over 6 tests (pairs of seed lots), while jumbo seed did not germinate without scarification. Jumbo seed had thicker (181 mu g) lemmas than globose (93 mu g) or elongate (52 pg) seed. Individual plants of the nonpolymorphic cultivar, Rimrock, were selected for high or low germination following a 3-week prechill. The spring following seed harvest, germination with prechill was greater for progeny lines of the high-germination selections (45.5%) than low-germination selections (3.8%) with Rimrock intermediate (11.8%). This heritable difference in germination was accompanied by only small differences in lemma and palea thickness and no difference in seed mass. Genetic variation in seed dormancy may be found both between morphs (interpreted as variation for morphological dormancy) and within morphs (interpreted as variation for physiological dormancy). Genetic variation for seed dormancy can be as great within a population as between populations. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Jones, TA (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 6 BP 646 EP 650 DI 10.2307/4003636 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 260NP UT WOS:000083957000015 ER PT J AU Sims, PL Gillen, RL AF Sims, PL Gillen, RL TI Rangeland and steer responses to grazing in the Southern Plains SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; efficiency; mixed prairie; basal cover; gain per hectare; average daily gain; climate ID ECONOMIC RESPONSES; VEGETATION; CATTLE AB This investigation was to determine the carrying capacity of the Southern Plains mixed-grass prairie by measuring vegetation and yearling steer gain responses to 2 replicates of 3 different grazing intensity treatments between 1941 and 1951. The light, moderate, and heavy grazing treatments, set at 41, 53, and 82 animal-unit-days ha(-1) (AUD ha(-1)), were grazed with straight-bred Hereford steers with an initial weight of 213 +- 11 (SD) kg from about 13 November to 29 September each year. Basal cover of the individual herbaceous species and the canopy cover of the shrubs were measured along 1,289, 10-m line-transects in the 6 pastures (about 215 per pasture). All treatments showed recovery from a long history of severe grazing and the drought of the 1930's. Vegetation change was largely attributed to favorable precipitation during the study. The basal cover of all perennial grasses was about 5% in 1941 and increased to between 8 and 15% by 1951. The increases were greater in the heavily stocked pastures compared with the light and moderate grazing intensity treatments. Steer gains averaged 168 kg per head. Of this total, 134 kg or 80% occurred in the summer period (April-September). Total live weight gain head-1 decreased as stocking rate increased. Stocking rate affected gain head-1 in both the winter and summer grazing periods. Live weight gain hectare(-1) increased as stocking rate increased. Apparently, the maximum gain hectare(-1) was not reached within the bounds of the experimental treatments. Net return hectare(-1) increased as stocking rate increased. Based on this initial study, carrying capacity of this prairie was greater than 53 AUD ha(-1). During extended periods of good rainfall, the carrying capacity of Southern Plains mixed-prairie may reach 82 AUD ha(-1). C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. RP Sims, PL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, 2000 18th St, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 6 BP 651 EP 660 DI 10.2307/4003637 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 260NP UT WOS:000083957000016 ER PT J AU Bidlack, JE Vaughan, JE Dewald, CL AF Bidlack, JE Vaughan, JE Dewald, CL TI Forage quality of 10 Eastern gamagrass [Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.] genotypes SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE digestibility; gamagrass; forage; lignin; phenylalanine ammonia lyase; protein; Tripsacum dactyloids; quality ID PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE; PLANT-PARTS; LIGNIN; DIGESTIBILITY; DEPOSITION; COMPONENTS; GRASSES; LEGUMES; MAIZE AB Ten eastern gamagrass [Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.] entries from Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, were evaluated for in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), protein concentration, lignin concentration, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity. Whole plants were harvested in Spring 1992 and 1995 from 4 replicates of each entry and divided into leaf and stem (plus sheath) components for analyses. Entry significantly affected all measurements except PAL; whereas the entry by year interaction significantly affected stem IVDMD, protein, and PAL. Across entries, stem IVDMD in 1992 (56.3% to 66.4%) and 1995 (55.9% to 64.9%) demonstrated greater variation than leaf IVDMD in 1992 (62.2% to 68.0%) and 1995 (66.7% to 71.0%). In 1992 and 1995, average leaf IVDMD and protein concentration were generally higher than average stem IVDMD and protein concentration. In 1992, lignin concentration was generally higher and varied more in stems (3.27% to 4.99%) than in leaves (3.54% to 4.11%). In 1995, lignin concentration was about the same and varied more in leaves compared with stems. Stem IVDMD was significantly correlated with lignin concentration in 1992 (r = -0.92) and 1995 (r = -0.83) as well as with protein concentration (r = 0.83) in 1995. Activity of PAL in 1995 was correlated with stem IVDMD and protein. When all data were combined, IVDMD was significantly correlated with protein concentration (r = 0.82). These results indicate that gamagrass entries demonstrate significant variation in forage quality, particularly in stems. Potential exists for development of new gamagrass cultivars with high IVDMD and protein. C1 Univ Cent Oklahoma, Dept Biol, Edmond, OK 73034 USA. USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. RP Bidlack, JE (reprint author), Univ Cent Oklahoma, Dept Biol, Edmond, OK 73034 USA. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 52 IS 6 BP 661 EP 665 DI 10.2307/4003638 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 260NP UT WOS:000083957000017 ER PT J AU Rao, DS Dayal, R Siu-Caldera, ML Horst, RL Uskokovic, MR Tserng, KY Reddy, GS AF Rao, DS Dayal, R Siu-Caldera, ML Horst, RL Uskokovic, MR Tserng, KY Reddy, GS TI Isolation and identification of 4,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-2: a novel A-ring hydroxylated metabolite of vitamin D-2 SO JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAT; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D2; 24-HYDROXYVITAMIN-D2; CHOLECALCIFEROL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; TOXICITY AB Vitamin D-2 is less toxic in rats when compared to vitamin D-3. Our laboratory has been involved in research projects which were directed towards identifying the possible mechanisms responsible for the toxicity differences between vitamins D-2 and D-3 in rats. The present research project was designed to isolate and identify new metabolites of vitamin D2 from serum of rats which were fed toxic doses of vitamin D-2. Hypervitaminosis D-2 was induced in 30 rats by feeding each rat with 1000 nmol of vitamin D-2/day x 14 days. The rats were sacrificed on the 15th day and obtained 180 ml of serum. The lipid extract of the serum was directly analyzed by a straight phase HPLC system, The various vitamin D-2 metabolites were monitored by their ultraviolet (UV) absorbance at 254 nm. One of the UV absorbing peaks did nut comigrate with any of the known vitamin D-2 metabolites, This unknown metabolite peak was further purified by HPLC and was then subjected to UV absorption spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry. The structure assignment of the new metabolite was established to be 4,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-2 [4,25(OH)(2)D-2] by the techniques of UV absorption spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry and by the new metabolite's susceptibility to sodium metaperiodate oxidation, At present the biological activity of this unique 'A-ring' hydroxylated vitamin D-2 metabolite is not known, As this new metabolite is isolated from the serum of rats intoxicated with vitamin D-2, we speculate that 4,25(OH)(2)D-2 may be playing an important role in the deactivation of vitamin D-2. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 Brown Univ, Sch Med, Women & Infants Hosp, Dept Pediat, Providence, RI 02905 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Hoffmann La Roche Inc, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA. RP Reddy, GS (reprint author), Brown Univ, Sch Med, Women & Infants Hosp, Dept Pediat, 101 Dudley St, Providence, RI 02905 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-30138] NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0960-0760 J9 J STEROID BIOCHEM JI J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 71 IS 1-2 BP 63 EP 70 DI 10.1016/S0960-0760(99)00125-9 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 265KY UT WOS:000084244500006 PM 10619358 ER PT J AU Casey, PH Goolsby, SLP Lensing, SY Perloff, BP Bogle, ML AF Casey, PH Goolsby, SLP Lensing, SY Perloff, BP Bogle, ML TI The use of telephone interview methodology to obtain 24-hour dietary recalls SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID FOOD-INTAKE; HEALTH; VALIDITY; PARTICIPANTS; COLLECTION; RECORDS; MAIL AB Objective To compare 24-hour dietary recalls collected over the telephone to in-person recalls collected in the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII). Design Trained interviewers collected 24-hour dietary recalls over the telephone using the multiple-pass approach. These results were compared to in-person interviews from a pooled subsample of CSFII respondents. Subjects/setting List-assisted random-digit dialing was used to identify 700 women between the ages of 20 and 49 years. One eligible woman per household was selected to participate. Statistical analyses Approximate t tests to examine differences in average nutrient and energy intakes were conducted on weighted data. Results The reported intakes of most nutrients in the current 24-hour dietary recalls collected over the telephone were significantly higher than those reported in the 1994 and 1995 CSFII, but there were no significant differences between the telephone survey and 1996 CSFII results. The 24-hour dietary recalls collected over the telephone yielded consistently greater mean nutrient intake per respondent compared with a comparable pooled subsample from the 1994, 1995, and 1996 CSFII. Generally, no significant differences were found in the food group data between the telephone survey and the CSFII survey. Mean dietary intakes reported by the comparable CSFII subsample increased from 1994 to 1996. Applications Collecting 24-hour dietary recalls over the telephone is a practical and valid data collection tool for use in national food consumption surveys. C1 Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Pediat, Childrens Hosp, Res Inst, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. USDA ARS, Food Surveys Res Grp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Delta Nutr Intervent Res Iniat, Little Rock, AR USA. RP Goolsby, SLP (reprint author), Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Pediat, Childrens Hosp, Res Inst, 800 Marshall St,Slot 512, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. NR 36 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 99 IS 11 BP 1406 EP 1411 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00340-5 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 257CU UT WOS:000083765300018 PM 10570678 ER PT J AU Brown, E Marmer, B May, M Didato, D AF Brown, E Marmer, B May, M Didato, D TI Advances in stabilized enzymes for leather processing - Discussion SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Brown, E (reprint author), USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 94 IS 9 BP 361 EP 361 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 255QZ UT WOS:000083682800005 ER PT J AU Dowd, MK Thomas, LM Calhoun, MC AF Dowd, MK Thomas, LM Calhoun, MC TI Crystal and molecular structure of an enantiomeric gossypol-acetic acid clathrate SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE gossypol; gossypol acetic acid; gossypol enantiomers; inclusion compounds; isomers; isomer separation ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; LATTICE INCLUSION-COMPOUNDS; PREPARATIVE HPLC; DERIVATIVES; COORDINATOCLATHRATE; RESOLUTION; ETHER; DIANILINEGOSSYPOL; COMPLEXES; PRODUCT AB Single crystals of gossypol with three molecules of acetic acid (gossypol triacetic acid) were grown from solutions of gossypol acetic acid and acetone. The crystals were unstable in air but could be stabilized for X-ray diffraction analysis by coating the crystal surfaces with a thin layer of mineral oil. The gossypol triacetic acid complex (C30H30O8. 3C(2)H(4)O(2)) forms an orthorhombic crystal system with P2(1)2(1)2(1) (Z = 4) symmetry.. Unit cell dimensions were a = 9.0208(7) Angstrom, b = 17.4884(10) Angstrom, and c = 24.358(2), Angstrom yielding a volume of 3842.7(5) Angstrom(3) and a density of 1.2077(2) g/cm(3). As with all previously reported crystals of gossypol, the gossypol molecules were of the aldehyde tautomer, and the two planar naphthalene rings were approximately perpendicular. Acetic acid molecules were found to lie in channels within the gossypol matrix. Individual crystals contained only one gossypol enantiomer, but both enantiomers crystallized from solution. Although the crystal habit could not be used to distinguish between the gossypol enantiomers, a fragment of the crystal could be derivatized and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for this purpose. The ability to grow large, nonracemic crystals leads to a simple procedure for separating small quantities of the individual gossypol enantiomers. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, San Angelo, TX 76901 USA. RP Dowd, MK (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 76 IS 11 BP 1343 EP 1350 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0148-6 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 256RC UT WOS:000083738400013 ER PT J AU Hron, RJ Kim, HL Calhoun, MC Fisher, GS AF Hron, RJ Kim, HL Calhoun, MC Fisher, GS TI Determination of (+)-, (-)-, and total gossypol in cottonseed by high-performance liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE barbadense; cottonseed; enantiomers; gossypol; hirsutum; HPLC; 6-methoxygossypol; Pima; polyphenol; Upland ID ENANTIOMERS AB Gossypol, a pigment in cottonseed, is a polyphenolic, binaphthyl dialdehyde. Due to steric hindrance between the functional groups of the molecule at the bond connecting the two naphthyl rings, gossypol exists as (+)- and (-)-isomers. Gossypol is physiologically active with the (-)-isomer appearing to be more active and causing temporary infertility in males. It is thus important to know the amounts of isomers in livestock feeds. a quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure was developed for the separation of (+)- and (-)-gossypol contained in cottonseed. This method involves derivatization of gossypol with (R)-(-)-2-amino-1-propanol followed by HPLC separation employing either a Phenomenex Prodigy (5 mu, ODS-3, 100 x 3.2 mm) or a MetaChem Inertsil (5 IJ, ODS-3, 100 x 3.0 mm) reversed-phase column eluted with 80% acetonitrile and 20% 10 mM KH,PO, adjusted to pH 3.0 with H3PO4 at 1.0 mL/min. The (+)- and (-)-gossypol-2-amino-1-propanol complexes eluted at roughly 1.4 and 2.6 min, respectively. It was found that gossypol from Upland (Gossypium hirsutum) seed was rich in the (+)-enantiomer, with the (+)- and (-)-enantiomers in a ratio of about 65:35, respectively, while gossypol from the seed of a Pima (G. barbadense) cultivar (S-6) was slightly richer in the (-)-enantiomer (46.8:53.2). C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Physiol & Pharmacol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ Syst, Texas Agr Expt Stn, San Angelo, TX 76901 USA. RP Hron, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 16 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 76 IS 11 BP 1351 EP 1355 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0149-5 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 256RC UT WOS:000083738400014 ER PT J AU Hampson, JW Ashby, RD AF Hampson, JW Ashby, RD TI Extraction of lipid-grown bacterial cells by supercritical fluid and organic solvent to obtain pure medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE bacteria; polyhydroxyalkanoates; Pseudomonas resinovorans; supercritical CO2 extraction; supercritical fluid extraction ID FATTY-ACIDS AB A simple two-step process was developed to extract and purify medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (MCL-PHA) from bacterial cells (Pseudomonas resinovorans) grown on lard and tallow. The process consists of supercritical fluid:extraction (SFE) of the lyophilized cells with carbon dioxide to remove lipid impurities, followed by chloroform extraction of the cells to recover the MCL-PHA. SFE conditions were varied as to temperature (40-100 degrees C), pressure (2000-9000 psi)) and carbon dioxide flow rate (0.5-1.5 L/min, expanded gas). Lipid material, usually 2-4%, but in some cases as high as 11%, was extracted from the dried cells by SFE. A pressure range (5000-9000 psi, increased stepwise), a temperature of 60 degrees C, and a carbon dioxide flow of 1.5 L/min were routinely used to ex tract the bacterial cells (4-5 g) after 3 h. Higher flow rates could shorten the extraction time even more. SFE did not extract MCL-PHA from the cells. Yield of MCL-PHA after chloroform extraction at room temperature was a maximum of 42.4% based on dry cell weight. The results show that the two-step process saves time, uses much less organic solvent, and produces a purer MCL-PHA biopolymer than previous extraction and purification methods. A more environmentally friendly clean-up procedure based on SFE and organic solvent recovery was developed to remove contaminating lipid materials from the fermentation biomass, allowing for the recovery of higher purity MCL-PHA that are suitable for more demanding applications. C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Ashby, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 76 IS 11 BP 1371 EP 1374 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0152-x PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 256RC UT WOS:000083738400017 ER PT J AU Kuk, MS Ballew, AG AF Kuk, MS Ballew, AG TI The potential of soapstock-derived film: Cottonseed and safflower SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE biodegradable; by-products; characterization; lamellae; oilseed; soapstock ID LIPOSOMES AB Oilseed soapstock is seldom used today for the recovery of fatty acids, but it is often added to oilseed meal. The energy value of oilseed meal is marginally increased by the addition of soapstock, to find alternative uses for oilseed by-products, cottonseed and safflower soapstock samples from industrial plants were characterized using American Oil Chemists' Society recommended and modified methods. The characterization-included moisture and volatiles, phosphorus and nitrogen, neutral oil, total fatty acid amount and individual fatty acid profile, and total gossypol for cottonseed soapstock samples. The characterization indicated that cottonseed soapstock samples contained a slightly larger amount of neutral oil than safflower. These soapstock samples were frozen to -40 degrees C at 40 mm Hg for more than 8 h, thawed, and the low-boiling compounds were removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. The freeze-dried soapstocks were mechanically pulverized in an inert atmosphere until able to pass through a 50-mesh screen. When these freeze-dried soapstock particles were rehydrated with deionized water, the formation of a gel phase was observed. Casting of-this gel phase onto a substrate and subsequent drying without heating resulted in a thin film, a liposome-like material, with a uniform thickness of about 0.01". The lamination capability of freeze-dried oilseed soapstocks by rehydration may be attributed to the formation of multiple bilayer lamellae by phospholipids from the oilseed soapstock. Due to its biodegradable nature, the use of soapstock-derived film as a composite or by itself as an encapsulating agent is highly attractive, The potential of this liposome-like material as a chemical carrier is discussed. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Kuk, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 76 IS 11 BP 1387 EP 1392 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0155-7 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 256RC UT WOS:000083738400020 ER PT J AU Bell, RL Scorza, R Srinivasan, C Webb, K AF Bell, RL Scorza, R Srinivasan, C Webb, K TI Transformation of 'Beurre Bosc' pear with the rolC gene SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Pyrus communis; Rosaceae; regeneration; growth habit; dwarfing ID AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; TL-DNA; RHIZOGENES; EXPRESSION; TISSUES; GROWTH; CELLS; APPLE; ROOT AB 'Beurre Bosc' pear (Pyrus communis L.) was transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (E.F. Smith & Townsend) Conn strain EHA101 containing the binary vector pGA-GUSGF into which the rolC gene had been inserted. Leaf explants from in vitro shoot tip cultures were wounded, Agrobacterium-inoculated, and cultured on kanamycin selection medium. Regenerating shoots were transferred to proliferation medium without antibiotics, Three clones tested positive for GUS and nptII enzyme activity. Transformation with the rolC gene was confirmed by DNA, RNA, and protein blot analyses. The number of copies of the rolC transgene varied from one to three. Plantlets of the three transgenic clones were acclimated and transferred to the greenhouse. Preliminary observations of phenotype indicate that the rolC gene reduced height, number of nodes, and leaf area of transgenic 'Beurre Bosc'. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Bell, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 28 TC 34 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 124 IS 6 BP 570 EP 574 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 250XX UT WOS:000083416500002 ER PT J AU Seufferheld, MJ Stushnoff, C Forsline, PL Gonzalez, GHT AF Seufferheld, MJ Stushnoff, C Forsline, PL Gonzalez, GHT TI Cryopreservation of cold-tender apple germplasm SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alginate encapsulation; dehydration; freeze-desiccation; sucrose; raffinose; Malus sylvestris var. domestica ID ENCAPSULATION-DEHYDRATION; SHOOT-TIPS; ACCLIMATION; STRESS; BUDS; TOLERANCE; STABILIZATION; ACCUMULATION; METABOLISM; RAFFINOSE AB Unlike cold-hardy apple germplasm, dormant vegetative buds from cold-tender accessions require stabilization of meristematic tissue to protect against injury during desiccation and cryopreservation, Dormant buds of six apple cultivars [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf. 'Cox's Orange Pippin', 'Einshemer','Golden Delicious', 'Jonagold','K-14', and 'Mutsu'] collected at specific intervals in 1993, 1993, and 1995 at Geneva, N.Y., were stabilized by encapsulation in 5% alginate, treated with step-wise imbibition of 0.5 to 1.0 M sucrose and 0.2 ar raffinose solution, and desiccated with forced air at 0 degrees C. Sugar-alginate stabilization reduced injury during desiccation, increased cold hardiness of the six cold-tender cultivars frozen to -30 degrees C, and improved recovery following cryopreservation of buds collected before optimal cold acclimation was attained. Sucrose tissue levels did not increase following stabilization treatment, but levels of glucose and fructose, and of an unknown disaccharide increased. This procedure used nontoxic cryoprotectants, and has potential to expand the scope of dormant bud cryopreservation to include cold-tender apple germplasm. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Natl Germplasm Respository Apple & Grape, Plant Genet Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. RP Seufferheld, MJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 37 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 124 IS 6 BP 612 EP 618 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 250XX UT WOS:000083416500009 ER PT J AU Workmaster, BAA Palta, JP Wisniewski, M AF Workmaster, BAA Palta, JP Wisniewski, M TI Ice nucleation and propagation in cranberry uprights and fruit using infrared video thermography SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vaccinium macrocarpon; exotherm; freezing stress resistance; fruit; ice formation; low temperature; supercooling ID FLOWER BUDS; TISSUES; PLANTS; PEACH; INJURY; FIELD; TREES; WATER AB Infrared video thermography was used to study formation of ice in leaves, stems, and fruit of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. 'Stevens'). Ice formed on the plant surface at -1 or -2 degrees C by freezing of a droplet of water containing ice nucleation-active bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae van Hall). Samples were then cooled to a minimum of -8 degrees C. Observations on the initiation and propagation of ice were recorded. Leaves froze only when ice was present on the abaxial surface. Once initiated, ice propagated to the stem and then readily to other leaves. In both unripe and ripe fruit, ice propagation from the stem to the fruit via the pedicel was not observed. Fruit remained supercooled for up to 1 hour after ice was present in the stem. Fruit could only be nucleated when ice was present at the calyx (distal) end. Red (ripe) berries supercooled to colder temperatures and for longer durations than blush (unripe) berries before an apparent intrinsic nucleation event occurred. These observations provide evidence that leaves are nucleated by ice penetration via stomata. The ability of fruit to supercool appears to be related to the presence of barriers to extrinsic ice propagation at both the pedicel and fruit surface. Stomata at the calyx end of the fruit in the remnant nectary area may provide avenues for extrinsic ice nucleation. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Palta, JP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 35 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 124 IS 6 BP 619 EP 625 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 250XX UT WOS:000083416500010 ER PT J AU Havey, MJ AF Havey, MJ TI Seed yield, floral morphology, and lack of male-fertility restoration of male-sterile onion (Allium cepa) populations possessing the cytoplasm of Allium galanthum SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cytoplasmic male sterility; alien cytoplasm; introgression ID RESTRICTION ENZYME ANALYSIS; FISTULOSUM; POLYMORPHISM; CHLOROPLAST; HYBRID; ORIGIN; DNA AB The primary source (S cytoplasm) of cytopIasmic-genic male sterility (CMS) used to produce hybrid-onion (Allium cepa L.) seed traces back to a single plant identified in 1925 in Davis, California. Many open-pollinated populations also possess this cytoplasm, creating an undesirable state of cytoplasmic uniformity. Transfer of cytoplasms from related species into cultivated populations may produce new sources of CMS. Zn an attempt to diversify the cytoplasms conditioning male sterility, the cytoplasm of Allium galanthum Kar. et Kir. was backcrossed for seven generations to bulb-onion populations. The flowers of galanthum-cytoplasmic populations possess upwardly curved perianth and filaments with no anthers, making identification of male-sterile plants easier than for either S- or T-cytoplasmic male-sterile onion plants, Mean seed yield per bulb of the galanthum-cytoplasmic populations was measured in cages using blue-bottle flies (Calliphora erythrocephala Meig.) as pollinators and was not significantly different from one of two S-cytoplasmic male-sterile F-1 lines, a T-cytoplasmic male-sterile inbred line, or N-cytoplasmic male-fertile lines. Male-sterile lines possessing either the S or galanthum cytoplasm were each crossed with populations known to be homozygous dominant and recessive at the nuclear locus conditioning male-fertility restoration of S cytoplasm and progenies were scored for male-fertility restoration. Nuclear restorers of male fertility for S cytoplasm did not condition male fertility for the galanthum-cytoplasmic populations. It is intended that these galanthum-cytoplasmic onion populations be used as an alternative male-sterile cytoplasm for the diversification of hybrid onion seed production. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 124 IS 6 BP 626 EP 629 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 250XX UT WOS:000083416500011 ER PT J AU Wang, M Goldman, IL AF Wang, M Goldman, IL TI Genetic distance and diversity in table beet and sugar beet accessions measured by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE red beet; RAPD marker; genetic distance; multidimensional scaling ID FODDER BEET; BETA; RAPD; GENOTYPES; GERMPLASM; MARKERS AB Genetic relationships among 37 accessions of Beta vulgaris, including 21 table beet, 14 sugar beet, and two Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla) accessions, were evaluated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Genetic distance was estimated based on the presence or absence of polymorphic RAPD bands. Multidimensional scaling plots of genetic distance values revealed that table beet inbred lines from the University of Wisconsin Table beet Breeding Program clustered in an intermediate position between sugar beet breeding lines and standard table beet germplasm, likely because of their origin from an introgression program designed to incorporate sugar beet genes. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Goldman, IL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 124 IS 6 BP 630 EP 635 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 250XX UT WOS:000083416500012 ER PT J AU Ryder, EJ Kim, ZH Waycott, W AF Ryder, EJ Kim, ZH Waycott, W TI Inheritance and epistasis studies of chlorophyll deficiency in lettuce SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ethyl methane sulfonate; gibberellin; Lactuca sativa AB Three mutant traits for chlorophyll deficiency in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), bleached bud, calico-3 and pale green, are inherited as single recessive alleles. Bleached bud is epistatic to another recessive allele, dappled. Calico-2 is epistatic to dappled. Pale green is hypostatic to chlorophyll deficient-3. The Vanguard cd mutant is the same as chlorophyll deficient-3. The light green mutant 8744-1 is the same as light green. Independent inheritance is shown for bleached bad and dappled, calico-2 and dappled, and pale green and chlorophyll deficient-3, respectively. C1 USDA ARS, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Ryder, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 124 IS 6 BP 636 EP 640 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 250XX UT WOS:000083416500013 ER PT J AU Ariyarathne, HM Coyne, DP Jung, G Skroch, PW Vidaver, AK Steadman, JR Miklas, PN Bassett, MJ AF Ariyarathne, HM Coyne, DP Jung, G Skroch, PW Vidaver, AK Steadman, JR Miklas, PN Bassett, MJ TI Molecular mapping of disease resistance genes for halo blight, common bacterial blight, and bean common mosaic virus in a segregating population of common bean SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Phaseolus vulgaris; Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli; Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola; linkage mapping; random amplified polymorphic DNA; RAPD; quantitative trait loci ID INTEGRATED LINKAGE MAP; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; I-GENE; MARKER; CLASSIFICATION; INHERITANCE; GERMPLASM; RAPD; RUST AB Diseases of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are primary constraints affecting bean production. Information on tagging and mapping of genes for disease resistance is expected to be useful to breeders. The objectives of this study were to develop a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker linkage map using 78 F9 recombinant inbred (RI) lines derived from a Middle-American common bean cross Great Northern Belneb RR-1 [resistant to common bacterial blight (CBB) and halo blight (HB)] x black A 55 [dominant I gene resistance to bean common mosaic potyvirus] and to map genes or QTL (quantitative trait loci) for resistance to CBB, HB, BCMV (bean common mosaic virus), and BCMNV (bean common mosaic necrosis virus) diseases, The RI lines were evaluated for resistance to leaf and pod reactions to Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Xcp) (Smith Dye) strain EK-11, leaf reactions to two Pserrdomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Psp) (Burkholder) Young et al. (1978) strains HB16 and 83-Sc2A, and BCMV strain US-5 and BCMNV strain NL-3. The linkage map spanned 755 cM, including 90 markers consisting of 87 RAPD markers, one sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR), the I gene, and a gene for hypersensitive resistance to HB 83-Sc2A. These were grouped into 11 linkage groups (LG) corresponding to the 11 linkage groups in the common bean integrated genetic map. A major gene and QTL for leaf resistance to RE were mapped for the first time, Three QTL for leaf reactions to HB16 were found on linkage groups 3, 5, and 10. Four regions on linkage groups 2, 4, 5, and 9, were significantly associated with leaf reactions to HB strain 83-Sc2A. The gene controlling the hypersensitive reaction to HE 83-Sc2A mapped to the same region as the QTL an LG 4, The I locus for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV was mapped to LG 2 at about 1.4 cM from RAPD marker A10.1750. Five and four markers were significantly associated with QTL for resistance to CBB in leaves and pods, respectively, with four of them associated with resistance in both plant organs. A marker locus was discovered on LG 10, W10.550, which could account for 44% and 41% of the phenotypic variation for CBB resistance in leaves and pads, respectively. QTL for resistance in pod to CBB,leaf resistance to HB, and the I gene were linked on LG 2. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Hort, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Ariyarathne, HM (reprint author), Reg Agr Res Ctr, Diyatalawa Rd, Bandarawela, Sri Lanka. NR 43 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 124 IS 6 BP 654 EP 662 PG 9 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 250XX UT WOS:000083416500017 ER PT J AU Saftner, RA AF Saftner, RA TI The potential of fruit coating and film treatments for improving the storage and shelf-life qualities of 'Gala' and 'Golden Delicious' apples SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Malus xdomestica; shellac; shrink wrap; volatiles; wax ID MODIFIED ATMOSPHERES; PLASTIC FILM; FLAVOR; CONSTITUENTS; PERMEABILITY; VEGETABLES; O-2; CO2 AB The effects of harvest-applied coating and shrink- wrap polymeric film treatments of apples [Malus xdomestica Borkh. 'Gala' and Mansf. 'Golden Delicious'] on volatile levels, quality attributes, respiration, and internal atmospheres after storage at 0 degrees C for 1 to 6 months, and during subsequent shelf life at 20 degrees C were investigated. Over 30 volatiles were detected, most of the identified volatiles were esters, the rest were alcohols, aldehydes, a ketone and a sesquiterpene. Shellac- and wax-based fruit coatings transiently inhibited total volatile levels in 'Golden Delicious' while not affecting those in 'Gala' apples during 6 months of storage in air at 0 degrees C. Holding fruit at 20 degrees C for up to three weeks following cold storage increased volatile levels with coated and nontreated fruit having similar amounts. Only shellac-coated 'Golden Delicious' apples accumulated ethanol and ethyl acetate when held at 20 degrees C. The shrink-wrap polymeric film treatment had no effect on fruit volatile levels during cold storage or during subsequent shelf life at 20 degrees C. Coating but not film treatments reduced respiration and ethylene production rates that were observed upon transferring the fruit to 20 degrees C. Internal CO2 and ethylene levels increased and O-2 levels decreased in coated fruit. The coating treatments led to better retention of flesh firmness in 'Golden Delicious' but not 'Gala' apples. Coating and film treatments reduced fresh weight loss in both cultivars during cold storage. Tbe results suggest that harvest-applied coating and film treatments having relatively high permeability for CO2 and O-2 and relatively low permeability for water vapor and fruit volatiles have potential for improving the storage and shelf-life qualities of 'Gala' and 'Golden Delicious' apples. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Saftner, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 124 IS 6 BP 682 EP 689 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 250XX UT WOS:000083416500022 ER PT J AU Fan, XT Blankenship, SM Mattheis, JP AF Fan, XT Blankenship, SM Mattheis, JP TI L-methylcyclopropene inhibits apple ripening SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fruit quality; firmness; ethylene; Malus sylvestris var. domestica; postharvest physiology; storage ID RESPONSES; PLANTS AB An ethylene action inhibitor, MCP, was applied to preclimacteric and climacteric apple [Malus sylvestris L. (Mill.) var, domestica Borkh. Mansf.] fruit. Experiments were conducted in North Carolina and Washington State utilizing the following cultivars: Fuji, Gala, Ginger Gold, Jonagold, and Delicious. MCP inhibited loss of fruit firmness and titratable acidity when fruit were held in storage at 0 degrees C up to 6 months and when fruit were held at 20 to 24 degrees C for up to 60 days. For all cultivars except 'Fuji', differences in firmness between treated and nontreated fruit exceeded 10 N after 6 months storage. These beneficial effects were seen in both preclimacteric and climacteric fruit. Ethylene production and respiration were reduced substantially by MCP treatment. MCP-treated fruit had soluble solids equal to or greater than those in nontreated fruit. Storage and shelf life were extended for all cultivars tested. Chemical name used: 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP). C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Hort Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Fan, XT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 12 TC 261 Z9 330 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 124 IS 6 BP 690 EP 695 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 250XX UT WOS:000083416500023 ER PT J AU McCluskey, BJ Hurd, HS Mumford, EL AF McCluskey, BJ Hurd, HS Mumford, EL TI Review of the 1997 outbreak of vesicular stomatitis in the western United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID NEW-JERSEY TYPE; VIRUS; ANTIBODIES; COLORADO C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Lakewood, CO 80215 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP McCluskey, BJ (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, 755 Parfet St,Ste 136, Lakewood, CO 80215 USA. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 1 PY 1999 VL 215 IS 9 BP 1259 EP 1262 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 250XB UT WOS:000083414600016 PM 10553435 ER PT J AU Hurd, HS McCluskey, BJ Mumford, EL AF Hurd, HS McCluskey, BJ Mumford, EL TI Management factors affecting the risk for vesicular stomatitis in livestock operations in the western United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the American-Association-of-Equine-Practitioners CY DEC 05-09, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Amer Assoc Equine Practitioners ID NEW-JERSEY; COLORADO; VIRUS; DIPTERA AB Objective-To identify management factors affecting the risk of animals developing vesicular stomatitis (VS). Design-Case-control study. Animals-Horses, cattle, and sheep with suspected vesicular stomatitis on 395 premises in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. Procedure-Data were collected during the VS outbreak of 1997. Diagnosticians interviewed livestock owners and completed a supplemental questionnaire. Cases were defined as those premises that had a completed questionnaire and had greater than or equal to 1 animal positive for VS. Control premises were all premises investigated that had a completed questionnaire and on which the animals had been tested but VS was not detected. Results-Animals that had access to a shelter or barn had a reduced risk of developing VS (OR, 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35 to 0.99). This effect was more pronounced for equine premises (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3 to 0.9). Conversely, during an adjusted analysis on equine premises, risk of developing disease was increased slightly where animals had access to pasture (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.7). On all premises where owners reported insect populations were greater than normal, odds of developing disease were significantly increased (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.47 to 4.47). Premises with animals housed < 0.25 miles from running water were more than twice as likely to have clinical signs of VS (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.32 to 5.0). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-These results support reports of others that suggest biting insects are a vector in VS virus transmission. Management practices to reduce exposure to biting insects might reduce the risk of VS. C1 USDA, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Anim Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Lakewood, CO 80215 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Hurd, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 1 PY 1999 VL 215 IS 9 BP 1263 EP 1268 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 250XB UT WOS:000083414600017 PM 10553436 ER PT J AU Koshioka, M Roh, M Nakayama, M Hisamatsu, T Mander, LN AF Koshioka, M Roh, M Nakayama, M Hisamatsu, T Mander, LN TI Identification of endogenous gibberellins in inflorescence of Ornithogalum thyrsoides SO JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE gibberellin; Ornithogalum thyrsoides ID MARAH-MACROCARPUS; SEEDS AB Endogenous gibberellins (GAs) were extracted from inflorescence of Ornithogalum thyrsoides and identified by using combined gas-chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Three 13-hydroxylated GAs, GA(19), GA(20) and GA(53), and thirteen 13-non-hydroxylated GAs, GA(4), GA(7), GA(9), GA(12), GA(15), GA(24), GA(25), GA(51), GA(61), GA(112), GA(115), 1, 2-didehydro GA(9) (which is a novel GA, and has been assigned as GA(120)), and GA(120)-isolactone were detected. The presence of these GAs suggests that both the early-13-hydroxylation GA biosynthesis pathway and the early-13-non-hydroxylated GA biosynthesis pathway were operating in the inflorescence of Ornithogalum. The presence of GA(7), GA(8) and GA(120) suggests that GA(120) could be considered as a metabolic intermediate in the conversion of GA(9) into GA(7) in O. thyrsoides. C1 Minist Agr Forestry & Fisheries, Natl Res Inst Vegetables Ornamental Plants & Tea, Flowering Physiol Lab, Age, Mie 5142392, Japan. ARS, USDA, Floral Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Chem, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Koshioka, M (reprint author), Minist Agr Forestry & Fisheries, Natl Res Inst Vegetables Ornamental Plants & Tea, Flowering Physiol Lab, 360 Kusawa, Age, Mie 5142392, Japan. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI PI KYOTO PA C/O NAKANISHI PRINTING SHIMODACHIURI OGAWA HIGASHI, KAMIGYO-KU, KYOTO, 602-8048, JAPAN SN 1882-3351 EI 1880-358X J9 J JPN SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Jpn. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 68 IS 6 BP 1158 EP 1160 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 255NE UT WOS:000083675400016 ER PT J AU Lehmkuhl, HD Cutlip, RC DeBey, BM AF Lehmkuhl, HD Cutlip, RC DeBey, BM TI Isolation of a bovine adenovirus serotype 10 from a calf in the United States SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID ENTEROCOLITIS; TYPE-10 AB Virus isolated from the lung, liver, kidney, and small intestine of a 3-month-old Holstein heifer with a clinical history of pneumonia and lesions in multiple organs was identified as an adenovirus on the basis of morphological and physicochemical characteristics. The adenovirus was determined to be a serotype 10 bovine adenovirus and represents the first reported isolation of this serotype in the United States. Inoculation of calves with this isolate resulted in mild to moderate clinical response consisting of fever, inappetence, increased respiratory rate, cough, and listlessness. Gross lesions were minimal in the respiratory tract and consisted of fibrin in the airways and small areas of consolidation in the cranial lobes of the lung. Mucofibrinous foci were present on the mucosa of the upper small intestine. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Calif Vet Diagnost Lab Syst, Tulare Branch, Tulare, CA 93274 USA. RP Lehmkuhl, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 11 IS 6 BP 485 EP 490 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 258KH UT WOS:000083838000001 PM 12968729 ER PT J AU Moon, HW Hoffman, LJ Cornick, NA Booher, SL Bosworth, BT AF Moon, HW Hoffman, LJ Cornick, NA Booher, SL Bosworth, BT TI Prevalences of some virulence genes among Escherichia coli isolates from swine presented to a diagnostic laboratory in Iowa SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID PIGS C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost & Prod Anim Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Moon, HW (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 41328] NR 16 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 11 IS 6 BP 557 EP 560 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 258KH UT WOS:000083838000017 PM 12968745 ER PT J AU McCluskey, BJ Rice, DH Hancock, DD Hovde, CJ Besser, TE Gray, S Johnson, RP AF McCluskey, BJ Rice, DH Hancock, DD Hovde, CJ Besser, TE Gray, S Johnson, RP TI Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 and other Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli in lambs at slaughter SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; CATTLE; SHEEP; DIFFERENTIATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; POULTRY; GENES C1 US Vet Serv, USDA, Lakewood, CO 80215 USA. Washington State Univ, Field Dis Invest Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Microbiol Mol Biol & Biochem, Moscow, ID 83845 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Hlth Canada, Hlth Anim Lab, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada. RP McCluskey, BJ (reprint author), US Vet Serv, USDA, 755 Parfet St,Suite 136, Lakewood, CO 80215 USA. RI Besser, Thomas/A-4655-2011 NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 11 IS 6 BP 563 EP 565 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 258KH UT WOS:000083838000019 PM 12968747 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN AF Hamir, AN TI Pulmonary adiaspiromycosis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Oregon SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Vet Diagnost Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 11 IS 6 BP 565 EP 567 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 258KH UT WOS:000083838000020 PM 12968748 ER PT J AU Lipman, RD Dallal, GE Bronson, RT AF Lipman, RD Dallal, GE Bronson, RT TI Effects of genotype and diet on age-related lesions in ad libitum fed and calorie-restricted F344, BN, and BNF3F1 rats SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FISCHER-344 RATS; NUTRITIONAL INFLUENCES; BODY-WEIGHT; SURVIVAL; GROWTH AB The effects of calorie restriction (CR) on age-related lesions in Brown Norway, Fischer 344, and BNF3F1 hybrid rats are presented. A logistic regression analysis of data from histologic samples from rats of each genotype, sex, and diet at 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months of age demonstrated the effects of age, diet, and sex on lesion prevalence in all three genotypes. CR reduced the prevalence of neoplastic, nonneoplastic proliferative and degenerative lesions. All genotype-sex-age cohorts demonstrated a reduced average lesion burden with CR. Importantly some lesions common to Brown Norway rats seldom occurred in Fischer 344 rats and vice versa. Some lesions that occurred in only one parental strain also occurred in BNF3F1 rats. Many traits occurred in all three genotypes but at significantly different prevalence rates. We suggest that the diseases and lesions that rats develop as they age are controlled by genes and environmental factors such as CR. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Lipman, RD (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [R01-AG07747] NR 26 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 54 IS 11 BP B478 EP B491 DI 10.1093/gerona/54.11.B478 PG 14 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 331XL UT WOS:000088043900004 PM 10619311 ER PT J AU Lipman, RD Dallal, GE Bronson, RT AF Lipman, RD Dallal, GE Bronson, RT TI Lesion biomarkers of aging in B6C3F1 hybrid mice SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DIETARY RESTRICTION; CALORIC RESTRICTION; AGE; RATS; FISCHER-344 AB This study of B6C3F1 hybrid mice was designed to determine the effects of caloric restriction (CR) oil age-related pathologic changes. These changes accompany and may, in part, account for the apparent effect of CR in slowing the rate of aging. The study also explored whether lesions observed in groups of animals killed at 6 month intervals can serve as biomarkers of aging. Approximately 30 mice of each sex and each of two diet groups-CR and ad libitum fed (AL)-and each of six age groups-6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months of age-from the Biomarkers of Aging Program of the National Institute on Aging were killed and all tissues from each were examined for the histological presence or absence of lesions. A total of 209 distinct lesions were observed, of which 51 occurred in at least 10% of the AL or CR mice. The average number of lesions per mouse increased linearly with age in all diet-sex groups except in male CR mice. This increase was significantly smaller in CR than in AL mice of both sexes. The number of distinct lesions also increased with age in both diet groups but much less rapidly in CR mice. Nearly all lesions, including neoplastic, and nonneoplastic proliferative and degenerative ones, occurred significantly less often in CR than in AL mice at all ages. Foci of leukocytes ill the liver however, occurred more frequently in CR mice. Lung adenomas in old female mice occurred with equal frequency hi both diet groups. A parsimonious classification tree analysis showed that diet groups could have been distinguished at each age by an evaluation of relatively few lesions and tissues. Altogether, this study suggests strongly that the prevalence of many individual lesions, the total lesion burden, and the total types of lesions are good biomarkers of aging because they increase with age and reflect the effect of CR in slowing the aging process. The study also shows that lesions occur stochastically randomly and independently in genetically homogeneous mice raised in a notvariable environment. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Lipman, RD (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG 07747] NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 54 IS 11 BP B466 EP B477 DI 10.1093/gerona/54.11.B466 PG 12 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 331XL UT WOS:000088043900003 PM 10619310 ER PT J AU Turturro, A Witt, WW Lewis, S Hass, BS Lipman, RD Hart, RW AF Turturro, A Witt, WW Lewis, S Hass, BS Lipman, RD Hart, RW TI Growth curves and survival characteristics of the animals used in the biomarkers of aging program SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CALORIC RESTRICTION; BODY-WEIGHT; MECHANISMS; LONGEVITY; NEOPLASIA; BIOASSAYS; MICE AB The collaborative Interagency Agreement between the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) and the National Institute on Aging (NIA) was aimed at identifying and validating a panel of biomarkers of aging bl rodents ill order to rapidly test the efficacy and safety of interventions designed to slow aging. Another aim was to provide a basis for developing biomarkers of aging in humans, using the assumption that biomarkers that were useful across different genotypes and species were sensitive to fundamental processes that would extrapolate to humans. Caloric restriction (CR), the only intervention that consistently extends both mean and maximal life span in a variety of species, was used to provide a model with extended life span. C57B1/6NNia, DBA/2JNia, B6D2F1, and B6C3F1 mice and Brown Norway (BN/RijNia), Fischer (F344/NNia) and Fischer x Brown Norway hybrid (F344 x BN F1) rats were bred and maintained on study. NCTR generated data from over 60,000 individually housed animals of the seven different genotypes and both sexes, approximately half ad libitum (AL) fed, the remainder CR. Approximately half the animals half shipped to offsite NIA investigators internationally with the majority of the remainder maintained at NCTR until they died. The collaboration supplied a choice of healthy, long-lived rodent models to investigators, while allowing for the development of some of the most definitive information on life spall, food consumption, and growth characteristics in these genotypes under diverse feeding paradigms. C1 US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Biometry & Risk Assessment, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Vet Serv, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Bionet Corp, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Off Director, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Turturro, A (reprint author), US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Biometry & Risk Assessment, 3900 NCTR Dr, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. NR 27 TC 317 Z9 322 U1 1 U2 9 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 54 IS 11 BP B492 EP B501 DI 10.1093/gerona/54.11.B492 PG 10 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 331XL UT WOS:000088043900005 PM 10619312 ER EF