FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Lapointe, SL Shapiro, JP Bowman, KD AF Lapointe, SL Shapiro, JP Bowman, KD TI Identification of sources of plant resistance to Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) by three bioassays SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diaprepes abbreviatus; citrus; host plant resistance; bioassay methods ID CITRUS AB Host plant resistance to the root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) was assessed for 3 citrus rootstock cultivars, 5 promising hybrid rootstocks, and 3 citroid fruit trees using 3 bioassay methods: a pot bioassay with 1-yr seedlings; a new, 21-cm plastic cell bioassay with 5-mo seedlings; and a diet incorporation bioassay. The plastic cell bioassay is a more rapid screening method and is capable of evaluating a larger number of entries in a shorter period compared with current methods. The 3 bioassays yielded similar results. Larval growth was inhibited by 2 of the remote citroid fruit trees, Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel and Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retzius) Correa, compared with growth on commercial rootstock cultivars. Specifically, larvae allowed to feed on roots of M. koenigii or G. pentaphylla gained less weight compared with larvae fed on the commercial rootstock cultivar 'Swingle' [Citrus paradisi Macfayden x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rafunesque-Schmaltz]. The resistance of G. pentaphylla confirms previous reports, M koenigii is a new source of resistance to D. abbreviatus. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Lapointe, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 92 IS 4 BP 999 EP 1004 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 232FW UT WOS:000082361100035 PM 10504899 ER PT J AU Hamada, JS AF Hamada, JS TI Use of proteases to enhance solubilization of rice bran proteins SO JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FRACTIONS AB Extraction yields of rice bran protein increased with the use of protease as the degree of hydrolysis (DH) increased, reaching 92% at a 10% DH value. Extraction of rice bran proteins was also carried out using limited proteolysis to 2% DH with Na2SO3 and/or SDS (0.2 mmol/g protein). Protein recovery increased from 74% to 80, 81, and 84% in the presence of Na2SO3, SDS and both, respectively. The presence of Na2SO3 or SDS yielded protein hydrolysates of a broader range of medium sized peptides with 78% of these protein hydrolysates having M-r of 11-68 kDa. Accordingly, use of proteases can be an efficient method for recovering high quality, value-added ingredients from the proteins of rice bran for food use. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. EM jhamada@nola.srrc.usda.gov NR 20 TC 22 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0145-8884 EI 1745-4514 J9 J FOOD BIOCHEM JI J. Food Biochem. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 23 IS 3 BP 307 EP 321 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1999.tb00022.x PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Food Science & Technology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Food Science & Technology GA 235HC UT WOS:000082535400005 ER PT J AU Juneja, VK Marmer, BS Eblen, BS AF Juneja, VK Marmer, BS Eblen, BS TI Predictive model for the combined effect of temperature, pH, sodium chloride, and sodium pyrophosphate on the heat resistance of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; THERMAL INACTIVATION; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; NURSING-HOME; GROUND-BEEF; APPLE JUICE; OUTBREAK; DESTRUCTION; MEAT; CONSUMPTION AB The effects and interactions of heating temperature (55 - 62.5C), pH (4 - 8), NaCl (0 - 6%, w/v), and sodium pyrophosphate (0 - 0.3%, w/v) on the heat resistance of a four strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef gravy were examined. Thermal death times were determined using a submerged coil heating apparatus. The recovery medium was plate count agar supplemented with 1% sodium pyruvate. Decimal reduction times (D-values) were calculated by fitting a survival model to the data with a curve fitting program. The D-values were analyzed by second order response surface regression for temperature, pH, NaCl and sodium pyrophosphate levels. The four variables interacted to affect the inactivation of the pathogen. Thermal resistance of E. coli O157:H7 can be lowered by combining these intrinsic factors. A mathematical model describing the combined effect of temperature, pH, NaCl and sodium pyrophosphate levels on the thermal inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 was developed. The model can predict D-values for any combinations of temperature, pH, NaCl and sodium pyrophosphate that are within the range of those tested. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 38 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 9 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 147 EP 160 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1999.tb00241.x PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 225VB UT WOS:000081985600006 ER PT J AU Bengston, DN Fan, DP AF Bengston, DN Fan, DP TI The public debate about roads on the national forests - An analysis of the news media, 1994-98 SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB Computers methods were used to analyze attitudes and beliefs expressed in a large data-base of new stores about roads on the US national forests. The view that forest roads are important for recreational use and access was expressed most frequently,followed by the belief that roads cause environmental damage. Analyzing the debate about forest roads as it is reflected in the news media is one way to monitor the changing context in which forest management decisions and policies need to be made. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Bengston, DN (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 97 IS 8 BP 4 EP 10 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 224LM UT WOS:000081900600004 ER PT J AU Taylor, SE Rummer, RB Yoo, KH Welch, RA Thompson, JD AF Taylor, SE Rummer, RB Yoo, KH Welch, RA Thompson, JD TI What we know - and don't know - about water quality at stream crossings SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB Forest road stream crossings, including fords, culverts, and bridges, are primary contributors of sediment to forest streams. Information on the water quality imparts from each type of crossing is limited, but the available literature indicates that significant amounts of sediment are produced during of fords and culverts; construction and use of temporary bridges have the least impact on water quality. This review of our current state of knowledge on the water quality impacts from crossings shows that we need data for a wide variety of stream sizes, soil types, terrain, and climatological conditions so that policymakers can develop scientifically sound best management practices. C1 Auburn Univ, Biosyst Engn Dept, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Engn Res Work Unit, Auburn, AL USA. S Carolina Dept Hlth & Environm Control, Columbia, SC 29201 USA. CSIRO, Div Forestry & Forest Prod, Kingston, ACT, Australia. RP Taylor, SE (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Biosyst Engn Dept, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 9 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 97 IS 8 BP 12 EP 17 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 224LM UT WOS:000081900600005 ER PT J AU Elliot, WJ Hall, DE Graves, SR AF Elliot, WJ Hall, DE Graves, SR TI Predicting sedimentation from forest roads SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB The water erosion prediction project (WEPP) model was run to predict sedimentation from forest roads for more than 50,000 combinations of distance between cross drains, road gradient, soil texture, distance from stream, steepness of the buffer between the road and the stream, and climate. The result of these WEPP runs can be viewed through computer interfaces developed for both Windows and the Internet. They offer natural resource managers a way to estimate road sediment yields quickly for a wide range of conditions. The programs are fast, simple to use, and a significant improvement over most current methods that estimate road sediment yields to streams. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Elliot, WJ (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 1221 S Main, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 97 IS 8 BP 23 EP + PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 224LM UT WOS:000081900600007 ER PT J AU Elliot, WJ Tysdal, LM AF Elliot, WJ Tysdal, LM TI Understanding and reducing erosion from insloping roads SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB A computer program can help managers anticipate erosion and sediment delivery attributable to forest roads. The watershed version of the water erosion prediction project (WEPP) predicts road erosion rates within the observed range but overestimates sediment plume lengths. The predicted sources of sediment from an insloping road are mainly from the road ditch and the downslope channel;less sediment comes from the traveled way and the cutslope. Mitigation measures to minimize ditch erosion and channel flow rates will have the greatest effects on reducing sediment delivered from insloped forest roads. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Elliot, WJ (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 1221 S Main, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 97 IS 8 BP 30 EP 34 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 224LM UT WOS:000081900600009 ER PT J AU Swift, LW Burns, RG AF Swift, LW Burns, RG TI The three Rs of roads - Redesign - reconstruction - restoration SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID SOIL AB All too often, unpaved forest access roads in the southern Appalachian Mountains were located near streams and rivers, thereby contributing storm flow and sediment to the aquatic ecosystem, Landowners and managers may not have the resources to reconstruct and relocate all these roads to protect water quality. However, simple techniques for redesign of storm water drainage structures can provide low-cost alternatives where the forest floor can absorb and filter runoff from roads. These practices could apply not just in the Appalachians but wherever storms and roads are placing sediment in the stream. Land managers and consultants who assist nonindustrial forestland owners can use the principles for maintenance, reconstruction, or restoration of problem roads. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, So Res Stn, Otto, NC 28763 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Asheville, NC USA. RP Swift, LW (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, So Res Stn, Otto, NC 28763 USA. NR 5 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 97 IS 8 BP 40 EP 44 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 224LM UT WOS:000081900600011 ER PT J AU Ruark, GA AF Ruark, GA TI Agroforestry and sustainability: Making a patchwork quilt SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, US Forest Serv, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Ruark, GA (reprint author), USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, US Forest Serv, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 97 IS 8 BP 56 EP 56 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 224LM UT WOS:000081900600014 ER PT J AU Blinn, CR Dahlman, R Hislop, L Thompson, MA AF Blinn, CR Dahlman, R Hislop, L Thompson, MA TI Options for temporary wetland and stream crossings SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Div Forestry, St Paul, MN USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Houghton, MI USA. RP Blinn, CR (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, 1530 Cleveland Ave N, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 97 IS 8 BP A1 EP A7 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 224LM UT WOS:000081900600008 ER PT J AU Cliquet, S Jackson, MA AF Cliquet, S Jackson, MA TI Influence of culture conditions on production and freeze-drying tolerance of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus blastospores SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; carbohydrates; amino acids; vitamins; trace minerals; growth; freeze-drying; water potential; trehalose ID 2 FILAMENTOUS FUNGI; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; INTRACELLULAR SOLUTES; CONIDIAL GERMINATION; SUBMERGED CULTURE; GROWTH; TREHALOSE; ACCUMULATION; SPORULATION AB With the goal of developing a defined medium for the production of desiccation-tolerant blastospores of the bioinsecticidal fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, we evaluated the impact of various media components such as amino acids, carbohydrates, trace metals and vitamins on hyphal growth and sporulation of P. fumosoroseus cultures and on the freeze-drying tolerance of blastospores produced under these conditions. A comparison of 13 amino acids as sole nitrogen sources showed that glutamate, aspartate, glycine and arginine supported biomass accumulations (12-16 mg ml(-1)) and blastospore yields (6-11 x 10(8) blastospores ml(-1)) comparable to our standard production medium which contains casamino acids as the nitrogen source. Using glutamate as the sole nitrogen source, tests with various carbohydrates showed that P. fumosoroseus grew best on glucose (18.8 mg biomass ml(-1)) but produced similar blastospore concentrations (7.3-11.0 x 10(8)) when grown with glucose, glycerol, fructose or sucrose, P. fumosoroseus cultures grown in media with sodium citrate or galactose as the sole carbohydrate produced lower blastospore concentrations but more-desiccation-tolerant spores. Zinc was the only trace metal tested that-was required for optimal growth and sporulation. In a defined medium with glutamate as the nitrogen source, vitamins were unnecessary for P. fumosoroseus growth or:sporulation. When blastospores were freeze-dried in the absence of a suspension medium, residual glucose (>2.5% w/v) was required for enhanced spore survival. Thus, a defined medium containing basal salts, glucose, glutamate and zinc can be used to produce optimal concentrations of desiccation-tolerant blastospores of P. fumosoroseus. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Jackson, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 29 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 8 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 23 IS 2 BP 97 EP 102 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900698 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 241KJ UT WOS:000082882000004 ER PT J AU Hanley, TA Barnard, JC AF Hanley, TA Barnard, JC TI Spatial variation in population dynamics of Sitka mice in floodplain forests SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Peromyscus keeni sitkensis; Peromyscus sitkensis; riparian forest; habitat heterogeneity; temporal variation ID COASTAL CONIFEROUS FOREST; NORTHERN PEROMYSCUS-MANICULATUS; P-LEUCOPUS-NOVEBORACENSIS; SMALL MAMMAL POPULATIONS; WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE; DEER MICE; SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; SPECIES COMPOSITION; LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE; WESTERN HEMLOCK AB Population dynamics and demography of the Sitka mouse, Peromyscus keeni sitkensis, were studied by mark-recapture live-trapping over a 4-year period in four floodplain and upland forest habitats: old-growth Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) floodplain; red alder (Alnus rubra) floodplain; beaver-pond floodplain; and nearby old-growth Sitka spruce-western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) upland forest. We did not find the expected source-sink population dynamics resulting from flood disturbance or between-habitat variation in food resources. We found significant between-year differences (P < 0.05) in population densities, age and sex ratios, survival rates, growth rates, and movements. Within-year differences in all demographic variables were consistently,greater between replicate trapping grids within habitat types than between habitat types, and there was no year-to-year consistency in any demographic difference between replicates or habitat types. We conclude that floodplain forests, per se, do not provide unique habitat for Sitka mice in either a strongly positive or negative sense compared with upland old-growth forests. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Hanley, TA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 2770 Sherwood Lane 2-A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 67 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 EI 1545-1542 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 80 IS 3 BP 866 EP 879 DI 10.2307/1383255 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 233UC UT WOS:000082444800016 ER PT J AU Zielinski, WJ Duncan, NP Farmer, EC Truex, RL Clevenger, AP Barrett, RH AF Zielinski, WJ Duncan, NP Farmer, EC Truex, RL Clevenger, AP Barrett, RH TI Diet of fishers (Martes pennanti) at the southernmost extent of their range SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Martes pennanti; fisher; diet; food habits; fecal analysis; Sierra Nevada; California ID NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL; CALIFORNIA; FORESTS AB Fishers (Martes pennanti) in the mountains of California's Sierra Nevada occur at the southwestern margin of their distribution and inhabit different forest types with different potential prey than elsewhere in their range. Two typical fisher prey, the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) and the porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), are absent from our Sierra Nevada study area. We characterized the diet of fishers in the southern Sierra Nevada by analyzing the content of 201 feces (44 males : 157 females) collected either from trapped animals or from the rest sites of radio-collared animals. Mammals were the most frequent food item; however, unlike previous reports, reptiles (20.4% of feces) and insects (55.7%) were major components of the diet. We also sampled 24 feces for the presence of spores of hypogeous fungi (false truffles) and found that 91.7% had spores representing at least six fungal species. Diversity of the diet was indicated by the fact that remains of no single family of animal or plant group were found in >22% of feces. The fisher is reputed to be a habitat specialist in the late-seral mixed conifer-deciduous forests of the western United States. Perhaps it is for this reason that our data depict the species as a dietary generalist, for whom it may be necessary to forage on many of the animal, plant, and fungal species that occur in and near mature coniferous habitat. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Zielinski, WJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 51 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 26 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 80 IS 3 BP 961 EP 971 DI 10.2307/1383266 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 233UC UT WOS:000082444800027 ER PT J AU Kie, JG Bowyer, RT AF Kie, JG Bowyer, RT TI Sexual segregation in white-tailed deer: Density-dependent changes in use of space, habitat selection, and dietary niche SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Odocoileus virginianus; white-tailed deer; sexual segregation; social organization; competition; population density; niche; habitat selection; south Texas ID SOUTHERN MULE DEER; PREDATION; SIZE; POPULATION; TEXAS; CONSTRAINTS; SHEEP; IBEX AB Sexual segregation, defined as the exclusive use of different areas by males and females at specified spatial and temporal scales, is common among polygynous ruminants and in cervids in particular Underlying mechanisms for such segregation are not understood fully, and reports have included female cervids segregating into habitats of both poorer and better quality than those used by males. Furthermore, two competing hypotheses of sexual segregation (body-size hypothesis, reproductive-strategy hypothesis) predict different responses to changes in population density; an increase in degree of sexual segregation with increasing density in the former and a decrease in segregation in the latter. We examined patterns of sexual segregation among white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on the Welder Wildlife Refuge in south Texas at moderate (39 deer/km(2)) and high (77 deer/km(2)) population densities during 1974 - 1977. At moderate density, females with young made greater use of chaparral-mixed grass habitat with dense cover than did males, where preferred herbaceous forage was less abundant, presumably for reasons of predator avoidance. At high density, which was a result of predator control, sexual segregation among male and females decreased during all seasons (P < 0.05). Males that otherwise used more open habitats increased their use of the chaparral-mixed grass as levels of intraspecific competition increased. As spatial segregation between males and females decreased at the high population density, diets of both sexes shifted toward more graminoids and browse, and shifts were more pronounced among males. The result was decreased dietary overlap between sexes when measured by principal-component analysis. Measures of fat reserves suggested that although both females and males were in poorer condition at high density, females were affected to a greater extent than were males. This outcome suggested that females were not driving patterns of spatial segregation by being better able to compete with males for closely-cropped forages. Rather, predator avoidance by females with young related to the reproductive-strategy hypothesis best explained patterns we observed, and competition between sexes was rejected as a cause of sexual segregation. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Kie, JG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 52 TC 148 Z9 151 U1 7 U2 57 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 80 IS 3 BP 1004 EP 1020 DI 10.2307/1383271 PG 17 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 233UC UT WOS:000082444800032 ER PT J AU Kurpad, AV Jahoor, F Borgonha, S Poulo, S Rekha, S Fjeld, CR Reeds, PJ AF Kurpad, AV Jahoor, F Borgonha, S Poulo, S Rekha, S Fjeld, CR Reeds, PJ TI A minimally invasive tracer protocol is effective for assessing the response of leucine kinetics and oxidation to vaccination in chronically energy-deficient adult males and children SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE infection; protein metabolism; undernourished humans; stable isotopes ID PHASE PROTEIN RESPONSE; MEN AB In disadvantaged populations, recurrent infections lead to a loss of body nitrogen and worsen nutritional status. The resulting malnutrition, in its turn, produces a greater susceptibility to infection. This study aimed to examine the ability of a new minimally invasive tracer protocol to measure leucine oxidation, and then to use it to quantify the effect of vaccination on leucine kinetics and oxidation. Undernourished men (n = 5; body mass index 16.3 +/- 0.9 kg/m(2)) and children (n = 9; age 4.1 +/- 0.6 y; weight-for-age Z-score -2.3 +/- 0.7) underwent metabolic studies 6 d before and 1 d after vaccination with diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT). The tracer protocol was performed in the fed slate and involved two 3-h sequential periods of frequent (20 min) oral doses of (NaHCO3)-C-13 or [1-C-13] leucine. Frequent breath samples and urine collections were made. Blood samples were obtained from the men and used for the determination of the isotopic enrichment of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid. The prevaccination oxidation of leucine (percentage of dose +/- SD) was 18.1 +/- 2.3 (men) and 16.7 +/- 3.8 (children). One day after vaccination, these values had risen to 19.9 +/- 1.9 (P < 0.05) in the men and to 19.5 +/- 4.6 (P < 0.01) in the children. In the adults, vaccination was associated with a rise in whole-body protein breakdown [mg protein/(kg.h)] from 200 +/- 40 to 240 +/- 10 (P < 0.05). A minor simulated infection increases leucine catabolism in undernourished humans and this new, minimally invasive protocol is sufficiently sensitive to measure these changes. C1 St Johns Med Coll, Dept Physiol, Nutr Res Ctr, Bangalore 560034, Karnataka, India. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Kurpad, AV (reprint author), St Johns Med Coll, Dept Physiol, Nutr Res Ctr, Bangalore 560034, Karnataka, India. NR 46 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 129 IS 8 BP 1537 EP 1544 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 219PW UT WOS:000081616500007 PM 10419987 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Shen, SK Kwok, OCH Frenkel, JK AF Dubey, JP Shen, SK Kwok, OCH Frenkel, JK TI Infection and immunity with the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii in rats and mice SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TISSUE CYSTS; NONPERSISTENT STRAIN; OOCYSTS; PATHOGENICITY; PIGS; TACHYZOITES; BRADYZOITES; PERSISTENCE; PARASITE; DISEASE AB Infection and immunity to toxoplasmosis induced by the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii was compared in Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar rats and in outbred Swiss Webster mice. All rats injected with up to 1,000,000 RH-strain tachyzoites remained clinically normal, whereas mice injected with only 1 Live tachyzoite died of acute toxoplasmosis. Rats could be infected with 1 tachyzoite of the RH strain as shown by antibody development and by bioassay in mice. However, after 8 days, RH-strain organisms were recovered only inconsistently from SD and Wistar rat brains. Contrary to a report of sterile immunity to T. gondii infection in rats after immunization with live RH tachyzoites, we found infection immunity after challenge with the VEG strain. Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts of the VEG strain could be recovered from most SD and Wistar rats, first injected with live RH-strain tachyzoites and then challenged with oocysts of the VEG strain. Our RH strain, and probably many others, passed for 50+ yr as tachyzoites has lost not only the capacity to form oocysts, but also shows a marked reduction or absence of tissue cyst (bradyzoites) formation. C1 USDA ARS, BARC E, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC E, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 85 IS 4 BP 657 EP 662 DI 10.2307/3285739 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 225XE UT WOS:000081990600010 PM 10461945 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Dubey, JP Rupprecht, CE AF Hamir, AN Dubey, JP Rupprecht, CE TI Prevalence of Sarcocystis kirkpatricki sarcocysts in the central nervous system and striated muscles of raccoons from the eastern United States SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROCYON-LOTOR AB A retrospective survey of 760 raccoons (Procyon lotor) revealed 9 animals with sarcocysts of Sarcocystis kirkpatricki in their brains. Six of the raccoons also had the organisms in their skeletal muscles, and 1 had them in the heart muscle. No age or gender predisposition was seen. Seven of the raccoons had concurrent viral diseases (canine distemper or rabies), suggesting that concurrent viral infections in raccoons may facilitate infection of brain tissue with S. kirkpatricki. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Ctr Neurovirol, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Univ Penn, New Bolton Ctr, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Kennett Square, PA 19348 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 85 IS 4 BP 748 EP 750 DI 10.2307/3285757 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 225XE UT WOS:000081990600028 PM 10461963 ER PT J AU Butte, N Heinz, C Hopkinson, J Wong, W Shypailo, R Ellis, K AF Butte, N Heinz, C Hopkinson, J Wong, W Shypailo, R Ellis, K TI Fat mass in infants and toddlers: Comparability of total body water, total body potassium, total body electrical conductivity, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE body composition; dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; fat-free mass; fat mass; infants; toddlers; total body water; total body potassium; total body electrical conductivity ID CHILDREN; DEUTERIUM; ACCURACY; PIGLETS; PLASMA; SALIVA; URINE AB Background: Accurate assessment of body composition in infants and children is fundamental to understanding normal growth and development. Validation of methods applicable to pediatric populations is needed. In the absence of a gold standard, this study was conducted to compare methods using total body water, total body potassium, total body electrical conductivity, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements for the estimation of body fat mass in infants and toddlers. Methods: Repeated body composition measurements were performed on 76 healthy term infants at 0.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Total body water was determined by deuterium dilution and converted to fat-free mass. Total body electrical conductivity was used to measure fat mass. Total body potassium was estimated by whole-body counting and converted to fat-free mass. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to estimate fat mass at 0.5, 12, and 24 months only. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance, followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons at 5%. Results: Significant differences among methods were encountered at each age (p = 0.001-0.05). The rank order of the methods and the magnitude of the method differences were a function of age, not of gender or infant feeding mode. Wide limits of agreement imply that the methods are not interchangeable for group or individual measurements. Conclusions: Methods using total body water, total body potassium, total body electrical conductivity, and dual-energy xray absorptiometry to estimate body fat mass in infants and toddlers are not interchangeable and require further development and validation. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Butte, N (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, 1100 Bates, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0277-2116 J9 J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR JI J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 184 EP 189 DI 10.1097/00005176-199908000-00015 PG 6 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA 216ZH UT WOS:000081474000014 PM 10435656 ER PT J AU Butte, NF Treuth, MS Voigt, RG Llorente, AM Heird, WC AF Butte, NF Treuth, MS Voigt, RG Llorente, AM Heird, WC TI Stimulant medications decrease energy expenditure and physical activity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID MOTOR-ACTIVITY AB Objective: To determine the effect of stimulant medications used to treat children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) on energy expenditure, fuel utilization, and physical activity. Study design: Energy expenditure and physical activity were measured, respectively, by room respiration calorimetry and microwave motion detectors in 31 children with AD/HD (26 boys and 5 girls; ages 6 to 12 years) both while they were receiving their prescribed stimulant medication and after the medication had been discontinued for at least 24 hours. Fuel utilization was calculated from calorimetry data. Results: Total and awake energy expenditure including energy expended while doing schoolwork, riding a stationary bicycle, resting, and watching a movie were from 4% to 8% lower when the children were receiving their prescribed stimulant medication. Total and awake activity were also lower while they were receiving medication (16% to 22%) and accounted for the lower rates of energy expenditure. Sleeping metabolic rate, basal metabolic rate, and fuel utilization were unaffected by medication. Conclusions: Stimulant medications decrease physical activity and hence, decrease the activity component of total daily energy expenditure in children with AD/HD. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Mayo Clin, Rochester, MN USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Butte, NF (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 135 IS 2 BP 203 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70023-5 PN 1 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 224FC UT WOS:000081885900014 PM 10431115 ER PT J AU O'Donnell, K Gherbawy, Y Schweigkofler, W Adler, A Prillinger, H AF O'Donnell, K Gherbawy, Y Schweigkofler, W Adler, A Prillinger, H TI Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence and RAPD data compared in Fusarium oxysporum and related species from maize SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY-PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article DE Fusarium; EF-1 alpha; mtSSU rDNA; phylogenetics; RAPD ID F-SP CUBENSE; POLYMORPHIC DNA; GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; RANDOM AMPLIFICATION; GENETIC-VARIATION; FUNGUS FUSARIUM; RIBOSOMAL DNA; PCR; DIFFERENTIATION; STRAINS AB Phylogenetic relationships of several strains within the Fusarium oxysporum species complex and two related species from maize were used to test whether phylogenies inferred from nuclear-encoded translation elongation factor EF-1 alpha. and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) ribosomal RNA gene sequences are concordant with one derived from random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) characters. Results of a partition-homogeneity test (PHT) indicated that the EF-1 alpha and the mtSSU rDNA data-sets are highly homogeneous (P greater than or equal to 0.99) and could be analysed as a combined data-set. On the basis of the results of the PHT, the three RAPD partitions were also analysed as a combined data-set. However, the PHT revealed conflict between the nucleotide and RAPD data (P = 0.001). In addition, results of a t-test showed that the consistency, retention and rescaled consistency indices obtained with the nucleotide sequence data were significantly higher than those obtained with the RAPD data. The t-tests of the RAPD data also showed that these indices were significantly higher when using the 15-mer M13 RAPD primer compared with the two 10-mer primers. Although homoplasy was much greater for the RAPD data than for the DNA sequence data, topologically similar trees were inferred from both data-sets. However, the RAPD data appears to be flawed because it failed to resolve the two major clades of the F. oxysporum complex and trees constructed from the RAPD decamer primers completely failed to resolve the F. oxysporum complex. An unnamed phylogenetically distinct species (Fusarium sp.) intermediate between the F. oxysporum complex and Fusarium redolens was identified in trees inferred from the DNA sequence and RAPD data. C1 ARS, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP O'Donnell, K (reprint author), Fed Off Agrobiol, Wieningerstr 8, Linz, Austria. NR 49 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 147 IS 7-8 BP 445 EP 452 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1999.tb03849.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 239RP UT WOS:000082783700012 ER PT J AU Taliercio, EW Kim, JY Mahe, A Shanker, S Choi, J Cheng, WH Prioul, JL Chourey, PS AF Taliercio, EW Kim, JY Mahe, A Shanker, S Choi, J Cheng, WH Prioul, JL Chourey, PS TI Isolation, characterization and expression analyses of two cell wall invertase genes in maize SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE developing endosperm; miniature1 seed mutation; gene expression ID BETA-FRUCTOSIDASE; SINK METABOLISM; CDNA CLONING; CARBOHYDRATE; ENDOSPERM; PEDICEL; TOBACCO; STRESS; SIZE AB Acid invertases are glycoproteins that catalyze the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose and are associated with metabolic sink tissues in a variety of plant species. Acid invertases are divided into cell wall-bound invertases (INCW) and soluble invertases based on their location in the cell. We describe here the isolation and characterization of two cell wall invertase cDNA (Incw1 and Incw2) and genomic clones. Since the deduced amino acid sequences of Incw1 and Incw2 clones are more similar to carrot cell wall invertases than they are to maize soluble invertase, we conclude Incw1 and Incw2 represent cell wall-bound invertases. Both genomic clones have six introns and seven exons, typical of most other acid invertase genes. Incw1 mRNA is present in cell suspension culture, etiolated shoots, roots and, at much reduced steady state levels, in developing endosperm. In contrast, Incw2 mRNA is present in shoots and developing endosperm, but lacking in roots and the miniature1 (mn1-1) mutant endosperm. In situ hybridization studies show that the Incw2 mRNA is confined to the basal endosperm transfer cells in a developing kernel. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Program Plant Mol & Cellular Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Paris Sud 11, CNRS, URA 1128, Inst Biotechnol Plantes, F-91405 Orsay, France. RP Chourey, PS (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Program Plant Mol & Cellular Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Prioul, Jean-Louis/B-4214-2008; OI Choi, Jaehyuk/0000-0002-2894-3364 NR 27 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 8 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 155 IS 2 BP 197 EP 204 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 225TA UT WOS:000081977000007 ER PT J AU Makki, SS Tweeten, LG Thraen, CS AF Makki, SS Tweeten, LG Thraen, CS TI Investing in research and education versus commodity programs: Implications for agricultural productivity SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE agricultural productivity; public and private R & D; education; commodity programs; cointegration; error correction model ID TIME-SERIES; UNIT-ROOT; COINTEGRATION AB The long-term impact of research, education, and various government support programs on U.S. agricultural productivity was analyzed using an error correction model. Results indicate that the proposed reduction in commodity program expenditures (e.g. 1996 Farm Bill) is unlikely to reduce agricultural productivity. Results suggest that shifting public funds from commodity programs to education and research would raise U.S. agricultural productivity. Our estimates of long-term rates of return to public research are lower than those from most previous, perhaps due to our improved model specification, but are high enough to justify continued public investments to raise productivity. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Makki, SS (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RI Thraen, Cameron/H-2220-2014 NR 41 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0895-562X J9 J PROD ANAL JI J. Prod. Anal. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 77 EP 94 DI 10.1023/A:1007855224376 PG 18 WC Business; Economics; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Business & Economics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 218TJ UT WOS:000081567500005 ER PT J AU Farrell, HM Wickham, ED Dower, HJ Piotrowski, EG Hoagland, PD Cooke, PH Groves, ML AF Farrell, HM Wickham, ED Dower, HJ Piotrowski, EG Hoagland, PD Cooke, PH Groves, ML TI Characterization of the particles of purified kappa-casein: Trypsin as a probe of surface-accessible residues SO JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE casein structure; surface probe; trypsin ID PHOTON-CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; BOVINE CASEINS; MICELLES; MILK; CHROMATOGRAPHY; SEQUENCE; PROTEINS AB kappa-Casein as purified from bovine milk exhibits a rather unique disulfide bonding pattern as revealed by SDS-PAGE. The disulfide-bonded caseins present range from dimer to octamer and above and preparations contain about 10% monomer. All of these heterogeneous polymers, however, self-associate into nearly spherical particles with an average diameter of 13 nm at pH 8.0, as revealed by negatively stained transmission electron micrographs and dynamic light scattering. The weight-average molecular weight of the aggregates at pH 8.0, as judged by analytical ultracentrifugation, is 648,000. Trypsin digestion at pH 8.0 was used to probe the surface groups of the kappa-casein A polymers. The reaction with trypsin was rapid and the peptides liberated were identified by separation with reverse-phase HPLC, amino acid analysis, and protein sequencing. The most rapidly released peptides (t(1/2) < 30 sec) were from cleavage at Arg 97 and Lys residues 111 and 112. These results suggest a surface orientation for these residues, and the data are in accord with earlier proposed 3D predictive models for kappa-casein. It is speculated that Arg 97, together with adjacent His residues (98 and 100) and Lys residues 111 and 112, form two positively charged clusters on the surface of the otherwise negatively charged casein. These clusters bracket the neutral chymosin cleavage site (whose hydrolysis triggers a well-known digestive process) and so these clusters may facilitate docking of the substrate caseins with chymosin. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Farrell, HM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 40 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0277-8033 J9 J PROTEIN CHEM JI J. Protein Chem. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 18 IS 6 BP 637 EP 652 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 265NA UT WOS:000084249200003 PM 10609639 ER PT J AU Tu, SI Uknalis, J Gehring, A AF Tu, SI Uknalis, J Gehring, A TI Detection of immunomagnetic bead captured Escherichia coli O157 : H7 by light addressable potentiometric sensor SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EPIFLUORESCENT FILTER TECHNIQUE; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ASSAY; ENUMERATION; 0157-H7; WATER AB A modified approach using a light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) method to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 in solutions is described, The bacterial cells were captured by the specific antibody coated on magnetic beads. The immuno paramagnetic beads (IMB) were then concentrated by a magnetic separator. Fluorescein-labeled anti E. coli antibody and urease-conjugated anti-fluorescein antibody were then used to label the cells captured by the beads. After labeling, the mixtures were rapidly filtered through 0.45 or 1.0 mu m nitrocellulose or polycarbonate filters. The production of NH3 from urea by the conjugated urease associated with the captured bacteria was then analyzed. The results indicate that IMB approach can be used to increase the specificity of the LAPS method for pathogenic bacteria detection. With this procedure, the presence of about one E. coli O157:H7 CFU per g of hamburger meat can be detected after a 6 h incubation. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, N Atlantic Area, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tu, SI (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, N Atlantic Area, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM stu@arserrc.gov NR 16 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1060-3999 EI 1745-4581 J9 J RAPID METH AUT MIC JI J Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 7 IS 2 BP 69 EP 79 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 241GR UT WOS:000082874700001 ER PT J AU Kwon, YM Woodward, CL Pena, J Corrier, DE Pillai, SD Ricke, SC AF Kwon, YM Woodward, CL Pena, J Corrier, DE Pillai, SD Ricke, SC TI Comparison of methods for processing litter and air filter matrices from poultry houses to optimize polymerase chain reaction detection of Salmonella typhimurium SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENE AMPLIFICATION; HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION; CONTAMINATION; INDICATORS; REDUCTION; INFECTION; CHICKENS; DNA AB An integrated effort to reduce the occurrence of Salmonella in poultry products should include the control of Salmonella in poultry production in early stages, which requires an efficient monitoring of Salmonella spp. in poultry houses. Studies were conducted to evaluate the potential advantages of using air samples as an alternative to litter samples for PCR detection of Salmonella spp. from poultry houses. The air filter and litter samples from a poultry house were spiked with a culture of Salmonella typhimurium. The intact samples and the DNA extracted from the samples were used for amplification of Salmonella-specific DNA using hns gene specific primers. The hns gene was more effectively amplified with filter samples than litter samples when the intact sample was used as template. When extracted DNA was used, however, there was no difference between the two samples in their intensities of PCR products as visualized on an agarose gel. The dilution of the matrices from both sampling methods greatly increased the amplification efficiency, indicating that it was the background matrices that hindered the PCR amplification. The results in this study suggest that air filter sampling may be a labor-saving alternative to litter sampling, which can be used to increase the sensitivity of PCR detection of Salmonella spp. without prior sample processing. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Kleberg Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Res Ctr, Environm Sci Program, El Paso, TX 79927 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Ricke, SC (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Kleberg Ctr, Room 101, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1060-3999 J9 J RAPID METH AUT MIC JI J. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 7 IS 2 BP 103 EP 111 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 241GR UT WOS:000082874700004 ER PT J AU Hallfrisch, J Behall, KM AF Hallfrisch, J Behall, KM TI Breath hydrogen and methane responses of men and women to breads made with white flour or whole wheat flours of different particle sizes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Meeting of the American-College-of-Nutrition CY SEP 27, 1997 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Coll Nutr DE whole grains; fiber; wheat; methane; hydrogen; fermentation; particle size ID RESISTANT STARCH; EXCRETION; DIET; FERMENTATION; HUMANS; CARBOHYDRATE; METABOLISM; CANCER; FRUIT; COLON AB Objective: While it is well known that consumption of whole grain foods results in beneficial health effects, the great majority of Americans prefer bread made with white flour. Consumption of whole grain foods in high fiber menus may cause undesirable intestinal responses. The purpose of this study was to determine whether consumption of bread made with ultra fine ground whole wheat flour retained beneficial effects while reducing undesirable effects. Methods: Twenty-six men and women (31 to 55 years of age) consumed glucose solutions or bread made with white, whole wheat or fine ground whole wheat flour (1 g carbohydrate/kg body weight) in a Latin square design after two days of controlled diet. Breath methane and hydrogen were determined over the 24 hours after consumption of test foods. Results: Hydrogen and methane responses of men and women were similar. There were no significant differences in methane responses to the different treatments, but hydrogen response was increased by all breads (p<0.0001). Although the overall mean response values were similar for all three breads, the patterns of hydrogen response differed (treatment*time, p<0.003). Gastrointestinal symptoms were not associated with fiber content or particle size of bread; however, subjects reporting symptoms tended to have higher methane responses (0.053.0.CO;2-2 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 226GF UT WOS:000082011400026 ER PT J AU Emken, EA Adlof, RO Duval, SM Nelson, GJ AF Emken, EA Adlof, RO Duval, SM Nelson, GJ TI Effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on desaturation and uptake in vivo of isotope-labeled oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids by male subjects SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID ARACHIDONIC-ACID; FATTY-ACIDS; METABOLISM; HUMANS; LIPOPROTEINS; OIL; N-3 AB The effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) on the metabolism of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids was investigated in male subjects (n = 6) confined to a metabolic unit and fed diets containing 6.5 or <0.1 g/d of DHA for 90 d. At the end of the diet period, the subjects were fed a mixture of deuterated triglycerides containing 18:1n-9[d6], 18:2n-6[d2], and 18:3n-3[d4]. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Methyl esters of plasma total lipids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol esters were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chylomicron triglyceride results show that the deuterated fatty acids were equally well absorbed and diet did not influence absorption. Compared to the low-DHA diet (LO-DHA), clearance of the labeled fatty acids from chylomicron triglycerides was modestly higher for subjects fed the high DHA diet (HI-DHA). DHA supplementation significantly reduced the concentrations of most n-6[d2] and n-3[d4] long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) metabolites in plasma lipids, Accumulation of 20:5n-3[d4] and 22:6n-3[d4] was depressed by 76 and 88%, respectively. Accumulations of 20:3n-6[d2] and 20:4n-6[d2] were both decreased by 72%. No effect of diet was observed on acyltransferase selectivity or on uptake and clearance of 18:1n-9[d6], 18:2n-6[d2], and 18:3n-3[d4]. The results indicate that accumulation of n-3 LCFA metabolites synthesized from 18:3n-3 in typical U.S. diets would be reduced from about 120 to 30 mg/d by supplementation with 6.5. g/d of DHA. Accumulation of n-6 LCFA metabolites synthesized from 18:2n-6 in U.S. diets is estimated to be reduced from about 800 to 180 mg/d. This decrease is two to th ree times the amount of n-6 LCFA in a typical U.S. diet. These results support the hypothesis that health benefits associated with DHA supplementation are the combined result of reduced accretion of n-6 LCFA metabolites and an increase in n-3 LCFA levels in tissue lipids. C1 Midw Res Consultants, Princeville, IL 61559 USA. ARS, USDA, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Emken, EA (reprint author), Midw Res Consultants, 11422 Princeville Jubilee Rd, Princeville, IL 61559 USA. NR 30 TC 69 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD AUG PY 1999 VL 34 IS 8 BP 785 EP 791 DI 10.1007/s11745-999-0424-2 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 236DT UT WOS:000082583500002 PM 10529088 ER PT J AU Eulitz, K Yurawecz, MP Sehat, N Fritsche, J Roach, JAG Mossoba, MM Kramer, JKG Adlof, RO Ku, Y AF Eulitz, K Yurawecz, MP Sehat, N Fritsche, J Roach, JAG Mossoba, MM Kramer, JKG Adlof, RO Ku, Y TI Preparation, separation, and confirmation of the eight geometrical cis/trans conjugated linoleic acid isomers 8,10-through 11,13-18 : 2 SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FATTY-ACIDS; MILK; IDENTIFICATION; TISSUE; CHEESE AB Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) mixtures were isomerized with p-toluenesulfinic acid or I-2 catalyst. The resultant mixtures of the eight cis/trans geometric isomers of 8,10-, 9,11-, 10,12-, and 11,13-octadecadienoic (18:2) acid methyl esters were separated by silver ion-high-performance liquid chromatography (Ag+-HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). Ag+-HPLC allowed the separation of all positional CLA isomers and geometric cis/trans CLA isomers except 10,12-18:2. However, one of the 8,10 isomers (8cis,10trans-18:2) coeluted with the 9trans,11cis-18:2 isomer. There were differences in the elution order of the pairs of geometric CLA isomers resolved by Ag+-HPLC. For the 8,10 and 9,11 CLA isomers, cis,trans eluted before trans,cis, whereas the opposite elution pattern was observed for the 11,13-18:2 geometric isomers (trans,cis before cis,trans). All eight cis/trans CLA isomers were separated by GC on long polar capillary columns only when their relative concentrations were about equal. Large differences in the relative concentration of the CLA isomers found in natural products obscured the resolution and identification of a number of minor CLA isomers. In such cases, GC-mass spectrometry of the dimethyloxazoline derivatives was used to identify and confirm coeluting CLA isomers. For the same positional isomer, the cis,trans consistently eluted before the trans,cis CLA isomers by GC High resolution mass spectrometry (MS) selected ion recording (SIR) of the molecular ions of the 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3 fatty acid methyl esters served as an independent and highly sensitive method to confirm CLA methyl ester peak assignments in GC chromatograms obtained from food samples by flame-ionization detection. The high-resolution MS data were used to correct for the nonselectivity of the flame-ionization detector. C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Off Food Labeling, Washington, DC 20204 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Food Res Ctr, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. ARS, No Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Yurawecz, MP (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Off Food Labeling, HFS-175,200 C St SW, Washington, DC 20204 USA. NR 11 TC 101 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD AUG PY 1999 VL 34 IS 8 BP 873 EP 877 DI 10.1007/s11745-999-0435-z PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 236DT UT WOS:000082583500013 PM 10529099 ER PT J AU Zaidi, BR Imam, SH AF Zaidi, BR Imam, SH TI Factors affecting microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene in the Caribbean coastal water SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE biodegradation; phenanthrene; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Alteromonas sp.; inorganic nutrients ID BIODEGRADATION; SEDIMENTS; OXIDATION; INOCULATION; STARCH AB Studies were conducted to assess factors that may influence the rate and extent of biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in waters of Guayanilla Bay (latitude, 18 degrees N; longitude, 66.45 degrees W) Puerto Rico. Phenanthrene was used as a model PAHs compound. Both the rate and extent of phenanthrene degradation by natural microbial flora present in seawater samples from Guayanilla Bay were quite slow. Addition of KNO3 as a source of inorganic nitrogen (N) resulted in a 10-fold increase in the rate of phenanthrene degradation within a 125 h period, whereas, addition of K2HPO4 as a source of inorganic nutrient phosphorus (P) had no effect. Phenanthrene degradation was strongly inhibited when seawater pH was adjusted to 10.0. Phenanthrene in seawater samples degraded rapidly when first pretreated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and then inoculated with a known indigenous phenanthrene degrading bacterium, Alteromonas sp. Pretreatment of phenanthrene with Triton-x-100 had little or no effect on its degradation by the same bacteria, whereas, degradation in samples preheated at 60 degrees C was somewhat inhibited. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, POB 9013, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. EM B_Zaidi@rumac.upr.clu.edu NR 25 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 38 IS 8 BP 737 EP 742 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00037-5 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 237ZL UT WOS:000082686400022 ER PT J AU Striffler, JS Polansky, MM Anderson, RA AF Striffler, JS Polansky, MM Anderson, RA TI Overproduction of insulin in the chromium-deficient rat SO METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LA English DT Article ID HIGH-FAT DIET; GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; DIABETES-MELLITUS; BREWERS-YEAST; SUCROSE DIET; BETA-CELL; RESISTANCE; NIDDM; INVIVO; SUPPLEMENTATION AB The hypothesis that the insulin secretory hyperresponsiveness observed in rats with diet-induced insulin resistance may be a basic characteristic of dietary chromium (Cr) deficiency was evaluated. Two groups of weanling rats were fed ad libitum a purified diet containing 64% sucrose, 20% casein, 5% corn oil, and the recommended levels of vitamins and minerals without added Cr, Cr-deficient (-Cr) rats were provided with distilled drinking water only, while Cr-supplemented (+Cr) rats received water containing 5 ppm Cr as CrCl3. A third group of rats fed a commercial chow diet served as sucrose controls. Effects of Cr deficiency were assessed by comparing fasting levels of glucose, insulin, and plasma lipids in blood samples collected biweekly from the -Cr and +Cr groups over a 3-month period. Both groups of rats fed the low-Cr sucrose diet developed a transient hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia relative to the chow-fed control rats. There were significant effects of Cr supplementation on plasma triglycerides during the initial 2 weeks of dietary adaptation. Effects of the low-Cr diet were evaluated after the 12-week period by comparing the insulin response area and glucose clearance during a 40-minute intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), The rates of glucose clearance (K-G) in -Cr and +Cr rats were similar (4.2 +/- 1.0 and 4.3 +/- 0.8 %/min, respectively) and were comparable to the K-G in chow-fed rats (4.6 +/- 0.8). In contrast, insulin secretory responses in -Cr rats were exaggerated (area, 14,083 +/- 3,399 mu U/mL . min), being twofold greater (P < .05) relative to the +Cr group (6,183 +/- 864), The insulin secretory response area in chow-fed rats (7,081 +/- 408 mu U/mL . min) was similar to the value in the +Cr group. These observations provide support for the hypothesis that Cr deficiency can lead to elevated insulin secretory responses to glucose. opyright (C) 1999 by W.B. Saunders Company. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Bldg 307,Room 224,BARC East, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 56 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0026-0495 J9 METABOLISM JI Metab.-Clin. Exp. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 48 IS 8 BP 1063 EP 1068 DI 10.1016/S0026-0495(99)90207-X PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 224XP UT WOS:000081925500023 PM 10459575 ER PT J AU Sharma, VK Dean-Nystrom, EA Casey, TA AF Sharma, VK Dean-Nystrom, EA Casey, TA TI Semi-automated fluorogenic PCR assays (TaqMan) for vapid detection of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and other Shiga toxigenic E. coli SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES LA English DT Article DE STEC; EHEC; haemorrhagic colitis; haemolytic uremic syndrome; intimin; food safety ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; MULTIPLEX PCR; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; EAE GENE; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; TOXIN GENES; STRAINS; IDENTIFICATION; INFECTION AB Semi-automated detection of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 and non-O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) was achieved using fluorogenic polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These PCR assays were designed to amplify 80, 120 and 150 bp regions of virulence genes stx1, stx2 and eaeA, respectively, using specific primers. The fluorogenic probes were used for specific detection of amplified products of the stx1 and stx2 genes of STEC, and the eaeA gene of EHEC O157:H7. For multiplex PCR assay, the three sets of primers and fluorogenic probes were included in one reaction to simultaneously amplify and detect any of the three targeted virulence genes. In non-multiplex PCR assay, each of the three virulence genes was amplified and detected in independent reactions. The specificity of these assays was evaluated using suspensions of STEC and other bacterial species lacking stx1, stx2 and eaeA. The multiplex assay detected all STEC harbouring any combination of th ree virulence genes. Three non-multiplex PCR reactions identified types of Shiga toxin genes carried by a STEC and identified STEC as either EHEC O157:H7 or non-O157:H7 STEC. Sensitivity limits of these assays in beef and faeces inoculated with EHEC O157:H7 were 5.8 to 580 cfu and 1.2 to 1200 cfu, respectively. These assays can be completed within 8-10 h when performed simultaneously or within 13 h if the multiplex assay is used as an initial screen for detecting STEC and the non-multiplex assay is used for subsequent detection of stx1 and stx2 of STEC and eaeA of EHEC O157:H7. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Sharma, VK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM vsharma@nadc.ars.usda.gov RI Bond, Ronald/C-9201-2009 NR 49 TC 97 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0890-8508 J9 MOL CELL PROBE JI Mol. Cell. Probes PD AUG PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 BP 291 EP 302 DI 10.1006/mcpr.1999.0251 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA 226BD UT WOS:000081999700007 PM 10441202 ER PT J AU Winter, P Pfaff, T Udupa, SM Huttel, B Sharma, PC Sahi, S Arreguin-Espinoza, R Weigand, F Muehlbauer, FJ Kahl, G AF Winter, P Pfaff, T Udupa, SM Huttel, B Sharma, PC Sahi, S Arreguin-Espinoza, R Weigand, F Muehlbauer, FJ Kahl, G TI Characterization and mapping of sequence-tagged microsatellite sites in the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genome SO MOLECULAR AND GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE chickpea; sequence-tagged microsatellite markers; primer sequences; genome mapping ID RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES; LINKAGE MAP; PLANT DNA; MARKERS; RFLP; AMPLIFICATION; POLYMORPHISM; LEGUMINOSAE; RESISTANCE; REPEATS AB A size-selected genomic library comprising 280,000 colonies and representing approximate to 18% of the chickpea genome, was screened for (GA)(n), (GAA)(n) and (TAA)(n) microsatellite-containing clones, of which 389 were sequenced. The majority (similar to 75%) contained perfect repeats; interrupted, interrupted compound and compound repeats were only present in 6%-9% of cases. (TAA)-microsatellites contained the longest repeats, with unit numbers from 9 to 131. For 218 loci primers could be designed and used for the detection of microsatellite length polymorphisms in six chickpea breeding cultivars, as well as in C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum, wild, intercrossable relatives of chickpea. A total of 174 primer pairs gave interpretable banding patterns, 137 (79%) of which revealed at least two alleles on native polyacrylamide gels. A total of 120 sequence-tagged microsatellite site (STMS) markers were genetically mapped in 90 recombinant lines from an inter-species cross between C. reticulatum and the chickpea cultivar ICC 4958. Markers could be arranged in 11 linkage groups (at a LOD score of 4) covering 613 cM. Clustering as well as random distribution of loci was observed. Segregation of 46 markers (39%) deviated significantly (P greater than or equal to 0.05) from the expected 1:1 ratio, The majority of these loci (73%) were located in three distinct regions of the genome. The present STMS marker map represents the most advanced co-dominant DNA marker map of the chickpea genome. C1 Univ Frankfurt, Bioctr, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria. Chaudhary Charan Singh Univ, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India. Univ Agr Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Legume Genet & Physiol Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Winter, P (reprint author), Univ Frankfurt, Bioctr, Marie Curie Str 9, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany. EM p.winter@em.uni-frankfurt.de RI Arreguin Espinosa, Roberto/B-5742-2011 NR 38 TC 165 Z9 174 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 262 IS 1 BP 90 EP 101 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 236BA UT WOS:000082577300011 PM 10503540 ER PT J AU Kaniewski, WK Thomas, PE AF Kaniewski, WK Thomas, PE TI Field testing for virus resistance and agronomic performance in transgenic plants SO MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE transgenic; virus; plant; argonomic performance; selection; field ID CUCUMBER MOSAIC-VIRUS; COAT PROTEIN GENES; POTATO LEAFROLL VIRUS; TOBACCO; SQUASH; INFECTION AB Resistance to specific virus diseases may be added as heritable characteristics to susceptible crop cultivars by transformation of the cultivars with specific virus-derived genes. In practice, however, resistance to the virus varies among transformed plants and transformation often changes cultivar yield and quality characteristics that are agronomically important. Therefore, rigorous selection among hundreds of different transformed plant lines is required to identify lines that are both virus resistant and also conform to or exceed standard characteristics of the original, susceptible cultivar. Tl-lis paper describes methods we have developed for rapid selection of virus resistance, yield, and quality characteristics among transformed populations of plants. C1 Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. ARS, USDA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 41 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 1073-6085 J9 MOL BIOTECHNOL JI Mol. Biotechnol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 101 EP 115 DI 10.1385/MB:12:1:101 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 247WD UT WOS:000083243200006 PM 10554774 ER PT J AU Wheeler, MH Stipanovic, RD Puckhaber, LS AF Wheeler, MH Stipanovic, RD Puckhaber, LS TI Phytotoxicity of equisetin and epi-equisetin isolated from Fusarium equiseti and F-pallidoroseum SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TOXIN EQUISETIN AB Fusarium equiseti and F. pallidoroseum are frequently reported as secondary colonizers of plant tissues. In this study they were isolated from the embryos of weathered cottonseed. Most isolates tested produced equisetin, an antibiotic, when grown on pot-ate dextrose agar, rice, surface-sterilized cottonseed, or autoclaved cottonseed. This is the first report of equisetin from F, pallidoroseum. Equisetin was extracted from cultures of F. equiseti and F. pallidoroseum with acetone and dichloromethane, and partially purified by TLC. Two epimers of equisetin, designated as EQ and epi-EQ, were separated by HPLC. EQ or epi-EQ at 25-10 mu g ml(-1) suppressed germination or inhibited growth of various monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous seed, when the seed were incubated at 30 degrees C under aqueous shake conditions. The two epimers also inhibited the growth of young seedlings and caused necrotic lesions on the roots, cotyledons, and coleoptiles of tested plant seedlings. The results suggest that equisetin may be a pathogenic factor of F. equiseti and F. pallidoroseum on seed and seedling health of cotton and other plants. C1 USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Wheeler, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RI Strid, Ake/E-5309-2012 OI Strid, Ake/0000-0003-3315-8835 NR 19 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 103 BP 967 EP 973 DI 10.1017/S0953756298008119 PN 8 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 224EQ UT WOS:000081884800007 ER PT J AU Al-Karaki, GN Clark, RB AF Al-Karaki, GN Clark, RB TI Mycorrhizal influence on protein and lipid of durum wheat grown at different soil phosphorus levels SO MYCORRHIZA LA English DT Article DE Glomus mosseae; lipid; phosphorus; protein; seed; Triticum durum ID ACID-COMPOSITION; NUTRIENT-UPTAKE; WHITE CLOVER; INFECTION; FUNGI; YIELD; SYMBIONTS; DROUGHT; SEEDS; ROOTS AB Root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may affect protein and lipid composition of plants by altering P nutrition or by eliciting other metabolic responses in the host plant. This study was conducted to determine the effects of an AMF and soil P on seed protein and lipid contents and yield of two genotypes of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.). Plants were grown in a greenhouse using soil: sand mixes with different levels of P, and with or without the AMF Glomus mosseae [(Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe]. Percentage AMF root colonization decreased as P added to soil increased. The wheat genotype CR057 had higher AMF root colonization but lower seed P and protein concentrations than CR006. Without added soil P, protein concentration was significantly lower and lipid concentration and seed dry weight higher in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) than in nonAM plants. Seed lipid and protein contents were highly correlated with P content of plants. In nonAM plants, seed lipid and protein contents were low with no added soil P and did not differ with added soil P. Seed protein/lipid (Pro/L) concentration ratios of AM plants were higher than those of nonAM plants only when no P was added to the soil. The data indicate different patterns of seed P accumulation and different relationships between seed P and protein and lipid in AM and nonAM plants. Thus, both the presence and degree of AMF root colonization affected seed lipid metabolism in these durum wheat genotypes. C1 Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Agr, Irbid, Jordan. USDA ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Al-Karaki, GN (reprint author), Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Agr, POB 3030, Irbid, Jordan. NR 32 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0940-6360 J9 MYCORRHIZA JI Mycorrhiza PD AUG PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 97 EP 101 DI 10.1007/s005720050293 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 233MX UT WOS:000082431600006 ER PT J AU Hu, WJ Harding, SA Lung, J Popko, JL Ralph, J Stokke, DD Tsai, CJ Chiang, VL AF Hu, WJ Harding, SA Lung, J Popko, JL Ralph, J Stokke, DD Tsai, CJ Chiang, VL TI Repression of lignin biosynthesis promotes cellulose accumulation and growth in transgenic trees SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE plant generic engineering; lignin biosynthesis; 4CL; transgenic; Populus tremuloides ID CINNAMYL ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE; ASPEN POPULUS-TREMULOIDES; O-METHYLTRANSFERASE GENE; DOWN-REGULATION; TOBACCO PLANTS; 4-COUMARATE-COENZYME-A LIGASE; CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; AUXIN TRANSPORT; EXPRESSION AB Because lignin limits the use of wood for fiber, chemical, and energy production, strategies for its downregulation are of considerable interest, We have produced transgenic aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx,) trees in which expression of a lignin biosynthetic pathway gene Pt4CL1 encoding 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) has been downregulated by antisense inhibition. Trees with suppressed Pt4CL1 expression exhibited up to a 45% reduction of lignin, but this was compensated for by a 15% increase in cellulose. As a result, the total lignin-cellulose mass remained essentially unchanged, Leaf, root, and stem growth were substantially enhanced, and structural integrity was maintained both at the cellular and whole-plant levels in the transgenic lines. Our results indicate that lignin and cellulose deposition could be regulated in a compensatory fashion, which may contribute to metabolic flexibility and a growth advantage to sustain the long-term structural integrity of woody perennials. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Plant Biotechnol Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Forestry, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Chiang, VL (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Plant Biotechnol Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RI Tsai, CJ/C-2450-2009 OI Tsai, CJ/0000-0002-9282-7704 NR 46 TC 438 Z9 511 U1 5 U2 82 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1087-0156 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL JI Nat. Biotechnol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 17 IS 8 BP 808 EP 812 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 221WX UT WOS:000081751400033 PM 10429249 ER PT J AU Arredondo, JT Johnson, DA AF Arredondo, JT Johnson, DA TI Root architecture and biomass allocation of three range grasses in response to nonuniform supply of nutrients and shoot defoliation SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE root architecture; biomass allocation; plasticity; Bromus tectorum; Pseudoroegneria spicata; Agropyron desertorum; Agropyron cristatum ID FERTILE-SOIL MICROSITES; AGROPYRON BUNCHGRASSES; BROMUS-TECTORUM; GROWTH; SYSTEM; PLANTS; PROLIFERATION; EFFICIENCY; NITRATE; BARLEY AB Predictions of root architecture have been tested using only a narrow set of environmental conditions and species. There is little information on root architecture of plants growing on semi-arid grasslands where soil nutrient heterogeneity and defoliation might impose particular restrictions on root growth. We conducted a split-root study to evaluate the effect of nonuniform nutrient supply and clipping on root architecture and biomass allocation of three range grasses found in the Intermountain West of the USA: 'Whitmar', a cultivar of Pseudoroegnesia spicata, Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), and 'Hycrest', a hybrid between Agropyron desertorum and A. cristatum. Root systems of individual seedlings were equally divided between the two divisions of a partitioned 10-1 pot, and each of the divisions was independently supplied with 'high or 'low' nutrient solution. Plants were either clipped or not. Characteristics of root architecture (topology and link length), root size (root length and number of root tips), and biomass distribution (specific root length and root mass: root volume ratio) were evaluated. Root topology (branching distribution) changed with nutrient treatments and defoliation in all three species. Length of links (a segment of root between two branches, or between a node and a root tip) responded to nutrient treatment only in defoliated plants of 'Whitmar', in which relative growth rate was associated with changes in architectural traits (external-external and internal-internal link length), while biomass accumulation and relative growth rate in cheatgrass and 'Hycrest' maintained allometric relationships with root length. Our results suggest that large plasticity in root architecture, together with inherently low relative growth rate are adaptations that allow 'Whitmar' to grow well in heterogeneous and poor soil-nutrient conditions. Cheatgrass and 'Hycrest' exhibited characteristics suggesting capability for rapid exploitation of nutrient patches. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Arredondo, JT (reprint author), Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Grunlandlehre, D-85350 Freising, Germany. RI Arredondo Moreno, Jose /A-9972-2015 OI Arredondo Moreno, Jose /0000-0003-1969-9942 NR 43 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 4 U2 37 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 143 IS 2 BP 373 EP 385 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00460.x PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 229QN UT WOS:000082206200015 ER PT J AU Choi, SW Mayer, J AF Choi, SW Mayer, J TI Vitamin B-12 deficiency: A new risk factor for breast cancer? SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID BRONCHIAL SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA; FOLATE; DNA; HYPOMETHYLATION; SMOKERS; GENE AB A prospective epidemiologic study found a threshold level for serum vitamin B-12, below which an increased risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women was observed. This is the first observation to suggest that B-12 status may influence breast carcinogenesis and therefore may be a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer prevention. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Choi, SW (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 57 IS 8 BP 250 EP 253 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 242UV UT WOS:000082960800003 PM 10518411 ER PT J AU Jacob, RA AF Jacob, RA TI Evidence that diet modification reduces in vivo oxidant damage SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID CLINICAL-TRIAL; ANTIOXIDANTS; FRUIT; CONSUMPTION; VEGETABLES; PATTERNS; CAPACITY; CANCER AB Because few trials have studied the antioxidant effects of diets rather than vitamin supplements, the results of a recent trial that altered fruit, vegetable, and fat intake in healthy adults are especially valuable. The findings support the hypothesis that changing dietary patterns may decrease the risk of atherosclerosis by favorably altering the balance of oxidant defense and damage. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Jacob, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 57 IS 8 BP 255 EP 258 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 242UV UT WOS:000082960800005 PM 10518413 ER PT J AU Szepanski, MM Ben-David, M Van Ballenberghe, V AF Szepanski, MM Ben-David, M Van Ballenberghe, V TI Assessment of anadromous salmon resources in the diet of the Alexander Archipelago wolf using stable isotope analysis SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Applications of Stable Isotope Techniques to Ecological Studies CY APR 20-22, 1998 CL SASKATOON, CANADA SP Environm Canada, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Natl Water Res Inst, Saskatoon, Micromass, Europa Sci, Finnigan MAT DE Alexander archipelago; Canis lupus ligoni; marine resources; salmon; stable isotopes ID SPAWNING PACIFIC SALMON; SOUTHEAST ALASKA; CARBON ISOTOPES; SEASONAL-CHANGES; TAILED DEER; NITROGEN; DELTA-C-13; WOLVES; BEARS; PHYSIOLOGY AB The Alexander Archipelago wolf (Canis lupus ligoni) is unique to southeast Alaska, occurring on islands south of Frederick Sound and along the mainland between Dixon Entrance and Yakutat Bay. Sitka blacktailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) are an important prey species for wolves across the southern part of the region. Spawning salmon (Onchorynchus sp.) are seasonally available but their presence in wolf diets has not previously been quantified. We examined the range of bone collagen delta(13)C and delta(15)N values for wolves throughout southeast (n = 163) and interior (n = 50) Alaska and used a dual-isotope mixing model to determine the relative contribution of salmon-derived marine protein in the diet. Southeast Alaska wolves consumed significantly more salmon (mean +/- SE: 18.3 +/- 1.2%) than did wolves from interior Alaska (9.1 +/- 0.6%, P<0.001). Wolves on the southeast Alaska mainland appeared to have higher marine isotopic signatures than island wolves, although this difference was not significant. Variation among individual wolf diets was higher for southeast than for interior Alaska wolves, and variation was highest in coastal mainland wolf diets (P < 0.001). Marine resources may augment the diet of southeast Alaska wolves during seasonal or annual fluctuations in the availability of deer, particularly in those areas on the mainland where densities of terrestrial ungulates are relatively low. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Szepanski, MM (reprint author), POB 222231, Anchorage, AK 99522 USA. NR 63 TC 76 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 36 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD AUG PY 1999 VL 120 IS 3 BP 327 EP 335 DI 10.1007/s004420050866 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 233PU UT WOS:000082435900003 PM 28308010 ER PT J AU Jenkins, MC Ellis, JT Liddell, S Ryce, C Munday, BL Morrison, DA Dubey, JP AF Jenkins, MC Ellis, JT Liddell, S Ryce, C Munday, BL Morrison, DA Dubey, JP TI The relationship of Hammondia hammondi and Sarcocystis mucosa to other heteroxenous cyst-farming coccidia as inferred by phylogenetic analysis of the 18S SSU ribosomal DNA sequence SO PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hammondia; apicomplexa; phylogenetic analysis ID TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS; ANTIGENIC SIMILARITY; NEOSPORA-CANINUM; RDNA SEQUENCES; RNA SEQUENCES; CELL-CULTURES; APICOMPLEXA; NEURONA; FALCATULA AB The complete sequence of the 18S small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA of Hammondia hammondi and Sarcocystis mucosa was obtained and compared to SSU rDNA sequences of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Besnoitia besnoiti, 2 species of Frenkelia, 3 species of Isospora, and 13 species of Sarcocystis. Analyses showed that H. hammondi and T. gondii are monophyletic and that these taxa shared a common ancestor with N. caninum and B. besnoiti. The weight of evidence shows that S. mucosa, S. neurona, and Frenkelia species form a clade thereby supporting the conclusion that Sarcocystis is paraphyletic. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, BARC, EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Technol Sydney, Mol Parasitol Unit, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Gore Hill, NSW 2065, Australia. Univ Tasmania, Dept Aquaculture, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia. RP Jenkins, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, BARC, EAST, B-1040,Rm-100, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI liddell, susan/C-2653-2012; Ellis, John/L-6988-2016 OI Ellis, John/0000-0001-7328-4831 NR 43 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0031-1820 J9 PARASITOLOGY JI Parasitology PD AUG PY 1999 VL 119 BP 135 EP 142 DI 10.1017/S0031182099004618 PN 2 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 228KV UT WOS:000082136400003 PM 10466120 ER PT J AU Reid, CD Fiscus, EL Burkey, KO AF Reid, CD Fiscus, EL Burkey, KO TI Effects of chronic ozone and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate in soybean (Glycine max) SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE ACTIVITY; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; STATE GAS-EXCHANGE; RIBULOSE 1,5-BISPHOSPHATE; SPRING WHEAT; POOL SIZES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; LEAVES; PLANTS; O-3 AB Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) pool size was determined at regular intervals during the growing season to understand the effects of tropospheric ozone concentrations, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and their interactions on the photosynthetic limitation by RuBP regeneration. Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr, cv, Essex) was grown from seed to maturity in open-top field chambers in charcoal-filtered air (CF) either without (22 nmol O-3 mol(-1)) or with added O-3 (83 nmol mol(-1)) at ambient (AA, 369 mu mol CO2 mol(-1)) or elevated CO, (710 mu mol mol(-1)). The RuBP pool size generally declined with plant age in all treatments when expressed on a unit leaf area and in all treatments but CF-AA when expressed per unit ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4,1,1,39) binding site, Although O-3 in ambient CO2 generally reduced the RuBP pool per unit leaf area, it did not change the RuBP pool per unit Rubisco binding site, Elevated CO2, in CF or O-3-fumigated air, generally had no significant effect on RuBP pool size, thus mitigating the negative O-3 effect. The RuBP pools were below 2 mol mol(-1) binding site in all treatments for most of the season, indicating limiting RuBP regeneration capacity. These low RuBP pools resulted in increased RuBP regeneration Fia faster RUBP turnover, but only in CF air and during vegetative and flowering stages at elevated CO2. Also, the low RuBP pool sizes did not always reflect RuBP consumption rates or the RuBP regeneration limitation relative to potential carboxylation (%RuBP). Rather, %RuBP increased linearly with decrease in the RuBP pool turnover lime. These data suggest that amelioration of damage from O-3 by elevated atmospheric CO2 to the RuBP regeneration may be in response to changes in the Rubisco carboxylation. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Agr Res Serv, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. RP Reid, CD (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Agr Res Serv, Dept Crop Sci, 3908 Inwood Rd, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. NR 38 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 106 IS 4 BP 378 EP 385 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.106404.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 247KN UT WOS:000083220100004 ER PT J AU Rosewich, UL Pettway, RE Katan, T Kistler, HC AF Rosewich, UL Pettway, RE Katan, T Kistler, HC TI Population genetic analysis corroborates dispersal of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp radicis-lycopersici from Florida to Europe SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY GROUPS; ELECTROPHORETIC KARYOTYPE; SP CUBENSE; ROOT-ROT; TOMATO; FUNGUS; EVOLUTION; DISEASE; BLAST; RACES AB Fusarium oxysporum isolates from tomato plants displaying crown and root rot symptoms were collected in central and southern Florida and analyzed using vegetative compatibility grouping (VCG) and nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data. VCG 0094 of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, previously known only from northwestern Europe, was predominant among 387 isolates assessed. In addition, two newly described VCGs (0098 and 0099) were detected at low frequencies. Floridian VCG 0094 isolates displayed a continuum of compatibilities, which Is In contrast to the three distinct subgroups previously identified among European VCG 0094 isolates. RFLP haplotypes were constructed using one repetitive and three low-copy probes. Population subdivision of VCG 0094 from various Floridian counties and from northwestern Europe (Belgium, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) was evaluated by analysis of molecular variance. A "natural" population structure was revealed, differentiating populations from the east and west coasts of Florida. In addition, isolates from Europe were statistically indistinguishable from the Palm Beach County, FL, population. Furthermore, gene diversity among Palm Beach County VCG 0094 isolates was more than five times greater than among European isolates. Results from both VCG and RFLP analyses strongly support the inference that the European VCG 0094 constitutes a founder population that resulted from intercontinental migration of a few isolates from Palm Beach County, FL. C1 Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Kistler, HC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, 1551 Lindig St, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 42 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 1999 VL 89 IS 8 BP 623 EP 630 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.8.623 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 220ZM UT WOS:000081699800004 PM 18944673 ER PT J AU Wu, LJ Damicone, JP Duthie, JA Melouk, HA AF Wu, LJ Damicone, JP Duthie, JA Melouk, HA TI Effects of temperature and wetness duration on infection of peanut cultivars by Cercospora arachidicola SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Arachis hypogaea; early leaf spot; groundnut ID EARLY LEAF-SPOT; DISEASE PROGRESS; BOTRYOSPHAERIA-OBTUSA; NORTH-CAROLINA; RESISTANCE; COMPONENTS; MODEL; VIRGINIA; GERMINATION; PERSONATUM AB The effects of temperature and duration of wetness (relative humidity greater than or equal to 95%) on infection of three peanut cultivars by Cercospora arachidicola were determined under controlled conditions. Plants of the Spanish cv. Spanco and the runner cvs. Florunner and Okrun were exposed to constant temperatures of 18 to 30 degrees C during 12-h periods of wetness each day that totaled 12 to 84 h following inoculation of leaves with conidia. Severity of disease, measured by either lesion density (number per leaf) or lesion size (diameter), was greatest for 'Spanco', intermediate for 'Flo-runner', and lowest for 'Okrun' in each of two experiments. Lesion density was evaluated further because it was an indicator of both the occurrence and degree of infection. Nonlinear regression analysis was employed to evaluate the combined effects of temperature (T) and wetness duration (W) on lesion density (Y). In the regression model, the Weibull function characterized the monotonic increase of Y with respect to W, while a hyperbolic function characterized the unimodal response of Y with respect to T. Parameters for the intrinsic rate of change with respect to W (b), the intrinsic rate of change with respect to T (f), the optimal value of T (g), and the upper limit (e) when T is optimum (T = g) were estimated for each cultivar and experiment. The effect of cultivar was characterized primarily by differences in the upper limit parameter e. In each experiment, e was greatest for 'Spanco', intermediate for 'Florunner', and least for 'Okrun'. The effect of cultivar on b followed a pattern similar to that for e in experiment 1, but not in experiment 2. Differences among cultivars for estimates off and g were small and inconsistent. Estimates for g were precise for each cultivar and experiment and fell within the range of 22.3 to 23.2 degrees C. Cultivar responses to T and W were further evaluated using data pooled over the two experiments. Parameter e was estimated for each cultivar, but common values of b, f, and g were estimated. At e = 22.8 degrees C, lesion density approached an upper limit of 96, 17, and 6 lesions per leaf for the cvs. Spanco, Florunner, and Okrun, respectively. These fitted values approximated the observed values of 86, 25, and 9 lesions per leaf for the respective cultivars. Cultivars varied in their response to W at a given T. At 22.8 degrees C, one lesion per leaf was expected following 26, 30, and 36 h of wetness for 'Spanco', 'Florunner', and 'Okrun', respectively. If temperature was increased to 28 degrees C, one lesion per leaf was expected following 36, 44, and 54 h of wetness for the respective cultivars. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, USDA ARS, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Damicone, JP (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 47 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 1999 VL 89 IS 8 BP 653 EP 659 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.8.653 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 220ZM UT WOS:000081699800008 PM 18944677 ER PT J AU Goodwin, SB AF Goodwin, SB TI Molecular tracking new migrations of an old pathogen: the re-emergence of potato late blight SO PHYTOPROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 91st Annual Congress of the Quebec-Society-for-the-Protection-of-Plants CY JUN 09, 1999 CL ST JEAN RICHELLIEU, CANADA SP Quebec Soc Protect Plants ID PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS POPULATIONS; UNITED-STATES; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; CLONAL LINEAGES; COLUMBIA BASIN; FAMINE FUNGUS; NORTHERN; CANADA; NETHERLANDS; WASHINGTON C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Goodwin, SB (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 1155 Lilly Hall, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU QUEBEC SOC PROTECT PLANTS PI ST FOY PA PHYTOPROTECTION, 3488 CHEMIN SAINTE-FOY, ST FOY, QUEBEC G1X 2S8, CANADA SN 0031-9511 J9 PHYTOPROTECTION JI Phytoprotection PD AUG PY 1999 VL 80 IS 2 BP 85 EP 95 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 288UA UT WOS:000085581800004 ER PT J AU Davis, CM Keyser, JD AF Davis, CM Keyser, JD TI McKean complex projectile point typology and function in the Pine Parklands SO PLAINS ANTHROPOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE McKean complex; projectile point typology; point rejuvenation and function; northwestern Plains ID TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AB McKean complex projectile point typology has been of keen interest to Plains archaeologists since the early 1950s. This article examines the typological and functional relationships of McKean complex points from the Lightning Spring, McKean, Red Fox and Scoggin sites in the Pine Parklands area of the northwestern Plains. Techno-morphological study of these assemblages demonstrates that Duncan and Hanna are a single form, while the McKean Lanceolate anal Mallory axe separate types. The article proposes that the three McKean complex point types functioned within a multiple weapons system: Duncan-Hanna points were atlatl darts while McKean Lanceolates, and possibly Mallory points, were used on thrusting spears. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Helena Natl Forest, Helena, MT 59601 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Davis, CM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Helena Natl Forest, Helena, MT 59601 USA. NR 84 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLAINS ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOC PI LINCOLN PA 3201 SOUTH STREET, PO BOX 152, LINCOLN, NE 68506-3266 USA SN 0032-0447 J9 PLAINS ANTHROPOL JI Plains Anthropol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 44 IS 169 BP 251 EP 270 PG 20 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA 225HC UT WOS:000081951500003 ER PT J AU Kalaitzis, P Hong, SB Solomos, T Tucker, ML AF Kalaitzis, P Hong, SB Solomos, T Tucker, ML TI Molecular characterization of a tomato endo-beta-1,4-glucanase gene expressed in mature pistils, abscission zones and fruit SO PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abscission; cellulase; EGase; fruit ripening; pistil; tomato ID FLOWER ABSCISSION; AVOCADO FRUIT; CELLULASE; POLYGALACTURONASES; CLONING; FAMILY; MEMBER AB A cDNA (TAC1) and genomic clone (cel5) encoding an endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (EGase) were identified from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Rutgers). The cel5 gene is expressed in pistils, flower pedicel and leaf abscission zones, and ripening fruit. The genomic sequence includes a 22 bp 5' upstream sequence that is conserved in a closely related peach EGase gene, ppEG1. C1 USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Mediterranean Agron Inst Chania, Chania 73100, Crete, Greece. Univ Maryland, Dept Hort, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Tucker, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Bldg 006,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU JAPANESE SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI KYOTO PA SHIMOTACHIURI OGAWA HIGASHI KAMIKYOKU, KYOTO, 602, JAPAN SN 0032-0781 J9 PLANT CELL PHYSIOL JI Plant Cell Physiol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 40 IS 8 BP 905 EP 908 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 228JY UT WOS:000082134400017 PM 10555309 ER PT J AU Wells, JM Butterfield, JE AF Wells, JM Butterfield, JE TI Incidence of Salmonella on fresh fruits and vegetables affected by fungal rots or physical injury SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID NEW-YORK MARKET; DISORDERS; SHIPMENTS; MONTEVIDEO; TOMATOES AB Enriched wash from healthy and decayed portions of 341 fruits and vegetables collected in the marketplace and affected by fungal rots were tested for suspected Salmanella appearing as black, hydrogen sulfide-positive colonies on Salmonella-Shigella agar incubated at 37 degrees C. Suspected Salmonella occurred in 20.2% of healthy and in 26.4% of decayed portions, two-thirds of which were caused by Alternaria and Botrytis. In a similar analysis of 121 samples with mechanical injuries, in which two-thirds were gouges, cuts, and bruises, there were no significant differences in Salmanella incidence between injured and uninjured portions. Of 332 suspected Salmonella randomly isolated from healthy and decayed or injured portions, 17 (5.1%) were confirmed as Salmonella by physiological and serological testing. When tomato, potato, and onion tissues were inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium, populations of that bacterium increased by one to two logs over a 48-h incubation at room temperature. Coinoculation of tissues with S. typhimurium and Botrytis or Rhizopus, but not Alternaria or Geotrichum, caused a statistically significant increase in populations of Salmonella compared with the controls. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Wells, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 27 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 83 IS 8 BP 722 EP 726 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.8.722 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 219KG UT WOS:000081606000005 ER PT J AU Wilson, JP Gates, RN AF Wilson, JP Gates, RN TI Disease resistance and biomass stability of forage pearl millet hybrids with partial rust resistance SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENT GROWTH-STAGES; SUBSTRIATA VAR INDICA; LATENT PERIOD; INFECTION; REGISTRATION; EXPRESSION; WHEAT; YIELD AB The expression of partial resistance to Puccinia substriata var. indica and its contribution to digestible biomass production in forage pearl miller hybrids were evaluated in field experiments at Tifton, GA. Inbreds Tift 383, Tift 65, and nine inbreds with partial resistance selected from the cross Tift 383 x 'ICMP 501' were crossed to Tift 23DA(4). The parental inbreds and hybrids were evaluated in natural epidemics in 1996 and 1997. Because of maturity differences among the lines, slope of the regression of legit rust severity on time (apparent infection rate) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) calculated for a defined interval of plant growth (10 days before to 20 days after anthesis) and adjusted for initial rust severity at 10 days prior to anthesis were the most useful indicators of resistance. Inbred resistance was not a reliable predictor of hybrid resistance when evaluated by either variable. Hybrids were evaluated for biomass production in 1996 and 1997 in a split-plot design, with hybrids as main plots and nontreated or chlorothalonil fungicide-treated as subplots. Differences existed among hybrids for AUDPC and for digestible dry matter yield (DDMY) and its components. Over all hybrids, the response between DDMY and final rust severity was described by logarithmic regression. Two clusters of hybrids were identified by cluster analysis of disease-related data from both experiments. The cluster of susceptible hybrids tended to have a lower DDMY and were less stable over year x treatment environments than the cluster of partially resistant hybrids. Lodging in nontreated plots in 1997 primarily occurred in susceptible hybrids. Although resistance was expressed in certain hybrids, greater levels of partial resistance are needed to provide adequate protection against DDMY losses. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Forage & Turf Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Wilson, JP (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Forage & Turf Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 83 IS 8 BP 733 EP 738 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.8.733 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 219KG UT WOS:000081606000007 ER PT J AU Browne, GT Viveros, MA AF Browne, GT Viveros, MA TI Lethal cankers caused by Phytophthora spp. in almond scions: Specific etiology and potential inoculum sources SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Prunus dulcis ID FLOODING DURATION; STEM CANKER; CROWN ROTS; ROOT; TREES; APPLE; CACTORUM; DISEASE AB Etiology of a new lethal canker syndrome of almond trees was investigated in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Phytophthora citricola was isolated most frequently from cankers limited to the aboveground scion portions of trees; whereas P. cactorum usually was isolated from cankers originating at or below the soil surface. Repeated observations and isolations indicated that some of the cankers associated with each species were perennial. In pathogenicity tests, isolates of P. cactorum and P. citricola caused bark cankers in excised segments of almond shoots and branches, as well as root and crown rot on potted almond seedlings. Only P. citricola caused significant disease in root and crown tissues of peach seedlings. When pear fruits and almond seedlings were used as bait, P. cactorum and P. citricola were isolated from orchard soil, debris collected in natural depressions where scaffold branches and the tree trunk joined at a common point, and debris deposited on tree surfaces during nut harvest. Control strategies for Phytophthora diseases of almond should consider aboveground as well as belowground modes of attack by P. citricola and P. cactorum. Debris infested with these pathogens and deposited on trees during harvest may play a role in the disease epidemiology. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Cooperat Extens, Bakersfield, CA 93307 USA. RP Browne, GT (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 83 IS 8 BP 739 EP 745 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.8.739 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 219KG UT WOS:000081606000008 ER PT J AU Goth, RW Ellis, PJ de Villiers, G Goins, EW Wright, NS AF Goth, RW Ellis, PJ de Villiers, G Goins, EW Wright, NS TI Characteristics and distribution of potato latent carlavirus (Red LaSoda virus) in North America SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB A carlavirus (code name RLSV and subsequently named potato latent carlavirus, PotLV) with serological and biological characteristics different from those of potato M carlavirus (PVM) and potato S carlavirus (PVS) was detected in the potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivar Red LaSoda by the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency in 1992. During a routine electron microscope testing of accessions in the Vancouver Collection of Virus-Free Potatoes growing in the California winter test in 1993, a filamentous rod-shaped virus similar to PVS and PVM was found in a Red LaSoda clone from Nebraska. The virus was isolated and purified. The monoclonal antibody, MAb 4E12, which is highly specific to the PotLV virus, was developed. From 1994 to 1998, the accessions in the Vancouver Collection of Virus-Free Potatoes were assayed by triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) using the 4E12 MAb. Seven accessions tested from 1994 to 1996 were infected with PotLV None of the 270 and 267 accessions in this collection tested positive for this virus in 1997 and 1998, respectively. In 1997 and 1998, the 137 accessions in the U.S. National Varietal Collection maintained at Presque Isle, Maine, were also assayed using the 4E12 MAb. The cultivars High Plains, Platte, and Red LaSoda were the only accessions that tested positive for PotLV. Nicotiana benthamiana, N. megalosiphon, and N. occidentalis are new systemic hosts for PotLV. TAS-ELISA with the 4E12 MAb is now part of the standardized test for PotLV in Canada. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Phyto Diagnost Co Ltd, Sidney, BC V8L 1H3, Canada. RP Goth, RW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 83 IS 8 BP 751 EP 753 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.8.751 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 219KG UT WOS:000081606000010 ER PT J AU Pfender, WF Alderman, SC AF Pfender, WF Alderman, SC TI Geographical distribution and incidence of orchardgrass choke, caused by Epichloe typhina, in Oregon SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE emerging diseases; endophyte ID COMPATIBILITY AB A 1998 survey was conducted in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, the major U.S. production area for orchardgrass seed, to determine the extent and severity of choke disease in Dactylis glomerata. This disease is a severe constraint to orchardgrass seed production in other parts of the world, but was unknown in Oregon prior to 1997. Thirty-seven fields, representing 27 cultivars and the geographical extent of production in the Willamette Valley, were selected from a list of fields registered for certification. Choke was found in 26 (70%) of the fields, and disease incidence ranged from <0.05 to 28% tillers affected. Five of the 37 fields had only trace levels of the disease, but four of the fields, representing three counties, had incidences >10%. In a survey of 16 fields located within 3.5 hm of the 1997 discovery, choke was found in 14 fields, of which three had incidences >20%. Increase in disease incidence between 1997 and 1998 ranged from 2.1- to 3.3-fold in the three fields where disease increase was measured. One year after its presence was confirmed in Oregon, choke disease of orchardgrass is well-established throughout the orchardgrass seed producing region at damaging levels and is apparently able to increase and spread under the prevailing climatic and cultural conditions. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pfender, WF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 16 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 83 IS 8 BP 754 EP 758 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.8.754 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 219KG UT WOS:000081606000011 ER PT J AU Brosofske, KD Chen, J Crow, TR Saunders, SC AF Brosofske, KD Chen, J Crow, TR Saunders, SC TI Vegetation responses to landscape structure at multiple scales across a Northern Wisconsin, USA, pine barrens landscape SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diversity; forest management; landscape ecology; plants; spatial scale; wavelet analysis ID EXPERIMENTAL FOREST; WAVELET ANALYSIS; EDGE; DIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; GROWTH; ECOSYSTEMS; PATTERNS; FRAGMENTATION; BIODIVERSITY AB Increasing awareness of the importance of scale and landscape structure to landscape processes and concern about loss of biodiversity has resulted in efforts to understand patterns of biodiversity across multiple scales. We examined plant species distributions and their relationships to landscape structure at varying spatial scales across a pine barrens landscape in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A. We recorded plant species cover in 1x1 m plots every 5 m along a 3575 m transect, along with variables describing macro- and micro-landscape structure. A total of 139 understory plant species were recorded. The distributions of many species appeared to be strongly associated with landscape structural features, such as distinct management patches and roads. TWINSPAN and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) identified three groups of species that overlapped extensively in the ordination, possibly reflecting the relatively homogeneous nature of disturbance in the pine barrens landscape. Distribution of understory plants did not reflect all of the patch types we identified along the transect; plot ordination and classification resulted in three to five plot groups that differed in niche breadth. Wavelet transforms showed varying relationships between landscape features and plant diversity indices (Shannon-Weiner, Simpson's Dominance) at different resolutions. Wavelet variances indicated that patterns of Shannon diversity were dominated by coarse resolutions ranging from similar to 900-1500 m, which may have been related to topography. Patterns of Simpson's Dominance were dominated by similar to 700 m resolution, possibly associated with canopy cover. However, a strong correspondence between overstory patch type and diversity was found for several patch types at ranges of scales that varied by patch type. Effects of linear features such as roads were apparent in the wavelet transforms at resolutions of about 5-1000 m, suggesting roads may have an important impact on plant diversity at landscape scales. At broad scales, landscape context appeared more important to diversity than individual patches, suggesting that changes in structure at fine resolutions could alter overall diversity characteristics of the landscape. Therefore, a hierarchical perspective is necessary to recognize potential large-scale change resulting from small-scale activities. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. USDA Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Brosofske, KD (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RI Chen, Jiquan/D-1955-2009 NR 53 TC 45 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 17 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 143 IS 2 BP 203 EP 218 DI 10.1023/A:1009768115186 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 235GA UT WOS:000082532100006 ER PT J AU Hoecker, U Vasil, IK McCarty, DR AF Hoecker, U Vasil, IK McCarty, DR TI Signaling from the embryo conditions Vp1-mediated repression of alpha-amylase genes in the aleurone of developing maize seeds SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DEVELOPING WHEAT GRAINS; ABSCISIC-ACID CONTENT; SPROUTING-RESISTANT; ABA LEVELS; VIVIPAROUS-1; GIBBERELLIN; SENSITIVITY; EXPRESSION; DORMANCY; KERNELS AB The VP1 transcription factor functions as both a repressor and an activator of gene expression in the developing aleurone. Vp1 activation of the anthocyanin pathway exhibits strict cell autonomy in aleurone. In contrast, Vp1-mediated repression of hydrolase genes in aleurone cells during seed development is determined by a combination of cell autonomous and cell nonautonomous signals. To analyze signaling between the embryo and aleurone during seed development, a TB-3La chromosome translocation was used to create seed that has non-concordant embryo and endosperm genotypes. We show that de-repression of an Amy-GUS reporter gene in developing vp1 mutant aleurone cells strongly depends on the presence of a viviparous embryo. Genetic ablation of the developing embryo in vp1 mutant and Vp1 seeds through the introduction of an early embryo mutation caused a similar enhancement of Amy-GUS expression in the aleurone, suggesting that the quiescent embryo present in normal seed is a critical source of inhibitory signals. Analysis of an ABA deficient vp1 vp5 double mutant indicates that ABA synthesized in the embyro interacts additively with Vp1 to prevent precocious induction of ol-amylase genes in the aleurone of the developing seed. A lack of ABA synthesis, however, does not account for the strongly synergistic interaction between a viviparous vp1 embryo and mutant aleurone suggesting that a quiescent embyro is a source of other inhibitory signals. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Plant Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP McCarty, DR (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Plant Mol & Cellular Biol Program, 1143 Fifield Hall,POB 110690, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. RI Vasil, Indra/F-6192-2011 OI Vasil, Indra/0000-0002-8900-4897 NR 28 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 19 IS 4 BP 371 EP 377 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00521.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 241JM UT WOS:000082879400001 PM 10504559 ER PT J AU Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC AF Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC TI The effect of a second dexamethasone treatment on turkeys previously challenged in an experimental Escherichia coli respiratory model of turkey osteomyelitis complex SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE turkey osteomyelitis complex; stress; immunosuppression; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus ID EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; GREEN LIVER DISCOLORATION; PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES; BROILER-CHICKENS; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; STRESS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INFECTION; DISEASE; GLUCOCORTICOIDS AB In two separate experiments, turkeys that had survived immunosuppression with dexamethasone (DEX) and air sac inoculation with low numbers of Escherichia coli at 5 wk of age were maintained until 13 wk of age, at which time they were given a second treatment with DEX. All mortalities and birds that were necropsied 8 and 15 d (Experiment 1) and 21 d (Experiment 2) after the last DEX injection were scored for air sacculitis/pericarditis and turkey osteomyelitis complex (TOC). In both experiments, all of the lesions that characterize TOC were reproduced, including osteomyelitis of the proximal tibia, synovitis/tendonitis, abscesses in the soft tissues, and green liver. In Experiment 1, all mortalities after Day 7 had TOC lesions, whereas 44% of mortalities had green livers. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 90% of all TOC lesions cultured. In Experiment 2, the incidence of mortality, air sacculitis, TOC, and green liver as well as the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher in birds that had previously been treated with DEX but had never been challenged with E. coli than in birds that had survived both treatment with DEX and challenge with 25 or 50 cfu of E, coli. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 73% of TOC lesions cultured, whereas E. coli was isolated from only 5.4% of the lesions. These studies suggest that TOC incidence may be related to a stress-induced susceptibility to opportunistic infection. C1 Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr, USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Huff, GR (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr, USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 38 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 78 IS 8 BP 1116 EP 1125 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 220ZF UT WOS:000081699200007 PM 10472837 ER PT J AU Gill, SPS Donoghue, AM Holsberger, DR Amann, RP Hulet, RM AF Gill, SPS Donoghue, AM Holsberger, DR Amann, RP Hulet, RM TI Identifying potentially subfertile toms via a sperm-binding assay SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tom; fertility; hatch; sperm-binding assay; artificial insemination ID FERTILIZING ABILITY; TURKEY SEMEN; SPERMATOZOA; MOTILITY; QUALITY; BREEDER; FOWL; VIABILITY; INVITRO; LAYER AB We evaluated the utility of the commercial version of a new sperm-egg binding assay for detection of differences in sperm quality in samples of turkey semen from individual toms. Each sample had a Swirl of 2 or more on a scale of 0 to 4. For assays conducted with fresh semen at 4 x 10(6) sperm per well, values ranged from 0.11 to 12% sperm bound to an extract of perivitelline membrane. Within-male variation averaged 0.17 percentage units, based on three ejaculates per male evaluated. Two experiments compared fertility and hatch for hens after weekly insemination with pooled semen from subpopulations of tom classified as having sperm with LOW or HIGH binding. Average fertility and hatch were lower (P < 0.05) for eggs laid by hens inseminated with semen from LOW toms in one experiment. In another experiment, hen fertility was not different between treatments after insemination during Weeks 32 to 39; however, a sharp decline in hatch was observed only for hens inseminated with semen from LOW toms after 40 wk of age. With semen from HIGH toms, hatch remained at greater than or equal to 80%. For these experiments, similar to 7% more poults were obtained from hens inseminated with Semen from HIGH toms. We demonstrated that the sperm-egg binding assay detects differences in sperm quality between individuals, and these differences influence fertility. C1 BioPore Inc, State Coll, PA 16805 USA. ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Gill, SPS (reprint author), BioPore Inc, State Coll, PA 16805 USA. EM Gill@biopore.com NR 37 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 78 IS 8 BP 1208 EP 1218 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 220ZF UT WOS:000081699200019 PM 10472849 ER PT J AU Rath, NC Balog, JM Huff, WE Huff, GR Kulkarni, GB Tierce, JF AF Rath, NC Balog, JM Huff, WE Huff, GR Kulkarni, GB Tierce, JF TI Comparative differences in the composition and biomechanical properties of tibiae of seven- and seventy-two-week-old male and female broiler breeder chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chicken; bone; biomechanics; pyridinium crosslinks; bone matrix ID COLLAGEN CROSS-LINKS; CORTICAL BONE; AVIAN CALCIUM; STRENGTH; AGE; MATRIX; MASS; BETA AB Skeletal problems are common in both young and old poultry and are often related to bone weakness. They affect mortality on the farm and condemnations within processing plant and thus raise both welfare and economic concerns. To understand the basis of bone strength, the metaphyseal histology, composition, and the biomechanical properties of tibiae from 7- and 72-wk-old male and female broiler breeder chickens were compared. The biochemical constituents included ash, collagen, proteoglycan, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), pyridinium crosslinks, and the organic matrix-associated fluorescence. Blood variables were measured to determine the metabolic status of these birds as related to bone physiology. Although there were no differences in blood chemistry of 7-wk-old males and females, there were several differences between young and old birds. The levels of calcium, triglyceride, and iron were higher in older females than in older males. The collagen content was reduced, and the proteoglycan content increased in 72-wk-old hens. The TGF-beta content of bones from 7-wk-old females was higher than that of other groups of birds. Bone strength and stiffness, measured using loads at break and Young's modulus, respectively, were higher in older birds. The presence of medullary bones in 72-wk-old hens did not affect their bone strength, although it reduced strain values and increased Young's modulus. Compared to other groups, the 72-wk-old hens had a higher content of an inorganic matrix. The levels of hydroxylysylpyridinoline (HP) and lysyl-pyridinoline (LP) and the collagenase-extractable fluorescence of the organic matrix from older birds was higher. The decalcified bone matrix from older birds also showed higher susceptibility to bacterial collagenase than their younger counterparts. Bone strength showed positive correlations with its ash content, density, pyridinium crosslinks, and the fluorescence of the matrix. However, the correlation was strong with both pyridinium crosslinks and the fluorescence of the organic matrix. These results suggest that bone strength is influenced by the content of its collagen crosslinks. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Peterson Farms Inc, Decatur, AR 72722 USA. RP Rath, NC (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 32 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 5 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 78 IS 8 BP 1232 EP 1239 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 220ZF UT WOS:000081699200022 PM 10472852 ER PT J AU Barb, CR Barrett, JB Kraeling, RR Rampacek, GB AF Barb, CR Barrett, JB Kraeling, RR Rampacek, GB TI Role of leptin in modulating neuroendocrine function: A metabolic link between the brain-pituitary and adipose tissue SO REPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-HORMONE SECRETION; OBESE GENE-PRODUCT; CENTRAL NEURAL NETWORKS; RECEPTOR MESSENGER-RNA; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; FOOD-DEPRIVED RATS; FREE FATTY-ACIDS; NEUROPEPTIDE-Y; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS AB The recently discovered 16 kD protein, leptin, consists of 146 amino acids, is synthesized and secreted by adipose tissue, and impacts feed intake and the neuroendocrine-axis. Leptin was first identified as the gene product found deficient in the obese ob/ob mouse. Leptin, in the rodent, serves as a circulating signal of nutritional status and plays a pivotal role in regulation of body weight, energy expenditure, growth, and reproduction. Information regarding the effect of nutrition on serum leptin concentrations and subsequent luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) secretion in domestic animals is limited. In the pig, serum leptin concentrations decreased by hr 24 of a 28 hr fast with no change in subcutaneous back fat thickness. However, plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations were lower in fasted animals compared to fed controls. To examine the effects of metabolic fuel restriction on LH, GH and leptin secretion, ovariectomized (OVX) prepuberal gilts were treated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), a competitive inhibitor of glycolysis. Mean serum GH concentrations increased and LH pulse frequency decreased after i.v. administration of 300 mg/kg body weight of 2DG. However, serum leptin concentrations were not changed by 2DG treatment. These results demonstrate that the effects of acute energy deprivation on LH and GH secretion are independent of changes in serum leptin concentrations. Serum leptin concentrations increased with age in the intact prepuberal gilt. Ln addition, estradiol-induced leptin mRNA expression was age and weight dependent in the OVX prepuberal gilt. This increase occurred at the time of expected puberty in intact contemporaries and was associated with greater LH secretion. These data suggest that leptin may serve as a signal for the onset of puberty. Moreover, leptin receptor mRNA was localized in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary of the pig, suggesting that leptin could act at the brain and(or) pituitary to regulate LH and GH secretion. In addition, leptin stimulated GnRH release from hypothalamic tissue in vitro. Studies with pig anterior pituitary cells in culture demonstrated that leptin treatment enhanced basal LH and GH secretion and suppressed gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) induced increase in LH and GH secretion. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of leptin suppressed feed intake and stimulated GH but failed to alter LH secretion in the intact prepuberal gilt. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) is responsive to changes in energy balance and serum leptin concentrations in rodents. ICV administration of NPY suppressed LH secretion and increased GH secretion in the OVX pig. Thus, leptin/NPY may be an important link between metabolic status, the neuroendocrine system, growth, and reproductive processes. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP USDA ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 75 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0936-6768 EI 1439-0531 J9 REPROD DOMEST ANIM JI Reprod. Domest. Anim. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3-4 BP 111 EP 125 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0531.1999.tb01228.x PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 229GB UT WOS:000082184200004 ER PT J AU Kodesova, R Ordway, SE Gribb, MM Simunek, J AF Kodesova, R Ordway, SE Gribb, MM Simunek, J TI Estimation of soil hydraulic properties with the cone permeameter: Field studies SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE inverse solution; cone permeameter; soil hydraulic properties; unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function; soil-moisture characteristic curve; field studies ID STEP OUTFLOW EXPERIMENTS; DISC INFILTROMETER DATA; WATER PRESSURE DATA; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; INVERSE METHOD; MULTISTEP OUTFLOW; CONDUCTIVITY; FLOW AB We present field application of the cone permeameter method for estimating soil hydraulic properties: the soil-moisture characteristic curve, theta(h), and the hydraulic conductivity function, K(h). The cone permeameter was designed to inject water into the soil under known pressure. The cumulative inflow volume and pressure heads measured with tensiometer rings at two locations above the water source are recorded in time. The observed data sets are analyzed using an inverse modeling method to predict the soil hydraulic properties. The device was field-tested for the first time in two types of sandy soil. Tests were always conducted with two sequentially applied pressure heads of different magnitudes for different experimental runs. After the water source was shut off, tensiometer measurements were continued to monitor the redistribution of water in the soil. To study the impact of one or two steps of applied pressure head on estimates of wetting soil hydraulic properties, we carried out numerical inversions for data from the injection (wetting) part of experiment, first with only one supply pressure head and then with two supply pressure heads. For selected tests we analyzed data from the entire experiment to investigate hysteresis of the soil hydraulic properties. The resulting soil hydraulic properties correspond well with those obtained with standard techniques. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Gribb, MM (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 300 Main St, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011 NR 34 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 164 IS 8 BP 527 EP 541 DI 10.1097/00010694-199908000-00001 PG 15 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 230PX UT WOS:000082260500001 ER PT J AU Pachepsky, YA Timlin, DJ Ahuja, LT AF Pachepsky, YA Timlin, DJ Ahuja, LT TI Estimating saturated soil hydraulic conductivity using water retention data and neural networks SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE saturated hydraulic conductivity; water retention; artificial neural network; genetic algorithm; Brooks-Corey parameters ID PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; EFFECTIVE POROSITY DATA; BULK-DENSITY; TEXTURE; CURVE AB The modified Kozeny-Carman equation K-sat = B phi(e)n is used to relate soil saturated hydraulic conductivity K-sat to effective porosity phi(e). However, different values of the coefficient B and the exponent n are found in different data sets. Our objective was to find out whether and how B and n are related to Brooks-Corey's air entry pressure h(b) and pore distribution index lambda. The Southern Region soil hydrologic database of about 500 samples was explored. All soils had both silt and clay content <70% Neural networks were used to relate B and n to h(b) and lambda, and a genetic algorithm was: applied to find weights in neural networks. Dependencies of B and n on h(b) and lambda had similar shapes. Values of B and n were almost constant for values of lambda greater than I and were close to 2.6 x 10(-3) m s(-1) and 2.5, respectively. As the values of lambda decreased from 1 to 0, values of B and n decreased. The larger the air-entry pressure, the steeper was the decrease in B and n. C1 USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plain Syst Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Pachepsky, YA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, BARC W, Bldg 007,Rm 008, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 34 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 164 IS 8 BP 552 EP 560 DI 10.1097/00010694-199908000-00003 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 230PX UT WOS:000082260500003 ER PT J AU Schwartz, RC McInnes, KJ Juo, ASR Cervantes, CE AF Schwartz, RC McInnes, KJ Juo, ASR Cervantes, CE TI The vertical distribution of a dye tracer in a layered soil SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE random walk; bypass flow; contaminant transport; tillage ID PREFERENTIAL FLOW; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; WATER; TILLAGE; PATHS AB Solute transport under field conditions is often inconclusive and difficult to measure because of the poop spatial resolution of sampling devices. Dye tracers can complement concentration measurements by characterizing the spatial structure of solute flow through soils. This study assessed the influence of antecedent water content, tillage, and residue cover on the pattern of soil water now in the field as exhibited by a dye tracer. A random walk method for estimating the vertical distribution of the stained soil fraction was used td evaluate the degree to which the advective dispersive equation corresponded to field plot transport. The dye-tracer study was conducted on 12 0.9-m-diameter plots within a 2-ha field in southern Costa Rica. A 4-cm depth of Brilliant Blue FCF solution at 5 g L-1 was applied to plots at a rate of 6.81 cm h(-1) using a spray nozzle. Plots were later excavated to record the vertical distribution of stained soil. The dye patterns demonstrated that significant bypassing can occur within the surface horizon under rainfall intensities below the steady state infiltration rate. Compared with pre-wetted soil, plots with an initially law antecedent water content exhibited significantly greater spreading of dye within the soil profiles. The random walk simulations indicated that the advective-dispersive equation could not describe dye staining patterns unless the dispersion coefficients estimated from column experiments were increased by one order of magnitude. Tillage did not significantly influence the mean penetration and spreading of dye within the entire soil profile, compared with other undisturbed, pre-wetted subplots, but it increased the interaction of the soil with the dye near the surface as indicated by a significantly greater fraction of stained soil in the Ap horizon. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Nacl, Escuela Ciencias Agrarias, Heredia, Costa Rica. RP Schwartz, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 32 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 164 IS 8 BP 561 EP 573 DI 10.1097/00010694-199908000-00004 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 230PX UT WOS:000082260500004 ER PT J AU Arya, LM Dieroll, TS Sofyan, A Widjaja-Adhi, IPG van Genuchten, MT AF Arya, LM Dieroll, TS Sofyan, A Widjaja-Adhi, IPG van Genuchten, MT TI Significance of macroporosity and hydrology for soil management and sustainability of agricultural production in a humid-tropical environment SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE humid tropics; soil quality; macroporosity; hydrology; soil management; sustainability of agriculture production ID WATER; FLOW; MOVEMENT; OXISOL; FIELD AB This paper analyzes soil-related agronomic constraints in the Sitiung region of Indonesia that are directly related to low nutrient-holding capacity, macroporosity, and rainfall regime. This region receives 2500 to 3000 mm of rainfall per year; but nearly 50% of the rainfall is disposed of rapidly via internal drainage. Although rapid internal drainage reduces the risks of erosion, it leads to infertility, acidity, and Al toxicity. The physical structure of the soils is: characterized by stable aggregates, with numerous macropores in the surface and a predominantly microporous subsoil matrix interspersed with a few larger macropores. Macropores account for about 29% of porosity in the surface and between 3 and 6% in the subsoil. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the matrix containing macropores averages about 300 to 400 cm/day, whereas that of the microporous matrix is generally <1 cm/day. The structure facilitates rapid infiltration and leaching of rainfall. However, little opportunity exists for nutrients moving downward with drainage water to accumulate in the subsoil. The main reason for this seems to be the low hydraulic conductivity and the, preponderance of excessive wetness in the subsoil, Drying seems to be essential for movement of nutrients into the subsoil matrix, However, most of the agronomic crops are sensitive to Al toxicity and fail to grow roots deeper than: 10 to 15 crh. Thus, they suffer from water stress, despite heavy and frequent rainfall, and fail to cause drying of the subsoil, Problems of acidity; AZ toxicity, and infertility worsen progressively where agricultural production consists mainly of Al-sensitive crops. Although liming with calcium carbonate improves the soil chemical environment, downward movement of lime is very slow. Deep: liming is effective in improving rooting depth, crop water availability, and drying of the subsoil, but the technology is cost- and labor-intensive. Native vegetation, on the other hand, is able: to:grow roots to considerable depths and causes significant drying of the subsoil, even without soil amendments. Thus, production systems: in which locally adapted vegetation of economic value is the-main focus: seem to be more sustainable and conducive to improving soil conditions. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Agron & Soil Sci, Soil Management Collaborat Res Support Project, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. JASA KATOM, W Sumatra, Indonesia. Ctr Soil & Agroclimate Res, Bogor 16123, Indonesia. RP Arya, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab Phys, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 164 IS 8 BP 586 EP 601 DI 10.1097/00010694-199908000-00006 PG 16 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 230PX UT WOS:000082260500006 ER PT J AU Montgomery, JA McCool, DK Busacca, AJ Frazier, BE AF Montgomery, JA McCool, DK Busacca, AJ Frazier, BE TI Quantifying tillage translocation and deposition rates due to moldboard plowing in the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest, USA SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Tillage Erosion and Tillage Translocation held in Conjunction with the 52nd Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY JUL 24-25, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc DE Palouse; tillage translocation; tillage deposition; soil displacement distance; diffusion-constant ID SOIL AB Most of the erosion research in the Palouse region of eastern Washington State, USA has focused on quantifying the rates and patterns of water erosion for purposes of conservation planing. Tillage translocation, however, has largely been overlooked as a significant geomorphic process on Palouse hillslopes. Tillage translocation and tillage deposition together have resulted in severe soil degradation in many steep croplands of the Palouse region. Few controlled experiments have heretofore been conducted to model these important geomorphic processes on Palouse hillslopes. The overarching purpose of this investigation, therefore, was to model tillage translocation and deposition due to moldboard plowing in the Palouse region. Soil movement by moldboard plowing was measured using 480-steel flat washers. Washers were buried in silt loam soils on convex-convex shoulder, linear-convex backslope, and linear-concave footslope landform components, and then displaced from their original burial locations by a moldboard plow pulled by a wheel tractor traveling parallel to the contour at ca. 1.0 m s(-1). Displaced washers were located using a metal detector, and the distance and azimuth of the resultant displacement of each washer from its original burial location was measured using compass and tape. Resultant displacement distances were then resolved into their component vectors of displacement parallel and perpendicular to the contour. A linear regression equation was developed expressing mean soil displacement distance as a function of slope gradient. Tillage translocation and deposition were modeled as diffusion-type geomorphic processes, and their rates were described in terms of the diffusion constant (k). A multivariate statistical model was developed expressing mean soil displacement distance as a function of gravimetric moisture content, soil bulk density, slope gradient, and direction of furrow slice displacement. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a weak correlation between soil displacement and both bulk density and moisture content. Soil displacement was, however, significantly correlated with direction of furrow slice displacement. Tillage translocation rates were expressed in terms of the diffusion constant (k) and ranged from 105 to 113 kg m(-1) per tillage operation. Tillage deposition rates ranged from 54 to 148 kg m(-1) per tillage operation. With respect to tillage deposition, the diffusion constant calculated from volumetric measurements of tillage deposits equals ca. 150 kg/m. The rates of tillage translocation and deposition are not completely in balance; however, these rates do suggest that soil tillage is a significant geomorphic process on Palouse hillslopes and could account for the some of the variations in soil physical properties and crop yield potential at the hillslope and farm-field scale in the Palouse region. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 De Paul Univ, Environm Sci Program, Chicago, IL 60614 USA. PWA, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Montgomery, JA (reprint author), De Paul Univ, Environm Sci Program, 1036 W Belden Ave, Chicago, IL 60614 USA. NR 20 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 4 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 175 EP 187 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00036-7 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 243EK UT WOS:000082983900002 ER PT J AU Dabney, SM Liu, Z Lane, M Douglas, J Zhu, J Flanagan, DC AF Dabney, SM Liu, Z Lane, M Douglas, J Zhu, J Flanagan, DC TI Landscape benching from tillage erosion between grass hedges SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Tillage Erosion and Tillage Translocation held in Conjunction with the 52nd Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY JUL 24-25, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc DE erosion control; bench terraces; vegetated barriers; tillage translocation ID SOIL REDISTRIBUTION; PATTERNS; RATES AB Grass hedges are narrow (1-2 m wide) parallel strips of stiff, erect, grass planted near to or on the contour of fields but crossing swale areas at angles convenient for farming. They serve as guides for contour cultivation, retard and disperse surface runoff, cause deposition of eroded sediment, and reduce ephemeral gully development. After three years of tilled fallow between mixed-species hedges, the average grade of 18, m wide tilled strips between 1.5 m wide hedges was reduced from 0.068 to 0.052 as a result of surface lowering below hedges and on the shoulders of swale areas combined with increases in elevation above hedges. Annual surveys show progressive lowering of high spots and filling of low spots as contours lines more closely aligned with hedges. Survey data indicated annual erosion rates of nearly 250 t ha(-1) year(-1). Both RUSLE and WEPP over-predicted erosion rates, partly because backwater and slope modification affects were not considered. A tillage translocation model predicted enough soil movement to account for 30-60% of the observed changes. A combination of tillage translocation and water erosion/deposition provides the best explanation for the observed aggradation/degradation patterns. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Land Resource Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. USDA, NRCS, Jamie Whitten Plant Mat Ctr, Coffeeville, MS USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN USA. RP Dabney, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. EM dabney@gis.sedlab.olemiss.edu NR 17 TC 47 Z9 53 U1 5 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 219 EP 231 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00039-2 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 243EK UT WOS:000082983900005 ER PT J AU Schumacher, TE Lindstrom, MJ Schumacher, JA Lemme, GD AF Schumacher, TE Lindstrom, MJ Schumacher, JA Lemme, GD TI Modeling spatial variation in productivity due to tillage and water erosion SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Tillage Erosion and Tillage Translocation held in Conjunction with the 52nd Annual Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society CY JUL 24-25, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc DE tillage erosion; WEPP; soil catena; soil translocation; precision farming ID SOIL-EROSION; LANDSCAPE; DEPTH AB The advent of precision farming practices has heightened interest in managing field variability to optimize profitability. The large variation in yields across many producer fields demonstrated by yield-monitor-equipped combines has generated concern about management-induced causes of spatial variation in soil productivity. Soil translocation from erosion processes may result in variation in soil properties across field landscape positions that produce long-term changes in soil productivity. The objective of this study was to examine the relationships between soil redistribution caused by tillage and water erosion and the resulting spatial variability of soil productivity in a soil catena in eastern South Dakota. An empirical model developed to estimate tillage erosion was used to evaluate changes expected in the soil profile over a 50-year period on a typical toposequence found in eastern South Dakota and western Minnesota. Changes in the soil profile due to water erosion over a 50-year period were evaluated using the WEPP hillslope model. The tillage erosion model and the WEPP hillslope model were run concurrently for a 50-year period to evaluate the combined effect of the two processes. The resulting changes in soil properties of the root zone were evaluated for changes in productivity using a productivity index model. Tillage erosion resulted in soil loss in the shoulder position, while soil loss from water erosion occurred primarily in the mid to lower backslope position. The decline in soil productivity was greater when both processes were combined compared to either process acting alone. Water erosion contributed to nearly all the decline in soil productivity in the backslope position when both tillage and water erosion processes were combined. The net effect of soil translocation from the combined effects of tillage and water erosion is an increase in spatial variability of crop yields and a likely decline in overall soil productivity. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. Univ Minnesota, W Cent Exp Stn, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Schumacher, TE (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, 247A NPB, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 28 TC 64 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 331 EP 339 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00046-X PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 243EK UT WOS:000082983900012 ER PT J AU Mizutani, C Tsujii, Y Bertoniere, N AF Mizutani, C Tsujii, Y Bertoniere, N TI Effect of fiber structure on heat of wetting of cotton and regenerated cellulosic fibers SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB A new calorimeter is constructed to precisely measure the heat of wetting of cotton, regular viscose rayon, high wet strength viscose rayon, and Tencel(R). Our purpose is to investigate the relationship between the heat of wetting and structural characteristics of fibers such as crystal and fiber structure, degree of crystallinity, and water absorbency properties (water regain, moisture regain, and bound water content of fibers). Despite its relatively high water regain, cotton has the lowest heat of wetting among the fibers studied so far. The heat of wetting of cellulosic fibers depends slightly on fiber and crystal structure but decreases proportionally with the increasing degree of crystallinity of the fibers. The heat of wetting is closely related to the amount of bound water estimated by differential scanning calorimetry. These results are discussed from the viewpoint of designing high performance cellulose materials. C1 Mukogawa Womens Univ, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Inst Chem Res, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Mizutani, C (reprint author), Mukogawa Womens Univ, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban Cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663, Japan. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 69 IS 8 BP 559 EP 564 DI 10.1177/004051759906900803 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 222AM UT WOS:000081760100003 ER PT J AU Ma, H Busch, RH Riera-Lizarazu, O Rines, HW Dill-Macky, R AF Ma, H Busch, RH Riera-Lizarazu, O Rines, HW Dill-Macky, R TI Agronomic performance of lines derived from anther culture, maize pollination and single-seed descent in a spring wheat cross SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE wheat; maize; doubled haploid; anther culture ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; HORDEUM-VULGARE L; HAPLOID LINES; BARLEY; REGENERATION; PLANTS AB Anther culture and maize hybridization are two frequently used techniques for doubled haploid production in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Information on the field performance of lines derived from these techniques is limited. This study was conducted to compare the performance of F-4:6 lines obtained by single-seed descent with lines obtained by anther culture and maize (Zea mays L.) pollination from the same cross of spring wheat, 'Chris'/MN 7529. Thirty-three Lines derived from each of those techniques were evaluated in six environments for grain yield, protein content, test weight, heading data, kernel weight and plant height. Mean performance of the single-seed descent Lines exceeded performance of the anther culture Lines for grain yield, kernel weight and plant height with no apparent differences for grain protein content, test weight and heading date. No differences between trait means for the single-seed descent and maize pollination lines were found except for plant height. The best 5 lines from each method for grain yield, protein content and test weight were similar in performance except that the protein content was higher for the maize pollination lines than for the single-seed descent lines. Acceptable levels of agronomic performance could be found among lines from each method. Wide acceptance of the doubled haploid technique for pure line production in breeding programs may, however, be limited by the often poor efficiency of doubled haploid line production, resulting in smaller population sizes for selection of desirable traits in comparison to the single-seed descent method. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Busch, RH (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. OI Riera-Lizarazu, Oscar/0000-0002-7477-4063 NR 31 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 99 IS 3-4 BP 432 EP 436 DI 10.1007/s001220051254 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 235YB UT WOS:000082570500007 PM 22665175 ER PT J AU Bai, G Tefera, H Ayele, M Nguyen, HT AF Bai, G Tefera, H Ayele, M Nguyen, HT TI A genetic linkage map of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] based on amplified fragment length polymorphism SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE tef; Eragrostis tef; genetic linkage map; AFLP ID AFLP MARKERS; AGRONOMIC CHARACTERS; RAPD MARKERS; GRAIN-YIELD; RICE; RFLP; POPULATION; GENOMES; BARLEY; TOMATO AB A genetic linkage map of tef was constructed with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers using Fg recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived by single seed descent from the intraspecific cross of 'Kaye Murri' x 'Fesho'. A total of 192 EcoRI/MseI primer combinations were screened for parental polymorphism. Around three polymorphic fragments per primer combination were detected, indicating a low polymorphism level in tef. Fifty primer combinations were selected to assay the mapping population, and 226 loci segregated among 85 F-5 RILs. Most AFLP loci behaved as dominant markers (presence or absence of a band), but about 15% of the loci were codominant. Significant deviations from the expected Mendelian segregation ratio were observed for 26 loci. The genetic linkage map comprised 211 markers assembled into 25 linkage groups and covered 2,149 cM of genome. AFLP is an efficient marker system for mapping plant species with low polymorphism such as tef. This is the first genetic linkage map constructed for tef. It will facilitate the mapping of genes controlling agronomically important traits and cultivar improvement in tef. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Plant Mol Genet Lab, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Debre Zeit Agr Res Ctr, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. RP Nguyen, HT (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Plant Mol Genet Lab, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 32 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 99 IS 3-4 BP 599 EP 604 DI 10.1007/s001220051274 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 235YB UT WOS:000082570500027 PM 22665195 ER PT J AU Devey, ME Sewell, MM Uren, TL Neale, DB AF Devey, ME Sewell, MM Uren, TL Neale, DB TI Comparative mapping in loblolly and radiata pine using RFLP and microsatellite markers SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE comparative mapping; RFLP; microsatellite markers; loblolly pine; radiata pine ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; OUTBRED PEDIGREE; GENOMES; RICE; CONSERVATION; CHROMOSOMES; LOCI; RAPD AB Genetic Linkage maps were constructed for loblolly pine (Pinus tat da L.) and radiata pine (P, radiata D, Don) using a common set of RFLP and microsatellite markers. The map for loblolly pine combined data from two full-sib families and consisted of 20 linkage groups covering 1281 cM. The map for radiata pine had 14 linkage groups and covered 1223 cM, All of the RFLP probes readily hybridise between loblolly and radiata pine often producing similar hybridisation patterns. There were in total 60 homologous RFLP loci mapped in both species which could be used for comparative purposes. A set of 20 microsatellite markers derived from radiata pine were also assayed; however, only 9 amplified and revealed polymorphic loci in both species. Single-locus RFLP and microsatellite markers were used to match up linkage groups and compare order between species. Twelve syntenic groups were obtained each consisting of from 3 to 9 homologous loci. The or; der of homologous loci was colinear in most cases, suggesting no major chromosomal rearrangements in the evolution of these species. Comparative mapping between loblolly and radiata pine should facilitate genetic research in both species and provide a framework for mapping in other pine species. C1 CSIRO, Forestry & Forest Prod, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia. Univ Calif Davis, USDA, Forest Serv,Inst Forest Genet, Dept Environm Hort, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Devey, ME (reprint author), CSIRO, Forestry & Forest Prod, POB E4008, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia. NR 26 TC 51 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 99 IS 3-4 BP 656 EP 662 DI 10.1007/s001220051281 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 235YB UT WOS:000082570500034 PM 22665202 ER PT J AU Fennimore, SA Nyquist, WE Shaner, GE Doerge, RW Foley, ME AF Fennimore, SA Nyquist, WE Shaner, GE Doerge, RW Foley, ME TI A genetic model and molecular markers for wild oat (Avena fatua L.) seed dormancy SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Avena fatua; genetic model; quantitative trait loci; RAPD analysis; seed dormancy ID CORN-BELT; INHERITANCE; EMERGENCE AB Seed dormancy allows weed seeds to persist in agricultural soils. Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) is a major weed of cereal grains and expresses a range of seed dormancy phenotypes. Genetic analysis of wild oat dormancy has been complicated by the difficulty of phenotypic classification in segregating populations. Therefore, little is known about the nature of the genes that regulate dormancy in wild oat. The objectives of our studies were to develop methods to classify the germination responses of segregating wild oat populations and to find molecular markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) that regulate seed dormancy in wild oat. RAPD markers OPX-06 and OPT-04 explained 12.6% and 6.8% respectively, of the F-2 phenotypic variance. OPF-17 was not significant in a simple regression model, but it was linked in repulsion to OPT-04. A three-locus model of seed dormancy in wild oat is presented based on the 41-day germination profiles of F-1, F-2, F-3, BC1P1F1, BC1P1F2, and BC1P2F1 generations, and the 113 day germination profile of 126 F-7 recombinant inbred lines. Loci G(1) and G(2) promote early germination, and the D locus promotes late germination. If at least one copy of the dominant G(1) or G(2) alleles are present regardless of the genotype at D locus, then the individual will be nondormant. If the genotype is g(1)g(1)g(2)g(2)D_, then the phenotype will be dormant. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Dept Vegetable Crops, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Stat, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA ARS, Biosci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Fennimore, SA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Dept Vegetable Crops, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 99 IS 3-4 BP 711 EP 718 DI 10.1007/s001220051288 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 235YB UT WOS:000082570500041 PM 22665209 ER PT J AU Beaulieu, AJ Lapane, KL Gohh, RY Selhub, J Monaco, AP Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH Bostom, AG AF Beaulieu, AJ Lapane, KL Gohh, RY Selhub, J Monaco, AP Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH Bostom, AG TI Short-term reproducibility of total homocysteine determinations in stable renal transplant recipients SO TRANSPLANTATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Organ Preservation for Transplantation CY MAR 20-21, 1998 CL WARSAW, POLAND ID METHIONINE LOADING TEST; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; VARIABILITY; PREVALENCE C1 Brown Univ, Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Dept Med, Div Gen Internal Med, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. Rhode Isl Hosp, Div Nephrol, Providence, RI 02903 USA. Rhode Isl Hosp, Div Transplant Serv, Providence, RI 02903 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Community Hlth, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. Brown Univ, Ctr Gerontol & Hlth Care Res, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Bostom, AG (reprint author), Brown Univ, Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Dept Med, Div Gen Internal Med, 111 Brewster St, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0041-1345 J9 TRANSPLANT P JI Transplant. Proc. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 31 IS 5 BP 2121 EP 2123 DI 10.1016/S0041-1345(99)00281-X PG 3 WC Immunology; Surgery; Transplantation SC Immunology; Surgery; Transplantation GA 226FD UT WOS:000082008900068 PM 10455988 ER PT J AU Warren, JM Allen, HL Booker, FL AF Warren, JM Allen, HL Booker, FL TI Mineral nutrition, resin flow and phloem phytochemistry in loblolly pine SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbohydrates; defense; Dendroctonus frontalis; nitrogen; nutrition; Ophiostoma minus; phenolics; Pinus taeda; proanthocyanidins; secondary compounds; southern pine beetle ID DENDROCTONUS-FRONTALIS COLEOPTERA; CARBON-NUTRIENT BALANCE; ARMILLARIA-OSTOYAE; CAMBIAL GROWTH; TAEDA L; BEETLE; BARK; SCOLYTIDAE; FERTILIZATION; RESPONSES AB Southern pine beetles and associated pathogenic fungi represent the largest biotic threat to pine forests in the southeastern USA. The two primary defensive mechanisms of the tree to the beetle-fungal complex are the primary oleoresin flow and the concentrations of preformed and induced secondary compounds. We compared oleoresin flow and concentrations of phloem nutrients, soluble sugars, starch, total phenolics and proanthocyanidins in Pinus taeda L. trees in fertilized and control plots in the Sandhills region of North Carolina. Four blocks of 10 trees per treatment were sampled on five dates from May to November 1995. Phloem nitrogen and potassium concentrations were elevated in trees on fertilized plots, whereas phloem calcium concentrations were decreased. Fertilization significantly enhanced (10-20%) concentrations of phloem phenolics and proanthocyanidins. In contrast, phloem soluble sugars and starch concentrations were up to 30% lower in fertilized trees than in control trees. Increased phenolic concentrations and lower nonstructural carbohydrates should correlate with reduced tissue palatability and decreased pathogen susceptibility in fertilized toes; however, resin flows were significantly lower (30-100%) in fertilized trees compared with control trees, which may facilitate pine bark beetle establishment. Furthermore, fertilization-induced increases in phloem nitrogen concentration may be more important than tissue carbohydrate or phenolic content in determining tissue palatability. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99165 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Warren, JM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99165 USA. RI Warren, Jeffrey/B-9375-2012 OI Warren, Jeffrey/0000-0002-0680-4697 NR 51 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 12 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 19 IS 10 BP 655 EP 663 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 220XP UT WOS:000081694000004 ER PT J AU Ruff, MD AF Ruff, MD TI Important parasites in poultry production systems SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Conference of the World-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Veterinary-Parasitology CY AUG 15-19, 1999 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP Royal Vet & Agr Univ, WAAVP African Fdn, Danish Int Dev Agcy, (DANIDA), Pfizer, Bayer, Novartis Anim Hlth, Merial, Fort Dodge Anim Hlth, Chr Hansen BioSyst, Wellcome Trust, SAS, Scandinavian Airlines DE parasites; poultry ID BROILER-CHICKENS; PREVALENCE; HELMINTHS; COCCIDIA; TRIALS AB Poultry now accounts for 30% of all meat consumed. Parasites are a problem where ever poultry are raised, whether in large commercial operations or in small back-yard flocks, and economic losses can be significant. This paper will briefly review the major protozoan, helminth, and arthropod species in poultry including pathogenesis. Other topics will include the importance of the interaction of other diseases and parasites, and control of the infection by chemotherapy, management, and immunity. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ruff, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 57 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD AUG 1 PY 1999 VL 84 IS 3-4 BP 337 EP 347 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00076-X PG 11 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 220AE UT WOS:000081640900011 PM 10456422 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI Recent advances in Neospora and neosporosis SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Conference of the World-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Veterinary-Parasitology CY AUG 15-19, 1999 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP Royal Vet & Agr Univ, WAAVP African Fdn, Danish Int Dev Agcy, (DANIDA), Pfizer, Bayer, Novartis Anim Hlth, Merial, Fort Dodge Anim Hlth, Chr Hansen BioSyst, Wellcome Trust, SAS, Scandinavian Airlines DE Neospora caninum; neosporosis; bovine; equine; canine; oocyst; epidemiology; economics ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; FLUORESCENT-ANTIBODY TEST; WESTERN-BLOT-ANALYSIS; EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII ANTIBODIES; MURINE MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; TACHYZOITE SURFACE PROTEIN; BOVINE FETAL NEOSPOROSIS AB Neospora caninum has emerged as a major cause of abortion in cattle in many countries. This paper reviews recent advances in the life cycle and biology of Neospora with the emphasis on bovine neosporosis. The role of the recently discovered oocyst stage of N. caninum in the epidemiology of neosporosis is discussed. Progress made in serologic diagnosis of N. caninum infection is discussed, There is no vaccine for preventing Neospora-induced abortions in cattle or to prevent oocyst shedding in dogs. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 185 TC 259 Z9 274 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD AUG 1 PY 1999 VL 84 IS 3-4 BP 349 EP 367 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00044-8 PG 19 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 220AE UT WOS:000081640900012 PM 10456423 ER PT J AU Steiner, M Smith, JA Burges, SJ Alonso, CV Darden, RW AF Steiner, M Smith, JA Burges, SJ Alonso, CV Darden, RW TI Effect of bias adjustment and rain gauge data quality control on radar rainfall estimation SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PROBABILITY MATCHING METHOD; MIDLATITUDE SQUALL LINE; REAL-TIME ESTIMATION; SURFACE RAINFALL; TRANSITION ZONE; STORM RAINFALL; PRECIPITATION; REFLECTIVITY; WSR-88D; NEXRAD AB Thirty major storms that passed over Goodwin Creek, a small research watershed in northern Mississippi, were analyzed to assess the bias between radar rainfall estimates at rain gauge locations and the gauge amounts. These storms, each contributing at least 10 mm of storm total rainfall, accumulated approximately 785 mm of rain, which corresponds to about half the average annual rainfall amount for the area. The focus of this study was to demonstrate the importance of (1) bias adjustment of the radar rainfall estimates and (2) the quality control of the rain gauge data used for bias adjustment. The analyses are based on Memphis Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler radar data, tipping-bucket rain gauge data, and raindrop spectra information collected within the Goodwin Creek catchment. Because of measurement and rainfall estimation uncertainties, radar observations are often combined with rain gauge data to obtain the most accurate rainfall estimates. Rain gauge data, however, are subject to characteristic error sources: for Goodwin Creek, malfunctioning of the tipping-bucket rain gauges was frequently caused by biological and mechanical fouling, and human interference. Therefore careful quality control of the rain gauge data is crucial, and only good quality rain gauge information should be used for adjusting radar rainfall estimates. By using high-quality gauge data and storm-based bias adjustment, we achieved radar rainfall estimates with root-mean-square errors (RMSE) of approximately 10% for storm total rainfall accumulations of 30 mm or more. Differences resulting from radar data processing scenarios were found to be small compared to the effect caused by bias adjustment and using high-quality rain gauge data. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Civil Engn & Operat Res, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Steiner, M (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Civil Engn & Operat Res, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM msteiner@radap.princeton.edu; jsmith@radap.princeton.edu; sburges@u.washington.edu; alonso@sedlab.olemiss.edu; darden@sedlab.olemiss.edu RI Steiner, Matthias/K-5013-2013 OI Steiner, Matthias/0000-0002-3973-375X NR 94 TC 160 Z9 162 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 EI 1944-7973 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 35 IS 8 BP 2487 EP 2503 DI 10.1029/1999WR900142 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 221FC UT WOS:000081712500018 ER PT J AU Chehbouni, A Kerr, YH Watts, C Hartogensis, O Goodrich, D Scott, R Schieldge, J Lee, K Shuttleworth, WJ Dedieu, G De Bruin, HAR AF Chehbouni, A Kerr, YH Watts, C Hartogensis, O Goodrich, D Scott, R Schieldge, J Lee, K Shuttleworth, WJ Dedieu, G De Bruin, HAR TI Estimation of area-average sensible heat flux using a large-aperture scintillometer during the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) experiment SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HETEROGENEOUS TERRAIN; ENERGY-BALANCE; SCINTILLATION; PARAMETERS; MOMENTUM AB The use of a large-aperture scintillometer to estimate sensible heat flux has been successfully tested by several investigators. Most of these investigations, however, have been confined to homogeneous or to sparse with single vegetation-type surfaces. The use of the scintillometer over surfaces made up of contrasting vegetation types is problematic because it requires estimates of effective roughness length and effective displacement height in order to derive area-average sensible heat from measurements of the refractive index. In this study an approach based on a combination of scintillometer measurements and an aggregation scheme has been used to derive area-average sensible heat flux over a transect spanning two adjacent and contrasting vegetation patches: grass and mesquite, The performance of this approach has been assessed using data collected during the 1997 Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere field campaign. The results show that the combined approach performed remarkably well, and the correlation coefficient between measured and simulated area-average sensible heat flux was similar to 0.95. This is of interest because this approach offers a reliable means for validating remotely sensed estimates of surface fluxes at comparable spatial scales. C1 Reyes & Aguascalientes Esq, Inst Medio Ambiente & Desarrollo Sustenable, Inst Rech Dev, Hermosillo 83190, Sonora, Mexico. Inst Rech Dev, Paris, France. Ctr Etud Spatiales Biosphere, F-31055 Toulouse, France. Agr Univ Wageningen, Dept Meteorol, NL-6701 AP Wageningen, Netherlands. USDA, ARS, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chehbouni, A (reprint author), Reyes & Aguascalientes Esq, Inst Medio Ambiente & Desarrollo Sustenable, Inst Rech Dev, Col San Benito, Hermosillo 83190, Sonora, Mexico. RI Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 38 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 35 IS 8 BP 2505 EP 2511 DI 10.1029/1999WR900111 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 221FC UT WOS:000081712500019 ER PT J AU Luce, CH Black, TA AF Luce, CH Black, TA TI Sediment production from forest roads in western Oregon SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SOIL LOSS; EROSION; MODEL AB Prevention and estimation of soil erosion from forest roads requires an understanding of how road design and maintenance affect sediment production. Seventy-four plots were installed on forest roads in the Oregon Coast Range to examine the relationship between sediment production and road attributes such as distance between culverts, road slope, soil texture, and cutslope height. An additional comparison was made between road segments with cutslopes and ditches freshly cleared of vegetation and segments with established vegetation on cutslopes and in ditches. All road segments were 5 m wide and insloped with aggregate surfacing, light traffic, and no overhanging forest cover. Sediment production was correlated to the product of segment length times road slope squared. Sediment production from aggregate covered roads on a silty clay loam was about 9 times greater than that from roads constructed on a gravelly loam. Sediment production was not correlated to the cutslope height. Road segments where vegetation was cleared from the cutslope and ditch produced about 7 times as much sediment as road segments where vegetation was retained, showing the potential reduction in erosion by revegetation following construction and the potential impact of ditch cleaning during maintenance. Relationships and estimates from this study provide a basis for improved erosion estimates by commonly used empirical procedures. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Luce, CH (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 316 E Myrtle St, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RI Luce, Charles/A-9267-2008 OI Luce, Charles/0000-0002-6938-9662 NR 38 TC 95 Z9 114 U1 5 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 35 IS 8 BP 2561 EP 2570 DI 10.1029/1999WR900135 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 221FC UT WOS:000081712500024 ER PT J AU Ma, QL Hook, JE Ahuja, LR AF Ma, QL Hook, JE Ahuja, LR TI Influence of three-parameter conversion methods between van Genuchten and Brooks-Corey functions on soil hydraulic properties and water-balance predictions SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DATA SET; MODELS; CONDUCTIVITY AB The Brooks-Corey functions are commonly used in hydrologic models, with parameters obtained by fitting the functions directly to measured soil water retention data or by conversion methods from the van Genuchten functions which are continuous across the domain of matric suctions. Problems in fitting the BC functions directly to the retention data motivated use of the conversion methods. However, differences in converted parameters could significantly influence model predictions. We compared the direct fitting method and the conversion methods of Lenhard et al., Morel-Seytoux et al., and van Genuchten using measured water retention data during drainage and determined the influence of these methods on hydrological predictions when the converted parameters were used in the root zone water quality model. The conversion methods had significant influence on predictions of water retention, hydraulic conductivity, runoff, and evapotranspiration, with the observed level of significance (p less than or equal to 0.006) much lower than the test level of significance (alpha = 0.05). The method of Morel-Seytoux et al. inadequately described measured water retention data (p = 0.027), whereas the other two methods adequately described the data at relatively high suctions (p greater than or equal to 0.687), deviations occurred around the air-entry suction. The method of Lenhard et al. best reproduced the characteristics of the Brooks-Corey functions (p greater than or equal to 0.31) and could be used to obtain the Brooks-Corey parameters simply and reproducibly. C1 USDA ARS, Neomatodes Weeds & Crops Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Ma, QL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Neomatodes Weeds & Crops Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 11 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 35 IS 8 BP 2571 EP 2578 DI 10.1029/1999WR900096 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 221FC UT WOS:000081712500025 ER PT J AU Shi, NQ Davis, B Sherman, F Cruz, J Jeffries, TW AF Shi, NQ Davis, B Sherman, F Cruz, J Jeffries, TW TI Disruption of the cytochrome c gene in xylose-utilizing yeast Pichia stipitis leads to higher ethanol production SO YEAST LA English DT Article DE Pichia stipitis; cytochrome c gene; SHAM-sensitive respiration; gene disruption; xylose conversion ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; NEUROSPORA-CRASSA; CANDIDA-SHEHATAE; HEME LYASE; ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; STRUCTURAL GENE; CYC1 GENE; FERMENTATION; CLONING; ACTIVATION AB The xylose-utilizing yeast, Pichia stipitis, has a complex respiratory system that contains cytochrome and non-cytochrome alternative electron transport chains in its mitochondria. To gain primary insights into the alternative respiratory pathway, a cytochrome c gene (PsCYC1, Accession No. AF030426) was cloned from wild-type P. stipitis CBS 6054 by cross-hybridization to CYC1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The 333 bp open reading frame of PsCYC1 showed 74% and 69% identity to ScCYC1 and ScCYC7, respectively, at the DNA level. Disruption of PsCYC1 resulted in a mutant that uses the salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)-sensitive respiratory pathway for aerobic energy production. Cytochrome spectra revealed that cytochromes c and a a, both disappeared in the cyc1-Delta mutant, so no electron flow through the cytochrome c oxidase was possible. The cyc1-Delta mutant showed 50% lower growth rates than the parent when grown on fermentable sugars. The cyc1-Delta mutant was also found to be unable to grow on glycerol. Interestingly, the mutant produced 0.46 g/g ethanol from 8% xylose, which was 21% higher in yield than the parental strain (0.38 g/g). These results suggested that the alternative pathway might play an important role in supporting xylose conversion to ethanol under oxygen-limiting conditions. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Proteome Inc, Beverly, MA 01915 USA. Univ Vigo, Dept Chem Engn, Ourense 32004, Spain. RP Jeffries, TW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012; Cruz Freire, Jose/A-7834-2011 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065; Cruz Freire, Jose/0000-0003-1471-9035 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM12702] NR 45 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0749-503X J9 YEAST JI Yeast PD AUG PY 1999 VL 15 IS 11 BP 1021 EP 1030 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(199908)15:11<1021::AID-YEA429>3.0.CO;2-V PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology; Mycology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology; Mycology GA 226PN UT WOS:000082028500001 PM 10455226 ER PT J AU Shevitz, AH Knox, TA Spiegelman, D Roubenoff, R Gorbach, SL Skolnik, PR AF Shevitz, AH Knox, TA Spiegelman, D Roubenoff, R Gorbach, SL Skolnik, PR TI Elevated resting energy expenditure among HIV-seropositive persons receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV; viral load; resting energy expenditure; metabolism; antiretroviral therapy; protease inhibitors; weight loss; wasting ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; METABOLIC-RATE; CUBIC MILLIMETER; CONTROLLED TRIAL; WEIGHT-LOSS; AIDS; MEN; RNA; KINETICS AB Objectives: To ascertain the relationships between resting energy expenditure (REE), HIV RNA in plasma, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Design: Cross-sectional analysis using data of a large cohort study of nutrition in relation to HIV disease. Methods: HIV RNA in plasma, REE, fat-free mass (FFM), and medication regimens were assessed at 530 visits among 372 participants in a cohort study of HIV-seropositive men and women. Results: HIV RNA in plasma was directly correlated with REE. After adjustment for FFM, age, CD4 cell count and HAART use, there was an increase in REE of 90 kJ/day per log(10) copies/ml increase in HIV RNA [95% confidence interval (CI) 16-164; P = 0.02). HAART use had an independent effect on REE. In patients reporting HAART use, adjusted REE was 339 kJ/day higher than in those not reporting HAART use (95% CI 177-501; P = 0.0001). Conclusions: Viral load and HAART appear to exert independent effects on REE. Although HAART may decrease metabolic rate by lowering viral burden, it appears to increase metabolic demands through some mechanism(s) independent of its effect on viral burden. This may result in elevated REE despite control of viral replication. (C) 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Div Geog Med & Infect Dis, Tupper Res Inst, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Div Gastroenterol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Shevitz, AH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00054]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK45734-03] NR 61 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUL 30 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 11 BP 1351 EP 1357 DI 10.1097/00002030-199907300-00012 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 221JD UT WOS:000081723200012 PM 10449288 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R Weiss, L McDermott, A Heflin, T Cloutier, GJ Wood, M Gorbach, S AF Roubenoff, R Weiss, L McDermott, A Heflin, T Cloutier, GJ Wood, M Gorbach, S TI A pilot study of exercise training to reduce trunk fat in adults with HIV-associated fat redistribution SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV lipodystrophy; body composition; fat redistribution; exercise; strength ID BODY-COMPOSITION; RISK-FACTORS; DISEASE; WEIGHT; OBESE; WOMEN; MEN AB Objective: Body fat redistribution ('lipodystrophy'), with gain in abdominal and trunk fat, and decline in facial and limb fat, is a newly recognized problem in patients with HIV infection that has been linked to use of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Increased abdominal fat may predispose these patients to hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease. At this time no effective treatment is available. We examined whether exercise training could reduce trunk fat in men with fat redistribution. Design: Open-label pilot study. Methods: Ten men with increasing abdominal girth participated in a 16 week pilot study of progressive resistance training with an aerobic component. They trained in a community health club three times per week. Total body lean and fat mass, and trunk fat mass, were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: After 16 weeks of exercise, strength increased for three of the four exercises tested (leg press + 13% [p < 0.02], leg extension + 19% [p < 0.03], seated row + 7% [p < 0.13], chest press + 18% [p < 0.005]). There was a significant decline in total body fat by 1.5 kg (= 2.1 percentage points, p < 0.01); most of the decline in body fat occurred in trunk fat, which decreased by 1.1 kg (p < 0.03). Weight, lean mass (+ 1.1 +/- 2.6 kg, p = 0.23), and bone mineral density measured by DXA did not change. No adverse effects were seen from the training. Conclusions: Exercise training may reduce trunk fat mass in HIV-positive men with fat redistribution. Controls trials of this approach are warranted. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Jean Mayer USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Tupper Res Inst, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Metropolitan Hlth Club, Boston, MA 02116 USA. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Jean Mayer USDA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00054]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK45734] NR 11 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUL 30 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 11 BP 1373 EP 1375 DI 10.1097/00002030-199907300-00015 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 221JD UT WOS:000081723200015 PM 10449291 ER PT J AU Thelen, JJ Muszynski, MG David, NR Luethy, MH Elthon, TE Miernyk, JA Randall, DD AF Thelen, JJ Muszynski, MG David, NR Luethy, MH Elthon, TE Miernyk, JA Randall, DD TI The dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase subunit of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from maize contains a single lipoyl domain SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MULTIENZYME COMPLEX; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; TRANSACETYLASE COMPONENT; PROTEIN-X; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; BACILLUS-STEAROTHERMOPHILUS; PARASITIC NEMATODE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BINDING PROTEIN; BOVINE HEART AB The dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2) subunit of the maize mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) was postulated to contain a single lipoyl domain based upon molecular mass and N-terminal protein sequence (Thelen, J. J., Miernyk, J. A., and Randall, D. D. (1998) Plant Physiol, 116, 1443-1450). This sequence was used to identify a cDNA from a maize expressed sequence tag data base. The deduced amino acid sequence of the full-length cDNA was greater than 30% identical to other E2s and contained a single lipoyl domain. Mature maize E2 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to a specific activity of 191 units mg(-1). The purified recombinant protein had a native mass of approximately 2.7 MDa and assembled into a 29-nm pentagonal dodecahedron as visualized by electron microscopy. Immunoanalysis of mitochondrial proteins from various plants, using a monoclonal antibody against the maize E2, revealed 50-54-kDa cross-reacting polypeptides in all samples. A larger protein (76 kDa) was also recognized in an enriched pea mitochondrial PDC preparation, indicating two distinct E2s, The presence of a single lipoyl-domain E2 in Arabidopsis thaliana was confirmed by identifying a gene encoding a hypothetical protein with 62% amino acid identity to the maize homologue, These data suggest that all plant mitochondrial PDCs contain an E2 with a single lipoyl domain. Additionally, A thaliana and other dicots possess a second E2, which contains two lipoyl domains and is only 33% identical at the amino acid level to the smaller isoform. The reason two distinct E2s exist in dicotyledon plants is uncertain, although the variability between these isoforms, particularly within the subunit-binding domain, suggests different roles in assembly and/or function of the plant mitochondrial PDC. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. Dekalb Genet, Mystic, CT 06355 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. USDA ARS, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Randall, DD (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Muszyndski, Michael/L-2843-2016 OI Muszyndski, Michael/0000-0002-0817-7594 NR 52 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD JUL 30 PY 1999 VL 274 IS 31 BP 21769 EP 21775 DI 10.1074/jbc.274.31.21769 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 221HF UT WOS:000081721100044 PM 10419491 ER PT J AU Nguyen, TT Qasim, MA Morris, S Lu, CC Hill, D Laskowski, M Sakanari, JA AF Nguyen, TT Qasim, MA Morris, S Lu, CC Hill, D Laskowski, M Sakanari, JA TI Expression and characterization of elastase inhibitors from the ascarid nematodes Anisakis simplex and Ascaris suum SO MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE serine protease inhibitors; elastase isoforms; chymotrypsin/elastase inhibitor; ascarid nematodes; association equilibrium constants ID CHYMOTRYPSIN ELASTASE; REACTIVE-SITE; PROTEINASE-INHIBITORS; ANCYLOSTOMA-CANINUM; PROTEASE INHIBITORS; TRYPSIN-INHIBITOR; ATLANTIC COD; ISOINHIBITORS; LUMBRICOIDES; RESOLUTION AB Two elastase inhibitors, ASPI-1 and ASPI-2, from the parasitic nematode Anisakis simplex, have been isolated and characterized. Because these inhibitors are similar in size (60 amino acids in length) and primary sequence (52 and 47% identical) to the Ascaris suum chymotrypsin/elastase inhibitor-1 (AsC/E-1), we suggest that these Anisakis elastase inhibitors belong to the same unique class of canonical inhibitors formed by the family of Ascaris inhibitors (Huang K, Strynadka NCJ, Bernard VD, Peanasky RJ, James MG. Structure 1994,2:679-689). To compare ASPI-1 with AsC/E-1, we expressed both inhibitors in Pichia pastoris and found that: (1) the association constant of rASPI-1 with porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) is similar to native inhibitor (K-a = 4.5 x 10(9) and 6.4 x 10(9) M-1, respectively); (2) rASPI-1 is a potent inhibitor of PPE and human leukocyte elastase (K-a = 1.6 x 109 M-1); and (3) it is only a very weak inhibitor of chymotrypsin (CHYM) (K-a = 1.2 x 10(6) M-1). In contrast to the Anisakis inhibitor, however, rAsC/E inhibitor-1 is a very strong inhibitor of both PPE (K-a = 3.5 x 10(10) M-1) and CHYM (K-a = 3.6 x 10(12) M-1). We also found that the determined reactive sites (P-1-P-1') of rASPI-1 and rAsC/E-1, as recognized by PPE, are Ala 28-Met 29 and Leu 31-Met 32, respectively. These P-1-P-1' residues of AsC/E-1 constitute the same reactive site as that also recognized by CHYM (Peanasky RJ, Bentz Y, Homandberg GA, Minor ST, Babin DR. Arch Biochem Biophys 1994;232:135-142). The difference in specificities of ASPI-1 and AsC/E-1 toward their cognate serine proteases may be attributed to the P-1 and P-3' residues in the inhibitors. Elastase, which recognizes both alanine and leucine, can accommodate both ascarid inhibitors, whereas chymotrypsin, which prefers bulky, hydrophobic residues, only recognizes the Ascaris C/E inhibitor-1. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, VA Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Genet Therapy Inc, Gaithersburg, MD USA. USDA, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Sakanari, JA (reprint author), Sonoma State Univ, Dept Biol, Rohnert Park, CA 94928 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI29457]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM10831] NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-6851 J9 MOL BIOCHEM PARASIT JI Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. PD JUL 30 PY 1999 VL 102 IS 1 BP 79 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0166-6851(99)00088-2 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology GA 228LC UT WOS:000082137100008 PM 10477178 ER PT J AU Ralph, J Kim, H Peng, JP Lu, FC AF Ralph, J Kim, H Peng, JP Lu, FC TI Arylpropane-1,3-diols in lignins front normal and CAD-deficient pines SO ORGANIC LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CINNAMYL-ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; NMR; LIGNIFICATION; MUTANT AB [GRAPHICS] Significant quantities of arylpropane 1,3-diols have been identified in lignins isolated from a CAD deficient pine mutant; smaller amounts are also present in lignins from normal pine. They arise from dihydroconiferyl alcohol via the action of peroxidases which are responsible for the radical generation steps of lignification. The structures in the complex lignin polymers are proven using 2D and 3D NMR of isolated lignin fractions. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Ralph, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1523-7060 J9 ORG LETT JI Org. Lett. PD JUL 29 PY 1999 VL 1 IS 2 BP 323 EP 326 DI 10.1021/ol9906559 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 256AB UT WOS:000083701400041 PM 10905871 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Gohh, RY Beulieu, AJ Han, H Jacques, PF Selhub, J Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH AF Bostom, AG Gohh, RY Beulieu, AJ Han, H Jacques, PF Selhub, J Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH TI Determinants of fasting plasma total homocysteine levels among chronic stable renal transplant recipients SO TRANSPLANTATION LA English DT Article ID ELDERLY POPULATION; FOLIC-ACID; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; PREVALENCE; SERUM; DISEASE AB Background. Although several studies have demonstrated an unadjusted association between folate status and fasting plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) levels among renal transplant recipients, no data confirming the strength or independence of this association have been reported. Methods. We determined fasting plasma folate, B-12, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (active vitamin B-6) levels, along with other potential determinants of plasma tHcy levels (i.e., age, sex, creatinine levels, and Cockcroft-Gault estimated creatinine clearance, current immunosuppressive regimen, and history of clinical cardiovascular disease), among 86 renal transplant recipients. The recipients were greater than or equal to 6 months after transplantation, lived in the Providence, Rhode Island metropolitan area, and were examined between February and June 1998. Results. Stepwise general linear modeling with analysis of covariance revealed that only creatinine level, age, and vitamin status were independent regressors (i.e., P<0.100) of tHcy levels. Moreover, creatinine level alone determined most of the variability in tHcy levels (i.e., R-2) accounted for by these independent variables (R-2=0.416 for creatinine level alone; total R-2=0.575). In contrast, the R-2 for folate alone was only 0.046, and even for all three B vitamins combined, the R-2 was just 0.088. Conclusions. We conclude that renal function is the overriding independent determinant of fasting tHcy levels among stable renal transplant recipients. In comparison to renal function, vitamin status has a relatively marginal influence on tHcy levels and cyclosporine use has essentially none at all. C1 Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Gen Internal Med, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Cardiol, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. Rhode Isl Hosp, Div Renal Dis, Providence, RI USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Bostom, AG (reprint author), Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Gen Internal Med, 111 Brewster St, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. NR 22 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0041-1337 J9 TRANSPLANTATION JI Transplantation PD JUL 27 PY 1999 VL 68 IS 2 BP 257 EP 261 DI 10.1097/00007890-199907270-00017 PG 5 WC Immunology; Surgery; Transplantation SC Immunology; Surgery; Transplantation GA 224RB UT WOS:000081911100017 PM 10440398 ER PT J AU Pionke, HB Gburek, WJ Schnabel, RR Sharpley, AN Elwinger, GF AF Pionke, HB Gburek, WJ Schnabel, RR Sharpley, AN Elwinger, GF TI Seasonal flow, nutrient concentrations and loading patterns in stream flow draining an agricultural hill-land watershed SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE hydrology; phosphorus; nitrogen; water quality; watershed; Pennsylvania ID PHOSPHORUS; NITRATE; GROUNDWATER; CATCHMENT; TRANSPORT; NITROGEN AB The effects of seasonality on nutrient patterns and export in streamflow were determined for a 7.3 km(2) agricultural hill-land watershed in Pennsylvania for a 12-year period, 1984-96. Dissolved phosphorus (DP) concentrations were highest in stormflow for all seasons (0.030 mg l(-1)), especially summer (0.039 mg l(-1)) when the flow was the least. About two-thirds of the DP export was in stormflow, with two-thirds of this export occurring during winter and spring when five of the seven largest stormflow events within a year occur. For larger stormflows, DP concentrations were positively correlated with the flow rate, which contributed to storm dominance of DP export. Export of NO3-N, and to a lesser extent DP, by flow component and season were controlled by flow rate rather than concentration. Summer was least important, contributing only 7-8% of the annual export of water, DP, and NO3-N. The NO3-N concentrations were the lowest for the baseflow (5.36 mg l(-1)) and the highest for the elevated baseflow (7.12 mg l(-1)) across seasons. Mon of the NO3-N export was in non-stormflow than stormflow and occurred mostly in winter and spring. One 50-year return period storm event generated a substantial portion (9%) of the DP exported for the 12-year period of the record, but had much less impact on water (2%) and NO3-N (1%) export. P management and control decisions for watersheds need to be developed in a storm-based, source-area framework, whereas N management and control decisions depend more on managing and balancing N use over the watershed. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Pionke, HB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 24 TC 88 Z9 92 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUL 26 PY 1999 VL 220 IS 1-2 BP 62 EP 73 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00064-5 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 216VE UT WOS:000081464500005 ER PT J AU Manners, GD Hasegawa, S AF Manners, GD Hasegawa, S TI Squeezing more from citrus fruits SO CHEMISTRY & INDUSTRY LA English DT Article ID LIMONOID GLUCOSIDES; INHIBITION; ORANGE; MICE C1 ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Manners, GD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY PERIODICALS, INC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA ONE MONTGOMERY ST, SUITE 1200, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94104 USA SN 0009-3068 EI 2047-6329 J9 CHEM IND-LONDON JI Chem. Ind. PD JUL 19 PY 1999 IS 14 BP 542 EP 545 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA 219XE UT WOS:000081633000016 ER PT J AU Tshabalala, MA Denes, AR Williams, RS AF Tshabalala, MA Denes, AR Williams, RS TI Correlation of water vapor adsorption behavior of wood with surface thermodynamic properties SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE wood particles; water vapor adsorption; surface acid-base enthalpy; inverse gas chromatography; acceptor and donor parameters ID INVERSE GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES; FREE-ENERGY; FIBERS; SORPTION AB To improve the overall performance of wood-plastic composites, appropriate technologies are needed to control moisture sorption and to improve the interaction of wood fiber with selected hydrophobic matrices. The objective of this study was to determine the surface thermodynamic characteristics of a wood fiber and to correlate those characteristics with the fiber's water vapor adsorption behavior. The surface thermodynamic properties, determined by inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution or near zero surface coverage, were the dispersive component of the surface energy, surface acid-base free energy and enthalpy of desorption of acid-base probes, and surface acid-base acceptor and donor parameters (K-A and K-D). Water vapor adsorption was expressed in terms of the percentage of weight gain (Delta W%) resulting from water vapor adsorption on the wood particles, calculated relative to their initial weight after preconditioning in a vacuum dessicator at room temperature. The results showed a strong correlation between Delta W% and K-A, and between Delta W% and surface acid-base free energy of water desorption (Delta H-water(AB)), calculated from experimental K-A and K-D and values in the literature for acceptor and donor values of water. These results suggest that for substrates such as wood, whose surface Lewis acid-base properties are characterized by a relatively stronger tendency to accept electrons, the key to controlling water vapor adsorption is to manipulate the magnitude of Delta H-water(AB), primarily via K-A, and to a lesser extent via K-D. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Engn Res Ctr Plasma Aided Mfg, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Tshabalala, MA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD JUL 18 PY 1999 VL 73 IS 3 BP 399 EP 407 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990718)73:3<399::AID-APP11>3.0.CO;2-C PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 197KG UT WOS:000080363500011 ER PT J AU Nargi, F Kramer, E Mezencio, J Zamparo, J Whetstone, C Van Regenmortel, MHV Briand, JP Muller, S Brown, F AF Nargi, F Kramer, E Mezencio, J Zamparo, J Whetstone, C Van Regenmortel, MHV Briand, JP Muller, S Brown, F TI Protection of swine from foot-and-mouth disease with one dose of an all-D retro peptide SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE foot-and-mouth disease; swine; all-D retro peptide vaccine ID VIRUS; CATTLE AB Nine pigs were given a single inoculum of 100 mu g of the all-D retro peptide corresponding to the immunodominant GH loop encompassing residues 141-159 of capsid protein VPI of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A, sub-type 12. The peptide was conjugated to activated keyhole limpet haemocyanin and oil-adjuvanted before inoculation. The animals were challenged eleven weeks post-vaccination by exposing them to a pig which had been infected with the virus by inoculation. Two naive animals were included in the challenge study as controls. One of the vaccinated animals was completely unprotected and two developed very small lesions. None of the six remaining animals exhibited any clinical signs but two developed antibodies against nonstructural proteins indicating that replication of the virus had occurred. No evidence of replication could be detected in the remaining four animals, either by rise in neutralizing antibody titre or by production of antibodies against non-structural proteins specific for virus replication. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. Univ Fed Vicosa, Dept Biol Geral, BR-36570000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil. CNRS, Inst Biol Mol & Cellulaire, Unite Propre Rech 9021, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. RP Brown, F (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RI Muller, Sylviane/J-5319-2014 NR 9 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JUL 16 PY 1999 VL 17 IS 22 BP 2888 EP 2893 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00127-9 PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 214FJ UT WOS:000081317700017 PM 10438060 ER PT J AU Gray, ML Rogers, F Little, S Puette, M Ambrose, D Hoberg, EP AF Gray, ML Rogers, F Little, S Puette, M Ambrose, D Hoberg, EP TI Sparganosis in feral hogs (Sus scrofa) from Florida SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CEREBRAL SPARGANOSIS; OCULAR SPARGANOSIS; FEATURES; SWINE; WILD AB Sparganosis is an infection of tissues by second-stage larvae (spargana or plerocercoids) of pseudophyllidean tapeworms.) Spargana of Spirometra spp infect a wide variety of vertebrates; therefore, the term sparganosis generally is used to refer to infection with parasites of this genus. Vertebrate hosts, including human beings, become infected with spargana in 1 of 3 ways: ingestion of water containing copepod crustaceans (Cyclops spp) infected with procercoids, penetration of wounds or mucous membranes by spargana as a result of direct contact with the flesh of intermediate hosts, or ingestion of spargana in intermediate hosts. C1 USDA, FSIS, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Eastern Lab, Athens, GA 30604 USA. So Wild Game Inc, Devine, TX 78016 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, Beltsville, MD 20715 USA. RP Gray, ML (reprint author), USDA, FSIS, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Eastern Lab, POB 6085, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 48 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 15 PY 1999 VL 215 IS 2 BP 204 EP 208 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 215YT UT WOS:000081413500021 PM 10416473 ER PT J AU Rexroad, CE Powell, AM AF Rexroad, CE Powell, AM TI The ovine uterus as a host for in vitro-produced bovine embryos SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bovine; in vitro production; ovine; transfer; embryo ID FETAL FIBROBLASTS; BLASTOCYST STAGE; INTERFERON-TAU; CORPUS-LUTEUM; IN-VITRO; EXPRESSION; SHEEP; PREGNANCY; CATTLE; TROPHOBLAST AB A series of experiments were conducted to determine whether bovine blastocysts would develop beyond the blastocyst stage in the ovine uterine environment. In Experiment 1, in vitro matured, fertilized and cultured (IVM/IVF/IVC) expanded bovine blastocysts were transferred into uteri of ewes on Day 7 or 9 of the estrous cycle and collected on Day 14 or 15 to determine if the bovine blastocysts would elongate and form an embryonic disk. Springtime trials with ewes that were synchronized with a medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) sponge resulted in a 78% blastocyst recovery rate, and 68% of the recovered spherical or elongated embryos had embryonic disks. In Experiment 2, transfer of 4-cell bovine embryos to the oviducts of ewes at Day 3 resulted in a lower recovery (47 vs 80%) than the transfer of blastocysts at Day 7 when embryos were recovered at Day 14. However, the percentage of embryos containing embryonic disks was higher for embryos transferred at the 4-cell stage (71%) than for embryos transferred as blastocysts (50%). In Experiment 3, IVF embryos from super-ovulated cows or Day 8 in vitro produced embryos transferred to cows were collected at Day 14 and were found to be similar in size to those produced by transfer to ewes in Experiment 2. In Experiment 4, the transfer of bovine blastocysts to ewes did not prolong the ovine estrous cycle. In Experiment 5, extension of the ovine estrous cycle by administration of a MAP releasing intravaginal device allowed bovine embryos to elongate extensively and to become filamentous. In Experiment 6, uterine flushings on Day 14 or Day 16 contained elevated levels of interferon-tau when bovine blastocyst were transferred on Day 7. Transfer of bovine embryos to the reproductive tract of a ewe allows some embryos to develop normally to advanced perimplantation stages and may be a useful tool for studying critical stages of embryo development and the developmental capacity of experimental embryos. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Powell, AM (reprint author), Bldg 200,Rm 8,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JUL 15 PY 1999 VL 52 IS 2 BP 351 EP 364 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00134-X PG 14 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 228NJ UT WOS:000082142300013 PM 10734400 ER PT J AU Tang, ZM Chambers, JL Guddanti, S Yu, SF Barnett, JP AF Tang, ZM Chambers, JL Guddanti, S Yu, SF Barnett, JP TI Seasonal shoot and needle growth of loblolly pine responds to thinning, fertilization, and crown position SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE first flush shoots; shoot expansion; fascicle needle size; leaf area; treatment effect; Pinus taeda L. ID 5 GROWING SEASONS; LEAF-AREA; NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TAEDA L; ABIES AMABILIS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; DOUGLAS-FIR; TREES; LIGHT; FOLIAGE AB The impacts of thinning, fertilization and crown position on seasonal growth of current-year shoots and foliage were studied in a 13-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in the sixth post-treatment year (1994). Length of new flushes, and their needle length, leaf area, and oven-dry weight were measured in the upper and lower crown from March through November. Total shoot length was the cumulative length of all flushes on a,given shoot and total leaf area per shoot was the sum of leaf areas of the flushes. By the end of June, first-flush foliage reached 70% of the November needle length (14.3 cm) and 65% of the final leaf area ( 15.0 cm(2)). Cumulative shoot length of first- and second-flush shoots achieved 95% of the annual length (30.3 cm), whereas total leaf area per shoot was 55% of the final value (75.3 dm(2)). Fertilization consistently stimulated fascicle needle length, dry weight, and leaf area in the upper crown. Mean leaf area of upper-crown shoots was increased by 64% six years after fertilization. A significant thinning effect was found to decrease mean leaf area per shoot in the crown. For most of the growing season, the thinned-fertilized trees produced substantially more leaf area per shoot throughout the crown than the thinned-nonfertilized trees. These thinned-fertilized trees also had,greater needle length and dry weight, longer first flush shoots, and more leaf area per flush than trees in the thinned-nonfertilized plots. Needle length and leaf area of first Bush shoots between April and July were linearly related to previous-month canopy air temperature (T-a). Total shoot length strongly depended on vertical light gradient (PPFD) within the canopy, whereas shoot leaf area was a function of both PPFD and T-a. Thus, trees produced larger and heavier fascicles, more and longer flush shoots, and more leaf area per shoot in the upper crown than the lower crown. We conclude that thinning, fertilization, and crown position regulate annual leaf area production of current-year shoots largely by affecting the expansion of first flush shoots and their foliage during the first half of the growing season. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Tang, ZM (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 49 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUL 12 PY 1999 VL 120 IS 1-3 BP 117 EP 130 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00533-7 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 198HT UT WOS:000080418500013 ER PT J AU Chen, JQ Bradshaw, GA AF Chen, JQ Bradshaw, GA TI Forest structure in space: a case study of an old growth spruce-fir forest in Changbaishan Natural Reserve, PR China SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE spatial analysis; canopy gap; stand dynamics; Ripley's K; scale; spruce-fir; China ID ABIES-BALSAMEA; CENTRAL MAINE; CANOPY; PATTERNS; PINE; COMPETITION; ECOSYSTEM; STANDS; AREA; GAPS AB Ecologists and foresters are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of spatial information in ecosystem analysis and resource management. An across-scale analysis of forest structure was conducted to characterize the spatial characteristics of a 2 ha spruce-fir forest located inside Changbaishan Natural Reserve (CNR), PR China. The study was designed to develop an approach for assessment of within-stand heterogeneity to increase understanding of the effects of heterogeneity on pattern-process relationships in forests. Univariate and bivariate Ripley's K functions were employed to capture stand heterogeneity in terms of intra- and inter-specific point patterns of tree distributions. Stem-mapped crowns were generated and analyzed as canopy patches within a geographic information system (GIS) to quantify patterns within the strata of the forest canopy. The dominant spruces were randomly distributed within each height class bur aggregated when all height classes were analyzed. In addition, spruces had repulsive patterns to other species which exhibited clear aggregation. Canopy heterogeneity, both in terms of composition and spatial patterning, were complex-as expressed within canopy layers and among individual forest species. This across-scale complexity supports a multivariate spatial and across-scale approach to characterizing forest structure, and argues for linked pattern-process experiments. We suggest that joint field and simulation studies be conducted which relate changes in forest stand dynamics to changes in stand heterogeneity. These linked studies are needed to provide a measure of ecological significance relative to statistical significance of patterns. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Chen, JQ (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RI Chen, Jiquan/D-1955-2009 NR 45 TC 62 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUL 12 PY 1999 VL 120 IS 1-3 BP 219 EP 233 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00543-X PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 198HT UT WOS:000080418500021 ER PT J AU Murphy, TEL Adams, DL Ferguson, DE AF Murphy, TEL Adams, DL Ferguson, DE TI Response of advance lodgepole pine regeneration to overstory removal in eastern Idaho SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE advance growth; growth response; liberation cut; Pinus contorta var. latifolia; release; suppression ID FIRES AB Twenty-two stands of advance lodgepole pine released with overstory removal were sampled to determine height growth response. Tree and site characteristics correlated with release response were identified, and a mathematical model was developed to predict height growth in years 6 through 10 after release as a function of residual overstory basal area, height at release, percent rock cover, five-year cumulative growth prior to release, logging damage, stand elevation, and habitat type. Lodgepole Dine responded to release with increased height growth in 97% of the trees sampled. Growth was similar to that of unsuppressed trees. Height growth is best when the entire overstory is removed and logging damage is avoided. Taller trees generally do not respond as well as shorter trees. However, trees growing fast before harvest continue to grow fast regardless of their height at release. Recommendations for selecting stands of advance lodgepole pine to release are provided. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. Univ Idaho, Coll Forestry Wildlife & Range Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Murphy, TEL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Dubois Ranger Dist,Targhee Natl Forest, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. NR 13 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUL 12 PY 1999 VL 120 IS 1-3 BP 235 EP 244 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 198HT UT WOS:000080418500022 ER PT J AU Ujvary, I Nachman, RJ AF Ujvary, I Nachman, RJ TI Synthesis of heterobifunctional p-carborane derivatives. 3-[12-(Mercaptomethyl)-1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaboran(12)-1-yl]propionic acid SO TETRAHEDRON LETTERS LA English DT Article DE alkylation; carboranes; carboxylic acids and derivatives; lithiation; oxidation; thiols ID NEUTRON-CAPTURE THERAPY; NEUROPEPTIDE; CHEMISTRY AB 3-[12-(Mercaptomethyl)-1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaboran(12)-1-yl]propionic acid (1) was prepared in six steps involving sequential dithiocarboxylation and hydroxypropylation of p-carborane as key transformations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Nachman, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0040-4039 J9 TETRAHEDRON LETT JI Tetrahedron Lett. PD JUL 9 PY 1999 VL 40 IS 28 BP 5147 EP 5149 DI 10.1016/S0040-4039(99)00886-2 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 213AR UT WOS:000081250300011 ER PT J AU Grether, GF Hudon, J Millie, DF AF Grether, GF Hudon, J Millie, DF TI Carotenoid limitation of sexual coloration along an environmental gradient in guppies SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE coloration; carotenoid availability; carotenoid limitation; secondary sexual characters; geographic variation; Poecilia reticulata ID FINCHES CARPODACUS-MEXICANUS; POECILIA-RETICULATA PISCES; RAINBOW-TROUT; FEMALE CHOICE; HOUSE FINCHES; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; PLUMAGE COLORATION; MATE CHOICE; SELECTION; PIGMENTATION AB Carotenoids produce most of the brilliant orange and yellow colours seen in animals, but animals cannot synthesize these pigments and must rely on dietary sources. The idea that carotenoids make good signals because they are a scarce limiting resource was proposed two decades ago and has become the leading hypothesis for the role of carotenoids in animal communication. To our knowledge, until now, however, there has been no direct evidence that carotenoids are a limiting resource in nature. We showed that carotenoid availability in the wild limits the expression of sexual coloration in guppies (Poecilia reticulata), a species in which females prefer males with brighter orange carotenoid-containing spots. Further, the degree of carotenoid limitation varies geographically along a replicated environmental gradient (rainforest canopy cover), which opens new avenues for testing signal evolution theory. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Prov Museum Alberta, Edmonton, AB T5N 0M6, Canada. ARS, USDA, Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. RP Grether, GF (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM grether@lifesci.lscf.ucsb.edu RI Grether, Gregory/F-6286-2011; OI Hudon, Jocelyn/0000-0002-4268-2658 NR 51 TC 168 Z9 171 U1 1 U2 49 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD JUL 7 PY 1999 VL 266 IS 1426 BP 1317 EP 1322 PG 6 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 218VC UT WOS:000081572800004 ER PT J AU Park, JB AF Park, JB TI Flavonoids are potential inhibitors of glucose uptake in U937 cells SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID QUERCETIN; TRANSPORTER AB Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds ubiquitously found in plants including fruits, and vegetables. Broad ranges of the biological activities of flavonoids have been reported using in vitro studies. I report that several natural flavonoids blocked glucose uptake in myelocytic U937 cells. Although there were some variations in the blocking activity of individual flavonoids, approximately half of the glucose uptake was blocked by flavonoids at the concentrations of 8-50 mu M The decreasing order of the blocking activity was fisetin greater than or equal to myricetin greater than or equal to quercetin greater than or equal to apigenin > genistein > cyanidin > daidzein greater than or equal to hesperetin > naringenin > catechin. Fisetin showed approximately 50% inhibition of glucose uptake at a concentration of 8 mu M. Similar patterns of the inhibition were observed in lymphocytic Jurkat cells. Fisetin and quercetin inhibited glucose transport in a competitive manner. K-i values for fisetin and quercetin were proximately 9 and 12 mu M, respectively. This study showed that some types of natural flavonoids block glucose uptake in U937 cells and that natural flavonoids could be used as alternative blockers of glucose uptake in vitro. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA, ARS, Phytonutr Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Park, JB (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Phytonutr Lab, Bldg 307,Room 313, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD JUL 5 PY 1999 VL 260 IS 2 BP 568 EP 574 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0890 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 216LH UT WOS:000081443800043 PM 10403807 ER PT J AU Moody, GJ Schanler, RJ Abrams, SA AF Moody, GJ Schanler, RJ Abrams, SA TI Utilization of supplemental iron by premature infants fed fortified human milk SO ACTA PAEDIATRICA LA English DT Article DE human milk; iron absorption; premature infants; stable isotopes ID BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; ABSORPTION; CALCIUM; CHILDREN; FE-58 AB We measured red blood cell iron incorporation (RBC-inc) in 13 human milk-fed premature infants (birthweight 1037 +/- 289 g, gestational age 27 +/- 2 wk, weight at start of study 1571 +/- 426 g) who were receiving full tube-feedings of human milk fortified with a commercial human milk fortifier (FortHM). The relative RBC-inc of supplemental iron (2 mg/kg/d of ferrous sulfate) was assessed using Fe-57 sulfate mixed directly into a 24-h volume of FortHM, and Fe-54 sulfate given as a bolus between two FortHM feedings the next day. RBC-inc was similar between the two methods of supplemental iron administration (4.7 +/- 2.5% vs 4.6 +/- 1.5%, respectively). Although these values are lower than RBC-inc expected from iron native to human milk, the relatively large amount of iron in the supplements contributed most of the iron incorporated into RBC by the infants. There was a significant positive correlation between the reticulocyte count and RBC-inc. As the high nutrient (especially calcium) content of the FortHM did not interfere with iron utilization, adding iron directly to FortHM, or incorporating it into commercial fortifiers, may be a practical method to provide iron to premature infants. C1 Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Sect Neonatol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Abrams, SA (reprint author), Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 FU NCRR NIH HHS [M0-1-RR-00188] NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SCANDINAVIAN UNIVERSITY PRESS PI OSLO PA PO BOX 2959 TOYEN, JOURNAL DIVISION CUSTOMER SERVICE, N-0608 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0803-5253 J9 ACTA PAEDIATR JI Acta Paediatr. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 88 IS 7 BP 763 EP 767 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 220RB UT WOS:000081680300016 PM 10447137 ER PT J AU Mattison, JA Wright, C Bronson, RT Roth, GS Ingram, D Bartke, A AF Mattison, JA Wright, C Bronson, RT Roth, GS Ingram, D Bartke, A TI Studies of aging in ames dwarf mice: Effects of caloric restriction. SO AGE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Physiol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Bartke, Andzej/D-6640-2017 OI Bartke, Andzej/0000-0002-2569-557X NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGING ASSOC PI MEDIA PA SALLY BALIN MEDICAL CENTER, 110 CHESLEY DR, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 0161-9152 J9 AGE JI Age PD JUL PY 1999 VL 22 IS 3 MA 12 BP 119 EP 119 PG 1 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 289RD UT WOS:000085635000016 ER PT J AU Joseph, JA Denisova, N Shukitt-Hale, B Fisher, D Cantuti-Castelvetri, I AF Joseph, JA Denisova, N Shukitt-Hale, B Fisher, D Cantuti-Castelvetri, I TI Oxidative stress protection and vulnerability: The yin and yang of brain aging. SO AGE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGING ASSOC PI MEDIA PA SALLY BALIN MEDICAL CENTER, 110 CHESLEY DR, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 0161-9152 J9 AGE JI Age PD JUL PY 1999 VL 22 IS 3 MA 16 BP 120 EP 121 PG 2 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 289RD UT WOS:000085635000020 ER PT J AU Agostinucci, K Manfredi, TG Cosmas, A Martin, K Han, SN Wu, D Sastre, J Meydani, SN Meydani, M AF Agostinucci, K Manfredi, TG Cosmas, A Martin, K Han, SN Wu, D Sastre, J Meydani, SN Meydani, M TI Vitamin E and age alter liver mito-chondrial morphometry. SO AGE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Exercise Sci Lab, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Univ Connecticut, Sch Allied Hlth, Storrs, CT USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA USA. Univ Valencia, E-46003 Valencia, Spain. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGING ASSOC PI MEDIA PA SALLY BALIN MEDICAL CENTER, 110 CHESLEY DR, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 0161-9152 J9 AGE JI Age PD JUL PY 1999 VL 22 IS 3 MA 36 BP 125 EP 126 PG 2 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 289RD UT WOS:000085635000039 ER PT J AU Hassan, WN Cantuti-Castelevetri, I Denisova, NA Joseph, JA Paulson, KE AF Hassan, WN Cantuti-Castelevetri, I Denisova, NA Joseph, JA Paulson, KE TI The nitrone-spin trap PBN alters the cellular response to H2O2: Calcium-dependent activation of the EGF receptor/ERK pathway. SO AGE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA ARS, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER AGING ASSOC PI MEDIA PA SALLY BALIN MEDICAL CENTER, 110 CHESLEY DR, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 0161-9152 J9 AGE JI Age PD JUL PY 1999 VL 22 IS 3 MA 65 BP 132 EP 133 PG 2 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 289RD UT WOS:000085635000065 ER PT J AU Bickford, PC Breiderick, L Pollack, A Shukitt-Hale, B Joseph, J AF Bickford, PC Breiderick, L Pollack, A Shukitt-Hale, B Joseph, J TI Diets high in antioxidants can reverse age-related declines in cerebellar b -adrenergic receptor function and motor learning. SO AGE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Neurosci Training Program, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Denver, CO 80262 USA. USDA, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Bickford, Paula/J-5970-2012 OI Bickford, Paula/0000-0001-9657-7725 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGING ASSOC PI MEDIA PA SALLY BALIN MEDICAL CENTER, 110 CHESLEY DR, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 0161-9152 J9 AGE JI Age PD JUL PY 1999 VL 22 IS 3 MA 69 BP 133 EP 133 PG 1 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 289RD UT WOS:000085635000069 ER PT J AU Meydani, SN Han, SN AF Meydani, SN Han, SN TI Antioxidants and influenza infection in the aged. SO AGE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER AGING ASSOC PI MEDIA PA SALLY BALIN MEDICAL CENTER, 110 CHESLEY DR, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 0161-9152 J9 AGE JI Age PD JUL PY 1999 VL 22 IS 3 MA 68 BP 133 EP 133 PG 1 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 289RD UT WOS:000085635000068 ER PT J AU Shukitt-Hale, B Bickford, PC Joseph, JA AF Shukitt-Hale, B Bickford, PC Joseph, JA TI Prevention and reversal of age-related motor and cognitive behavioral deficits with antioxidant diets. SO AGE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Denver, CO 80262 USA. RI Bickford, Paula/J-5970-2012 OI Bickford, Paula/0000-0001-9657-7725 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER AGING ASSOC PI MEDIA PA SALLY BALIN MEDICAL CENTER, 110 CHESLEY DR, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 0161-9152 J9 AGE JI Age PD JUL PY 1999 VL 22 IS 3 MA 70 BP 134 EP 134 PG 1 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 289RD UT WOS:000085635000070 ER PT J AU Paz, JO Batchelor, WD Babcock, BA Colvin, TS Logsdon, SD Kaspar, TC Karlen, DL AF Paz, JO Batchelor, WD Babcock, BA Colvin, TS Logsdon, SD Kaspar, TC Karlen, DL TI Model-based technique to determine variable rate nitrogen for corn SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; corn; model-based technique; yield ID LANDSCAPE AB Past efforts to correlate yield from small field plots to soil type, elevation, fertility, and other factors have been only partially successful for characterizing spatial variability in corn (Zea mays L.) yield. Furthermore, methods to determine optimum nitrogen rate in grids across fields depend upon the ability to accurately predict yield variability and corn response to nitrogen. In this paper, we developed a technique to use the CERES-Maize crop growth model to characterize corn yield variability. The model was calibrated using 3 years of data from 224 grids in a 16 ha field near Boone, IA. The model gave excellent predictions of yield trends along transects in the field, explaining approximately 57% of the yield variability. Once the model was calibrated for each grid cell, optimum nitrogen rate to maximize net return was computed for each location using 22 years of historical weather data. Results show high spatial distribution of optimum nitrogen fertilizer prescription for grids across the field. Grid-level nitrogen fertilizer management used lower amounts of fertilizer, produced higher yields and was more profitable than either transect- or field-level (single rate) fertilizer application. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Econ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Batchelor, WD (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Paz, Joel/F-7685-2010; OI Paz, Joel/0000-0003-0193-3681 NR 12 TC 56 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 61 IS 1 BP 69 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(99)00035-9 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 219DX UT WOS:000081593600006 ER PT J AU Sharpley, AN Gburek, WJ Folmar, G Pionke, HB AF Sharpley, AN Gburek, WJ Folmar, G Pionke, HB TI Sources of phosphorus exported from an agricultural watershed in Pennsylvania SO AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE agricultural runoff; eutrophication; fertilizer; manure; nonpoint source pollution; soil phosphorus ID NONPOINT POLLUTION; SURFACE WATERS; NITROGEN; QUALITY; EROSION AB Freshwater eutrophication is usually controlled by inputs of phosphorus (P). As point source controls have decreased P inputs, the relative contributions of nonpoint inputs from agriculture have increased. Thus, remedial strategies are now being directed towards minimizing P export from agriculture. To identify critical sources of P, we investigated chemical and hydrologic factors controlling P export from a mixed land use (30% wooded, 40% cultivated, 30% pasture) 39.5 ha watershed in east-central Pennsylvania. The watershed was divided into four hydrologically distinct segments and streamflow and P concentration from each segment measured since June 1996. Mehlich-3 extractable soil P, determined on a 30-m grid over the watershed, ranged from 7 to 788 mg kg(-1). Generally, soils in wooded areas had low Mehlich-3 P (<30 mg kg(-1)), grazed pasture had Mehlich-3 P values between 100 and 200 mg kg(-1), and cropped fields receiving manure and fertilizer applications were in most cases above 200 mg kg(-1). Average flow-weighted P concentrations for ten storms during August-November 1996 decreased 60% downstream from segments 4-1 (watershed outlet). Streamflow P concentrations were more closely related to the near-stream (within 60 m) than whole watershed distribution of high-P soils in each watershed segment. This suggests that near-stream surface runoff and soil P, control P export form the watershed. Thus, managing P application in the primary surface runoff-producing areas near the stream has a greater potential to decrease P export in streamflow than for areas further from the channel. Clearly, the integration of areas of high soil P with areas of surface runoff production must be considered when guidelines are developed for P applications. Considering the distribution of high P soils alone may unnecessarily restrict farm management options without providing the desired reduction in P export from watersheds. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Curtin Rd Bldg 3702, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 26 TC 76 Z9 101 U1 8 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3774 J9 AGR WATER MANAGE JI Agric. Water Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 41 IS 2 BP 77 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0378-3774(99)00018-9 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 206KL UT WOS:000080878200001 ER PT J AU Beran, DD Masters, RA Gaussoin, RE AF Beran, DD Masters, RA Gaussoin, RE TI Grassland legume establishment with imazethapyr and imazapic SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MIXTURES; ATRAZINE; HERBICIDES AB Legumes are important components of grassland communities in North America and have potential to improve grassland productivity and diversity. Weeds can interfere with the establishment of legumes and increase probability of stand failure. Four experiments were conducted from 1994 to 1997 to determine if the imidazolinone herbicides imazethapyr [2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H- imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid] and imazapic [(+/-)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-4-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid] applied preemergence at 78 g a.i. ha(-1) could reduce weed interference and improve establishment of seeded grassland legumes. Six native legumes and one introduced legume, crownvetch (Coronilla varia L,) were planted into prepared seedbeds st sites near Mead, SE. Legume response to the herbicides varied among species and sites. Crownvetch partridgepea [Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene; syn, Cassia chamaecrista L.), and purple prairieclover (Dalea purpurea Vent.) exhibited tolerance to both imazethapyr and imazapic in most experiments and their establishment, as indicated by stem density and/or forage yield collected 14 mo after planting, tvas improved when treated with the herbicides in weedy environments. Imazapic treatment injured leadplant (Amorpha canescens Pursh), Canada tickclover [Desmodium canadense (L DC.], and roundhead lespedeza (Lespedeza capitata Michx.), resulting In lower stem densities and/or forage yields than when imazethapyr was applied. Based on these findings, preemergence application of imazethapyr and imazapic can be used to reduce weed interference and improve the establishment of certain grassland legumes. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Hort, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Masters, RA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Keim Hall,East Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 91 IS 4 BP 592 EP 596 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 239AZ UT WOS:000082747800002 ER PT J AU Torbert, HA Potter, KN Hoffman, DW Gerik, TJ Richardson, CW AF Torbert, HA Potter, KN Hoffman, DW Gerik, TJ Richardson, CW TI Surface residue and soil moisture affect fertilizer loss in simulated runoff on a heavy clay soil SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PHOSPHORUS LOSSES; RAINFALL SIMULATOR; NUTRIENT LOSSES; TILLAGE SYSTEMS; NO-TILL; CORN; WATERSHEDS; NITROGEN; SEDIMENT; CONSERVATION AB The potential for non-point-source pollution of surface waters from agricultural lands continues to be a concern, Our objective was to determine the effect of surface residue management and fertilizer application timing in regards to soil moisture conditions on nutrient tosses in runoff Studies were conducted using a rainfall simulator that applied 125 mm h(-1) for 3 h to an Austin (Udorthentic Haplustoll) clay soil. Soil surface residue treatments Here chisel tillage with no added corn (Zea mays L.) residue (CT-NAR), chisel tillage with added corn residue (CT-AR)I and bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] sod (sod). Rainfall simulation was made following fertilizer (16-9-0 N-P-K) application to relatively dry (350 g kg(-1) moisture) and relatively wet (500 g kg(-1)) soil on each of the residue treatments. Runoff samples collected from it 1-m(2) area were analyzed for NO3- -N, NH4+-N, and PO4--P concentration and amount (kg ha(-1)). When fertilizer was applied to relatively dry soil, nutrient tosses from both wet and dry runs combined Here less than the losses with fertilizer applied to relatively wet soil. For wet runs, the CT-AR treatment reduced fetal PO4--P loss nearly sevenfold and NH4+-N loss fivefold compared with CT-NAR (1.2 vs. 8.0 kg PO4--P ha(-1); 3.9 vs. 18.9 kg ha(-1) NH4+-N), due to increases in time before initiation of runoff and lower nutrient concentrations in runoff. For our conditions, therefore, reduction in nutrient losses in runoff can be achieved by maintaining surface crop residue and applying N and P fertilizers to relatively dry soils. The largest loss of fertilizer nutrients occurred with sod treatments: tosses of PO4--P for the relatively wet soil were approximate to 41% of PO4--P fertilizer applied (51.9 kg PO4--P ha(-1)). This indicates that granular fertilizer application to pastures on heavy clay soils with vertic properties may make a significant contribution to non-point-source pollution; careful management of granular fertilizer applications is thus called for, especially soil water content, when fertilizing sod. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Blackland Res Ctr, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Torbert, HA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 25 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 91 IS 4 BP 606 EP 612 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 239AZ UT WOS:000082747800004 ER PT J AU MacKown, CT Crafts-Brandner, SJ Sutton, TG AF MacKown, CT Crafts-Brandner, SJ Sutton, TG TI Relationships among soil nitrate, leaf nitrate, and leaf yield of burley tobacco: Effects of nitrogen management SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TESTS AB Burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) requires large amounts of fertilizer N to produce high yields of cured leaf with the quality traits demanded by buyers. However, excessive N use produces air-cured leaves with undesirable le,els of NO3- is uneconomical, and is environmentally unsound if substantial levels of residual soil NO3- remain following harvest. Effects of N fertilizer on relationships among leaf yield, NO3- concentrations of air-cured leaves, and soil NO3- levels were investigated in 1991 and 1992 at two locations near Lexington, KY. Fertilizer N was broadcast at 0 to 448 kg ha(-1) (56-kg increments) before transplanting or banded at 168 kg ha(-1) about 5 wk after transplanting. Soils were a sell-drained Maury silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) and a moderately well-drained Captina silt loam (fine, silty, siliceous, mesic Typic Fragiudult), Cured leaf yield and lamina NO3- increased with increasing amounts of broadcast fertilizer N. Yield increased 3.7% with banded N, compared with an equivalent amount of broadcast N. Banding N also increased the NO3- level of cured leaf lamina by 37% for bottom leaves and 17% for middle leaves; top leaves were unaffected. Soil mineral N (NH4+ + NO3-) was proportional to the amount of broadcast N applied, and NO3- levels in the upper 30 cm of soil declined during the growing season. For predicted maximum leaf yields of 90%, critical soil mineral N values of 46 and 88 mg kg(-1) (for Captina and Maury soils, respectively) were estimated from average mineral N concentrations in the upper 30 cm at 3 and 5 wk after transplanting. Early-season soil NO3- testing to predict the NO3- level of cured leaf lamina was not useful; a nearly twofold difference in lamina NO3- was observed among years when soil NO3- levels were equivalent. At 280 kg N ha(-1), a rate commonly recommended for burley tobacco, as much as 37 mg NO3--N kg(-1) soil was found in the upper 30 cm of soil following harvest. Decreasing the amount of fertilizer N broadcast just before transplanting to 168 kg N ha(-1) caused a 10% reduction in yield, a 37 to 65% decrease in lamina NO3-, and about a 60% decrease in residual soil NO3- at harvest. Better N management can reduce both the NO3- level of cured leaves and the amount of residual NO3- following harvest. C1 USDA ARS, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Agron, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP MacKown, CT (reprint author), USDA ARS, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 91 IS 4 BP 613 EP 621 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 239AZ UT WOS:000082747800005 ER PT J AU Halvorson, AD Black, AL Krupinsky, JM Merrill, SD Tanaka, DL AF Halvorson, AD Black, AL Krupinsky, JM Merrill, SD Tanaka, DL TI Sunflower response to tillage and nitrogen fertilization under intensive cropping in a wheat rotation SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; STORAGE EFFICIENCY; WATER STORAGE; SYSTEMS; POPULATION AB Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a warm-season, intermediate water-use crop that can add diversity to dryland crop rotations, Reduced tillage systems may Enhance sunflower yield in intensive cropping systems. A 12-year study was conducted to determine how sunflower er cultivars of early and medium maturity respond to tillage system (conventional-till, CT; minimum-till, MT; no-till, NT) and N fertilization (34, 67, and 101 kg N ha(-1)) within a dryland spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-winter wheat-sunflower rotation. Averaged across N rates, cultivars, and years, sunflower seed yields were greater with MT (1550 kg ha(-1)) than with NT (1460 kg ha(-1)) and CT (1450 kg ha(-1)). Increasing N rate above 34 kg N ha-L generally increased gain yield, but varied from year to year. The tillage X N interaction showed that the highest seed yields were obtained with NT (1638 kg ha(-1)) and MT (1614 kg ha(-1)) at 101 kg N ha(-1). Total plant-available water (TPAW) of <350 mm greatly reduced sunflower yield potential, due to water stress, compared with yields for 350 to 500 mm of TPAW. TPAW > 500 mm did not result in increased sunflower yields over those with 350 to 500 mm TPAW. Yield differences between cultivar maturity classes varied from year to gear and with tillage and N level. At the lowest N rate, weeds were more problematic in NT than in CT and MT plots. More N fertilizer may be needed with NT to optimize sunflower yields than with CT and MT, because of less residual soil NO3-N with NT. Results indicate that producers in the northern Great Plains can use sunflower successfully in annual a cropping systems, particularly if MT and NT are used with adequate N fertilization. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Halvorson, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 91 IS 4 BP 637 EP 642 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 239AZ UT WOS:000082747800008 ER PT J AU Acock, B Pachepsky, YA Mironenko, EV Whisler, FD Reddy, VR AF Acock, B Pachepsky, YA Mironenko, EV Whisler, FD Reddy, VR TI GUICS: A generic user interface for on-farm crop simulations SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMS; MODEL AB As knowledge of crop growth and development is quantified, it can be included in the computer code of crop simulators that mimic the essential features of plant-soil-atmosphere-management interactions. The next step necessary is to provide tools to simplify operation of the crop simulator by end users. Our objectives were to (i) develop a graphical user interface (GUI) specifically oriented to on-farm use and (ii) research the possibility of building a generic GUI that could be used with many crop simulators not necessarily having the same structure of input data. We call the interface GUICS (standing For Graphical User Interface for Crop Simulations). GUICS is built on the usability paradigm developed by software designers and hits a user-centered design based on results of human-computer interaction studies. The usability of the interface is facilitated with special features that enhance the directness, user-in-control, consistency,forgiveness, feedback, and simplicity of the interface. Including a simulator in GUICS is a straightforward operation that does not require changes in the simulator code. The GUICS prototype was evaluated by its future users in interviews during which they had hands-on experience. Two years of on-farm use of GUICS has proved the usability of the interface. C1 Duke Univ Phototron, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Remote Sensing Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Hort, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Pachepsky, YA (reprint author), Duke Univ Phototron, Bldg 007,Room 008,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM ypachepsky@asrr.arsusda.gov OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 28 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 91 IS 4 BP 657 EP 665 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 239AZ UT WOS:000082747800011 ER PT J AU Halvorson, AD Black, AL Krupinsky, JM Merrill, SD AF Halvorson, AD Black, AL Krupinsky, JM Merrill, SD TI Dryland winter wheat response to tillage and nitrogen within an annual cropping system SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; STUBBLE HEIGHT; STORAGE EFFICIENCY; WATER STORAGE; YIELD AB Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can add diversity to dryland crop rotations in the northern Great plains, but it is susceptible to winterkill in low surface residue environments. A 12-year study was conducted to determine the response of two winter wheat cultivars, Roughrider and Norstar; to tillage system (conventional-till, CT; minimum-till, MT: and no-till, NT) and N fertilizer rate (34, 67, and 101 kg N ha(-1)) in a dryland spring wheat-winter wheat-sunflower (Helianthus annuus L,) rotation. Grain yields were greater with MT (1968 kg ha(-1)) and NT (2022 kg ha(-1)) than with CT (1801 kg ha(-1)), but tillage system effects on grain yield varied among years, Increasing N rate from 34 kg N ha(-1) to 67 kg N ha(-1) increased grain production from 1844 to 1953 kg ha(-1), but yield response to N rate varied among years., The greatest overall grain yield (2111 kg ha(-1)) if as obtained with NT and application of 101 kg N ha(-1). Grain yields were lowest during gears when plant-available Hater (PAW) was <300 mm. In years with >400 an PAW, leaf spot disease incidence was greatest, particularly at the lowest N rate with NT. Application of adequate N reduced the disease incidence in all tillage treatments. Cultivar differences Here significant 3 out of 12 years, but not consistent. Winterkill was a factor for both cultivars in only 1 year in the CT and MT plots. Winter wheat performed Hell as a rotational crop in this cropping system when using,tfT and NT systems and adequate N fertility, Our long-term results indicate that producers in the northern Great Plains ran use winter wheat successfully in annual cropping systems that do not include a fallow period, particularly if NT is used with adequate N fertilization. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. ARS, USDA, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Halvorson, AD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 26 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 91 IS 4 BP 702 EP 707 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 239AZ UT WOS:000082747800018 ER PT J AU Sanderson, MA Moore, KJ AF Sanderson, MA Moore, KJ TI Switchgrass morphological development predicted from day of the year or degree day models SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB We tested recently published linear equations for predicting developmental morphology of warm-season perennial grasses on three cultivars of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Mean stage count (RISC, based on the Nebraska system) of 'Cave-in-Rock' and 'Kanlow' switchgrass was measured at Ames, IA, and MSC of Care-in-Rock and 'Alamo' switchgrass was measured at Stephenville, TX, during 1995. Measured MSC was compared with MSC estimated from day of the year (DOY) or growing degree day. (GDD; base of 10 degrees C) equations, The DOY equation more closely estimated MSC for switchgrass grown at rimes than at Stephenville, The GDD equation did not work Hell for any cultivar at either location. The equations did not work as well in Texas, probably because of genotypic interactions dth daylength and climate for developmental morphology. These results indicate that the DOY equation may be useful with some varieties of switchgrass in the central Great Plains. C1 ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Sanderson, MA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 91 IS 4 BP 732 EP 734 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 239AZ UT WOS:000082747800022 ER PT J AU Finley, JW AF Finley, JW TI Manganese absorption and retention by young women is associated with serum ferritin concentration SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE manganese; ferritin; iron; women; humans; manganese absorption; manganese retention; manganese balance; manganese status ID GUT ENDOGENOUS LOSSES; ASCORBIC-ACID; IRON; HUMANS; RATS; SPECTROMETRY; METABOLISM; EXCRETION; CALCIUM; PLASMA AB Background: The interaction between iron and manganese in the gut is well characterized but iron status has not been shown to affect manganese absorption. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether iron status as determined by serum ferritin concentrations affects manganese absorption, retention, balance, and status. Design: The subjects were healthy young women; 11 had serum ferritin concentrations >50 mu g/L and 15 had serum ferritin concentrations <15 mu g/L. In a crossover design, subjects consumed diets that supplied either 0.7 or 9.5 mg Mn/d for 60 d. Manganese absorption and retention were assessed during the last 30 d of each dietary period by using an oral dose of Mn-54; balance was assessed simultaneously. Results: Dietary manganese did not affect manganese status, but high serum ferritin depressed arginase activity. The interaction of ferritin status and dietary manganese affected 54Mn absorption and biological half-life. Absorption was greatest in subjects with low ferritin concentrations when they were consuming the low-manganese diet, and was least in subjects with high ferritin concentrations. Biological half-life was longest when subjects with high ferritin concentrations consumed the low-manganese diet, and was shortest in all subjects consuming the high-manganese diet. Manganese balance was only affected by the amount of manganese in the diet. Conclusions: These results show that iron status, as measured by serum ferritin concentration, is strongly associated with the amount of manganese absorbed from a meal by young women. When greater amounts of manganese are absorbed, the body may compensate by excreting manganese more quickly. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Finley, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 41 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 37 EP 43 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 212PF UT WOS:000081224900007 PM 10393136 ER PT J AU Ames, SK Gorham, BM Abrams, SA AF Ames, SK Gorham, BM Abrams, SA TI Effects of high compared with low calcium intake on calcium absorption and incorporation of iron by red blood cells in small children SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE calcium absorption; iron absorption; stable isotopes; preschool children ID ENDOGENOUS FECAL CALCIUM; NONHEME-IRON; SUPPLEMENTATION; WOMEN; RETENTION; MILK; BALANCE; INFANTS; HUMANS; GIRLS AB Background: The potential benefits of increasing calcium intake in small children must be balanced with the potential risk to iron utilization from high calcium intakes. Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the relation between calcium intake and calcium absorption and iron incorporation into red blood cells. Design: We performed a multitracer, crossover study of the absorption of calcium and red blood cell incorporation of iron in 11 preschool children aged 3-5 y who had been adapted for 5 wk to low- (502 +/- 99 mg) and high- (1180 +/- 117 mg) calcium diets. Stable-isotope studies were performed by using Ca-44 and Fe-58 given orally with meals and Ca-46 given intravenously. Results: Iron incorporation into red blood cells 14 d postdosing was similar (6.9 +/- 4.2% compared with 7.9 +/- 5.5%; NS) with the low- and high-calcium diets, respectively. Total calcium absorption (181 +/- 50 compared with 277 +/- 91 mg/d; P = 0.002) was greater in children with the higher calcium intake. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that small children may benefit from calcium intakes similar to those recommended for older children without adverse effects on dietary iron utilization. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Abrams, SA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 31 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 44 EP 48 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 212PF UT WOS:000081224900008 PM 10393137 ER PT J AU Davis, TA Fiorotto, ML Nguyen, HV Burrin, DG AF Davis, TA Fiorotto, ML Nguyen, HV Burrin, DG TI Aminoacyl-tRNA and tissue free amino acid pools are equilibrated after a flooding dose of phenylalanine SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE protein synthesis; skeletal muscle; liver; insulin ID MUSCLE PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; TRANSFER-RNA ACYLATION; HUMAN SKELETAL-MUSCLE; WHOLE-BODY; STABLE-ISOTOPE; FOOD-INTAKE; INSULIN; TURNOVER; RATS; HYPERINSULINEMIA AB The flooding dose method, which is used to measure tissue protein synthesis, assumes equilibration of the isotopic labeling between the aminoacyl-tRNA pool and the tissue and blood free amino acid pools. However, this has not been verified for a phenylalanine tracer in an in vivo study. We determined the specific radioactivity of [H-3]phenylalanine in the aminoacyl-tRNA and the tissue and blood free amino acid pools of skeletal muscle and liver 30 min after administration of a flooding dose of phenylalanine along with [H-3]phenylalanine. Studies were performed in neonatal pigs in the fasted and refed states and during hyperinsulinemiceuglycemic-amino acid clamps. The results showed that, 30 min after the administration of a flooding dose of phenylalanine, there was equilibration of the specific radioactivity of phenylalanine among the blood, tissue, and tRNA precursor pools. Equilibration of the specific radioactivity of the three precursor pools for protein synthesis occurred in both skeletal muscle and liver. Neither feeding nor insulin status affected the aminoacyl-tRNA specific radioactivity relative to the tissue free amino acid specific radioactivity. The results support the assumption that the tissue free amino acid pool specific radioactivity is a valid measure of the precursor pool specific radioactivity and thus can be used to calculate protein synthesis rates in skeletal muscle and liver when a flooding dose of phenylalanine is administered. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Davis, TA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM tdavis@bcm.tmc.edu FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474, R01-AR44474] NR 37 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 277 IS 1 BP E103 EP E109 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA 216BF UT WOS:000081420100013 PM 10409133 ER PT J AU Singh, MAF Ding, WJ Manfredi, TJ Solares, GS O'Neill, EF Clements, KM Ryan, ND Kehayias, JJ Fielding, RA Evans, WJ AF Singh, MAF Ding, WJ Manfredi, TJ Solares, GS O'Neill, EF Clements, KM Ryan, ND Kehayias, JJ Fielding, RA Evans, WJ TI Insulin-like growth factor I in skeletal muscle after weight-lifting exercise in frail elders SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE sarcopenia; muscle biopsy; resistance training; muscle damage ID HEALTHY OLDER MEN; BODY-COMPOSITION; RESISTANCE EXERCISE; EXPRESSION; WOMEN; SARCOPENIA; HYPERTROPHY; MORPHOLOGY; ADULTS; PEOPLE AB To assess muscle remodeling and functional adaptation to exercise and diet interventions, 26 men and women aged 72-98 yr underwent a vastus lateralis biopsy before and after placebo control condition, and progressive resistance training, multinutrient supplementation, or both. Type II atrophy, Z band, and myofibril damage were present at baseline. Combined weight lifting and nutritional supplementation increased strength by 257 +/- 62% (P = 0.0001) and type II fiber area by 10.1 +/- 9.0% (P = 0.033), with a similar trend for type I fiber area (+12.8 +/- 22.2%). Exercise was associated with a 2.5-fold increase in neonatal myosin staining (P = 0.0009) and an increase of 491 +/- 137% (P < 0.0001) in IGF-I staining. Ultrastructural damage increased by 141 +/- 59% after exercise training (P = 0.034). Strength increases were largest in those with the greatest increases in myosin, IGF-I, damage, and caloric intake during the trial. Age-related sarcopenia appears largely confined to type II muscle fibers. Frail elders respond robustly to resistance training with musculoskeletal remodeling, and significant increases in muscle area are possible with resistance training in combination with adequate energy intakes. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Hebrew Rehabil Ctr Aged, Boston, MA 02131 USA. Boston Univ, Sargent Coll Hlth & Rehabil Sci, Dept Hlth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Exercise Sci Lab, Kingston, RI 02906 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Donald W Reynolds Dept Geriatr, Nutr Exercise & Metab Div, Little Rock, AR 72114 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Ctr Geriatr Res Educ & Clin, Little Rock, AR 72114 USA. Univ Sydney, Sch Exercise & Sport Sci, Lidcombe, NSW 1825, Australia. RP Singh, MAF (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM m.singh@cchs.syd.edu.au FU NIA NIH HHS [UO1 AG-09078, AG-11811, AG-O4390] NR 37 TC 152 Z9 160 U1 6 U2 13 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 277 IS 1 BP E135 EP E143 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA 216BF UT WOS:000081420100017 PM 10409137 ER PT J AU Stoll, B Burrin, DG Henry, J Yu, H Jahoor, F Reeds, PJ AF Stoll, B Burrin, DG Henry, J Yu, H Jahoor, F Reeds, PJ TI Substrate oxidation by the portal drained viscera of fed piglets SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE gut metabolism; amino acids; glucose; stable isotopes ID RAT SMALL-INTESTINE; AMINO-ACIDS; RESPIRATORY FUELS; METABOLISM; GLUTAMINE; PROTEIN; ENTEROCYTES; INVIVO; ASPARTATE; ARGININE AB Fully fed piglets (28 days old, 7-8 kg) bearing portal, arterial, and gastric catheters and a portal flow probe were infused with enteral [U-C-13]glutamate (n = 4), enteral [U-C-13]glucose (n = 4), intravenous [U-C-13]glucose (n = 4), or intravenous [U-C-13]glutamine (n = 3). A total of 94% of the enteral [U-C-13]glutamate but only 6% of the enteral [U-C-13]glucose was utilized in first pass by the portal-drained viscera (PDV). The PDV extracted 6.5% of the arterial flux of [U-C-13]glucose and 20.4% of the arterial flux of [U-C-13]glutamine. The production of (CO2)-C-13 (percentage of dose) by the PDV from enteral glucose (3%), arterial glucose (27%), enteral glutamate (52%), and arterial glutamine (70%) varied widely The substrates contributed 15% (enteral glucose), 19% (arterial glutamine), 29% (arterial glucose), and 36% (enteral glutamate) of the total production of CO2 by the PDV. Enteral glucose accounted for 18% of the portal alanine and 31% of the portal lactate carbon outflow. We conclude that, in vivo, three-fourths of the energy needs of the PDV are satisfied by the oxidation of glucose, glutamate, and glutamine, and that dietary glutamate is the most important single contributor to mucosal oxidative energy generation. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Reeds, PJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM preeds@bcm.tmc.edu FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01-HD-33920, R01-HD-35679] NR 34 TC 80 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 277 IS 1 BP E168 EP E175 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA 216BF UT WOS:000081420100021 PM 10409141 ER PT J AU Smith, SM Wastney, ME Morukov, BV Larina, IM Nyquist, LE Abrams, SA Taran, EN Shih, CY Nillen, JL Davis-Street, JE Rice, BL Lane, HW AF Smith, SM Wastney, ME Morukov, BV Larina, IM Nyquist, LE Abrams, SA Taran, EN Shih, CY Nillen, JL Davis-Street, JE Rice, BL Lane, HW TI Calcium metabolism before, during, and after a 3-mo spaceflight: kinetic and biochemical changes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE weightlessness; calcium absorption; mathematical modeling; stable isotope; microgravity ID BED REST; SPACE-FLIGHT; BONE-FORMATION; WEIGHTLESSNESS; EXCRETION; MARKERS; ABSORPTION; RESORPTION; TURNOVER; PLASMA AB The loss of bone during spaceflight is considered a physiological obstacle for the exploration of other planets. This report of calcium metabolism before, during, and after long-duration spaceflight extends results from Skylab missions in the 1970s. Biochemical and endocrine indexes of calcium and bone metabolism were measured together with calcium absorption, excretion, and bone turnover using stable isotopes. Studies were conducted before, during, and after flight in three male subjects. Subjects varied in physical activity, yet all lost weight during flight. During flight, calcium intake and absorption decreased up to 50%, urinary calcium excretion increased up to 50%, and bone resorption (determined by kinetics or bone markers) increased by over 50%. Osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, markers of bone formation, increased after flight. Subjects lost similar to 250 mg bone calcium per day during flight and regained bone calcium at a slower rate of similar to 100 mg/day for up to 3 mo after landing. Further studies are required to determine the time course of changes in calcium homeostasis during flight to develop and assess countermeasures against flight-induced bone loss. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Life Sci Res Labs, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Nutr Biochem Lab, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Space & Life Sci Directorate, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Lockheed Martin Corp, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Enterprise Advisory Serv Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Georgetown Univ, Ctr Med, Dept Pediat, Washington, DC 20007 USA. Minist Publ Hlth Russia, Inst Biomed Problems, Moscow 123007, Russia. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Ctr, Star City 141160, Russia. RP Smith, SM (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Life Sci Res Labs, SD3, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM smsmith@ems.jsc.nasa.gov NR 36 TC 110 Z9 118 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6119 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-REG I JI Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 277 IS 1 BP R1 EP R10 PG 10 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 213EQ UT WOS:000081259900001 PM 10409251 ER PT J AU Reeves, AF Olanya, OM Hunter, JH Wells, JM AF Reeves, AF Olanya, OM Hunter, JH Wells, JM TI Evaluation of potato varieties and selections for resistance to bacterial soft rot SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE E. carotovora subsp carotovora; E. carotovora subsp atroseptica; Solanum tuberosum ID CAROTOVORA SUBSP ATROSEPTICA; ERWINIA; CULTIVARS; TUBERS; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB Potato varieties and selections were evaluated for resistance to bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica in mist chamber. A randomized complete block design with a single treatment and 3 replications was used in this study. Potato lines were inoculated with bacterial suspension (10 tubers/line) using the puncture inoculation method and incubated for 4 days in a mist chamber at 21 C and 100% relative humidity in the dark. Although there were differences in incidence of soft rot and in amount of weight reduction, most of the potato lines were susceptible to tuber soft rot. Mean incidence (%) of soft rot ranged from 10 to 100%. Mean reduction of tuber weight (%) ranged from 0.13 to 16.43%. Among the varieties and selections tested, AF 522-5 was the most resistant to tuber weight loss, while AF 1424-7 was most susceptible. There were also significant differences between years, and a variety by year interaction. Testing over a period of years is recommended. A significant correlation coefficient of soft rot incidence (%) and reduction of tuber weight (%) was obtained (r=0.65; P=0.05), indicating that incidence was a fair measure of soft rot potential. However, the greater variability in results for incidence make weight loss a better measure of soft rot reaction. There was a significant difference among varieties in the reduction of tuber weight when potato lines were inoculated either 1 month or 2 months after harvest, but the interaction of time by year prohibits a conclusion as to which time gives a better test reaction. Late maturing varieties had slightly less weight loss than earlier maturing varieties. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Biosyst Sci & Engn, Presque Isle, ME 04769 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Aroostook Res Farm, Presque Isle, ME 04769 USA. USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19118 USA. RP Reeves, AF (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Biosyst Sci & Engn, 59 Houlton Rd, Presque Isle, ME 04769 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 76 IS 4 BP 183 EP 189 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 227AY UT WOS:000082056600002 ER PT J AU Crosslin, JM Thomas, PE Brown, CR AF Crosslin, JM Thomas, PE Brown, CR TI Distribution of tobacco rattle virus in tubers of resistant and susceptible potatoes and systemic movement of virus into daughter plants SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE RT-PCR; ELISA; virus detection; Solanum tuberosum ID NUCLEIC-ACID HYBRIDIZATION AB Fifty-nine potato cultivars or breeding clones were planted near Umatilla, OR and/or Pasco, WA, in fields known to be infested with tobacco rattle virus (TRV) and vector nematodes, Paratrichodorus allius Jen. (Sid.). Tubers from these field plots were cut and examined for corky ringspot (CRS) symptoms, Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for TRV was conducted on tissue samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic tubers. Sixty-five percent of the symptomatic and 42% of the asymptomatic tissue samples from CRS symptomatic tubers contained detectable TRV. Approximately 2% of plants grown from either symptomatic or asymptomatic tubers contained TRV when tested by ELISA, whereas 20% and 12% of plants grown from symptomatic and asymptomatic tubers, respectively, were positive for TRV by RT-PCR. These results suggest that RT-PCR is a more sensitive assay for detection of TRV. Systemic infections by TRV were detected more often in foliage of CRS-susceptible genotypes. Daughter tubers exhibiting symptoms of CRS, and which contained RT-PCR-detectable TRV, were produced on plants of three genotypes, including one from an asymptomatic parent tuber. C1 ARS, USDA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Thomas, PE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 76 IS 4 BP 191 EP 197 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 227AY UT WOS:000082056600003 ER PT J AU Corsini, D Stark, J Thornton, M AF Corsini, D Stark, J Thornton, M TI Factors contributing to the blackspot bruise potential of Idaho potato fields SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Solanum tuberosum; internal bruise susceptibility ID SUSCEPTIBILITY; MANAGEMENT; CLONES AB Blackspot bruise is a major problem in the fresh market and frozen french fry industry. The blackspot bruise potential of Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet in Idaho potato fields was determined by surveying commercial fields during 1993 and 1994. Management factors were monitored to determine what practices were contributing to blackspot susceptibility in addition to mechanical damage. The survey included 17 Russet Burbank and 3 Ranger Russet fields in 1993, and 28 Russet Burbank and 8 Ranger Russet fields in 1994. The 1993 season was unusually cool and wet whereas 1994 was warmer than normal, resulting in a wide range of environmental conditions for the 2 year study. Blackspot bruise potential was determined at different stages of tuber physiological maturity by collecting samples several weeks prior to normal harvest, immediately before harvest, and after storing sub-samples for several months. The blackspot bruise potential was measured by both impact and abrasive peel tests. Field maturity was the factor most consistently related to blackspot potential both years. In 1994 a multiple regression of 3 independent variables - field maturity index, specific gravity, and percent available soil water at tuber sampling, compared with the blackspot potential as the dependent variable gave a correlation coefficient of r = 0.73 (p = 0.001). Due to the cool, wet growing season in 1993, there was not enough variability in specific gravity and available soil water among the fields sampled for these factors to correlate with the blackspot potential. The available fertility data, although not complete for all fields, indicated no direct relationship between N, P, or K fertilization and blackspot potential. Preharvest samples in late August had lower blackspot potential than harvest samples in mid September, and storage samples in February had the highest susceptibility. There was a consistent increase in blackspot severity when tubers were equilibrated at 4 C compared with 10 C prior to bruising. C1 ARS, USDA, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NatureMark, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RP Corsini, D (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 9 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 76 IS 4 BP 221 EP 226 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 227AY UT WOS:000082056600007 ER PT J AU Mengeling, WL Lager, KM Vorwald, AC AF Mengeling, WL Lager, KM Vorwald, AC TI Safety and efficacy of vaccination of pregnant gilts against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MYSTERY SWINE DISEASE; ISOLATE ATCC VR-2332; SYNDROME VIRUS; INFERTILITY; PIGS AB Objective-To determine the safety and efficacy of vaccination of pregnant gills with an attenuated strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Animals-16 pregnant gilts. Procedure-Pregnant gilts free of antibodies for PRRSV were assigned 14 gilts/group) to the following groups: group I, untreated controls; group ii, vaccinated on day 60 of gestation; group ill, vaccinated on day 60 of gestation and exposed to virulent PRRSV on day 90 of gestation; and group IV, exposed to virulent PRRSV on day 90 of gestation. Safely and efficacy of vaccination was evaluated by group comparisons of prenatal and postnatal survival of fetuses and pigs, respectively, and by the condition and rate of weight gain of liveborn pigs. Results-Collective (prenatal and postnatal) death losses up to day 15 after farrowing (conclusion of study) were similar for groups I (7/47, 14.9%) and II (7/44, 16.9%) but were greater for group III (18/49, 36.7%) and were greater still for group IV (23/37, 62.2%). Mean body weight 15 days after farrowing was greatest for pigs in litters of group I (4.46 kg) and progressively less for the other groups (3.87, 3.76, and 2.18 kg for groups ii, iii, and IV, respectively). Conclusions-Using these conditions, vaccination of gilts during midgestation appeared to be safe. However, it provided only partial protection against subsequent exposure to virulent virus. Clinical Relevance-Attenuated-PRRSV vaccines may have to be administered to naive gilts > 30 days before conception to provide maximum protection throughout gestation. C1 ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Mengeling, WL (reprint author), ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 27 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 60 IS 7 BP 796 EP 801 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 213EY UT WOS:000081260800002 PM 10407469 ER PT J AU Umthun, AR Mengeling, WL AF Umthun, AR Mengeling, WL TI Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by use of a nested-set reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ISOLATE ATCC VR-2332; LELYSTAD-VIRUS; SWINE INFERTILITY; GENETIC-VARIATION; FIELD STRAINS; UNITED-STATES; PRRS VIRUS; DISEASE; RNA AB Objective-To increase the timeliness and sensitivity of a procedure that uses viral nucleic acid amplification followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for identifying strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Sample Population-24 strains of PRRSV. Procedure-A nested-set reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed and compared with a nonnested-set RT-PCR for sensitivity in amplifying known quantities of infective PRRSV. Once reaction conditions were optimized, the nested-set RT-PCR was tested for effectiveness with 24 strains of PRRSV isolated from swine. Results-The nested-set RT-PCR was 100- to 1,000-fold more sensitive than the nonnested-set RT-PCR, detecting as little as 1 infective unit of PRRSV/ml of sample, It also was generally as sensitive as the combination of steps, namely virus isolation or propagation and nonnested-set RT-PCR, currently used routinely for amplifying PRRSV prior to RFLP analysis, and it was effective for amplifying ail of the 24 strains of PRRSV tested. Using this RT-PCR, all tests were completed within 1.5 days (including RFLP analysis), compared with the > 7 days often required for the currently used method involving virus isolation and propagation. Conclusions-The nested-set RT-PCR was generally as sensitive as the combination of methods now used for PRRSV amplification prior to RFLP analysis, and it can markedly reduce the time required for testing. Clinical Relevance-Presumptive identification of PRRSV strains can be provided in a more timely manner by use of a nested-set RT-PCR. C1 ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Mengeling, WL (reprint author), ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 60 IS 7 BP 802 EP 806 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 213EY UT WOS:000081260800003 PM 10407470 ER PT J AU Olsen, SC Rhyan, JC Gidlewski, T Palmer, MV Jones, AH AF Olsen, SC Rhyan, JC Gidlewski, T Palmer, MV Jones, AH TI Biosafety and antibody responses of adult bison bulls after vaccination with Brucella abortus strain RB51 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; SEROLOGIC RESPONSES; BIOVAR-1 AB Objective-To evaluate clearance, antibody responses, potential shedding, and histologic lesions in reproductive tissues of adult bison bulls after vaccination with Brucella abortus strain RB51. Animals-61 two- and 3-year-old bison bulls. Procedure-12 bison bulls were vaccinated SC with B abortus strain RB51, 3 were inoculated SC with 0.15M NaCl, and antibody responses were evaluated. Various specimens were obtained to evaluate bacterial shedding. Four vaccinates and 1 control were necropsied 10, 20, and 30 weeks after vaccination. in a separate experiment, bison bulls were vaccinated SC with 0.15M NaCl, or by hand or ballistically with strain RB51. Antibody responses were monitored 6 weeks after vaccination and during necropsy 13 weeks alter vaccination. Tissue specimens obtained during necropsy from both studies were evaluated bacteriologically and histologically. Results-Strain RB51 was recovered at various times from semen of 3 of 12 vaccinated bison bulls in experiment 1. During necropsy, strain RB51 was recovered 10 and 20, but not 30, weeks after vaccination. In experiment 2, strain RB51 was recovered from lymphoid tissues of hand- and ballistic-vaccinated bison bulls during necropsy. In both experiments, microscopic lesions in testes, epididymis, and seminal vesicles were minimal and did not differ between strain RB51-vaccinated and saline-inoculated bison bulls. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Strain RB51 does not induce relevant inflammatory lesions in reproductive tissues of adult bison bulls. Shedding of strain RB51 in semen may be transient in some bison bulls, however, the importance of this observation is unknown. C1 ARS, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Lab, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. Cedar Anim Med Ctr, Gallup, NM 87305 USA. RP Olsen, SC (reprint author), ARS, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 60 IS 7 BP 905 EP 908 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 213EY UT WOS:000081260800022 PM 10407488 ER PT J AU Stoetzel, MB Jensen, AS Miller, GL AF Stoetzel, MB Jensen, AS Miller, GL TI Reevaluation of the genus Hyalomyzus Richards with the description of two new species (Homoptera : Aphididae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Aphids; Aphididae; Hyalomyzus AB Alatae and apterae of the genus Hyalomyzus, including 2 new species, Hyalomyzus orphnophlebos n. sp. and Hyalomyzus pocosinus n. sp., are described, illustrated, and keys are provided for identification. Hyalomyzus tissoti Nielsson & Habeck is considered a synonym of Hyalomyzus jussiaeae Smith. Cladistic analysis of 17 taxa using 25 morphological characters is discussed. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Stoetzel, MB (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 92 IS 4 BP 488 EP 513 PG 26 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 222CE UT WOS:000081765200004 ER PT J AU Kochansky, J Knox, D Shimanuki, H AF Kochansky, J Knox, D Shimanuki, H TI Comparative stability of oxytetracycline and tylosin in sugar syrup SO APIDOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE oxytetracyclin; tylosin; syrup; foulbruood; stability ID CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS; MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; APIS-MELLIFERA; HONEY; RESIDUES; IMPROVEMENT; TETRACYCLINES AB Measurements of OTC stability in apicultural dosage forms have relied on methods (fluorescence, bactericidal effects) that are not specific to OTC. We have measured the stability of OTC and tylosin in sucrose syrup using high-performance liquid chromatography. At 34 degrees C in the dark, OTC in syrup made from highly purified sucrose had a half life of 7.6 days. Tylosin was considerably more stable, with a half life of 186 days: the half life of the total tylosin complex was 287 days. In syrup prepared from commercial-grade sugar both materials were less stable, with OTC having a half life of 6.3 days and tylosin about 75 days. Microbiological data paralleled these findings, with a rapid decrease of inhibition zone against Paenibacillus larvae with OTC, and a persistence of inhibition with tylosin. (C) Inra/DIB/AGIB/Elsevier, Paris. C1 ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kochansky, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Bldg 476,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0044-8435 J9 APIDOLOGIE JI Apidologie PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 30 IS 4 BP 321 EP 326 DI 10.1051/apido:19990408 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 236KV UT WOS:000082599500008 ER PT J AU Hung, ACF Shimanuki, H AF Hung, ACF Shimanuki, H TI A scientific note on the detection of Kashmir bee virus in individual honeybees and Varroa jacobsoni mites SO APIDOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Kashmir bee virus; Varroa jacobsoni; detection; direct RT-PCR ID DIRECT RT-PCR C1 ARS, Bee Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hung, ACF (reprint author), ARS, Bee Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 4 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0044-8435 J9 APIDOLOGIE JI Apidologie PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 30 IS 4 BP 353 EP 354 DI 10.1051/apido:19990414 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 236KV UT WOS:000082599500014 ER PT J AU Hung, ACF Shimanuki, H AF Hung, ACF Shimanuki, H TI A scientific note on the partial nucleotide sequence of a US strain of Kashmir bee virus isolated from Apis mellifera L. SO APIDOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; Kashmir bee virus; nucleotide sequence; RT-PCR ID PARALYSIS VIRUS C1 ARS, Bee Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hung, ACF (reprint author), ARS, Bee Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0044-8435 J9 APIDOLOGIE JI Apidologie PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 30 IS 4 BP 355 EP 356 DI 10.1051/apido:19990415 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 236KV UT WOS:000082599500015 ER PT J AU Kuczynska, E Shelton, DR AF Kuczynska, E Shelton, DR TI Method for detection and enumeration of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in feces, manures, and soils SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY; PERCOLL GRADIENTS; FECAL SPECIMENS; GIARDIA CYSTS; INFECTION; PURIFICATION; SPOROZOITES; CALIFORNIA; EXCRETION; WATER AB Eight concentration and purification methods were evaluated to determine percentages of recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from calf feces. The NaCl flotation method generally resulted in the highest percentages of recovery. Based on the percentages of recovery, the amounts of fecal debris in the final oocyst preparations, the relatively short processing time (<3 h), and the low expense, the NaCl flotation method was chosen for further evaluation. Extraction efficiency was evaluated by using oocyst concentrations of 25, 50, 10(2), 10(3), 10(4), and 10(5) oocysts g of bovine feces(-1). The percentages of recovery ranged from 10.8% (25 oocysts g-l) to 17.0% (10(4) oocysts g(-1)) (r(2) = 0.996). A conservative estimate of the detection limit for bovine feces is ca. 30 oocysts g of feces(-1). Percentages of recovery were determined for six different types of animal feces (cow, horse, pig, sheep, deer, and chicken feces) at a single oocyst concentration (104 oocysts g(-1)). The percentages of recovery were highest for bovine feces (17.0%) and lowest for chicken feces (3.2%). Percentages of recovery were determined for bovine manure after 3 to 7 days of storage. The percentages of recovery ranged from 1.9 to 3.5% depending on the oocyst concentration, the time of storage, and the dispersing solution. The percentages of oocyst recovery from soils were evaluated by using different flotation solutions (NaCl, cold sucrose, ZnSO4), different dispersing solutions (Triton X-100, Tween 80, Tris plus Tween 80), different dispersion techniques (magnetic stirring, sonication, blending), and different dispersion times (5, 15, and 30 min). Twenty five gram soil samples were used to reduce the spatial variability. The highest percentages of recovery were obtained when we used 50 mM Tris-0.5% Tween 80 as the dispersing solution, dispersion for 15 min by stirring, and saturated NaCl as the flotation solution. The percentages of oocyst recovery from freshly spiked sandy loam, silty clay loam, and clay loam soils were ca. 12 to 18, 8, and 6%, respectively. The theoretical detection limits were ca. 1 to 2 oocysts g of soil(-1) depending on the soil type. The percentages of recovery without dispersant (distilled H2O or phosphate-buffered saline) were less than 0.1%, which indicated that oocysts adhere to soil particles. The percentages of recovery decreased with storage time, although the addition of dispersant (Tris-Tween 80) before storage appeared to partially prevent adhesion. These data indicate that the NaCl flotation method is suitable for routine detection and enumeration of oocysts from feces, manures, soils, or soil-manure mixtures. C1 ARS, Environm Chem Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Shelton, DR (reprint author), ARS, Environm Chem Lab, USDA, Bldg 001,BARC-W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 69 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 65 IS 7 BP 2820 EP 2826 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 212CP UT WOS:000081199000003 PM 10388670 ER PT J AU Annous, BA Kozempel, MF Kurantz, MJ AF Annous, BA Kozempel, MF Kurantz, MJ TI Changes in membrane fatty acid composition of Pediococcus sp strain NRRL B-2354 in response to growth conditions and its effect on thermal resistance SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MICROCOCCUS-FREUDENREICHII; HYPERTHERMIC SENSITIVITY; INACTIVATION; ADAPTATION; BACTERIA; TEMPERATURES AB Membrane fatty acid composition and thermal resistance (D value) of Pediococcus sp. were determined for mid-exponential-phase (ME) and stationary-phase (ST) cells grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and tryptone-glucose-yeast extract (TGY) at 28 and 37 degrees C. As the cells entered the stationary phase of growth, the unsaturated fatty acid, C-18:1 n11c, produced during the exponential phase of growth was converted to its cyclic form, C-19:0 Delta 9c. This shift in membrane fatty acid composition was accompanied by an increase in the D values of this bacterium. Data from this study suggest that the membrane fatty acid composition of Pediococcus sp. is dependent on the growth conditions and that membrane fatty acid composition plays a critical role in thermal resistance. Thermal inactivation curves of Pediococcus sp. cells grown in TGY at 28 degrees C indicated the presence of a cell population that is heterogeneous in thermal resistance. The growth of this bacterium in TGY at 37 degrees C and in TSB at 28 and 37 degrees C resulted in cell populations that were uniform in thermal resistance with a lag time for thermal inactivation. Thermal inactivation curves of ME and ST cultures were similar. The data presented here suggest that the cell population's uniformity of thermal inactivation is independent of the growth phase of the culture. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Annous, BA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 33 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 65 IS 7 BP 2857 EP 2862 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 212CP UT WOS:000081199000009 PM 10388676 ER PT J AU Altomare, C Norvell, WA Bjorkman, T Harman, GE AF Altomare, C Norvell, WA Bjorkman, T Harman, GE TI Solubilization of phosphates and micronutrients by the plant-growth-promoting and biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai 1295-22 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE; TAKE-ALL; SIDEROPHORES; SOIL; IRON AB We investigated the capability of the plant-growth-promoting and biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai 1295-22 (T-22) to solubilize in vitro some insoluble or sparingly soluble minerals via three possible mechanisms: acidification of the medium, production of chelating metabolites, and redox activity. T-22 was able to solubilize MnO2, metallic zinc, and rock phosphate (mostly calcium phosphate) in a liquid sucrose yeast extract medium, as determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Acidification was not the major mechanism of solubilization since the pH of cultures never fell below 5.0 and in cultures containing MnO2 the pH rose from 6.8 to 7.4. Organic acids were not detected by high-performance thin-layer chromatography in the culture filtrates. Fe2O3, MnO2, Zn, and rock phosphate were also solubilized by cell-free culture filtrates. The chelating activity of T-22 culture filtrates was determined by a method based on measurement of the equilibrium concentration of the chrome azurol S complex in the presence of other chelating substances. A size exclusion chromatographic separation of the components of the culture filtrates indicated the presence of a complexed form of Fe but no chelation of Mn. In liquid culture, T. harzianum T-22 also produced diffusible metabolites capable of reducing Fe(III) and Cu(II), as determined by the formation of Fe(II)-Na-2-bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic acid and CuO)-Na-2-2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulfonic acid complexes. This is the first report of the ability of a Trichoderma strain to solubilize insoluble or sparingly soluble minerals. This activity may explain, at least partially, the ability of T-22 to increase plant growth. Solubilization of metal oxides by Trichoderma involves both chelation and reduction. Both of these mechanisms also play a role in biocontrol of plant pathogens, and they may be part of a multiple component action exerted by T-22 to achieve effective biocontrol under a variety of environmental conditions. C1 CNR, Ist Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, I-70125 Bari, Italy. ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Hort Sci, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. RP Altomare, C (reprint author), CNR, Ist Tossine & Micotossine Parassiti Vegetali, Viale Luigi Einaudi 51, I-70125 Bari, Italy. RI Bjorkman, Thomas/D-1047-2012; Altomare, Claudio/B-6495-2015 OI Bjorkman, Thomas/0000-0001-7151-6205; Altomare, Claudio/0000-0002-6975-6012 NR 30 TC 233 Z9 283 U1 5 U2 71 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 65 IS 7 BP 2926 EP 2933 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 212CP UT WOS:000081199000018 ER PT J AU Maurer, JJ Schmidt, D Petrosko, P Sanchez, S Bolton, L Lee, MD AF Maurer, JJ Schmidt, D Petrosko, P Sanchez, S Bolton, L Lee, MD TI Development of primers to O-antigen biosynthesis genes for specific detection of Escherichia coli O157 by PCR SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RFB-GENE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; DAIRY-CATTLE; GROUP-B; CLUSTER; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; IDENTIFICATION; POLYSACCHARIDE AB The chemical composition of each O-antigen subunit in gram-negative bacteria is a reflection of the unique DNA sequences within each rfb operon. By characterizing DNA sequences contained with each rfb operon, a diagnostic serotype-specific probe to Escherichia coli O serotypes that are commonly associated with bacterial infections can be generated. Recently, from an E. coli O157:H7 cosmid library, O-antigen-positive cosmids were identified with O157-specific antisera. By using the cosmid DNAs as probes, several DNA fragments which were unique to E. coli O157 serotypes were identified by Southern analysis. Several of these DNA fragments were subcloned from O157-antigen-positive cosmids and served as DNA probes in Southern analysis. One DNA fragment within plasmid pDS306 which was specific for E. coli O157 serotypes was identified by Southern analysis. The DNA sequence for this plasmid revealed homology to two rfb genes, the first of which encodes a GDP-mannose dehydratase. These rfb genes were similar to O-antigen biosynthesis genes in Vibrio cholerae and Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:8. An oligonucleotide primer pair was designed to amplify a 420-bp DNA fragment from E. coli O157 serotypes. The PCR test was specific for E. coli O157 serotypes. PCR detected as few as 10 cells with the O157-specific rfb oligonucleotide primers. Coupled with current enrichment protocols, O157 serotyping by PCR will provide a rapid, specific, and sensitive method for identifying E. coli O157. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Med Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, Athens, GA USA. Duquesne Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA. RP Maurer, JJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 54 TC 84 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 65 IS 7 BP 2954 EP 2960 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 212CP UT WOS:000081199000022 PM 10388689 ER PT J AU Vechinski, CR Johnson, CE Raper, RL McDonald, TP AF Vechinski, CR Johnson, CE Raper, RL McDonald, TP TI Forestry tire tractive performance: New, worn, and with chains SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE tires; traction; tractive performance; forestry tire chains; wear AB The tractive performance of a new tire, a worn tire, and a worn tire with forestry tire chains was measured in four soil types. Two of the soil types simulated forest-floor conditions with one soil type having a surface cover of pine straw and the other having a surface cover of sod. The two remaining soil types were bare. The worn tire with and without chains had higher net traction than the new tire. Tractive efficiency was highest for the worn tire without chains in all soil types. C1 USDA ARS, NSDL, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Raper, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NSDL, 411 S Donahue Dr, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4 BP 263 EP 266 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 238EL UT WOS:000082697900002 ER PT J AU Raper, RL Washington, BH Jarrell, JD AF Raper, RL Washington, BH Jarrell, JD TI A tractor-mounted multiple-probe soil cone penetrometer SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE soil compaction; penetrometer; multiple-probe soil cone penetrometer; soil strength; cone index AB Determining soil compaction profiles requires fast sampling systems due to changing moisture conditions with time. Soil cone penetrometers are commonly used for this purpose, but acquiring the many readings required due to spatial and data variability can take long periods of time. A multiple-probe soil cone penetrometer was constructed and tested for the purpose of measuring cone index values throughout the entire soil profile from trafficked middle across a crop row to untrafficked middle. This machine has been successfully used in numerous studies and offers the capability of obtaining soil strength information throughout an entire field in relatively short periods of time. C1 USDA ARS, NSDL, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. RP Raper, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NSDL, 411 S Donahue Dr, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. NR 18 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4 BP 287 EP 290 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 238EL UT WOS:000082697900007 ER PT J AU Yitayew, M Pokrzywka, SJ Renard, KG AF Yitayew, M Pokrzywka, SJ Renard, KG TI Using GIS for facilitating erosion estimation SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE erosion; geographic information system; GIS; soil loss; water ID SOIL LOSS EQUATION; RUSLE AB Geographic information System (GIS) combined with soil loss models can enhance the evaluation of soil erosion estimation. ARC/INFO geographic information system with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was used to estimate soil erosion on a portion of the Walnut Gulch experimental watershed in southeast Arizona. Spatial data from different sources provided input for four alternate GIS based procedures in computing the combined slope length and steepness factor in RUSLE for determining soil erosion estimates. Results of GIS based RUSLE erosion estimates from the four procedures are compared with actual sediment yield observed on the experimental watershed for the period 1973 through 1989. Results indicate GIS based RUSLE predicted soil erosion estimates are less than the observed measured sediment yield in most years. Application of a sediment delivery ratio which varies with watershed area is addressed as possible explanation for the differences in estimated erosion and measured sediment yield. GIS can be used with RUSLE to get a good estimate of soil erosion but care has to be taken in interpreting the result and comparing it to measured sediment yield. The results from this study clearly, show the need for more work in using GIS and RUSLE for soil erosion estimation. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. CH2M Hill, Phoenix, AZ USA. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Yitayew, M (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, 403 Shantz Bldg 38, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 13 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4 BP 295 EP 301 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 238EL UT WOS:000082697900008 ER PT J AU Mitchell, BW AF Mitchell, BW TI Distributed Lon Works control and monitoring system for environment and security SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE computer network; environment; poultry; communications; automation; sensors; alarming; paging AB An integrated monitoring and control system was needed to monitor and control over 100 items of research, security, and safety equipment in 17 buildings at the Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory! A LonWorks-based system was chosen to provide maximum interconnectability between three existing systems, to provide a variety of wired or wireless connection options, and unlimited expansion capabilities. The resulting network has 36 nodes including controllers, network access cards and routers connected by a twisted pair of wires, and it monitors equipment such as incubators, hatching cabinets, freezer and walk-in cooler temperatures, controlled environment rooms, static pressures, fire alarm, door access, and sewage tank cooking parameters in 17 buildings. It also controls two sewage cooking tanks and access for three doors and two gates. Local and remote access to the system is possible through any one of three desktop computers; two of which are accessed using PCanywhere (Symantec Corp., Cupertino, Calif.), a remote control program for PCs, and one of which is accessed by telephone using Win911 (Specter Instruments, Austin, Tex.), a program for remote telephone access of the system and alphanumeric alarm paging Alarms are annunciated locally and through digital and alphanumeric pagers. The system has been in use for approximately 24 months and overall it has performed very reliably Most failures have been caused by insufficient suppression devices to protect against high voltage transients during thunderstorms, but new suppressors have corrected this problem. The generic nature of the system and easy expansion lends itself to many applications. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Mitchell, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4 BP 345 EP 350 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 238EL UT WOS:000082697900015 ER PT J AU Chao, K Chen, YR Early, H Park, B AF Chao, K Chen, YR Early, H Park, B TI Color image classification systems for poultry viscera inspection SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE automation; food safety; fuzzy logic; machine vision; pattern recognition ID CARCASSES AB A neuro-fuzzy based image classification system that utilizes color-imaging features of poultry viscera in the spectral and spatial domains was developed in this study. Color images of 320 livers and hearts from normal, airsacculitis, cadaver and septicemia chickens were collected in the poultry process plant These images in red, green, and blue (RGB) color space were segmented and statistical analysis was performed for feature selection. A neuro-fuzzy system utilizing hybrid paradigms of fuzzy inference system and neural networks was used to enhance the robustness of the classification processes. The accuracy for separation of normal from abnormal livers ranged 87.5 to 92.5%, when two classes of validation data were used. For classification of normal and abnormal chicken hearts, the accuracies were 92.5 to 97.5%. When neuro-fuzzy models were employed to separate chicken livers into normal, airsacculitis, and cadaver the accuracy was 88.3% for the training data and 83.3% for the validation data. Combining features of chicken liver and heart, a generalized neuro-fuzzy model was designed to classify poultry viscera into four classes (normal, airsacculitis, cadaver and septicemia). The classification accuracy was 86.3% for training and 82.5% for validation. C1 USDA ARS, ISL, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Tech Assessment Branch, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Chao, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, ISL, BARC E, Bldg 303,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4 BP 363 EP 369 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 238EL UT WOS:000082697900018 ER PT J AU Rozycki, H Dahm, H Strzelczyk, E Li, CY AF Rozycki, H Dahm, H Strzelczyk, E Li, CY TI Diazotrophic bacteria in root-free soil and in the root zone of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pine; oak; rhizosphere; diazotrophic bacteria; dinitrogen fixation ID CYTOKININ-LIKE SUBSTANCES; DIFFERENT CARBON-SOURCES; NITROGEN-FIXATION; DOUGLAS-FIR; AZOSPIRILLUM; ECTOMYCORRHIZAE; RHIZOSPHERE; FOREST; MEDIA; MYCORRHIZOSPHERE AB Studies on the occurrence, identity and potential nitrogenase activity of diazotrophic bacteria in soil and the root zone of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and common oak (Quercus robur L,) were carried out. Diazotrophic bacteria were more numerous in soil and the root zone of oak than in those of pine. Most of the bacteria isolated from the roots of both trees belonged to the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus. The majority of these bacteria had nitrogenase activity (tested by the acetylene reduction assay method) within the range from 4 to 20 nmoles C2H4 per culture per hour. No clear relationships between the taxonomic identity and/or source of isolation of the bacteria studied and their nitrogenase activity were found. Biotin, p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and yeast extract, applied both separately and in combination, significantly (at least several-fold) stimulated the activity of N-2 fixation in three selected (nitrogenase highly active) bacterial strains, as compared to a control without growth factors. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Nicholas Copernicus Univ, Inst Gen & Mol Biol, Dept Microbiol, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Strzelczyk, E (reprint author), Nicholas Copernicus Univ, Inst Gen & Mol Biol, Dept Microbiol, Ul Gagarina 9, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RI Dahm, Hanna/O-8721-2015 NR 48 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 12 IS 3 BP 239 EP 250 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(99)00008-6 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 207MQ UT WOS:000080941000005 ER PT J AU Stamatiadis, S Doran, JW Kettler, T AF Stamatiadis, S Doran, JW Kettler, T TI Field and laboratory evaluation of soil quality changes resulting from injection of liquid sewage sludge SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environmental quality; landscape position; nitrification; acidification; microbial activity; indicators; physical properties AB Soil quality changes resulting from repeated or single injection of liquid municipal sewage sludge were evaluated in terraced cropland in eastern Nebraska, USA. Differences in soil properties among sampling locations were explained primarily by two factors, landscape position and sludge injection. Selected chemical properties (pH, EC, NO3-N) did not generally differ between landscape positions, but soil organic matter (organic C and N) and microbial activity indices (soil respiration, biomass N, available N, mineralization and nitrification rates) were more sensitive indicators of change. Values of these indicators generally increased down-slope from the upper terrace to the grassed waterway on a west facing slope. A probable similar pattern on the east slope was obscured by repeated application of sludge. Single or repeated (long-term) sludge injection increased the readily decomposable organic matter, ammonium- and available-N in soil (0-30.5 cm depth). These changes stimulated soil microbial activity as evidenced by increased basal respiration, net mineralization and nitrification rates, Consequently, nitrification of ammonium-N was reflected in soil chemical properties as increased soil nitrate-N (to levels that were more than two times higher than sufficiency levels for corn) and EC and by decreased pH. In-field measurements detected changes in physical properties such as a decrease of infiltration rate caused by sludge injection and soil compaction as a result of traffic operations. Differences between the sites of single and repeated sludge injection were found in soil pH. ammonoim-N, organic matter and microbial activity. Recent sludge injection resulted in higher ammonium-N concentration and higher microbial activity in soil, and repeated sludge injection resulted in lower pH and in greater organic matter content. Regardless of these differences in soil properties between the sites of single and repeated sludge application, the overall changes that were caused by sludge injection had both positive and negative effects on soil quality and the sustainability of this management practice. Increase of organic matter content and biological activity improved soil fertility, but excessive amounts of ammonium salts contained in liquid sludge resulted in soil nitrification, excessive nitrate formation and acidification. These processes reduce soil productivity, increase the risk of ground- and surface-water contamination and pose a threat to plant and animal health. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Goulandris Nat Hist Museum, Ecol Biotechnol Lab, Kifissia 14562, Greece. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Stamatiadis, S (reprint author), Goulandris Nat Hist Museum, Ecol Biotechnol Lab, 13 Levidou St, Kifissia 14562, Greece. NR 31 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 5 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 12 IS 3 BP 263 EP 272 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(99)00007-4 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 207MQ UT WOS:000080941000007 ER PT J AU Reeves, JB Zapf, CM AF Reeves, JB Zapf, CM TI Spectral library searching: Mid-infrared versus near-infrared spectra for classification of powdered food ingredient SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE mid-infrared; near-infrared; library searching; classification; food ingredients ID DIFFUSE AB The objective of this study was to determine the potential of using mid- or near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectra to construct food ingredient spectral libraries for product identification and checking. Samples (106) consisting of buttermilk, dehydrated onion, cheese and milk-egg powders, wheat hours, and two powdered seasonings were scanned "as is" (not diluted with KBr using diffuse reflectance) at 4 and 16 cm(-1) resolution in the mid-infrared on a Digilab FTS-60 and a Perkin-Elmer Model 2000 and in the near-infrared on an FTS-60 (4 and 16 cm(-1) resolution) and NIRSystems Model 6500 scanning monochromator (10 nm bandwidth). A custom-made sample transport device was used on the FTS-60, a rotating sample cup on the NIRSystems 6500, and a stationary cell for the Perkin-Elmer 2000. Every third sample of each group was used as a test sample and searched against a library containing the remaining samples. Results showed that only full spectrum based searches with the use of Euclidian distance or correlation (with or without a first derivative) were useful. All unknowns were correctly classified by using near-infrared spectra generated on either the scanning monochromator or the FTS-60 (4 cm(-1) resolution) or by using any of the mid-infrared spectra. Results demonstrated that near- or mid-infrared spectral libraries of powdered food ingredients can be used for product identification and checking. C1 USDA, ARS E, Nutr Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. McCormick & Co Inc, Ctr Tech, Hunt Valley, MD 21031 USA. RP Reeves, JB (reprint author), USDA, ARS E, Nutr Conservat & Metab Lab, Bldg 200,Rm 124, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 53 IS 7 BP 836 EP 844 DI 10.1366/0003702991947414 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 222WL UT WOS:000081808300020 ER PT J AU Silverstein, JT Shearer, KD Dickhoff, WW Plisetskaya, EM AF Silverstein, JT Shearer, KD Dickhoff, WW Plisetskaya, EM TI Regulation of nutrient intake and energy balance in salmon SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Research for Aquaculture - Fundamental and Applied Aspects CY AUG 24-27, 1997 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP European Soc Comparative Physiol & Biochem DE nutrient intake; energy balance; salmon ID MALE ATLANTIC SALMON; NEUROPEPTIDE-Y NPY; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; RAINBOW-TROUT; SALAR L; PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS; SEXUAL-MATURATION; FOOD-INTAKE; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; ARCTIC CHARR AB There is a correlation between growth, adiposity and early maturity in salmonids. One strategy to avoid early maturity may be to favor muscle growth over fat accumulation. The present article discusses the regulation of food intake and fat storage under conditions of either relative over-abundance or insufficiency of energy intake in salmon. In a series of experiments with chinook salmon of equal size, food intake of fat fish was significantly less than in their lean counterparts. Furthermore, when fat and lean fish were pooled and given access to the same diet, whole body fat levels converged, suggesting a robust mechanism for regulating body fat stores. Growth of the initially fat fish was impaired relative to the initially lean fish. In separate experiments, when chinook and coho salmon were deprived of food, hypothalamic expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like mRNA increased significantly compared to fed controls. Increased hypothalamic NPY mRNA and NPY secretion have been shown to be central elements of energy balance regulation in mammals. The increase in hypothalamic NPY-like:ene expression in a teleost may reflect the primitive evolution a central mechanism to regulate energy intake and expenditure that has been elucidated in mammals. (C)1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Silverstein, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Jamie Whitten Delta States Res Ctr, Expt Stn Rd,5 Story Bldg, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 49 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 EI 1873-5622 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 177 IS 1-4 BP 161 EP 169 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00076-9 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 208TH UT WOS:000081007400014 ER PT J AU Schlenk, D Davis, KB Griffin, BR AF Schlenk, D Davis, KB Griffin, BR TI Relationship between expression of hepatic metallothionein and sublethal stress in channel catfish following acute exposure to copper sulphate SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Research for Aquaculture - Fundamental and Applied Aspects CY AUG 24-27, 1997 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP European Soc Comparative Physiol & Biochem DE hepatic metallothionein; sublethal stress; catfish; copper sulphate ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; CLARK-FORK RIVER; GENE-EXPRESSION; COHO SALMON; CADMIUM; CORTISOL; INDUCTION; PROTEINS; ZINC; LIVER AB Copper sulphate is frequently used as a general biocide in the aquacultural industry. The acute effects of copper sulphate on sublethal endpoints of stress and tissue damage in channel catfish have not been explored previously. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a therapeutically relevant dose of copper sulphate on plasma cortisol, hepatic metallothionein (MT) expression, hepatic copper content and plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Exposure of prespawn juvenile catfish to 1.7 mg/l as copper sulphate (326 +/- 9.4 mu g/l copper; 175-180 mg/l CaCO3,; pH 7.45) led to time-dependent increases in hepatic MT expression, hepatic copper content as well as plasma cortisol concentrations. Exposure to a 1 h confinement stress led to a redistribution of copper to the liver but no significant increases in hepatic MT or plasma cortisol after 23 h. Neither stress nor copper exposure caused liver damage as measured by AST. The parallel expression of hepatic MT with plasma cortisol and hepatic copper residues suggests that MT may serve as a useful indicator of acute stress and acute exposure to copper sulphate in channel catfish. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Pharmacol, Environm Toxicol Program, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Memphis, Dept Biol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR USA. RP Schlenk, D (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Pharmacol, Environm Toxicol Program, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 39 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 177 IS 1-4 BP 367 EP 379 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00099-X PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 208TH UT WOS:000081007400031 ER PT J AU Acton, S Osgood, D Donoghue, M Corella, D Pocovi, M Cenarro, A Mozas, P Keilty, J Squazzo, S Woolf, EA Ordovas, JM AF Acton, S Osgood, D Donoghue, M Corella, D Pocovi, M Cenarro, A Mozas, P Keilty, J Squazzo, S Woolf, EA Ordovas, JM TI Association of polymorphisms at the SR-BI gene locus with plasma lipid levels and body mass index in a white population SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE scavenger receptor class B type I; single-nucleotide polymorphism; body mass index; LDL cholesterol; HDL cholesterol ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR BI; HIGH-AFFINITY RECEPTOR; APOPROTEIN-A-I; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; TARGETED MUTATION; SELECTIVE UPTAKE; ADRENAL-GLAND; HUMAN CD36; HDL AB The scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a lipoprotein receptor that has been shown to be important in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) metabolism in mice. To determine its role in humans, we have characterized the human SR-BI gene and investigated its genetic variation in 489 white men and women. Five variants were demonstrated: 2 in introns (3 and 5) and 3 in exons (1, 8, and ii). Three variants at exons 1 and 8 and intron 5 with allele frequencies >0.1 were used to examine associations with lipid or anthropometric variables. The exon 1 variant was significantly (P<0.05) associated with increased HDL-C and lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values in men, but no associations were observed in women. The exon 8 variant was associated in women with lower LDL-C concentrations (3.05+/-0.98 mmol/L and 3.00+/-0.93 mmol/L for heterozygotes and homozygotes, respectively) compared with women homozygous for the common allele (3.39+/-1.09 mmol/L, P=0.043). No associations for this variant were observed in men. Women carriers of the intron 5 variant showed a higher body mass index (23.8+/-3.8 kg/m(2), P=0.031) than those women homozygous for the common allele (22.4+/-3.4 kg/m(2)). Similar results were observed after haplotype analysis. Multiple regression analysis using HDL-C, LDL-C, and body mass index as dependent variables and age, sex, and each of the genetic variants as predictors also provided similar results. The associations found with both LDL-C and HDL-C suggest that SR-BI may play a role in the metabolism of both lipoprotein classes in humans. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Millennium Pharmaceut Inc, Cambridge, MA USA. Univ Zaragoza, Dept Biocehm & Mol & Cellular Biol, Zaragoza, Spain. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 31 TC 144 Z9 149 U1 0 U2 7 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 19 IS 7 BP 1734 EP 1743 PG 10 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 216BG UT WOS:000081420200019 PM 10397692 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Gohh, RY Liaugaudas, G Beaulieu, AJ Han, H Jacques, PF Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH Selhub, J AF Bostom, AG Gohh, RY Liaugaudas, G Beaulieu, AJ Han, H Jacques, PF Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH Selhub, J TI Prevalence of mild fasting hyperhomocysteinemia in renal transplant versus coronary artery disease patients after fortification of cereal grain flour with folic acid SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE arteriosclerosis; folate; homocysteine; renal disease ID PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS; RISK FACTOR; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; DIALYSIS PATIENTS; SUPPLEMENTATION; HOMOCYST(E)INE; RECIPIENTS; FAILURE AB Cereal grain flour products fortified with 140 mu g folic acid per 100 g flour became widely available in southeast New England by July 1997. We hypothesized that improved folate status secondary to this fortification policy would have a much more limited impact on the prevalence of mild fasting hyperhomocysteinemia in renal transplant versus coronary artery disease patients. Between October 1997 and October 1998, fasting plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), folate and vitamin B12 levels were determined in a total of 86 renal transplant patients with stable allograft function, and 175 coronary artery disease patients whose serum creatinine was (1.4 mg/dl). All subjects lived in the Providense, RI, metropolitan area, and were either non-users of any supplements containing folic acid, vitamins B6 or B12, or had refrained from using such supplements far greater than or equal to 6 weeks. Geometric mean fasting tHcy levels were 88.0% higher (15.6 vs. 8.3 mu mol/l; P < 0.001), and the prevalence of fasting tHcy levels greater than or equal to 12 mu M (69.8% vs. 10.9%, P < 0.001) was markedly increased in the renal transplant patients, despite a much younger mean age and a relative preponderance of women. In the era of folic acid fortified flour, hyperhomocysteinemia is much more common in stable renal transplant versus coronary artery disease patients. As a result, renal transplant patients are a preferable high risk target population for controlled trials evaluating the tenable hypothesis that lowering total homocysteine levels will reduce cardiovascular disease outcomes. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Brown Univ, Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Gen Internal Med, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. Tufts Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA USA. Rhode Isl Hosp, Div Renal Dis, Providence, RI USA. RP Bostom, AG (reprint author), Brown Univ, Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Gen Internal Med, 111 Brewster St, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01-HL-56908-01A1] NR 20 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD JUL PY 1999 VL 145 IS 1 BP 221 EP 224 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00023-4 PG 4 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 212NU UT WOS:000081223800023 PM 10428313 ER PT J AU Isebrands, JG Guenther, AB Harley, P Helmig, D Klinger, L Vierling, L Zimmerman, P Geron, C AF Isebrands, JG Guenther, AB Harley, P Helmig, D Klinger, L Vierling, L Zimmerman, P Geron, C TI Volatile organic compound emission rates from mixed deciduous and coniferous forests in Northern Wisconsin, USA SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE tropospheric ozone; Quercus; Populus; Picea; Salix; isoprene; monoterpene; VOC ID ISOPRENE EMISSION; UNITED-STATES; RATE VARIABILITY; OZONE POLLUTION; SENSITIVITY; FLUXES; LEAVES; MODEL; LEAF AB Biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from forests play an important role in regulating the atmospheric trace gas composition including global tropospheric ozone concentrations. However, more information is needed on VOC emission rates from different forest regions of the world to understand regional and global impacts and to implement possible mitigation strategies. The mixed deciduous and coniferous forests of northern Wisconsin, USA, were predicted to have significant VOC emission rates because they are comprised of many genera (i.e. Picea, Populus, Quercus, Salix) known to be high VOC emitters. In July 1993, a study was conducted on the Chequamegon National Forest near Rhinelander, WI, to identify and quantify VOC emitted from major trees, shrubs, and understory herbs in the mixed northern forests of this region, Emission rates were measured at various scales - at the leaf level with cuvettes, the branch level with branch enclosures, the canopy level with a tower based system, and the landscape level with a tethered balloon air sampling system. Area-average emission rates were estimated by scaling, using biomass densities and species composition along transects representative of the study site. Isoprene (C5H8) was the primary VOC emitted, although significant quantities of monoterpenes (C10H16) were also emitted. The highest emission rates of isoprene (at 30 degrees C and photosynthetically active radiation of 1000 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) were from northern red oak (Quercus rubra, > 110 mu g(C)g(-1) h(-1)); aspen (Populus tremuloides, > 77); willow (Salix spp., > 54); and black spruce (Picea mariana, > 10). Emission rates of hybrid poplar clones ranged from 40 to 90 mu g(C)g(-1) h(-1) at 25 degrees C; those of Picea provenances were generally <10, and emission rates of a hybrid between North American and European spruces were intermediate to parental rates. More than 30 species of plants were surveyed from the sites, including several from previously unstudied genera such as Alnus, Chamaedaphne, Ledum, Tilia, Rubus, and Sphagnum. Based on the measured isoprene concentrations in the daytime atmospheric surface layer and mixed layer, area-averaged fluxes of isoprene were estimated to be about 1 mg(C)m(-2) h(-1). This estimate agrees reasonably well with model predictions. Our results indicate that mixed forests in the Lake States region of the USA are a significant source of reactive VOC to the atmosphere. Accurate estimates of these emissions are required for determining appropriate regulatory air pollution control strategies. Future studies are needed to extrapolate these estimates to other landscapes and to better understand the factors controlling observed variations in VOC emissions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. US EPA, Air Energy Engn Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Guenther, AB (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Harley, Peter/E-1856-2014; Vierling, Lee/E-6428-2010; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008 OI Harley, Peter/0000-0002-2647-1973; Vierling, Lee/0000-0001-5344-1983; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288 NR 36 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 30 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 33 IS 16 BP 2527 EP 2536 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00250-7 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 191MW UT WOS:000080027000007 ER PT J AU Latham, DJ AF Latham, DJ TI Space charge generated by wind tunnel fires SO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fire; space charge; ions; electrification; wind tunnel ID HYDROCARBON FLAMES; SOOT PARTICLES; IONS AB Plume clouds resulting from wildland fires (pyrocumulus) sometimes produce lightning discharges to ground. These discharges were found to carry positive charge to ground exclusively in several cases. Emission of space charge was observed from woody materials burned in the presence of an external electric field. Measurements done in a large wind tunnel for this study confirm and extend measurements made in open air. The net charge given up by the fire in the wind tunnel has sign appropriate to reduce an applied electric field (negative for the earth's fair weather field), and magnitude directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field and the fuel consumption: Q = 0.034 + 0.0015 E, where Q is the net charge Liberated in nC g(-1), and E is the applied electric field in V m(-1) (positive upward). There is a weak dependence of the net charge on wind speed, probably due to wind tunnel airflow characteristics. The net charge in the smoke is a small difference between large amounts of charged ions of both signs Liberated by the fire. For fires burning under fair-weather electric fields, the amount and sign of charge released by the mechanism studied cannot be the direct cause of anomalous lightning from pyrocumulus. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Intermt Res Stn, Intermt Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Latham, DJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Intermt Res Stn, Intermt Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0169-8095 J9 ATMOS RES JI Atmos. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 267 EP 278 DI 10.1016/S0169-8095(99)00012-5 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 221QE UT WOS:000081737100007 ER PT J AU Fadly, AM Smith, EJ AF Fadly, AM Smith, EJ TI Isolation and some characteristics of a subgroup J-like avian leukosis virus associated with myeloid leukosis in meat-type chickens in the United States SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE myeloid leukosis; broiler breeders; meat-type; broilers; subgroup J avian leukosis virus; chickens; viremia; antibody; virus isolation; virus characterization; polymerase chain reaction; contact transmission ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; HPRS-103 STRAIN; ENV GENE; SARCOMA-VIRUSES; TRANSMISSION; SEQUENCE AB Several subgroup J-like avian leukosis viruses (ALV-Js) were isolated from broiler breeder (BB) and commercial broiler flocks experiencing myeloid leukosis (ML) at 4 wk of age or older. In all cases, diagnosis of ML was based on the presence of typical gross and microscopic lesions in affected tissues. The isolates were classified as ALV-J by 1) their ability to propagate in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) that are resistant to avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroups A and E (C/AE) and 2) positive reaction in a polymerase chain reaction with primers specific for ALV-J. The prototype strain of these isolates, an isolate termed ADOL-Hcl, was obtained from an adult BE flock that had a history of ML. The ADOL-Hcl was isolated and propagated on C/AE CEF and was distinct antigenically from ALV of subgroups A, B, C, D, and E, as determined by virus neutralization tests. Antibody to ADOL-Hcl neutralized strain HPRS-103, the prototype of ALV-J isolated from meat-type chickens in the United Kingdom, bur antibody to HPRS-103 did not neutralize strain ADOL-Hcl. On the basis of both viremia and antibody, prevalence of ALV-J infection in affected flocks was as high as 87%. Viremia in day-old chicks of three different hatches from a BE flock naturally infected with ALV-J varied from 4% to 25%; in two of the three hatches, 100% of chicks that tested negative for virus at hatch had evidence of viremia by 8 wk of age. The data document the isolation of ALV-J from meat-type chickens experiencing ML as young as 4 wk of age. The data also suggest that strain ADOL-Hcl is antigenically related, but: not identical, to strain HPRS-103 and that contact transmission of ALV-J is efficient and can lead to tolerant infection. C1 ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Fadly, AM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 19 TC 94 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 43 IS 3 BP 391 EP 400 DI 10.2307/1592636 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 237TL UT WOS:000082672100005 PM 10494407 ER PT J AU Corrier, DE Byrd, JA Hargis, BM Hume, ME Bailey, RH Stanker, LH AF Corrier, DE Byrd, JA Hargis, BM Hume, ME Bailey, RH Stanker, LH TI Survival of Salmonella in the crop contents of market-age broilers during feed withdrawal SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; crop; feed withdrawal; lactic acid ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LOW PH; TRACT; LACTOBACILLI; EPITHELIUM; INFECTION; CHICKENS; WATER; ACIDS; FOWL AB Recent studies have indicated that crop contamination increases during preslaughter feed withdrawal and chat contaminated crop contents may serve as an important source of Salmonella entry into poultry processing plants. During the present study, we evaluated the effect of preslaughter feed withdrawal on crop pH and Salmonella crop contamination in broilers from three commercial broiler flock;. The effect of experimental feed withdrawal on crop pH, lactic acid concentration, and Salmonella crop contamination was also evaluated in market-age broilers challenged experimentally with Salmonella typhimurium. Crop pH increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 3.64 +/- 0.25 before feed removal to 5.14 +/- 0.72 after 8 hr of feed withdrawal in broilers from commercial flocks. The incidence of Salmonella crop contamination in the commercial broilers increased (P < 0.05) from 3.3% before feed removal to 12.6% after 8 hr of feed withdrawal. Similarly, crop pH increased (P < 0.05) by a magnitude of approximately 1 unit in broilers after 8 hr of experimental feed withdrawal. The population of S. typhimurium in the crops of the experimentally challenged broilers increased (P < 0.05) by approximately I log unit during the 8-hr experimental feed withdrawal. The concentration of lactic acid in the crop of the broilers during experimental feed withdrawal decreased (P < 0.01) from a range of 119-135 mu mol/ml before feed removal to a range of 22-32 mu mol/ml after 8 hr of feed withdrawal. The results indicated that feed withdrawal resulted in a decrease in lactic acid in the crop, accompanied by an increase in crop pH, and an increase in Salmonella crop contamination. C1 ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Corrier, DE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 30 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 43 IS 3 BP 453 EP 460 DI 10.2307/1592642 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 237TL UT WOS:000082672100011 PM 10494413 ER PT J AU Augustine, PC AF Augustine, PC TI Prior or concurrent exposure to different species of avian Eimeria: Effect on sporozoite invasion and chick growth performance SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE coccidia; chicken; immunity invasion; growth performance ID NATURAL HOST BIRDS; FOREIGN HOST; IMMUNITY; ANTIBODIES; TENELLA AB The effects of prior (immunity) or concurrent administration of Eimeria acervulina or Eimeria tenella on cellular invasion in viva and in vitro and on growth performance in white leghorn chickens (WLC) were examined. Weight gains of WLC immunized with E. acervulina and challenged with E. tenella were significantly greater than those of nonimmunized chicks challenged with E. tenella (this occurred despite the increased invasion by E. tenella in E. acervulina-immunized chicks that was reported earlier). The weight gains and modest but consistent improvements in intestinal lesion scores, feed conversion ratios, and oocyst shedding in immunized/challenged WLC indicated that E. acervulina conferred a small measure of protection against E. tenella infection that was independent of the effect on invasion. In contrast, immunization of WLC with E. tenella significantly decreased (41%-51%) invasion by E. acervulina as compared with that in nonimmunized WLC but had little effect on chick growth performance. Concurrent inoculation of chicks with E. tenella and E. acervulina had little effect on invasion by E. tenella sporozoites or on subsequent performance of the chicks. In vitro, prior exposure of cultured cells to either of two isolates of E. tenella also caused a significant decrease in invasion by E. acervulina. No gross changes occurred in the culture morphology between the E. tenella-inoculated and noninoculated cultures. Collectively, the data indicate that prior exposure of WLC and cultured cells to single isolates of avian coccidia markedly influenced invasion by other species bur had less effect on the growth performance of the birds. C1 USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Augustine, PC (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 43 IS 3 BP 461 EP 468 DI 10.2307/1592643 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 237TL UT WOS:000082672100012 PM 10494414 ER PT J AU Fitzgerald, SD Kingwill, SJ Briggs, S Awolaja, O Basile, A Griffioen, L Potter, EA Wu, CC Taylor, SP Reed, WM AF Fitzgerald, SD Kingwill, SJ Briggs, S Awolaja, O Basile, A Griffioen, L Potter, EA Wu, CC Taylor, SP Reed, WM TI Experimental inoculation of avian polyomavirus in chemically and virally immunosuppressed chickens SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE chicken; chicken anemia virus; cyclophosphamide; infectious bursal disease; immunosuppression; polyomavirus ID FLEDGLING DISEASE VIRUS; LYMPHOID ORGANS; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; PAPOVAVIRUS; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; INFECTION; BIRDS AB The purpose of this series of experiments was to determine the effect of various types of immunosuppressive treatments (cyclophosphamide, infectious bursal disease virus [IBDV], chicken anemia virus [CAV], and combination infection with IBDV and CAV) on susceptibility of chickens to challenge with avian polyomavirus. In the first experiment, chickens were chemically bursectomized with intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide; in the second study, chickens were orally inoculated with IBDV; in the third study birds were intramuscularly inoculated with CAV; and in the final study, birds were inoculated with both IBDV and CAV. In all experiments, chickens were challenged with 10(4,7) tissue culture infective doses of polyomavirus intraperitoneally. Only chemically bursectomized chickens developed lesions similar to those found in the naturally occurring multisystemic fatal form of polyomavirus infection seen in psittacine nestlings, including hepatic necrosis and large pale intranuclear inclusions. C1 Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Avian Dis Res Lab, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. Purdue Univ, Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Vet Biol Lab, Vet Serv, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Fitzgerald, SD (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Avian Dis Res Lab, POB 30076, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 43 IS 3 BP 476 EP 483 DI 10.2307/1592645 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 237TL UT WOS:000082672100014 PM 10494416 ER PT J AU Craven, SE Stern, NJ Cox, NA Bailey, JS Berrang, M AF Craven, SE Stern, NJ Cox, NA Bailey, JS Berrang, M TI Cecal carriage of Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens given Mucosal Starter Culture (TM) SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Clostridium perfringens; Mucosal Starter Culture (TM); broiler chickens; enterotoxin ID NECROTIC ENTERITIS; ANIMALS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; GROWTH AB Day-of-hatch broiler chicks housed in isolation units were each given, by oral gavage, 0.1 mi of Mucosal Starter Culture(TM) (MSC) or saline control. Each of the treated and control chicks was subsequently given a composite culture of three strains of bacitracin-resistant Clostridium perfringens (Cp) previously isolated from chickens with symptoms of necrotic enteritis. Some chicks were maintained on a corn-based diet provided ad libitum. Others were given the feed supplemented with 50% rye (a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis). At 7, 14, and 21 days after receiving Cp, chicks were euthanatized, and cecal contents were diluted and plated on selective agar containing bacitracin. For chicks on corn feed, Cp numbers were similar in control birds and birds given MSC in three of four trials. In two of the trials that demonstrated no effect of MSG on Cp numbers, enterotoxin presence was determined. The number of birds with detectable Cp enterotoxin in their small intestine and the mean toxin levels were lower in the MSG-treated birds. In a fourth trial with birds on corn-based feed, mean Cp numbers and the number of Cp-positive birds were lower in the MSG-treated birds. For the two trials involving chickens on rye-supplemented feed, Cp numbers and the percentage of Cp-positive birds were significantly reduced in MSG-created birds compared with control birds. Enterotoxin in birds receiving the 50% rye diet was at low levels or not detected in central and MSG-treated birds. Results suggest that MSG may reduce intestinal proliferation of Cp, a causative agent of necrotic enteritis in poultry and of foodborne disease in humans. C1 ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Craven, SE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 35 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 43 IS 3 BP 484 EP 490 DI 10.2307/1592646 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 237TL UT WOS:000082672100015 PM 10494417 ER PT J AU Branton, SL May, JD Lott, BD Pharr, GT AF Branton, SL May, JD Lott, BD Pharr, GT TI Effects of age at inoculation and. induced molt on the recovery of mycoplasma gallisepticum from layer chickens SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE chicken; molt; vaccination; layers; F strain MG; egg; choanal cleft ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RECOMBINANT-DNA PROBES; F-STRAIN; IDENTIFICATION; INFECTION; DIAGNOSIS AB An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of age at inoculation and induced molt on the reisolation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) from commercial leghorn hens that had been eyedrop-inoculated with F strain MG at either 10 or 66 wk of age. Chickens were maintained in biological isolation units from 10 wk of age through 78 wk of age. Ar 70 wk of age (premolt), hens were swabbed, cultured for MG, and molted. Swabs were taken both at the end of molt (postmolt [74 wk]) and again 4 wk later (postmolt+4 [78 wk]). A significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) decrease in MG isolations was observed in the postmolt swabs as compared with the premolt swabs of hens inoculated at either 10 or 66 wk of age. A significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) increase in isolations was observed in the postmolt+4 swabs as compared with the postmolt swabs of hens inoculated at either 10 or 66 wk of age. For the hens inoculated at 10 wk, no significant difference was found in premolt as compared with postmolt+4 MG isolations; however, for hens inoculated at 66 wk, a significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) decrease was observed between premolt and postmolt+4 isolations. Significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) fewer MG isolations were obtained from the premolt swabs of hens inoculated at 10 wk as compared with hens inoculated at 66 wk. No significant difference in MG isolations was observed in either the postmolt or postmolt+4 swabs between hens inoculated at either 10 or 66 wk. C1 ARS, USDA, S Cent Poultry Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Branton, SL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, S Cent Poultry Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 43 IS 3 BP 516 EP 520 DI 10.2307/1592650 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 237TL UT WOS:000082672100019 PM 10494421 ER PT J AU Kogut, MH Genovese, KJ Stanker, LH AF Kogut, MH Genovese, KJ Stanker, LH TI Effect of induced molting on heterophil function in white leghorn hens SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE chemotaxis; hens; heterophils; induced molt; phagocytosis ID SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS INFECTION; IMMUNE LYMPHOKINES; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITIES; BOVINE NEUTROPHILS; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; CHICKENS; RESISTANCE; RESPONSES AB This study was undertaken to determine the effects of induced molt on basal functional activities of heterophils from aging hens. For this purpose, heterophils from both molted and unmolted hens were examined by in vitro bioassays for functional responsiveness and efficiency. We evaluated the ability of the heterophils to migrate to chemotactic stimuli, phagocytize opsonized and nonopsonized Salmonella enteritidis (SE), and generate an oxidative burst in response to inflammatory agonists. A significant (P < 0.001) heterophilia was found in the molted hens within 2 days after feed withdrawal and remained throughout the length of the experimental feed withdrawal period. No significant differences were found in the random migration of heterophils from either group. The chemotactic movement of heterophils from molted hens was not affected until 8 days after feed withdrawal when compared with heterophil chemotaxis from unmolted hens. A significant decrease in chemotaxis by the heterophils from molted hens was observed days 8-12 after feed withdrawal (P < 0.05). Significantly (P < 0.05) fewer heterophils from molted hens were able to phagocytize opsonized (59% vs. 38%) and nonopsonized (26% vs. 15%) SE within 2 days after feed withdrawal. Likewise, significantly (P < 0.05) fewer bacteria were phagocytized per heterophil from the molted hens when compared with the number of bacteria per heterophil from the unmolted hens. The oxidative burst of heterophils stimulated by either opsonized zymosan A or phorbol myristate acetate of heterophils from molted hens was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced when compared with that generated by heterophils from the unmolted hens. These results indicate that feed withdrawal to induce molt alters the number and function of peripheral blood heterophils. This decreased efficiency of heterophil functional activity appears to play a role in the increased susceptibility of molting hens to SE infections. C1 ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Kogut, MH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 58 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 43 IS 3 BP 538 EP 548 DI 10.2307/1592654 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 237TL UT WOS:000082672100023 PM 10494425 ER PT J AU Ziprin, RL Young, CR Stanker, LH Hume, ME Konkel, ME AF Ziprin, RL Young, CR Stanker, LH Hume, ME Konkel, ME TI The absence of cecal colonization of chicks by a mutant of Campylobacter jejuni not expressing bacterial fibronectin-binding protein SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Campylobacter jejuni; fibronectin-binding protein; CadF; colonization; chickens ID GUILLAIN-BARRE; CLONING; GENE; ASSOCIATION; INFECTION; RECOVERY; COLI AB Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of human gastrointestinal illness throughout the world. Infections with C. jejuni and Campylobacter coli are frequently acquired by eating undercooked chicken. The ability of C. jejuni to become established in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens is believed to involve binding of the bacterium to the gastrointestinal surface. A 37-kD outer membrane protein, termed CadF, has been described that facilitates the binding of Campylobacter to fibronectin. This study was conducted to determine whether the CadF protein is required for C. jejuni to colonize the cecum of newly hatched chicks. Day-of-hatch chicks were orally challenged with C. jejuni F38011, a human clinical isolate, or challenged with a mutant in which the cadF gene was disrupted via homologous recombination with a suicide vector. This method of mutagenesis targets a predetermined DNA sequence and does not produce random mutations in unrelated genes. The parental C. jejuni F38011 readily colonized the cecum of newly hatched chicks. In contrast, the cadF mutant was not recovered from any of 60 chicks challenged, indicating that disruption of the cadF gene renders C. jejuni incapable of colonizing the cecum. CadF protein appears to be required for the colonization of newly hatched leghorn chickens. C1 ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Pullman, WA 99220 USA. RP Ziprin, RL (reprint author), ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [1R101 DK50567-01A1] NR 20 TC 86 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 43 IS 3 BP 586 EP 589 DI 10.2307/1592660 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 237TL UT WOS:000082672100029 PM 10494431 ER PT J AU Chestnut, TJ Zarin, DJ McDowell, WH Keller, M AF Chestnut, TJ Zarin, DJ McDowell, WH Keller, M TI A nitrogen budget for late-successional hillslope tabonuco forest, Puerto Rico SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE nutrient cycling; tropical forest; ecosystem studies ID TROPICAL RAIN-FOREST; LUQUILLO-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; BISLEY EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHEDS; DISSOLVED ORGANIC NUTRIENTS; HURRICANE-HUGO; SUBTROPICAL WET; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; LITTER DYNAMICS; COSTA-RICA; FINE ROOTS AB Nitrogen budgets of late successional forested stands and watersheds provide baseline data against which the effects of small- and large-scale disturbances may be measured. Using previously published data and supplemental new data on gaseous N loss, we construct a N budget for hillslope tabonuco forest (HTF) stands in Puerto Rico. HTF stands are subject to frequent hurricanes and landslides; here, we focus on N fluxes in the late phase of inter-disturbance forest development. N inputs from atmospheric deposition (4-6 kg N/ha/yr) are exceeded by N outputs from groundwater, gaseous N loss, and particulate N loss (6.3-15.7 kg N/ha/yr). Late-successional HTF stands also sequester N in their aggrading biomass (8 kg N/ha/yr), creating a total budget imbalance of 8.3-19.7 kg N/ha/yr. We surmise that this imbalance may be accounted for by unmeasured inputs from above- and belowground N-fixation and/or slow depletion of the large N pool in soil organic matter. Spatial and temporal variability, especially that associated with gaseous exchange and soil organic matter N-mineralization, constrain the reliability of this N budget. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Chestnut, TJ (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012; McDowell, William/E-9767-2010 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359; McDowell, William/0000-0002-8739-9047 NR 73 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD JUL PY 1999 VL 46 IS 1-3 BP 85 EP 108 DI 10.1023/A:1006104229691 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 204QU UT WOS:000080776300006 ER PT J AU DeLoach, CJ Cuda, JP AF DeLoach, CJ Cuda, JP TI Host specificity of the argentine root-boring weevil, Heilipodus ventralis (Coleoptera : Curculionidae), a potential biocontrol agent for snakeweeds (Gutierrezia : Asteraceae) in western North American Rangelands-US Quarantine tests SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Heilipodus ventralis; Gutierrezia; snakeweed; broomweed; Grindelia; weeds; rangeland weeds; biological control weeds ID HAEMATICA URETA LEPIDOPTERA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BROOM SNAKEWEED; WEED-CONTROL; SESIIDAE; INSECTS AB Native snakeweeds, especially Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton and Rusby and Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) A. Gray, are among the most widespread and damaging weeds of rangelands in the western United States and northern Mexico. The genus long ago spread to southern South America, where further speciation occurred. We have found several species of insects in Argentina that damage other species of snakeweeds there and are possible candidates for biological control in North America, The first of these, the root-boring weevil, Heilipodus ventralis (Hustache), was tested in Argentina and then sent to the USDA-ARS Insect Quarantine Facility at Temple, Texas, for host specificity testing on North American plants. We tested H. ventralis on 40 species of the family Asteraceae, in 19 tests of five types, using 686 adults and 365 larvae. Host specificity increased from adult feeding, to ovipositional selection, to larval development. At Temple, adults fed mostly on 6 species of the closely related genera Grindelia, Gutierrezia, and Gymnosperma, but with substantial feeding on four other genera of the two preferred subtribes Solidagininae and Machaerantherinae and on Baccharis in the tribe Baccharidinae, with lesser feeding on the subtribe Asterinae, all in the tribe Astereae, and on 1 species in the tribe Anthemideae. Females oviposited primarily on the same 6 species but very little on plants outside the 2 preferred subtribes. Larvae developed only on 9 of the 29 U.S. plant species tested, 6 within the two preferred subtribes and on Brickellia and Aster in other tribes. Only 5 species of three genera appear to be potential true hosts of H. ventralis in North America, on which all stages of the life cycle, adult feeding, oviposition, and larval development, can take place; these are Gymnosperma glutinosum (Spreng.) Less,, Gutierrezia grandis Blake, Gut. microcephala, Gut. sarothrae, and Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. None of these genera contain species of economic or notable ecological value; the few rare species appear to be protected by habitat isolation from attack by H. ventralis. H. ventralis, therefore, appears sufficiently host specific for field release in North America. This is the first introduced biocontrol agent to be approved for release in a continental area to control a native weed. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP DeLoach, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 81 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUL PY 1999 VL 15 IS 3 BP 185 EP 209 DI 10.1006/bcon.1998.0684 PG 25 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 211AT UT WOS:000081138300001 ER PT J AU Taylor, DB Szalanski, AL AF Taylor, DB Szalanski, AL TI Identification of Muscidifurax spp. by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE PCR-RFLP; molecular diagnostics; Muscidifurax; filth fly parasitoids; Pteromalidae ID TRANSCRIBED SPACER REGION; ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE; DNA VARIATION; DIPTERA; PTEROMALIDAE; HYMENOPTERA; CULICIDAE; POPULATIONS; MARKER AB Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the nuclear ribosomal ITS-1 region was used to differentiate Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) species which are parasitoids of filth fly pupae. Three restriction enzymes, Dpn II, Mse I, and Tag I, produced restriction patterns which were diagnostic for the four species analyzed, M. raptor, M. raptorellus, M. uniraptor, and M. zaraptor. Seven other restriction enzymes were able to differentiate one or more of the species and can be used alone, or in combination with other enzymes, to verify identifications. No intraspecific variation was observed among the populations examined. The utility of the PCR-RFLP technique compared with other molecular and biochemical diagnostic procedures is discussed. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Midwest Livestock Insects Res Lab, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Taylor, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Midwest Livestock Insects Res Lab, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Taylor, David/G-6025-2014 OI Taylor, David/0000-0002-4378-4867 NR 23 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUL PY 1999 VL 15 IS 3 BP 270 EP 273 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0717 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 211AT UT WOS:000081138300008 ER PT J AU Berner, DK Schaad, NW Volksch, B AF Berner, DK Schaad, NW Volksch, B TI Use of ethylene-producing bacteria for stimulation of Striga spp. seed germination SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE ethylene; germination stimulants of Striga seeds; Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea; Striga aspera; Striga biological control; Striga gesnerioides; Striga hermonthica strigol; strigol analogues ID HERMONTHICA AB Striga spp. are obligate root-parasitic flowering plants that threaten cereal and legume production, and consequently human well-being, in Africa. Successful control depends on eliminating the seed reserves of Striga spp. in soil and preventing parasitism. A proven method of eliminating these seed reserves is soil-injection of ethylene gas. This method was used successfully in the United States to control Striga asiatica, but injection of ethylene gas is potentially dangerous, very costly, and generally unsuitable in Africa. The bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pathovar glycinea synthesizes relatively large amounts of ethylene. In this study a laboratory procedure was developed for testing strains of P. syringae pv. glycinea for efficacy in stimulating germination of seeds of Striga spp. The procedure allows comparisons among bacteria, volatile compounds, root exudates, and synthetic stimulants for germination of Striga spp. seeds. Seeds of three Striga spp. were tested over a 10-month period. No seed germination was ever observed with sterile water. When compared across Striga spp. the bacterial strains were consistently better stimulators of germination of seeds of the parasites than ethylene gas or root pieces of a Vigna unguiculata cultivar known to stimulate germination of parasite seeds. The strains were as effective in germinating S. aspera and S. gesnerioides seeds as a synthetic germination stimulant. Our results showing that ethylene-producing bacteria are highly effective in promoting seed germination in Striga spp. suggest that these bacteria may provide a practical means of biological control of Striga spp. in Africa and other locations. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Int Inst Trop Agr, Ibadan, Nigeria. USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Univ Jena, Biol Pharmazeut Fak, Inst Mikrobiol, D-07743 Jena, Germany. RP Berner, DK (reprint author), Int Inst Trop Agr, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria. NR 30 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUL PY 1999 VL 15 IS 3 BP 274 EP 282 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0718 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 211AT UT WOS:000081138300009 ER PT J AU Richards, MP AF Richards, MP TI Zinc, copper, and iron metabolism during porcine fetal development SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE trace elements; development; porcine; zinc; copper; iron; metallothionein; fetus; placenta; gestation ID MATERNAL IRON; TRANSPORT; UTEROFERRIN; PIG; PREGNANCY; RAT; CERULOPLASMIN; MANGANESE; ALBUMIN; FLUID AB Zinc, copper, and iron levels in maternal and fetal pig tissues and fluids were measured starting on d 30 of gestation and continuing to term (d 114) at 10-d intervals. Fetal hematocrit increased from a low of 19% on d 30 to 32% by d 50, after which it remained above 30% to term. Amniotic fluid zinc, copper, and iron all reached maximal levels by d 60 of gestation. Maternal serum zinc levels fluctuated little during gestation, but fetal serum zinc concentration was significantly elevated above maternal levels during the second trimester. Fetal serum copper levels were significantly lower than maternal values throughout gestation and this was also the case for ceruloplasmin oxidase activity. Maternal serum iron reached its lowest level by d 80 of gestation when rate of transfer of iron to the developing fetuses was high. Fetal serum iron declined throughout gestation, reaching its lowest level on d 100. In general, fetal liver concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron were higher than the corresponding maternal values throughout gestation. Distinct increases were noted for fetal hepatic zinc and copper concentrations during the second trimester of pregnancy and these were accompanied by increases in cytosolic and metallothionein-bound zinc and copper levels. Maternal hepatic iron declined during the second trimester, reaching its lowest point on d 80, indicative of the shunting of maternal iron reserves to fetal tissues. Fetal kidney metal levels did not demonstrate any distinctive developmental patterns with respect to zinc, copper, or iron concentrations, but a general accumulation of each metal was observed as gestation progressed. The results of this study highlight some of the distinct changes occurring in the metabolism of zinc, copper, and iron in both maternal and fetal tissues and fluids during gestation in the pig. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Richards, MP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 69 IS 1 BP 27 EP 44 DI 10.1007/BF02783913 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 203VF UT WOS:000080728100003 PM 10383097 ER PT J AU Paik, HY Joung, H Lee, JY Lee, HK King, JC Keen, CL AF Paik, HY Joung, H Lee, JY Lee, HK King, JC Keen, CL TI Serum extracellular superoxide dismutase activity as an indicator of zinc status in humans SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dietary zinc intake; serum EC-SOD; serum zinc; zinc status ID DIETARY ZINC; COPPER DEFICIENCY; GROWTH; ANTIOXIDANT; DISEASES; SYSTEMS; DEFENSE; PLASMA; WOMEN; RATS AB The present study focused on whether serum extracellular superoxide dimutase (EC-SOD) activity can be used as a functional indicator of marginal zinc deficiency in humans. Subjects in this study were 444 healthy adults over 30 yr of age living a normal rural life in Kyunggi province, Korea. The mean dietary zinc intake of subjects obtained from one 24-h recall was 6.41 +/- 4.35 mg and the average serum zinc concentration of the subjects was 11.06 +/- 2.44 mu mol/L. Subjects were divided into three groups by serum zinc concentrations: adequate (serum zinc > 10.7 mu mol/L), low (serum zinc 9.0-10.7 mu mol/L), and very low (serum zinc < 9.0 mu mol/L) groups. A total of 50 subjects were selected from the three,groups for analysis of EC-SOD activities. The EC-SOD activity of subjects increased with increasing serum zinc concentrations, and the activities of the three groups were significantly different as indicated by the Kruskal-Wallis test (P = 0.0239). Also, serum EC-SOD activities were significantly correlated with serum zinc concentrations (r = 0.289, p = 0.04). Serum EC-SOD activities, however, were not significantly correlated to the dietary zinc intakes. In conclusion, these results show that EC-SOD activities are decreased in subjects with low serum zinc concentrations and suggest that EC-SOD activity may be a functional indicator of zinc nutritional status in humans. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Food & Nutr, Seoul, South Korea. Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Seoul 151, South Korea. USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Ctr, San Francisco, CA USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Paik, HY (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Food & Nutr, Seoul, South Korea. NR 29 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 69 IS 1 BP 45 EP 57 DI 10.1007/BF02783914 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 203VF UT WOS:000080728100004 PM 10383098 ER PT J AU Snyder, JL Clapper, JA Roberts, AJ Sanson, DW Hamernik, DL Moss, GE AF Snyder, JL Clapper, JA Roberts, AJ Sanson, DW Hamernik, DL Moss, GE TI Insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, and gonadotropins in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and serum of nutrient-restricted ewes SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SECRETION; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; POSTPARTUM BEEF COW; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; DIETARY ENERGY; IGF-I; NUTRITIONAL REGULATION; OVARIECTOMIZED EWES; ANTERIOR-PITUITARY; BODY-COMPOSITION AB Body condition scores (BCS) of ovariectomized estradiol-treated ewes were controlled to examine effects of suboptimum BCS on insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, ICF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), and LH in the anterior pituitary gland, hypophyseal stalk-median eminence (SME), and circulation. Serum LH increased in ewes with BCS (1 = emaciated, 9 = obese) > 3 (HIGH-BCS), but not in ewes with BCS less than or equal to 3 (LOW-BCS), after onset of the breeding season. Concentrations of LH and LH beta subunits in anterior pituitary glands were lower in LOW-BCS than in HIGH-BCS ewes. Serum IGF-I was lower in LOW-BCS than in HIGH-BCS ewes but did not differ in SME or anterior pituitary glands. In serum, the 44-kDa IGFBP-3 and 24-kDa IGFBP-4 were lower in LOW-BCS than in HIGH-BCS ewes. In anterior pituitary glands, IGFBP-2 tended to be higher in LOW-BCS than in HIGH-BCS ewes. In the SME, IGFBP-2, -3, and -5 were lower in LOW-BCS than in HIGH-BCS ewes. Low body condition may inhibit the increased secretion of LH associated with the onset of the breeding season by altering relative amounts of IGFBPs within the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Anim Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Physiol, Tucson, AZ 85718 USA. RP Moss, GE (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Anim Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 55 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 61 IS 1 BP 219 EP 224 DI 10.1095/biolreprod61.1.219 PG 6 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 211FP UT WOS:000081150200029 PM 10377052 ER PT J AU Dirami, G Ravindranath, N Pursel, V Dym, M AF Dirami, G Ravindranath, N Pursel, V Dym, M TI Effects of stem cell factor and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor on survival of porcine type A spermatogonia cultured in KSOM SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID MOUSE SERTOLI CELLS; LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR; C-KIT RECEPTOR; FACTOR GM-CSF; GROWTH-FACTOR; MESSENGER-RNA; SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE; MAMMALIAN TESTIS; GENE-EXPRESSION; FACTOR PROMOTE AB Spermatogenesis is initiated with the divisions of the type A spermatogonial stem cells; however, the regulation of this stem cell population remains unknown. In order to obtain a better understanding of the biology of these cells, type A spermatogonia were isolated from 80-day-old pig testes by sedimentation velocity at unit gravity. The cells were cultured for up to 120 h in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/Ham's F-12 medium (DMEM/F12) or a potassium-rich medium derived by the simplex optimization method (KSOM). At the end of the 120-h culture period, 30-50% of the spermatogonia were viable in KSOM, whereas in DMEM/F12 very few cells survived. Using KSOM as the culture medium, the effects of stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were studied. SCF significantly enhanced the percentage of cell survival at 100 ng/ml but not at lower concentrations. In comparison, CM-CSF promoted survival at relatively low concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 1 ng/ml). At a higher dose (10 ng/ml), a significant reduction in percentage of cell survival was observed. The combination of SCF with CM-CSF had no significant effect on the percentage survival of type A spermatogonial cells. These data indicate that SCF and GM-CSF play a role in the regulation of survival and/or proliferation of type A spermatogonia. C1 Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Washington, DC 20007 USA. USDA, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dym, M (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, 3900 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD33728] NR 49 TC 89 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 61 IS 1 BP 225 EP 230 DI 10.1095/biolreprod61.1.225 PG 6 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 211FP UT WOS:000081150200030 PM 10377053 ER PT J AU Shulman, RJ AF Shulman, RJ TI In vivo measurements of glucose absorption in preterm infants SO BIOLOGY OF THE NEONATE LA English DT Article DE small intestine; perfusion study; intestinal development; preterm infant ID HUMAN SMALL-INTESTINE; PREMATURE-INFANTS; INTRALUMINAL PERFUSION; COTRANSPORT SYSTEMS AB Few data are available regarding the kinetics of glucose absorption in the preterm infant. In order to ascertain the kinetics of glucose absorption in the premature infant and how rate of infusion and concentration affect absorption, jejunal glucose absorption kinetics were measured in 16 preterm infants by infusing 1, 10, and 100 mM glucose solutions in random order, Seventeen infants were perfused with glucose (100 mu mol/min) by infusing 67 mM glucose at 1.5 ml/min and 133 mM glucose at 0.75 ml/min to determine the effect of changes in rate of infusion vs, concentration on glucose absorption, K-m and V-max were related to postnatal age. K-m was correlated inversely with the percentage of feedings received as human milk. Antenatal administration of glucocorticoids appeared to increase V-max. The higher infusion rate resulted in greater glucose absorption than the higher concentration glucose solution. Conclusions: The characteristics of glucose absorption in the preterm infant change with age and are affected by diet, glucocorticoids, and the method of infusion. These data have implications for the feeding of preterm infants. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, ARS,Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Shulman, RJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, ARS,Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St,Rm 9064, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0006-3126 J9 BIOL NEONATE JI Biol. Neonate PD JUL PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP 10 EP 18 DI 10.1159/000014126 PG 9 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 208NJ UT WOS:000080997700002 PM 10364634 ER PT J AU Pendyal, B Johns, MM Marshall, WE Ahmedna, M Rao, RM AF Pendyal, B Johns, MM Marshall, WE Ahmedna, M Rao, RM TI Removal of sugar colorants by granular activated carbons made from binders and agricultural by-products SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE activated carbon; binders; agricultural by-products; sugar decolorization ID CANE BAGASSE; WASTE; DECOLORIZATION; ADSORPTION; ADSORBENTS AB Twenty-four granular activated carbons (GACs) made from mixtures of four binders (coal tar, sugarcane molasses, sugar beet molasses, corn syrup) and three agricultural by-products (rice hulls, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse) were evaluated for their ability to remove sugar colorants (molasses color removal, sugar decolorization). These properties were compared to the same properties of two commercial reference carbons. GACs made from sugarcane bagasse, in general, possessed the best ability to remove sugar colorants and were closest to the reference carbons in this regard. In fact, the four highest ranked GACs all used bagasse as a feedstock along with four different binders. Therefore, the ability to remove sugar colorants appears to be by-product dependent with the binder playing a minor role. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Food Sci, LAES, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Rao, RM (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Food Sci, LAES, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. OI Ahmedna, Mohamed/0000-0001-8727-4300 NR 21 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-8524 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 69 IS 1 BP 45 EP 51 DI 10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00172-2 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 167KZ UT WOS:000078633000005 ER PT J AU Harwell, MA Myers, V Young, T Bartuska, A Gassman, N Gentile, JH Harwell, CC Appelbaum, S Barko, J Causey, B Johnson, C McLean, A Smola, R Templet, P Tosini, S AF Harwell, MA Myers, V Young, T Bartuska, A Gassman, N Gentile, JH Harwell, CC Appelbaum, S Barko, J Causey, B Johnson, C McLean, A Smola, R Templet, P Tosini, S TI A framework for an ecosystem integrity report card SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOUTH FLORIDA; MANAGEMENT C1 Univ Miami, Ctr Marine & Environm Anal, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Environm Def Fund, Oakland, CA 94618 USA. World Wildlife Def Fund, Washington, DC 20037 USA. ARS, Forest Hlth Protect, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Broward Cty Dept Nat Resources, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33301 USA. Harwell Gentile & Associates LC, Coconut Grove, FL 33133 USA. USA, Ecosyst Restorat Sect, Corps Engineers, Jacksonville, FL 32232 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Waterways Expt Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Florida Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, Marathon, FL 33050 USA. S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA. Natl Resources Conservat Serv, Dept Agr, W Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Inst Environm Studies, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Harwell, MA (reprint author), Univ Miami, Ctr Marine & Environm Anal, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 44 TC 39 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUL PY 1999 VL 49 IS 7 BP 543 EP 556 DI 10.2307/1313475 PG 14 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 212HQ UT WOS:000081211600008 ER PT J AU Sharp, JL Polavarapu, S AF Sharp, JL Polavarapu, S TI Gamma radiation doses for preventing pupariation and adult emergence of Rhagoletis mendax (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-BEAM IRRADIATION; BLUEBERRY MAGGOT; RABBITEYE BLUEBERRIES; QUARANTINE TREATMENT; STORAGE QUALITY; FRUIT; FLY AB Blueberry maggot, Rhagoletis mendax Curran, eggs and larvae infesting highbush 'Bluecrop' and 'Elizabeth' blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae), were treated with 4-1200 Gy of gamma radiation. The treatment reduced the number of immature stages that pupated and the number of adults that emerged from puparia. The lethal dose for 99.9968% mortality (LD 99.9968%) [lower and upper fiducial limits (FL)] estimated by linear regression analysis to stop pupariation was 1486 (1400-1585) Gy, at the 95% confidence level. The LD 99.99968% (lower and upper FL) estimated to stop flies emerging from puparia irradiated as immature stages was 88 (83-93) Gy, at the 95% confidence level as estimated by regression analysis. An estimated 100 762 larvae were killed, with no survivors, by irradiating 853 918 'Bluecrop' blueberries in bulk quantities with 71-776 Gy with a commercial irradiator. No flies or parasites emerged from puparia irradiated as larvae with greater than or equal to 71 and >80 Gy using commercial and research irradiators, respectively. Infestation rate of blueberry maggot larvae in nonirradiated 'Bluecrop' and 'Elizabeth' blueberries averaged 11.1 +/- 1.2% and 14.3 +/- 2.4%, respectively; the range of infestation rate was from 6.3% to 14.8% and 9.8% to 18%, respectively. Parasitism of blueberry maggot larvae by the larval-puparial parasite, Diachasmimorpha (Opius) mellea (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), averaged 10.1 +/- 2.4% (range 3-13.3%). C1 Rutgers Blueberry & Cranberry Res Ctr, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL 33158 USA. RP Polavarapu, S (reprint author), Rutgers Blueberry & Cranberry Res Ctr, Lake Oswego Rd, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 131 IS 4 BP 549 EP 555 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 218ME UT WOS:000081555700014 ER PT J AU Hanley, TA Barnard, JC AF Hanley, TA Barnard, JC TI Food resources and diet composition in riparian and upland habitats for Sitka Mice, Peromyscus keeni sitkensis SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Sitka Mouse; Peromyscus keeni sitkensis; riparian forest; river; habitat heterogeneity; temporal variation; southeastern Alaska ID SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA; SPECIES COMPOSITION; CONIFEROUS FOREST; WESTERN HEMLOCK; SERAL STAGES; OLD-GROWTH; DEER MICE; MANICULATUS; RODENTS; SPRUCE AB Food resources and diet composition of Sitka Mice, Peromyscus keeni sitkensis, were studied over a four-year period in four floodplain and upland forest habitats: old-growth Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) floodplain; Red Alder (Alnus rubra) floodplain; Beaver (Castor canadensis)-pond floodplain; and nearby old-growth Sitka Spruce-Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) upland forest. Food resources in each habitat were quantified in terms of understory biomass and species richness, fruit production, tree seedfall, and relative abundance of arthropods. Diet composition was analyzed from stomach contents. Between-year differences in the availability of food resources were substantial, but between-habitat differences were minor. Diet composition differed between years and between months within years but did not differ between habitat types or age and sex classes of mice. We conclude that floodplain habitats do not provide unique food resources for Sitka Mice in comparison to upland old-growth forests. However, spatial and temporal complexity within habitats is an important feature of habitat quality in floodplain forests for Peromyscus mice. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Hanley, TA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 2770 Sherwood Lane 2-A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 113 IS 3 BP 401 EP 407 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 237ZK UT WOS:000082686300005 ER PT J AU Wilson, JK AF Wilson, JK TI Unusually high Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus, nests SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Yellow-billed Cuckoo; Coccyzus americanus; nests; height; Arkansas AB Yellow-billed Cuckoos nest much higher than documented, even in forest tree canopies. Previous descriptions of nest sites do not attribute nest heights greater than 14 m to this species. I report Yellow-billed Cuckoo nests in Arkansas at heights as great as 27 m. Location of high nests may be assisted by observation of behavioral cues when nest searching. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Wilson, JK (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 113 IS 3 BP 517 EP 518 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 237ZK UT WOS:000082686300023 ER PT J AU Zutter, BR Miller, JH Allen, HL Zedaker, SM Edwards, MB Newbold, RA AF Zutter, BR Miller, JH Allen, HL Zedaker, SM Edwards, MB Newbold, RA TI Fascicle nutrient and biomass responses of young loblolly pine to control of woody and herbaceous competitors SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Forest Vegetation Management CY AUG 24-28, 1998 CL SAULT STE MARIE, CANADA ID WEED-CONTROL; LEAF-AREA; INTERFERENCE; NITROGEN; TAEDA; FERTILIZATION; VEGETATION; PLANTATION; GROWTH; STANDS AB Individual fascicle mass and foliar nutrient content and concentration of young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were evaluated on 13 locations of a regionwide competition study in the southeastern United States. The study included a factorial combination of two levels of herbaceous weed control treatment (none, treated) and two levels of woody treatment (none, treated) following site preparation. At pine age 2 years, herbaceous treatment (HT) and woody treatment (WT) had a positive effect on individual fascicle biomass and content of N, P, and K at nearly all and at least half of the locations, respectively. In general, these effects mirrored responses noted for seedling diameter and height. N concentration increased and P concentration decreased at about half of the locations, while Ca and Mg concentrations decreased on nearly all locations with HT. By age 6 years, effects of HT and WT on fascicle mass and nutrient concentrations and contents became neutral or more neutral across the locations. This is attributed in part to the greater nutrient demand of larger crop pines and associated competition components. A notable exception from neutral effects at age 6, typically occurring on sites with high levels of woody vegetation, was the positive response in K concentration or content and negative response in Ca and Mg concentrations with WT. C1 Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Forest Resources, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Louisiana Tech Univ, Sch Forestry, Ruston, LA 71272 USA. RP Zutter, BR (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM zutter@forestry.auburn.edu; miller@forestry.auburn.edu; Lee_Allen@ncsu.edu; zedaker@vt.edu; oikos3@juno.com; rnewbold@vm.cc.latech.edu NR 38 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 29 IS 7 BP 917 EP 925 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-7-917 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 231ZZ UT WOS:000082342400011 ER PT J AU McDonald, PM Mori, SR Fiddler, GO AF McDonald, PM Mori, SR Fiddler, GO TI Effect of competition on genetically improved ponderosa pine seedlings SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Forest Vegetation Management CY AUG 24-28, 1998 CL SAULT STE MARIE, CANADA AB In northern California, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. var, ponderosa) height and diameter growth were analyzed to determine if genetically improved seedlings were more competitive than other vegetation and if they outgrew nursery stock in the field. Analysis of growth during the third through sixth growing seasons (1992-1995), indicated no statistical differences for pine height or diameter among genetic classes (control pollinated, wind pollinated, nursery run) when grown with competing vegetation. In 1995, mean height of seedlings grown with competition was 2.4 m for control-pollinated seedlings, 2.3 m for wind-pollinated seedlings, and 2.2 m for nursery-run seedlings. For seedlings grown essentially without competition, control-pollinated seedlings significantly outgrew nursery-run seedlings in height each year for the first six growing seasons. In 1995, the values were 3.0 versus 2.6 m, respectively. The competition consisted of a vigorous stand of shrubs, hardwood sprouts, forbs, and grasses. Within each genetic class, mean height and diameter of pines were significantly larger without competition. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA 96001 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Albany, CA 94701 USA. RP McDonald, PM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. EM Phil.McDonald/psw_redding@fs.fed.us NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 29 IS 7 BP 940 EP 946 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-7-940 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 231ZZ UT WOS:000082342400014 ER PT J AU Cain, MD AF Cain, MD TI Woody and herbaceous competition effects on stand dynamics and growth of 13-year-old natural, precommercially thinned loblolly and shortleaf pines SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Forest Vegetation Management CY AUG 24-28, 1998 CL SAULT STE MARIE, CANADA ID PINUS-TAEDA AB Stand dynamics of naturally regenerated, even-aged, loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pines (P. echinata Mill.) were examined on the Upper Coastal Plain of southeastern Arkansas, U.S.A., following four levels of competition control. Treatments included a check (Ck) with no competition control, woody control (WC), herbaceous control (HC), and total control (TC) of nonpine vegetation. After pines became established from natural seeding, herbicides were used to control herbaceous plants for four consecutive years and woody plants for five consecutive years. At age five, 1235 crop pines/ha were retained and all noncrop pines >1.5 m tall were precommercially hand thinned. Although 93% of crop pines on Ck plots were judged free-to-grow 13 years after establishment, crop pines on vegetation control plots were larger (P less than or equal to 0.001) in mean diameter at breast height, total height, and volume per tree. From age 5 through 13 years, crop pine diameter growth increased on WC plots and decreased on HC plots because of hardwood competition in the latter treatment. At age 13, mean pine volume production was 48% greater (P < 0.01) on plots that received competition control than on Ck plots (160 m(3).ha(-1)); TC resulted in 31% more (P < 0.01) volume (282 m(3).ha(-1)) than the mean of WC and HC plots; and there was no difference (P = 0.15) between the latter two treatments. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Cain, MD (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, POB 3516, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 29 IS 7 BP 947 EP 959 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-7-947 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 231ZZ UT WOS:000082342400015 ER PT J AU Cole, EC Newton, M Youngblood, A AF Cole, EC Newton, M Youngblood, A TI Regenerating white spruce, paper birch, and willow in south-central Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Forest Vegetation Management CY AUG 24-28, 1998 CL SAULT STE MARIE, CANADA ID INTERIOR ALASKA; BOREAL FOREST; CALAMAGROSTIS-CANADENSIS; ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION; LODGEPOLE PINE; GROWTH; SOIL; ESTABLISHMENT; SILVICULTURE; COMPETITION AB The current spruce bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) epidemic in interior Alaska is leaving large expanses of dead spruce with little spruce regeneration. Many of these areas are habitat for moose (Alces alces). To establish spruce regeneration and improve browse production for moose, paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh), willow (Salix spp.), and three stocktypes (plug+1 bareroot, and 1+0 plugs from two nurseries) of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) were planted in freshly cutover areas on Fort Richardson, near Anchorage. Four vegetation management treatments were compared: broadcast site preparation with herbicides, banded site preparation with herbicides, mechanical scarification, and untreated control. Spruce seedlings had the greatest growth in the broadcast site preparation treatment (p < 0.01). Stocktype was the most important factor in spruce growth, with bareroot transplant seedlings being the tallest and largest 5 years after planting (p < 0.001). In the first 3 years, relative stem volume growth was greater for plug seedlings than for bareroot seedlings (p < 0.001). By year 4, relative growth rates were similar among all stocktypes. Treatment effects for paper birch and willow were confounded by moose browsing. Results indicate spruce can be regenerated and moose browse enhanced simultaneously in forests in interior Alaska. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Cole, EC (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM cole@fsl.orst.edu RI Youngblood, Andrew/A-8762-2009 OI Youngblood, Andrew/0000-0001-5976-0838 NR 51 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 29 IS 7 BP 993 EP 1001 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-7-993 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 231ZZ UT WOS:000082342400020 ER PT J AU Powers, RF Reynolds, PE AF Powers, RF Reynolds, PE TI Ten-year responses of ponderosa pine plantations to repeated vegetation and nutrient control along an environmental gradient SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Forest Vegetation Management CY AUG 24-28, 1998 CL SAULT STE MARIE, CANADA ID DOUGLAS-FIR; SPRUCE SEEDLINGS; WATER; FORESTS; NITROGEN; GROWTH; OREGON; SITES AB Factorial combinations of vegetation, nutrient, and insect control treatments were applied repeatedly to three contrasting California plantations of Pinus ponderosa var, ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. Ten-year findings show that potential productivity is far greater than previously believed. Stem volume gains were linked directly with increases in crown volume. Insect problems were negligible. Vegetation control increased tree growth profoundly on xeric sites but less so on the most mesic. Where soil was both droughty and infertile, growth responses traced primarily to improved soil moisture availability and secondarily to better nutrition. The most fertile site also was droughty, and trees responded only to improved moisture availability. Water was less limiting on the most productive site. There, both fertilizers and herbicides triggered similar, substantive growth increases. Drought from both plant competition and climate reduced stomatal conductance, xylem water potential, and net assimilation rates. Assimilation rates increased linearly with site index, but treatment differences were not apparent once drought had peaked. Fertilization improved water-use efficiency where water stress was not extreme. Advantages in water availability to pines from vegetation control will dissipate as tree crowns close and transpiration rises. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA 96001 USA. Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forestry Serv, Sault St Marie, ON P6A 5M7, Canada. RP Powers, RF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. NR 35 TC 63 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 29 IS 7 BP 1027 EP 1038 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-7-1027 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 231ZZ UT WOS:000082342400023 ER PT J AU Kush, JS Meldahl, RS Boyer, WD AF Kush, JS Meldahl, RS Boyer, WD TI Understory plant community response after 23 years of hardwood control treatments in natural longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Forest Vegetation Management CY AUG 24-28, 1998 CL SAULT STE MARIE, CANADA AB In 1973, a study was established in south-central Alabama, U.S.A., to determine the effects of hardwood control treatments on understory succession and overstory growth in natural stands of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). The treatments were seasonal biennial burns and a no-burn check, each combined with three supplemental hardwood control treatments (one-time chemical, periodic mechanical, and untreated check). Green vegetation less than 1 cm DBH and organic litter were destructively sampled to determine the effects of 23 years of treatments on understory vegetation and identify changes in this community since last sampled in 1982. Among the hardwood control treatments, the only significant differences occurred in the shrub and green biomass (total of tree, shrub, woody vine, and herbaceous species masses) component of the understory. There were significant differences for all vegetation components when comparing the burning to no-burn treatment. Green biomass estimates were variable but showed an increase for all but two of the 12 treatment combinations when compared to 1982 biomass. The major change occurred in the accumulation of organic litter, which increased 119% when averaged across all treatments. The chemical treatment did not eliminate any species when compared with the other hardwood control treatments. C1 Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Kush, JS (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, 108 M White Smith Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM kush@forestry.auburn.edu NR 21 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 32 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 29 IS 7 BP 1047 EP 1054 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-7-1047 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 231ZZ UT WOS:000082342400025 ER PT J AU Harrington, TB Edwards, HB AF Harrington, TB Edwards, HB TI Understory vegetation, resource availability, and litterfall responses to pine thinning and woody vegetation control in longleaf pine plantations SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Forest Vegetation Management CY AUG 24-28, 1998 CL SAULT STE MARIE, CANADA ID SITE PREPARATION; DYNAMICS; SEEDLINGS AB In six 8- to 11-year-old plantations of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) near Aiken, S.C., responses of understory vegetation, light, and soil water availability and litterfall were studied in relation to pine thinning (May 1994), herbicidal treatment of nonpine woody vegetation (1995-1996), or the combined treatments (treatment responses described below are in absolute units). Treatment differences in fifth-year (1998) herbaceous species density were as follows: pine thinning > woody control = combined treatments > untreated (33, 30, 30, and 25 species per 40 m(2), respectively). Forb and grass covers were 13 and 8% greater, respectively, after pine thinning and 7 and 9% greater after woody control. Pine thinning stimulated a large increase in third-year gap fraction (0.26), short-term increases in soil water content (1%), and a reduction in pine litterfall by half (-120 g.m(-2) per year). Woody control had no effect on gap fraction, decreased litterfall of nonpine woody vegetation (-32 g.m(-2) per year), and stimulated season-long increases in soil water content (1-2%). The ranking of factors affecting herbaceous vegetation responses was as follows: light > soil water > herbicides > litterfall. Herbaceous species density and cover can be promoted in longleaf pine plantations by intensive thinning of pines and herbicidal control of non-pine woody vegetation. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Harrington, TB (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, DW Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM tharring@arches.uga.edu NR 34 TC 75 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 16 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 29 IS 7 BP 1055 EP 1064 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-7-1055 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 231ZZ UT WOS:000082342400026 ER PT J AU Miller, JH Boyd, RS Edwards, MB AF Miller, JH Boyd, RS Edwards, MB TI Floristic diversity, stand structure, and composition 11 years after herbicide site preparation SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Forest Vegetation Management CY AUG 24-28, 1998 CL SAULT STE MARIE, CANADA ID BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; FORESTS AB This study tested for effects of site preparation herbicides applied at high labeled rates 11 years earlier on plant species richness, diversity, and stand structure and composition. Four study sites in three physiographic provinces were established in central Georgia in 1984. Six herbicide treatments were included on each site: hexazinone liquid, hexazinone pellets, glyphosate, triclopyr, picloram, and a mixture of dicamba and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Herbicide and untreated plots were prescribed-burned and planted to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Eleven years after treatment, 177 total species were identified in these dense pine plantations; 99 species were forbs and grasses-grasslikes. Treated and check plots did not differ in species richness or diversity. Structurally, the total basal area of the tree canopy was not significantly altered, but the proportion of pine to hardwoods and shrub stem density were influenced by treatment. Latent effects were detected in the abundance and frequency of Pinus taeda, Prunus serotina Ehrh., Quercus stellata Wangenh., Diospyros virginiana L., Vaccinium stamineum L., Vitis rotundifolia Michx., and Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. Most are potential mast producers for wildlife. Herbicide site preparation had little influence on total species numbers or their diversity 11 years after treatment but affected composition by altering perennial species abundance. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Miller, JH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, DeVall Dr, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 26 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 29 IS 7 BP 1073 EP 1083 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-7-1073 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 231ZZ UT WOS:000082342400028 ER PT J AU Brown, JR Herrick, J Price, D AF Brown, JR Herrick, J Price, D TI Managing low-output agroecosystems sustainably: the importance of ecological thresholds SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Forest Vegetation Management CY AUG 24-28, 1998 CL SAULT STE MARIE, CANADA ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; TROPICAL RANGELANDS; STABLE STATES; VIEWPOINT; BIODIVERSITY; GRASSLAND; SAVANNAS; SCIENCE; YIELD AB Managing vegetation to achieve ecological, economic, and social goals is difficult. Inherent complexity among ecosystem components and unpredictable climate often limit opportunities for converting cultural inputs to harvestable products. In addition, the long lag time between treatment and financial return makes capital investment in vegetation management economically risky. One tool that can assist land managers in dealing with these constraints is the identification of ecological thresholds and elucidation of processes that signal undesirable change before it is entrained. This approach places a premium on early detection of degrading processes and implementation of management responses in the initial stages of land degradation. Managerial expertise and manipulation of naturally occurring processes, rather than cultural inputs, are key management decisions. In this paper we review current applications of the threshold concept as a management decision point and propose modifications for use in managing plant communities with low potential for annual economic return. We also propose that research and institutional programs for sustainable land management shift direction toward identifying ecological thresholds and focus on developing low-input responses to avoid, rather than restore, land degradation. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Resources Lab, Champaign, IL 61826 USA. RP Brown, JR (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA, Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM joelbrow@nmsu.edu NR 50 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 9 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 29 IS 7 BP 1112 EP 1119 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-7-1112 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 231ZZ UT WOS:000082342400031 ER PT J AU Michael, JL Webber, EC Bayne, DR Fischer, JB Gibbs, HL Seesock, WC AF Michael, JL Webber, EC Bayne, DR Fischer, JB Gibbs, HL Seesock, WC TI Hexazinone dissipation in forest ecosystems and impacts on aquatic communities SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Forest Vegetation Management CY AUG 24-28, 1998 CL SAULT STE MARIE, CANADA ID C-14-LABELED HEXAZINONE; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; METSULFURON METHYL; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; SOIL; HERBICIDES; GROWTH; PERSISTENCE; TRICLOPYR; VELPAR AB Hexazinone (active ingredient) was aerially applied as a pellet (Velpar ULW) and as a liquid (Velpar L) to watersheds in the Piedmont of Alabama, U.S.A., at the rate of 6.72 kg.ha(-1) (three times the prescribed rate for this site). An untreated watershed served as a control. We determined hexazinone half-life in days for Velpar ULW (plants, 26-59; litter, 55; bare soil, 68; soil under litter, 74) and for Velpar L (plants, 19-36; litter, 56; bare soil, 77; soil under litter, 275). Maximum stream concentrations of hexazinone (422 mu g.L-1 for Velpar ULW; 473 mu g.L-1 for Velpar L) were observed during application and resulted from direct overspray. Hexazinone stream concentrations peaked several times during stormflow in the first 30 days (56-70 mu g.L-1 for Velpar ULW; 145-230 mu g.L-1 for Velpar L) and were diluted three to five times 1.6 km downstream. Hexazinone metabolites were also monitored. Exposure of macroinvertebrates to hexazinone did not alter benthic community structure. Taxa richness, including pollution-sensitive insects, did not differ significantly between either hexazinone treatment and the control. Benthic macroinvertebrates in Piedmont streams of the southeastern United States appear insensitive to hexazinone at the exposures observed in this study. C1 Auburn Univ, USDA, US Forest Serv, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Alabama Agr Expt Stn, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Michael, JL (reprint author), Auburn Univ, USDA, US Forest Serv, 520 DeVall Dr, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 57 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 29 IS 7 BP 1170 EP 1181 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-7-1170 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 231ZZ UT WOS:000082342400037 ER PT J AU Venuto, BC Smith, RR Grau, CR AF Venuto, BC Smith, RR Grau, CR TI Selection for resistance to Fusarium wilt in red clover SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE red clover; Trifolium pratense L.; Fusarium oxysporum; vascular wilt; resistance ID ROOT-ROT; POPULATIONS; AVENACEUM; OXYSPORUM; GENETICS AB In Wisconsin, Fusarium oxysporum, Schlect., a pathogen causing vascular wilt, is the most prevalent fungal pathogen recovered from diseased red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) plants. This study was conducted to determine the mode of inheritance for red clover resistance to this pathogen and to develop resistant germplasm. Virulent isolates of this pathogen, collected from red clover plants at the Ashland Research Station, Ashland, Wisconsin, were used to screen three populations, the red clover cultivars Arlington and Marathon and the C11 germplasm, for resistant plants. Plants were inoculated with the pathogen and evaluated for reaction, using a disease-severity index (DSI) score from 1 to 5 (1 = no reaction, 5 = plant dead). Selected plants from each cycle were intercrossed to produce subsequent generations. After two and three cycles of selection, the developed populations were simultaneously evaluated for gain from selection. The gain from selection for resistance in these populations (cycle 0 minus cycle 2) ranged from 0.31 to 0.48, 0.12 to 0.75, and 0.13 to 0.83 DSI units, respectively, for Arlington, Marathon, and C11. Estimated narrow-sense heritabilities, based on cycle-1 and cycle-2 progeny, were, respectively, 0.20 and 0.37 for Arlington, 0.15 and 0.13 for Marathon, and 0.06 and 0.17 for C11. These results indicate that resistance is a quantitative trait controlled by many loci, each contributing some portion to overall resistance in the host. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Agron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Venuto, BC (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Agron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AGR INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA SUITE 907 151 SLATER ST, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-4220 J9 CAN J PLANT SCI JI Can. J. Plant Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 79 IS 3 BP 351 EP 356 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 235VZ UT WOS:000082564400006 ER PT J AU Gaffield, W Incardona, JP Kapur, RP Roelink, H AF Gaffield, W Incardona, JP Kapur, RP Roelink, H TI A looking glass perspective: Thalidomide and cyclopamine SO CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE thalidomide; cyclopamine; sonic hedgehog ID CELL CARCINOMA SYNDROME; SONIC HEDGEHOG; CRANIOFACIAL MALFORMATIONS; HUMAN HOMOLOG; IN-VITRO; GENE; MUTATIONS; ENANTIOMERS; INHIBITOR; INDUCTION AB Numerous naturally-occurring and synthetic compounds that were discovered initially because of their toxic properties, were later shown to possess biological activities beneficial to humans that enabled them to serve as templates for the development of useful medicinal agents. A prominent example is thalidomide, a synthetic drug that gained notoriety originally due to its catastrophic teratogenicity in humans. The discovery of thalidomide's efficacy in treating several diseases has resulted in the recrudescence of the drug to society's usage. A current example of this phenomenon is the plant teratogen cyclopamine (11-deoxojervine), whose deleterious terata-inducing effects were restricted to grazing animals, but whose recently discovered inhibition of Sonic hedgehog signal transduction has provided both the potential to increase our understanding of organogenesis and to serve as a lead compound in drug development. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Biol Struct, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Pathol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Gaffield, W (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 51 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 8 PU CELLULAR & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PI NOISY-LE-GRAND PA PROF R WEGMANN RESIDENCE HAUSSMANN 1 AVENUE DU PAVE NEUF, 93160 NOISY-LE-GRAND, FRANCE SN 0145-5680 J9 CELL MOL BIOL JI Cell. Mol. Biol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 45 IS 5 BP 579 EP 588 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 238XE UT WOS:000082739400011 PM 10512190 ER PT J AU Kasarda, DD D'Ovidio, R AF Kasarda, DD D'Ovidio, R TI Deduced amino acid sequence of an alpha-gliadin gene from spelt wheat (spelta) includes sequences active in celiac disease SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; OATS; COMPONENTS; FAMILY; DNA AB The complete amino acid sequence of an alpha-type gliadin from spelt wheat (spelta) has been deduced from the cloned DNA sequence and compared with alpha-type gliadin sequences from bread wheat. The comparison showed only minor differences in amino acid sequences between the alpha-type gliadin from bread wheat and the alpha-type gliadin from spelta. The two sequences had an identity of 98.5%. Larger differences can be found between different alpha-type gliadin amino acid sequences from common bread wheat. Because all the different classes of gliadins, alpha, beta, gamma, and omega, appear to be active in celiac disease, it is reasonably certain that the spelta gliadin is also toxic. We conclude that spelta is not a safe grain for people with celiac disease, contrary to the implications in labeling a bread made from spelta as "an alternative to wheat". Our conclusions are in accord with spelta and bread wheat being classed taxonomically as subspecies of the same genus and species, Triticum aestivum L. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Tuscia, Dipartimento Agrobiol & Agrochim, I-0100 Viterbo, Italy. RP Kasarda, DD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI D'Ovidio, Renato/A-4379-2014 OI D'Ovidio, Renato/0000-0001-8530-5898 NR 36 TC 46 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 76 IS 4 BP 548 EP 551 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.4.548 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 217FG UT WOS:000081488900016 ER PT J AU Dowell, FE Ram, MS Seitz, LM AF Dowell, FE Ram, MS Seitz, LM TI Predicting scab, vomitoxin, and ergosterol in single wheat kernels using near-infrared spectroscopy SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT; RED WINTER-WHEAT; REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; DEOXYNIVALENOL; CLASSIFICATION; BAKING; MYCOTOXINS; CULMORUM; WEIGHT; CORN AB Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to detect scab damage and estimate deoxynivalenol (DON) and ergosterol levels in single wheat kernels. Results showed that all scab-damaged kernels identified by official inspectors were correctly identified by NIRS. In addition, this system identified more kernels with DON than did a visual inspection. DON and ergosterol were predicted with standard errors of approximate to 40 and 100 ppm, respectively. All samples with visible scab had single kernels with DON levels >120 ppm, and some kernels contained >700 ppm of DON. This technology may provide a means of rapidly screening samples for potential food safety and quality problems related to scab damage. C1 ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Dowell, FE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 31 TC 105 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 76 IS 4 BP 573 EP 576 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.4.573 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 217FG UT WOS:000081488900020 ER PT J AU Konstance, RP Onwulata, CI Strange, ED Lu, D Tunick, MH Smith, PW Holsinger, VH AF Konstance, RP Onwulata, CI Strange, ED Lu, D Tunick, MH Smith, PW Holsinger, VH TI Variation in corn-soy blends for overseas distribution SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article AB A lack of uniformity in the distribution of vitamin C and other fortificants in the Title II commodity corn-soy blend (CSB) among processors previously was found in a U.S. Agency for International Development-sponsored vitamin C pilot program. Factors influencing fortificant distribution may include stratification in cyclones if the product is moved by air, due to significant differences in particle sizes among some blend ingredients and added fortificants. Determination of variation in particle size, composition, and other properties of CSB between and among processors is essential to ensure a consistent, high-quality food product for overseas distribution. Significant (P < 0.05) variations in the gross composition, selected micronutrient levels, and physical properties of samples, both between lots from the same processor and among different processors, were observed. Particle size analyses indicated a bimodal distribution that probably contributes to the nonuniform distribution of micronutrients. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Konstance, RP (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Tunick, Michael/C-9761-2010 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD JUL PY 1999 VL 44 IS 7 BP 477 EP 479 PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 218XE UT WOS:000081577700007 ER PT J AU Tabatabai, LB Frank, GH AF Tabatabai, LB Frank, GH TI Conservation of expression and N-terminal sequences of the Pasteurella haemolytica 31-kilodalton and Pasteurella trehalosi 29-kilodalton periplasmic iron-regulated proteins SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEINS; HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; A1; IDENTIFICATION; ANTIBODY; GENE; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; TRANSFERRIN; LEUKOTOXIN; SEROTYPES AB This study examined the conservation of expression of a 31-kDa iron-regulated protein by serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella trehalosi associated with pasteurellosis of cattle and sheep. A polyclonal antibody prepared against the purified 31-kDa periplasmic iron-regulated protein from P. haemolytica serotype A1 showed that all P. haemolytica serotypes expressed similar 31-kDa proteins with identical N-terminal sequences, whereas P. trehalosi serotypes expressed immunologically different 29-kDa proteins with a different N-terminal sequence. Antibody to the 31-kDa iron-regulated protein was a useful tool to distinguish similarities and differences of the iron-regulated proteins of P. haemolytica and P. trehalosi. C1 ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Tabatabai, LB (reprint author), ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 Dayton Rd,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 6 IS 4 BP 617 EP 620 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 215LA UT WOS:000081382100034 PM 10391874 ER PT J AU Larson, I Hoffmann, MM Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ Marz, W Kreuzer, J AF Larson, I Hoffmann, MM Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ Marz, W Kreuzer, J TI The lipoprotein lipase HindIII polymorphism: Association with total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, but not with HDL and triglycerides in 342 females SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; DNA POLYMORPHISMS; GENE POLYMORPHISMS; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; HEPATIC LIPASE; LPL GENE; PLASMA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; METABOLISM; SEQUENCE AB Background: Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the hydrolysis of core triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL. Methods: We investigated the association between the HindIII polymorphism of the LPL gene and fasting glucose, lipid, and lipoprotein concentrations in 683 Caucasians. We first stabilized the study subjects, using an 8-day diet and exercise intervention program before obtaining blood samples. The use of this standardization period reduced the variance of all glucose and lipid concentrations. Results: In our study, the HindIII allele frequencies for females and males were 0.29 and 0.34 for H- and 0.71 and 0.66 for H+, respectively. We found in females, but not in males, a significant association between the HindIII genotype and total cholesterol (P = 0.007) and LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.018), with females homozygous for the rare H- allele having the lowest, heterozygotes (H-if) having intermediate, and women homozygous for the common H+ allele having the highest of each of these lipid traits. With regard to triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and glucose, no significant effect of the HindIII genotype was noted in either gender. Conclusions: These results suggest that in a gender-specific manner, the rare LPL HindIII H- allele has a cholesterol-lowering and, therefore, potentially cardio-protective effect compared with the common H+ allele. (C) 1999 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. C1 Univ Heidelberg, Med Klin 3, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Freiburg, Klin Chem Abt, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany. RP Kreuzer, J (reprint author), Univ Heidelberg, Med Klin 3, Innere Med 3,Bergheimer Str 58, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany. RI Hoffmann, Michael/D-4074-2015; OI Hoffmann, Michael/0000-0001-8459-6080; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 48 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 45 IS 7 BP 963 EP 968 PG 6 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 213RB UT WOS:000081286100006 PM 10388470 ER PT J AU Seman, LJ DeLuca, C Jenner, JL Cupples, LA McNamara, JR Wilson, PWF Castelli, WP Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ AF Seman, LJ DeLuca, C Jenner, JL Cupples, LA McNamara, JR Wilson, PWF Castelli, WP Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ TI Lipoprotein(a)-cholesterol and coronary heart disease in the Framingham Heart Study SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LP(A) LIPOPROTEIN; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; PLASMA LIPOPROTEIN(A); REPLACEMENT THERAPY; APOLIPOPROTEIN-B; ARTERY DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; MEN; CHOLESTEROL; QUANTIFICATION AB Background: Increased plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations have been reported to be an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) in some prospective studies, but not in others. These inconsistencies may relate to a lack of standardization and the failure of some immunoassays to measure all apolipoprotein(a) isoforms equally. Methods: We measured plasma Lp(a)-cholesterol [Lp(a)C] in a Caucasian population of offspring and spouses of the Framingham Heart Study participants, using a lectin-based assay (Lipopro(TM)). We compared the prevalence of increased Lp(a)-C to the presence of sinking pre-beta-lipoprotein (SPB). We also related Lp(a)-C concentrations to the prevalence of CHD risk in the entire population. Results: The mean (+/- SD) Lp(a)-C concentration in the Framingham population (n = 3121) was 0.186 +/- 0.160 mmol/L, with no significant gender or age differences. The mean Lp(a)-C concentrations in the absence or presence of SPB were 0.158 +/- 0.132 mmol/L and 0.453 +/- 0.220 mmol/L, respectively (P <0.0001). The mean Lp(a)C concentration in men with CHD (n = 156) was 0.241 +/- 0.204 mmol/L, which was significantly (P <0.001) higher, by 34%, than in controls. The odds ratio for CHD risk in men with Lp(a)-C greater than or equal to 0.259 mmol/L (greater than or equal to 10 mg/dL), after adjusting for age, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, blood pressure, and body mass index, was 2.293 (confidence interval, 1.55-3.94; P <0.0005). Lp(a)-C values correlated highly with a Lp(a)mass immunoassay [Apotek(TM) Lp(a); r = 0.832; P <0.0001; n = 1000]. Conclusions: An increased Lp(a)-C value greater than or equal to 0.259 mmol/L (greater than or equal to 10 mg/dL) is an independent CHD risk factor in men with a relative risk of more than 2, but was inconclusive in women. Lp(a)-C measurements offer an alternative to Lp(a)-mass immunoassays and can be performed on automated analyzers. (C) 1999 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. C1 New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Diabet Metab & Mol Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer USDA, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Boston, MA 02118 USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, NIH, Framingham, MA 01702 USA. RP Seman, LJ (reprint author), New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Diabet Metab & Mol Med, Box 216,750 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00054]; NIA NIH HHS [T32AG00209] NR 42 TC 73 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 45 IS 7 BP 1039 EP 1046 PG 8 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 213RB UT WOS:000081286100016 PM 10388480 ER PT J AU Galluzzi, JR Ordovas, JM AF Galluzzi, JR Ordovas, JM TI Genotyping method for point mutation detection in the intestinal fatty acid binding protein, using fluorescent probes SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLYMORPHISM C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Galluzzi, JR (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776]; NIA NIH HHS [AG00209-09] NR 6 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 45 IS 7 BP 1092 EP 1094 PG 3 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 213RB UT WOS:000081286100026 PM 10388490 ER PT J AU Sacheck, JM Roubenoff, R AF Sacheck, JM Roubenoff, R TI Nutrition in the exercising elderly SO CLINICS IN SPORTS MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; HUMAN PROTEIN-REQUIREMENTS; VITAMIN-E SUPPLEMENTATION; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; CALCIUM-ABSORPTION; NITROGEN-BALANCE; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; DIETARY CALCIUM; RIBOFLAVIN REQUIREMENTS; ENDURANCE EXERCISE AB Although the nutritional needs of the elderly are addressed in many investigations, there is a paucity of studies on the needs of the exercising elderly. This article combines information on both nutrition and the special nutritional needs of a maturing population in which physical activity is becoming a major factor for many individuals. This article also addresses energy needs, pitfalls in fulfilling nutritional needs, the need for and benefits of specific essential nutrients, and recommendations for specific micronutrients. Information is presented logically and practically, in a way that is highly useful for anyone involved in the care of an elderly patient or family member. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Dept Med & Nutr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG00209-09] NR 157 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1600 JOHN F KENNEDY BOULEVARD, STE 1800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-2899 USA SN 0278-5919 EI 1556-228X J9 CLIN SPORT MED JI Clin. Sports Med. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 565 EP + DI 10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70169-1 PG 21 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 214JX UT WOS:000081325800009 PM 10410842 ER PT J AU Ding, ST McNeel, RL Mersmann, HJ AF Ding, ST McNeel, RL Mersmann, HJ TI Expression of porcine adipocyte transcripts: tissue distribution and differentiation in vitro and in vivo SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lipoprotein lipase; fatty acid binding protein; transcription factors; PPAR gamma; C/EBP alpha; RXR alpha; ADD1; adipocyte differentiation ID PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; LIPOPROTEIN-LIPASE; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNAS; PPAR-GAMMA; BETA; ALPHA; ACID; ADIPOGENESIS AB Transcription factor transcripts implicated in adipocyte differentiation (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma), retinoid x receptor alpha (RXR alpha), adipocyte determination and differentiation-dependent factor 1 (ADD1), and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha)) and adipocyte-characteristic protein transcripts (lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2)) were measured in pig tissues. Transcripts for PPAR gamma, ADD1, and aP2 were localized in porcine subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissues; transcripts for C/EBP alpha. and LPL were detected in other tissues, but the greatest concentrations were in the adipose tissues. In porcine stromal-vascular cells (S/V cells) differentiating in vitro, transcripts for PPAR gamma and aP2 increased gradually, transcripts for ADD1, and LPL increased early and transcripts for C/EBP alpha increased late. In pigs, adipose tissue transcripts for PPAR gamma, ADD1, and LPL were minimal at birth and increased to 28 days postpartum, transcripts for C/EBP alpha were low until 28 days and transcripts for aP2 were at high levels, regardless of age. Although transcript development was somewhat different in vitro and in vivo, the data suggest PPAR gamma land ADD1 are involved in regulation of transcripts for LPL and that there may be more partially differentiated precursor cells in S/V cells at day 0 than in adipose tissue at birth. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Mersmann, HJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Ding, Shih-Torng/0000-0002-9866-1776 NR 39 TC 85 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 123 IS 3 BP 307 EP 318 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(99)00077-2 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 220NN UT WOS:000081672200010 PM 10481259 ER PT J AU Jensen, KB Redinbaugh, M Blood, M Horton, WH Asay, KH AF Jensen, KB Redinbaugh, M Blood, M Horton, WH Asay, KH TI Natural hybrids of Elymus elymoides x Leymus salinus subsp salmonis (Poaceae : Triticeae) SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PHYLOGENY; AMBIGUUS AB Several putative hybrids between Elymus elymoides (Rafin,) Sweezey and Leymus salinus (M.E. Jones) A, Love subsp, salmonis (C, Hitchc,) Atkins were found growing on the west side of the Great Salt Lake, near Lakeside, UT in 1995. Naturally occurring hybrids between these two species have not been documented previously. Cytological, morphological, and chloroplast DNA analysis of the hybrids and parents confirmed the hypothesis that these plants were hybrids of the two species. Elymus elymoides and L. salinus subsp. salmonis were the only Triticeae species growing in the area that could have contributed to the intermediate morphological features expressed in the hybrids, Leymus salinus subsp, salmonis (NsNsXmXm; 2n = 4x = 28) and E. elymoides (StStHH; 2n = 4x = 28) are allotetraploids that regularly formed 14 bivalents at metaphase I (MI). The hybrids between the two species are also tetraploids and averaged 22.1 univalents and 2.86 bivalent associations per cell at MI. Chromosome pairing in the hybrids suggests essentially no homology between the chromosomes from the two parents; thus the genomic formula for the hybrid can be written as StHNsXm. The hybrids were morphologically intermediate between the suspected parent species, but they resembled L. salinus subsp, salmonis more closely than E. elymoides, Analysis of chloroplast DNA in the hybrid and its putative parents, demonstrates cytoplasmic DNA identical to E. elymoides, suggesting that E. elymoides was the maternal parent. Complete sterility and reduction in chromosome pairing in the natural hybrids between E. elymoides and L. salinus subsp, salmonis suggest that the potential for genetic exchange between the two species is limited or lacking, Due to hybrid sterility, the natural hybrid will have little impact on the native vegetation of the western deserts of Utah and, without restored fertility, has no potential as a restoration grass on semiarid range sites. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USAF, Nat Resources Grp, Ogden, UT 84056 USA. RP Jensen, KB (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RI Redinbaugh, Margaret/A-3611-2013 NR 17 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 976 EP 982 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700004 ER PT J AU Lamb, JFS Barnes, DK Henjum, KI AF Lamb, JFS Barnes, DK Henjum, KI TI Gain from two cycles of divergent selection for root morphology in alfalfa SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CULTIVARS AB Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has been identified for use in phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is defined as the use of green plants to remove or contain environmental contaminants. Alteration of root morphology would increase the degradative efficiency of alfalfa for phytoremediation. Root morphology traits in alfalfa are heritable, but are strongly influenced by dormancy and geographic origin. Our objective was to create alfalfa source germplasms that differ in root morphology within the same genetic background. Four experimental alfalfa germplasms differing in dormancy and genetic origin were evaluated after two cycles of divergent selection for root morphology traits. Two sources were selected for few vs. many lateral roots and the other two sources were selected for few vs. many fibrous roots followed by one subsequent cycle of selection for few vs. many lateral roots. These divergent populations were evaluated using two fertilizer rates (0 and 200 kg N ha(-1)) and were established twice at each of two locations. Plants from one experiment at each location were dug at the end of the establishment year and from the second experiment at the end of the first production gear. All plants were evaluated for number of lateral roots, fibrous root mass, taproot diameter, plant count per plot, and plot root weight. Two cycles of divergent selection for root morphology traits in all four source germplasms produced alfalfa populations that differed in root morphology. Realized heritabilities from all germplasm sources ranged from 21 to 48% for fibrous root mass and from 11 to 43% for lateral root number. Response to selection varied among the four source germplasms and indicated that the choice of parent germplasm will be a factor for success in producing alfalfa populations that differ in root morphology within a single genetic source. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Lamb, JFS (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, 411 Borlaug Hall, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1026 EP 1035 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700011 ER PT J AU Jones, TA Zhang, XY Wang, RRC AF Jones, TA Zhang, XY Wang, RRC TI Genome characterization of MT-2 perennial and OK-906 annual wheat x intermediate wheatgrass hybrids SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; THINOPYRUM-INTERMEDIUM; ELYTRIGIA-CAESPITOSA; PARTIAL AMPHIPLOIDS; IDENTIFICATION; CHROMOSOMES; TRITICEAE; GRAMINEAE; AGROTANA; PONTICUM AB Montana-2 (MT-2; X Agrotriticum intermediodurum Khizhnyak) is a variable perennial F-5:15 line derived from hybridization between durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum, AABB) and Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw. & D.R. Dewey (StStEEEE). OK-906 is a uniform annual line derived from hybridization between hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L,, AABBDD) and an unknown Thinopyrum sp. followed by backcrossing to wheat and several generations of selling and selection. We wished to characterize perennial (Thinopyrum) and annual (Triticum) chromosome content of MT-2 and OK-906 to determine how chromosome content corresponds to perenniality. When DNA of genomes ABD (T. aestivum) + E-b [Thinopyrum bessarabicum (Savul & Rayss) Love] was used as the block and DNA of the genome St [Pseudoroegneria stipifolia (Czern. ex Nevski) A. Love] was used as the probe, the average chromosome content among15 MT-2 lines was 26.2 wheat + 9.4 St + 18.8 E + 1.5 St/E translocation = 55.9 chromosomes (8x). Variation for genomic content was found within as well as among MT-2 lines, indicating that instability remains in the material. OK-906 exhibited about 40 wheat + 6 St + 8 E + 2 St/E translocation = 56 chromosomes (8x), but some aneuploidy was present. Its chromosome content is similar to 'Agrotana', another wheat X Thinopyrum annual. Perenniality in MT-2 may relate to its higher perennial chromosome dosage (about 30 of about 56 chromosomes) than OK-906 or Agrotana (16 of 56 chromosomes). Alternatively, specific genes or chromosome segments may confer perenniality. Development of stable breeding populations from MT-2 is improbable because of its variable chromosome constitution. However individual lines could be useful for forage if they could be stabilized with improved seed yield. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Crop Germplasm Resources, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. RP Jones, TA (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1041 EP 1043 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700013 ER PT J AU Maan, SS Joppa, LR Kianian, SF AF Maan, SS Joppa, LR Kianian, SF TI Linkage between the centromere and a gene producing nucleocytoplasmic compatibility in durum wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CYTOPLASMIC COMPATIBILITY; GROUP-1 CHROMOSOMES; COMMON WHEAT; VI GENES; SCS AB Species cytoplasm specific (scs) genes on chromosome 1A (1A(scs)) derived from Triticum timopheevii Zhuk. and chromosome LD (1D(scs)) derived from common wheat improve compatibility between the durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var. durum) nucleus and Aegilops longissima S.& M. (lo) cytoplasm. The (lo) scs durum lines thus produced are male sterile and when crossed with durum produce viable plump seeds carrying scs and inviable shriveled seeds without scs, Objectives of the present study were to determine centromere-scs linkage distances and viability and transmission of female gametes carrying one or both scs genes. The Oo) scs durum heterozygous for 1A/1A(scs) was crossed with the Langdon (LDN) durum disomic substitution line 1D(scs)(1A) in which the 1A chromosome pair is substituted by a 1D(scs) pair. Two types of 1A + 1D double monosomic F(1)s were recovered, Oo) durum 13 " + 1'1A(scs) + 1'1D(scs), and (lo) durum 13 " + 1'1A + 1'1D(scs), which were confirmed in progeny tests with normal durum. For centromere mapping, these lines were crossed with LDN double ditelosomic 1A (LDN dDt 1A; 2n = 30; 13 " + t " 1AS + t " 1AL) and progeny examined for meiotic chromosome constitution. No telocentric t1AL(scs) arising from recombination with 1A(scs) was detected, indicating that scs is tightly Linked to the centromere on chromosome 1A. To determine the transmission of female gametes carrying one or both scs genes, Oo) durum 13 " + 1'1A(scs) + 1'1D(scs) was crossed with LDN dot 1A and control durum. The functional female gametes carried one or both scs genes. Crosses of Oo) durum 13 " + 1'1A + 1'1D(scs) to LDN dot 1A produced several plants with a T1AL.1DL translocation chromosome. The formation of this chromosome was coupled with strong selection for the scs gene on 1DL. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Kianian, SF (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1044 EP 1048 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700014 ER PT J AU Li, AG Wall, GW Trent, A Hou, YS AF Li, AG Wall, GW Trent, A Hou, YS TI Free-air CO2 enrichment effects on apex dimensional growth of spring wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID APICAL DEVELOPMENT; SHOOT APEX; TEMPERATURE; NITROGEN AB Although primordium initiation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L,) has been extensively researched, a complete description of the growth dynamics of the apex at elevated CO2 concentrations is lacking. This study determined the rates of main stem and tiller apical elongation and widening in plants grown under two levels of CO2 concentration. Spring wheat was grown at the University of Arizona's Maricopa Agricultural Center at elevated (550 mu mol mol(-1)) or ambient (370 mu mol mol(-1)) CO2 concentrations. Individual plant samples were collected at different developmental stages and dissected. After dissection, the Lengths and widths of the spires of the main stem (MS), coleoptile tiller (T0), primary tillers (T1, T2, and T3), and secondary tillers (T00, T01, T02, T10, T11, and T12) were measured with a stage micrometer. Apex dimensions were fitted to an exponential model, Elevated CO2 increased the apex lengths of T2 at the double ridge stage, and of T3 and T10 at the double ridge and the terminal spikelet stages, and the apex widths of T2 at double ridge stage, and of T2, T3, T10, and T11 at the flag leaf appearance stage. Combining these results with a parallel study, the longer apices did not have more spikelet primordia, but wider apices had more floret primordia, Elevated CO2 changed apex elongation or widening patterns within a plant by enhancing elongation or widening rates of the MS, and later formed tillers. Earlier-formed tillers were less responsive to elevated CO2 levels. This information will be used in modeling wheat apical development and grain production in the elevated atmospheric CO2 environments of the future. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. ARS, USDA, Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Weed Sci Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Li, AG (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1083 EP 1088 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700021 ER PT J AU Frank, AB Berdahl, JD AF Frank, AB Berdahl, JD TI Soil water use by diploid and tetraploid Russian wildrye SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WHEAT; REGISTRATION; RYEGRASS; ROOT AB Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski] is an important cool-season forage grass for the Northern Great Plains, but it exhibits poor seedling vigor. Tetraploid (2n=4x=28) plants hare improved seedling vigor over diploid (2n=2x=14) plants, but data is lacking on plant-soil-water relations. Objectives of this research were to compare water-use efficiency (WUE), evapotranspiration (ET), rooting activity, and water extraction in relation to Ham stage for diploid and tetraploid Russian wildrye. A diploid and tetraploid entry were evaluated for 3 yr under two water treatments (50 and 150% of monthly average precipitation for 1 April to 1 November) and two fertilizer rates (10 and 134 kg N ha(-1)) in a rain shelter. The soil was a Parshall fine sandy loam (Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Pachic Haplustoll). Cumulative ET averaged across the 50 and 150% water treatments was 138 and 141 mm for the diploid and tetraploid, respectively. Rate of root activity progression was linear with Haun to the 1.2-m depth and ranged from 0.148 to 0.163 m per Haun stage for the diploid and tetraploid, respectively, at 50% water, Forage yield of the tetraploid was greater than the diploid at the 50%, but not at the 150% water treatment. Water-use efficiency was higher for the tetraploid (3.8 g kg(-1)) than the diploid (3.1 g kg(-1)) at the 50% water treatment, but at 150% water the entries were not different. Overall, the tetraploid entry exhibited a more favorable WUE and other soil mater relations than did the diploid entry. C1 ARS, USDA, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Frank, AB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1101 EP 1106 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700024 ER PT J AU Rao, SC Popham, TW AF Rao, SC Popham, TW TI Urea placement and nitrification inhibitor effects on growth and nitrogen accumulation by no-till winter wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FERTILIZER NITROGEN; PLOWED SOILS; SURFACE; PLANT AB Reduced forage production, grain yield, and visual N deficiency symptoms in no-till winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) prompted this study. Our objectives were to determine the effect of urea placement and two nitrification inhibitors-nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6 (trichloromethyl) pyridine] (NP) and dicyandiamide? (DCD)-on aerial dry matter and N accumulation. A 4-yr field study,vas conducted on a Renfrow silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Udertic Paleustoll) silt loam near El Reno, OK. The seven treatments included urea fertilizer (60 kg N ha(-1)) with and without the two inhibitors, surface broadcast or bended 3 to 4 cm below the seed row, and an unfertilized control. Aerial dry matter accumulation during autumn was higher for banded urea plus DCD (22%) and broadcast urea plus DCD (25%), than for broadcast urea without an inhibitor. Whole plant N content during autumn also was higher For banded urea plus DCD (28%) than for broadcast urea without an inhibitor. Neither inhibitor nor placement affected total dry matter accumulation measured at tillering, but differences were noted at spike emergence, grainfill, and final harvest. At spike emergence in 1991, when climatic conditions were favorable for early season wheat growth, N content was greater for broadcast urea plus nitrapyrin than for broadcast urea or banded urea without inhibitor. At final harvest, both DCD treatments exhibited greater N content than all other N treatments. In 1993, when climatic conditions were favorable for leaching, DCD was effective in slowing nitrification and increasing N uptake, regardless of fertilizer placement. Our results suggest that fall application of DCD with urea can potentially increase autumn forage production and N content, thus prolonging the sating season or accommodating increased stocking rates. C1 ARS, USDA, SPA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Rao, SC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SPA, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1115 EP 1119 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700027 ER PT J AU Marcon, A Kaeppler, SM Jensen, SG Senior, L Stuber, C AF Marcon, A Kaeppler, SM Jensen, SG Senior, L Stuber, C TI Loci controlling resistance to high plains virus and wheat streak mosaic virus in a B73 x Mo17 population of maize SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PLANT-VIRUSES; GENE; DISEASE; MARKERS AB High Plains disease has the potential to cause significant yield loss in susceptible corn (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes, especially in the central and western USA. The primary causal agent, High Plains virus (HPV), is vectored by wheat curl mite (WCM; Aceria tossichella Keifer), which is also the vector of wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). In general, the two diseases occur together as a mixed infection in the field. The objective of this research was to characterize the inheritance of HPV and WSMV resistance using B73 (resistant to HPV and WSMV) X Mo17 (moderately susceptible to HPV and WSMV) recombinant inbred lines. A population of 129 recombinant inbred lines scored for 167 molecular markers was used to evaluate resistance to WSMV and to a mixed infection of WSMV and HPV. Loci conferring resistance to systemic movement of WSMV in plants mapped to chromosomes 3, 6, and 10, consistent with the map position of wsm2, wsm1, and wsm3, respectively. Major genes for resistance to systemic spread of HPV in doubly infected plants mapped to chromosomes 3 and 6, coincident or tightly linked with the WSMV resistance loci. Analysis of doubly infected plants revealed that chromosome 6 had a major effect on HPV resistance, consistent with our previous analysis of B73 X W64A and B73 x Wf9 populations. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting resistance to localized symptom development mapped to chromosomes 4 (umc66), 5 (bn15.40), and 6 (umc85), and accounted for 24% of the phenotypic variation. Localized symptoms may reflect the amount of mite feeding or the extent of virus spread at the point of infection. Identification of cosegregating markers may facilitate selection for HPV and WSMV resistance in corn breeding programs. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, Wheat Sorghum & Forage Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Novartis Seeds Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Genet, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Kaeppler, SM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. OI Kaeppler, Shawn/0000-0002-5964-1668 NR 36 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1171 EP 1177 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700037 ER PT J AU Campbell, KG Bergman, CJ Gualberto, DG Anderson, JA Giroux, MJ Hareland, G Fulcher, RG Sorrells, ME Finney, PL AF Campbell, KG Bergman, CJ Gualberto, DG Anderson, JA Giroux, MJ Hareland, G Fulcher, RG Sorrells, ME Finney, PL TI Quantitative trait loci associated with kernel traits in a soft x hard wheat cross SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-GENETIC MAPS; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; WINTER-WHEAT; CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION; GRAIN-YIELD; MAIZE; QUALITY; RICE; POPULATION; RESISTANCE AB Kernel morphology and texture influence the value of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The objectives of this study were to determine associations between kernel traits and molecular markers and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting kernel traits in a soft x hard white wheat cross. Seventy eight F-2.5-derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a cross between the soft white wheat NY6432-18 (NY18) and the hard white wheat 'Clark's Cream' (CC) were developed by single seed descent. Kernel texture was measured by near infrared reflectance (NIR) on RIL grain samples from six environments. Digital image analysis (DW) was used to measure kernel length, width, area, perimeter on grain samples from four environments. Test weight and thousand kernel weight (TKW) were also determined. Shape factor and density factor were calculated. The map for this population consisted of 313 molecular markers in 47 linkage groups located on all wheat homoeologous chromosome groups. Linkage groups that mapped to wheat homoeologous group 2 chromosomes were highly skewed towards NY18 alleles. Genotype effects and genotype x environment interactions were highly significant for most traits. QTLs for kernel width and kernel length also influenced kernel area and TKW, but did not influence each other. The pinB marker at the puroindoline B locus on chromosome 5DS explained over 60% of the phenotypic variation for kernel texture. QTLs for kernel traits were located on chromosomes 1A, 2B, 2D, 3B, 7A, and 7B. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. ARS, USDA, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Rice Res Unit, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55116 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. ARS, USDA, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Food Sci & Nutr, St Paul, MN 55116 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding & Biometry, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Campbell, KG (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 54 TC 120 Z9 151 U1 1 U2 15 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1184 EP 1195 PG 12 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700039 ER PT J AU Dean, RE Dahlberg, JA Hopkins, MS Mitchell, SE Kresovich, S AF Dean, RE Dahlberg, JA Hopkins, MS Mitchell, SE Kresovich, S TI Genetic redundancy and diversity among 'orange' accessions in the US National Sorghum Collection as assessed with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MICROSATELLITE LOCI; SIZING TECHNOLOGY; DISTANCES; TREES AB Plant genetic resources conservation is a challenge based on the need to balance acquisition priorities with the constrained level of financial support that is dedicated to long-term maintenance of collections. As such, understanding Low variation is partitioned among accessions is essential for effective management. It is generally recognized that most large collections exhibit varying levels of genetic redundancy. To address this issue, all of the sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] accessions identified as 'Orange' presently maintained by the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) were assayed with 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Genotyping was performed with fluorescent primers with five primer sets in each of three multiplex polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and automated allele sizing. A total of 96 individuals were analyzed, five plants from each of 19 Orange accessions and one individual from an elite inbred Line,'RTx430'. The SSR markers provided substantial genetic resolution among the Orange entries. Average heterozygosity estimates were low, and phenetic analyses (neighbor-joining dendograms) were generally consistent with known historical relationships among accessions. Most accessions were genetically distinct, but two redundant groups (involving a total of five entries) were found among the 19 Orange accessions evaluated. The molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) showed that 90% of the total genetic variation was partitioned among accessions, while one-tenth of the variation resulted from genetic differences between individual plants within accessions. The variance analysis also indicated that it should be possible to reduce the number of Orange accessions held by NPGS by almost half without seriously jeopardizing the overall amount of genetic variation contained in these holdings. This study demonstrated that a limited number of SSR markers can be used in a cost-efficient manner to rapidly assess variation in accessions of Orange sorghum. C1 Cornell Univ, Inst Genom Divers, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. ARS, USDA, Trop Agr Res Stn, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. RP Kresovich, S (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Inst Genom Divers, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 26 TC 55 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1215 EP 1221 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700043 ER PT J AU Skinner, DZ Bauchan, GR Auricht, G Hughes, S AF Skinner, DZ Bauchan, GR Auricht, G Hughes, S TI A method for the efficient management and utilization of large germplasm collections SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ANNUAL MEDICAGO AB To make efficient use of large germplasm collections, it is advisable to assemble a representative core collection and to evaluate the relationships among the traits studied. However, the assemblage of a core collection from very large germplasm collections is problematic The computing resources needed to carry out genetic distance calculations and comparisons with commonly available programs is prohibitively large. The objects of this study were (i) to develop a method which assembles a core collection by maximizing the diversity (measured as mean Euclidean distance) from within groups of accessions defined by species, subspecies, and geographic origin and (ii) to test the effectiveness of the method on a collection of 20 997 annual Medicago accessions from the Australian Medicago Resource Center in Adelaide, South Australia, that bad been evaluated for 27 agronomic characteristics. The method resulted in a core collection of 1705 accessions that represented 74% of the extremes of the 27 characters, indicating that the entire range of the characters was represented in most cases. Accessions representing the extremes easily could be added to the core collection. The method used requires relatively minor computing resources and should be useful to curators of large germplasm collections. To assess the relationships among the 27 measured traits, correlation coefficients of all possible combinations of traits were calculated. The most strongly associated traits were, as expected, such traits as grams of seed per plant and grams of pods per plant and indicated that some traits could be omitted from future evaluations with little loss of information, thereby increasing the efficiency with which germplasm evaluations can be carried out. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, ARS, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, PSI, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. S Australian Res & Dev Inst, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. RP Skinner, DZ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, ARS, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 12 TC 54 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1237 EP 1242 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700046 ER PT J AU Hopkins, MS Casa, AM Wang, T Mitchell, SE Dean, RE Kochert, GD Kresovich, S AF Hopkins, MS Casa, AM Wang, T Mitchell, SE Dean, RE Kochert, GD Kresovich, S TI Discovery and characterization of polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in peanut SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA L; MOLECULAR MARKERS; CULTIVATED PEANUT; DNA MARKERS; RFLP; IDENTIFICATION; MICROSATELLITES; RESOURCES; RAPD AB Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L), an important agronomic crop, exhibits a considerable amount of variability for morphological traits and for resistance to diseases and pests. In contrast, molecular marker assays have detected little variation at the nucleic acid level. Identification of molecular markers would be of great help to peanut breeders, geneticists, and taxonomists. The objectives of this work were to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in cultivated peanut and to test these markers for their ability to discriminate among accessions. Peanut total genomic DNA libraries were constructed and screened with P-32-labeled dinucleotide repeats, (GT)(10) and (CT)(10). DNA sequences were obtained from the SSR-containing clones and, when possible, primer pairs were designed on the basis of DNA sequences flanking the repeat motif. Primer pairs were tested in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays using a collection of 22 peanut DNAs, representing both cultivated peanut and wild species. In all, six SSR markers, five from the library screening procedure and one additional marker obtained from a search of publicly available DNA sequences, detected polymorphisms among the peanut DNAs. Discrimination power was high among the cultivated peanuts, with 17 unique genotypes represented among the 19 accessions tested. From two to 14 DNA fragments were amplified per SSR marker, and as a group, the six markers may amplify up to 10 putive SSR loci. The SSR markers identified in this study were more effective in detecting molecular variation in cultivated peanut than all other DNA based markers evaluated to date. C1 ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, USDA, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Cornell Univ, Inst Genom Divers, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Hopkins, MS (reprint author), ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, USDA, 1109 Expt St, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 25 TC 107 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 8 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1243 EP 1247 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700047 ER PT J AU Young, LD AF Young, LD TI Efficiency gained by screening segregating soybean progenies with soybean cyst nematode race 2 versus race 5 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID REGISTRATION AB Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a major pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the USA and has many races. The use of SCN resistant cultivars effects changes in the ability of H. glycines field populations to parasitize these cultivars. The objective of this experiment was to determine if screening for race 2 resistance alone was sufficient to identify resistance for both races 2 and 5. Progenies of crosses involving 'Hartwig" soybean were tested for resistance to either SCN race 2 or 5 in the F-2 generation and for resistance to both races in the F-2:3 generation in greenhouse studies. Individual plants were grown in soil infested with 1000 eggs of the appropriate race. Resistant plants were transplanted to the field for seed production. Progenies from the harvested plants were tested with both races in separate tests. All F-2:3 progenies resistant to race 2 were also resistant to race 5. Only 64% of F-2:3 progenies resistant to race 5 were also resistant to race 3. These results indicate that it is more efficient to screen for race 2 resistance alone than to screen for resistance to either race 5 or both races when resistance to both races is sought from crosses involving Hartwig. C1 ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res, USDA, Jackson, TN 38301 USA. RP Young, LD (reprint author), ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res, USDA, 605 Airways Blvd, Jackson, TN 38301 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1248 EP 1249 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700048 ER PT J AU Kidwell, KK Shelton, GS Morris, CF Line, RF Miller, BC Davis, MA Konzak, CF AF Kidwell, KK Shelton, GS Morris, CF Line, RF Miller, BC Davis, MA Konzak, CF TI Registration of 'Scarlet' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Western Reg Qual Lab, USDA, Pullman, WA USA. ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, USDA, Pullman, WA USA. RP Kidwell, KK (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1255 EP 1255 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700049 ER PT J AU McClung, AM Marchetti, MA Webb, BD Bollich, CN AF McClung, AM Marchetti, MA Webb, BD Bollich, CN TI Registration of 'Madison' rice SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. RP McClung, AM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 1509 Aggie Dr, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. NR 2 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1256 EP 1256 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700050 ER PT J AU Beaver, JS Miklas, PN AF Beaver, JS Miklas, PN TI Registration of 'Morales' small white bean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GOLDEN MOSAIC-VIRUS C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Agron & Soils, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. ARS, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, USDA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Beaver, JS (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Agron & Soils, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. NR 2 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1257 EP 1257 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700052 ER PT J AU Beaver, JS Miklas, PN Echavez-Badel, R AF Beaver, JS Miklas, PN Echavez-Badel, R TI Registration of 'Rosada Nativa' pink bean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GOLDEN MOSAIC-VIRUS C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Agron & Soils, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Crop Protect, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. ARS, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, USDA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Beaver, JS (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Agron & Soils, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. NR 3 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1257 EP 1257 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700051 ER PT J AU Hanna, WW Elsner, JE AF Hanna, WW Elsner, JE TI Registration of 'TifEagle' bermudagrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Georgia Dept Agr, Georgia Seed Dev Commiss, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Hanna, WW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 0 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1258 EP 1258 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700053 ER PT J AU Beaver, JS Zapata, M Miklas, PN AF Beaver, JS Zapata, M Miklas, PN TI Registration of PR9443-4 dry bean germplasm resistant to bean golden mosaic, common bacterial blight, and rust SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VIRUS C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Agron & Soils, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Crop Protect, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. ARS, Ctr Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, USDA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Beaver, JS (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Agron & Soils, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. NR 2 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1262 EP 1262 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700059 ER PT J AU Pedersen, JF Toy, JJ AF Pedersen, JF Toy, JJ TI Registration of N244 and N245 Sorghum germplasm R-lines SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Pedersen, JF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1263 EP 1263 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700060 ER PT J AU Pedersen, JF Toy, JJ AF Pedersen, JF Toy, JJ TI Registration of N246 and N247 Sorghum germplasm R-lines SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Pedersen, JF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1263 EP 1263 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217TU UT WOS:000081515700061 ER PT J AU Towill, LE Forsline, PL AF Towill, LE Forsline, PL TI Cryopreservation of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) using a dormant vegetative bud method SO CRYOLETTERS LA English DT Article DE cryopreservation; genetic resources; germplasm preservation; liquid nitrogen; long term storage; sour cherry ID APPLE BUDS; LIQUID-NITROGEN; DEHYDRATION AB Five sour cherry varieties were successfully cryopreserved using cold hardy, dormant vegetative buds. Viability was estimated by chip budding to rootstock. Twig sections dried to moisture contents of approximately 25% (fresh weight basis) survived exposure to ca. -160 degrees C more successfully than those with higher moisture contents. Levels of survival observed were sufficient to initiate practical application of cryopreservation in sour cherry and in a test of 19 lines, 13 had survival rates exceeding 40% after liquid nitrogen exposure. Further studies are needed to reduce variability in survival obtained after low temperature exposure and to define other factors that are important in retrieving viable bud and cambial tissues. The dormant, vegetative bud method is a simple system to preserve sour cherry, and can be used to screen lines that will require either modified, or entirely different, cryopreservation strategies. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. RP Towill, LE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Seed Storage Lab, 1111 S Mason St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 15 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU CRYO LETTERS PI LONDON PA C/O ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE, ROYAL COLLEGE ST, LONDON NW1 0TU, ENGLAND SN 0143-2044 J9 CRYOLETTERS JI CryoLetters PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 20 IS 4 BP 215 EP 222 PG 8 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA 225DM UT WOS:000081942200004 ER PT J AU Ashwell, CM McMurtry, JP Wang, XH Zhou, Y Vasilatos-Younken, R AF Ashwell, CM McMurtry, JP Wang, XH Zhou, Y Vasilatos-Younken, R TI Effects of growth hormone and pair-feeding on leptin mRNA expression in liver and adipose tissue SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; PLASMA LEPTIN; FOOD-INTAKE; METABOLISM; SECRETION; CLONING; GENE AB Previous research has reported that elevations in circulating growth hormone (GH) levels in meat-type chickens depresses feed intake (FI) more than 30%. It is known that the product of the obese gene, leptin, functions to regulate Fl and energy expenditure. To investigate the effect of GH on leptin gene expression, broiler chickens were infused with recombinant chicken GH. To separate any secondary effects of a GH-induced reduction in FI on leptin expression, groups of birds were pair-fed to an average level of voluntary intake similar to GH-treated birds, but received no GH treatment. GH treatment induced a dose-dependent increase in liver leptin gene expression, as measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, whereas leptin expression in adipose tissue was unchanged. Conversely, in chickens pair-fed (feed-restricted) there was a decrease in leptin gene expression in both tissues. These results provide evidence of a direct effect of GH on leptin gene expression, which is independent of any effects on intake attributable to GH-treatment, and suggest differential regulation of leptin expression between adipose tissue and liver. The results of these experiments provide the first evidence of a relationship between GH and leptin in domestic birds. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Coll Agr Sci, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP McMurtry, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 24 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1 BP 77 EP 84 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(99)00018-1 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 229VA UT WOS:000082215400007 PM 10484132 ER PT J AU Seiler, GJ Brothers, ME AF Seiler, GJ Brothers, ME TI Oil concentration and fatty acid composition of Achenes of Helianthus species (Asteraceae) from Canada SO ECONOMIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Helianthus spp.; Asteraceae; oil content; palmitic, stearic, linoleic, and oleic fatty acids ID SEED OIL; SUNFLOWER AB The cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for its edible oil. Species of the genus Helianthus served as the ancestral stock for the present cultivated sunflower. The wild relatives are a valuable genetic reservoir for improving the crop species. This study examined oil concentration and fatty acid composition in oil of two annual Helianthus species (31 populations) and four perennial species (32 populations) from the prairie provinces of Canada. The highest average oil concentration was observed in annual H. petiolaris with 31.3%. Among the perennials, H. maximiliani Schrad. had the highest average oil concentration with 31.1%. Helianthus tuberosus L. had the highest average palmitic (16:0) acid concentration with 8.0%, while the lowest value was observed ii? H. petiolaris with 4.0%. The highest average stearic (18:0) acid concentration was found in H. annuus with 2.9%, while H. petiolaris had the loll,est with 2.3%. The highest average oleic acid (18:1) was observed in H. petiolaris (18.4%), and the highest linoleic (18:2) was observed in H, maximiliani (77.4%). The variability within the wild species appears to be sufficient Sor altering oil and fatty acid characteristics in cultivated sunflower. C1 ARS, USDA, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. ARS, USDA, N Cent Reg Plant Intro Stn, Ames, IA 50001 USA. RP Seiler, GJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB 5677, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0013-0001 J9 ECON BOT JI Econ. Bot. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 53 IS 3 BP 273 EP 280 DI 10.1007/BF02866637 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 239VY UT WOS:000082791600003 ER PT J AU Wear, DN AF Wear, DN TI Challenges to interdisciplinary discourse SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Editorial Material DE interdisciplinary research; rhetoric C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Wear, DN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, POB 12254,3041 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 3 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 2 IS 4 BP 299 EP 301 DI 10.1007/s100219900080 PG 3 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 227BG UT WOS:000082057600007 ER PT J AU Pickett, STA Burch, WR Grove, JM AF Pickett, STA Burch, WR Grove, JM TI Interdisciplinary research: Maintaining the constructive impulse in a culture of criticism SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE ecological theory; synthesis; social science; urban ID MANAGEMENT C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, S Burlington, VT 05403 USA. RP Pickett, STA (reprint author), Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. NR 33 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 2 IS 4 BP 302 EP 307 DI 10.1007/s100219900081 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 227BG UT WOS:000082057600008 ER PT J AU Carpenter, C Fayer, R Trout, J Beach, MJ AF Carpenter, C Fayer, R Trout, J Beach, MJ TI Chlorine disinfection of recreational water for Cryptosporidium parvum SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SWIMMING POOL; OOCYSTS; OUTBREAK; INACTIVATION AB We examined the effects of chlorine on oocyst viability, under the conditions of controlled pH and elevated calcium concentrations required for most community swimming pools. We found that fecal material may alter the Ct values (chlorine concentration in mg/L, multiplied by time in minutes) needed to disinfect swimming pools or other recreational water for Cryptosporidium parvum. C1 USDA ARS, LPSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Carpenter, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, LPSI, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 34 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 9 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 579 EP 584 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 225WE UT WOS:000081988300025 PM 10458969 ER PT J AU Anderson, P Alborn, H AF Anderson, P Alborn, H TI Effects on oviposition behaviour and larval development of Spodoptera littoralis by herbivore-induced changes in cotton plants SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE herbivore-induced defence; oviposition; Spodoptera littoralis; larval development ID WOUND-INDUCED CHANGES; INDUCED RESISTANCE; SYSTEMIC INDUCTION; PARASITIC WASPS; SPIDER MITES; SEEDLINGS; LEPIDOPTERA; ATTRACTION; VOLATILES; PHEROMONE AB Herbivore feeding induces chemical defence responses in plants. In this study we investigate how herbivore-induced changes in cotton plants, Gossypium hirsutum L., influence the oviposition behaviour and larval development of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In two-choice experiments female moths preferred to oviposit on small plants (3-4 leaves) that had been fed on by 3rd to 4th instar larvae (72%) over non-damaged control plants. However, when using larger plants (8 to 10 true leaves) the preference was reversed, with only 31% of the eggs deposited on the induced plants. The same trend was found with plants that had been given a similar level of damage by 6th instar larvae. However, the difference between the treatments was in both cases smaller with only 60% of the eggs deposited on the preferred plant treatment. If cotton plants subjected to artificial damage were compared with undamaged plants, none of the treatments were preferred for oviposition. No significant difference was found in larval weight, pupal weight, survival, or development time, between larvae reared their entire development on leaves from induced or from non-induced plants. C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Plant Protect Sci, S-23053 Alnap, Sweden. ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32694 USA. RP Anderson, P (reprint author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Plant Protect Sci, Box 44, S-23053 Alnap, Sweden. NR 31 TC 42 Z9 47 U1 5 U2 20 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 92 IS 1 BP 45 EP 51 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00523.x PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 220VC UT WOS:000081687300006 ER PT J AU Bengston, DN Fan, DP AF Bengston, DN Fan, DP TI Roads on the US national forests - An analysis of public attitudes, beliefs, and values expressed in the news media SO ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article ID AGENDA; COVERAGE; OPINION; PRESS; ENVIRONMENT; MANAGEMENT; IMPACT; TRENDS; ISSUE AB Public attitudes, beliefs, and underlying values about roads on the U.S. national forests expressed in more than 4,000 on-line news stories during a 3-year period are analyzed by using computer methods. The belief that forest roads provide access for recreation was expressed most frequently, accounting for about 40% of all beliefs expressed. The belief that roads cause ecological damage was the second-most prominent belief. The volume and nature of media debate about forest roads changed in the third quarter of 1997 due to narrowly defeated proposals in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate to make major cuts in spending on roads. During this quarter, the belief that road building on the national forests is a subsidy to the timber industry was expressed most frequently. Implications for developing a transportation policy for the national forests that more accurately reflects current social attitudes, beliefs, and values are discussed. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cnet Res Stn, St Paul, MN USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Genet & Cell Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. InfoTrend Inc, St Paul, MN USA. RP Bengston, DN (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cnet Res Stn, St Paul, MN USA. NR 63 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0013-9165 J9 ENVIRON BEHAV JI Environ. Behav. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 31 IS 4 BP 514 EP 539 DI 10.1177/00139169921972218 PG 26 WC Environmental Studies; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Psychology GA 215VH UT WOS:000081403800004 ER PT J AU Uri, ND Atwood, JD Sanabria, J AF Uri, ND Atwood, JD Sanabria, J TI The Environmental benefits and costs of conservation tillage SO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE conservation tillage; environmental benefits; environmental costs; production agriculture; Universal Soil Loss Equation ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; CROP RESIDUE; CARBON; WILDLIFE; IMPACTS; RUNOFF; DYNAMICS; RAINFALL AB Every production practice, including conservation tillage, has positive or negative environmental consequences that may involve air, land, water, and/or the health and ecological status of wildlife. The negative impacts associated with agricultural production, and the use of conventional tillage systems in particular, include soil erosion, energy use, leaching and runoff of agricultural chemicals, and carbon emissions. Several of these impacts are quantified. The conclusions suggest that the use of conservation tillage does result in less of an adverse impact on the environment from agricultural production than does conventional tillage by reducing surface water runoff and wind erosion. Additionally, wildlife habitat will be enhanced to some extent with the adoption of conservation tillage and the benefits to be gained from carbon sequestration will depend on the soil remaining undisturbed. Finally, further expansion of conservation tillage on highly erodible land will unquestionably result in an increase in social benefits, but the expected gains will be modest. C1 Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Resource Inventory Div, USDA, Washington, DC USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Resource Assessment & Strateg Planning Div, USDA, Temple, TX USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Resource Inventory Div, USDA, Washington, DC USA. NR 62 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0943-0105 J9 ENVIRON GEOL JI Environ. Geol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 38 IS 2 BP 111 EP 125 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 223TC UT WOS:000081856000003 ER PT J AU Irwin, P Brouillette, J Germann, M Hicks, K Kurantz, M Damert, W AF Irwin, P Brouillette, J Germann, M Hicks, K Kurantz, M Damert, W TI Calculation of immobilized enzyme reaction progress curves from nested ordered-sequential rate expressions SO ENZYME AND MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE reaction progress curve; glucose oxidase; enzyme kinetics; enzyme immobilization; glucono-delta-lactone; gluconic acid; Aspergillus niger; C-13-NMR ID GLUCOSE-OXIDASE; CATALYZED REACTIONS; ASPERGILLUS-NIGER; KINETICS; GEL; ACID; DENATURATION; SPECTROSCOPY; REGRESSION; MODEL AB A method for estimating immobilized enzyme reaction progress curves, using simultaneous non-linear regression analysis of 2-3 substrate concentrations with time, is presented. These facile procedures involve using nested Gauss-Newton curve fitting algorithms on a Microsoft EXCEL spreadsheet. We refer to our technique as "nested" because the analysis consists of two or three mutually parameter-dependent sets of computations associated with bi- or termolecular enzyme-catalyzed reactions, respectively. We have applied the method to immobilized glucose oxidase-catalyzed reactions ([D-glucose] and [O-2] with time) and found that the kinetic parameters from initial velocity data were similar to those determined by the nested curve fitting method discussed herein. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Kimmel Canc Inst, NMR Lab, Philadelphia, PA USA. RP Irwin, P (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI German, Markus/L-1531-2013 NR 53 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0141-0229 J9 ENZYME MICROB TECH JI Enzyme Microb. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 24 IS 10 BP 675 EP 686 DI 10.1016/S0141-0229(99)00004-6 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 197YJ UT WOS:000080393800007 ER PT J AU Predel, R Brandt, W Kellner, R Rapus, J Nachman, RJ Gade, G AF Predel, R Brandt, W Kellner, R Rapus, J Nachman, RJ Gade, G TI Post-translational modifications of the insect sulfakinins - Sulfation, pyroglutamate-formation and O-methylation of glutamic acid SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE insect neuropeptides; Periplaneta americana; post-translational modification; sulfakinin ID BLOWFLY CALLIPHORA-VOMITORIA; AMERICAN COCKROACH; STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION; PERIPLANETA-AMERICANA; RETROCEREBRAL COMPLEX; TYROSINE SULFATION; CHOLECYSTOKININ; NEUROPEPTIDE; PEPTIDES; GASTRIN AB We identified and chemically characterized the two major forms of sulfakinins from an extract of 800 corpora cardiaca/corpora allata complexes of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Bioactivity during the purification was monitored by measuring heart beat frequency in a preparation in situ. By Edman degradation analysis and MS, these main forms were identified as having the primary structures Pea-SK [EQFDDY(SO(3)H)GHMRFamide] and Lem-SK-2 [pQSDDY(SO(3)H)GHMRFamide]. The sulfation was confirmed by UV, MS and peptide synthesis. In addition,post-translationally modified sulfakinins of both major forms were isolated and identified. Firstly, nonsulfated forms of these peptides are present in considerable amounts in the corpora cardiaca/allata. Secondly, the N-terminally blocked Pea-SK and the nonblocked Lem-SK-2 occur naturally in neurohaemal release sites. Thirdly, modified Pea-SK with O-methylated glutamic acid occurs which is not an artefact of peptide purification. The major forms of the sulfakinins were shown to be highly active on both the heart and hindgut with threshold concentrations of approximate to 5 X 10(-10) M (heart) and 2 X 10(-9) M (hindgut). C1 Univ Jena, Inst Allgemeine Zool & Tierphysiol, D-07743 Jena, Germany. Univ Cape Town, Dept Biochem, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. Inst Physiol Chem & Pathobiochem, Mainz, Germany. ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX USA. Univ Cape Town, Dept Zool, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. RP Predel, R (reprint author), Univ Jena, Inst Allgemeine Zool & Tierphysiol, Erberstr 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany. EM b6prre@pan.zoo.uni-jena.de RI Predel, Reinhard/O-5243-2015 NR 36 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0014-2956 J9 EUR J BIOCHEM JI Eur. J. Biochem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 263 IS 2 BP 552 EP 560 DI 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00532.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 220VN UT WOS:000081688600032 PM 10406966 ER PT J AU Kolbe, DR Clough, NE AF Kolbe, DR Clough, NE TI Quantitation of commercial equine tetanus antitoxin by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay SO FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; equine tetanus antitoxin; tetanus antitoxin AB In the USA, the potency of commercially prepared equine tetanus antitoxin is determined by the method outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 9, Part 113.451. In the current test, commercial equine tetanus antitoxin is tested by a toxin neutralization test in guinea pigs. The in vivo test measures antitoxin content through effectiveness of protection of guinea pigs injected with diluted mixtures of antitoxin and a standard toxin. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, designed as an in vitro alternative to the in vivo test, measures antitoxin content based on a competitive reaction between standard or unknown serum and murine monoclonal antibody specific for tetanus toxin. The monoclonal antibody used in the assay delayed death in mouse passive protection studies and reacted with the C fragment of tetanus toxin. No cross-reaction was observed when the antibody was tested with the toxins of Clostridium chauvoei, C. novyi, C. perfringens, or C. sordellii. The in vitro test will measure the antitoxin content of serum samples containing 100-1500 units of antitoxin. Tetanus antitoxin titers obtained by the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared favorably with the toxin neutralization test conducted in guinea pigs. The in vitro assay serves as a feasible alternative to the in vivo lest because it can be completed in less time, is reproducible, and eliminates the use of test animals. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, APHIS, VS, Ctr Vet Biol Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Kolbe, DR (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, VS, Ctr Vet Biol Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-8244 J9 FEMS IMMUNOL MED MIC JI FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 313 EP 317 DI 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01299.x PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 208RH UT WOS:000081004800010 PM 10397316 ER PT J AU Heatherly, LG Spurlock, SR AF Heatherly, LG Spurlock, SR TI Yield and economics of traditional and early soybean production system (ESPS) seedings in the midsouthern United States SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cultivar; irrigated; dryland farming; net return; seeding date; yield ID CLAY SOIL; FLOOD IRRIGATION; GLYCINE-MAX; CULTIVARS AB Drought stress reduces yield of traditional May and June seedlings of soybean in midsouthern USA. Field experiments using Maturity Group (MG) IV and MG V soybean cultivars were conducted at Stoneville, Mississippi (latitude 33 degrees 26 ' N) for five years to determine effects of earlier-than-normal (April) and normal (May) seeding on net returns from soybean grown with, and without, irrigation. Net returns were calculated as the difference between income and all direct and indirect costs excluding those for land, management, and general farm overhead. In the irrigated environment, average net returns from April seedings of MG TV cultivars were greater than those from May seedings in all years, while average net returns from April seedings of MG V cultivars were greater than those from May seedings in all years except 1997. These greater net returns resulted from larger seed yields, lower estimated costs, higher prices received for harvested seed, or a combination of the three. Average net returns from April seedings ranged from US$ 148 to US$ 617/ha, while average net returns from May seedings ranged from US$ 69 to US$ 567/ha. Use of MG IV vs. MG V cultivars had no consistent effect on net returns from either April or May seedings. In the nonirrigated environment, average net returns from April seedings of all cultivars were greater than those from May seedings in all years. Average annual net returns from cultivars seeded in April ranged from US$ 74 to US$ 374/ha, while average annual net returns from May seedings ranged from US$ -9 to US$ 325/ha. In three of the five years, MG V cultivars sown in April produced more yield and greater net return than did MG IV cultivars, while April-sown MG IV cultivars produced the highest yield and net return in one of the five years in the nonirrigated study. These results indicate that earlier-than-normal (April) seedings of either MG IV or MG V soybean cultivars will result in increased net return vs. that attained from traditional (May or later) seedings in the midsouthern USA. These results also indicate that choosing cultivars within an MG is more critical than choosing between MG TV and V Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Heatherly, LG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, POB 343, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 21 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 1 BP 35 EP 45 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00025-8 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 230AK UT WOS:000082228700004 ER PT J AU Makkar, HPS Gamble, G Becker, K AF Makkar, HPS Gamble, G Becker, K TI Limitation of the butanol-hydrochloric acid-iron assay for bound condensed tannins SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE condensed tannins; butanol-HCl assay; NMR spectroscopy; bound proanthocyanidins ID FIBER FRACTIONS; ACACIA-SALIGNA; PROANTHOCYANIDINS; VANILLIN; LEAVES AB The butanol-HCl-iron method is widely used for measurement of extractable condensed tannins (syn. proanthocyanidins) in foods and feeds. As the method is based on acid catalysed oxidative depolymerization of condensed tannins into anthocyanidins, this method has also been used for determination of bound condensed tannins. The recovery of bound condensed tannins by the butanol-HCl-iron assay was monitored by subjecting the residues left after the assay to solid-state C-13 NMR spectroscopy. The signal at delta 155.0, indicative of condensed tannins, remained relatively high in the residues following the butanol-HCl-iron assay, suggesting an incomplete recovery of bound condensed tannins by the assay. The results obtained using the butanol-HCl-iron assay should therefore be interpreted with caution. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hohenheim, Inst Anim Prod Trop & Subtrop 480, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany. ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Makkar, HPS (reprint author), Univ Hohenheim, Inst Anim Prod Trop & Subtrop 480, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany. NR 22 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 66 IS 1 BP 129 EP 133 DI 10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00043-6 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 189KW UT WOS:000079904500020 ER PT J AU Falk, RH DeVisser, D Cook, S Stansbury, D AF Falk, RH DeVisser, D Cook, S Stansbury, D TI Effect of damage on the grade yield of recycled lumber SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB In the past, building disposal has focused on demolition. However, there is an increased interest in finding a more environmentally acceptable means of disposal that focuses on material recovery and reuse. This paper is a summary of the results of visual grading performed on lumber salvaged from four buildings deconstructed at the U.S. Army's Fort Ord in California. Several sizes of lumber were collected for grading: 184, - by 4-inch (38- by 89-mm) wall studs and rafter ties; 275, 2- by 6-inch (38-by 140-mm) roof rafters; 504, 2- by 8-inch (38- by 184-mm) floor joists; and 46, 2- by 10-inch (38 by 235-mm) floor joists. Results indicate that damage affected the grade of more than a third of the lumber. Nail holes accounted for the highest occurrence of grade seduction (36%), and edge damage reduced the grade of 26 percent of the lumber. With careful deconstruction practices, the yield of high grades of lumber can be increased, resulting in the maximum value from material resale. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. WCLIB, Portland, OR USA. Ft Ord Reuse Author, Marina, CA USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Falk, RH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 49 IS 7-8 BP 71 EP 79 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 227ZC UT WOS:000082109100017 ER PT J AU Lebow, ST Foster, DO Lebow, PK AF Lebow, ST Foster, DO Lebow, PK TI Release of copper, chromium, and arsenic from treated southern pine exposed in seawater and freshwater SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AS WOOD PRESERVATIVES; CCA; MECHANISM; KINETICS; FIXATION; LUMBER AB The use of chromated copper arsenate (CCA-C) treated wood in marine construction has drawn criticism from environmentalists because of the high levels of chemical concentration in the wood and the potential for harm to aquatic life. These criticisms have been difficult to address because of the lack of, or conflicting, information on the release of chemical elements of CCA-C into seawater. In this study, sections of lumber and piling were treated with CCA-C to retention levels of 20 or 40 kg/m(3) and immersed for 15 months in deionized water and dilutions of an artificial seawater solution. The leaching solutions were periodically collected and analyzed for the concentration of released copper, chromium, and arsenic. Seawater had a mixed effect on leashing of the elements of CCA-C. The steady-state release rate of copper was much greater in seawater than in deionized water. In contrast, the steady-state release rate of arsenic was somewhat greater in deionized water than in seawater. The rate of chromium release was consistently much less than that of copper and arsenic-and did not appear to be affected by seawater. Release rates of copper and arsenic were somewhat less from the wood treated to 20 kg/m(3) than from the wood treated to 40 kg/m(3), but retention had little effect on the rate of chromium release. Release rates per unit surface area were consistently greater from piling than from lumber, especially for arsenic. Long-term release of CCA-C elements uas estimated from steady-state release rates that occurred after 10 to 15 months of leaching. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Lebow, ST (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot D, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 37 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 5 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 49 IS 7-8 BP 80 EP 89 PG 10 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 227ZC UT WOS:000082109100018 ER PT J AU Salwasser, H AF Salwasser, H TI International perspective: The global forest-water connection SO FORESTRY CHRONICLE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Salwasser, H (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, POB 245, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN INST FORESTRY PI OTTAWA PA 151 SLATER ST, STE 606, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H3, CANADA SN 0015-7546 J9 FOREST CHRON JI For. Chron. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 75 IS 4 BP 593 EP 593 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 234TB UT WOS:000082499500012 ER PT J AU Thomas, JW AF Thomas, JW TI Forestry at the millennium - Pitfalls and opportunities SO FORESTRY CHRONICLE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Thomas, JW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN INST FORESTRY PI OTTAWA PA 151 SLATER ST, STE 606, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H3, CANADA SN 0015-7546 J9 FOREST CHRON JI For. Chron. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 75 IS 4 BP 603 EP 606 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 234TB UT WOS:000082499500018 ER PT J AU Hummer, KE Waterworth, H AF Hummer, KE Waterworth, H TI Black currant cultivars newly released from the US National Quarantine SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Eighteen disease-tested, black currant cultivars (Ribes nigrum L.) and one jostaberry (R. x nidigrolaria Bauer) were released in December 1998 from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm Quarantine Office (NPGQO) in Beltsville, Maryland. These cultivars were received at the quarantine office between 1989 and 1993 from collaborators in Poland, Russian Federation, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Foreign Ribes from Europe are prohibited to enter the United States except when processed through this quarantine facility. These 19 cultivars passed the rigorous Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) testing protocol and were released to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon, for long term preservation in their Ribes collection. Plant material can be requested for research and evaluation by contacting the Curator at the Corvallis Repository. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hummer, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 53 IS 3 BP 159 EP 161 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 226XR UT WOS:000082048900006 ER PT J AU Davis, GL McMullen, MD Baysdorfer, C Musket, T Grant, D Staebell, M Xu, G Polacco, M Koster, L Melia-Hancock, S Houchins, K Chao, S Coe, EH AF Davis, GL McMullen, MD Baysdorfer, C Musket, T Grant, D Staebell, M Xu, G Polacco, M Koster, L Melia-Hancock, S Houchins, K Chao, S Coe, EH TI A maize map standard with sequenced core markers, grass genome reference points and 932 expressed sequence tagged sites (ESTs) in a 1736-locus map SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; ZEA-MAYS-L; FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; GRAIN-YIELD; MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS; PLANT HEIGHT; PHYSICAL MAP; LINKAGE MAP; CDNA CLONES AB We have constructed a 1736-locus maize genome map containing 1156 loci probed by cDNAs, 545 probed by random genomic clones, 16 by simple sequence repeats (SSRs). 14 by isozymes, and 5 by anonymous clones. Sequence information is available for 56% of the loci with 66% of the sequenced loci assigned functions. A total of 596 new ESTs were mapped from a B73 library of 5-wk-old shoots. The map contains 237 loci probed by barley, oat, wheat, rice, or tripsacum clones, which serve as grass genome reference points in comparisons between maize and other grass maps. Ninety core markers selected for low copy number, high polymorphism. and even spacing along the chromosome delineate the 100 bins on the map. The average bin size is 17 cM. Use of bill assignments enables comparison among different maize mapping populations and experiments including those involving cytogenetic stocks, mutants, or quantitative trait loci. Integration of nonmaize markers in the map extends the resources available for gene discovery beyond the boundaries of maize mapping information into the expanse of map, sequence, and phenotype information from other grass species. This map provides a foundation for numerous basic and applied investigations including studies of gene organization, gene and genome evolution, targeted cloning, and dissection of complex traits. C1 USDA ARS, Midwest Area, Plant Gemet, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. RP Coe, EH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Midwest Area, Plant Gemet, 210 Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 60 TC 170 Z9 193 U1 0 U2 2 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD JUL PY 1999 VL 152 IS 3 BP 1137 EP 1172 PG 36 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 214RT UT WOS:000081341900028 PM 10388831 ER PT J AU Hatfield, JL AF Hatfield, JL TI Soil science SO GEOTIMES LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hatfield, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOLOGICAL INST PI ALEXANDRIA PA 4220 KING ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22302-1507 USA SN 0016-8556 J9 GEOTIMES JI Geotimes PD JUL PY 1999 VL 44 IS 7 BP 41 EP 42 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 220AH UT WOS:000081641300042 ER PT J AU Cramer, CS Havey, MJ AF Cramer, CS Havey, MJ TI Morphological, biochemical, and molecular markers in onion SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ALLIUM-CEPA L; FISTULOSUM L; BULB ONION; INHERITANCE; PROGENY C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. ARS, USDA, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Cramer, CS (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Box 30003,MSC 3Q, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 55 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 589 EP 593 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 217DE UT WOS:000081483900001 ER PT J AU Wutscher, HK Bowman, KD AF Wutscher, HK Bowman, KD TI Performance of 'Valencia' orange on 21 rootstocks in central Florida SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE survival; growth; yield; Citrus sinensis; Citrus sp.; tree size; fruit size; peel color; juice content; soluble solids ID 16 ROOTSTOCKS; TREES; GRAPEFRUIT AB Twenty-one selections consisting of 13 numbered hybrids, one ornamental, and seven named cultivars were tested as rootstocks for 'Valencia' orange, Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, The test included six, four-tree replications in randomized complete blocks on sandy soil typical of the center of the Florida peninsula. Trees propagated on Vangasay lemon,HRS 812 (Sunki x Benecke trifoliate orange), and HRS 942 (Sunki x Plying Dragon trifoliate orange) produced more fruit than trees on the other 18 rootstocks in the test. Trees on 10 rootstocks, including the widely used commercial rootstocks, Swingle citrumelo and Carrizo citrange, mere intermediate in cumulative fruit production. Trees on five rootstocks, including Sun Chu Sha, Gou Tou #1, and Tachibana, had low yields and trees on HRS 939 (Flying Dragon trifoliate orange x Nakorn pummelo) and sour orange #2 were extremely dwarfed and were minimally productive because of tristeza virus disease. Four-year cumulative fruit production ranged from 52 to 317 kg per tree. Fruit from trees on HRS 954 and HRS 952 (Pearl tangelo x Flying Dragon trifoliate orange) had the highest, and fruit from trees on Vangasay and Gou Tou #1 had the lowest total soluble solids concentration. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Wutscher, HK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 622 EP 624 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 217DE UT WOS:000081483900011 ER PT J AU Zwack, JA Graves, WR Townsend, AM AF Zwack, JA Graves, WR Townsend, AM TI Variation among red and Freeman maples in response to drought and flooding SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Acer rubrum; Acer xfreemanii; water stress; woody landscape plants ID LEAF WATER RELATIONS; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; ACER; GROWTH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SEEDLINGS; SITES AB Freeman maples (Acer xfreemanii E. Murray) are marketed as stress-resistant alternatives to red maples (Acer rubrum L.). Our objective was to compare two cultivars of Freeman maple ['Jeffersred' (Autumn Blaze(x)) and 'Indian Summer'] and five red maples ['Franksred' (Red Sunset(x)), 'Autumn Flame', 'PNI 0268' (October Glory(x)), 'Fairview Flame', and unnamed selection 59904] for effects of flooding and water deficit on plant growth, biomass partitioning, stomatal conductance, and leaf osmotic potential. Plants grown from rooted cuttings in containers were subjected to three consecutive cycles during which root-zone water content decreased to 0.12, 0.08, and 0.02 m(3).m(-3), respectively. Additional plants were flooded for 75 days, while plants in a control treatment were irrigated frequently. Stomatal conductance immediately before imposing drought and after three drought cycles did not differ among genotypes and averaged 220 and 26 mmol.s(-1).m(-2) respectively. Differences in stomatal conductance after recovery from the first drought cycle and at the end of the second drought cycle did not vary with species. Drought reduced estimated leaf osmotic potential similarly for all genotypes; means for drought-stressed and control plants were -1.92 and -1.16 MPa, respectively. Freeman maples had a higher mean root : shoot weight ratio and a lower leaf surface area : root dry-weight ratio than did red maples. Across genotypes, stomatal conductance of flooded plants initially increased by approximate to 20% and then fell to and remained below 50 mmol.s(-1).m(-2). Stomatal conductance of 'Indian Summer' decreased to approximate to 20 mmol.s(-1).m(-2) after 8 days of flooding, indicating that this cultivar may be particularly sensitive to root-zone saturation. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Hort, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, US Natl Arboretum, Agr Res Serv, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Glenn Dale, MD 20769 USA. RP Zwack, JA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Hort, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 664 EP 668 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 217DE UT WOS:000081483900022 ER PT J AU Hummer, KE Postman, JD Carter, J Gordon, SC AF Hummer, KE Postman, JD Carter, J Gordon, SC TI Survey of gooseberry mite infestation in Ribes L. SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cecidophyopsis grossulariae; currants; gooseberries; genetic resources; germplasm; plant breeding; host plant resistance; temperate fruit; eryophyoid mites AB During Dec.1997 and Jan. 1998, the gooseberry mite, Cecidophyopsis grossulariae Collinge, was observed to infest 48 currant and gooseberry (Ribes L.) cultivars in a field plantation in Corvallis, Ore. The mite was observed on 29 black currant, (Rabes nigrum L., two red currant [Ribes rubrum L. and R. sativum (Rchbch.) Syme], 12 gooseberry [R. uva-crispa L., R. oxyacanthoides var. setosum (Lindley) Sinnot], and three R. xnidigrolaria Bauer cultivars and the hybrid R. nigrum x R. pauciflorum Turez. ex Pojark, A range of mite infestation levels was observed, with some cultivars not being infested, some with light infestation, having 1 to 100 adult mites per bud, and some heavily infested, with more than 100 mites per bud. On lightly infested buds, the mites were inside bud and leaf scales; in heavily infested buds, mites mere also observed on floral primordia. Scales of infested buds were often loose and appeared more open than noninfested ones. Mite distribution varied by branch within a plant. Black currant cultivars with the heaviest infestation of C. grossulariae were of Scandinavian, Russian, Scottish, and Canadian origin. The Russian black currant cultivar Tunnaja was the most heavily infested with more than 1000 mites per bud. Floral primordia mere damaged in heavily infested buds. C1 USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. RP Hummer, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 678 EP 680 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 217DE UT WOS:000081483900026 ER PT J AU Wilson, CL Solar, JM El Ghaouth, A Fravel, DR AF Wilson, CL Solar, JM El Ghaouth, A Fravel, DR TI Benzaldehyde as a soil fumigant, and an apparatus for rapid fumigant evaluation SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil fumigation; methyl bromide; natural fungicides; natural fumigants ID FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; WATERMELON; VOLATILES; FRUIT; WILT AB An apparatus was developed for the rapid and facile evaluation of soil fumigants in a controlled manner using small volumes of soil, The apparatus consisted of a manifold to which were attached six canisters containing a loamy sand soil (adjusted to -100 kPa soil water potential). The soil was infested with either conidia of Fusarium oxysporum or Trichoderma harzianum; sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor; ascospores of Talaromyces flavus; vermiculite colonized with Pythium aphanidermatum; or beet (Beta vulgaris L., cv, Detroit Red) seed colonized with Rhizoctonia solani, Using nitrogen gas (N-2) as a carrier gas, either N-2 or N(2)plus benzaldehyde was passed continuously through the soil for 24, 48, or 72 hours. At all three exposure times, benzaldehyde + N-2 reduced viability of R. solani and S. minor, and reduced populations of P. aphanidermatum and T. harzianum. Populations of F. oxysporum were reduced after 48 and 72 hours of exposure to benzaldehyde, whereas populations of T. flavus were reduced only after 72 hours of exposure. Fumigation with benzaldehyde + N-2 for 24 hours did not affect soil pH 1 week after exposure, but fumigation for 48 or 72 hours temporarily lowered pH from an average of 6.86 to 5.57 and 5.32, respectively. The biocontrol fungus, T. flavus, was less sensitive to benzaldehyde than the pathogens or the biocontrol fungus, T. harzianum, Thus, combining T. flavus with benzaldehyde to enhance biocontrol may be possible. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wilson, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 681 EP 685 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 217DE UT WOS:000081483900027 ER PT J AU Conway, WS Janisiewicz, WJ Klein, JD Sams, CE AF Conway, WS Janisiewicz, WJ Klein, JD Sams, CE TI Strategy for combining heat treatment, calcium infiltration, and biological control to reduce postharvest decay of 'Gala' apples SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Malus xdomestica; Penicillium expansum; Pseudomonas syringae; bacteria; CaCl2; fungi; pressure infiltration ID GOLDEN DELICIOUS APPLES; PENICILLIUM-EXPANSUM; BLUE MOLD; INOCULUM CONCENTRATION; EPICUTICULAR WAX; GRAY MOLD; DISEASES; STORAGE; FRUIT; ANTAGONISTS AB The viability of Penicillium expansum Link conidia in sporulating culture declined rapidly when exposed to 38 degrees C, and when conidia were exposed to 38 degrees C prior to inoculation of apple fruits (Malus xdomestica Borkh.), the resulting lesions were smaller than those on fruit inoculated with nonheated conidia. 'Gala' apples were heated after harvest (38 degrees C for 4 days), pressure infiltrated with a 2% solution of CaCl2, or treated with the antagonist Pseudomonas syringae van Hall, alone or in combinations to reduce postharvest decay caused by Penicillium expansum. After up to 6 months in storage at 1 degrees C, no decay lesions developed on fruit that were heated after inoculation with P. expansum, or any combination of P. expansum, antagonist, or Ca. Parallel lots of heat-treated and nonheated fruit that were either infiltrated or not infiltrated with Ca were stored up to 6 months. They were then inoculated with P. expansum alone, or with the antagonist followed by P. expansum. Prior heat treatment did not influence lesion size. Calcium alone, the antagonist alone, and heat plus Ca all reduced the incidence of decay by approximate to 25%, whereas heat plus the antagonist reduced it by 70%. Calcium plus the antagonist or Ca plus the antagonist and heat reduced decay incidence by 89% and 91%, respectively. The integrated strategy of heat-treating fruit, followed by Ca infiltration and then treatment with an antagonist, may be a useful alternative to controlling postharvest decay with fungicides. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Field Crops, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Conway, WS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 55 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUL PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 700 EP 704 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 217DE UT WOS:000081483900032 ER PT J AU Arulkanthan, A Brown, WC McGuire, TC Knowles, DP AF Arulkanthan, A Brown, WC McGuire, TC Knowles, DP TI Biased immunoglobulin G1 isotype responses induced in cattle with DNA expressing msp1a of Anaplasma marginale SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID NEUTRALIZATION-SENSITIVE EPITOPE; IMMUNOPROTECTIVE PROTEIN COMPLEX; DIRECT GENE-TRANSFER; CD4+ T-LYMPHOCYTE; BOVINE B-CELLS; SURFACE PROTEIN; PLASMID DNA; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; INITIAL BODIES AB Immunization with the native major surface protein 1 (MSP1) (a heterodimer containing disulfide and noncovalently banded polypeptides designated MSP1a and MSP1b) of the erythrocytic stage of Anaplasma marginale conferred protection against homologous challenge (G. H. Palmer, A. F. Barbet, W. C. Davis, and T. C. McGuire, Science 231:1299-1302, 1986). The MSP1a polypeptide possesses a conserved neutralization-sensitive epitope. In the present study, the immune response to DNA-mediated immunization using msp1a was studied. The plasmid pVCL/MSP1a, which encodes the complete msp1a gene of A. marginale under the control of human cytomegalovirus immediate-early enhancer/promoter and intron A, was constructed. The immune responses elicited by immunization with pVCL/MSP1a into cardiotoxin-induced regenerating muscle were evaluated in mice and cattle. Antibody reactive,vith native MSP1a was detected in pooled sera of immunized BALB/c mice 3 weeks following primary immunization. Two calves seronegative for A. marginale were immunized four times, at weeks 0, 3, 7, and 13, with pVCL/MSP1a. By 8 weeks, both calves responded to MSP1a with an antibody titer of 1:100, which peaked at 1:1,600 and 1:800 by 16 weeks after the initial immunization. Interestingly, immunoblotting with anti-immunoglobulin G1 (anti-IgG1) and anti-IgG2 specific monoclonal antibodies revealed a restricted IgG1 anti-MSP1a response in both animals. T-lymphocyte lines, established after the fourth immunization, proliferated specifically against A. marginale homogenate and purified MSP1 in a dose dependent manner. These data provide a basis for an immunization strategy to direct bovine immune responses by using DNA vaccine vectors containing single or multiple genes encoding major surface proteins of A. marginale. C1 Washington State Univ, Anim Dis Res Unit, ARS,Program Vector Borne Dis, USDA,Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Anim Dis Res Unit, USDA, ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Knowles, DP (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Anim Dis Res Unit, ARS,Program Vector Borne Dis, USDA,Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 60 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 67 IS 7 BP 3481 EP 3487 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 209RZ UT WOS:000081063800042 PM 10377129 ER PT J AU De Groot, RC Woodward, B AF De Groot, RC Woodward, B TI Using copper-tolerant fungi to biodegrade wood treated with copper-based preservatives SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE copper; preservative; wood; decay; Poria; Wolfiporia; Postia; fungi; compost; bioremediation ID BROWN-ROT FUNGI; FR; STRAINS; METALS; GRAY AB Within the United States, the volume of wood products that was treated with copper-based preservatives grew exponentially during the 1970 s and 1980 s and remains at a high level today. Ultimately, these materials will have to be reused, recycled, or disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner. We are exploring whether copper-tolerant fungi might have utility in bioprocessing spent, treated wood after it is withdrawn from service. In laboratory experiments, Southern Pine sapwood was treated with copper-based wood preservatives, then challenged with wood decay fungi known to be tolerant of copper. For each preservative, fungal isolates were assessed for their potential to reduce the bulk of the treated product, as observed by weight loss. Low retention levels of some preservatives stimulated decay by Wolfiporia cocos, but not Postia placenta. Isolates of the copper-tolerant fungus Wolfiporia cocos (Schw syn. Poria cocos) varied significantly in their ability to degrade wood treated with copper-bearing preservatives and to concentrate copper in the mycelium. Copper was bioaccumulated (w/w basis) in mycelium of some isolates harvested from decayed wood, but the concentration of copper in the decayed wood residue was generally similar or only slightly different from that in the wood before decay. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP De Groot, RC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 44 IS 1 BP 17 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(99)00047-5 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 237YD UT WOS:000082683400004 ER PT J AU Rosebrough, RW AF Rosebrough, RW TI Dietary fat and triiodothyronine (T-3) interactions in the broiler chicken SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR VITAMIN AND NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chickens; dietary fat; thyroid ID MALIC ENZYME; GENE-TRANSCRIPTION; LIPOGENIC ENZYMES; THYROID-HORMONE; ACID SYNTHASE; LIPID-METABOLISM; MESSENGER-RNA; RAT; GROWTH; INDUCTION AB Male, Indian River, broiler chickens growing from 7 to 28 d were fed on diets containing 180 g elude protein, 300, 600 of 1200 kcal fat calories and 0 or 1 mg T-3/kg diet, Birds were bled and sacrificed at d 28, 29 and 30. Measurements taken at these intervals included in vitro lipogenesis (IVL), growth and feed consumption and hepatic enzyme activities. Plasma metabolites as well as thyroid hormones were also determined. Dietary fat levels did not influence growth or feed intake. In contrast, T-3 decreased growth and feed intake by 25% without altering the efficiency of feed utilization. Dietary T-3 and additional fat decreased IVL and lipogenic enzyme activities, Dietary T-3 increased plasma T-3 and decreased plasma T-4. Dietary fat energy levels had no effect upon plasma thyroid hormone levels. Although both additional dietary fat and T-3 modify broiler lipid metabolism, there was no additional treatment effect when high-fat diets were supplemented with T-3. In contrast to previous reports, T-3 did not increase any parameter associated with lipid metabolism. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rosebrough, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 41 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERLAG HANS HUBER PI BERN 9 PA LANGGASS-STRASSE 76, CH-3000 BERN 9, SWITZERLAND SN 0300-9831 J9 INT J VITAM NUTR RES JI Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 69 IS 4 BP 292 EP 298 DI 10.1024/0300-9831.69.4.292 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 223AH UT WOS:000081817200010 PM 10450536 ER PT J AU Actkinson, JM Burson, BL AF Actkinson, JM Burson, BL TI Cytogenetic relationships between Paspalum pubiflorum and three South American Paspalum species SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Paspalum dilatatum; dallisgrass; Paspalum juergensii; Paspalum intermedium; genome relations; genetics; apomixis; wide hybridization ID GENOME RELATIONS; DILATATUM; CYTOLOGY; DALLISGRASS; REPRODUCTION; INTERMEDIUM; JURGENSII; BIOTYPES AB This study reports the meiotic chromosome pairing behavior and method of reproduction of three Paspalum pubiflorum accessions and their F-1 hybrids with P. juergensii (2n=2x=20; JJ), P. intermedium (2n=2x=20; II), and two dallisgrass (P. dilatatum) biotypes (yellow-anthered [2n=4x=40; IIJJ] and Uruguayan [2n=6x=60; IIJJXX]). The P. pubiflorum accessions were sexual hexaploids with 60 chromosomes that paired as 30 bivalents during meiosis. The yellow-anthered dallisgrass x P. pubiflorum hybrids had 50 chromosomes, with a mean pairing behavior of 36.62 I + 8.70 II, indicating that one P. pubiflorum genome is homologous with either the I or J genome in the yellow-anthered biotype. The F-1 hybrids between P. pubiflorum and P. juergensii and P. intermedium had 40 chromosomes. Mean chromosome pairing behavior for P. pubiflorum x P. juergensii hybrids was 24.05 I + 7.97 II + 0.12 III, and 35.26 I + 2.37 II for the P, pubiflorum x P, intermedium hybrids. Paspalum pubiflorum also was crossed with hexaploid Uruguayan dallisgrass, and the hybrid had 60 chromosomes with a mean pairing frequency of 40.52 I + 9.74 II. These findings indicate that the common genome between P. pubiflorum and dallisgrass is the J genome. Based on chromosome pairing in the P. pubiflorum x I! intermedium hybrids, there is some residual homology between the I genome and another genome from P. pubiflorum. There appears to be very limited pairing between a few members of the X genome in the Uruguayan biotype and members of a third P. pubiflorum genome. In most hybrids, the sporogenous tissue in the ovules deteriorated, resulting in a high frequency of ovule abortion. However, aposporous embryo sacs were present in ovules of the P. pubiflorum x Uruguayan dallisgrass hybrid, indicating that the genes controlling apomixis were from the apomictic Uruguayan dallisgrass. C1 ARS, USDA, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Burson, BL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 160 IS 4 BP 775 EP 781 DI 10.1086/314174 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 219ZH UT WOS:000081638200016 ER PT J AU Nakamura, LK Roberts, MS Cohan, FM AF Nakamura, LK Roberts, MS Cohan, FM TI Relationship of Bacillus subtilis clades associated with strains 168 and W23: a proposal for Bacillus subtilis subsp subtilis subsp nov and Bacillus subtilis subsp spizizenii subsp nov. SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus subtilis subsp subtilis subsp nov.; Bacillus subtilis subsp spizizenii subsp nov. ID SEXUAL ISOLATION; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID; TAXONOMY; SEQUENCE; TRANSFORMATION; REASSOCIATION; HOMOLOGIES; MOJAVENSIS; DIVERGENCE; RATES AB Earlier phylogenetic studies based on the inferred DNA sequences of the polC, rpoB and gyrA genes suggested that strains of the species Bacillus subtilis formed two clusters, indicating the presence two closely related taxa; one contained the laboratory strain 168 and the other the laboratory strain W23, Significant sexual isolation was found between strain 168 and members of the group containing W23, but no sexual isolation was observed between strain 168 and other members of the 168 group. RNA reassociation between the two groups ranged from 58 to 69 % and intragroup DNA relatedness ranged from 82 to 100 %, Because group 168 strains were highly related to the B, subtilis type strain, they were considered to be bona fide members of the species. About 99.5 % sequence identity was observed between the 16S rRNA genes of the 168 and W23 groups, Ribitol and anhydroribitol were principal cell wall constituents of the W23 but not of the 168 group. These observations revealed two closely related but genetically and phenotypically distinct groups within B. subtilis that correspond to two historically important strains. Subspecies distinction is proposed for the 168 and W23 groups, with the names Bacillus subtilis subsp, subtilis subsp, nov. and Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii subsp, nov., respectively. The type strain of the former is NRRL NRS-744(T) and the latter NRRL B-23049(T). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Michigan State Univ, Ctr Microbial Ecol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Wesleyan Univ, Dept Biol, Middletown, CT 06459 USA. RP Nakamura, LK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 20 TC 113 Z9 122 U1 4 U2 21 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 49 BP 1211 EP 1215 PN 3 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 216ND UT WOS:000081448000033 PM 10425781 ER PT J AU Phaff, HJ Starmer, WT Kurtzman, CP AF Phaff, HJ Starmer, WT Kurtzman, CP TI Pichia lachancei sp nov., associated with several Hawaiian plant species SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pichia lachancei sp nov.; phylogenetic analysis; large subunit rDNA analysis ID ASCOMYCETOUS YEASTS; IDENTIFICATION AB A description is given of Pichia lachancei sp. nov., a new species of yeast that occurs in association with several Hawaiian plant species of the genera Tetraplasandra, Cheirodendron and Clermontia. The new species is heterothallic and occurs in nature in the haploid as well as the diploid state. Upon conjugation of complementary mating types, zygotes are formed that reproduce by budding as diploid cells. When placed on sporulation medium, four hat-shaped spores are produced which are rapidly released from the ascus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that P. lachancei is most closely related to Pichia rhodanensis and Pichia jadinii. The diploid type strain of P. lachancei, isolated from rotting bark of Tetraplasandra hawaiiensis on the island of Hawaii, is strain UCD-FST 79-9(T) (= ATCC 201914(T) = CBS 8557(T) = NRRL Y-27008(T)). C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Biol, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Phaff, HJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 49 BP 1295 EP 1299 PN 3 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 216ND UT WOS:000081448000045 PM 10425793 ER PT J AU Murphy, PA Song, TT Buseman, G Barua, K Beecher, GR Trainer, D Holden, J AF Murphy, PA Song, TT Buseman, G Barua, K Beecher, GR Trainer, D Holden, J TI Isoflavones in retail and institutional soy foods SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phytoestrogens; genistein; glycitein; daidzein; biochanin A; formononetin ID GENISTEIN; AMERICAN; PROTEIN; MONKEYS AB A national sampling plan was developed to select the most widely used isoflavone-containing foods in the United States. Foods were selected based on their retail volume and sampled in five geographical areas representing seven metropolitan areas. Isoflavones were analyzed from composite samples, raw and cooked, and reported by brand. Quality control measures were evaluated throughout the study. Isoflavone levels ranged from 1 mu g/g in soy sauces to 540 mu g/g in tempeh. Soymilk and tofu represented the major portion of soy foods evaluated. These data will appear in the electronic version of USDA Handbook No. 8 of Food Composition Data in 1999. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Murphy, PA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, 2312 Food Sci Bldg, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 27 TC 218 Z9 224 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 47 IS 7 BP 2697 EP 2704 DI 10.1021/jf981144o PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 218MM UT WOS:000081556400033 PM 10552547 ER PT J AU Matsuo, K DeMilo, AB Schroder, RFW Martin, PAW AF Matsuo, K DeMilo, AB Schroder, RFW Martin, PAW TI Rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method to quantitate elaterinide in juice and reconstituted residues from a bitter mutant of Hawkesbury watermelon SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE HPLC analysis; corn rootworm; elaterinide; cucurbitacin E glycoside; Hawkesbury watermelon; Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.; Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai. ID ROOTWORM BEETLES COLEOPTERA; TOXIC BAIT; CHRYSOMELIDAE; CORN; CUCURBITACINS; MANAGEMENT; ADULTS AB A C-18 reversed-phase HPLC method has been developed to analyze the concentration of 2-O-beta-D-glycopyranosyl-cucurbitacin E (synonym, elaterinide) in juice or reconstituted residues of juice derived from a bitter mutant of Hawkesbury watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai. The method requires only two steps (homogenation and filtration) for sample preparation prior to column injection and, thus, is amenable to processing large numbers of test samples. Percent elaterinide in juice samples from whole fruit, processed in various ways, ranged from 0.0230 to 0.0808%. Error differences in percent elaterinide for repetitive analyses within the same lot of juice ranged from 1.2 to 5.6%. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schroder, RFW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 47 IS 7 BP 2755 EP 2759 DI 10.1021/jf9811572 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 218MM UT WOS:000081556400046 PM 10552560 ER PT J AU Fan, XT Mattheis, JP AF Fan, XT Mattheis, JP TI Impact of 1-methylcyclopropene and methyl jasmonate on apple volatile production SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Apples; ethylene; 1-methylcyclopropene; methyl jasmonate; volatile compounds ID ETHYLENE PRODUCTION; AROMA COMPOUNDS; FRUIT; RESPONSES; METABOLISM; INHIBITION; ALCOHOLS; MATURITY; STORAGE; ESTERS AB Climacteric Fuji apples were treated with 10 mu L.L-1 MCP (1-methylcyclopropene), 2 mmol.L-1 MJ (methyl jasmonate), or a combination of 10 mu L.L-1 MCP and 2 mmol.L-1 MJ. Fruit were kept at 20 degrees C for 15 days after treatment. Production of ethylene and other volatile compounds was measured prior to and 3, 7, 11, and 15 days after treatment. Ethylene production decreased 3 days following MJ treatment and then increased. MCP treatment alone or in combination with MJ inhibited ethylene production. MJ and MCP inhibited production of many volatile alcohols and esters. The production of individual alcohols and esters appears to be differentially inhibited by MJ or MCP. MJ and MCP inhibited not only production of alcohols but also formation of esters from alcohols. C1 ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, USDA, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Mattheis, JP (reprint author), ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, USDA, 1104 NW Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 35 TC 90 Z9 116 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 47 IS 7 BP 2847 EP 2853 DI 10.1021/jf990221s PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 218MM UT WOS:000081556400060 PM 10552574 ER PT J AU Cameron, RG Baker, RA Buslig, BS Grohmann, K AF Cameron, RG Baker, RA Buslig, BS Grohmann, K TI Effect of juice extractor settings on juice cloud stability SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE citrus; juice processing; orange juice; juice cloud; cloud stability ID PECTINMETHYLESTERASE; PECTINESTERASE; PURIFICATION; FORMS AB Juice was extracted from Valencia oranges using three different extractor settings. Differential juice cloud stability was observed. Soft-extracted juice was the most stable, and hard-extracted juice was the least stable. The medium-extracted juice had intermediate cloud stability. Yearly (1997 versus 1998) differences were observed, but the relationship among the juices did not change. Addition of protein extracts, obtained from each juice, to pasteurized juice also resulted in differential cloud stability. Using pectinmethylesterase (PME) activity estimated at pH 4.5, the effects of the protein extract mirrored results from raw juice. Estimating PME activity at pH 7.5 produced contradictory results, indicating that predicting consequences of PME activity estimated at pH 7.5 is unreliable. C1 ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, SAA, USDA, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. RP Cameron, RG (reprint author), ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, SAA, USDA, POB 1909, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 47 IS 7 BP 2865 EP 2868 DI 10.1021/jf981037u PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 218MM UT WOS:000081556400063 PM 10552577 ER PT J AU Moreau, RA Hicks, KB Powell, MJ AF Moreau, RA Hicks, KB Powell, MJ TI Effect of heat pretreatment on the yield and composition of oil extracted from corn fiber SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE corn; Zea mays; tocopherol; fiber; ferulate AB Previously, hexane extraction of corn fiber was reported to produce a unique and potentially valuable oil that contained high levels of several phytosterols (which have been noted for their cholesterol-lowering properties). Current studies revealed that heat treatment (over the range of 100-175 degrees C) of corn fiber in either a convection oven or a vacuum oven caused only a modest reduction in the levels of the phytosterol components. However, these same heat pretreatments caused a considerable increase (up to 10-fold) in the levels (increasing from 0.34 wt % to a maximum of 3.64 wt % gamma-tocopherol in the oil) and yields (increasing from 5.4 mg of gamma-tocopherol/100 g of corn fiber to a maximum of 52.1 mg of gamma-tocopherol/100 g of corn fiber) of gamma-tocopherol in corn fiber oil. The main differences between the convection oven and vacuum oven pretreatments were associated with the disappearance of free fatty acids and free phytosterols at the higher temperature pretreatments in the vacuum oven, probably due to the lower boiling points of these lipids. Microwave pretreatment was also effective but caused a much smaller increase in the levels of gamma-tocopherol. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Moreau, RA (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 6 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 47 IS 7 BP 2869 EP 2871 DI 10.1021/jf981186c PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 218MM UT WOS:000081556400064 PM 10552578 ER PT J AU Gardner, DR Panter, KE James, LF AF Gardner, DR Panter, KE James, LF TI Pine needle abortion in cattle: Metabolism of isocupressic acid SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE isocupressic acid; ponderosa pine; cattle abortions; metabolism ID PONDEROSA PINE; BEEF-CATTLE; ABORTIFACIENT; INGESTION; COWS AB The rumen and hepatic metabolism of the cattle abortifacient compound isocupressic acid (ICA) was examined in vitro and in vivo. ICA was incubated for 56 h in bovine rumen inoculum and was found to be converted to three compounds identified as imbricatoloic acid, a structurally uncharacterized isomer of imbricatoloic acid, and dihydroagathic acid. In preparations of liver homogenates, ICA was found to be oxidized to agathic acid. No differences in ICA metabolites were detected in comparing the cow, sheep, pig, goat, guinea pig, and rat livers; however, guinea pig and rat liver homogenates were less efficient in converting ICA to agathic acid. ICA had been administered to cows orally and by intravenous infusion and induced abortions after either method of treatment. After intravenous infusion, agathic acid was identified as the major metabolite together with minor amounts of dihydroagathic acid. After oral administration, dihydroagathic acid was identified as the major metabolite with minor amounts of agathic acid, imbricatoloic acid, and a structurally uncharacterized metabolite tentatively identified as tetrahydroagathic acid. C1 ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, USDA, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Gardner, DR (reprint author), ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, USDA, 1150 E 1400 North, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 11 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 47 IS 7 BP 2891 EP 2897 DI 10.1021/jf981322d PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 218MM UT WOS:000081556400068 PM 10552582 ER PT J AU Hurley, JC Volz, SA Johnston, JJ AF Hurley, JC Volz, SA Johnston, JJ TI Stabilization of the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine as the beta-cyclodextrin adduct SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 3-chloro-p-toluidine; CPTH; pseudo latex coatings; beta-cyclodextrin; inclusion adducts ID DEGRADATION PRODUCTS; IDENTIFICATION; HYDROCHLORIDE AB Stabilization of the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine (CPTH) on rice baits by pseudo latex polymeric coating and beta-cyclodextin inclusion was investigated. When CPTH-treated rice baits were exposed to sunlight, the CPTH formed colored compounds, which exacerbated problems with bait acceptance and efficacy. Fluidized bed coating with controlled-release polymeric psuedo latexes (RS, RL, NE) reduced CPTH loss but did not eliminate color formation. Enteric pseudo latex coatings (CAP and 4110) gave mixed results. Coating 4110 reduced CPTH loss but still allowed color formation, whereas CAP allowed more CPTH loss than any other coating as well as increased color formation. Inclusion in beta-cyclodextrin (molar ratio 1:1) led to enhanced retention of CPTH and minimal color formation. The CPT/beta-cyclodextrin adduct increased retention of CPTH from 43 to 70% upon simulated weathering. The retention was independent of the adhesives used for attachment. C1 APHIS Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Hurley, JC (reprint author), APHIS Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, 4101 W La Porte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 47 IS 7 BP 2904 EP 2907 DI 10.1021/jf981127z PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 218MM UT WOS:000081556400070 PM 10552584 ER PT J AU Dowler, CC Dailey, OD Mullinix, BG AF Dowler, CC Dailey, OD Mullinix, BG TI Polymeric microcapsules of alachlor and metolachlor: Preparation and evaluation of controlled-release properties SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE formulation; microencapsulation; persistence; herbicide activity ID NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION; SURFACE-WATER; FORMULATIONS; METRIBUZIN; ATRAZINE; STARCH; HERBICIDES; ENCAPSULATION; PESTICIDES; EFFICACY AB The microencapsulation of alachlor and metolachlor in the polymers cellulose acetate butyrate, ethyl cellulose, poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(alpha-methylstyrene) with different emulsifiers is described. The controlled-release properties of these formulations were measured under greenhouse conditions on barnyardgrass, crowfootgrass, smallflower morningglory, and Palmer amaranth. The emulsifiers had little effect on the activity of the herbicides. The herbicidal activities of the poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(alpha-methylstyrene) formulations were consistently lower on all weed species when compared to the activities of the cellulose acetate butyrate, ethyl cellulose, and commercial formulations. The ethyl cellulose formulation of alachlor exhibited controlled-release properties. The results with metolachlor were similar to those with alachlor except that none of the metolachlor formulations exhibited efficacy superior to that of the commercial formulation or controlled release properties. C1 ARS, Nematodes Weeds & Crops Res Unit, Georgia Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Dowler, CC (reprint author), ARS, Nematodes Weeds & Crops Res Unit, Georgia Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 43 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 5 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 47 IS 7 BP 2908 EP 2913 DI 10.1021/jf981269t PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 218MM UT WOS:000081556400071 PM 10552585 ER PT J AU Holtzapple, CK Buckley, SA Stanker, LH AF Holtzapple, CK Buckley, SA Stanker, LH TI Immunosorbents coupled on-line with liquid chromatography for the determination of fluoroquinolones in chicken liver SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fluoroquinolone; immunoaffinity chromatography; on-line detection method; bovine tissues; food safety ID METABOLITE CIPROFLOXACIN; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; COLUMN HPLC; ENROFLOXACIN; MILK; TISSUES; RESIDUES; CLEANUP; BOVINE AB Four fluoroquinolones were analyzed in fortified chicken liver using an automated, on-line immunoaffinity extraction method. The fluoroquinolones were extracted from the liver matrix using an immunoaffinity capture column containing anti-sarafloxacin antibodies covalently cross-linked to protein G. Aker interfering liver matrix components had been washed away, the captured fluoroquinolones were automatically eluted directly onto a reversed phase column. Liquid chromatographic analyses were performed by isocratic elution using 2% acetic acid/acetonitrile (85: 15) as the mobile phase and an Inertsil phenyl column with fluorescence detection at excitation and emission wavelengths of 280 and 444 nm, respectively. No significant interferences from the sample matrix were observed, indicating good selectivity with the immunoaffinity column. Overall recoveries from fortified liver samples (20, 50, and 100 ng/g) ranged between 85.7 and 93.5% with standard deviations of <5%. The limit of quantification for each fluoroquinolone was 1 ng/mL. The limits of detection, based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 5:1, were 0.47, 0.32, 0.87, and 0.53 ng/mL for ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sarafloxacin, and difloxacin, respectively. C1 ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Holtzapple, CK (reprint author), ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 19 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 47 IS 7 BP 2963 EP 2968 DI 10.1021/jf990200y PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 218MM UT WOS:000081556400080 PM 10552594 ER PT J AU Gopinath, M Vasavada, U AF Gopinath, M Vasavada, U TI Patents, R&D, and market structure in the US food processing industry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE food processing firms; innovative activity; market share; R&D; spillovers ID FIRM LEVEL; COUNT DATA; PANEL-DATA; INNOVATION; MODELS AB This study investigates the effects of market structure and research and development (R&D) on the innovative activities of firms. Fixed and random effects count data models are estimated with firm-level data for the U.S. food processing industry. Results show a positive association between patents and R&D, and patents and market structure, suggesting that firms which exhibit noncompetitive behavior are likely to develop new products and processes. Significant intra-industry spillovers of knowledge are identified using industry R&D. For this industry, deadweight losses from imperfect competition may be offset by greater product variety and quality of food products for consumers. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, ERS, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Gopinath, M (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 12 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 24 IS 1 BP 127 EP 139 PG 13 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 205LD UT WOS:000080821800008 ER PT J AU Farrar, RR Ridgway, RL AF Farrar, RR Ridgway, RL TI Relative potency of selected nuclear polyhedrosis viruses against five species of lepidoptera SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; lepidoptera; Noctuidae; nuclear polyhedrosis virus; Plutellidae; Plutella xylostella; potency; Spodoptera exigua; Spodoptera frugiperda ID AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA LEPIDOPTERA; ALFALFA LOOPER; CELERY LOOPER; HELIOTHIS-ZEA; NOCTUIDAE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; BACULOVIRUSES; ENHANCEMENT; INFECTIVITY; VIRULENCE AB The potencies of two or three nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs), selected from among those of alfalfa looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby), AfMNPV; celery looper, Autographa, californica (Speyer), AcMNPV; corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), HzSNPV; and beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), SeMNPV, were compared in side-by-side bioassays against five insect species. Each insect species was tested at a different time, but, for each species all viruses were tested at the same time. Against the corn earworm, HzSNPV was the most potent; AcMNPV, the least potent; and AfMNPV, intermediate in potency. AcMNPV, AfMNPV, and HzSNPV were of similar and high potency against the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.). SeMNPV was more potent than either AcMNPV or AfMNPV against the beet armyworm. AcMNPV and AfMNPV were of similar low potency against the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). AcMNPV was more potent than AfMNPV against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Among dosages that were included for more than one virus against the same insect species, no significant differences between viruses in speed of kill were seen. Increasing virus dosage slightly increased speed of kill for HzSNPV against H. tea and for AfMNPV against S. frugiperda, but had no significant effect on speed of kill for other virus/insect combinations. These results should be useful both in the selection of natural virus strains for use against particular pests, and in the selection of viruses as candidates for genetic engineering to improve their speed of action. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Farrar, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, BARC W, Bldg 011A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 16 IS 3 BP 187 EP 196 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 302XJ UT WOS:000086391500004 ER PT J AU Malinowski, DP Brauer, DK Belesky, DP AF Malinowski, DP Brauer, DK Belesky, DP TI The endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum affects root morphology of tall fescue grown under phosphorus deficiency SO JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE endophyte; Festuca arundinacea; Neotyphodium coenophialum; phosphorus; root development; tall fescue ID FESTUCA-ARUNDINACEA; PERENNIAL RYEGRASS; LOLIUM-PERENNE; MEADOW FESCUE; SOIL; COMPETITION; PHOSPHATE AB Mechanisms involved in mineral stress tolerance of cool-season grasses infected by Neotyphodium spp. endophytes are not known. In a controlled-environment experiment, two genotypes (DN2 and DN4) of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) infected (E+) with their naturally occurring strains of N. coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin, and their non-infected (E-) isolines were cultivated in nutrient solution at two phosphorus (P) levels of 31 mg P dm(-3) (P+) and 0.31 mg P dm(-3)(P-)for 3 weeks. Diameters of lateral roots, root hair length, and distance between root hairs were recorded using a digital image analysis system (Dage 72S CCD camera controlled by a Power Macintosh 7200/120PC compatible computer equipped with an AG-5 frame grabber board and NIH-Image). Irrespective of tall fescue genotype and P level in nutrient solution, Ef plants had roots with a smaller diameter(16%) than E- plants. In response to P deficiency, root diameter of E+ plants declined by 11% and root hair length increased by 17% when compared to E- plants. Altered root diameter and root hair length might be one of the mineral stress tolerance mechanisms in endophyte-infected tall fescue. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Soil & Water Conservat Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Belesky, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Soil & Water Conservat Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 33 TC 60 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0931-2250 J9 J AGRON CROP SCI JI J. Agron. Crop Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 183 IS 1 BP 53 EP 60 DI 10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00321.x PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 217AH UT WOS:000081476300007 ER PT J AU Rumsey, TS Elsasser, TH Kahl, S AF Rumsey, TS Elsasser, TH Kahl, S TI Performance and digestibilities of beef cattle fed diets supplemented with either soybean meal or roasted soybeans and implanted with synovex SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE feedlots; beef cattle; soybean oil meal; soybeans; estrogens; progesterone ID FREE FATTY-ACIDS; GROWTH PROMOTER AFFECT; MEDIATED GH SECRETION; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; THYROID STATUS; STEERS; GLUCOSE; COWS AB Two 160-d feedlot experiments, each consisting of 20 Angus-Hereford steers (216 +/- 5 kg BW, Exp. 1; 258 +/- 5 kg BW, Exp. 2) and 20 Angus-Hereford heifers (208 +/- 5 kg BW, Exp. 1; 236 +/- 5 kg BW, Exp. 2), were used to investigate the effects of supplementing diets with either roasted soybeans (RSB, roasted at 127 degrees C for 10 min) or soybean meal (SBM) and implanting or not implanting with an estrogenic growth promoter (SYN; Synovex-S, 20 mg of estradiol benzoate plus 200 mg of progesterone or Synovex-H, 20 mg of estradiol benzoate plus 200 mig of testosterone) on performance. The cattle were fed a basal diet of 15% orchardgrass silage, 15% corn silage, and 70% corn-based concentrate. Treatments were 1) no SYN and fed a SBM-supplemented diet, 2) no SYN and fed a RSB-supplemented diet, 3) SYN and SBM, and 4) SYN and RSB. Cattle in the SYN groups were reimplanted at 80 d. Four additional Angus-Hereford steers were used in a digestion and nitrogen balance experiment conducted during the first half of Exp. 1. For the total 160-d feedlot experiments, DMI for RSB compared with SBM was lower (P < .01; 8.5 vs 9.2 kg/d, SEM = .07) and ADG/DMI tended to be higher (P < .10; 165 vs 157 g/kg, SEM: = 1.3). Final BW of steers fed RSB was similar (P > .10) to that of steers fed SBM (473 vs 478 kg, SEM = 5.6), as was ADG (1.39 vs 1.43 kg/d, SEM = .02). Dry matter intake for SYN-implanted steers was higher(P < .01) than for steers not implanted (9.2 vs 8.5 kg/d). Likewise, final BW (491 vs 460 kg) and ADG (1.49 vs 1.33 kg/d) were higher (P < .01), and ADG/DMI (166 vs 157 g/kg) tended to be higher (P < .10), for SYN-implanted steers than for steers not implanted. During the more rapid muscle growth period(0 to 80 d), DMI for RSB compared with SBM was lower (P < .01; 7.8 vs 8.6 kg/d, SEM = .07) and ADG/DMI was similar (P > .10; 181 vs 172 g/kg, SEM. = 1.8). Dry matter intake for SYN-implanted steers was higher (P < .05) than for steers not implanted (8.4 vs 8.0 kg/d), as was ADG/DMI (P < .01, 182 vs 171 g/kg). During this more rapid growth period, the supplement x implant interaction for ADG was significant (P < .05; 1.35, 1.36, 1.59, and 1.44 kg/d for Treatments 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, SEM = .04). There were no differences in digestibilities or N balance. The results suggest that there is no improvement in performance under feedlot conditions when RSB replaces SBM in the diet of beef cattle, and, in young cattle, RSB may reduce the response expected by an estrogenic growth promoter. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Anim Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rumsey, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, BARC E, Bldg 200,Room 102, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 77 IS 7 BP 1631 EP 1637 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XR UT WOS:000084445400005 PM 10438006 ER PT J AU Mousa, E Van Vleck, LD Leymaster, KA AF Mousa, E Van Vleck, LD Leymaster, KA TI Genetic parameters for growth traits for a composite terminal sire breed of sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sheep; genetic correlation; maternal effects; heritability ID RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; PURE BREEDS; SUFFOLK; WEIGHTS; PERFORMANCE; EFFICIENCY; CROSSES; MODELS; EWES AB Records of 9,055 lambs from a composite population originating from crossing Columbia rams to Hampshire x Suffolk ewes at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center were used to estimate genetic parameters among growth traits. Traits analyzed were weights at birth (BWT), weaning (7 wk, WWT), 19 mo (W19), and 31 mo (W31) and postweaning ADG from 9 to 18 or 19 wk of age. The ADG was also divided into daily gain of males (DGM) and daily gain of females (DGF). These two traits were analyzed with W19 and with W31 in three-trait analyses. (Co)variance components were estimated with REML for an animal model that included fixed effects of sex, age of dam, type of birth or rearing, and contemporary group. Random effects were direct and maternal genetic of animal and dam with genetic covariance, maternal permanent environmental, and random residual. Estimates of direct heritability were .09, .09, .35, .44, .19, .16, and .23 for BWT, WWT, W19, W31, ADG, DGM, and DGF, respectively. Estimates of maternal permanent environmental variance as a proportion of phenotypic variance were .09, .12, .03, .03, .03, .06, and .02, respectively. Estimates of maternal heritability were .17 and .09 for BWT and WWT and .01 to .03 for other traits. Estimates of genetic correlations were large among W19, W31, and ADG (.69 to .97), small between BWT and W31 or ADG, and moderate for other pairs of traits (.32 to .45). The estimate of genetic correlation between DGM and DGF was .94, and the correlation between maternal permanent environmental effects for these traits was .56. For the three-trait analyses, the genetic correlations of DGM and DGF with W19 were .69 and .82 and with W31 were .67 and .67, respectively. Results show that models for genetic evaluation for BWT and WWT should include maternal genetic effects. Estimates of genetic correlations show that selection for ADG in either sex can be from records of either sex (DGM or DGF) and that selection for daily gain will result in increases in mature weight but that BWT is not correlated with weight at 31 mo. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Van Vleck, LD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 31 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 77 IS 7 BP 1659 EP 1665 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XR UT WOS:000084445400009 PM 10438010 ER PT J AU Casas, E Keele, JW Fahrenkrug, SC Smith, TPL Cundiff, LV Stone, RT AF Casas, E Keele, JW Fahrenkrug, SC Smith, TPL Cundiff, LV Stone, RT TI Quantitative analysis of birth, weaning, and yearling weights and calving difficulty in Piedmontese crossbreds segregating an inactive myostatin allele SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE double muscling; dystocia ID BEEF-CATTLE; BELGIAN-BLUE; MH-LOCUS; TRAITS; MUTATIONS; GROWTH; GENE; HYPERTROPHY; HETEROSIS; BREED AB The Piedmontese breed has a high frequency of double-muscling. Animals tested in this breed are homozygous for a guanine to adenine transition in exon 3 (C313Y) of the myostatin (MSTN) gene. This transition seems to be responsible for the double-muscling phenotype. The objective of this study was to compare effects of alternative MSTN genotypes on proportion of assisted calving and weights at birth, weaning, and I yr of age. Reciprocal backcross and Fz calves out of Piedmontese-Angus (PA) and Piedmontese-Hereford (PH) dams born in 1995 (n = 82), 1996 (n = 75), and 1997 (n = 144) were evaluated for birth (BWT, kg), adjusted weaning (W200,kg),and yearling (W365, kg) weights and calving difficulty expressed as a proportion of assisted calving (CD). The number of copies of C313Y was assessed in each calf. Data were analyzed with a model that included effects of year, sex, subclasses of proportion Piedmontese (.25, .5, .75) by number of C313Y copies (0 = +/+, I = mh/+, 2 = mh/mh), and age of dam as covariate. For BWT, heterozygous mh/+ animals were 3.2 +/- .8 kg heavier than +/+ animals. Homozygous mh/mh animals increased .19 +/- .06 in proportion of CD compared with mh/+ animals. Differences between homozygous animals (mh/mh - +/+) were 5.2 +/- 1 kg for BWT and .21 +/- .06 for CD. Heterozygous mh/+ animals were 9.1 +/- 4 kg heavier at W200 than homozygous +/+ animals. Homozygous +/+ and heterozygous animals were 20 +/- 8 and 24.5 +/- 8 kg, respectively, heavier at W365 than mh/mh animals. Differences between mh/+ and the mean of mh/mh and +/+ genotypes for W200 and W365 were 8.8 +/- 3 and 18 +/- 5 kg, respectively, suggesting dominance effects on. postnatal growth. Production of heterozygous animals, to take advantage of the positive impact of one copy of C313Y on carcass traits, may be a viable option when the value-of increased retail product yield is greater than the increased cost associated with calving difficulty. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Casas, E (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 23 TC 42 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 77 IS 7 BP 1686 EP 1692 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XR UT WOS:000084445400012 PM 10438013 ER PT J AU Smith, SB Mersmann, HJ Smith, EO Britain, KG AF Smith, SB Mersmann, HJ Smith, EO Britain, KG TI Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase gene expression during growth in adipose tissue from obese and crossbred pigs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adipocytes; differentiation; acyl-CoA desaturase; obesity; pigs ID 3T3-L1 PREADIPOCYTES; MESSENGER-RNAS; COA DESATURASE; FATTY-ACIDS; DIFFERENTIATION; RECEPTORS; BACKFAT; FETAL; SWINE AB This investigation addressed the hypothesis that, as a marker of adipocyte differentiation, stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) gene expression would be greater during growth in obese pigs than in crossbred, contemporary pigs. Suckled pigs from a single litter were removed from the sow for sampling at 0, 3, 10, and 17 d. The number of litters at 0, 3, 10, and 17 d of age was zero, two, three, and three (obese sows) and four, two, three, and three (crossbred sows), respectively. Postweaning pigs were removed from the sow at 14 d of age. One set; of postweaning pigs was fed a high-fat, milk-based diet from d 28 to 49; pigs were killed on d 28 and 49 for sampling. The grain-fed pigs were switched to a pelleted, grain-based grower diet at d 28, and samples were obtained at 31, 35, or 49 d of age. Adipose tissue from all pigs in a litter for preweaning and postweaning pigs was pooled for the measurement of cellularity and SCD mRNA. There were significant genetic and age effects for adipocyte diameter and volume; overall, adipocytes from obese pigs were larger than those from crossbred pigs. Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase mRNA was barely detectable at 0 d of age and increased (P < .01) by 20-fold by 49 d of age. There was a significant genetic x age interaction (P = .026); there was more SCD mRNA in adipose tissue from obese pigs than in that from crossbred pigs during the suckling period, whereas crossbred pig exhibited greater SCD gene expression than obese pigs during the postweaning period. The lesser SCD gene expression in postweaning obese pigs was caused by a strong depression in SCD gene expression in the grain-fed obese pigs, The data indicate that SCD gene expression provides a marker for terminal differentiation, especially in preweaning pigs. Furthermore, these results provide additional evidence that SCD gene expression is up-regulated by diets high in saturated fatty acids. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Texas Agr Expt Stn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Smith, SB (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Texas Agr Expt Stn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Smith, Stephen/H-7046-2014 OI Smith, Stephen/0000-0002-2779-8281 NR 18 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 77 IS 7 BP 1710 EP 1716 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XR UT WOS:000084445400015 PM 10438016 ER PT J AU Rumsey, TS Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Solomon, MB AF Rumsey, TS Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Solomon, MB TI The effect of roasted soybeans in the diet of feedlot steers and synovex-S ear implants on carcass characteristics and estimated composition SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE steers; feedlots; soybeans; estrogens; progesterone; carcass composition ID FREE FATTY-ACIDS; GROWTH-HORMONE SECRETION; BEEF STEERS; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; PROMOTER AFFECT; THYROID STATUS; PERFORMANCE; PALATABILITY; LAMBS; COWS AB Beef steer carcasses from three 2 x 2 factorial feeding experiments (Exp. 1, 20 carcasses; Exp. 2 and 3, 19 carcasses each) were evaluated to study the influence of supplementing with roasted soybeans (RSB; 127 degrees C for 10 min) vs soybean meal (SBM) and implanting with the estrogenic growth promoter Synovex-S (SYN, 20 mg estradiol benzoate and 200 mg progesterone)on carcass merit, composition of dissected 9-10-11th rib section, estimated edible carcass composition, and cooking characteristics of strip loin steaks. In all experiments, steers were fed diets consisting of 15% corn silage, 15% orchard grass silage, and 70% corn-based concentrate. There were no treatment interactions found in this study. Final BW averaged 480.4, 498.5, and 500.7 kg for Exp; 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and hot carcass weights averaged 288.4, 296.4, and 309.1 kg. Across experiments, hot carcass weight was 8.3 kg less (P < .03) for RSB steers than for SBM steers. Fat weight(P < .01) and percentage of fat ( P < .01) were less and percentage of bone (P < .04) was greater in the 9-10-11th rib section of RSB steers than of SBM steers. Estimated percentage of fat (P < .02) was less and percentage of bone (P < .04) was greater in edible carcass of RSB steers than in that of SBM steers. Total 9-10-11th rib section weight tended to be less for RSB steers (P < .08) than for SBM steers. Carcass merit measurements were not affected(P > .10)by supplement, but numerically the percentage of kidney, pelvic, and heart fat was 11% greater for RSB steers than for SBM steers in Exp. 2 and 3. Final BW and carcass weight were 38.7 and 22.6 kg greater (P < .01), respectively, for SYN-implanted steers than for steers not implanted. Longissimus muscle area was greater (P < .01), percentage of kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (P < .02) was less, USDA quality grade tended to be less (P < .09), and shear force of ship loin was greater (P < .01) for SYN-implanted steers than for steers not implanted. The 9-10-11th rib section and estimated carcass compositions were not different (P > .10) between SYN-implanted steers and steers not implanted but reflected a somewhat leaner carcass. The authors conclude from this study that in feedlot steers, either implanted or not implanted, there is no benefit from supplementing with RSB in place of SBM, and that the use of RSB in place of SBM in feedlot; diets may reduce the amount of edible carcass. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rumsey, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Bldg 200,Room 102,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 77 IS 7 BP 1726 EP 1734 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XR UT WOS:000084445400017 PM 10438018 ER PT J AU Alexander, BM Stellflug, JN Rose, JD Fitzgerald, JA Moss, GE AF Alexander, BM Stellflug, JN Rose, JD Fitzgerald, JA Moss, GE TI Behavior and endocrine changes in high-performing, low-performing, and male-oriented domestic rams following exposure to rams and ewes in estrus when copulation is precluded SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rams; LH; testosterone; sexual behavior ID MALE SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; MATING STIMULI; TESTOSTERONE; RECEPTORS; ESTRADIOL; FEMALE; SHEEP AB High-performing, low-performing, and male-oriented rams were used to investigate behavior and neuroendocrine correlates of sexual interest and discrimination. Treatment consisted of visual and olfactory contact with stimulus animals through a woven wire fence, which inhibited copulation (either ewes in estrus or other rams), for 4 h on each of three consecutive days. Before exposure to stimulus animals on d 1 and during the final 1 h of exposure on d 2, blood samples were collected every 15 min for Ih to determine concentrations of LH and testosterone. During exposure to stimulus animals, rams were continuously observed and investigatory behaviors were recorded. There was no day effect for ally behavior. Groups of rams differed (P < .05) in amounts of behaviors exhibited, but behaviors were not influenced by sex of stimulus animals. High-performing rams exhibited more (P < .05) investigatory behaviors toward stimulus animals than low-performing or male-oriented rams. Plasma concentrations of LH increased (P < .05) in high-performing rams following exposure to estrous ewes, but not following exposure to rams. In low-performing and male-orientated rams, concentrations of LH were unchanged regardless of sex of the stimulus animal. Change in plasma concentrations of testosterone from pre- to posttreatment did not differ between high-performing, low-performing, and male-oriented rams. However, low-performing rams exhibited an increase (P < .05) in plasma concentrations of testosterone following exposure to rams. In conclusion, high-performing rams exhibit a high degree of investigatory behaviors toward estrous ewes and other rams. High-performing rams seem to discriminate sex of stimulus animals and exhibit a neuroendocrine response (i.e., increased plasma LH) only when exposed to ewes in estrus. The sensory signals provided by estrous females are either not detected by low-performing or male-oriented rams or are not sufficiently provocative to elicit further investigation by these rams. C1 Univ Wyoming, Reprod Biol Program, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. USDA, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Psychol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Anim Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Moss, GE (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Reprod Biol Program, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 18 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 77 IS 7 BP 1869 EP 1874 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XR UT WOS:000084445400034 PM 10438035 ER PT J AU Mauldin, RE Johnston, JJ Riekena, CA AF Mauldin, RE Johnston, JJ Riekena, CA TI An improved method for analysis of cholecalciferol-treated baits SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS; PERFORMANCE AB A liquid extraction method is described that permits rapid determination of cholecalciferol (D-3) in rodenticidal grain baits. Purified D3 was incubated for various time periods to produce pre-D-3. Response ratios (concentration/detector response) for various concentrations of pre-Da and Dg in solutions permitted generation of a correction factor for direct quantitation of pre-D-3 in solutions with a pure Dg standard. The method has equal precision and accuracy, yet is simpler and less time consuming and requires less solvents than widely accepted methods for extracting DQ from grain baits. Recoveries from control oat baits fortified at 0.05 and 0.75 wt % were 100.9 and 98%, respectively. A standard curve for concentrations ranging from 6.4 to 204 mu g/mL had an r(2) of 0.9999 and an intercept of zero and was linear and proportional. The (-4) wt % D-3. C1 USDA, US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Bell Labs Inc, Madison, WI 53704 USA. RP Mauldin, RE (reprint author), USDA, US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 82 IS 4 BP 792 EP 798 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 219GT UT WOS:000081600100002 ER PT J AU Kopp-Hoolihan, LE Van Loan, MD Wong, WW King, JC AF Kopp-Hoolihan, LE Van Loan, MD Wong, WW King, JC TI Fat mass deposition during pregnancy using a four-component model SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE body composition; fat-free mass; total body water; body density; body fat ID WHOLE-BODY CALORIMETRY; HEALTHY SWEDISH WOMEN; LABELED WATER METHOD; ENERGY-REQUIREMENTS; METABOLIC-RATE; GAMBIAN WOMEN; EXPENDITURE AB Estimates of body fat mass gained during human pregnancy are necessary to assess the composition of gestational weight gained and in studying energy requirements of reproduction. However, commonly used methods of measuring body composition are not valid during pregnancy. We used measurements of total body water (TBW), body density, and bone mineral content (BMC) to apply a four-component model to measure body fat gained in nine pregnant women. Measurements were made longitudinally from before conception; at 8-10, 24-26, and 34-36 wk gestation; and at 4-6 wk postpartum. TBW was measured by deuterium dilution, body density by hydrodensitometry, and BMC by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Body protein was estimated by subtracting TBW and BMC from fat-free mass. By 36 wk of gestation, body weight increased 11.2 +/- 4.4 kg, TBW increased 5.6 +/- 3.3 kg, fat-free mass increased 6.5 +/- 3.4 kg, and fat mass increased 4.1 +/- 3.5 kg. The estimated energy cost of fat mass gained averaged 44,608 kcal (95% confidence interval, -31,552-120,768 kcal). The large variability in the composition of gestational weight gained among the women was not explained by prepregnancy body composition or by energy intake. This variability makes it impossible to derive a single value for the energy cost of fat deposition to use in estimating the energy requirement of pregnancy. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nutr Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Kopp-Hoolihan, LE (reprint author), Dairy Council Calif, 2222 Martin 155, Irvine, CA 92612 USA. NR 31 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 87 IS 1 BP 196 EP 202 PG 7 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 215HN UT WOS:000081376200026 PM 10409575 ER PT J AU Spencer, DF Ksander, GG AF Spencer, DF Ksander, GG TI Seasonal changes in chemical composition of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) and water temperature at two sites in northern California: Implications for herbivory SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aquatic weed; tissue C; tissue N; phenolic acids; Truckee River ID EUHRYCHIOPSIS-LECONTEI; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT; ANTHONOMUS-GRANDIS; NATIVE VEGETATION; DIETARY NITROGEN; BOLL-WEEVIL; AGENT; CURCULIONIDAE; POLYPHENOLS AB We compared seasonal changes in Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) characteristics and water temperature for a shallow pond in Davis, CA, and the Truckee River, near Tahoe Cit): CA. Tissue C and N were 15% lower in plants from the Truckee River than in plants from the Davis pond. Seasonal fluctuations in tissue N were also different. Mean phenolic acid content of Truckee River plants (162 mu M g(-1)) was less than those from the shallow pond (195 mu M g(-1)). Phenolic acid content was positively related to tissue C for Truckee River and Davis pond plants and, tissue C:N ratio for Truckee River plants. Mean monthly water temperature (1990 to 1998) for the Truckee River site was less than 20 C. Water temperatures were warmer in August and September at this site. However; Eurasian watermilfoil collected during these months was characterized by lower levels of tissue N. During a 29-month period beginning January 1994, mean monthly water temperature for the Davis pond exceeded 20 C, only during July to September 1995. Tissue N was generally greater during summer for watermilfoil growing in the pond. These results imply that Eurasian watermilfoil biological control agents may have different developmental rates in these habitats, and thus different impacts on watermilfoil populations. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, Weed Sci Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Spencer, DF (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, Weed Sci Program, Robbins Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 40 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI CLERMONT PA PO BOX 121086, CLERMONT, FL 34712-1086 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 37 BP 61 EP 66 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 340EX UT WOS:000088521100005 ER PT J AU Spencer, DF Ksander, GG AF Spencer, DF Ksander, GG TI Influence of dilute acetic acid treatments on survival of monoecious Hydrilla tubers in the Oregon House Canal, California SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aquatic plant management; tuber bank; vinegar; Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle; monoecious ID BAGOUS-AFFINIS COLEOPTERA; SEDIMENTS; CURCULIONIDAE; VERTICILLATA; GERMINATION; MANAGEMENT AB Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle), a serious aquatic weed, reproduces through formation of underground tubers. To date, attacking this life-cycle stage has been problematic. The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of exposure to dilute acetic acid on monoecious hydrilla tubers under field conditions. In this field experiment, treatments were acetic acid concentration (0, 2.5, or 5%) and sediment condition (perforated or not perforated). Each of 60, 1 x 1 m plots tin the Oregon House Canal) were randomly assigned to one treatment. Two weeks after treatment, we collected three samples from each plot. One was washed over 2 mm wire mesh screens to separate tubers from sediment. Relative electrolyte leakage was measured for one tuber from each plot. Five additional tubers from each plot were placed in a growth chamber and sprouting monitored for four weeks. A second sample from each plot was placed in a plastic tub and placed in an outdoor tank, filled with water: These samples were monitored for tuber sprouting. Relative electrolyte leakage increased significantly for tubers exposed to 2.5 or 5% acetic acid. Effects on tubers in perforated sediment were reduced. Exposure to acetic acid inhibited tuber sprouting by 80 to 100%, in both the growth chamber and outdoor tests. These results confirm findings from earlier laboratory/greenhouse experiments, and suggest that this approach may be useful in the management of hydrilla tuber banks in habitats where die water level can be lowered to expose the sediments. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, Weed Sci Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Spencer, DF (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, Weed Sci Program, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 10 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI CLERMONT PA PO BOX 121086, CLERMONT, FL 34712-1086 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 37 BP 67 EP 71 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 340EX UT WOS:000088521100006 ER PT J AU Everitt, JH Yang, C Escobar, DE Webster, CF Lonard, RI Davis, MR AF Everitt, JH Yang, C Escobar, DE Webster, CF Lonard, RI Davis, MR TI Using remote sensing and spatial information technologies to detect and map two aquatic macrophytes SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE light reflectance; aerial videography; hydrilla; Hydrilla verticillata; waterhyacinth; Eichhornia crassipes ID REFLECTANCE CHARACTERISTICS AB This paper describes the light reflectance characteristics of waterhyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mort.) Solms] and hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (L, F.) Royle] and the application of airborne videography with global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies for distinguishing and mapping the distribution of these two aquatic weeds in waterways of southern Texas. Field reflectance measurements made at several locations showed that waterhyacinth generally had higher near-infrared (NIR) reflectance than associated plant species and water. Hydrilla had lower NIR reflectance than associated plant species and higher NIR reflectance than water. Reflectance measurements made on hydrilla plants submerged below the water surface had similar spectral characteristics to water. Waterhyacinth and hydrilla could be distinguished in color-infrared (CIR) video imagery where they had bright orange-red and reddish-brown image responses, respectively. Computer analysis of the imagery showed that waterhyacinth and hydrilla infestations could be quantified. An accuracy assessment performed on the classified image showed an overall accuracy of 87.7%. Integration of the GPS with the video imagery permitted latitude/longitude coordinates of waterhyacinth and hydrilla infestations to be recorded on each image. A portion of the Rio Grande River in extreme southern Texas was flown with the video system to detect waterhyacinth and hydrilla infestations. The GPS coordinates on the CIR video scenes depicting water hyacinth and hydrilla infestations were entered into a GIS to map the distribution of these two noxious weeds in the Rio Grande River. C1 ARS, USDA, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Texas Nat Resouce Conservat Commiss, Reg 15 Water Program, Harlingen, TX 78550 USA. Univ Texas Pan Amer, Dept Biol, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. RP Everitt, JH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Unit, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 34 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 10 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI CLERMONT PA PO BOX 121086, CLERMONT, FL 34712-1086 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 37 BP 71 EP 80 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 340EX UT WOS:000088521100007 ER PT J AU Havstad, KM Gibbens, RP Knorr, CA Murray, LW AF Havstad, KM Gibbens, RP Knorr, CA Murray, LW TI Long-term influences of shrub removal and lagomorph exclusion on Chihuahuan Desert vegetation dynamics SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE creosotebush; Larrea tridentata; black grama; Bouteloua eriopoda; desert ecology ID NEW-MEXICO; GRASSLAND; RANGELAND; DESERTIFICATION; TRANSITION; COMMUNITY; NITROGEN; CLIMATE; ARIZONA; MODEL AB Cover of perennial species in long-term experimental plots in a creosotebush (Larrea tridentata Sess. & Moc. Ex DC.) dominated community in the Chihuahuan Desert was monitored for 56 years. Sixteen 21.3 x 21.3 m plots were established in 1938-39 to evaluate the effects of lagomorph exclusion and shrub removal. Major dominant shrubs were individually severed at ground level and removed by hand in 1939, and this process was repeated after measuring plant cover in 1947, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1989, and 1995. Lagomorphs were excluded with poultry wire fencing. Shrub removal increased (p less than or equal to 0.05) the basal cover of two major desert grass species, black grama (Boulteloua eriopoda Torr.) and spike dropseed (Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitch.) between 1939 and 1995, but differences were not evident until 50 years after initial treatment. Temporal effects of lagomorph exclusion were less pronounced than shrub removal. Clearly, shrub dominance has an extremely important and lasting role in determining vegetation community structure in this arid environment, even when above-ground shrub structures are periodically removed. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Univ Stat Ctr, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Havstad, KM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 34 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 42 IS 3 BP 155 EP 166 DI 10.1006/jare.1999.0516 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 228WK UT WOS:000082159500001 ER PT J AU Kinscherf, TG Willis, DK AF Kinscherf, TG Willis, DK TI Swarming by Pseudomonas syringae B728a requires gacS (lemA) and gacA but not the acyl-homoserine lactone biosynthetic gene ahlI SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PV SYRINGAE; SERRATIA-LIQUEFACIENS; LESION FORMATION; REGULATOR; IDENTIFICATION; PATHOGENICITY; VIRULENCE; INVOLVEMENT; EXPRESSION AB Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a, a causal agent of bacterial brown spot on snap beans, swarms with a characteristic dendritic pattern on semisolid (0.4%) agar plates. Filamentation of swarming cells of B728a was not observed. Mutations in either the gacS (formerly lemA) or gacA gene of B728a eliminate the ability of this P. syringae isolate to swarm without obvious effects on bacterial motility. Three field isolates showed a similar dependence on gacS for swarming. Since gacS and gacA mutants are known to be deficient in N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone (acyl-HSL) production, a mutant was constructed by disruption of the ahlI gene of B728a. This mutant did not make any acyl-HSL detectable by the Agrobacterium traG::lacZ reporter system, yet was unaffected in its ability to swarm. Other phenotypes of gacS and gacA mutations were similarly unaffected in the ahlI mutant. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Willis, DK (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 28 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 181 IS 13 BP 4133 EP 4136 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 211JW UT WOS:000081158300038 PM 10383988 ER PT J AU Bologna, LS Andrawes, FF Barvenik, FW Lentz, RD Sojka, RE AF Bologna, LS Andrawes, FF Barvenik, FW Lentz, RD Sojka, RE TI Analysis of residual acrylamide in field crops SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MONOMER; POLYACRYLAMIDES; TEMPERATURE C1 Cytec Ind Inc, Stamford, CT 06902 USA. USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soil Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Andrawes, FF (reprint author), Cytec Ind Inc, 1937 W Main St, Stamford, CT 06902 USA. NR 20 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 7 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 37 IS 7 BP 240 EP 244 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 213DM UT WOS:000081257000003 ER PT J AU Kappmeyer, LS Perryman, LE Hines, SA Baszler, TV Katz, JB Hennager, SG Knowles, DP AF Kappmeyer, LS Perryman, LE Hines, SA Baszler, TV Katz, JB Hennager, SG Knowles, DP TI Detection of equine antibodies to Babesia caballi by recombinant B-caballi rhoptry-associated protein 1 in a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANAPLASMA-MARGINALE; SURFACE PROTEIN; EPITOPE; HORSES; MEROZOITES; CATTLE AB A competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was developed for detection of equine antibodies specific for Babesia caballi, The assay used recombinant B. caballi rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1) and monoclonal antibody (MAb) 79/17.18.5, which is reactive with a peptide epitope of a native 60-kDa B. caballi antigen. The gene encoding the recombinant antigen was sequenced, and database analysis revealed that the gene product is a rhoptry-associated protein. Cloning and expression of a truncated copy of the gene demonstrated that MAb 79/17.18.5 reacts with the C-terminal repeat region of the protein. The cELISA was used to evaluate 302 equine serum samples previously tested for antibodies to B. caballi by a standardized complement fixation test (CFT). The results of cELISA and CFT were 73% concordant. Seventy-two of the 77 serum samples with discordant results were CFT negative and cELISA positive. Further evaluation of the serum samples with discordant results by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) demonstrated that at a serum dilution of 1:200, 48 of the CFT-negative and cELISA-positive serum samples contained antibodies reactive with B. caballi RAP-1. Four of five CFT-positive and cELISA-negative serum samples contained antibodies reactive with B. caballi when they were tested by IFA, These data indicate that following infection with B. caballi, horses consistently produce antibody to the RAP-1 epitope defined by MAb 79/17.18.5, and when used in the cELISA format, recombinant RAP-1 is a useful antigen for the serologic detection of anti-B. caballi antibodies. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Microbiol Pathol & Parasitol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Washington State Univ, Washington Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Vet Serv Lab, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Knowles, DP (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, 331 Bustad Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 16 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 37 IS 7 BP 2285 EP 2290 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 206FR UT WOS:000080867100026 PM 10364599 ER PT J AU Corwin, DL David, A Goldberg, S AF Corwin, DL David, A Goldberg, S TI Mobility of arsenic in soil from the Rocky Mountain Arsenal area SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic mobility; arsenic adsorption; preferential flow; contaminant transport; groundwater vulnerability ID AMORPHOUS IRON HYDROXIDE; COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; PHOSPHATE; SORPTION; PH; TRANSFORMATION; SOLUBILITY; MOLYBDATE; TANNERY AB From 1942 to the early 1980s, Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA), a superfund site northeast of Denver in central Colorado, served as a facility for the development, manufacture, and disposal of toxic organic and inorganic chemicals including US Army surety agents (including nerve gas and blistering agents), munitions, propellants, and pesticides. Arsenic (As) in the form of Lewisite (blistering agent), arsenic trioxide (herbicide), trisodium arsenate, and arsenic trichloride (process intermediate) was present in extremely large quantities at RMA's South Plants Processing Area. Even though current cleanup efforts are likely to remove the vast majority of As presently polluting the soil and groundwater, there is still a future potential threat for the movement of residual levels of As into groundwater supplies. The distribution and movement of As were monitored over a 2.5-year period to evaluate the threat to groundwater by low levels of As. Because of access restrictions to RMA, an off-site meso-scale (0.6 m diameter by 1.83 m in height) weighing lysimeter study was conducted using excavated soil (i.e., Ascalon sandy Flay loam) associated with As contamination at RMA's South Plants Processing Area. The long-term study revealed the persistence of As under aerobic soil conditions, and a limited, but perceptible, mobility of As (0.87% of the total applied As drained beyond 1.5 m) resulting from interacting physical, chemical, and biological factors. Results suggest that even though the movement of As is significantly retarded due to adsorptive processes, preferential flow and chemical factors (i.e., pH and redox potential) can mobilize As at point locations above permissible levels, if precautionary measures are not taken. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Salin Lab, USDA ARS, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Ctr Thermat Eau, BRGM, F-34000 Montpellier, France. RP Corwin, DL (reprint author), US Salin Lab, USDA ARS, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 48 TC 35 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 39 IS 1-2 BP 35 EP 58 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00035-2 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 237ZR UT WOS:000082686900004 ER PT J AU Rorato, PRN Keown, JF Van Vleck, LD AF Rorato, PRN Keown, JF Van Vleck, LD TI Variance caused by cytoplasmic line and sire by herd interaction effects for milk yield considering estimation bias SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic parameters; Holsteins; REML; milk yield ID DAIRY-CATTLE; PRODUCTION TRAITS; MATERNAL LINEAGE; ANIMAL-MODEL; NEW-YORK; INHERITANCE; CALIFORNIA; HOLSTEINS; FAT AB A total of 138,869 lactation milk yields (305 d, milked twice daily, mature equivalent) from the first three parities of 68,063 New York Holstein cows were used to estimate variance components that were due to additive direct genetic effects, cow permanent environmental effects (cow within sire for sire model), sire by herd interaction effects, and cytoplasmic line effects. The original data were assigned to 10 random samples, which were each analyzed using an animal model and a sire model. From each sample of original data, 20 other samples were analyzed with levels assigned randomly to cytoplasmic and interaction effects (data with randomly simulated levels). Ten of those samples were analyzed with an animal model and 10 with a sire model. The models also included fixed effects of herd-year-seasons. For the animal model and sire model, average fractions of phenotypic variance and average standard errors were, respectively, for additive direct genetic effects 0.300 (0.029) and 0.228 (0.040) for original data and 0.325 (0.025) and 0.262 (0.039) for data with randomly simulated levels. For cow permanent environmental effects the respective averages were 0.242 (0.024) and 0.444 (0.014) for original data and 0.235 (0.025) and 0.492 (0.016) for data with randomly simulated levels. The averages for sire by herd interaction effects were 0.015 (0.008) and 0.018 (0.007) for original data and 0.003 (0.007) and 0.004 (0.009) for data with randomly simulated levels. For cytoplasmic line effects, the respective averages were 0.011 (0.007) and 0.043 (0.008) for original data and 0.003 (0.006) and 0.003 (0.007) for data with randomly simulated levels. The differences between estimates of variance components for original data and data with randomly simulated levels suggest that estimates of fractions of total variance caused by sire by herd interaction and cytoplasmic effects estimated with REML may be biased upward by 0.003 to 0.004. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Fed Santa Maria, Dept Zootecnia, BR-97119900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. RP Rorato, PRN (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Rorato, Paulo/F-5614-2013 NR 22 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 82 IS 7 BP 1574 EP 1580 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 215JU UT WOS:000081379200026 PM 10416173 ER PT J AU Ridgway, RL Farrar, RR AF Ridgway, RL Farrar, RR TI Mortality of two lepidopterans in response to selected commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE commercial formulations; phagostimulant; ultraviolet light; Bacillus thuringiensis ID NUTRIENT-BASED PHAGOSTIMULANTS; INSECTICIDAL CRYSTAL PROTEINS; NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; ULTRAVIOLET PROTECTANTS; RESIDUAL ACTIVITY; TOBACCO BUDWORM; SUNLIGHT; NOCTUIDAE; ADJUVANT; SPECIFICITY AB Five commercial granular formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner marketed for controlling the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), were compared for insecticidal activity using treated discs of bean leaves. Three formulations, Dipel 10G(R), Full-Bac ECBG(TM), and Strike BT(R), were similar in terms of both mortality and speed of kill. A formulation containing a strain of B. thuringiensis developed by plasmid fusion, Condor G(R), caused mortality similar to the other three formulations, but the speed of kill was slower. A fifth formulation containing a B. thuringiensis toxin produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula as result of a gene transfer, M-Peril(TM), caused substantially less mortality than any of the other formulations. An experimental water dispersible formulation, based on a previously developed granular matrix formulation containing B, thuringiensis and a nutrient-based phagostimulant, caused significantly higher mortality of the European corn borer than a similar formulation without the phagostimulant. Simulated field studies were conducted to study the effects of the phagostimulant on feeding and protection of B. thuringiensis from ultraviolet (UV) light. Bean plants treated with B. thuringiensis and the phagostimulant were exposed to different UV regimes outdoors under canopies made of specialized acrylic plastics and then infested with larvae of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie). A significant interaction between the UV regimes and the phagostimulant was found, indicating that the phagostimulant acted both as a feeding stimulant and as a UV protectant to enhance the activity of B. thuringiensis. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 273 EP 285 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 229FT UT WOS:000082183400002 ER PT J AU Schaefer, PW Fuester, RW Taylor, PB Barth, SE Simons, EE Blumenthal, EM Handley, EM Finn, TB Elliott, EW AF Schaefer, PW Fuester, RW Taylor, PB Barth, SE Simons, EE Blumenthal, EM Handley, EM Finn, TB Elliott, EW TI Current distribution and historical range expansion of Calosoma sycophanta (L.) (Coleoptera : Carabidae) in North America SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE distribution; dispersal; beneficial predator; gypsy moth; Calosoma sycophanta; Calosoma spp.; tree-band/pitfall trap ID GYPSY-MOTH; LYMANTRIIDAE; LEPIDOPTERA AB Since the intentional introduction, release, and establishment of the lymantriid predator, Calosoma sycophanta (L.), in 1906-07 in the vicinity of Boston, MA, its range has continued to expand. Compilation of collection localities, all intentional releases in North America, and museum collection records permitted documentation of spread over time and a crude straight line estimate of the rate of dispersion, calculated at 6 km/year. Trapping and other collection records in recent years permitted an approximation of the current distribution, which now extends from southern Maine and all New England states south into Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia. During 15 years of trapping at one New Jersey site and in the mid-Atlantic states, we collectively placed 3,792 traps in 253 locations. We captured 12,117 C. sycophanta, most of which were immediately released on location. Of those that were sexed (4,160), 74.3% were males. We recorded new state records for Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia. Other species trapped include C. scrutator (200 specimens, most in New Jersey), C. wilcoxi (12, most in Delaware), C. frigidum(896, most in Pennsylvania) and C. calidum (22, most in Virginia). C1 USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res, Newark, DE 19713 USA. RP Schaefer, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res, Newark, DE 19713 USA. NR 36 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 339 EP 362 PG 24 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 229FT UT WOS:000082183400010 ER PT J AU Bengston, DN Fan, DP Celarier, DN AF Bengston, DN Fan, DP Celarier, DN TI A new approach to monitoring the social environment for natural resource management and policy: The case of US national forest benefits and values SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE benefits and values; computer content analysis; news media; national forest; social monitoring; USDA Forest Service ID PUBLIC-OPINION; MEDIA; COVERAGE; TRENDS; ISSUE; PRESS; NEWS AB This paper describes a new approach for monitoring the social environment for natural resource management and policy, based on content analysis of online news media stories. Content analysis of the media has repeatedly been shown to produce results that are closely correlated with attitude surveys and opinion polls. Computer methods were used to analyse almost 30 000 online news stories about the US national forests for expressions of four broad categories of benefits and values. Recreation benefits and values were expressed more often than other categories, both at the national and regional levels, followed by commodity, ecological and moral/spiritual/aesthetic benefits and values. Over the years 1992 through 1996, a gradual upward trend was found in expressions of recreation and moral/spiritual/aesthetic benefits and values and a gradual downward trend was found in expressions of commodity-related benefits and values at the national level, suggesting shifting environmental values and the need to ensure that natural resource management and policy are responsive to changing social values. Computer content analysis of online news stories provides a new method for the continuous monitoring and assessment of a broad range of trends in the social environment in which natural resource decision making takes place. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Genet & Cell Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Forest Serv, Off Commun, Washington, DC 20090 USA. RP Bengston, DN (reprint author), N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 65 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 56 IS 3 BP 181 EP 193 DI 10.1006/jema.1999.0278 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 216KR UT WOS:000081441700003 ER PT J AU Dao, TH AF Dao, TH TI Coamendments to modify phosphorus extractability and nitrogen phosphorus ratio in feedlot manure and composted manure SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; POULTRY LITTER; SOLUBILITY; AMENDMENTS; SALINITY; WHEAT; ASH AB A narrow nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (NIP) exists in animal manure, resulting in P high loading and pollution risks when land applications are made to meet IV demands of a crop. Nonhazardous mineral by-products potentially widen the effective NIP ratio in manure. We determined the effects of alum, caliche, and Class C fly ash on extractable P concentrations in stockpiled and composted cattle (Bos taurus) manure at rates of 0, 0.10, 0.25, and 0.50 kg kg(-1) manure. The mixtures were also added to Amarillo fine sandy loam (Aridic Paleustalf) and Pullman clay loam (Torrertic Paleustoll) at the rate of 22 Mg ha(-1). Caliche, alum, and fly ash reduced water-extractable P (WP) in stockpiled manure by 21, 60, and 85% and by 50, 83, and 93% in composted manure at the 0.1kg kg(-1) rate. Alum and fly ash also significantly reduced Bray-I P (BP) concentrations by 75 and 90% in stockpiled and composted manure, respectively, and >90% at higher rates. Fly ash also decreased Mehlich III-P (MP) concentrations, ranging from 50 to 98%. Mixing these amendments with feedlot manure widened the effective manure NIP ratio by a factor ranging from 1.5 to 18, Applying fly ash-treated stockpiled or composted manure reduced ail extractable P fractions from amended soils. Alum and caliche consistently reduced the WP fraction only. Coapplications of mineral and animal bg-products stabilized manure P where uncovered storage is unavoidable or widened its effective NIP ratio, allowing land application rates needed to fulfill plant N requirements without causing water quality impairments. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Dao, TH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 30 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 1114 EP 1121 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 214UF UT WOS:000081345400008 ER PT J AU Eghball, B Gilley, JE AF Eghball, B Gilley, JE TI Phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff following beef cattle manure or compost application SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID FEEDLOT MANURE; FERTILIZER; MOVEMENT; LOSSES AB Manure or compost from beef cattle feedlots can he an excellent sources of nutrients and organic matter when added to soils, but they can also pollute runoff. We determined the effects of simulated rainfall on runoff losses of P and N, and EC and pH following application of manure and compost to a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (fine smectitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll) soil having grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residues. Manure, compost, and fertilizer were applied to no-till fields at rates required to meet N or P requirements for corn (Zen mays L.) production and were either left on the soil surface or dished to 8 cm. There were also untreated checks. Runoff concentrations of dissolved P (DP), bioavailable P (BAP), and MH4-N were significantly greater when the soil was not dished. Total and particulate P concentrations in runoff were generally less under wheat than sorghum residue and were less for the no-till than the disked condition. In the disked system, N or P-based manure or compost application resulted in DP concentration <1 mg L-1. Manure and compost application resulted in greater runoff EC values than fertilizer application. Phosphorus concentration of runoff receiving P fertilizer or N-based manure and compost application can be an environmental concern when these sources are applied under no-till conditions without incorporation. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Eghball, B (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM beghball1@unl.edu NR 25 TC 122 Z9 122 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 EI 1537-2537 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 1201 EP 1210 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 214UF UT WOS:000081345400020 ER PT J AU Elrashidi, MA Baligar, VC Korcak, RF Persaud, N Ritchey, KD AF Elrashidi, MA Baligar, VC Korcak, RF Persaud, N Ritchey, KD TI Chemical composition of leachate of dairy manure mixed with fluidized bed combustion residue SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID BORON SORPTION; SOIL; ACID; FLOCCULATION; DISSOLUTION; TRANSPORT; HEMATITE; GIBBSITE; EXTRACTS; MATTER AB This study was initiated to investigate the hypothesis that using Fluidized Bed Combustion (FEC) residue to stabilize a dairy feedlot surface (DFS) could enhance element attenuation and minimize the environmental impact on water quality. The laboratory leaching experiment included FBC, dairy manure (DM), and DM/FBC treatments. The leaching process consisted of 10 weekly additions of distilled mater, each of 460 mt. Using FBC with DM decreased the concentration of most elements (e.g., P, N, K, Ca, Al, Si, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, As, and Se) in the leachate. A decrease ranging from 5.6 to 100% was obtained. The presence of high concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is believed to enhance element attenuation by FBC minerals (e.g., Fe-, and Al-oxides). Several mechanisms involved in this process are proposed: (i) formation of insoluble metal-organic complexes; (ii) sorption of soluble organic and inorganic species on mineral surfaces: and (iii) precipitation of soluble inorganic species. These mechanisms are discussed in relation to each of the measured elements. On the other hand, using FBC with DM appeared to increase the concentration of B (235%), S (47.3%), and Mg (36.5%) in the leachate. Reactions of DOM with FBC minerals to form soluble organic complexes were suggested to explain B and S increases. The increase in leached Mg could be attributed to the presence of SO42-. Our results provide evidence that using FBC to stabilize DFS has the advantage of immobilizing a large portion of most elements present in DM leachate. C1 USDA ARS, ASWCRL, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. ARS, USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Elrashidi, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, ASWCRL, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 41 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 1243 EP 1251 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 214UF UT WOS:000081345400025 ER PT J AU Johnson, DW Susfalk, RB Brewer, PF Swank, WT AF Johnson, DW Susfalk, RB Brewer, PF Swank, WT TI Simulated effects of reduced sulfur, nitrogen, and base cation deposition on soils and solutions in southern Appalachian forests SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ACID DEPOSITION; SURFACE WATERS; CHEMISTRY; SPRUCE; CALCIUM; MODEL; RAIN; PH AB Effects of reduced deposition of N, S, and C-B on nutrient peels. fluxes, soil, and soil solution chemistry a ere simulated for two Appalachian forest ecosystems using the nutrient cycling model. In the extremely acidic, N- and S-saturated red spruce [Picea rubens (Sarg.)] forest (Nolan Divide), reducing C-B deposition by 50% reduced C-B leaching by similar to 40% during the 24-yr simulation period. This was due solely to the effects of Cb deposition on the soil exchanger rather than effects on soil solution. Reducing S and N by 50% caused immediate reductions in total anion and cation leaching at Nolan Divide, but the effects on soil solution C-B diminished and C-B leaching was reduced by only 17% over the simulation period. Reducing 5 and N deposition had a greater effect on soil solution aluminum (Al) and molar Ca/Al ratio than reducing base cation deposition at Nolan Divide. In the moderately acidic, N- and S-accumulating mixed deciduous forest at Coweeta, reduced C-B deposition by 50% caused a,very slight (< 4%) reduction in C-B leaching as a result of slightly reduced base saturation and increased soil sulfate adsorption. The effects on reducing S and N deposition by 50% on C-B leaching (16% over the simulation period) were greater than those of reduced C-B deposition. The system continued to accumulate both S and N even at reduced deposition at Coweeta, although growth and vegetation uptake were slightly reduced (-5%) because of increased N deficiency, Base saturation remained well shove the Al buffering range at all times at Coweeta and Al Has an unimportant component of soil solutions in all scenarios. C1 Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Tennessee Valley Author, Chattanooga, TN 37402 USA. US Forest Serv, Coweeta Hydrolog Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RP Johnson, DW (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 1336 EP 1346 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 214UF UT WOS:000081345400037 ER PT J AU Kotob, SI McLaughlin, SM van Berkum, P Faisal, M AF Kotob, SI McLaughlin, SM van Berkum, P Faisal, M TI Characterization of two Perkinsus spp. from the softshell clam, Mya arenaria using the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE phylogenetic relationships; polymerase chain reaction; restriction fragment length polymorphism; riboprinting ID SCALLOPS ARGOPECTEN-IRRADIANS; N-SP APICOMPLEXA; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA; FINE-STRUCTURE; PARASITE; SEQUENCES; IDENTIFICATION; MARINUS AB Sequence analysis and riboprinting of the small subunit, ribosomal RNA genes were used to characterize two morphologically different Perkinsus species isolates from the gill (G117) and the hemolymph (H49) of the softshell clam, Mya arenaria. Sequence data of the polymerase chain reaction amplified ribosomal RNA loci of G117 and H49 indicated that these genes are 1803 and 1806 base-pair long, respectively. A sequence similarity of > 98.9% was calculated among ribosomal RNA sequences of the two isolates of this study and the published sequences of Perkinsus marinus from the American eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and Perkinsus sp. from the blood cockle of the Australian mollusc, Anadara trapezia. From a phylogenetic tree obtained from Jukes-Cantor distances of thr aligned ribosomal RNA gene sequences of 13 eukaryotic taxa using the Neighbor-Joining method, we showed that G117 and H49 clustered within the genus Perkinsus. Guided by the sequence data of Perkinsus marinus (accession # X75762) and Perkinsus sp. (accession # L07375), restriction endonucleases were selected for restriction fragment analysis of polymerase chain reaction products of the small subunit ribosomal RNA genes (riboprinting). Riboprinting was used to distinguish the four members of the genus Perkinsus from each other. C1 Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Dept Environm Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Faisal, M (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Dept Environm Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. NR 33 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 46 IS 4 BP 439 EP 444 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04625.x PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 225ED UT WOS:000081944700016 PM 10461386 ER PT J AU Fasina, OO Tyler, RT Pickard, MD Zheng, GH AF Fasina, OO Tyler, RT Pickard, MD Zheng, GH TI Infrared heating of hulless and pearled barley SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION LA English DT Article ID STARCH AB Whole hulless and pearled barley were subjected to infrared heating (micronization) at moisture contents between 12.2% and 26.5% and surface temperatures of 105C to 150C. Infrared heat processing markedly affected the functional, structural and physical properties of the grains. Both micronizing temperature and initial grain moisture content had pronounced effects on these characteristics, The characteristics evaluated are bulk and particle densities, water absorption of whole kernel when soaked for 4 h and 24 h, flour water hydration capacity, protein solubility at pH of 2.0 to 12.0 and flour thermal properties using differential scanning calorimetry. Infrared heating did not change the chemical constituents (starch, protein, total dietary fiber, ash and fat) of hulless and pearled barley. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Fasina, OO (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8892 J9 J FOOD PROCESS PRES JI J. Food Process Preserv. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 23 IS 2 BP 135 EP 151 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4549.1999.tb00375.x PG 17 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 221KR UT WOS:000081726700004 ER PT J AU Rajkowski, KT Dudley, RL AF Rajkowski, KT Dudley, RL TI Use of selective media to recover Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae after growth in reconditioned pork-processing wastewater SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID NONCULTURABLE SALMONELLA; NUTRIENT DEPRIVATION; WATER; BACTERIA; STARVATION; AGAR; DNA AB Selective plating media are used for the enumeration and isolation of bacterial pathogens from food and water samples. This study compared the quantitative, recovery of Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholerae grown in nutrient-limited, filter-sterilized, reconditioned wastewater over the temperature range of 4 to 45 degrees C using nonselective and pathogen-specific selective media. Viable Salmonella were enumerated on tryptic soy agar (TSA) and XLT-4, and viable V. cholerae were enumerated on TSA and thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose agar, There was a statistically significant (P < 0.05) higher recovery of both pathogens over the growth temperature range on TSA compared to the selective media. Trehalose, a stress-induced metabolite of Salmonella, was isolated from the cells grown in: the reconditioned wastewater, whereas, the V. cholerae exhibited a change in cellular morphology from rod to coccoid shape. These results Suggest that growth in nutrient-limited water injured or stressed the individual pathogens. Care should be used in choosing the procedure and plating medium for quantitative recovery of pathogens from such a nutrient-limiting environment. C1 USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Rajkowski, KT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 62 IS 7 BP 724 EP 730 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 215CT UT WOS:000081364900003 PM 10419262 ER PT J AU Rajkowski, KT Rice, EW AF Rajkowski, KT Rice, EW TI Recovery and survival of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in reconditioned pork-processing wastewater SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER; GROWTH; BACTERIAL; RECLAMATION; SALMONELLA; COLIFORMS; PATHOGENS; REUSE AB The pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been recovered from various water sources and food samples. The growth potential of this bacterium in nutrient-limited, reconditioned wastewater from a pork-processing plant was determined over a temperature range of 4 to 46 degrees C. Even though the biological oxygen demand of the wastewater was <2 mg/liter, results of bioassays for assimilable organic carbon and the coliform growth response of the water suggested that sufficient nutrients were present to support limited bacterial growth. A three-strain mixture of E. coli O157:H7 grew over the temperature range of 10.2 to 29.4 degrees C. Bioassays appear to be a good indicator of the ability of this wastewater to support growth of this pathogen. Statistically higher levels of bacterial growth (P < 0.05) were detected on a nonselective medium (tryptic soy agar) than on a selective medium (sorbitol-MacConkey agar), suggesting that stress or injury of the bacterium occurs when the organism is exposed to the nutrient-limited conditions of the wastewater. These results indicate that E. coli O157:H7 can survive and grow in this particular nutrient-limited wastewater suggesting a potential hazard if this water becomes contaminated with this pathogen. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RP Rajkowski, KT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 62 IS 7 BP 731 EP 734 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 215CT UT WOS:000081364900004 PM 10419263 ER PT J AU Smith, JL AF Smith, JL TI Foodborne infections during pregnancy SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Review ID GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII INFECTION; LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES; HEPATITIS-E VIRUS; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS; Q-FEVER; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION AB The consequences of foodborne illness can be particularly devastating during pregnancy because, both the woman and her fetus are at risk. Escalated production of progesterone during pregnancy leads to down-regulation of cellular (cell-mediated) immune functions. Many foodborne pathogens (and other pathogens) are intracellular pathogens, and infections caused by these pathogens are controlled by cell-mediated immunity. The pregnancy-induced decrease in cell-mediated immune functions leads to increased susceptibility of the pregnant woman to certain infections. Hepatitis E virus, Coxiella burnetii, Listeria monocytogenes, and Toxoplasma gondii are intracellular pathogens that have a predilection for the maternal-fetal unit and may induce serious disease:in the mother and/or fetus. In the United States, T. gondii and L. monocytogenes are the most important foodborne pathogens in pregnancy, and these organisms can induce death or grave disease in the fetus and newborn. The pregnant woman, in order to protect herself and her fetus from the consequences of foodborne illness, must practice a high standard of food hygiene and personal cleanliness. C1 USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Smith, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM jsmith@arserrc.gov NR 133 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 62 IS 7 BP 818 EP 829 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 215CT UT WOS:000081364900022 PM 10419281 ER PT J AU Sapers, GM Miller, RL Mattrazzo, AM AF Sapers, GM Miller, RL Mattrazzo, AM TI Effectiveness of sanitizing agents in inactivating Escherichia coli in Golden Delicious apples SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Escherichia coli; apples; decontamination; sanitizers; hydrogen peroxide ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; O157-H7; CIDER; TOLERANCE; BEEF AB Research was undertaken to develop improved methods of sanitizing apples contaminated with Escherichia coli, Unwaxed Golden Delicious apples, inoculated with nonpathogenic E. coli, were washed with 200 ppm Cl-2, commercial washing formulations, 5% H2O2, or combinations of H2O2 with commercial formulations at ca, 20 degrees C or 50 degrees C, Heated commercial formulations achieved a 2.5 log reduction in E. coli load, compared to a 2 log reduction for 200 ppm Cl-2. However, heated combinations of H2O2 with acidic surfactants achieved a 3-4 log reduction. Residual H2O2 in treated apples dissipated within several hours. These results demonstrate the efficacy of H2O2 in decontaminating apples containing E. coli. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Sapers, GM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 21 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 5 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 64 IS 4 BP 734 EP 737 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15121.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 229WD UT WOS:000082218000037 ER PT J AU Groninger, JW Johnsen, KH Seiler, JR Will, RE Ellsworth, DS Maier, CA AF Groninger, JW Johnsen, KH Seiler, JR Will, RE Ellsworth, DS Maier, CA TI Elevated carbon dioxide in the atmosphere - What might it mean for loblolly pine plantation forestry? SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY; NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; CO2 CONCENTRATIONS; ROOT RESTRICTION; GAS-EXCHANGE; TAEDA TREES; GROWTH; SEEDLINGS; WATER AB Research with loblolly pine suggests that projected increases iii atmospheric CO2 concentration will accelerate early growth and could result in shouter rotation length, reduced time until first commercial thinning, higher optimal planting density, and possibly higher maximum stocking level in managed stands. We discuss some of the physiological processes and stand dynamics that underlie these changes, as well as silvicultural strategies that may serve to ensure sustainability of intensively managed forest systems in the face of increasing CO2 and possible climate change. C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Forestry, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Forestry, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Environm Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Groninger, JW (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Forestry, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RI Groninger, John/A-2566-2008; Will, Rodney/G-8111-2011; OI Ellsworth, David/0000-0002-9699-2272 NR 37 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 97 IS 7 BP 4 EP 10 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 213DK UT WOS:000081256700003 ER PT J AU Clarke, SR Salom, SM Billings, RF Berisford, CW Upton, WW McClellan, QC Dalusky, MJ AF Clarke, SR Salom, SM Billings, RF Berisford, CW Upton, WW McClellan, QC Dalusky, MJ TI A scentsible approach to controlling southern pine beetles - Two new tactics using verbenone SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID SCOLYTIDAE INFESTATIONS; COLEOPTERA AB Two new tactics for controlling southern pine beetle infestations use a beetle-produced inhibitor: verbenone. The techniques, verbenone-only and verbenone-plus-felling, reduce tree loss by disrupting infestation growth. In three years of field tests, the verbenone-only tactic completely suppressed 69 percent of the treated infestations, and the verbenone-plus-felling tactic suppressed 86 percent. The tactics provide much-needed alternatives to current control techniques and will allow suppression of infestations where tree felling is restricted or prohibited. In anticipation of registration of the pheromone by the Environmental Protection Agency, a technology transfer program has been developed to provide the materials and training necessary for effective use of the treatments. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Lufkin, TX 75901 USA. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA. Texas Forest Serv, Lufkin, TX USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Clarke, SR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Lufkin, TX 75901 USA. EM sclarkelr8_tx@fs.fed.us NR 18 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 97 IS 7 BP 26 EP 31 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 213DK UT WOS:000081256700006 ER PT J AU Gray, WL Williams, RJ Jordan, RL Griffin, BR AF Gray, WL Williams, RJ Jordan, RL Griffin, BR TI Detection of channel catfish virus DNA in latently infected catfish SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS RAFINESQUE; TELOMERIC REPEAT SEQUENCES; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS-6; DISEASE AB Channel catfish virus (CCV) disease is an acute haemorrhagic disease in juvenile channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). While fish that survive primary CCV infection are suspected of being carriers of CCV, little is known concerning CCV latency. In this report, fingerling catfish were infected with CCV by experimental immersion challenge, infected fish displayed clinical signs of CCV disease, but 22% of infected fish survived the acute disease. At 140 days post-infection, PCR analysis detected CCV DNA in the blood, brain, intestines, kidney, liver and peripheral blood leukocytes of latently infected fish, Further analysis indicated the CCV genome may exist as circular or concatemeric DNA during virus latency. This study, employing an experimental model of CCV disease, confirms that CCV establishes a latent infection of channel catfish. C1 Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. ARS, Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, USDA, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Gray, WL (reprint author), Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Slot 511,4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. NR 22 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 80 BP 1817 EP 1822 PN 7 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 213ZV UT WOS:000081303900030 PM 10423151 ER PT J AU Jauhar, PP Almouslem, AB Peterson, TS Joppa, LR AF Jauhar, PP Almouslem, AB Peterson, TS Joppa, LR TI Inter- and intragenomic chromosome pairing in haploids of durum wheat SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID B-GENOME; THINOPYRUM; SEQUENCES; PHYLOGENY; HYBRID AB To assess inter- and intragenomic chromosome pairing in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.), chromosome pairing and chiasma frequency were studied in durum haploids (2n = 2x = 14; AB genomes) with the Phl allele, haploids with the ph1c allele, and substitution haploids with chromosome 5B replaced by 5D. The Ph1-haploids extracted from seven durum cultivars had little pairing; on the average only 3.1% of the chromosome complement was paired with 0.23 chiasma per pollen mother cell (PMC). Variation in haploid chromosome pairing frequency was observed among the seven genotypes. Chromosomes of the A and B genomes in the ph1c-haploids showed increased pairing, with 38.6% of the complement paired and 3.0 chiasmata per cell. The potential of intergenomic pairing was more fully realized in the substitution haploids, which had 51.3% of the complement paired with a chiasma frequency of 4.1 per cell. Fluorescent GISH (genomic in situ hybridization) analysis of PMCs revealed that most of the pairing was intergenomic, that is, between the chromosomes of the A and B genomes. Up to six intergenomic bivalents were observed. Ring bivalents were common; a few showed interlocking. A low frequency of intragenomic pairing within the A genome and within the B genome was observed; the GISH analysis confirmed that this was not caused by intergenomic translocations. Bivalents within the A genome likely involved chromosomes 4A and 7A, and were more frequent than those within the B genome. Chromosome pairing and chiasma frequencies in the 5D(5B) substitution haploids were similar to those in amphihaploids obtained by hybridization between the putative progenitors of durum wheat. It is obvious that the homoeologous pairing control mechanism present in 5B exercises almost total pairing control that exists in durum wheat and that the effect of other pairing control genes, if any, is insignificant. Moreover, the A and B genomes have undergone little structural modification since the evolution of durum wheat several thousand years ago. Durum haploids, therefore, offer excellent tools for studying genomic relationships in durum wheat. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Univ Aleppo, Dept Bot, Fac Sci, Aleppo, Syria. RP Jauhar, PP (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 40 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 90 IS 4 BP 437 EP 445 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.4.437 PG 9 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 233UW UT WOS:000082446500001 ER PT J AU Hoffman, DL AF Hoffman, DL TI Inheritance and linkage relationships of morphological and isozyme loci in As-genome diploid oat (Avena spp.) SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; CONFERRING RESISTANCE; PUCCINIA-CORONATA; HEXAPLOID WHEAT; BARLEY HORDEUM; MAP; GENETICS; DEHYDROGENASE; PEROXIDASE; VARIANTS AB Morphological and isozyme markers are useful supplements to molecular marker maps and can be used in comparative mapping studies. Isozymes, as neutral markers, have been used to study genic and evolutionary relationships among related species. In this study, the genetics of six morphological traits and isozyme variants of four enzyme systems were investigated with F-2/F-2:3 populations derived from three crosses of three As-genome diploid oat (Avena spp.) accessions. All traits and variants conformed to a model of monogenic inheritance except for lemma color. The four enzyme systems yielded six putative variant isozyme loci. Phenotypic data of the five monogenically inherited morphological traits and six isozyme loci were subjected to a pair-wise linkage analysis. Five linked pairs of loci were found. Multipoint linkage analysis identified a loose linkage group of two morphological and two isozyme loci. Included in the linkage group was a locus conferring alkaline P-galactosidase (Bgl1) and an esterase (Ests) locus, A similar linkage has been observed in hexaploid oat and barley, Additional studies are planned to verify and assign the small linkage group and to assign the remaining unlinked markers. This new information will facilitate further mapping comparisons and evolution studies within Avena. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Hoffman, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, POB 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 90 IS 4 BP 446 EP 452 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.4.446 PG 7 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 233UW UT WOS:000082446500002 ER PT J AU Cote, GL Ahlgren, JA Smith, MR AF Cote, GL Ahlgren, JA Smith, MR TI Some structural features of an insoluble alpha-D-glucan from a mutant strain of Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1355 SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glucosyltransferase; dextransucrase; alternansucrase; Leuconostoc mesenteroides; glucan; dextran; polysaccharide ID METHYLATION ANALYSIS; DEGRADATION; SELECTION; B-1299 AB Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain NRRL B-1355 produces two soluble extracellular alpha-D-glucans from sucrose: alternan and dextran, An unusual mutant strain derived from NRRL B-1355 has recently been isolated which produces practically no soluble polysaccharide, but significant amounts of an insoluble D-glucan, Methylation analysis shows it contains linear (1-->3) and (1-->6) linkages as well as (1-->2) and (1-->3) branch linkages. The insoluble glucan was partially digestible by endodextranase, giving rise to a series of oligosaccharides, a high-molecular weight soluble fraction and an insoluble residue. Treatment of the soluble dextranase-limit fraction with an alpha(1-->2) debranching enzyme led to further dextranase susceptibility. Methylation, FTIR and NMR analyses of the dextranase-treated fractions indicate a non-uniform structure with domains bearing similarities to L. mesenteroides strain NRRL B-1299 dextran and to insoluble streptococcal D-glucans. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Proc Chem & Engn Res Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Cote, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 4 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 23 IS 1 BP 656 EP 660 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900678 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 225XF UT WOS:000081990700004 PM 10455497 ER PT J AU Harari, AR Landolt, PJ AF Harari, AR Landolt, PJ TI Feeding experience enhances attraction of female Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) to food plant odors SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE Diaprepes abbreviatus; weevil; behavior; learning; preference; food; host-finding ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA FLIES; BATTUS-PHILENOR; HOST; HYMENOPTERA; BEHAVIOR; FRASS C1 USDA ARS, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RI harari, ally/C-6566-2011 NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 12 IS 4 BP 415 EP 422 DI 10.1023/A:1020950303998 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 250EG UT WOS:000083375600001 ER PT J AU Schneider, AD Howell, TA AF Schneider, AD Howell, TA TI LEPA and spray irrigation for grain crops SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference of the American-Society-of-Civil-Engineers CY AUG 14-18, 1995 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engn Div ID WATER DROPLET EVAPORATION; SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; WINTER-WHEAT; SYSTEM; MODEL; PRECISION; SORGHUM; CORN AB Two low energy precision application (LEPA) sprinkler methods (double-ended socks and bubblers) and two spray sprinkler methods (low-elevation spray application and overhead spray) were used to irrigate corn, grain sorghum, and winter wheat in the Southern High Plains. For full or 100% irrigation, sufficient 25-mm applications were applied to maintain soil water at non-yield-limiting levels determined in earlier research with the three crops. Deficit-irrigated treatments were irrigated on the same days as the control treatment in 25 or 33% increments of the fully irrigated amount. irrigation water was applied to or above alternate furrows with a three-span lateral move irrigation system. Corn and sorghum were grown on beds and furrows with all furrows diked, and wheat was flat-planted without basin tillage. Grain yields increased significantly with irrigation amount (p less than or equal to 0.05) for all crops during all years. With full irrigation, grain yields varied little among the sprinkler methods, and yields averaged 13.5, 8.9, and 4.6 Mg/ha for corn, sorghum, and wheat, respectively. With the 25 and 50% deficit irrigation amounts, sorghum yields with LEPA irrigation were 1.1 Mg/ha larger than with the two spray methods. For 75% irrigation of sorghum and for deficit irrigation of the other two crops, there was little yield difference between the LEPA and spray sprinkler methods. Grain yields were significantly correlated with seasonal water use with regression coefficients of 2.89, 1.84, and 0.915 kg/m(3) for corn, sorghum, and wheat, respectively. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Area, Water Mgmt Res Unit, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Schneider, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Area, Water Mgmt Res Unit, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 125 IS 4 BP 167 EP 172 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1999)125:4(167) PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA 219LK UT WOS:000081608600001 ER PT J AU Bautista, E Clemmens, AJ AF Bautista, E Clemmens, AJ TI Response of ASCE task committee test cases to open-loop control measures SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Automated open- and closed-loop control systems can enhance the performance of irrigation delivery systems. This paper examines the response of the canal test cases developed by the ASCE task committee on canal automation algorithms to a particular anticipatory open-loop control technique, gate stroking. The performance of the ideal gate-stroking solution is compared with the performance of an approximate gate-stroking schedule that was generated by imposing practical constraints on the frequency and magnitude of the gate adjustments. Also analyzed were the performance of a nonanticipatory open-loop control scheme and the effect of model parameter uncertainties on the effectiveness of the control. For the test cases, the approximate gate-stroking schedules performed similarly to the ideal schedules. For two of the test cases, delivery performance was similar with and without anticipation, but was substantially different for the other two tests. The quality of the control degraded as a result of errors in model parameters, particularly in cases with incorrect check gate calibrations and submerged gate flows. Results point out the importance of combining open- and closed-loop control measures to improve the overall effectiveness of the control. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Bautista, E (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 125 IS 4 BP 179 EP 188 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1999)125:4(179) PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA 219LK UT WOS:000081608600003 ER PT J AU Replogle, J AF Replogle, J TI Measuring irrigation well discharges SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Irrigation wells frequently discharge directly into canals. Upstream elbows, the pump head, or other pipe fittings may produce a distorted flow profile that is detrimental to the proper installation and operation of commonly available pipe meters. Before attempts to condition the flow with longer discharge piping or straightening vanes, it is desirable to know how distorted the flow profile really is. If this information can be provided, the meter technician can determine whether a correction in the meter coefficient will suffice, or if flow conditioning equipment is needed, or whether flow conditioning equipment, if already installed, is working effectively. An economical method of field evaluating the result of an installed meter in this compromised situation is described. The method uses a conveniently fashioned pitot-tube system that can be clamped to the pump discharge pipe. It is used to quickly detect the velocity at several points across the pipe diameter. Distorted profiles can be detected and measured. Pitot-tube systems have long been used in pipe flows. Most require that special taps be drilled in the outflow pipe of the well. Some use special double-tube constructions that are difficult to build using simple machine-shop procedures. This pitot impact tube, with its static pressure companion tube, can be constructed using common shop techniques and standard small pipe fittings. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Replogle, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 125 IS 4 BP 223 EP 229 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1999)125:4(223) PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA 219LK UT WOS:000081608600008 ER PT J AU Burkett, DA Kline, DL Carlson, DA AF Burkett, DA Kline, DL Carlson, DA TI Sugar meal composition of five north central Florida mosquito species (Diptera : Culicidae) as determined by gas chromatography SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mosquito; nectar feeding; sugar feeding; honeydew; crop; gas chromatography ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY HONEYDEW; BEMISIA-TABACI; CULEX-TARSALIS; PHLOEM SAP; NECTAR; CARBOHYDRATE; PATTERNS; COTTON AB Gas chromatography was used to analyze sugars found in individual crops fed. on by wild caught adult Anopheles quadrimaculatus s.l. (Say), Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker), Culex nigripalpus Theobald. Culiseta melanura (Coquillett), and Psorophora ferox (von Humboldt) from several north central Florida locations. A wide range of sugars was found, including fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, turanose, melezitose, trehalose, raffinose, erlose, and traces of arabinose, rhamnose, and several unknowns. The frequency of individuals testing positive for crop sugars ranged. from 9-10% in An, quadrimaculatus and Ps. ferox to 46% in Cq. perturbans. Based on the presence of melezitose or erlose in the crop, honeydew feeding was shown to be an important dietary component in An. quadrimaculatus (57%), Cs. melanura (31%), Cx. nigripalpus (15%), Cq. perturbans (10%), and Ps. ferox (7%). Gas chromatography of crude crop contents is a rapid one-step process that call address important guestions such as the source and occurrence of sugar feeding in Diptera. Unique sugar feeding field observant ions were recorded for several mosquito species. C1 USAF, Detachment 3, Unit 5213, Human Syst Ctr, APO, AP 96367 USA. ARS, USDA, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Burkett, DA (reprint author), USAF, Detachment 3, Unit 5213, Human Syst Ctr, Kadena AB, APO, AP 96367 USA. NR 45 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 36 IS 4 BP 462 EP 467 PG 6 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 219HL UT WOS:000081601800011 PM 10467774 ER PT J AU Dean, SR Meola, RW Meola, SM Sittertz-Bhatkar, H Schenker, R AF Dean, SR Meola, RW Meola, SM Sittertz-Bhatkar, H Schenker, R TI Mode of action of lufenuron in adult Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera : Pulicidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ctenocephalides felis; lufenuron; chitin synthesis inhibitor; cuticle ID CAT FLEA SIPHONAPTERA; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES; DIFLUBENZURON; EFFICACY; CGA-184699; INHIBITION; CELLS AB When cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), were fed concentrations of lufenuron in cattle blood ranging from 0.5 to 4 ppm, adult mortality increased in a dose-dependent manner to a maximum of approximate to 24% over a period of 10 d. Fleas treated with 0.5 ppm produced abnormal endocuticle consisting of protein globules embedded in an amorphous chitin matrix. At concentrations of 1.0 ppm or greater, endocuticle formation was inhibited. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that inhibition of chitin synthesis was associated with degeneration of the epidermal cells. The amount of epidermal cytoplasm decreased and cytoplasmic organelles including mitochondria, ribosomes, and golgi showed lytic changes. At least some mortality of treated fleas was likely the result of it weakened endocuticle and the corresponding decrease in resiliency of the cuticle to expansion during blood-feeding and egg production. An unexpected result of lufenuron treatment was the inhibition of midgut epithelial cell differentiation. At concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 ppm, partially differentiated epithelial cells were seen in the midgut of bloodfed fleas along with fully differentiated cells. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, Food Anim Protect Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Electron Microscopy, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Novartis Anim Hlth, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. RP Dean, SR (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 23 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 36 IS 4 BP 486 EP 492 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 219HL UT WOS:000081601800015 PM 10467778 ER PT J AU Kline, DL Axtell, RC AF Kline, DL Axtell, RC TI Sensilla of the antennae and maxillary palps of Culicoides hollensis and C-melleus (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biting midges; Culicoides; olfactory sensilla; morphology; estuarine; scanning electron microscopy ID SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY AB The types and arrangement of the sensilla on the female antennae and maxillary palps of both sexes of 2 estuarine species of biting midges, Culicoides hollensis (Melander & Brues) and C. melleus (Coquillett), were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Five sensillum types are found on the antennae of both species. Both species have sharp-tipped sensilla trichodea and sensilla basiconica only on subsegments 9-13 and blunt-tipped sensilla trichodea on all subsegments. Sensilla coeloconica occur on subsegment 1 of both species and various other subsegments depending on the species. Sensilla chaetica are found on all subsegments of C. melleus, but only on subsegments 1-8 and 13 on C. hollensis. Both sexes of C. hollensis have either 1 or 2 pits on the 3rd segment of the maxillary palps. which contain 8-15 bulb-shaped sensilla in females compared with 5-6 in males. No pit is found on the maxillary palps of either sex of C. melleus, but rather the bulb-shaped sensilla are distributed individually on this segment, ranging from 13 to 29 on the female and 6-10 on the male palps. These data are compared with data obtained from previously published light and electron microscopical studies of biting midge sensory structures. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Kline, DL (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, POB 14563, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 36 IS 4 BP 493 EP 502 PG 10 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 219HL UT WOS:000081601800016 PM 10467779 ER PT J AU Reynolds, RD Lickteig, JA Deuster, PA Howard, MP Conway, JM Pietersma, A deStoppelaar, J Deurenberg, P AF Reynolds, RD Lickteig, JA Deuster, PA Howard, MP Conway, JM Pietersma, A deStoppelaar, J Deurenberg, P TI Energy metabolism increases and regional body fat decreases while regional muscle mass is spared in humans climbing Mt. Everest SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE altitude; anthropometrics; doubly labeled water; energy expenditure; energy intake; body composition; humans ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; HIGH-ALTITUDE; EXPENDITURE MEASUREMENTS; INDIRECT-CALORIMETRY; SUSTAINED EXERCISE; NUTRITION; EXPOSURE; BALANCE; MEN AB The objectives of the study were to determine regional changes in body composition, energy expenditure by means of doubly labeled water, and net energy balance during exposure to high and extreme altitudes (5,300-8,848 m). This study focuses on a subset of subjects who consumed the doubly labeled water (three base camp personnel and seven climbers). Regional body composition was determined by measuring skinfold thicknesses and circumferences at 10 different sites on the body. Energy expenditure was measured by doubly labeled water excretion. Discrepancies between actual energy expenditure and data obtained from diet records and body weight changes suggested a chronic underreporting of dietary energy intake, especially by those subjects who reached the highest altitudes. This underreporting may be due in part to diminished cognition or to a preferential focus on survival, rather than on filling out diet records accurately. Mean adjusted dietary intakes were 10.50 +/- 0.65 MJ/d (2510 +/- 155 kcal/d) for those who remained at base camp, and 20.63 +/- 6.56 MJ/d (4931 +/- 1568 kcal/d) for those who climbed above base camp. Energy expenditure averaged 2.5-3.0 times sea level resting energy expenditure. Differential changes in regional body composition suggested a preferential loss of fat mass and a relative sparing of muscle mass, despite insufficient energy intake to maintain body weight. C1 Univ Illinois, Det Human Nutr & Dietet, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Cardinal Stritch Univ, Coll Business & Management, Milwaukee, WI 53217 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Mil & Emergency Med, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Human Nutr, Wageningen, Netherlands. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Hlth Effects Res Lab, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. RP Reynolds, RD (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Det Human Nutr & Dietet, MC 517, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. RI Deuster, Patricia/G-3838-2015 OI Deuster, Patricia/0000-0002-7895-0888 NR 37 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 129 IS 7 BP 1307 EP 1314 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 213GA UT WOS:000081263300009 PM 10395591 ER PT J AU Roughead, ZK Johnson, LK Hunt, JR AF Roughead, ZK Johnson, LK Hunt, JR TI Dietary copper primarily affects antioxidant capacity and dietary iron mainly affects iron status in a surface response study of female rats fed varying concentrations of iron, zinc and copper SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Federation-of-American-Societies-for-Experimental-Biology CY APR 18-22, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Federat Amer Soc Exptl Biol DE iron; copper; zinc; oxidative stress; response surface; female rats ID ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; SERUM FERRITIN; DEFICIENCY; PLASMA; LIVER; HEART; CERULOPLASMIN; EXPRESSION AB This study was designed to examine the interactions among dietary iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) and their effects on Fe status and oxidative stress in female rats. In a three-factor central composite response surface design, rats were assigned to 15 groups end fed modified AIN-93G basal diets with varying amounts of Fe and Zn (7.0, 15.5, 45.8, 135.6, or 300 mu g/g diet) and Cu (0.5, 1.1, 3.2, 9.2, or 20 mu g/g diet) for 6 wk. Variations in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum ferritin were mainly related to dietary Fe. Liver nonheme Fe was directly affected by dietary Fe and was slightly attenuated by interactions between Cu and Zn, and Zn and Fe. Serum ceruloplasmin activity was primarily determined by an interaction between Cu and Zn with substantial moderation by the quadratic effect of dietary Cu. Liver and heart total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Cu/Zn SOD activities were directly affected by dietary Cu. Dietary Fe was the only significant, yet weak, predictor of liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and vitamin E content and serum triacylglycerols. Variability in serum Cu was mostly determined by the interaction between Cu and Fe, with modification from the quadratic effect of dietary Cu. Serum Zn varied with dietary Zn with a small negative influence from the interaction between Cu and Fe. In summary, Fe status was minimally influenced by dietary Zn or Cu, and Fe intakes Ill-fold greater than required did not induce overt oxidative stress in female rats. In addition, measures of antioxidant capacity were primarily influenced by dietary Cu and were optimal at moderate intakes of this micronutrient. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Roughead, ZK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 57 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 129 IS 7 BP 1368 EP 1376 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 213GA UT WOS:000081263300018 PM 10395600 ER PT J AU Moshfegh, AJ Friday, JE Goldman, JP Ahuja, JKC AF Moshfegh, AJ Friday, JE Goldman, JP Ahuja, JKC TI Presence of inulin and oligofructose in the diets of Americans SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nutritional and Health Benefits of Inulin and Oligofructose CY MAY 18-19, 1998 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND DE inulin; oligofructose; humans; Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals; National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program AB The U.S. Department of Agriculture 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals was used to estimate the intake of naturally occurring inulin and oligofructose by the U.S. population. Two nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls from >15,000 Americans of all ages were conducted, and a special database of inulin and oligofructose was developed specifically for the analyses. American diets provided on average 2.6 g of inulin and 2.5 g of oligofructose, Intakes varied by gender and age, ranging from 1.3 g for young children to 3.5 g for teenage boys and adult males. When standardized for amount of food consumed, the intakes showed little difference across gender and age. Significant differences in intake of these components were seen between categories within region of the country, season, income, and race and origin; however, the actual differences were relatively small. Major food sources of naturally occurring inulin and oligofructose in American diets were wheat which provided about 70% of these components, and onions, which provided about 25% of these components. The estimation of the presence of inulin and oligofructose in the diets of Americans has not been published to date. C1 ARS, Food Surveys Res Grp, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RP Moshfegh, AJ (reprint author), ARS, Food Surveys Res Grp, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 6 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 129 IS 7 SU S BP 1407S EP 1411S PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 214BD UT WOS:000081307000005 PM 10395608 ER PT J AU Schoene, NW Guidry, CA AF Schoene, NW Guidry, CA TI Dietary soy isoflavones inhibit activation of rat platelets SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE platelets; isoflavones; soy; protein tyrosine kinases; phosphatases; genistein ID TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS; IN-VITRO; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; GENISTEIN; PHOSPHORYLATION; AGGREGATION; THROMBIN; COLLAGEN; CANCER; RISKS AB Isoflavones (isoflavonoids) have been proposed to be the active compounds that contribute to decreased mortality from chronic diseases in populations that consume large amounts of soy products. Diets containing soy protein with and without isoflavones were fed to rats to determine if these compounds could exert in vivo effects on physiologic markers of platelet activation. Three methods were employed to monitor platelet activation: measurement of electronic mean platelet volume, which is an indicator of shape change; monitoring of collagen-induced production of reactive oxygen signals (hydrogen peroxide); and determination of increases in phosphorylation of protein tyrosine residues after collagen stimulation. Apparent volumes were significantly smaller for platelets from rats fed isoflavones, suggesting that these platelets were in a more disc-like, quiescent state compared with platelets from rats fed the isoflavone-reduced diet (means +/- SEM, 5.37 +/- 0.08 vs. 5.70 +/- 0.06 fL, n = 6/group, P < 0.008). Results from the other functional tests were consistent with this finding. Platelet production of hydrogen peroxide was found be significantly lower 1, 3, and 5 minutes after addition of collagen for rats fed isoflavones versus rats fed the isoflavone-reduced diet (n = 6/group, P < 0.004). Phosphorylated tyrosine residues in platelet proteins after stimulation also were shown to be significantly lower in the platelets exposed to dietary isoflavones (n = 5/group, P < 0.047). These combined results indicate that soy isoflavones cart alter early-event signaling networks that result in less activated platelets and may partially explain the beneficial effects of dietary soy against human heart disease. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Bldg 307,Rm 215,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0955-2863 EI 1873-4847 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 10 IS 7 BP 421 EP 426 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(99)00023-6 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 219NW UT WOS:000081614200005 PM 15539318 ER PT J AU Motil, KJ Schultz, RJ Browning, K Trautwein, L Glaze, DG AF Motil, KJ Schultz, RJ Browning, K Trautwein, L Glaze, DG TI Oropharyngeal dysfunction and gastroesophageal dysmotility are present in girls and women with Rett syndrome SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE gastroesophageal dysmotility; growth; nutritional status; Rett syndrome; swallowing function ID CEREBRAL-PALSY; GROWTH FAILURE; FEEDING PROBLEMS; CHILDREN AB Background: Feeding impairment frequently complicates the course of children with neurologic disorders and places them at risk for malnutrition and growth failure. Although feeding abnormalities have been reported in female patients with Rett syndrome, the mechanisms that account for these findings have not been elucidated fully. This study was designed to characterize the clinical features of oropharyngeal and gastroesophageal dysfunction and their impact on the dietary intake and nutritional status of female subjects with Rett syndrome. Methods: The clinical features of oropharyngeal and gastroesophageal dysfunction in 13 female patients with Rett syndrome, (age range, 3.7 to 25.7 years) were characterized by an oral feeding assessment, swallowing function study, and upper gastrointestinal series. Growth, nutritional status, and body composition were determined by stadiometry and anthropometry. Dietary intakes were determined from 3-day food records. Results: Oropharyngeal dysfunction and gastroesophageal dysmotility were present in 100% and 69%, respectively, of the study patients with Rett syndrome. The scope and severity of these abnormalities were apparent only by videofluoroscopy. Abnormalities of oropharyngeal function included poor tongue mobility, reduced oropharyngeal clearance, and laryngeal penetration of liquids and solid food during swallowing. Esophageal dysmotility included absent primary or secondary waves, delayed emptying, atony, the presence of tertiary waves, spasm, and gastroesophageal reflux. Gastric dysmotility included diminished peristalsis or atony. Lower dietary energy intakes were associated with persistence of residue in the valleculae and pyriform sinuses and less body fat. Conclusion: The prevalence of oropharyngeal dysfunction and gastroesophageal dysmotility warrants early diagnostic evaluation and intervention strategies to improve the nutritional status of girls and women with RS. C1 ARS, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Radiol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Dept Speech Language & Learning Disorders, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Motil, KJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1 RR-00188]; NICHD NIH HHS [P01 HD 24234] NR 33 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 10 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0277-2116 J9 J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR JI J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 31 EP 37 DI 10.1097/00005176-199907000-00010 PG 7 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA 209PW UT WOS:000081057800009 PM 10400100 ER PT J AU Shew, SB Keshen, TH Jahoor, F Jaksic, T AF Shew, SB Keshen, TH Jahoor, F Jaksic, T TI The determinants of protein catabolism in neonates on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual Meeting of the Canadian-Association-of-Paediatric-Surgeons CY SEP 25-28, 1998 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Canadian Assoc Paediat Surgeons DE neonate; protein; metabolism; stable isotope; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ID BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; NITROGEN-BALANCE; METABOLIC RESPONSE; LEUCINE KINETICS; AMINO-ACIDS; ENERGY; SURGERY; LIFE; TURNOVER; CHILDREN AB Background/Purpose: Protein catabolism appears to be markedly elevated among neonates on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary caloric intake on protein catabolism in neonates on ECMO to help construct therapies that may promote anabolism. Methods: Twelve total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-fed (88.1 +/- 5.0 [SE] kcal/kg/d; range, 60 to 113 kcal/kg/d; 2.3 +/- 0.2 g/kg/d protein) neonates were studied on ECMO at day of life 7.2 +/- 0.8 d. Protein kinetics were determined using infusions of (NaHCO3)-C-13 and 1-[C-13]leucine. Results: As expected, C-reactive protein levels were significantly elevated compared with normal controls (44.0 +/- 7.6 mg/L v 1.9 +/- 1.1 mg/L; P < .001). Negative protein balance (-2.3 +/- 0.6 g/kg/dt range, 1 to -6.4 g/kg/d) highly correlated (r = -0.88, P < .001) with total protein turnover. Increased dietary caloric intake correlated with increased amino acid oxidation (r = 0.85, P < .001), increased total protein turnover (r = 0.73, P < .01), continued negative protein balance (r = 0.72, P < .01), increased whole-body protein breakdown (r = 0.66, P < .05), and increased CO2 production rate (r = 0.73, P < .01). Conclusions: A surplus of dietary caloric intake does not improve protein catabolism and merely increases CO2 production in these highly stressed neonates. Thus, judicious caloric supplementation is warranted. J Pediatr Surg 34:1086-1090. Copyright (C) 1999 by W.B. Saunders Company. C1 Texas Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat Surg, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Surg, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Jaksic, T (reprint author), Texas Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat Surg, Suite 245,6621 Fannin MC 3-2325, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 38 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0022-3468 J9 J PEDIATR SURG JI J. Pediatr. Surg. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 34 IS 7 BP 1086 EP 1090 DI 10.1016/S0022-3468(99)90572-9 PG 5 WC Pediatrics; Surgery SC Pediatrics; Surgery GA 216ZX UT WOS:000081475300011 PM 10442596 ER PT J AU McCollum, TG Doostdar, H Niedz, RP Mayer, RT Burkhart, M McDonald, RE AF McCollum, TG Doostdar, H Niedz, RP Mayer, RT Burkhart, M McDonald, RE TI Biochemical, molecular genetic, and immunological characterization of a beta-1,3-endoglucanase from 'Valencia' orange callus SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE laminarin; isoelectric focusing; amino acid sequence; nucoleotide sequence; serology ID PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS; ETHYLENE-INDUCED CHITINASE; ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; FUNGAL GROWTH; BEAN-LEAVES; BETA-1,3-GLUCANASE; PURIFICATION; VACUOLAR; CLONING AB We have purified a beta-1,3-endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.39) from nonembryogenic Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia callus to electrophoretic homogeneity by means of pH precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. The protein has an apparent M-r of 32,000, a pI>pH 10 and is serologically similar to a potato leaf glucanase induced by Phytophthora infestans infection. The enzyme hydrolyzes laminarin (Laminaria digitata) optimally at pH 5 and 50 degrees C. The enzyme mill hydrolyze pachyman and laminarin extensively and yeast glucan slightly, but does not hydrolyze lichenin, barley glucan, cellulose, or starch. Product characterization by thin-layer chromatography indicates that the enzyme is an endohydrolase. The protein is N-terminal blocked, however, partial internal amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the peptide shared homology with a number of beta-1,3-endoglucanases. Antibody to the purified protein was raised in a rabbit: and used to screen an amplified cDNA library prepared from Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia callus. A positive clone (pBGVC-1) containing a 1,249 bp insert was isolated. A full length sequence of the clone was obtained and it contained a 1,229 bp open reading frame starting at nucleotide 20. Sequence analysis indicated that the clone is homologous to other beta-1,3-endoglucanase genes. The predicted amino acid sequence was homologous with other beta-1,3-glucanases, contained both N- and C-terminal signal sequences, the glycosyl hydrolase family 17 signature sequence, and the sequence identical to the peptide that was sequenced from the purified protein. C1 USDA ARS, USHRL, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP McCollum, TG (reprint author), USDA ARS, USHRL, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 3 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 155 IS 1 BP 16 EP 23 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 226HA UT WOS:000082013400003 ER PT J AU Vu, JCV Gesch, RW Allen, LH Boote, KJ Bowes, G AF Vu, JCV Gesch, RW Allen, LH Boote, KJ Bowes, G TI CO2 enrichment delays a rapid, drought-induced decrease in Rubisco small subunit transcript abundance SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CO2 enrichment; drought; Oryza sativa; rbcS transcripts; Rubisco ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; ELEVATED CO2; RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; DOWN-REGULATION; RICE RESPONSES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ACCLIMATION; EXPRESSION; RBCS AB Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR-72) was grown in sunlit chambers at 350 and 700 mu mol CO2 mol(-1) under conditions of continuous flooding (control) or drought which was imposed at panicle initiation, to evaluate the effects of CO2 enrichment and soil water deficit on photosynthesis and Rubisco gene expression. Leaf and canopy photosynthetic rates were enhanced by high [CO2] but reduced by drought. High [CO2] and severe drought both reduced rbcS transcript abundance, along with the activity, activation and protein content of Rubisco, but the K-m (CO2) was not affected. The transition from moderate to severe drought caused a rapid decline, within 24 h, in the rbcS transcript abundance. High [CO2], however, delayed the adverse effects of severe drought on rbcS transcript abundance and activities of Rubisco, and permitted photosynthesis to continue for an extra day during the drought-stress cycle. C1 Univ Florida, USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Vu, JCV (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Dept Agron, 2183 McCarty Hall A, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 30 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 5 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 155 IS 1 BP 139 EP 142 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 226HA UT WOS:000082013400024 ER PT J AU Uri, ND Boyd, R AF Uri, ND Boyd, R TI A note on the economic impact of higher gasoline and electricity prices in Mexico SO JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING LA English DT Article C1 Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Washington, DC USA. Ohio Univ, Dept Econ, Athens, OH 45701 USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0161-8938 J9 J POLICY MODEL JI J. Policy Model. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 21 IS 4 BP 527 EP 534 DI 10.1016/S0161-8938(97)00106-3 PG 8 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 234ZP UT WOS:000082514500008 ER PT J AU Heikens, KE Karlen, DL Erbach, DC Hanna, HM Jensen, JH AF Heikens, KE Karlen, DL Erbach, DC Hanna, HM Jensen, JH TI Tillage effects on previously flooded soils SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article AB Excessive rainfall inundated many midwestern agricultural fields in 1993 and resulted in numerous questions regarding the depth and number of tillage operations needed to prepare fields for crop production in 1994. Five on-farm locations were selected to compare effects of shallow, moderate, and deep tillage on soil compaction and crop yield. Bulk density, soil water content (theta(v)), penetration resistance, and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were measured, and net return was computed for the three tillage treatments. Preplant bulk density within the upper 12 in. averaged 1.27, 1.26, and 1.22 g/cu cm for no-till, chisel, and subsoiled treatments, respectively. Penetration resistance averaged 130, 120, and 97 psi for the no-till, chisel, and subsoil treatments, respectively (LSB(0.05) = 7), and showed highly significant differences at depths from 0.5 to 12 in. Post-harvest bulk density was not significantly different, but penetration resistance averaged 378, 341, and 283 psi (LSD(0.05) = 19) for no-till, chisel, and subsoiled areas, respectively. Increased preplant tillage intensity significantly affected some soil physical properties, but corn and soybean yields were not affected. With regard to return on investment and time, we conclude it would be more profitable to limit tillage in fields subjected to excessive rainfall and inundation events like those occurring throughout the Midwest in 1993. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Karlen, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 12 IS 3 BP 409 EP 414 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 230CG UT WOS:000082233800008 ER PT J AU Kuykendall, HA Hoveland, CS McCann, MA Cabrera, ML AF Kuykendall, HA Hoveland, CS McCann, MA Cabrera, ML TI Continuous vs. rotational stocking of steers on mixed endophyte-infected tall fescue-bermudagrass pastures fertilized with broiler litter SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE; CALVES; CLOVER; COWS AB Rotational stocking (RS) may be useful in alleviating nutrient runoff problems from high rates of broiler litter application while improving animal performance of steers grazing mixed grass pastures of endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb,) and common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], Six 2.0 acre bermudagrass pastures no-till seeded with E+ 'Georgia 5' tall fescue were fertilized annually with approximately 6 tons (dry weight)/acre of broiler litter, allowing three replications each of continuous stocking (CS) and RS methods. Broiler litter was applied on 16 Mar and 30 Oct. 1995, and 4 Mar. and 25 Sept, 1996, to follow generally recommended guidelines for fertilization of tall fescue-bermudagrass pastures in the Southern Piedmont. Rotationally stocked pastures with eight paddocks each allowed 3 d of grazing and 21 d of rest per paddock, Two crossbred beef steers (Bos taurus) were maintained on each pasture treatment year around for 2 yr with additional steers added to maintain similar forage availability between grazing methods. With both CS and RS there was a decrease (P < 0.10) of 21 and 26% in bermudagrass basal cover and frequency, respectively, accompanied by a 21% increase (P < 0.10) in frequency of tail fescue. Crazing method had no effect (P > 0.10) on tall fescue or other species basal fever, or frequency of other species. Crazing method had no effect on monthly harvested forage samples measured for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), or acid detergent fiber (ADF) content. Rotational stocking resulted in increased (P < 0.10) forage available of tall fescue in January and November. Rotational stocking had no effect (P > 0.10) on stocking rate the first year, but increased it 24% (P < 0.10) during the second year. Steer average daily gain and gain per acre of 1.04 and 551 lb, respectively, were unaffected by grazing method (P > 0.10) and were in the expected range for steers grazing E+ tall fescue pastures. Rotational stocking maintained bermudagrass better than CS in the aggressive heavily fertilized E+ tall fescue of the mixed pastures. Rotational stocking did not improve steer performance and was similar to CS in utilizing nutrients from broiler litter. C1 USDA, NRCS, Athens, GA 30601 USA. RP Kuykendall, HA (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, 355 E Hancock Ave, Athens, GA 30601 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 12 IS 3 BP 472 EP 478 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 230CG UT WOS:000082233800020 ER PT J AU Haferkamp, MR Karl, MG AF Haferkamp, MR Karl, MG TI Clipping effects on growth dynamics of Japanese brome SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bromus japonicus; controlled environment; clipping intensity; clipping frequency AB Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus Thunb.) has invaded many northern mixed prairie communities. Understanding how defoliation affects the life cycle of this species is critical for proper grazing management of communities infested with this annual. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of defoliation on growth of Japanese brome. Treatments included no clipping or clipping to 75- or 150-mm stubble height weekly or biweekly for 65 to 70 days in a greenhouse. Response of Japanese brome tiller numbers, leaf height, and above- and below-ground biomass were measured in 1991, 1992, and 1997. Clipping vegetative plants in 1991 reduced tiller numbers and leaf heights, whereas clipping plants with reproductive shoots in 1992 and 1997 increased tiller numbers and reduced leaf heights. Herbage accumulated during clipping, above-ground and total biomass were similar in 1991 and 1997, but lower in 1992. Accumulated herbage was reduced by reducing stubble height from 150 mm to 75 mm on a biweekly frequency and increasing the frequency of clipping from biweekly to weekly at either the 150-mm or 75-mm stubble height. Reducing the stubble height also reduced above-ground and total biomass. Increasing frequency of clipping did not generally affect total biomass. Some inflorescences were produced with even the most severe clipping treatment. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP Haferkamp, MR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 52 IS 4 BP 339 EP 345 DI 10.2307/4003543 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 248NE UT WOS:000083281000006 ER PT J AU Pfister, JA Gardner, DR AF Pfister, JA Gardner, DR TI Consumption of low larkspur (Delphinium nuttallianum) by cattle SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE cattle grazing; poisonous plants; alkaloids; diet selection ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; ABUNDANCE AB Low larkspur (Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz.) is a toxic range plant that is often fatal to cattle when ingested during spring or early summer on foothill or mountain rangelands. Grazing trials near Price, Ut. during 1996 and 1997 examined toxicity and consumption of low larkspur by cow-calf pairs. Toxic alkaloid concentrations were relatively stable although larkspur plants rapidly matured. Cows and calves did not differ (P>0.1) in consumption of low larkspur (0.6 and 1.1% of bites, respectively), and calves began eating low larkspur readily (up to 21% of bites) early in the trial. Larkspur density did not affect consumption by cattle (p>0.1), but there was an interaction between density and day, as on 2 days (days 8 and 21) cattle ate more (P<0.05) low larkspur in the pastures with more larkspur. Stage of growth also affected consumption (P<0.05) with greater consumption after flowering. Increased grazing pressure caused cattle to eat more larkspur until larkspur density was reduced by grazing. Cattle apparently avoid eating low larkspurs before flowering, and cattle may eat little low larkspur if sufficient other forage is available. Losses may be reduced by ensuring that grazing pressure and/or stock density are not excessive on low larkspur-infested rangelands. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Pfister, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 52 IS 4 BP 378 EP 383 DI 10.2307/4003549 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 248NE UT WOS:000083281000012 ER PT J AU Bai, YG Hardegree, SP Booth, DT Roos, EE AF Bai, YG Hardegree, SP Booth, DT Roos, EE TI Pericarp removal has little effect on sagebrush seeds SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Artemisia tridentata ssp wyomingensis; germination percentage; germination rate; humidification; water stress ID GERMINATION; TEMPERATURE; MOISTURE AB Sagebrush (Artemisia) is commonly recommended for reclamation and restoration of shrublands of the Western United States and seeds are usually obtained from commercial sources. One result of commercial seed processing is the removal of the pericarp. We tested 2 seedlots of Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) to determine if pericarp removal affected properties of seed hydration or seed germinability under different levels of water stress. In general, pericarp removal had a relatively minor effect on these processes and properties. C1 ARS, USDA, Boise, ID 83712 USA. ARS, USDA, High Plains Grassl Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Plant Soil & Insect Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Bai, YG (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Kamloops Range Res Ranch, 3015 Ord Rd, Kamloops, BC V2B 8A9, Canada. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 52 IS 4 BP 384 EP 386 DI 10.2307/4003550 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 248NE UT WOS:000083281000013 ER PT J AU Hou, JQ Romo, JT Bai, Y Booth, DT AF Hou, JQ Romo, JT Bai, Y Booth, DT TI Responses of winterfat seeds and seedlings to desiccation SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Krascheninnikovia lanata (Gueldenstaedt); Ceratoides lanata (Pursh) JT Howell; Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq.; restoration; seed germination; seed hydration; seedbed ecology ID POST-GERMINATION GROWTH; IMBIBITION TEMPERATURE; PERENNIAL RYEGRASS; ESTABLISHMENT; DEHYDRATION; TOLERANCE; SURVIVAL; ECOLOGY AB Winterfat [Krascheninnikovia lanata (Gueldenstaedt) syn. Ceratoides lanata (Pursh) J.T. Howell, syn. Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Meg.] is a native shrub of mixed prairie of North America. A large portion of hydrated seeds and seedlings can be killed when exposed to seedbed desiccation. Winterfat seeds and young seedlings subjected to varying levels of desiccation Were studied to measure the influence of this stress. Germination was unaffected (P>0.05) when seeds were exposed for 0 to 10 hydration-desiccation cycles (2 hours hydration and 22 hours desiccation cycle(-1) at 20 to 30% relative humidity and 20 degrees C). Linear increases in germination rate (0.6% day(-1) hydration-desiccation cycle(-1)), seedling length (0.1 mm hydration-desiccation cycle(-1)), and seed decay (1.5% hydration-desiccation cycle(-1)) occurred with an increasing number of hydration-desiccation cycles. Seedling survival following desiccation decreased 10.4% mm(-1) as seedling length increased from <2mm to 10-15 mm. Seedling survival was positively correlated with relative humidity and negatively correlated with duration of desiccation. The difference (P less than or equal to 0.05) in survival between 0 and 90% relative humidity was 62% for seedlings 4-6-mm in length and 70% for seedlings 9-11-mm in length. Seedlings from seeds that germinated rapidly were more tolerant of desiccation than those from seeds germinating slowly. After desiccation in 30% relative humidity, survival of seedlings from seeds germinating on the first day of incubation was 40% greater than those from seeds germinating on the third day of incubation. Electrolyte leakage indicated that desiccation damaged cells. Establishment of winterfat seedlings will be favored by seedbed conditions that protect seedlings from severe and prolonged desiccation and allow fast entry of the radicle into soil. C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Plant Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. ARS, USDA, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. RP Hou, JQ (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Plant Sci, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 52 IS 4 BP 387 EP 393 DI 10.2307/4003551 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 248NE UT WOS:000083281000014 ER PT J AU Plarre, R Lieber, K Burkholder, W Phillips, J AF Plarre, R Lieber, K Burkholder, W Phillips, J TI Host and host instar preference of Apanteles carpatus (say) (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) a possible parasitoid for biological control of clothes moths (Lepidoptera : Tineidae) SO JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE apanteles carpatus; clothes moths; fabric protection; biological control; pheromone-trapping ID BISSELLIELLA HUM LEPIDOPTERA; TINEOLA-BISSELLIELLA; OVIPOSITION; CANESCENS; SELECTION; OIL AB The wasp Apareteles carpatus is a solitary koinobiont endoparasitoid of Tineola bisselliella and Tinea pellionella larvae. A. carpatus is capable of complete development in all larval stages of T. bisselliella. The developmental period is significantly longer in younger host instars than in older prepupal stages of the host. The larval parasitoid stays dormant in young hosts until they provide enough resources for development; young hosts do not stop feeding when parasitized. Based on dual-choice-experiments, A. carpatus is more closely associated with T. pellionella than with T. bisselliella: however, parasitoid conditioning seems possible. The potential use of A. carpatus in classical biological control of clothes moths is discussed using data from a field study. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 BAM Fed Inst Mat Res & Testing, D-12205 Berlin, Germany. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Stored Prod Res Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Plarre, R (reprint author), BAM Fed Inst Mat Res & Testing, Unter Eichen 87, D-12205 Berlin, Germany. NR 63 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-474X J9 J STORED PROD RES JI J. Stored Prod. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 35 IS 3 BP 197 EP 213 DI 10.1016/S0022-474X(99)00005-3 PG 17 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 207HG UT WOS:000080930900001 ER PT J AU Taylor, MM Cabeza, LF Brown, EM Marmer, WN AF Taylor, MM Cabeza, LF Brown, EM Marmer, WN TI Chemical modification of protein products isolated from chromium-containing solid tannery waste and resultant influence on physical and functional properties SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS; FLOUR; COLLAGEN AB Samples of gelatin extracted from chromium-containing leather waste by different protocols were chemically modified with glutaraldehyde, glyoxal and carbodiimide and compared to similarly modified commercial gelatins. Glutaraldehyde appeared to be a very efficient cross-linker, giving gels that would not melt at 70 degrees C with the addition of only 2% glutaraldehyde but with a decrease in their rigidity when the amount of glutaraldehyde was increased. Foaming tests on these samples demonstrated that the addition of low amounts of glutaraldehyde increased both the foam capacity and the foam stability of the gelatins. Glyoxal modification did not have such an effect on the gel strength and melting point of the samples. It did not increase foam capacity but did increase foam stability, it gave better adhesive properties to these gelatins and it did increase dramatically their emulsification capacity. Carbodiimide had similar effects on gel strength as glyoxal; it did increase dramatically the melting point of commercial gelatin but had no effect on the melting point of the extracted gelatins. It decreased the foam and adhesive properties; of all the samples, but it did increase the emulsification capacity of the extracted gelatins. The study demonstrates that the functional properties of chemically modified gelatin extracted from chromium-containing leather waste were changed, and, as a result, new uses could be identified for these value-added products. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Taylor, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Cabeza, Luisa F./B-4587-2013 OI Cabeza, Luisa F./0000-0001-5086-872X NR 28 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 94 IS 5 BP 171 EP 181 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 213GD UT WOS:000081263600001 ER PT J AU Cabeza, LF Taylor, MM Brown, EM Marmer, WN AF Cabeza, LF Taylor, MM Brown, EM Marmer, WN TI Potential applications for gelatin isolated from chromium-containing solid tannery waste: Microencapsulation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID COMPLEX COACERVATION; MICROCAPSULES; ACACIA; PH AB Gelatin has been extensively used in simple and complex coacervation technologies to microencapsulate drugs, essential oils, perfumes, and other materials. The aim of this work was to use gelatin isolated from chromium-containing solid tannery waste to demonstrate the potential application of this product in microencapsulation. As a model, an anionic semi-synthetic fatliquor, typically used in the tanning industry, was microencapsulated by complex coacervation using gelatin and acacia. The behaviors of commercial gelatins (75 and 225 g Bloom) and alkali- or enzyme-extracted gelatins from chrome shavings were compared. The microencapsulation process was repeatable and no significant differences were found between commercial and extracted gelatins. Sieving analysis showed similar size particles in the different samples, and microscopic analysis showed that the particles had a tendency to aggregate. The marketability of a product with such a potential application should encourage the industry to recycle tannery wastes instead of dumping them into landfills. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Taylor, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Cabeza, Luisa F./B-4587-2013 OI Cabeza, Luisa F./0000-0001-5086-872X NR 22 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 94 IS 5 BP 182 EP 189 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 213GD UT WOS:000081263600002 ER PT J AU Cabeza, LF Clauson, SM Taylor, MM Brown, EM Marmer, WN Merck, KB AF Cabeza, LF Clauson, SM Taylor, MM Brown, EM Marmer, WN Merck, KB TI The effect of surfactant on the isolation of protein products from chromium-containing solid tannery waste. Influence on the process and on the chemical, physical and functional properties of the resultant gelatin SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID LEATHER WASTE; HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS; PILOT-SCALE; FLOUR; SHAVINGS; COLLAGEN; CAKE AB Protein products can be isolated from chrome shavings using two processes that had been demonstrated to be economically attractive. Surfactant is used during the extraction of the protein products to avoid foam formation. Foam would make the manipulation of the mixtures difficult, disturbing the separation of the protein products from the residual chrome cakes, and could inactivate the enzyme. The influence of surfactant on the gelatin isolated from chrome shavings was studied. First, the need for surfactant during the extraction process in the one-step and the two-step processes was studied in the laboratory. Then, the two-step process was carried out with and without surfactant in pilot plant scale experiments to evaluate the foam formation during the first step. The physical and chemical analyses of the gelatin extracted showed good repeatability of the process, with no significant differences between the gelatins isolated with and without the use of surfactant. Finally, functional properties of the gelatin extracted in the pilot plant experiments were determined and compared, to evaluate the influence of surfactant on each of them. These experiments showed that surfactant is not always necessary, and it will depend on the equipment used when the process is carried out industrially. The use of surfactant should be avoided when possible, and when used its influence on foaming and emulsification properties should be expected. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Taylor, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Cabeza, Luisa F./B-4587-2013 OI Cabeza, Luisa F./0000-0001-5086-872X NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 94 IS 5 BP 190 EP 198 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 213GD UT WOS:000081263600003 ER PT J AU Hampson, JW Foglia, TA AF Hampson, JW Foglia, TA TI Effect of moisture content on immobilized lipase-catalyzed triacylglycerol hydrolysis under supercritical carbon dioxide flow in a tubular fixed-bed reactor SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Candida antarctica; hydrolysis; lipase; moisture effects; supercritical fluid; tripalmitin ID ENZYMATIC-REACTION; FATTY-ACIDS; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Surplus fats and oils were reacted with several lipases under supercritical fluid conditions for the purpose of obtaining value-added products. Lipases, however, require sufficient moisture content to act as effective biocatalysts. An immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica was chosen to examine the rate of enzyme moisture loss under laboratory ambient conditions and also under supercritical fluid conditions. A more important aspect was to determine the effect of lipase moisture content on the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols under the same supercritical fluid conditions. Under ambient conditions at constant air flow, the immobilized lipase lost water at the rate of 4 to 5%/h, from 48.3% moisture to a final moisture content of 0.2%. Water is known not to be very soluble in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2); Nevertheless, under supercritical fluid conditions of 60 degrees C, 4000 psi, acid carbon dioxide flow rates of 0.5 or 1 L/min measured as expanded gas, the enzyme moisture loss was approximately 2 to 6%/h. To determine the effect of moisture loss on enzymatic hydrolysis, lipase beds in a tubular reactor with moisture contents of 1.5 to 23.5% were reacted with tripalmitin under supercritical conditions. A lipase with an initial moisture content of 1.5% gave little evidence of hydrolysis whereas those containing 5.4 to 23.5% moisture content resulted in products that contained only palmitic acid and unreacted tripalmitin. Thus, optimal parameters for continuous lipase hydrolysis of tripalmitin require: enough enzyme moisture to compensate for complete substrate hydrolysis; sufficient enzyme moisture for losses due to water solubility in SC-CO2; temperature and pressure sufficient to solubilize the tripalmitin; high carbon dioxide total flow to solubilize all the tripalmitin; and a relatively large enzyme bed volume to increase the solubilized substrate contact time with the enzyme. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Hampson, JW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 14 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 76 IS 7 BP 777 EP 781 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0065-8 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 220LH UT WOS:000081667100002 ER PT J AU Knothe, G AF Knothe, G TI Rapid monitoring of transesterification and assessing biodiesel fuel quality by near-infrared spectroscopy using a fiber-optic probe SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE biodiesel; fiber-optic probe; fuel quality; near-infrared spectroscopy; transesterification ID OIL METHYL-ESTERS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; VEGETABLE-OILS; FREE GLYCEROL; SOYBEAN OIL; KINETICS; STEROLS AB Vegetable oil esters, particularly methyl esters, are being explored and used as alternative diesel fuel (biodiesel). The transesterification reaction which yields the methyl esters can be monitored for completion by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy using a fiber-optic probe. Although the NIR method is less sensitive than gas chromatography (GC) for quantifying minor components, by correlation with existing GC or other analytical data, biodiesel fuel quality can be assessed through the NIR method. The NIR method is easier and faster to use than GC. C1 ARS, USDA, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Knothe, G (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NCAUR, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 42 TC 94 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 76 IS 7 BP 795 EP 800 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0068-5 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 220LH UT WOS:000081667100005 ER PT J AU Neff, WE List, GR AF Neff, WE List, GR TI Oxidative stability of natural and randomized high-palmitic- and high-stearic-acid oils from genetically modified soybean varieties SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE food formulation; high-palmitic; high-stearic; margarine; oxidative stability; randomized soybean oil; soybean oil; triacylglycerol; triacylglycerol structure; triglyceride ID TRIACYLGLYCEROL COMPOSITION; INTERESTERIFICATION; MARGARINE AB The oxidative stability of soybean oil triacylglycerols (TAG) obtained from genetically modified soybeans was determined before and after chemical randomization. Soybean oil oxidative studies were carried out under static oxygen headspace-at 60 degrees C in the dark and oxidative deterioration was monitored by peroxide value, monomeric and oligomeric oxidation products, and volatile compounds. Randomization of the soy bean oil TAG improved the oxidative stability compared to the natural soybean oil TAG. Oxidative stability was improved by three factors. Factor one was the genetic modification of the fatty acid composition in which polyunsaturated acids (such as linolenic and linoleic acids) were decreased and in which monounsaturated fatty acids (such as oleic) and saturated acids (palmitic and stearic) were increased. Factor two was the TAG compositional modification with a decrease in linolenic and linoleic-containing TAG and an increase in TAG with stearic and palmitic acids in combination with oleic acid. Factor three was the TAG structure modification accomplished by an increase in saturated fatty acids and a decrease in linoleic and linolenic acids at the glycerol moiety carbon 2. C1 ARS, NCAUR, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Neff, WE (reprint author), ARS, NCAUR, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 76 IS 7 BP 825 EP 831 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0072-9 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 220LH UT WOS:000081667100009 ER PT J AU Mellon, JE Cotty, PJ AF Mellon, JE Cotty, PJ TI Raffinose content may influence cottonseed susceptibility to aflatoxin contamination SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; A. flavus; cottonseed; cottonseed meal; cottonseed storage protein; Gossypium hirsutum; raffinose ID ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; BIOSYNTHESIS; PROTEINS; PH AB The effect of the cotton storage trisaccharide raffinose and cottonseed storage protein (CSP) in combination on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus was investigated. The ability of ground whole cottonseed and water-extracted cottonseed meal to support fungal biosynthesis of aflatoxin also was assessed in vitro. Dose response data showed that utilization of raffinose as a sole carbon source supported growth and aflatoxin production by A. flavus. When raffinose was a carbon source and CSP was the sole nitrogen source, aflatoxin levels were stimulated up to fourfold above those in raffinose reference media. Results with ground whole cottonseed as a sole carbon/nitrogen source demonstrated the capacity for aflatoxin production in A. flavus cultures. Lipid extraction of ground whole seed severely reduced aflatoxigenesis potential; however, lipid extraction followed by water extraction of ground whole seed restored much of the aflatoxin biosynthetic potential, suggesting the presence of a water soluble inhibitory factor. Accessible carbon appeared to be the limiting resource in water-extracted meal, as a raffinose supplement stimulated aflatoxin production. Either cottonseed storage lipid or raffinose was capable of providing accessible carbon to A. flavus. Raffinose and CSP in developing and mature cottonseed may predispose seed to potentially high levels of aflatoxin contamination by A. flavus upon seed infection. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Mellon, JE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 76 IS 7 BP 883 EP 886 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0080-9 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 220LH UT WOS:000081667100017 ER PT J AU Serce, S Navazio, JP Gokce, AF Staub, JE AF Serce, S Navazio, JP Gokce, AF Staub, JE TI Nearly isogenic cucumber genotypes differing in leaf size and plant habit exhibit differential response to water stress SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cucumis sativus; stomatal conductance; environmental stress; drought; soil moisture tension ID PILLOWY FRUIT DISORDER; CULTIVAR; DENSITY AB Four nearly isogenic cucumber Lines (Cucumis sativus L.) differing in Leaf size [standard leaf(LL) vs. little leaf(ll)] and plant habit [indeterminate (DeDe) vs. determinate (dede)] were compared for their response to high soil moisture tensions in 1990 and 1996 Comparisons were made between lines for aboveground vegetative and fruit response, between two irrigation regimes, and among three postharvest treatments. Differences in vegetative plant response between lines were documented by wilting ratings, plant dry weight, fruit number and fresh weight, and fruit quality [i.e., fruit shape, seed size, seed cavity size, and pillowy fruit disorder (PFD)] ratings depending upon the stress environment. Postharvest treatment affected the quality of fruit recovered from plants subjected to water stress. Exposure of fruit at 15 degrees C and 85% relative humidity (RA) for 4 days after hydrocooling, resulted in lower PFD than storage of fruit at 26 degrees C and 60% RH for 2 days without hydrocooling. Cucumber genotypes showed differential response to-water stress indicating that plant habit and leaf size can be important genetic determinants of plant response to water stress. Although plant productivity was not affected by water stress, PFD, shape, seed size, and seed cavity size of fruit from lldede plants were more severely affected by water stress than its llDeDe counterpart. Plants homozygous Il,in either a determinate or indeterminate background, were less susceptible to wilting under water stress conditions than their normal leaf(LL) counterparts. However, plant dry weight and fruit number and weight were higher in LLDeDe plants when compared to their llDeDe counterparts. Fruit recovered from LLDeDe plants were of higher quality than those recovered from llDeDe plants. Thus, wilting response to water stress is not necessarily indicative of a cucumber plant's tolerance to water stress in the reproductive stage. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, USDA, Agr Res Serv,Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, USDA, Agr Res Serv,Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Serce, Sedat/D-4105-2013 OI Serce, Sedat/0000-0003-4584-2028 NR 21 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 124 IS 4 BP 358 EP 365 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 207KB UT WOS:000080935100007 ER PT J AU Lo Bianco, R Rieger, M Sung, SJS AF Lo Bianco, R Rieger, M Sung, SJS TI Activities of sucrose and sorbitol metabolizing enzymes in vegetative sinks of peach and correlation with sink growth rate SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acid invertase; NAD(+)-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase; Prunus persica; radicle; sinks; sorbitol; sucrose synthase ID SYNTHASE; LEAVES; FRUIT; DEHYDROGENASE; PLANTS AB Terminal portions of 'Flordaguard' peach roots [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were divided into six segments and the activities of NAD(+)-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), sorbitol oxidase (SOX), sucrose synthase (SS), soluble acid invertase (AI), and soluble neutral invertase (NI) were measured in each segment 10, 15, and 20 days after seed germination. The same type of experiment was conducted with terminal portions of 'Flordaguard' and 'Nemaguard' peach shoots except that one of the six segments consisted of the leaflets surrounding the apex. Independent of the age of individual roots, activities of Son and AI were consistently highest in the meristematic portion and decreased with tissue maturation. In shoots, AI was the most active enzyme in the elongating portion subtending the apex, whereas SDH was primarily associated with meristematic tissues. A positive correlation between Son and AI activities was found in various developmental zones of roots (r = 0.96) and shoots (r = 0.90), Sorbitol and sucrose contents were low in roots regardless of distance from tip, while sucrose showed a decreasing trend with distance and sorbitol, fructose, and glucose increased with distance from the meristem in shoots, Activity of SDH in internodes, but not apices, correlated with shoot elongation rate of both cultivars, whereas activities of other enzymes did not correlate with shoot elongation rate. We conclude that AI and Son are the predominant enzymes of carbohydrate catabolism and the best indicators of sink growth and development in vegetative sinks of peach. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Dept Agr Forest Serv, Inst Tree Root Biol, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Lo Bianco, R (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Lo Bianco, Riccardo/M-3724-2015 OI Lo Bianco, Riccardo/0000-0003-2568-2880 NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 124 IS 4 BP 381 EP 388 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 207KB UT WOS:000080935100011 ER PT J AU Plotto, A McDaniel, MR Mattheis, JP AF Plotto, A McDaniel, MR Mattheis, JP TI Characterization of 'Gala' apple aroma and flavor: Differences between controlled atmosphere and air storage SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Malus sylvestris var. domestica; quality; volatiles; controlled atmosphere; esters; titratable acidity; soluble solids concentration ID ODOR-ACTIVE VOLATILES; DELICIOUS APPLES; EATING QUALITY; ORANGE PIPPIN; FUJI APPLES; VARIETIES; HARVEST; FRUITS; ACIDS AB Aroma and flavor characters of 'Gala' apples [;Malus sylvestris OL.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh, Mansf. 'Gala'] were identified by 10 trained panelists. A vocabulary of 13 aroma descriptors and 16 flavor descriptors were used to characterize changes in controlled atmosphere (CA) and air, or regular atmosphere (RA) storage over 20 weeks, When compared with RA storage, the intensity of fruity (pear, banana, and strawberry) and floral descriptors decreased after 10,weeks in CA for whole and cut fruit aroma and flavor. During the entire storage period under CA, aroma of cut apples retained high vegetative and citrus characters but had a less intense anise aroma. Sourness and astringency were significantly higher for CA-stored apples, and sweetness was significantly lower. A musty note was perceived in whole apples stored in CA for 20 weeks, Aroma of whole fruit stored for 16 weeks in CA follow ed by 4 weeks in RA was higher in fruitiness, banana, floral, and anise characters when compared with apples stored 20 weeks in CA. There was no difference between fruit stored in CA followed by RA versus CA stored apples for flavor and aroma of cut fruit. Changes in descriptor ratings during storage are discussed in relation to gas chromatography and olfactometry data obtained with the Osme method. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Tree Fruit Res Ctr, Wenatchee, WA 98001 USA. RP Plotto, A (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 53 TC 38 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 124 IS 4 BP 416 EP 423 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 207KB UT WOS:000080935100016 ER PT J AU Endo, BY Zunke, U Wergin, WP AF Endo, BY Zunke, U Wergin, WP TI Ultrastructure of the female reproductive system of the lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans (Nemata : Pratylenchidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE transmission electron microscopy; lesion nematode; female reproductive system; Pratylenchus penetrans; Nemata; Pratylenchidae ID COMPARATIVE FINE-STRUCTURE; ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; SPERM; HETERODERINAE; SPERMATOGENESIS; FERTILIZATION; MELOIDOGYNE; CELLS AB Transmission electron microscopy of the reproductive system of adult females of Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev and Schuurmans Stekhoven revealed details of oocyte development and the transformation of oocytes into eggs. Oogonial cell divisions were not observed; however, oogonial development into oocytes was distinctive in that most of the nuclei of ovarian cells were in the pachytene stage (i.e., prophase I of meiosis). In the midsection of the ovary, the oocytes increase in number, enlarge, and accumulate in a single row. Next, the oocytes enter a muscular oviduct and begin to accumulate lipid bodies and protein granules. The plasma membrane of the oviduct becomes plicated and forms cisternae; centralized membrane junctions establish openings for oocytes to enter the spermatheca. Spermatozoa traverse the lumen of the uterus and accumulate in the spermatheca. Each oocyte then passes through the spermatheca proximally and then traverses between columnar cells. The posteriad regions of the columnar cells attach to other uterine cells to form the central lumen of the uterus that extends beyond the vaginal opening and into the postvulvar uterine branch of the reproductive system. The fertilized egg is deposited to the exterior after passing between cuticle-lined vaginal and vulval walls supported by anteriad and posteriad muscle bands, which have ventrosublateral insertions on the body wall. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Inst Plant Sci, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Hamburg, Inst Angewandte Botan, Hamburg, Germany. RP Endo, BY (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Inst Plant Sci, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 43 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1049-233X J9 J HELMINTHOL SOC W JI J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 66 IS 2 BP 155 EP 174 PG 32 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA 224CB UT WOS:000081877900008 ER PT J AU Hansen, JD Castelle, AJ AF Hansen, JD Castelle, AJ TI Insect diversity in soils of tidal and non-tidal wetlands of Spencer Island, Washington SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MACROINVERTEBRATES; MARSH; AVAILABILITY; CHIRONOMIDAE; VEGETATION; DIPTERA; INDEX AB Soil insect communities from two tidal wetland ecosystems were compared with those from a neighboring non-tidal wetland. These three wetland ecosystems are on Spencer Island (Snohomish County, Washington). The aim of this study was to determine how soil insect communities are influenced by tides and plant communities. The non-tidal wetland was on a cross levee and was an emergent grassland dominated by reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). The tidal wetlands included a marsh, with a monoculture of reed canarygrass, and a forest, dominated by red alder (Alnus rubra Pong.). The cross levee had the highest diversity of insect species; the tidal marsh had the lowest. This high insect diversity from the cross levee was attributed to site stability and a thick ground cover. The low insect diversity from the tidal marsh was maybe due to tidal influences such as flooding and sedimentation, and vegetation monoculture. Insect diversity from the tidal forest, which had the greatest variation in vegetation structure, was closer to that of the cross levee than that of the tidal marsh. A subsample from the tidal marsh had about a hundred individual specimens of the same collembolan species; this demonstrates the problem of using population size alone as an environmental indicator. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. Univ Washington, Wetland Sci & Management Certificate Program, Seattle, WA USA. Adolfson Associates Inc, Seattle, WA 98107 USA. RP Hansen, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 72 IS 3 BP 262 EP 272 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 307VA UT WOS:000086673800003 ER PT J AU Wilson, RL Abel, CA Lockhart, LL Huss, MH AF Wilson, RL Abel, CA Lockhart, LL Huss, MH TI Indoor wintering small honey bee colonies SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB The USDA-ARS North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NCRPIS) in Ames, IA (USA), uses honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) for the pollination of germplasm accessions grown under cages for seed Increase. From 700 to 1000 cages are required each growing season. Each cage is provided a nucleus hive of honey bees containing about 6000 worker bees plus a queen. These hives are too small to overwinter outdoors in Iowa. To provide enough bees for April plantings, we purchase bees from shipping companies located in the southern USA. Package bee purchases are expensive and risk importing unwanted diseases or pests. To reduce costs and overwinter our nucleus colonies locally, we remodeled an existing building to provide an environmentally controlled chamber. Earlier studies demonstrated that four or more frames of physiologically young honey bees are optimal for indoor wintering. Our method has been successful and provides an economical way of wintering small honey bee nucleus colonies for use the following year. C1 Iowa State Univ, Iowa Agr & Home Econ Expt Stn, Engn Serv, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Wilson, RL (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 72 IS 3 BP 289 EP 296 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 307VA UT WOS:000086673800006 ER PT J AU Saari, JT Stinnett, HO Dahlen, GM AF Saari, JT Stinnett, HO Dahlen, GM TI Cardiovascular measurements relevant to heart size in copper-deficient rats SO JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE copper deficiency; heart; cardiac output; total peripheral resistance; rat ID CARDIAC-HYPERTROPHY; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; MITOCHONDRIAL; HYPERTENSION; TRANSPORT; ANEMIA; MUSCLE; LIVER; IRON AB Dietary copper deficiency in animals is often associated with cardiac enlargement and anemia. In this study we examined the hypothesis that anemia leads to a high cardiac output state that results in work-induced (physiological) cardiac hypertrophy. Blood pressure was measured by carotid cannulation and cardiac output was measured by aortic flow probe in anesthetized, open-chested rats that had been subjected to various degrees of dietary copper deficiency for five weeks. Cardiac output was unaffected by dietary copper deficiency. However, the components of cardiac output were found to vary reciprocally, heart rate decreasing and stroke volume increasing with copper deficiency. Further, total peripheral resistance, calculated as the ratio of mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output, was depressed by dietary copper deficiency. These findings suggest that bradycardia and depression of vascular resistance induced by copper deficiency contribute to increased venous filling and a resultant increase in stroke volume; these factors may lead to cardiac hypertrophy. A significant correlation between stroke volume and heart weight in rats of varying copper status supports this conclusion. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ N Dakota, Sch Med, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Saari, JT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0946-672X J9 J TRACE ELEM MED BIO JI J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 13 IS 1-2 BP 27 EP 33 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 221GU UT WOS:000081719600005 PM 10445215 ER PT J AU Rogers, DG Andersen, AA AF Rogers, DG Andersen, AA TI Conjunctivitis caused by a swine Chlamydia trachomatis-like organism in gnotobiotic pigs SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID PATHOGENESIS; REINFECTION; PSITTACI; PROTEIN AB The objective of this study was to determine whether a chlamydial strain recovered from growing and finishing swine with conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis could cause the same infections in gnotobiotic pigs. The strain shares biological characteristics with Chlamydia trachomatis. After propagation in Vero cells and preparation of the inoculum (10(7) inclusion-forming units/ml), chlamydial strain H7 was instilled into the ventral conjunctival sac (0.15 ml/sac) of 12 anesthetized 3-day-old gnotobiotic piglets. Four age-matched gnotobiotic piglets were anesthetized and sham infected with uninfected cell culture lysates. None of the principal piglets developed clinical symptoms of conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis. Principal piglets necropsied 7 days postinfection (DPI) had histologic lesions of mild or moderate conjunctivitis; immunohistochemical evaluation revealed chlamydial antigen in conjunctival epithelium. A majority of principal piglets necropsied at 14-28 DPI had histologic lesions of mild conjunctivitis, but chlamydial antigen was not detected by immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that chlamydial strain H7 can cause mild or occasionally moderate conjunctivitis in gnotobiotic pigs, but the conjunctival infection is asymptomatic. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Vet Diagnost Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Rogers, DG (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Vet Diagnost Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 12 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 11 IS 4 BP 341 EP 344 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 215TM UT WOS:000081399100008 PM 10424650 ER PT J AU Wilson, WC AF Wilson, WC TI Preliminary description of a polymerase chain reaction test for bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viral RNA in bovine semen SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID CLINICAL-SAMPLES; VIRUS; ASSAY; VIREMIA; SHEEP C1 ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, USDA, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Wilson, WC (reprint author), ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, USDA, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 11 IS 4 BP 377 EP 379 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 215TM UT WOS:000081399100017 PM 10424659 ER PT J AU Trampel, DW Kinyon, JM Jensen, NS AF Trampel, DW Kinyon, JM Jensen, NS TI Minimum inhibitory concentration of selected antimicrobial agents for Serpulina isolated from chickens and rheas SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID INTESTINAL SPIROCHETOSIS; SP. NOV.; IDENTIFICATION; PILOSICOLI; AMERICANA C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Vet Extens, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Trampel, DW (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Vet Extens, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 11 IS 4 BP 379 EP 382 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 215TM UT WOS:000081399100018 PM 10424660 ER PT J AU Shamloul, AM Hadidi, A AF Shamloul, AM Hadidi, A TI Sensitive detection of potato spindle tuber and temperate fruit tree viroids by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-probe capture hybridization SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE viroids; PSTVd; ASSVd; PLMVd; detection; amplification; RT-PCR-ELISA; cDNA probe; cRNA probe ID IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY METHOD; RT-PCR; VIRUS; IDENTIFICATION; AMPLIFICATION; ELISA; DNA AB A rapid and sensitive assay for the specific detection of plant viroids using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) -probe capture hybridization (RT-PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) was developed. The assay was applied successfully for the detection of potato spindle tuber viroid, peach latent mosaic viroid, or apple scar skin viroid from viroid infected leaf tissue. Clarified sap extract from infected leaf tissue was treated first with GeneReleaser(TM) polymeric matrix to remove inhibitors of RT-PCR reactions. Viroid cDNA was then synthesized and amplified using viroid specific primers in RT-PCR assays and the amplified viroid cDNA (amplicon) was digoxigenin (DIG) -labelled during the amplification process. The amplicon was then detected in a colorimetric hybridization system in a microtiter plate using a biotinylated cDNA capture probe. This system combines the specificity of molecular hybridization, the ease of the colorimetric protocol, and is at least 100-fold more sensitive than gel electrophoretic analysis in detecting the amplified product. Viroid cRNA may replace viroid cDNA as the capture probe. The cRNA probe was several fold more sensitive than the cDNA probe for viroid detection. Six to seven hours are needed to complete the RT-PCR-ELISA for viroid detection from infected leaf tissue. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. S Valley Univ, Fac Sci, Genet Engn Lab, Sohag, Egypt. RP Hadidi, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM ahididi@ars-grin.gov NR 29 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD JUL PY 1999 VL 80 IS 2 BP 145 EP 155 DI 10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00038-5 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 225YJ UT WOS:000081993300005 PM 10471024 ER PT J AU Hammond, RW Crosslin, JM Pasini, R Howell, WE Mink, GI AF Hammond, RW Crosslin, JM Pasini, R Howell, WE Mink, GI TI Differentiation of closely related but biologically distinct cherry isolates of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus by polymerase chain reaction SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE cherry; prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus; reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; plant viral diagnostics; ilarvirus ID WOODY-PLANTS; WASHINGTON; SEROTYPES AB Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (PNRSV) exists as a number of biologically distinct variants which differ in host specificity, serology, and pathology. Previous nucleotide sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of cloned reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products of several biologically distinct sweet cherry isolates revealed correlations between symptom type and the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the 3a (putative movement protein) and 3b (coat protein) open reading frames. Based upon this analysis, RT-PCR assays have been developed that can identify isolates displaying different symptoms and serotypes. The incorporation of primers in a multiplex PCR protocol permits rapid detection and discrimination among the strains. The results of PCR amplification using type-specific primers that amplify a portion of the coat protein gene demonstrate that the primer-selection procedure developed for PNRSV constitutes a reliable method of viral strain discrimination in cherry for disease control and will also be useful for examining biological diversity within the PNRSV virus group. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable & Forage Crops Prod Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Microbiol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Hammond, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Room 252,Bldg 011A BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD JUL PY 1999 VL 80 IS 2 BP 203 EP 212 DI 10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00051-8 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 225YJ UT WOS:000081993300011 PM 10471030 ER PT J AU Konishi, E Yamaoka, M Win, KS Kurane, I Takada, K Mason, PW AF Konishi, E Yamaoka, M Win, KS Kurane, I Takada, K Mason, PW TI The anamnestic neutralizing antibody response is critical for protection of mice from challenge following vaccination with a plasmid encoding the Japanese encephalitis virus premembrane and envelope genes SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES; LETHAL JEV INFECTION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; DNA VACCINES; IMMUNITY; IMMUNIZATION; PROTEINS; NS1; CANDIDATES; ANTIGENS AB For Japanese encephalitis (JE), we previously reported that recombinant vaccine-induced protection from disease does not prevent challenge virus replication in mice. Moreover, DNA vaccines for JE: can provide protection from high challenge doses in the absence of detectable prechallenge neutralizing antibodies. In the present study, we evaluated the role of postchallenge immune responses in determining the outcome of JE virus infection, using mice immunized with a plasmid, pcDNA3JEME, encoding the JE virus premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) coding regions. In the first experiment, 10 mice were vaccinated once (five animals) or twice (remainder) with 100 mu g of pcDNA3JEME. All of these mice showed low (6 of 10) or undetectable (4 of 10) levels of neutralizing antibodies. Interestingly, eight of these animals showed a rapid rise in neutralizing antibody following challenge with 10,000 50% lethal doses of JE virus and survived for 21 days, whereas only one of the two remaining animals survived. No unimmunized animals exhibited a rise of neutralizing antibody or survived challenge. Levels of JE virus-specific immunoglobulin M class antibodies were elevated following challenge in half of the unimmunized mice and in the single pcDNA3JEME-immunized mouse that died. In the second experiment, JE virus-specific primary cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity was detected in BALB/c mice immunized once with 100 mu g of pcDNA3JEME 4 days after challenge, indicating a strong postchallenge recall of CTLs. In the third experiment, evaluation of induction of CTLs and antibody activity by plasmids containing portions of the prM/E cassette demonstrated that induction of CTL responses alone were not sufficient to prevent death. Finally, we showed that antibody obtained from pcDNA3JEME-immunized mice 4 days following challenge could partially protect recipient mice from lethal challenge. Taken together, these results indicate that neutralizing antibody produced following challenge provides the critical protective component in pcDNA3JEME-vaccinated mice. C1 Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Sci, Suma Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6540142, Japan. Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med Zool, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan. Kinki Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Osaka 5898511, Japan. ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Konishi, E (reprint author), Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Sci, Suma Ku, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe, Hyogo 6540142, Japan. NR 33 TC 90 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 73 IS 7 BP 5527 EP 5534 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 205GT UT WOS:000080813500032 PM 10364301 ER PT J AU Tsang, SX Switzer, WM Shanmugam, V Johnson, JA Goldsmith, C Wright, A Fadly, A Thea, D Jaffe, H Folks, TH Heneine, W AF Tsang, SX Switzer, WM Shanmugam, V Johnson, JA Goldsmith, C Wright, A Fadly, A Thea, D Jaffe, H Folks, TH Heneine, W TI Evidence of avian leukosis virus subgroup E and endogenous avian virus in measles and mumps vaccines derived from chicken cells: Investigation of transmission to vaccine recipients SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE ACTIVITY; HOST RANGE; ENV GENE; ANTIGENIC VARIANTS; RETROVIRUS; SARCOMA; ASSAY; ANTIBODIES; INFECTION; SEQUENCES AB Reverse transcriptase (RT) activity has been detected recently in all chicken cell-derived measles and mumps vaccines. A study of a vaccine manufactured in Europe indicated that the RT is associated with particles containing endogenous avian retrovirus (EAV-0) RNA and originates from the chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF) used as a substrate for propagation of the vaccine. We investigated the origin of RT in measles and mumps vaccines from a U.S. manufacturer and confirm the presence of RT and EAV RNA. Additionally, we provide new evidence for the presence of avian leukosis virus (ALV) in both CEF supernatants and vaccines. ALV pol sequences were first identified in particle-associated RNA by amplification with degenerate retroviral pal primers. ALV RNA sequences from bath the gag and Env regions were also detected. Analysis of hypervariable region 2 of env revealed a subgroup E sequence, an endogenous-type ALV. Both CEF- and vaccine-derived RT activity could be blocked by antibodies to ALV RT. Release of ALV-like virus particles from uninoculated CEF was also documented by electron microscopy. Nonetheless, infectivity studies on susceptible 15B(1) chicken cells gave no evidence of infectious ALV,which is consistent with the phenotypes of the ev loci identified in the CEF. PCR analysis of ALV and EAV proviral sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 33 children after measles and mumps vaccination yielded negative results. Our data indicate that the sources of RT activity in all RT-positive measles and mumps vaccines may not be similar and depend on the particular endogenous retroviral loci present in the chicken cell substrate used. The present data do not support transmission of either ALV or EAV to recipients of the U.S.-made vaccine and provide reassurance for current immunization policies. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol Activ, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Harvard Univ, Inst Int Dev, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Heneine, W (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop G-19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 45 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 73 IS 7 BP 5843 EP 5851 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 205GT UT WOS:000080813500067 PM 10364336 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Whipple, DL Olsen, SC AF Palmer, MV Whipple, DL Olsen, SC TI Development of a model of natural infection with Mycobacterium bovis in white-tailed deer SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium bovis; Odocoileus virginianus; pathology; transmission; tuberculosis; white-tailed deer ID TUBERCULOSIS; CATTLE; CERVIDS AB The objective of this study was to develop a suitable experimental model of natural Mycobacterium bovis infection in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), describe the distribution and character of tuberculous lesions, and to examine possible routes of disease transmission. In October 1997, 10 mature female white-tailed deer were inoculated by intratonsilar instillation of 2 x 10(3) (low dose) or 2 x 10(5) (high dose) colony forming units (CFU) of M. bovis. In January 1998, deer were euthanatized, examined, and tissues were collected 84 to 87 days post inoculation. Possible routes of disease transmission were evaluated by culture of nasal, oral, tonsilar, and rectal swabs at various times during the study. Gross and microscopic lesions consistent with tuberculosis were most commonly seen in medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes and lung in both dosage groups. Other tissues containing tuberculous lesions included tonsil, trachea, liver, and kidney as well as lateral retropharyngeal, mandibular, parotid, tracheobronchial, mediastinal, hepatic, mesenteric, superficial cervical, and iliac lymph nodes. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from tonsilar swabs from 8 of 9 deer from both dosage groups at least once 14 to 87 days after inoculation. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from oral swabs 63 and 80 days after inoculation from one of three deer in the low dose group and none of four deer in the high dose group. Similarly, M. bovis was isolated from nasal swabs 80 and 85 days after inoculation in one of three deer from the low dose group and 63 and 80 days after inoculation from two of four deer in the high dose group. Intratonsilar inoculation with M. bovis results in lesions similar to those seen in naturally infected white-tailed deer; therefore, it represents a suitable model of natural infection. These results also indicate that M. bovis persists in tonsilar crypts for prolonged periods and can be shed in saliva and nasal secretions. These infected fluids represent a likely route of disease transmission to other animals or humans. C1 ARS, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), ARS, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 15 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 35 IS 3 BP 450 EP 457 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 219LA UT WOS:000081607700004 PM 10479078 ER PT J AU Dyer, NW Huffman, LE AF Dyer, NW Huffman, LE TI Plague in free-ranging mammals in western North Dakota SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE badger; Canis latrans; coyote; plague; Taxidea taxus; Yersinia pestis; survey ID YERSINIA-PESTIS INFECTION; HOME RANGE; COYOTES; CALIFORNIA; DOGS AB From July through October of 1996, 48 blood samples were collected from coyotes (Canis latrans), badgers (Taxidea taxus), and raccoons (Procyon lotor) in western North Dakota (USA) for the purposes of determining antibody titers to the plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis. The passive hemagglutination paper-strip blood-sampling technique was utilized with hemagglutination inhibition controls. Two positive samples were obtained from McKenzie county, one from a coyote with a titer of 1:64 and one from a badger with a titer of 1:256. Considering coyote and badger population dynamics, this study documents plague in western North Dakota. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Vet & Microbiol Sci, Vet Diagnost Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA, APHIS Anim Damage Control, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Dyer, NW (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Vet & Microbiol Sci, Vet Diagnost Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 35 IS 3 BP 600 EP 602 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 219LA UT WOS:000081607700026 PM 10479100 ER PT J AU Carrie, NR Conner, RN Rudolph, DC Carrie, DK AF Carrie, NR Conner, RN Rudolph, DC Carrie, DK TI Reintroduction and postrelease movements of red-cockaded woodpecker groups in eastern Texas SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE dispersal; Picoides borealis; red-cockaded woodpecker; reintroduction; Texas; translocation ID FRAGMENTATION; POPULATION AB The effects of demographic isolation may be particularly severe in small, isolated populations of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis). Augmentation of single adult woodpeckers with subadult birds of the opposite sex allows managers to stabilize small, isolated populations but does not provide a means to significantly increase populations. The reintroduction of pairs of subadult red-cockaded woodpeckers into unoccupied habitat provides a technique to bolster small populations. We report the results of such efforts to increase a small, isolated red-cockaded woodpecker population in eastern Texas, and we describe postrelease movements of translocated red-cockaded woodpeckers. Seventeen red-cockaded woodpeckers (9 M, 8 F) were translocated to the Sabine National Forest in eastern Texas between December 1994 and March 1995. Prior to translocations, this forest contained 13 groups of red-cockaded woodpeckers. Five pairs, consisting of a subadult male and female, were released to attempt to establish new breeding pairs. Seven additional subadult woodpeckers were translocated to provide mates to solitary individuals. Nine previously unoccupied sites were occupied. Of the 17 woodpeckers translocated, 12 (71% 6 M, 6 F) were established in territories following the 1995 or 1996 breeding seasons. The remaining 5 woodpeckers were unaccounted for. Of the 12 woodpeckers resighted, 3 (18%) established territories at their release sites. Woodpeckers that dispersed from their release site were relocated in sites an average of 2.8 km (range = 0.5-9.6 km) away. One (20%) of the 5 pairs released remained together into the 1995 breeding season. Eight (89%) of the 9 new pairs found during 1995 and 1996 included at least 1 translocated red-cockaded woodpecker and bred during 1995 or 1996. Our results demonstrate that the direct reintroduction of multiple pairs is an effective technique for reestablishing breeding units in formerly vacant habitat. Our results also suggest the reintroduction of pairs in a spatial array dense enough to allow social contact between adjacent pairs and with preexisting clusters substantially increases the formation of new pairs. C1 US Forest Serv, Hemphill, TX 75948 USA. US Forest Serv, Wildlife & Habitat & Silviculture Lab, So Res Stn, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. US Forest Serv, New Waverly, TX 77358 USA. RP Carrie, NR (reprint author), Raven Environm Serv, POB 6482, Huntsville, TX 77342 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 824 EP 832 DI 10.2307/3802795 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500007 ER PT J AU Jacoby, ME Hilderbrand, GV Servheen, C Schwartz, CC Arthur, SM Hanley, TA Robbins, CT Michener, R AF Jacoby, ME Hilderbrand, GV Servheen, C Schwartz, CC Arthur, SM Hanley, TA Robbins, CT Michener, R TI Trophic relations of brown and black bears in several western North American ecosystems SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE black bear; brown bear; diet; Glacier National Park; grizzly lear; Kenai Peninsula; meat; stable isotopes; trophic level; Ursus americanus; Ursus arctos; Yellowstone National Park ID YELLOWSTONE GRIZZLY BEARS; STABLE ISOTOPES; URSUS-ARCTOS; FOOD-HABITS; ECOLOGY; CARBON; NITROGEN; DIETS; WEB; MARINE AB We examined the historical and current diets of brown bears (Ursus arctos) and black bears (U. americanus) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Glacier National Park and immediately adjacent areas of national forests, Cabinet-Yaak mountains of northwestern Montana and northern Idaho, Blackfeet and Flathead Indian reservations east and south of Glacier National Park, the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska, and the southwestern states of Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Dietary estimates are an essential first step in understanding variation in productivity and density of current populations and, therefore, predicting success of reintroduced populations. Hair or bone samples from 14 federal or state agencies, museums, and universities were examined via stable isotope analyses to quantify the importance of animal and plant resources to sympatric brown and black bears. Stable isotope analyses have numerous advantages over fecal analyses or direct observation because diets of (1) individuals and thereby specific age and sex classes within a population can be compared, and (2) long-dead bears can be compared to living bears to evaluate historical changes in ecosystems. Meat content of current brown bear diets, which varied extensively between individuals and age and sex classes in all populations, averaged 51 +/- 19% ((x) over bar +/- SD) for subadult and adult males and females in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and 11 +/- 14% in Glacier National Park and Cabinet-Yaak mountains. Within these ecosystems, adult male brown bears were more carnivorous than any other age or sex class. Brown bears that used easily obtained, abundant meat sources had dietary meat contents generally greater than or equal to 70%. The meat:plant ratios in the diets of historical Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem bears (1,000 YBP) and Glacier National Park bears (1908-18) were similar to ratios in current diets. Sympatric black bears in the Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho ecosystems had dietary meat:plant ratios that were not different from all brown bear age and sex classes, except adult males. Alaskan black bears made extensive use of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) when brown bears were rare (53 +/- 28% of the diet), but did not use salmon when sympatric with abundant brown bears. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Zool, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Montana, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Sokdotna, AK 99669 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Biol, Stable Isotope Lab, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Jacoby, ME (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Zool, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 38 TC 103 Z9 106 U1 4 U2 65 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 921 EP 929 DI 10.2307/3802806 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500018 ER PT J AU Sacks, BN Blejwas, KM Jaeger, MM AF Sacks, BN Blejwas, KM Jaeger, MM TI Relative vulnerability of coyotes to removal methods on a northern California ranch SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE breeding; California; Canis latrans; control; coyote; depredation; M-44; removal; sheep; snare; trap; vulnerability ID SHEEP; POPULATION; MOVEMENTS; HABITAT; MAINE; RANGE AB Evidence suggests that predation on domestic sheep by coyotes (Canis latrans) is caused primarily by breeding pairs with territories overlapping sheep. Accordingly we investigated vulnerability of coyotes to removal methods relative to factors associated with reproduction and territoriality. We collected live and lethal coyote capture data during April 1993-February 1998 on a north-coastal California sheep ranch. Routine coyote removal was conducted in response to sheep depredation before and during (part on the study. Younger (nonbreeding) coyotes generally were more vulnerable to capture than older (potentially breeding) individuals, although age bias varied among removal methods. Recaptures of radiocollared coyotes in foothold traps and snares indicated a bias toward progressively younger individuals (juv > yearling > ad; P = 0.002). Proportionally more juvenile and yearling coyotes were removed by M-44s (sodium cyanide ejectors) than by traps and snares (P = 0.016). We found no difference between traps and snares in the ages of coyotes taken (P = 0.50). Vulnerability of younger coyotes was likely elevated by lack of experience and more time spent in unfamiliar areas where they were least able to avoid capture devices. Coyotes were caught more often than expected outside of core areas of their territories with both traps (P = 0.001) and snares (P = 0.02). Older coyotes were most vulnerable in spring and summer when rearing pups, after most depredation occurred. Radiocollared breeders (P = 0.012) and uncollared coyotes of breeding age (P = 0.052) were captured less often during the non-pup-rearing period than the pup-rearing period. These results suggest conventional control in northern California is poorly suited to the segment of the coyote population killing the most sheep, particularly during the time of year when most sheep depredation occurs. Efficacy of control methods might be improved by conservative use of conventional devices to minimize learned avoidance by coyotes, and by greater reliance on methods such as livestock protection collars that are specific to depredating individuals throughout the year. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv,Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Sacks, BN (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, John Muir Inst Environm, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 49 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 16 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 939 EP 949 DI 10.2307/3802808 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500020 ER PT J AU Roffe, TJ Olsen, SC Gidlewski, T Jensen, AE Palmer, MV Huber, R AF Roffe, TJ Olsen, SC Gidlewski, T Jensen, AE Palmer, MV Huber, R TI Biosafety of parenteral Brucella abortus RB51 vaccine in bison calves SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE biosafety; bison; Bison bison; Brucella abortus; brucellosis; Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge; RB51; shedding; vaccine; Yellowstone National Park ID STRAIN RB51; SEROLOGIC RESPONSES; MUTANT STRAINS; STANDARD; COWS AB Vaccination is considered among the primary management tools for reducing brucellosis prevalence in Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) ungulates. Before their use, however, vaccine safety and efficacy must he demonstrated. Twenty-seven female bison (Bison bison) calves (approx 5 months old) were vaccinated with Brucella abortus Strain RB51 (1.5 x 10(10) colony forming units [CFU], subcutaneously) as part of routine management. We assessed the persistence, pathology, shedding, and transmission associated with KB51 by serial necropsy, bacteriology, histopathology, and serology of 20 of these 27 vaccinated calves, and RB51 serology HB51 serology of 10 nonvaccinated. commingling adult females. With the exception of 1 calf, RB51 dot-blot titers at necropsy were <1:80. Strain HB51 was cultured from lymph nodes in 4 of 4 calves at 14 weeks postvaccination (PV), 4 of 4 calves at 18 weeks PV, 1 of 4 calves at 22 weeks PV, 3 of 4 at 22 weeks PV, and 3 of 4 at 26 weeks PV, and 0 of 4, calves at 30 weeks PV. No gross lesions were observed. Mild histologic changes occurred only in a few draining lymph nodes early in sampling. Adverse clinical effects were not observed in vaccinates. Swabs from nasopharynx, conjunctiva, rectum, and vagina were uniformly culture negative for RB51. Strain RB51 dot-blot assays of bison cows were negative at a 1:20 dilution at 26 weeks PV. Our results suggest that KB51 persists longer in bison calves than in domestic cattle and is systemically distributed within lymphatic tissues. However, bison apparently clear the RB51 vaccine strain without shedding, transmission, or significant adverse reactions. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Cent Reg Off Wildlife Hlth, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Roffe, TJ (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Cent Reg Off Wildlife Hlth, 1400 S 19th St, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 950 EP 955 DI 10.2307/3802809 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500021 ER PT J AU Linnell, MA Conover, MR Ohashi, TJ AF Linnell, MA Conover, MR Ohashi, TJ TI Biases in bird strike statistics based on pilot reports SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE airport management; animal damage control; bird-aircraft collisions; doves; owls; seed-eating birds; tropical airfields; wildlife damage management ID AIRPORT AB Collisions between birds and aircraft are a concern because they threaten human safety and result in costly repairs. Most data on bird strikes have been provided by pilots and may be incomplete or biased. To assess whether bird strike statistics derived from pilot reports are biased, we compared the number of pilot-reported bird strikes at a Hawaiian airport during 1900-94 to the number of bird strikes obtained from regular runway searches for dead birds. We documented 526 bird strikes, of which only 25% were reported by pilots. Pilot reporting rates (percentage of all strikes reported by pilots) varied by species involved, number of birds struck, season, time of day, location on the runway during the landing phase, and the bird's mass. Reporting rates were not, however, correlated to size of the bird. Pilot reporting rates were independent of wind speed, wind direction, and percent cloud cover, and reporting rates were similar during landings and takeoffs. We found that bird strike statistics derived from pilot reports were biased. A sole reliance on such data can lead to incorrect conclusions and may cause airports to select inappropriate measures and times to reduce bird strikes. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Olympia, WA 98502 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Berryman Inst, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Honolulu, HI 96819 USA. RP Linnell, MA (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, 720 OLeary St NW, Olympia, WA 98502 USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 997 EP 1003 DI 10.2307/3802814 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500026 ER PT J AU Avery, ML Humphrey, JS Decker, DG McGrane, AP AF Avery, ML Humphrey, JS Decker, DG McGrane, AP TI Seed color avoidance by captive red-winged blackbirds and boat-tailed grackles SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Agelaius phoeniceus; blackbird control; boat-tailed grackle; color avoidance; crop damage; Quiscalus major; red-winged blackbird; rice seed ID NORTHERN BOBWHITES; HOUSE SPARROWS; BIRDS; REPELLENTS; RICE AB Offensive visual stimuli represent a potentially important component of avian crop damage reduction strategies. Color perception by diurnal birds is highly developed, but the responses of the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniccus) to different-colored food have never been investigated. Red-winged blackbirds and boat-tailed grackles (Quiscalus major) cause substantial damage to newly seeded rice in the southern United States, and the examination of color avoidance by these species should contribute to the development of nonlethal methods to reduce depredations. We used rice seed of various colors to conduct a series of feeding trials with captive blackbirds and grackles. Despite variation among individuals and groups of test birds, blue was the least preferred color overall. Differences among species and among background color might affect responses of birds to a given seed color, but, in general, we suggest that blue should be incorporated into strategies for discouraging unwanted feeding by granivorous birds. In particular, further development of visual deterrents should exploit the ability of blackbirds and other species to detect wavelengths in the near ultraviolet. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Florida Field Stn, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. RP Avery, ML (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Florida Field Stn, 2820 E Univ Ave, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 1003 EP 1008 DI 10.2307/3802815 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500027 ER PT J AU Rosenberg, DK McKelvey, KS AF Rosenberg, DK McKelvey, KS TI Estimation of habitat selection for central-place foraging animals SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE central-place; foraging; habitat selection; Monte Carlo simulations; null models; Picoides borealis; resource selection; space-use; spatially explicit models; Strix occidentalis ID AVAILABILITY; TESTS AB Analyses of habitat use for individuals occupying discrete home ranges are typically based on comparison with null models that implicitly assume no spatial context for habitat use within the home rang. For species that regularly return to a central place, a more appropriate null model for estimation of habitat selection may be that of a declining expectation of resource use with distance from the central place, such as a nest site. When this null expectation is ignored and a uniform-use expectation is used for central-place foragers, we predicted (1) positive bias of selection for habitat types near the central place, and (2) bias will increase with the degree to which habitat types are spatially correlated to tilt: central place. We explored these predictions with simulated data, using a range of selection intensities and spatial correlations. Results from die simulations confirmed our predictions: biases were large and positive for those habitat types proximal to the central place. To correct for these biases, we included distance from the central place as all explanatory variable in habitat selection models of simulated, central-place foraging, and we found that including distance as a linear factor successfully reduced these biases. We then applied these models to field data from northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) and red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis). For both species, distance-based. models performed better than the nonspatial (uniform) model: the models were both statistically superior and produced results more in concordance with our biological understandings. Estimates of selection for habitat types that were disproportionately located near the central place were lower in the distance-based models than in the uniform model, corroborating the results from the simulations. The simple distance-based models we used provide a reasonable means to estimate foraging habitat selection for animals for which a central place can be identified. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Rosenberg, DK (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 27 TC 79 Z9 86 U1 10 U2 40 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 1028 EP 1038 DI 10.2307/3802818 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 216KP UT WOS:000081441500030 ER PT J AU Otani, H Mune, M Yukawa, S Smith, D Meydani, M Blumberg, J AF Otani, H Mune, M Yukawa, S Smith, D Meydani, M Blumberg, J TI Vitamin E treatment of experimental glomerular disease in rats SO KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Lipids and Renal Disease CY OCT 08-11, 1998 CL KASHIKOJIMA, JAPAN DE vitamin E; macrophage; mesangial cell proliferation; glomerulosclerosis; remnant kidney; anti-thymocyte serum nephritis ID AMELIORATES RENAL INJURY; FOCAL GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; SUPPLEMENTATION; NEPHROPATHY; MODEL AB Background Kidney mesangial cells (MCs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are closely related in terms of origin, microscopic anatomy, histochemistry, and contractility. This relationship suggests a similarity between kidney glomerular sclerosis and atherosclerosis. Vitamin E appears beneficial in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease and it also inhibits the proliferation of VSMCs in vitro. Thus, we investigated the effect of vitamin E on glomerular sclerosis and MC-proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) in two rat models of glomerular disease. Methods. A remnant kidney rat model accelerated with hyperlipidemia was used to examine progressive glomerular sclerosis leading to chronic renal failure. A rat model of MC-proliferative GN was induced by the intravenous administration of absorbed rabbit anti-rat thymocyte serum (ATS). Results. In the remnant kidney rat model, dietary supplementation with vitamin E (500 IU dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg) and cholesterol (2%) significantly inhibited glomerular sclerosis and macrophage infiltration in glomeruli relative to controls receiving basal and cholesterol-supplemented diets. In the ATS-induced GN model, glomerular cell proliferation (principally MCs) was lower in rats fed diets supplemented with vitamin E (1000 IU dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg) compared with controls fed the basal diet only. Although the degree of glomerular macrophage infiltration was similar in both groups, fewer proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were observed in the vitamin E group, suggesting that MC proliferation was suppressed via the inhibition of intracellular transduction. Conclusions. Supplemental dietary vitamin E suppresses MC proliferation and glomerular sclerosis in models of glomerular disease in rats. This action of vitamin E in experimental nephritis suggests the value of clinical trials testing the potential benefit of vitamin E in chronic GN patients. C1 Wakayama Med Coll, Dept Internal Med 3, Wakayama 6410012, Japan. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Otani, H (reprint author), Wakayama Med Coll, Dept Internal Med 3, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 6410012, Japan. EM hotani@wakayama-med.ac.jp NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0085-2538 J9 KIDNEY INT JI Kidney Int. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 56 SU 71 BP S66 EP S69 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.07117.x PG 4 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 209ZZ UT WOS:000081081800018 ER PT J AU Garnett, N DeHaven, WR AF Garnett, N DeHaven, WR TI A word from OPBR and USDA SO LAB ANIMAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIH, OPRR, Div Anim Welf, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA, APHIS, Washington, DC USA. RP Garnett, N (reprint author), NIH, OPRR, Div Anim Welf, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0093-7355 J9 LAB ANIMAL JI Lab Anim. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 7 BP 21 EP 21 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 215FN UT WOS:000081371400008 ER PT J AU Hogan, RJ Waldbieser, GC Goudie, CA Antao, A Godwin, UB Wilson, MR Miller, NW Clem, LW McConnell, TJ Wolters, MR Chinchar, VG AF Hogan, RJ Waldbieser, GC Goudie, CA Antao, A Godwin, UB Wilson, MR Miller, NW Clem, LW McConnell, TJ Wolters, MR Chinchar, VG TI Molecular and immunologic characterization of gynogenetic channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) SO MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gynogenetic fish; Ictalurus punctatus; MHC; cytotoxic cells; isogenic lines ID MHC CLASS-I; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD LEUKOCYTES; LYMPHOCYTE HETEROGENEITY; CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY; B-GENE; CELLS; ZEBRAFISH; PHYLOGENY; CULTURES; LOCI AB Second-generation gynogenetic channel catfish were characterized by molecular and immunologic assays to determine if they were isogenic at major histocompatibility complex loci. Southern blot analyses, using channel catfish MHC class II B and class I A gene probes, revealed identical banding patterns among second-generation gynogenetic fish. In contrast, banding patterns from outbred fish differed not only from gynogenetic animals, but also among themselves. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the MHC class II beta(1) domain, which encompasses the peptide binding region, from four randomly selected gynogenetic fish showed a single DNA sequence. In contrast, analysis of the same region from three outbred fish showed sequences that differed not only among themselves, but also from those of gynogenetic animals. In cytotoxic assays, peripheral blood leukocytes from outbred fish lysed both gynogenetic and allogeneic targets, whereas those from gynogenetic fish lysed only allogeneic targets. Taken together, these results suggest that this group of second-generation gynogenetic channel catfish is isogenic at MHC loci and may provide an excellent system with which to study cell-mediated immunity in teleosts. C1 Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS USA. E Carolina Univ, Dept Biol, Greenville, NC USA. RP Chinchar, VG (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. OI McConnell, Thomas/0000-0003-3176-4938 NR 45 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1436-2228 J9 MAR BIOTECHNOL JI Mar. Biotechnol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 1 IS 4 BP 317 EP 327 DI 10.1007/PL00011781 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 352TP UT WOS:000089234200001 ER PT J AU Alexander, NJ McCormick, SP Hohn, TM AF Alexander, NJ McCormick, SP Hohn, TM TI TRI12, a trichothecene efflux pump from Fusarium sporotrichioides: gene isolation and expression in yeast SO MOLECULAR AND GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Fusarium sporotrichioides; efflux pump; trichothecenes; major facilitator superfamily; TRI12 ID MAJOR FACILITATOR SUPERFAMILY; 3-O-ACETYLTRANSFERASE GENE; REDUCED VIRULENCE; GIBBERELLA-ZEAE; BIOSYNTHESIS; RESISTANCE; TRANSFORMATION; MYCOTOXINS; ENCODES; MUTANTS AB Many of the genes involved in trichothecene toxin biosynthesis in Fusarium sporotrichioides are present within a gene cluster. Here we report the complete sequence for TRI12, a gene encoding a trichothecene efflux pump that is located within the trichothecene gene cluster of F. sporotrichioides. TRI12 encodes a putative polypeptide of 598 residues with sequence similarities to members of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) and is predicted to contain 14 transmembrane-spanning segments. Disruption of TRI12 results in both reduced growth on complex media and reduced levels of trichothecene production. Growth of tri12 mutants on trichothecene-containing media is inhibited, suggesting that TRI12 may play a role in F. sporotrichioides self-protection against trichothecenes. Functional analysis of TRI12 was performed by expressing it in yeast strains that were co-transformed with a gene (TRI3) encoding a trichothecene 15-O-acetyl-transferase. In the presence of the TRI3 substrate, 15-decalonectrin, cultures of yeast strains carrying TRI12 and TRI3 accumulated much higher levels of the acetylated product, calonectrin, than was observed for strains carrying TRI3 alone. PDR5, a transporter of the ABC superfamily, which is known to mediate trichothecene resistance in yeast, increased calonectrin accumulation in TRI12/TRI3 yeast strains but not in TRI3 strains. These results confirm the involvement of TRI12 in the trichothecene efflux associated with toxin biosynthesis, and demonstrate the usefulness of yeast as a host system for studies of MFS-type transporters. C1 Novartis Agribusiness Biotechnol Res Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hohn, TM (reprint author), Novartis Agribusiness Biotechnol Res Inc, 3054 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM tom.hohn@nabri.novartis.com NR 34 TC 120 Z9 129 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 261 IS 6 BP 977 EP 984 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 228LH UT WOS:000082137600012 PM 10485289 ER PT J AU Mahoney, EM Milgroom, MG Sinclair, WA AF Mahoney, EM Milgroom, MG Sinclair, WA TI Origin, genetic diversity and population structure of Nectria coccinea var. faginata in North America SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE beech bark disease; restriction fragment length polymorphism ID BEECH BARK DISEASE; RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES; DNA; FRAGMENTS; FUNGUS; FLOW AB Genetic similarity of Nectria coccinea var. faginata (NCF) from the northeastern USA to other Nectria taxa was investigated using RFLPs of ribosomal (r) DNA, mitochondrial (mt) DNA, and anonymous nuclear (n) DNA to determine whether NCF is native or was introduced into North America. Mitochondrial and nDNA restriction fragments were cloned from NCF for use as probes. Genetic relatedness was assessed using neighbor-joining analyses of restriction sites mapped within each probed region. NCF was more similar to N, coccinea var. coccinea isolates from Europe (NCCE) than to N. coccinea var. coccinea isolates from North America (NCCA) in all probed regions. NCCA. isolates were highly dissimilar among themselves and did not form a single group. Several probes did not hybridize to two of the NCCA isolates, indicating their lack of similarity to NCF. Nectria galligena (NG) isolates, collected in northeastern USA, were distinct from NCF in all probed regions, forming its own cluster in neighbor-joining analysis. Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity within populations, estimated from restriction site data, were markedly greater in NG than in NCF. Genetic similarity of NCF to NCCE, lack of similarity of NCF to North American taxa, and the limited diversity of NCF populations compared to a North American NG population strongly support the hypothesis that NCF was introduced into North America from Europe. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Forest Serv, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. RP Milgroom, MG (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 40 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 91 IS 4 BP 583 EP 592 DI 10.2307/3761243 PG 10 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 221BE UT WOS:000081703700003 ER PT J AU Aoki, T O'Donnell, K AF Aoki, T O'Donnell, K TI Morphological and molecular characterization of Fusarium pseudograminearum sp nov., formerly recognized as the Group 1 population of F-graminearum SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE beta-tubulin; crown rot; DNA sequence; head scab; morphology; mycotoxigenic; systematics; translation elongation factor ID ROSEUM GRAMINEARUM; EASTERN AUSTRALIA; FUNGUS; WHEAT; IDENTIFICATION; DISEASE; PCR AB Fusarium pseudograminearum sp. nov., formally known as F. graminearum Group 1, is described and illustrated. Fusarium pseudograminearum can be distinguished from F. graminearum based on difference in colony growth rates, region of conidia with greatest width, different reactions to near-ultraviolet black-light-blue light concerning the length of 3- and 5-septate conidia, and absence of homothallic production of perithecia. Maximum parsimony analysis of DNA sequences from the beta-tubulin gene introns and exons indicate that F. pseudograminearum represents a phylogenetically distinct species that is a sister group to a F. graminearum-F. lunulosporum-F. culmorum clade. DNA sequence data from the translation elongation factor gene were used to develop a polymerase chain reaction primer pair which specifically amplified DNA from all isolates of Fusarium pseudograminearum tested. C1 Minist Agr Forestry & Fisheries, Dept Genet Resources 1, Natl Inst Agrobiol Resources, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP O'Donnell, K (reprint author), Minist Agr Forestry & Fisheries, Dept Genet Resources 1, Natl Inst Agrobiol Resources, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan. EM kodonnell@sunca.ncaur.usda.gov NR 38 TC 139 Z9 155 U1 3 U2 27 PU ALLEN PRESS INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 91 IS 4 BP 597 EP 609 DI 10.2307/3761245 PG 13 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 221BE UT WOS:000081703700005 ER PT J AU Bock, CH Jeger, MJ Mughogho, LK Cardwell, KF Mtisi, E AF Bock, CH Jeger, MJ Mughogho, LK Cardwell, KF Mtisi, E TI Effect of dew point temperature and conidium age on germination, germ tube growth and infection of maize and sorghum by Peronosclerospora sorghi SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMIC INFECTION; SCLEROSPORA-SORGHI AB The effect of the environment on the germination, survival and infection of sorghum by conidia of Peronosclerospora sorghi is unknown in Africa. Dew point temperature, and the effect of conidium age was characterized for an isolate of P. sorghi from Zimbabwe. Germination and germ tube growth took place in the range 10-34 degrees C (optimal at 10-34 and 20-33 degrees, respectively). Infection was optimal at 14-30 degrees. Incidence of infection at different temperatures was correlated with germ tube growth (r = 0.8, P < 0.001). Germination and germ tube growth occurred from 5 h after commencing incubation of infected leaf material, although immature conidia harvested at 3 h caused a low incidence of infection. Plant age also affected the incidence of infection. Container grown sorghum plants older than 20 d, and maize plants older than 15 d were resistant to systemic infection by conidia. The results indicate that germination, germ tube growth and infection take place over a wide temperature range, and that some limited biotypic variation may exist when these data are compared to other reports of the environmental requirements of P. sorghi from the U.S.A. and India. C1 Nat Resources Inst, Chatham ME4 4TB, Kent, England. Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Phytopathol, NL-6700 EE Wageningen, Netherlands. So African Dev Cooperat, Int Crops Res Inst Semi Arid Trop, Sorghum & Millet Improvement Program, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Int Inst Trop Agr, Ibadan, Nigeria. Plant Protect Res Inst, Dept Res & Special Serv, Harare, Zimbabwe. RP Bock, CH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 103 BP 859 EP 864 DI 10.1017/S0953756298007886 PN 7 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 217RZ UT WOS:000081513900011 ER PT J AU Vega, FE Jackson, MA McGuire, MR AF Vega, FE Jackson, MA McGuire, MR TI Germination of conidia and blastospores of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus on the cuticle of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article ID METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; NILAPARVATA-LUGENS; PATHOGENICITY C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Vega, FE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, BARC W, Bldg 011A,Room 214, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Vega, Fernando E./0000-0001-8103-5640 NR 12 TC 25 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PD JUL PY 1999 VL 147 IS 1 BP 33 EP 35 DI 10.1023/A:1007011801491 PG 3 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 314RA UT WOS:000087070100005 PM 16308757 ER PT J AU Ho, MHM Castaneda, RF Dugan, FM Jong, SC AF Ho, MHM Castaneda, RF Dugan, FM Jong, SC TI Cladosporium and Cladophialophora in culture: Descriptions and an expanded key SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article ID SENSU-LATO; CHERRY FRUITS; TAXONOMY; HERPOTRICHIELLACEAE; TELEOMORPH AB Descriptions and a key are provided for 37 species of Cladosporium, Cladophialophora and Hormoconis available in culture collections. Morphology and colony characters are used to separate strains into species or species groups. Cladosporium macrocarpum is reclassified as C. herbarum var. rnacrocarpum. Cladophialophora kellermaniana is considered a synonym of Cladosporium malorum. Cladosporium amoenum (nomen nudum) is described as Angungitopsis amoena, sp. nov. C1 Natl Tapei Teachers Coll, Dept Math & Sci Educ, Tapei, Taiwan. Inst Invest Fundamentales Agr Trop Alejandro Humb, Habana, Cuba. Amer Type Culture Collect, Manassas, VA USA. RP Ho, MHM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Reg Plant Intro Stn, 59 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 39 TC 36 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 3 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 USA SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 72 BP 115 EP 157 PG 43 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 247BC UT WOS:000083199900014 ER PT J AU Aagaard, JE Harrod, RJ Shea, KL AF Aagaard, JE Harrod, RJ Shea, KL TI Genetic variation among populations of the rare clustered lady-slipper orchid (Cypripedium fasciculatum) from Washington State, USA SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE clustered lady-slipper; Cypripedium; genetic conservation; genetic diversity; orchid ID SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS; DIVERSITY; MUTATION AB Allozymes were used to study genetic diversity and differentiation among three populations of the clustered lady-slipper orchid (Cypripedium fasciculatum Kell.) from Washington State. These markers provide unique information on this species' mating system, gene flow, and demographics, which is critical for conservation efforts. Populations of Cypripedium fasciculatum exhibited low levels of allozyme diversity (H-S = 0.03+/-0.01) and were not strongly differentiated (G(ST) = 0.04). Within populations, plants appear to be randomly mating (F-IS = -0.04), based on allozyme data from well-separated plants. However, the genetic homogeneity of tightly clustered plants suggests these populations may depend on asexual propagation for recruitment. Successful conservation efforts of these and other populations will require management that maintains asexual recruitment while providing new opportunities for seedling recruitment. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Leavenworth Ranger Stn, Leavenworth, WA 98826 USA. St Olaf Coll, Dept Biol, Northfield, MN 55057 USA. RP Aagaard, JE (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Dept Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 19 IS 3 BP 234 EP 238 PG 5 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 218QD UT WOS:000081562400005 ER PT J AU Richter, DD Markewitz, D Trumbore, SE Wells, CG AF Richter, DD Markewitz, D Trumbore, SE Wells, CG TI Rapid accumulation and turnover of soil carbon in a re-establishing forest SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTS; LOBLOLLY-PINE; 3 DECADES; ECOSYSTEMS; TEMPERATE; STORAGE; CYCLE AB Present understanding of the global carbon cycle is limited by uncertainty over soil-carbon dynamics(1-6). The clearing of the world's forests, mainly for agricultural uses, releases large amounts of carbon to the atmosphere (up to 2 x 10(15) g yr(-1)), much of which arises from the cultivation driving an accelerated decomposition of soil organic matter(1-4). Although the effects of cultivation on soil carbon are well studied, studies of soil-carbon recovery after cultivation are limited(4-11). Here we present a four-decade-long field study of carbon accumulation by pine ecosystems established on previously cultivated soils in South Carolina, USA(7). Newly accumulated carbon is tracked by its distinctive (14)C signature, acquired around the onset of forest growth from thermonuclear bomb testing that nearly doubled atmospheric (14)CO(2) in the 1960s. Field data combined with model simulations indicate that the young aggrading forest rapidly incorporated bomb radiocarbon into the forest floor and the upper 60 cm of underlying mineral soil. By the 1990s, however, carbon accumulated only in forest biomass, forest floor, and the upper 7.5 cm of the mineral soil. Although the forest was a strong carbon sink, trees accounted for about 80%, the forest floor 20%, and mineral soil <1%, of the carbon accretion. Despite high carbon inputs to the mineral soil, carbon sequestration was limited by rapid decomposition, facilitated by the coarse soil texture and low-activity clay mineralogy. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Sci Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Richter, DD (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. EM drichter@duke.edu RI Trumbore, Susan/B-1948-2013 NR 28 TC 360 Z9 413 U1 9 U2 104 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 400 IS 6739 BP 56 EP 58 DI 10.1038/21867 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 213DA UT WOS:000081255700047 ER PT J AU Powell, JM Ikpe, FN Somda, ZC AF Powell, JM Ikpe, FN Somda, ZC TI Crop yield and the fate of nitrogen and phosphorus following application of plant material and feces to soil SO NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE livestock; N and P cycling; organic and inorganic soil amendments; West Africa ID WEST-AFRICA; MINERALIZATION; MANURES; LEGUMES; SYSTEMS; TANNINS; LIGNIN; LEAVES; SAHEL; SHEEP AB Organic materials are the most important sources of nutrients for agricultural production in farming systems of semi-arid West Africa. However, reliance on locally available organic nutrient sources for both crop and livestock production is rapidly becoming unsustainable. A series of feeding and agronomic trials have been conducted to address the role of livestock in sustainable nutrient cycling. This paper reports results of a greenhouse study that evaluated the effects of applying crop residue and browse leaves, or feces derived from these feeds, at equal organic-N application rates (150 kg ha(-1)), alone or with fertilizer-N (60 kg ha(-1)), on pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R.Br.) dry matter (DM) yield, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake, on soil nutrients, and on total, labile and recalcitrant fractions of soil organic matter (SOM). Millet DM and cumulative N uptake were most affected by fertilizer-N, followed by plant species and amendment type, although various interactions among these treatments were noted due to variations in the composition of the applied amendments. Fertilizer-N increased total millet DM by 39%, N uptake by 58% and P uptake by 17%, and enhanced N mineralization from most organic amendments, but was applied insufficiently to totally offset N and P immobilization in pots containing leaves of low initial N and P content. Feces alone appeared to supply sufficient N to meet millet-N demands. Nitrogen use efficiency was, in most cases, higher in pots amended with feces than with leaves. Nitrogen in feces apparently mineralized more in synchrony with millet-N demands. Also, the relatively high cell wall content of feces may have provided an effective, temporary sink for fertilizer-N, which upon remineralization provided more N to millet than pots amended with leaves. Whereas most of the P contained in feces mineralized and was taken up by millet, most leaves immobilized P. Assessing the costs and benefits associated with the direct land application of biomass as a soil fertility amendment versus feeding biomass first to livestock then using feces (and urine) to fertilize the soil requires information on both crop and livestock production and associated impacts on nutrient cycling. C1 Int Crops Res Inst Semi Arid Trop, Int Livestock Res Ctr, Niamey, Niger. RP Powell, JM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 34 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1314 J9 NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS JI Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 54 IS 3 BP 215 EP 226 DI 10.1023/A:1009762900258 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 209XL UT WOS:000081075000003 ER PT J AU Ausman, LM AF Ausman, LM TI Criteria and recommendations for vitamin c intake SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ausman, LM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 57 IS 7 BP 222 EP 224 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 225GR UT WOS:000081950500003 PM 10453176 ER PT J AU Martini, LA AF Martini, LA TI Magnesium supplementation and bone turnover SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID PARATHYROID-HORMONE SECRETION; METABOLISM; DEFICIENCY; CALCIUM AB Two-thirds of total body magnesium content is located in the skeleton. Recently, there have been reports that high dietary magnesium intakes are associated with higher bone mineral density. The effect of magnesium supplementation an bone turnover has recently been investigated in young adults. However; the findings from these studies are conflicting. More studies are necessary to better elucidate the role of magnesium in bone health. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Martini, LA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Martini, Ligia/C-7279-2012 NR 20 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 57 IS 7 BP 227 EP 229 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 225GR UT WOS:000081950500005 PM 10453178 ER PT J AU Meyer, SE Allen, PS AF Meyer, SE Allen, PS TI Ecological genetics of seed germination regulation in Bromus tectorum L. I. Phenotypic variance among and within populations SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Bromus tectorum; downy brome; dormancy; germination; population genetics ID NORTH-AMERICA; DORMANCY; POACEAE; DIFFERENTIATION; BIOLOGY; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; BROMEGRASSES; TEMPERATURE; DEMOGRAPHY; PATTERNS AB Regulation of seed germination phenology is an important aspect of the life history strategy of invading annual plant species. In the obligately selfing winter annual grass Bromus tectorum, seeds are at least conditionally dormant at dispersal in early summer and lose dormancy through dry-afterripening. Patterns of germination response at dispersal vary among populations and sometimes across years within populations. To assess the relative contribution of genotype and maturation environment to this variation, we grew progeny of ten parental lines from each of six contrasting populations in a common greenhouse environment. We then tested the germination responses of recently harvested seeds of the putative full-sib progeny at five incubation temperatures. Significant germination response differences among populations were observed in greenhouse cultivation, and major differences among full-sib families were evident for some populations and traits. Among-population variation accounted for over 90% of the variance in each trait, while within-family variance accounted for 1% or less. Germination responses of greenhouse-grown progeny were positively correlated with the responses of wild-collected seeds, but there was a tendency for lowered dormancy at higher incubation temperatures. This tendency was more marked in populations from cold desert, foothill, and plains habitats, suggesting a genotype-maturation environment interaction. Differences among populations in the amount of among-family variance were more evident at lower incubation temperatures, while among-family variance was more uniformly low at summer incubation temperatures. Populations from predictable extreme environments (subalpine meadow and warm desert margin) showed significantly less variation among families than populations from less predictable cold desert, foothill, and plains environments. Low among-family variance was not specifically associated with small population size or marginality of habitat, as small marginal populations from unpredictable environments showed variance as high as that of large populations. In populations with high among-family variance for germination traits, germination responses tended to be correlated across incubation temperatures, making it possible to characterize families in terms of their general dormancy status. The results indicate that seed germination regulation in this species is probably under strong genetic control, and that habitats with temporally varying selection are occupied by populations that tend to be more polymorphic in terms of their germination response patterns. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Meyer, SE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Shrub Sci Lab, 735 N 500 E, Provo, UT 84606 USA. NR 44 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 5 U2 35 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JUL PY 1999 VL 120 IS 1 BP 27 EP 34 DI 10.1007/s004420050829 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 223KF UT WOS:000081839700004 PM 28308050 ER PT J AU Meyer, SE Allen, PS AF Meyer, SE Allen, PS TI Ecological genetics of seed germination regulation in Bromus tectorum L. II. Reaction norms in response to a water stress gradient imposed during seed maturation SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Bromus tectorum; dormancy; germination; heritability; maternal effects ID AVENA-FATUA; PLANTAGO-LANCEOLATA; NORTH-AMERICA; DORMANCY; CHARACTERS; POACEAE; ENVIRONMENTS; TEMPERATURE; POPULATION; EVOLUTION AB The probability that a seed will germinate depends on factors associated with genotype, maturation environment, post-maturation history, and germination environment. In this study, we examined the interaction among these sets of factors for 18 inbred lines from six populations of Bromus tectorum L., a winter annual grass that is an important weed in the semi-arid western United States. Seeds of this species are at least conditionally dormant at dispersal and become germinable through dry-afterripening under summer conditions. Populations and inbred lines of B. tectorum possess contrasting dormancy patterns. Seeds of each inbred line were produced in a greenhouse under one of three levels of maturation water stress, then subjected to immediate incubation under five incubation regimes or to dry storage at 20 degrees C for 4 weeks, 12 weeks, or 1 year. Dry-stored seeds were subsequently placed in incubation at 20/30 degrees C. Narrow-sense heritability estimates based on parent-offspring regressions for germination percentage of recently harvested seeds at each incubation temperature were high (0.518-0.993). Germination percentage increased with increasing water stress overall, but there were strong interactions with inbred line and incubation temperature. Inbred lines whose seeds were non-dormant over the full range of incubation temperatures when produced at low maturation water stress showed reaction norms characterized by little or no change as a function of increasing stress. For inbred lines whose dormancy status varied with incubation temperature, incubation treatments where seeds exhibited either very low or very high levels of dormancy showed the least change in response to maturation water stress. Inbred lines also varied in their pattern of dormancy loss during storage at 20 degrees C, but maturation water stress had only a minor effect on this pattern. For fully afterripened seeds (1 year in storage at 20 degrees C), inbred line and maturation water stress effects were no longer evident, indicating that differences in genotype and maturation environment function mainly to regulate dormancy and dormancy loss in B. tectorum, rather than to mediate response patterns of non-dormant seeds. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Provo, UT 84606 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Meyer, SE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 735 N 500 E, Provo, UT 84606 USA. NR 31 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 22 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JUL PY 1999 VL 120 IS 1 BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1007/s004420050830 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 223KF UT WOS:000081839700005 PM 28308051 ER PT J AU Gerson, EA Kelsey, RG Ross, DY AF Gerson, EA Kelsey, RG Ross, DY TI Pupal diapause of Coloradia pandora Blake (Lepidoptera : Saturniidae) SO PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Insecta; Coloradia pandora; pandora moth; pupae; diapause; phenology; rearing; adult emergence AB Pupae of the pandora moth, Coloradia pandora, a Blake, were collected in central Oregon and stored at 5 degrees C for 8 to 24 weeks, then incubated at 25 degrees C. The minimum cold storage time required to break diapause was 12 weeks, but emergence rates were highest (87.5%) for 14-18 weeks. In a separate experiment, 1000 pupae were maintained in field enclosures for 3 years while soil temperature was monitored. Seventy-two percent of these pupae emerged in Year 1. Soil temperature fell below 5 degrees C for 21.7, 22.9, and 25.1 weeks over the three consecutive winters, and the minimum soil T was -2 degrees C. In the lab study, greater than or equal to 22 weeks at 5 degrees C limited emergence to <40%, therefore mortality from duration of cold could be considerable in winters such as Year 3. Prolonged (extended) diapause was observed in only 0.6% of the sample population. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Gerson, EA (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, PNW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOL SOC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA CALIFORNIA ACAD OF SCIENCES GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 USA SN 0031-0603 J9 PAN-PAC ENTOMOL JI Pan-Pacific Entomol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 75 IS 3 BP 170 EP 177 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 228KR UT WOS:000082136100007 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Lewis, EJ Trout, JM Farley, CA AF Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Lewis, EJ Trout, JM Farley, CA TI Cryptosporidium oocysts in Bent mussels (Ischadium recurvum) in the Chesapeake Bay SO PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; PARVUM AB Filter-feeding molluscan shellfish can concentrate environmentally derived waterborne pathogens of humans, which can be utilized in the sanitary assessment of water quality. In the present study, oocysts of Cryptosporidium were detected in Bent mussels (Ischadium recurvum) at two Chesapeake Bay sites from which C. parvum-contaminated oysters had previously been collected. Spiking of Cryptosporidium-free blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) tissue with C. parvum oocysts showed a 51.1% recovery rate of oocysts, giving an oocyst detection limit of 19 oocysts/0.7 mi of mussel tissue homogenate. The results indicate that Bent mussels, which are common throughout the Chesapeake Bay region, may prove to be useful as biological indicators of water contamination with Cryptosporidium oocysts. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. ARS, Immun & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Cooperat Oxford Lab, NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 15 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0044-3255 J9 PARASITOL RES JI Parasitol. Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 85 IS 7 BP 518 EP 521 DI 10.1007/s004360050590 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 200UE UT WOS:000080557800002 PM 10382600 ER PT J AU Smith, CAS Clark, M Broll, G Ping, CL Kimble, JM Luo, G AF Smith, CAS Clark, M Broll, G Ping, CL Kimble, JM Luo, G TI Characterization of selected soils from the Lhasa region of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, SW China SO PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE alpine; aridic ustochrept; Qinghai-Xizang Plateau; soil taxonomy; subalpine ID TIBET AB Soils along an elevational gradient in the Himalayas from the Lhasa River Valley bottom at 3700 m in elevation through subalpine (4200 to 4600 m) and alpine (>4600 m elevation) vegetation zones were described, sampled and classified according to the USDA soil taxonomy. Active flood plain soils were classified as Aridic Ustifluvents or, on more stable valley slopes and stream terraces, as Aridic Ustochrepts. Limited soil temperature data suggest these temperate valley bottom and lower valley slope soils have a mesic soil temperature regime. Soils within the subalpine zone were estimated to have a frigid temperature regime and sample sites were classified as Typic Haploborolls or Typic Ustochrepts, depending on parent material and degree of aeolian influence on epipedon properties. At elevations above 4600 m elevation under alpine sedge and forb turf soils were classified as Typic Cryumbrepts. Soils above 4600 m elevation showed evidence of cryogenic soil structures (platy and fine subangular blocky) presumably formed as the result of extended periods (more than 300 days per year) of freezing and thawing and vein ice formation. Although permafrost may be expected to occur at depth at these elevations, no permafrost was observed within 2 m of the soil surface within the elevational range sampled. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Wasilla, AK 99654 USA. Univ Munster, Inst Landscape Ecol, D-48149 Munster, Germany. Univ Alaska, Palmer Res Ctr, Palmer, AK 99645 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Natl Soil Survey Lab, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Soil Sci, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China. RP Smith, CAS (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 4 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1045-6740 J9 PERMAFROST PERIGLAC JI Permafrost Periglacial Process. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 10 IS 3 BP 211 EP 222 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199907/09)10:3<211::AID-PPP321>3.0.CO;2-F PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geology SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 262BJ UT WOS:000084045600002 ER PT J AU Schrader, KK Rimando, AM Tucker, CS Duke, SO AF Schrader, KK Rimando, AM Tucker, CS Duke, SO TI Factors affecting toxicity of ferulate towards the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria cf chalybea SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE algicide; aquaculture; cyanobacteria; ferulate; off-flavor ID MISSISSIPPI CATFISH PONDS; DECOMPOSING BARLEY STRAW; BLUE-GREEN-ALGA; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; PHENOLS; GROWTH; 2-METHYLISOBORNEOL; OXIDATION; RESERVOIR; OXYGEN AB The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of ferulate and its analogs, and factors which may affect the toxicity of ferulate to Oscillatoria cf chalybea, the cyanobacterium presumed to cause musty flavor in farm-raised catfish, Rapid bioassays utilizing 96-well and six-well cell culture plates were used to monitor the toxicity of ferulate analogs and potential ferulate stability factors toward O cf chalybea, The additions of low concentrations of the oxidizing compound sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate with ferulate did not help control O cf. chalybea, Of three forms of ferulate tested, trans-ferulate was most toxic towards O cf chalybea. Light enhanced the toxicity of ferulate, indicating that weather conditions and the time of day could influence the success of ferulate applications to fish ponds to control O cf chalybea, Ferulate was less toxic to O cf chalybea in six-well culture plates than in 96-well plates, indicating that higher concentrations of ferulate should be used in field trials, due to possible reduction of ferulate toxicity towards O cf chalybea in large, aquatic environments (ie fish ponds). These studies provided fundamental information on potential ferulate toxicity towards O cf chalybea to be considered before conducting field trials (ferulate applications to fish ponds). (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, NPURU, USDA ARS, University, MS 38667 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Delta Res & Extens Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Schrader, KK (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, NPURU, USDA ARS, POB 8048, University, MS 38667 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 55 IS 7 BP 726 EP 732 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 218VB UT WOS:000081572700007 ER PT J AU Nagle, GN Ritchie, JC AF Nagle, GN Ritchie, JC TI The use of tracers to study sediment sources in three streams in northeastern Oregon SO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE bank erosion; Cs-137; sediment tracers; Columbia Basin; nonpoint sediment sources ID SOIL-EROSION; REDISTRIBUTION; VARIABILITY; MANAGEMENT; LANDSCAPE AB This pilot study used sediment tracers to identify general source areas of channel bottom sediment within three tributaries of the Umatilla and upper Grande Ronde basins in northeastern Oregon. Land use in each stream was dominated by agriculture, logging, or grazing. The nuclear bomb-derived radionuclide Cs-137, carbon, and nitrogen were used as tracers to fingerprint sediment sources. Sediment was collected from the stream bottom inside the active channels and compared to samples from the surface horizon and channel banks. Samples were processed to separate the <63 mu m fraction and characterized on the basis of tracer concentrations. A simple mixing model was used to estimate the relative portion of channel bottom sediment derived from the surface horizon and channel banks. Calculations from the Cs-137 tracer indicated that channel banks accounted for 56%, 74%, and 93% of the bottom sediment in the three study drainages, although these figures have a high margin of error. Cs-137 proved unexpectedly useful in the identification of actively eroding alluvial deposits deposited since the mid-1950s in one study area, likely resulting from the floods of 1964 and 1965. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Aquat Lands Interact Program, Corvallis, OR USA. USDA ARS, BARC W, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Nagle, GN (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Fernow Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 58 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0272-3646 J9 PHYS GEOGR JI Phys. Geogr. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 20 IS 4 BP 348 EP 366 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 307CA UT WOS:000086634800004 ER PT J AU Garbelotto, M Cobb, FW Bruns, TD Otrosina, WJ Popenuck, T Slaughter, G AF Garbelotto, M Cobb, FW Bruns, TD Otrosina, WJ Popenuck, T Slaughter, G TI Genetic structure of Heterobasidion annosum in white fir mortality centers in California SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOMATIC INCOMPATIBILITY; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; INTERSTERILITY GROUPS; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; SPECIFICITY; PRIMERS; FOREST; ABIES; RUSTS; PCR AB The structure of Heterobasidion annosum populations was studied in 15 mixed-conifer sites in central and northern California. Study sites displayed mortality nf white fir trees in enlarging discrete patches (mortality centers). At each site,fungal genotypes were defined by somatic compatibility tests. In two sites, further genetic and molecular analyses were performed on field genotypes and on homokaryons obtained by dedikaryotization of field heterokaryons. Isolates were found to be colonizing mostly the roots and the bole sapwood of while fir trees, and no significant infections of other tree species were observed. Each mortality center was characterized by the presence of several fungal genotypes, all belonging to the S intersterilily group. Both homokaryotic and heterokaryotic strains were present in all sites. Multiple genotypes were retrieved in individual trees or stumps. Out of 228 fungal genotypes, 86% were found only with in a single tree or stump, while 14% had spread to adjacent trees. The two largest genotypes had diameters of 9 and 10 m, and had colonized five and nine trees, stumps, or both, respectively. The maximum distance between two adjacent trees colonized by the same genotype was 6 m, and a highly significant correlation was found between tree diameter and distance of fungal "vegetative" spread. The largest clones were found in areas characterized by high tree and stump densities, and secondary spread of the fungus was more significant in denser stands. In most cases, original infection courts of existing genotypes could be traced to standing trees and not to stumps. The genetic analysis performed in two mortality centers revealed that most local genotypes had different mating alleles, and thus originated from unrelated basidiospores. In a few cases, the same mating allele was shared by two heterokaryons (n+n genome) or by a homokaryon (9 genome) and a heterokaryon. Molecular analysis showed that nuclei bearing the same mating allele were identical, providing evidence that the two nuclei forming heterokaryons can act independently in the field and can be shared among isolates, presumably via di-mon mating or by separate matings of different portions of widespread homokaryons. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Poicy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Tree Root Biol Team, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Garbelotto, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Poicy & Management, 151 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM matteo@nature.berkeley.edu NR 61 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 89 IS 7 BP 546 EP 554 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.7.546 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 210AJ UT WOS:000081082700004 PM 18944689 ER PT J AU Gottwald, TR Gibson, GJ Garnsey, SM Irey, M AF Gottwald, TR Gibson, GJ Garnsey, SM Irey, M TI Examination of the effect of aphid vector population composition on the spatial dynamics of citrus tristeza virus spread by stochastic modeling SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLANT EPIDEMIOLOGY; DISEASE AB Aphid vector species population composition is known to affect the spatial patterns of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) and the changes in these patterns over time. However, the biological processes that are associated with virus spread have not been well defined. The spatiotemporal dynamics of CTV were examined using data collected from research plots in the Dominican Republic and Costa Rica, where the brown citrus aphid (BCA), Toxoptera citricida, was the predominant species, and in Florida, where the BCA was absent and the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii, was the predominant vector. Data were analyzed using a spatiotemporal stochastic model for disease spread, and parameter values were evaluated using Markov chain Monte Carlo stochastic integration methods. Where the melon aphid was the dominant species, the model parameter likelihood values supported the hypothesis that the disease was spread through a combination of random background transmission (transmission originating from inoculum sources outside the plot) and a local interaction (transmission from inoculum sources within the plot) operating over short distances. Conversely, when BCA was present, results often suggested a local short-range transmission interaction that was not restricted to nearest-neighbor interactions and that the presence of background infection was not necessary to explain the observations. C1 USDA ARS, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. Biomath & Stat Scotland, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. US Sugar Corp, Clewiston, FL USA. RP Gottwald, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. NR 28 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 89 IS 7 BP 603 EP 608 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.7.603 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 210AJ UT WOS:000081082700012 PM 18944697 ER PT J AU Loguercio, LL Scott, HC Trolinder, NL Wilkins, TA AF Loguercio, LL Scott, HC Trolinder, NL Wilkins, TA TI Hmg-coA reductase gene family in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): Unique structural features and differential expression of hmg2 potentially associated with synthesis of specific isoprenoids in developing embryos SO PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cotton; gene family; Gossypium hirsutum; HMGR (EC 1.1.1.34); isoprenoids ID COENZYME-A REDUCTASE; ELICITOR ARACHIDONIC-ACID; 3-HYDROXY-3-METHYLGLUTARYL-COENZYME-A REDUCTASE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; METHYL JASMONATE; HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS; MESSENGER-RNA; PLANTS; BIOSYNTHESIS; INDUCTION AB As a first step towards understanding the biosynthesis of isoprenoids that accumulate in specialized pigment glands of cotton at the molecular level, two full-length genes (hmg1 and hmg2) were characterized encoding hmg-coA reductase (HMGR; EC 1.1.1.34), the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a key isoprenoid precursor. Cotton hmgr genes exhibited features typical of other plant genes, however, hmg2 encodes the largest of all plant HMGR enzymes described to date. HMG2 contains several novel features that may represent functional specialization of this particular HMGR isoform, Such features include a unique 42 amino acid sequence located in the region separating the N-terminal domain and C-terminal catalytic domain, as well as an N-terminal hydrophobic domain that is not found in HMG1 or other HMGR enzymes. DNA blot analysis revealed that hmg1 and hmg2 belong to small subfamilies that probably include homeologous loci in allotetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), Ribonuclease protection assays revealed that hmg1 and hmg2 are differentially expressed in a developmentally- and spatially-modulated manner during morphogenesis of specialized terpenoid-containing pigment glands in embryos, Induced expression of hmg2 coincided with a possible commitment to sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis in developing embryos, although other developmental processes also requiring HMGR cannot be excluded. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, USDA, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. RP Loguercio, LL (reprint author), EMBRAPA, CNPMS, Brazilian Agr Res Corp, Natl Maize & Sorghum Res Ctr, 1 Postal 151,Rod MG 424,Km 65, BR-35701970 Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil. NR 46 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU JAPANESE SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI KYOTO PA SHIMOTACHIURI OGAWA HIGASHI KAMIKYOKU, KYOTO, 602, JAPAN SN 0032-0781 J9 PLANT CELL PHYSIOL JI Plant Cell Physiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 40 IS 7 BP 750 EP 761 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 216WV UT WOS:000081468200013 PM 10501034 ER PT J AU Peng, Y Schertz, KF Cartinhour, S Hart, GE AF Peng, Y Schertz, KF Cartinhour, S Hart, GE TI Comparative genome mapping of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench using an RFLP map constructed in a population of recombinant inbred lines SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Sorghum bicolor; colinearity; comparative mapping; genome mapping; recombinant inbred lines; RFLPs ID MAIZE DNA PROBES; MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES; LINKAGE MAP; TEOSINTE; RICE; CHROMOSOMES; SUGARCANE; SEGMENTS; GRASSES; CROPS AB A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage map of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench was constructed in a population of 137 F6-8 recombinant inbred lines using sorghum, maize, oat, barley and rice DNA clones. The map consists of 10 linkage groups (LGs) and 323 markers. 247 of which (76.5%) were ordered at a LOD score greater than or equal to 3.0. The LGs comprise from 61 (LG A) to 13 markers (J), which range in length from 205 (A) to 55 cM (J) and have a combined total length of 1347 cM. Highly significant distorted segregation was detected at all of the 38 loci in a 103-cM segment of LG A, the allelic ratios in the segment ranging from approximately 3 : 1 (one end) to 19 : 1 (middle) to 2 : 1 (other end). Duplicated loci located in different LGs have been mapped with 55 of the 295 DNA probes used in the study (18.6%). The distribution of these loci does not provide support for the hypothesis that Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is of tetraploid origin. Comparison of the map with RFLP maps of maize, rice, and oat produced evidence for sorghum-maize LG rearrangements and homoeologies not reported previously, including evidence that: (1) a segment of maize 5L and a segment of 5S may be homoeologous to sorghum LG A; (2) maize LGs 4 and 6 are partly homoeologous to sorghum LG E; (3) the short ann of maize LG 2 is partly homoeologous to sorghum LG F; (4) maize LG 4 may be partly homoeologous to sorghum LG G; (5) maize LG 5 and sorghum LG G contain a larger amount of homoeologous genetic material than previously indicated; and (6) a short segment of maize LG 1 may be homoeologous to a short segment of sorghum LG I. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Crop Biotechnol Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Hart, GE (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 28 TC 58 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 118 IS 3 BP 225 EP 235 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.1999.118003225.x PG 11 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 217VA UT WOS:000081518500005 ER PT J AU Wang, M Farnham, MW Nannes, JSP AF Wang, M Farnham, MW Nannes, JSP TI Ploidy of broccoli regenerated from microspore culture versus anther culture SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Brassica oleracea; broccoli; anther culture; DNA flow cytometry; doubled-haploid; microspore culture ID BRASSICA-OLERACEA L; PLANT-REGENERATION; EMBRYOGENESIS; ITALICA AB The use of microspore or anther culture to generate doubled-haploids (DH) is an important adjunct to broccoli breeding. Regenerated populations from broccoli anther culture are usually mixtures of ploidy. However, ploidy composition of populations derived from microspore culture has not been reported. The purpose of the present study was to characterize regenerants derived from microspore culture, to evaluate factors influencing these characteristics and to compare results with those from anther culture. Eight populations, four from each culture method, were generated simultaneously using the same four F-1 hybrids as donor parents. The ploidy level of all regenerants was determined by DNA flow cytometry: the majority of them were diploid. As in anther culture, a mixture of ploidy was observed in all populations derived from microspore culture. Ploidy variation was more frequent among clonal families from anther culture (10%) than microspore culture (5%). 'Everest' was the most productive donor parent with both methods, while 'Greenbelt' and 'Major' were least productive in anther and microspore culture, respectively. Genotype specificity for the total number of regenerated plants and ploidy composition occurred in both culture methods. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Wang, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 15 TC 21 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 118 IS 3 BP 249 EP 252 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.1999.118003249.x PG 4 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 217VA UT WOS:000081518500008 ER PT J AU Foster, T Yamaguchi, J Wong, BC Veit, B Hake, S AF Foster, T Yamaguchi, J Wong, BC Veit, B Hake, S TI Gnarley1 is a dominant mutation in the knox4 homeobox gene affecting cell shape and identity SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID MAIZE LEAF DEVELOPMENT; ZEA-MAYS-L; ECTOPIC EXPRESSION; BOX GENE; MUTANTS; ARABIDOPSIS; KNOTTED-1; FATES; BLADE; IDENTIFICATION AB Maize leaves have a stereotypical pattern of cell types organized into discrete domains. These domains are altered by mutations in knotted1 (kn1) and knox (for kn1-like homeobox) genes. Gnarley (Gn1) is a dominant maize mutant that exhibits many of the phenotypic characteristics of the kn1 family of mutants. Gn1 is unique because it changes parameters of eel growth in the basal-most region of the leaf, the sheath, resulting in dramatically altered sheath morphology. The strongly expressive allele Gn1-R also gives rise to a floral phenotype in which ectopic carpels form. Introgression studies showed that the severity of the Gn1-conferred phenotype is strongly influenced by genetic background. Gn1 maps to knox4, and knox4 is ectopically expressed in plants with the Gn1-conferred phenotype. Immunolocalization experiments showed that the KNOX protein accumulates at the base of Gn1 leaves in a pattern that is spatially and temporally correlated with appearance of the mutant phenotype. We further demonstrate that Gn1 is knox4 by correlating loss of the mutant phenotype with insertion of a Mutator transposon into knox4. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Massey Univ, Inst Mol Biosci, Palmerston North, New Zealand. ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Hake, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI foster, toshi/A-6373-2017 OI foster, toshi/0000-0002-2829-4384 NR 59 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD JUL PY 1999 VL 11 IS 7 BP 1239 EP 1252 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 220PL UT WOS:000081674300006 PM 10402426 ER PT J AU Gilbert, GA Knight, JD Vance, CP Allan, DL AF Gilbert, GA Knight, JD Vance, CP Allan, DL TI Acid phosphatase activity in phosphorus-deficient white lupin roots SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Lupinus albus; acid phosphatase; exudates; phosphorus deficiency; phytase; proteoid roots; white lupin ID ALBUS L; ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE PHOSPHATASE; SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; PROTEOID ROOTS; PURIFICATION; RHIZOSPHERE; ACQUISITION; INTERFACE; PHYTASE AB White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) develops proteoid roots when grown in phosphorus (P)-deficient conditions. These short, lateral, densely clustered roots are adapted to increase P availability. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown proteoid roots have higher rates of non-photosynthetic carbon fixation than normal roots and altered metabolism to support organic acid exudation, which serves to solubilize Pin the rhizosphere, The present work indicates that proteoid roots possess additional adaptations for increasing P availability and possibly for conserving P in the plant. Roots from P-deficient (-P) plants had significantly greater acid phosphatase activity in both root extracts and root exudates than comparable samples from P-sufficient (+P) plants beginning 10 d after emergence. The increase in activity in -P plants was most pronounced in the proteoid regions. In contrast, no induction of phytase activity was found in -P plants compared to +P plants. The number of proteoid roots present was not affected by the source of phosphorus supplied, whether organic or inorganic forms. Adding molybdate to the roots increased the number of proteoid roots in plants supplied with organic P, but not inorganic P Increased acid phosphatase activity was detected in root exudates in the presence of organic P sources. Native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that under P-deficient conditions, a unique isoform of acid phosphatase was induced between 10 and 12 d after emergence. This isoform was found not only within the root, but it comprised the major form exuded from proteoid roots of -P plants. The fact that exudation of proteoid-root-specific acid phosphatase coincides with proteoid root development and increased exudation of organic acids indicates that white lupin has several coordinated adaptive strategies to P-deficient conditions. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Allan, DL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, 1991 Upper Buford Circle,439 Borlaug Hall, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM dallan@soils.umn.edu NR 34 TC 127 Z9 141 U1 6 U2 32 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 22 IS 7 BP 801 EP 810 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00441.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 220QJ UT WOS:000081677900005 ER PT J AU Bonde, MR Nester, SE Khayat, A Smilanick, JL Frederick, RD Schaad, NW AF Bonde, MR Nester, SE Khayat, A Smilanick, JL Frederick, RD Schaad, NW TI Comparison of effects of acidic electrolyzed water and NaOCl on Tilletia indica teliospore germination SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE disinfestant; superoxidized water; surface sterilization ID KARNAL BUNT; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; WHEAT; IDENTIFICATION AB Definitive identification of free teliospores of Tilletia indica, causal agent of Karnal bunt of wheat, requires polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic tests. Since direct PCR amplification from teliospores has not been reliable, teliospores first must be germinated in order to obtain adequate DNA. We have routinely surface-sterilized teliospores for 2 min with 0.4% (vol/vol) sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) to stimulate germination and produce axenic cultures. However, we observed that some spores were killed even with a 2-min NaOCl treatment, the shortest feasible duration. Decreasing the NaOCl concentration in our study from 0.4% to 0.3 and 0.2%, respectively, increased teliospore germination, but treatment times longer than 2 min still progressively reduced the germination percentages. In testing alternative methods, we found "acidic electrolyzed water" (AEW),generated by electrolysis of a weak solution of sodium chloride, also surface-sterilized and increased the rate of T. indica teliospore germination. In a representative experiment comparing the two methods, NaOCl (0.4%) for 2 min and AEW for 30 min increased germination from 19% (control) to 41 and 54%, respectively, by 7 days after treatment. Because teliospores can be treated with AEW for up to 2 h with little, if any, loss of viability, compared with 1 to 2 min for NaOCl, treatment with AEW has certain advantages over NaOCl for surface sterilizing and increasing germination of teliospores of suspect T. indica. C1 USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Bonde, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. NR 27 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 83 IS 7 BP 627 EP 632 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.7.627 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 209RP UT WOS:000081062900005 ER PT J AU Gillaspie, AG Mitchell, SE Stuart, GW Bozarth, RF AF Gillaspie, AG Mitchell, SE Stuart, GW Bozarth, RF TI RT-PCR method for detecting cowpea mottle carmovirus in Vigna germ plasm SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID VIRUS; SEQUENCE AB A highly sensitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was developed to detect cowpea mottle carmovirus (CPMoV) in newly acquired germ plasm of Vigna spp. It detected virus in tissues diluted up to 10(-9). The preferred primers were designed from the RNA replicase cDNA sequence of CPMoV. These primers were able to detect CPMoV in plants infected with 10 different isolates of the virus. There were no cross-reactions with either bean mild mosaic or melon necrotic spot carmoviruses or any of the common cowpea Viral pathogens tested. The RT-PCR method was up to 10(5) times more sensitive than direct antigen coating enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAC-ELISA) in detecting CPMoV. The RT-PCR method gave no false positive reaction as is sometimes seen with ELISA. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Indiana State Univ, Dept Life Sci, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA. RP Gillaspie, AG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RI Stuart, Gary/A-9010-2012 NR 14 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 83 IS 7 BP 639 EP 643 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.7.639 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 209RP UT WOS:000081062900007 ER PT J AU Lai, XH Marchetti, MA Petersen, HD AF Lai, XH Marchetti, MA Petersen, HD TI Comparative slow-blasting in rice grown under upland and flooded blast nursery culture SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID REGISTRATION AB Evaluation of rice for resistance to rice blast disease caused by Pyricularia grisea usually is conducted in upland (nonflooded) disease nurseries, although all commercial U.S. rice is produced under flood irrigation. Upland rice is more susceptible to leaf blast than is flooded rice, and the magnitude of this differential susceptibility can vary among cultivars. This 2-year study was undertaken to determine (i) the relationship between rates of disease development (slow-blasting) in upland and flooded rice and (ii) the value to a rice breeding program of establishing a flooded blast nursery, a facility far more difficult to manage than an upland nursery. Among 200 rice lines compared for leaf blast susceptibility under upland and flooded cultures, only 7 were rated as slightly more resistant under upland culture and 136 rated more resistant under flooded culture. Disease ratings under upland and flooded cultures were highly correlated (R = 0.819). Among 14 preselected cultivars over 2 years, disease development curves under upland and flooded cultures were highly correlated (R = 0.990). The cultivars with intermediate susceptibility under upland culture appeared to benefit most from flooded culture. Upland culture provided more opportunities to assess slow-blasting than did flooded culture, since many lines that produced susceptible-type lesions in upland culture failed to do so under flooded culture. It was concluded that adequate information on comparative leaf blast resistance among rice lines was attainable from upland blast nurseries and that routine evaluation of rice breeding lines for blast resistance in flooded nurseries was not necessary. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Agr Res & Extens Ctr, USDA, ARS, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. USDA ARS, So Plains Area, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. RP Marchetti, MA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Agr Res & Extens Ctr, USDA, ARS, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 83 IS 7 BP 681 EP 684 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.7.681 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 209RP UT WOS:000081062900013 ER PT J AU Cunfer, BM Castlebury, LA AF Cunfer, BM Castlebury, LA TI Tilletia walkeri on annual ryegrass in wheat fields in the southeastern United States SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Surveys for Tilletia walkeri on annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were conducted during 1997 and 1998 in the southeastern United States, where suspect teliospores of the Karnal bunt fungus, Tilletia indica, were found in USDA-APHIS surveys of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed in 1996. T. walkeri is morphologically similar to T. indica. Annual ryegrass is a common weed in wheat fields in the southeastern United States. Between April and June 1997, ryegrass seed samples were collected from 190 fields of wheat in 47 counties in Georgia and from 26 fields in 17 counties in Alabama and south-central Tennessee. In 1998, 70 samples were collected from 40 counties in the same regions of the three states. The teliospores from these samples were 23 to 45 mu m in diameter (average about 33 mu m) and ranged from light brown to dark reddish brown. They had coarse, widely spaced cerebriform ridges on the surface and were surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. The ryegrass bunt was identified as the recently described species T. walkeri, occurring on ryegrass seed from Australia and Oregon. In 1997, teliospores of T. walkeri were found in 13 samples from eight counties in central Georgia and from one field in Tennessee. In 1998, more teliospores and bunted seeds were found, possibly due to frequent rain in the region throughout the flowering period for ryegrass. Teliospores were found in 26/70 of the samples, and among these, only a small number of bunted seed were found in 12 of 13/70 samples. In one wheat field in Morgan County, Georgia, about 50% of the ryegrass seed collected was partially bunted, and a small percentage was completely bunted. Fields with teliospores were widely distributed and generally matched the locations where teliospores were found in APHIS wheat seed surveys in 1996 to 1998. T. walkeri occurs at very low levels on ryegrass in the Southeast and is the source of teliospores, initially identified as those of T. indica, associated with wheat seed in APHIS surveys. No bunted wheat seeds or teliospores of T. indica were found in the survey. C1 Univ Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. USDA ARS, SBML, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Cunfer, BM (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Griffin Campus, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 83 IS 7 BP 685 EP 689 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.7.685 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 209RP UT WOS:000081062900014 ER PT J AU Roche, D Cong, PS Chen, ZB Hanna, WW Gustine, DL Sherwood, RT Ozias-Akins, P AF Roche, D Cong, PS Chen, ZB Hanna, WW Gustine, DL Sherwood, RT Ozias-Akins, P TI An apospory-specific genomic region is conserved between Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) and Pennisetum squamulatum Fresen SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LINKED MOLECULAR MARKERS; APOMIXIS; DNA AB Twelve molecular markers linked to pseudogamous a form of gametophytic apomixis, were previously isolated from Pennisetum squamulatum Fresen. No recombination between these markers was found in a segregating population of 397 individuals (Ozias-Akins et al., 1998, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 5127-5132). The objective of the present study was to test if these markers were also linked to the aposporous mode of reproduction in two small segregating populations of Cenchrus ciliaris (= Pennisetum ciliare (L.)Link), another apomictic grass species. Among 12 markers (sequence characterized amplified regions, SCARs), six were scored as dominant markers between aposporous and sexual C. ciliaris genotypes (presence/absence, respectively). Five were always linked to apospory and one showed a low level of recombination in 84 progenies. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were observed between sexual and apomictic phenotypes for three of the six remaining SCARs from P. squamulatum when used as probes. No recombination was observed in the F-1 progenies. Preliminary data from megabase DNA analysis and sequencing in both species indicate that an apospory specific genomic region (ASGR) is highly conserved between the two species. Although C. ciliaris has a smaller genome size to P squamulatum, a higher copy number for markers linked to apospory found in the former may impair the progress of positional cloning of gene(s) for apomixis in this species. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Roche, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 20 TC 47 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 203 EP 208 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00514.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 228NX UT WOS:000082143500010 ER PT J AU Minocha, R Long, S Maki, H Minocha, SC AF Minocha, R Long, S Maki, H Minocha, SC TI Assays for the activities of polyamine biosynthetic enzymes using intact tissues SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ADC; carrot; enzyme assays; ODC; polyamines; SAMDC; trees ID ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE CDNA; SPRUCE PICEA-RUBENS; ARGININE DECARBOXYLASE; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; CARROT; CULTURES; GROWTH AB Traditionally, most enzyme assays utilize homogenized cell extracts with or without dialysis. Homogenization and centrifugation of large numbers of samples for screening of mutants and transgenic cell lines is quite cumbersome and generally requires sufficiently large amounts (hundreds of milligrams) of tissue. However, in situations where the tissue is available in Small quantities, or one needs to study changes in enzyme activities during development (e.g. somatic embryogenesis), it is desirable to have rapid and reproducible assay methods that utilize only a few milligrams of tissue and can be conducted without homogenization. Here, we report a procedure for the measurement of enzyme activities of the three key decarboxylases involved in polyamine biosynthesis utilizing small quantities of plant tissue without the homogenization and centrifugation steps. Suspension cultures of red spruce (Picea rubens (Sarg.)), hybrid poplar (Populus nigra x maximowiczii), and wild carrot (Daucus carota) were used directly to measure decarboxylation of ornithine, arginine and S-adenosylmethionine. Our results demonstrate that this procedure can be used to quantify the activities of arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19), ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50) in a manner quite comparable to the traditional assays for these enzymes that involve laborious steps of homogenization and centrifugation. (C) Elsevier, Paris. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Japan Womens Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 112, Japan. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Plant Biol, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Minocha, R (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, POB 640,271 Mast Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU GAUTHIER-VILLARS/EDITIONS ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75015 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0981-9428 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL BIOCH JI Plant Physiol. Biochem. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 37 IS 7-8 BP 597 EP 603 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 234WZ UT WOS:000082508500011 ER PT J AU Rosebrough, RW McMurtry, JP Vasilatos-Younken, R AF Rosebrough, RW McMurtry, JP Vasilatos-Younken, R TI Dietary fat and protein interactions in the broiler SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dietary protein; dietary fat; lipogenesis; plasma hormones ID GROWTH-HORMONE; RAT-LIVER; GENE-TRANSCRIPTION; ACID SYNTHASE; SOMATOMEDIN-C; CHICKENS; SUPPRESSION; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; LIPOGENESIS; INCREASE AB An experiment was conducted to study the interrelationships between dietary fat and protein levels in the regulation of lipid metabolism in the broiler chicken, Birds were fed diets containing 300, 600, or 1,200 kcal ME from fat (corn oil) with either 124 or 190 g CP/kg. Two additional experimental diets contained 234 or 285 g CP and 300 kcal ME from fat. Regardless of fat lever, birds fed the diets containing 124 g CP/kg weighed less and were less efficient than birds fed diets containing 190 g CP/kg. The diet containing 600 kcal as fat decreased Lipogenesis and malic enzyme activity (P < 0.05) in birds fed the diet containing 190 g CP/kg diet, but not in birds fed the diet containing 124 g CP/kg. Birds fed the latter level of protein required at least 1,200 kcal as fat to express any significant decrease in lipogenesis or malic enzyme activity (P < 0.05). Dietary fat did not affect plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T-3), thyroxine (T-4), or insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Feeding diets containing 124 g CP/kg resulted in decreased plasma T-4 and IGF-I and elevated T-3 (P < 0.05). Increasing dietary protein (compared to increasing dietary fat) increased body weights, IGF-I, T-4 and decreased lipogenesis, malic enzyme activity, and T-3. Both of these regimens involve decreasing dietary carbohydrate at equal rates, but results differed. Although replacement of dietary carbohydrates with either fat or protein reduce precursors for fat synthesis, both energy sources have additional unique effects on metabolism. Dietary protein levels modulate metabolic effects of dietary fat. C1 ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Rosebrough, RW (reprint author), ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 78 IS 7 BP 992 EP 998 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 207ZK UT WOS:000080965500009 PM 10404679 ER PT J AU King, LM Brillard, JP Bakst, MR Donoghue, AM AF King, LM Brillard, JP Bakst, MR Donoghue, AM TI Isolation of sperm storage tubules from the uterovaginal junction mucosa of the turkey SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE turkey; sperm storage tubules; sperm; uterovaginal junction ID HOST GLANDS; DOMESTIC HEN; ZEBRA FINCH; INSEMINATION; SPERMATOZOA; TRANSPORT; NUMBERS AB This study was performed to determine whether intact sperm storage tubules (SST) could be successfully isolated from the uterovaginal junction (UVJ) mucosa of the turkey. Large White BUTA hens were inseminated and euthanatized 24 to 48 h later. Oviducts were excised, UVJ tissue removed, and SST were procured by enzymatic digestion. Recovered SST were intact and contained motile sperm. The sperm were oriented with their acrosomes pointed towards the distal end of the SST, and their long axes in parallel with the long axis of the tubule's lumen. This method for the isolation of intact SST can be readily applied for in vitro culture studies as well as for the extraction of DNA and RNA from the SST epithelium. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Germplasm & Gemete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. INRA, Rech Avicoles Stn, Ctr Rech Tours Nouzilly, Paris, France. RP King, LM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Germplasm & Gemete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM lking@lpsi.barc.usda.gov NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0032-5791 EI 1525-3171 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 78 IS 7 BP 1044 EP 1047 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 207ZK UT WOS:000080965500016 PM 10404686 ER PT J AU Grissell, EE Heydon, SL AF Grissell, EE Heydon, SL TI Identity of two unplaced new world Megastigminae (Hymenoptera : Torymidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Megastrigmus mendocinus; Torymoides mendocinus; Megastigmus flavipes; Gastrancistrus flavipes; new synonymy AB Two previously unplaced taxa of Torymidae are recognized. Megastigmus mendocinus Kieffer and Jorgensen 1910 is transferred to the genus Torymoides (Torymidae), new combination, and is placed as a new junior subjective synonym of Torymoides sulcius (Walker), one of the most widespread torymid parasitoids of Cecidomyiidae in the New World. Megastigmus flavipes Ashmead 1886 is transferred to the genus Gastrancistrus (Pteromalidae), new combination, and Gastrancistrus biguttatus (Girault) 1917 is placed as a new junior subjective synonym of Gastrancistrus flavipes (Ashmead). C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, PSI, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Grissell, EE (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, PSI, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 101 IS 3 BP 611 EP 613 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 218QV UT WOS:000081563900011 ER PT J AU Solis, MA AF Solis, MA TI Key to selected Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) larvae intercepted at US ports of entry: Revision of Pyraloidea in "keys to some frequently intercepted lepidopterous larvae" by D. M. Weisman 1986 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE continental United States; Florida; Hawaii; hosts; Pyralidae; Crambidae ID LAST-INSTAR LARVAE; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; PYRALIDAE; NORTH AB A key to frequently intercepted lepidopterous larvae, designed for U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA, APHIS) identifiers at U.S. ports, was last revised in 1986. Since then many changes have occurred in the classification, nomenclature, and the nature of commodities being imported into the U.S. In this revision of the section on Pyraloidea, species recently intercepted are included, the most recent generic combinations are used, and families and subfamilies are now included in the key. Distributions are updated, stating if the species occurs in Hawaii or restricted areas of the continental United States. A "Note" section explains changes and additions, and gives references to further information. Two tables are provided, one to the classification of Pyraloidea with reference to placement in the key and another to the hosts and/or commodities. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Amer Hist, USDA ARS, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Solis, MA (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Amer Hist, USDA ARS, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 52 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 101 IS 3 BP 645 EP 686 PG 42 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 218QV UT WOS:000081563900017 ER PT J AU Gagne, RJ AF Gagne, RJ TI A type species designation for Actilasioptera Gagne (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Amer Hist, USDA, PSI Agr Res Serv,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Gagne, RJ (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Amer Hist, USDA, PSI Agr Res Serv,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 101 IS 3 BP 697 EP 697 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 218QV UT WOS:000081563900023 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Beeche, MA AF Smith, DR Beeche, MA TI Notes on Chilean Orussidae (Hymenoptera) and a probable new host association SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, PSI, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, PSI, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 101 IS 3 BP 697 EP 698 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 218QV UT WOS:000081563900024 ER PT J AU Unsworth, JB Wauchope, RD Klein, AW Dorn, E Zeeh, B Yeh, SM Akerblom, M Racke, KD Rubin, B AF Unsworth, JB Wauchope, RD Klein, AW Dorn, E Zeeh, B Yeh, SM Akerblom, M Racke, KD Rubin, B TI Significance of the long range transport of pesticides in the atmosphere - (Technical report) SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID SIERRA-NEVADA MOUNTAINS; RANDOM-WALK MODEL; VAPOR-PHASE; ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; SPRAY DRIFT; ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; NORTHERN GERMANY AB Since the 1960s there has been a growing body of data regarding the presence of pesticides in the atmosphere. The monitoring results obtained show that traces of pesticides may undergo long range transport and be deposited considerable distances away from the treatment areas, including remote areas such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Pesticides have been found in air, rain, cloud water, fog and snow. The appearance and subsequent behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are complex processes and the concentrations found depend on several variables such as their volatility, photostability, method of application and extent of use. Whilst volatility of pesticides can be linked to their Henry's Law constant this is very much a simplification since it is also influenced by the surfaces treated, e.g. soil or leaves, and by the extent to which aerosols are formed during the application. The disappearance of pesticides from the atmosphere is due to hydrolysis, indirect photolysis via OH. radicals and to deposition in rain. Pesticides which are resistant to hydrolysis and photolysis can be transported over great distances, for example, organochlorine insecticides have been detected in the Arctic regions. In general, concentrations in rainwater are, when detected, in the low or sub mu g/L range and highest concentrations are found during the time of application. The use of fugacity models has been shown to be a useful approach to predict concentrations in air. Under most conditions the presence of pesticides in air, or rainwater, has no significant effects on nontarget systems, including direct and indirect effects. Exceptions to this are damage by auxintype herbicides to sensitive plants which has resulted on restrictions in their use in certain areas and transient chlorotic spotting thought to be caused by drift of aerosols from application of low rate sulfonyl urea herbicides. For animal species one possible exception has been postulated. This is for persistent organochlorine pesticides in Arctic regions where, due to the very oligotrophic nature of the Arctic ocean, they are more liable to bioaccumulate and be transported in the food web giving enhanced levels in mothers' milk. C1 Rhone Poulenc Agr, Ongar, Essex, England. USDA, Tifton, GA USA. Umweltbundesamt, Berlin, Germany. AgrEvo, Frankfurt, Germany. BASF Corp, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Zeneca Ag Prod, Richmond, CA USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Uppsala, Sweden. Dow AgroSci, Indianapolis, IN USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. RP Unsworth, JB (reprint author), Rhone Poulenc Agr, Ongar, Essex, England. NR 181 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 71 IS 7 BP 1359 EP 1383 DI 10.1351/pac199971071359 PG 25 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 255VG UT WOS:000083690400019 ER PT J AU Rader, RB Belish, TA AF Rader, RB Belish, TA TI Influence of mild to severe flow alterations on invertebrates in three mountain streams SO REGULATED RIVERS-RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE diversions; flow alteration; invertebrates; mountain streams ID EASTERN SIERRA-NEVADA; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; AQUATIC INSECTS; WATER; COMMUNITIES; RESPONSES; ECOLOGY; REGIMES AB Invertebrates were compared upstream versus downstream from diversions on three small, headwater streams in the central Rocky Mountains, USA. Flow alteration of these streams varied from mild (some aspect of all natural flow components was transferred downstream) to severe (nearly 100% of the flow was diverted for 10-11 months of the year). The analysis was separated into periods of frequent (diversion gates often opened and closed; April-October) and infrequent flow fluctuations (stable low flows due to constant diversion; November-March). Invertebrates appeared resilient to mild flow alterations as neither the abundance, diversity, nor spatial and temporal variation in abundance and diversity differed upstream versus downstream during either period. In severely diverted streams, however, total invertebrate density downstream from the diversion was only 50% of upstream. Invertebrate diversity was also reduced; ten taxa abundant upstream were absent in downstream sections. Chironomids, ostracods and Ameletus spp, comprised 80% of total invertebrate density during constant, low flow conditions in the severely diverted streams. Although all taxa in the severely diverted streams recovered (drift) during the period of frequent flow fluctuations, spatial and temporal variation (coefficient of variation) in both density and the number of taxa was significantly greater downstream. Depending on the frequency with which free-flowing conditions were re-established, many invertebrate populations (especially mayflies and some stoneflies) declined or were even locally extirpated (e.g. Hesperoperla pacifica, Megarcys signata, Neothremma alicia, Polycelis coronata). Downstream communities in severely diverted tributaries appeared to fluctuate between two stable endpoints; a depauperate low-flow community dominated by chironomids and ostracods and a more abundant and diverse natural-flow community dominated by mayflies, chironomids, ostracods, stoneflies and caddisflies. Water abstraction (extent and timing of diversion) could be managed to minimize risks to downstream ecological resources. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Stn, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. RP Rader, RB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Stn, 222 S 22nd St, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. NR 37 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 23 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0886-9375 J9 REGUL RIVER JI Regul. Rivers-Res. Manage. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4 BP 353 EP 363 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199907/08)15:4<353::AID-RRR551>3.0.CO;2-U PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 221YV UT WOS:000081756200007 ER PT J AU Bengston, DN Fan, DP AF Bengston, DN Fan, DP TI Conflict over natural resource management: A social indicator based on analysis of online news media text SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE computer-coded; conflict; content analysis; national forest; natural resource management; news media; social indicator; USDA Forest Service ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AB An indicator of the level of conflict over natural resource management was developed and applied to the case of U.S. national forest policy and management. Computer-coded content analysis was used to identify expressions of conflict in a national database of almost 10,000 news media stories about the U.S. Forest Service. Changes in the amount of news media discussion involving conflict were tracked over the 5-year period from 1992 through 1996. The relative level of conflict over national forest policy and management measured by this indicator was found to correspond with major conflict-related events during this time period. This social indicator could be used to evaluate policies intended to reduce conflict, monitor contentious issues, and identify emerging areas of conflict. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Genet & Cell Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Bengston, DN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, USDA, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 12 IS 5 BP 493 EP 500 DI 10.1080/089419299279560 PG 8 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA 233EQ UT WOS:000082412900008 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ AF Franzluebbers, AJ TI Potential C and N mineralization and microbial biomass from intact and increasingly disturbed soils of varying texture SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER POOLS; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; TILLAGE; CARBON; FUMIGATION; TURNOVER AB Potential C and N mineralization and soil microbial biomass C were determined following disturbance (i.e. drying and sieving) pretreatments in five soils varying in texture (30-350 mg clay g(-1) soil) from the southern Piedmont USA. Soil disturbance by drying (i.e. rewetting following drying at 55 degrees C for 72 h) of intact soil cores resulted in a hush of C mineralization (70% to 2.5-fold greater) during 0-3 d of incubation, but was not significantly different during 3-10 and 10-24 d periods compared with field-moist-intact soil cores. Soil disturbance by sieving resulted in greater C mineralization earlier than later in the incubation and led to significant immobilization of N of surface soil where respiration was highest. Increasing soil disturbance through smaller sieve openings resulted in a 10-60% greater flush of C mineralization that may have been due to disruption of macroaggregates, which protected soil organic C. With a conditioning period of 10 d following rewetting of dried soil, soil microbial biomass C was unaffected by drying or extent of sieving. Soil texture (i.e. clay content) did not interact with disturbance effects. Immobilization of N was predominant in surface sails (0-40 mm) of this bermudagrass pasture, where mineralizable C was very high. Carbon mineralization during 0-3 d was highly related (r(2) = 0.96 +/- 0.04) to C mineralization during 0-24 d, basal soil respiration and soil microbial biomass C, although increasing soil disturbance (i.e. drying and extent of sieving) altered these relationships in a predictable manner. I conclude that dried and coarsely sieved soil compares favorably to field-moist-intact soil cores for estimating soil microbial biomass and potential activity in landscapes scoured by various degrees of erosion. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 29 TC 98 Z9 109 U1 7 U2 46 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 31 IS 8 BP 1083 EP 1090 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00022-X PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 205EW UT WOS:000080809200002 ER PT J AU Sharratt, B Benoit, G Daniel, J Staricka, J AF Sharratt, B Benoit, G Daniel, J Staricka, J TI Snow cover, frost depth, and soil water across a prairie pothole landscape SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE frozen soil; hydrology; winter; landscape depression AB The prairie pothole is an important hydrologic component of the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. Snow cover and frozen soil affect runoff and soil water recharge, but little is known about their temporal and spatial characteristics across a prairie pothole. A 2-ha prairie pothole near Morris, MN was instrumented to assess snow cover, soil water, and frost depth at 11 locations across two transects that traversed the major and minor axes. Measurements were made over three winters beginning in 1990, Snow cover was deepest on the leeward side of a ridge located on the NW end of the major axis and shallowest and least variable in the bottom of the depression. Maximum rate of descent of the freezing front in the soil approached 25 mm d(-1) whereas maximum depth of soil freezing neared 1.2 m across the experimental site during this study. Rate of soil freezing during the fall was more rapid at positions of higher elevation and with thinner snow cover. Elevation and snow cover accounted for as much as 56% of the variability in rate of soil freezing across the site. Snow cover accounted for as much as 46% of the variation in maximum frost penetration; penetration was deepest at positions with the least snow cover. Thawing of the soil profile was most rapid in the bottom of the depression and appeared to be accentuated by infiltration of surface water through localized unfrozen soil pores or cracks, Maximum surface thaw rate approached 40 mm d(-1). Soil water recharge occurred during spring snowmelt, but snow cover accounted for <20% of the variation in recharge. This study suggests that topographic features across a prairie pothole can influence snow cover and, therefore, frost depth. Thickness of snow cover, however, has little influence on positional soil water recharge within a pothole during snowmelt because frozen soil can impede infiltration and enhance runoff. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Agr Water Qual Lab, Durant, OK USA. N Dakota State Univ, Williston Expt Stn, Williston, ND USA. RP Sharratt, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RI Baulch, Helen/I-9529-2012 NR 12 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 164 IS 7 BP 483 EP 492 DI 10.1097/00010694-199907000-00004 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 219BX UT WOS:000081589000004 ER PT J AU Casey, FXM Jaynes, DB Horton, R Logsdon, SD AF Casey, FXM Jaynes, DB Horton, R Logsdon, SD TI Comparing field methods that estimate mobile-immobile model parameters SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID 2-SITE 2-REGION MODELS; SORBING POROUS-MEDIA; WATER-CONTENT; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; DISK PERMEAMETERS; DIFFERENT TIMES; MASS-TRANSFER; SOIL; TRANSPORT; COEFFICIENT AB Recent studies have used field techniques that estimate soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters. These methods utilize a tension infiltrometer to infiltrate either a single tracer or a series of tracers in order to estimate immobile water content (theta(im)) and moss exchange coefficient (alpha) of the mobile-immobile solute transport model. The objective of this study,vas to compare two single tracer methods (basic and variance) with one multiple tracer method for estimating Bi, and cu from data obtained on the same field soil location, Hydraulic conductivity (K(h(0))) was also estimated using these methods. Research was done at five interrow sites in a ridge-tilled corn (Zea mays L.) field, and the soil was mapped as a Nicollet series (fine-loamy, mired, superactive, mesic, Aquic Hapludoll), The values of theta(im) and alpha estimated by the multiple tracer method compared well with previously measured values using the same technique on the same field, The theta(im) values for the multiple tracer technique were larger than values derived from the basic single tracer technique. The basic single tracer technique did not take into consideration a mass exchange between Bi, and the mobile water domain (theta(m)), The alpha values were less variable for the multiple tracer method than for the single tracer-variance method, Values of immobile water fraction (theta(im)/theta) for the multiple and basic single tracer techniques ranged from 0.30 to 0.52 and from 0.24 to 0.35, respectively, The values of or for the multiple and single tracer-variance techniques ranged from 0.06 to 0.9 d(-1) and from 0.03 to 60 d(-1), respectively, The volumetric wafer content (theta) changed considerably over the course of the experiment for the estimation of Lu using the single tracer-variance method; thus, the assumptions of this technique were compromised. The measured values of K(lt(0)) at the five sites ranged from 0.47 to 1.66 mu m s(-1). There was evidence that the basic single tracer method underestimated theta(im) and overestimated theta(m), because this method considers alpha = 0 during the tracer application. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Casey, FXM (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Casey, Francis/A-2135-2010 OI Casey, Francis/0000-0002-6035-7234 NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 800 EP 806 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 240NP UT WOS:000082832300010 ER PT J AU Goldberg, S AF Goldberg, S TI Reanalysis of boron adsorption on soils and soil minerals using the constant capacitance model SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DESORPTION; KAOLINITE; SORPTION AB Inclusion of microscopic information improved the ability of the constant capacitance model to provide a quantitative description of B adsorption on various Al and Fe oxides, clay minerals, and arid-zone soils as a function of solution pH. The same set of B surface complexation reactions was used for all adsorbing surfaces. This study tests the ability of the model to describe B adsorption using surface configurations that had been observed experimentally. In the present model application, both trigonal, B(OH)(3), and tetrahedral, B(OH)(4)(-), B surface complexes are postulated, consistent with experimental spectroscopic results. Boron surface complexation constants for Al and Fe oxides and kaolinites are not statistically significantly different from each other. Boron surface complexation constants for kaolinites are statistically significantly different from those for 2:1 clays and soils. Boron surface complexation constants for 2:1 clays and soils are not statistically significantly different from each other, reflecting the dominance of 2:1 clay minerals in B adsorption reactions in arid-zone soils. Average sets of B surface complexation constants provided adequate descriptions of B adsorption behavior on all adsorbents studied, indicating some predictive capability. The constant capacitance model was able to predict B adsorption behavior on additional arid-zone soils using the average set of B surface complexation constants. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Goldberg, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 17 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 823 EP 829 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 240NP UT WOS:000082832300015 ER PT J AU Eghball, B Power, JF AF Eghball, B Power, JF TI Phosphorus- and nitrogen-based manure and compost applications: Corn production and soil phosphorus SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE; FERTILIZER; YIELD AB Manure or compost application based on N needs of corn (Zea mays L.) mag result in soil accumulation of P, other ions, and salt because the manure or compost NIP ratio is usually smaller than the corn Nm uptake ratio. This study,vas conducted from 1992 to 1996 to evaluate effects of P- and N-based manure and compost application on corn yield, N and P uptake, soil P level, and weed biomass. Composted and noncomposted beef rattle (Bos taurus) feedlot manures were applied to supply N or P needs of corn for either a 1- or 2-yr period. Phosphorus-based manure or compost treatments also received additional fertilizer N as needed. Fertilized and unfertilized checks were also included. Manure or compost application increased corn grain yield in all 4 yr as compared with the unfertilized check. Annual or biennial manure or compost application resulted in corn grain yields similar to those of the fertilizer treatment. Phosphorus-based manure or compost application resulted in similar grain yields to those for N-based treatments but had significantly less soil available P level after 4 Ivr of application. Biennial manure or compost application resulted in corn yield similar to that for annual application but increased available P in the soil, Estimated N availability was 40% for manure and 15% for compost in the first gear and was 18% for manure and 8% for compost in the second year after application. Weed biomass was more influenced by nutrient availability than any weed seed introduced by manure or compost application. When application rate is based on correct N or P availability, manure and compost can produce corn grain yields that are equal to or greater than that for fertilizer application, Annual P-based manure or compost application Is the most effective method of using these resources when soil P buildup is a concern. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Eghball, B (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 23 TC 209 Z9 219 U1 11 U2 59 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 895 EP 901 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 240NP UT WOS:000082832300024 ER PT J AU Halvorson, AD Reule, CA Follett, RF AF Halvorson, AD Reule, CA Follett, RF TI Nitrogen fertilization effects on soil carbon and nitrogen in a dryland cropping system SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-CARBON; TILLAGE SYSTEMS; GREAT-PLAINS; WHEAT; ROTATION; QUALITY; CORN AB No-till (NT) increases the potential to crop more frequently in the Great Plains than with the conventional-till (CT) crop-fallow farming sl stem. More frequent cropping requires N input to maintain economical yields. We evaluated the effects of N Fertilization on crop residue production and its subsequent effects on soil organic C (SOC) and total soil N (TSN) in a dryland NT annual cropping system. Six N rates (0, 22, 45, 67, 90, and 134 kg N ha(-1)) were applied to the same plots from 1984 through 1994, except 1988 when rates sere reduced 50%, on a Weld silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic Argiustoll). Spring hal leg (Hordeum vulgare L.), corn (Zea mays L.),winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and oat (Avena sativa L.)-pea (Lathyrus tingitanus L.) hay were grown in rotation. Crop residue production varied with crop and gear. Estimated average annual aboveground residue returned to the soil (excluding hay years) was 2925, 3845, 4354, 4365, 4371, and 4615 kg ha(-1), while estimated annual contributions to belowground (root) residue C were 1060, 1397, 1729, 1992, 1952, and 2031 kg C ha(-1) for the above N rates, respectively. The increased amount of crop residue returned to the soil with increasing N rate resulted in increased SOC and TSN levels in the 0- to 7.5-cm soil depth after 11 crops. The fraction of applied N fertilizer in the crop residue decreased with increasing N rate. Soil bulk density (D-b) in the 0- to 7.5-cm soil depth decreased as SOC increased, The increase in SOC with N fertilization contributes to improved soil quality and productivity, and increased efficiency of C sequestration into the soil. Carbon sequestration can be enhanced by increasing crop residue production through adequate N fertility. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Halvorson, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 32 TC 116 Z9 125 U1 7 U2 35 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 912 EP 917 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 240NP UT WOS:000082832300026 ER PT J AU Pote, DH Daniel, TC Nichols, DJ Moore, PA Miller, DM Edwards, DR AF Pote, DH Daniel, TC Nichols, DJ Moore, PA Miller, DM Edwards, DR TI Seasonal and soil-drying effects on runoff phosphorus relationships to soil phosphorus SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SURFACE RUNOFF; PHOSPHATE ADSORPTION; CROP; SORPTION; LOSSES; WATER AB Controlling phosphorus levels in runoff is often recommended as the best nay to minimize eutrophication of streams and lakes. Previous research has shown that increased concentrations of dissolved reactive P (DRP) in runoff from grassland are highly correlated to increased soil test P (STP) levels. We conducted an experiment to investigate the hypothesis that seasonal changes in field conditions (especially soil moisture) along with the practice of air-drying soil samples prior to analysis may affect such correlations. Grass plots with a aide range of STP were randomly divided into two groups. In May (wet season), soil samples were taken from each plot in the first group, simulated rain was applied (75 mm h(-1)) to produce 30 min of runoff, and filtered runoff samples were analyzed for DRP. Each soil sample was analyzed for H2O content, sieved (2 mm), and split into two subsamples. One subsample from each plot was kept field-moist at 4 degrees C, and the other was air dried. Phosphorus saturation was determined only on air-dry soil, but all soil subsamples were analyzed by Mehlich III and distilled H2O methods. In August (dry season), the second group of plots received the same treatment. All correlations of STP to runoff DRP were significant (P < 0.01), regardless of season or STP method. Water-extractable STP from air-dry soil (mean = 28.5 mg kg(-1)) and Mehlich III STP (mean = 145 mg kg(-1)) were not affected by season, but DRP concentration in August runoff (mean = 1.05 mg L-1) was almost double that in May (mean = 0.57 mg L-1), so the resulting correlations were affected. Water-extractable STP from field-moist sod was higher in August (mean = 23 mg kg(-1)) than in May (mean = 16 mg kg(-1)), and P saturation levels showed a similar trend. Runoff volumes were smaller in August, so season had little effect on mean DRP-mass loss. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Kentucky, Biosyst & Agr Engn Dep, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP Pote, DH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, 6883 S State Highway 23, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 27 TC 36 Z9 46 U1 5 U2 17 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 63 IS 4 BP 1006 EP 1012 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 240NP UT WOS:000082832300040 ER PT J AU Pikul, JL Aase, JK AF Pikul, JL Aase, JK TI Wheat response and residual soil properties following subsoiling of a sandy loam in eastern Montana SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE rainfall simulation; cone index; soil bulk density; paratill; water infiltration rate; soil subsidence ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; TORRERTIC PALEUSTOLL; WATER INFILTRATION; COASTAL-PLAIN; TILLAGE; INCREASES; POTATOES; PARATILL; YIELD; CROP AB Shallow tillage pans resulting from the use of the same tillage tools may lead to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield reductions. We hypothesized that occasional deep tillage to fracture shallow tillage pans would improve water utilization and result in increased wheat yield. Our hypothesis was tested by comparing paired crop and soil responses on plots that were subsoiled using a paratill (PT) or not subsoiled (NOPT). Soil was a Dooley sandy loam (US soil taxonomy: fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiboroll; FAO taxonomy: Kastanozem) derived in glacial till near Culbertson, Montana, USA. Effects of PT or NOPT were compared in a long-term cropping study that included annual wheat using no tillage (NT), annual wheat using fall and spring tillage (FST) and wheat rotated with fallow (FWCT). Plots that were subsoiled (PT) were paratilled once in autumn 1992 to about 0.3 m deep. Cone index of the top 0.3 m of soil 2.5 years after subsoiling was lower on PT (891 kPa) compared with NOPT (981 kPa), Soil bulk density was 1.34 Mg m(-3) on PT and 1.36 Mg m(-3) on NOPT plots. Final water infiltration rate averaged 15 mm h(-1) on PT and 6 mm h(-1) on NOPT plots for nine months after subsoiling. Average water content of the top 1.2 m of soil in the spring of the year was 21 mm greater on PT than on NOPT plots. There were no differences due to treatments in wheat yield; average grain yield was 1820 kg ha(-1) on annual wheat plots and 2380 kg ha(-1) on wheat/fallow plots. Residual effects of subsoiling on soil properties were detected for 2.5 years after subsoiling, but soil changes attributed to subsoiling had no effect on wheat yield. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. ARS, USDA, No Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Pikul, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. EM jpikul@ngirl.ars.usda.gov NR 21 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 EI 1879-3444 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 70 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00031-8 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 231JU UT WOS:000082305600006 ER PT J AU Anderson, RC Stanker, LH Young, CR Buckley, SA Genovese, KJ Harvey, RB DeLoach, JR Keith, NK Nisbet, DJ AF Anderson, RC Stanker, LH Young, CR Buckley, SA Genovese, KJ Harvey, RB DeLoach, JR Keith, NK Nisbet, DJ TI Effect of competitive exclusion treatment on colonization of early-weaned pigs by Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis SO SWINE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE swine; Salmonella; competitive exclusion treatment; colonization; early weaning ID BROILER CHICKS; TYPHIMURIUM COLONIZATION; CULTURE; INFECTION; STRESS; SWINE; MICROFLORA; EXCRETION; BACTERIA; POULTRY AB Objective: To assess the potential of two porcine-derived competitive exclusion cultures to enhance colonization resistance of early-weaned pigs to Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis. Methods: Litters from three and two sows, respectively, were treated at birth and again at weaning with either of two porcine-derived competitive exclusion cultures, one less diverse than the other. Another litter was treated as above with the least diverse competitive exclusion culture that had been supplemented with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a bacterium implicated in effecting gut cell development. Three other litters served as placebo-treated or untreated controls. All piglets were challenged at 15 days of age (1 day postweaning) with 10(6)-10(7) colony-forming units (CFU) of Salmonella Choleraesuis. Rectal swabs (collected daily post challenge) and specimens (collected at necropsy 7-9 days postchallenge) were cultured for Salmonella Choleraesuis to assess the incidence of fecal shedding and colonization status of each piglet. Statistical analysis was not performed in this preliminary study due to the confounding of treatment effects with litter effects. Results: There were fewer pigs shedding in litters that received the competition exclusion culture. There were fewer piglets with salmonellae culture-positive tonsils within the litters treated with either competitive exclusion culture. Salmonella Choleraesuis was recovered from the ileocolic lymph nodes of all 32 of the placebo-treated or nontreated piglets and from most but not all of the piglets treated with either of the competitive exclusion cultures. While the incidence of shedding of Salmonella Choleraesuis was less for the litter treated with the least diverse competitive exclusion culture that had been spiked with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron than for the controls, no other benefits were observed with this treatment. Implications: Competitive exclusion treatment of baby piglets may enhance colonization resistance to Salmonella Choleraesuis, which may reduce the potential for horizontal transmission of the host-adapted pathogen. However, in the absence of statistical analysis, our interpretation should be considered preliminary. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Anderson, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, Route 5, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE PRACTITIONERS PI DES MOINES PA 5921 FLEUR DR, DES MOINES, IA 50321 USA SN 1066-4963 J9 SWINE HEALTH PROD JI Swine Health Prod. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 7 IS 4 BP 155 EP 160 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 210RY UT WOS:000081119500005 ER PT J AU Bush, EJ Corso, B Zimmerman, J Swenson, S Pyburn, D Burkgren, T AF Bush, EJ Corso, B Zimmerman, J Swenson, S Pyburn, D Burkgren, T TI Update on the acute PRRS investigative study SO SWINE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION LA English DT Article C1 USDA, APHIS, VS, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, APHIS, VS, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NPPC, Des Moines, IA 50383 USA. AASP, Perry, IA 50220 USA. RP Bush, EJ (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, VS, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE PRACTITIONERS PI DES MOINES PA 5921 FLEUR DR, DES MOINES, IA 50321 USA SN 1066-4963 J9 SWINE HEALTH PROD JI Swine Health Prod. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 7 IS 4 BP 179 EP 180 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 210RY UT WOS:000081119500009 ER PT J AU Cui, XL Suh, MW Sasser, PE AF Cui, XL Suh, MW Sasser, PE TI Tensile behavior of slack fiber bundles - Theory and application to HVI testing SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TENACITY AB A statistical model for the tensile behavior of a bundle of slack fibers is developed in terms of its constituent single fiber properties. A large amount of data on single fiber tensile properties is obtained by a Mantis(R) tester. Application of this theory to HVI tensile test results shows much better agreement than other models developed earlier for bundles of straight, equal length fibers. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Text, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Cotton Inc, Raleigh, NC 27612 USA. RP Cui, XL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 69 IS 7 BP 497 EP 502 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 213AU UT WOS:000081250500006 ER PT J AU Pavlath, AE Houssard, C Camirand, W Robertson, GH AF Pavlath, AE Houssard, C Camirand, W Robertson, GH TI Clarity of films from wool keratin SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The keratin in wool is a highly crosslinked protein. The high molecular weight, crosslinked structure prevents its shaping into films without extensive decomposition. Since the crosslinks are -S-S- bridges, reducing agents can break them up, resulting temporarily in lower molecular weight polymers. In this work, wool fibers are pretreated with an aqueous solution of various reducing agents to open the disulfide bonds, and then pressed into films at 130-150 degrees C and pressures of 41.7-66.7 MPa in a hydraulic press. The optimum conditions to obtain clear, transparent films include using Na2SO3 in aqueous alcohol solutions before pressing 135 degrees C and 55.6 MPa. C1 USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Pavlath, AE (reprint author), USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 6 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 6 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 69 IS 7 BP 539 EP 541 DI 10.1177/004051759906900712 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 213AU UT WOS:000081250500012 ER PT J AU Larson, SR Raboy, V AF Larson, SR Raboy, V TI Linkage mapping of maize and barley myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase DNA sequences: correspondence with a low phytic acid mutation SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE phytic acid; Myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase; genetic mapping; maize; barley ID WHEAT; GENE; MAPS; AMPLIFICATION AB We sequenced and genetically mapped the myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (MIPS) genes of maize (Zea mays L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L). Our objective was to determine whether the genetic map positions of these MIPS loci correspond with the location of the low phtyic acid 1 (Ipa1) mutations that were previously identified in maize and barley. Seven MIPS-homologous sequences were mapped to positions on maize chromosomes 1S, 4L, 5S, 6S, 8L, 9S and 9L, and a similar number of divergent MIPS sequences were amplified from maize. To the extent that we can compare across different genetic mapping populations, the position of the MIPS gene on maize chromosome 1S is identical to the location of the maize Ipa1 mutation. However, only one MIPS sequence was identified in barley and this gene was mapped to a locus on chromosome 4H that is separate from the barley Ipa1 mutation on chromosome 2H. Although several RFLP markers linked to the barley MIPS gene on chromosome 4H also detect loci near barley Ipa1 on chromosome 2H, our experiments failed to reveal a second MIPS gene that could be associated with the barley Ipa1 mutation. Therefore, genetic mapping results from this study support the MIPS candidate-gene hypothesis for maize Ipa1, but do not support the MIPS candidate-gene-hypothesis for barley Ipa1. These opposing results contradict the hypothesis that maize Ipa1 and barley Ipa1 are mutations of orthologous genes, which is suggested by the similar biochemical phenotypes of these mutants. Yet, comparisons of RFLP mapping studies show loci that are homologous between maize chromosome 1S, barley chromosome 4H and barley chromosome 2H, including regions flanking the respective MIPS and/or Ipa1 loci. This putative relationship, between the regions flanking the Ipa1 mutations on maize 1S and barley 2H, also supports the assertion that these mutations are orthologous despite contradictory results between our maize and barley candidate-gene experiments. C1 USDA ARS, Small Grains & Potato Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83211 USA. RP Larson, SR (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, 700 N 1100 E, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM stlarson@cc.usu.edu NR 32 TC 44 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 99 IS 1-2 BP 27 EP 36 DI 10.1007/s001220051205 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 223QN UT WOS:000081851900004 ER PT J AU Vivek, BS Simon, PW AF Vivek, BS Simon, PW TI Linkage relationships among molecular markers and storage root traits of carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp sativus) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE genetic map; RFLP; AFLP; RAPD; SAMPL; Daucus carota L. ssp sativus ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; TOMATO; RESISTANCE; AFLP; RFLP; DNA; DIVERSITY; CLONING; PURPLE AB A 109-point linkage map consisting of three phenotypic loci (P-1, Y-2, and Rs), six restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), two random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), 96 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and two selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL) was constructed for carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus; 2n = 2x = 18). The incidence of polymorphism was 36% for RFLP probes, 20% for RAPD primers, and 42% for AFLP primers. The overall incidence of disturbed segregation was 18%. Linkage relationships at a LOD score of 4.0 and theta = 0.25 indicated 11 linkage groups. The total map length was 534.4 cM and the map was clearly unsaturated with markers spaced at 4.9 cM. AFLP P6B15 was 1.7 cM from P-1, AFLP P1B34 was 2.2 cM from Y-2, and AFLP P3B30XA was 8.1 cM from Rs. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Simon, PW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 36 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 99 IS 1-2 BP 58 EP 64 DI 10.1007/s001220051208 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 223QN UT WOS:000081851900007 ER PT J AU Chen, YKH Palta, JP Bamberg, JB AF Chen, YKH Palta, JP Bamberg, JB TI Freezing tolerance and tuber production in selfed and backcross progenies derived from somatic hybrids between Solanum tuberosum L. and S-commersonii Dun. SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE potato; Solanum tuberosum; freezing tolerance; cold acclimation; tuber traits ID COLD-ACCLIMATION; FROST-HARDINESS; POTATO; RESISTANCE; STRESS; SEGREGATION; GENERATION; HAPLOIDS; CAPACITY; TRAITS AB Selfed and backcross progenies developed from tetraploid somatic hybrids between Solanum tuberosum (tbr) and S. commersonii (cmm) were characterized for nonacclimated freezing tolerance (NA) and acclimation capacity (ACC) (two independent genetic components of freezing tolerance) under controlled environments. The segregation covered 28% and 71% of the parental range for NA and ACC, respectively, with the distribution skewed toward the tbr parent. Therefore, ACC appeared to be relatively easier to recover in the segregating generation. Some first backcross progeny had greater freezing tolerance than the cultivated parent primarily through the increase in ACC. When grown in the field, the improved freezing tolerance observed in the selfed progeny under controlled conditions was confirmed. Among NA, ACC, and freezing tolerance after acclimation (AA, which is the cumulative performance of NA and ACC), AA exhibited the highest correlation coefficient with field frost tolerance. In addition to freezing tolerance, vine maturity and tuber traits including tuber yield, tuber number per plant, mean tuber weight, and specific gravity were also segregating. No significant correlation between undesirable tuber traits and freezing tolerance was detected. Vine maturity and freezing tolerance were significantly correlated, so more careful selection for earliness was necessary in incorporating freezing tolerance. Yield comparable or superior to the backcross parent Wis AG 231 and an early Canadian cultivar, 'Sable', was found in many backcross progeny and some selfed progeny. The observed high yield can be attributed to the increase in mean tuber weight as well as tuber number. Moreover, a high portion of progeny had a specific gravity higher than 1.085, and some greater than 1.1. The implications derived from this study in breeding for freezing tolerance and further use of these materials are discussed. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Interreg Potato Introduct Stn, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. RP Palta, JP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 99 IS 1-2 BP 100 EP 107 DI 10.1007/s001220051213 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 223QN UT WOS:000081851900012 ER PT J AU Buteler, MI Jarret, RL LaBonte, DR AF Buteler, MI Jarret, RL LaBonte, DR TI Sequence characterization of microsatellites in diploid and polyploid Ipomoea SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE microsatellite DNA; polyploid; repeat instability; sweetpotato; simple sequence repeats ID REPEAT DNA MARKERS; MUTATION MODEL; NULL ALLELES; LINKAGE MAP; BREAD WHEAT; LOCI; POLYMORPHISM; ABUNDANCE; IDENTIFICATION; VARIABILITY AB The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the inheritance and nucleotide sequence profiles of microsatellite genetic markers in hexaploid sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] and its putative tetraploid and diploid ancestors, and to test possible microsatellite mutation mechanisms in polyploids by direct sequencing of alleles. Sixty three microsatellite loci were isolated from genomic libraries of I. batatas and sequenced. PCR primers were designed and used to characterize microsatellite loci in two hexaploid I. batatas populations, a tetraploid Ipomoea trifida population, and a diploid I. trifida population. Nine out of the sixty three primer pairs tested yielded a clearly discernible, heritable banding pattern; five showed Mendelian segregation. All other primer pairs produced either smeared banding patterns, which could not bt: scored, or no bands at all in I. batatas. All of the primers which produced discernible banding patterns from I. batatas also amplified products of similar size in tetraploid and diploid I. trifida accessions. The sequence analysis of several alleles in the three species showed differences due to mutations in the repeat regions consistent with small differences in the repeat number. However, in some cases insertions/deletions and base substitutions in the microsatellite flanking regions were responsible for polymorphisms in both polyploid and diploid species. These results provide strong empirical evidence that complex genetic mechanisms are responsible for SSR allelic variation in Ipomoea. Four I. batatas microsatellite loci showed polysomic segregation fitting tetraploid segregation ratios. To our knowledge this is the first report of segregation ratios for microsatellites markers in polyploids. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Hort, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP LaBonte, DR (reprint author), Fac Ciencias Agropecuarias, CC 509, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina. NR 44 TC 89 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 99 IS 1-2 BP 123 EP 132 DI 10.1007/s001220051216 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 223QN UT WOS:000081851900015 ER PT J AU Beyhan, Z Johnson, LA First, NL AF Beyhan, Z Johnson, LA First, NL TI Sexual dimorphism in IVM-IVF bovine embryos produced from X and Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa sorted by high speed flow cytometry SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sexual dimorphism; sperm sorting; sperm aster; embryo; bovine ID IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; HUMAN PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYOS; DEVELOPMENTAL RATES; CELL NUMBER; SPERM ASTER; MOUSE; MICROTUBULE; INVITRO; PRESELECTION; CLEAVAGE AB The objective of this study was to examine preimplantation development and sperm aster characteristics of bovine male and female embryos produced by using spermatozoa sorted for the X or Y chromosome. In vitro matured oocytes were inseminated at 24 h of maturation with sorted X or Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa, using either fresh or frozen-thawed semen. Samples were taken from each sperm group 12 h post insemination (hpi), fixed, and immunostained for the microtubule cytoskeleton. Confocal microscopy enabled visualization of sperm aster formation and microtubule characteristics of each zygote during early fertilization. Cultured embryos were checked for cleavage at 30, 35, 40 and 45 hpi, embryo development was examined daily until Day 8 of culture. Blastocyst cell numbers were determined at the end of the experiments. Reanalysis of the sorted sperm cells for DNA content-showed purity rates of 90.1 and 92.1% for X and Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa, respectively. Reduced fertilization and development rates were observed when sorted spermatozoa were used compared with fresh and frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Penetration rates at. 12 hpi were 39.5, 44.7, 55.9 and 79.0%, while blastocyst formation rates at Day 8 were 26.7, 26.5, 31.7 and 40.7% for X and Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa, using fresh and frozen-thawed semen groups, respectively. Sperm aster size was larger in males than females, while the size of pronuclei and subjective grade of sperm aster quality showed no differences between sexes. In this study, a greater cleavage rate and sperm aster size in male embryos indicated a dimorphic pattern of development in male and female embryos during fertilization and first:cleavage. (C) 1999 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP First, NL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, 1675 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR 00570] NR 54 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 52 IS 1 BP 35 EP 48 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00108-9 PG 14 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 226LV UT WOS:000082022200004 PM 10734404 ER PT J AU Kraus, TJ Koegel, RG Straub, RJ Shinners, KJ AF Kraus, TJ Koegel, RG Straub, RJ Shinners, KJ TI Leachate conductivity as an index for quantifying level of forage conditioning SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; forage; cell rupture; maceration ID MATS AB A method based upon measuring the conductivity of the leachate (LC) from mechanically conditioned forage was evaluated and used as an index for quantifying the extent of mechanical damage caused by various mechanical treatments. Relative to a Surface Area Index (SAI) method previously used, the LC method was simple, fast, and could be completed with readily available laboratory equipment (orbital shaker table, Waring(R) blender and conductivity meter). The LC method differentiated various mechanical conditioning treatments more often and with greater sensitivity than the SAI method. The consistency of different Waring blender treatments was assessed to determine if it could be used as a standard treatment for normalizing leachate conductivity values. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Madison, WI USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Kraus, TJ (reprint author), New Holland N Amer Inc, 500 Diller Ave,POB 1895, New Holland, PA 17557 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 847 EP 852 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 232ZT UT WOS:000082401600001 ER PT J AU Peterson, DL Bennedsen, BS Anger, WC Wolford, SD AF Peterson, DL Bennedsen, BS Anger, WC Wolford, SD TI A systems approach to robotic bulk harvesting of apples SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE mechanical harvest; apple; robot; trellis; quality AB A unique robotic bulk harvester was conceived and developed to remove apples grown on narrow inclined trellises. The system combined mechanical harvesting technology with sensors and intelligent adaptive technology to identify an individual branch, determine fruit locations, position a Rapid Displacement Actuator (RDA) and a catching surface under the apples, and execute the RDA. Detachment was effected by rapidly displacing the limb away from the fruit. Requirements for a compatible tree training system were developed Field testing demonstrated feasibility of the complete system. Fruit removal averaged 95% and detached fruit graded 99% U.S. Extra Fancy. Factors were identified to improve all aspects of the system and will require additional research. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Agr Sci, Taastrup, Denmark. RP Peterson, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 14 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 871 EP 876 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 232ZT UT WOS:000082401600005 ER PT J AU Tian, L Reid, JF Hummel, JW AF Tian, L Reid, JF Hummel, JW TI Development of a precision sprayer for site-specific weed management SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE herbicide; spatial variability; application rate; machine-vision; spray nozzle ID MACHINE-VISION; PLANT-IDENTIFICATION; FIELDS AB A machine-vision-system-guided precision sprayer was developed and tested. The long-term objectives of this project were to develop new technologies to estimate weed density and size in real time, realize site-specific weed control, and effectively reduce herbicide application amounts for corn and soybean fields. This research integrated a real-time machine-vision sensing system with an automatic herbicide sprayer to create an intelligent sensing and spraying system. Multiple video images were used to cover the target area. To increase the accuracy, each individual spray nozzle was controlled separately. Instead of trying to identify each individual plant in the field, weed infestation zones (0.254 m x 0.34 m) were detected. The integrated system was tested to evaluate the effectiveness and performance under varying field conditions. With the current system design, and using 0.5% weed coverage as the control zone threshold, herbicide savings of 48% could be realized. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Protect Res Unit, Urbana, IL USA. RP Tian, L (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, 360-L Agr Engn Sci Bldg,1304 W Penn Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 30 TC 103 Z9 118 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 893 EP 900 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 232ZT UT WOS:000082401600008 ER PT J AU Camp, CR Bauer, PJ Busscher, WJ AF Camp, CR Bauer, PJ Busscher, WJ TI Evaluation of no-tillage crop production with subsurface drip irrigation on soils with compacted layers SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil strength; root growth; cotton; soybean; wheat; trickle irrigation ID SOUTHEASTERN COASTAL-PLAIN; WINTER-WHEAT; COTTON PRODUCTION; MANAGEMENT; TRAITS; YIELD AB Subsurface drip irrigation offers many advantages for management of water and nutrients, but its effectiveness may be limited by weather or soil conditions. Solving soil problems, such as compaction, in subsurface drip irrigation systems is understandably difficult using deep tillage. We hypothesized that the need for deep tillage in conservation tillage systems may be reduced if the compacted soil layers are kept moist enough for root growth. A two-year experiment that included wheat, soybean, and cotton under no-tillage culture was conducted with subsurface drip irrigation. The irrigation system had been used for five years before this experiment and provided two irrigation drip line spacings (1 m and 2 m) and three irrigation amounts (6, 9, and 12 mm/application). Irrigated soybean yields were greater than rainfed in one of the two years. No differences in yield occurred among irrigation drip line spacing or irrigation amounts. Also, neither cotton nor wheat yields were increased by irrigation. Observations during the growing seasons, cotton root observations after harvest and soil strength measurements during the spring indicate that considerable soil compaction occurred at very shallow soil depths (< 5 cm) and restricted root growth. This compaction probably limited the efficacy of subsurface drip irrigation, which was located at the 30-cm depth. Based on these results, it appears that strategies must be developed to reduce soil strength to obtain optimum no-tillage crop production with subsurface drip irrigation on these soils. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Camp, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 911 EP 917 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 232ZT UT WOS:000082401600010 ER PT J AU King, KW Arnold, JG Bingner, RL AF King, KW Arnold, JG Bingner, RL TI Comparison of Green-Ampt and curve number methods on Goodwin Creek Watershed using SWAT SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE rainfall; runoff watershed; infiltration; modeling ID EFFECTIVE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITIES; RUNOFF; MODEL; INFILTRATION; CATCHMENTS; PARAMETERS; HYDROLOGY; CROPS AB Two methods of simulating excess rainfall were compared on a large basin with multiple rain gages. The SCS daily curve number method (CN) was compared with the Green-Ampt Mein-Larson (GAML) method on the Goodwin Creek Watershed (GCW). GCW is 21.3 km(2) in area and has 32 rain gages located within and surrounding the watershed. The model used was the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). SWAT is a comprehensive watershed scale model developed to simulate management impacts on water sediment, and chemical yields for ungaged basins. SWAT was modified to accept breakpoint rainfall data and route streamflow on a sub-daily time-step. Eight years of measured climatic data were used in the study. Simulated and measured streamflow at the watershed outlet were evaluated. Results were not calibrated Monthly model efficiencies were 0.84 for CN and 0.69 for GAML. The use of a sub-daily routing technique allowed for very good correlation between measured and simulated hydrographs. Generally, CN undersimulated surface runoff while GAML had no pattern associated with events. Results suggest that no significant advantage was gained by using breakpoint rainfall and sub-daily time-steps when simulating the large basin used in this study. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP King, KW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 31 TC 80 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 919 EP 925 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 232ZT UT WOS:000082401600011 ER PT J AU Hunsaker, DJ AF Hunsaker, DJ TI Basal crop coefficients and water use for early maturity cotton SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE crop coefficient; cotton; evapotranspiration; water balance; irrigation scheduling AB Field studies were conducted in central Arizona to develop basal crop coefficients (K-cb)for an early-maturing, upland cotton. Cotton evapotranspiration (ETc) rates were determined from soil water depletion measurements made during the season in both small and large level basins in 1993 and 1994. Values for K-cb were developed from the ETc data and an estimated grass-reference evapotranspiration (ETo), based on weather data. The "basal crop coefficient" procedure presented in the recently published Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 was used to estimate the soil water evaporation coefficient (K-e) following periods of irrigation and rain and, thus, quantify the amount of soil evaporation. A separate analysis was conducted to evaluate the water stress coefficient (K-s) for conditions of low soil water The developed K-cb data were used to derive two K-cb polynomial curves as functions of days past planting (DPP) and cumulative growing degree days (CGDD). A third curve was derived from the data using the FAO "straight-line" method. When used in irrigation management procedures, any of the three K-cb curves presented should result in good estimates of daily ETc for an early-maturity cotton, grown under climatic conditions similar to those for these studies. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EM dhunsaker@uswcl.ars.ag.gov NR 25 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 927 EP 936 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 232ZT UT WOS:000082401600012 ER PT J AU Gilley, JE Eghball, B Blumenthal, JM Baltensperger, DD AF Gilley, JE Eghball, B Blumenthal, JM Baltensperger, DD TI Runoff and erosion from interrill areas as affected by the application of manure SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE fertilizer application; interrill erodibility; interrill erosion; manure application; runoff soil loss ID SOIL-EROSION; MANAGEMENT; MODEL AB This study was conducted to measure runoff and erosion from interrill areas as affected by the long-term application of manure and fertilizer to a Tripp sandy loam soil located near Mitchell, Nebraska. Soil which had been removed from the top 0.1 m of the soil profile was placed in a 1 m(2) soil pan. Rainfall was then applied to the soil pan during initial and wet simulation events. Total runoff was similar on the manure and no-manure treatments. The long-term application of manure (55 years) at a rate of 27 Mg ha(-1) (wet basis) per year did not significantly influence interrill erosion on this sandy loam soil. Interrill erosion was also unaffected by the addition of manure immediately before the rainfall simulation tests to soils on which manure had been applied in previous years. No significant differences in runoff and erosion were found among plots receiving varying amounts of fertilizer. Selected soil properties and erodibility factors were generally unaffected by the varying manure and fertilizer treatments. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE USA. Panhandle Res & Extens Ctr, Scottsbluff, NE USA. RP Gilley, JE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, LW Chase Hall,Room 251, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 975 EP 980 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 232ZT UT WOS:000082401600017 ER PT J AU Zhang, XC Norton, LD Lei, T Nearing, MA AF Zhang, XC Norton, LD Lei, T Nearing, MA TI Coupling mixing zone concept with convection-diffusion equation to predict chemical transfer to surface runoff SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE runoff; water quality; nonpoint source pollution; solute transport ID OVERLAND-FLOW; SOIL SOLUTION; TRANSPORT; WATER; MODEL AB Modeling chemical transfer from soil solution to surface runoff is essential for developing a surface water quality model that can be used to assess pollution potentials of agricultural chemicals. Chemical transfer to runoff can be modeled as a two-rate process. A fast rate subprocess, which prevails at early stages of rainfall, causes an exponential depletion of chemicals from the mixing zone. A slow rate subprocess, which becomes significant under poor drainage conditions, transports chemicals into the mixing zone from the soil below. The two-rate process can be described by coupling the mixing zone concept with the convection-diffusion equation (CDE). We evaluated this coupling approach by comparing predicted results with measured bromide concentration data. A finite element scheme was developed to solve the CDE in conjunction with a near-surface boundary condition derived from a complete and uniform mixing theory. Overall results showed that without a calibration the coupling approach satisfactorily predicted bromide concentrations in both surface runoff and soil solution under the zero infiltration conditions. The proposed model adequately reproduced measured data for restricted infiltration conditions by introducing a mechanical dispersion coefficient (D-h) The fitted D-h is within the range reported in the literature for the repacked soil conditions. The coupling approach, while allowing for direct use of the mixing theory under free infiltration conditions, refines the theory for use under poorly drained conditions. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Zhang, XC (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, 1196 Soil Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 16 TC 23 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 987 EP 994 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 232ZT UT WOS:000082401600019 ER PT J AU Clemmens, AJ El-Haddad, Z Strelkoff, TS AF Clemmens, AJ El-Haddad, Z Strelkoff, TS TI Assessing the potential for modern surface irrigation in Egypt SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE irrigation; surface irrigation; level-basin irrigation; irrigation efficiency; land grading; design; Egypt; developing countries ID UNIFORMITY AB Over the past decade, there has been a gradual shift in Egypt towards development of farm mechanization systems. Efficient use of equipment requires tilling basins and furrows in long strips. However; for irrigation, these strips are typically broken up into small basins; this requires considerable labor and results in nonuniform and inefficient irrigation. Irrigation of long strips on very flat nearly level fields is difficult with the current degree of land-grading precision. Use of laser-controlled land-grading equipment is increasing in Egypt, but this has not led to irrigation of long strips. A project was undertaken to examine the potential performance of modem level basins in Egypt. Field studies were conducted to verify that these modem surface irrigation methods would be viable. These field studies were also used to determine infiltration and roughness conditions which might be typical of soils in the Nile Delta. Simulation studies were also performed to determine the influence of land-grading precision on level-basin performance. This article summarizes the studies that have been performed and provides an introduction to the application of this technology to improving surface-irrigation performance. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Zagazig Univ, Moshtohor, Egypt. Univ Arizona, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Clemmens, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 995 EP 1008 PG 14 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 232ZT UT WOS:000082401600020 ER PT J AU Clemmens, AJ El-Haddad, Z Fangmeier, DD Osman, HEB AF Clemmens, AJ El-Haddad, Z Fangmeier, DD Osman, HEB TI Statistical approach to incorporating the influence of land-grading precision on level-basin performance SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE surface irrigation; level-basin irrigation; irrigation efficiency; land grading; design; developing countries ID IRRIGATION UNIFORMITY; WATER-CONTENT; INFILTRATION; ELEVATION AB Monte-Carlo simulation was used to determine the suitability of statistical equations for estimating the influence of soil surface elevations on the low-quarter distribution uniformity DUlq, of level-basin irrigation systems. It was shown that these equations give reasonable estimates of DUlq, provided that the advance curve is known. The Monte-Carlo simulations also provided an estimate of the variation in DUlq for different fields with the same standard deviation of elevations. The statistical equations demonstrate that irrigation uniformity is influenced by the ratio of soil surface elevation standard deviation to average depth infiltrated. For conditions that would be typical of laser-leveled basins within the U.S., the influence of elevation variations on DUlq is small. However for poorly leveled fields, as frequently occur in Egypt, these elevation variations can significantly reduce DUlq, thus limiting potential efficiencies. In some cases, these simple equations can be used to adjust level-basin designs to account for the variation in surface elevations without the need for extensive simulation studies. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Zagazig Univ, Moshtohor, Egypt. Agr Engn Res Inst, Doki, Egypt. RP Clemmens, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1009 EP 1017 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 232ZT UT WOS:000082401600021 ER PT J AU Fangmeier, DD Clemmens, AJ El-Ansary, M Strelkoff, TS Osman, HE AF Fangmeier, DD Clemmens, AJ El-Ansary, M Strelkoff, TS Osman, HE TI Influence of land leveling precision on level-basin advance and performance SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE irrigation; land leveling; surface irrigation; level basin irrigation; irrigation efficiency; uniformity AB The effect of land leveling precision on irrigation advance, application efficiency, and distribution uniformity in level basins was studied using statistical and computer models. For a typical Egyptian field efficiency and uniformity decreased substantially when the standard deviations of the soil surface elevations were greater than 20 mm. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Zagazig Univ, Moshtohor, Egypt. Univ Arizona, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Tucson, AZ USA. Agr Engn Res Inst, Doki, Egypt. RP Clemmens, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1019 EP 1025 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 232ZT UT WOS:000082401600022 ER PT J AU Strelkoff, TS Clemmens, AJ El-Ansary, M Awad, M AF Strelkoff, TS Clemmens, AJ El-Ansary, M Awad, M TI Surface-irrigation evaluation models: Application to level basins in Egypt SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE irrigation; surface irrigation; simulation; evaluation; modeling; parameter estimation; infiltration parameters; roughness coefficients; arid climates; Egypt ID PARAMETERS AB Models for simulating flow in surface irrigation are helpful in evaluating irrigation performance, both as observed in a given field, and in hypothetical, what-if scenarios. However the use of surface-irrigation simulation and design software is often hindered by the lack of appropriate field values for the infiltration and roughness parameters required as input. Moreover in various places around the globe, for example, Egypt, as a consequence of local soils and cropping and cultural practices, the field conditions encountered can be quite different from those common in the U.S. Interactive field-parameter-evaluation software, EVALUE, was developed as an aid for estimating these parameters from extensive field measurements. In the interactive process, the engineer-user is provided with information to assist in making his/her choices, but retains full control over the selection of parameter values in the empirical formulas used to describe infiltration and roughness. Parameter estimates made in Egypt were validated by entry into the general surface-irrigation simulation program, SRFR, and subsequent comparison of the predicted and measured results. The procedure verifies both the parameter-estimation techniques and the simulation program. The techniques and models described are presented in terms of Egyptian data, but are sufficiently general to be applicable anywhere. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Zagazig Univ, Moshtohor, Egypt. RP Strelkoff, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 1027 EP 1036 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 232ZT UT WOS:000082401600023 ER PT J AU Korol, RL Kirschbaum, MUF Farquhar, GD Jeffreys, M AF Korol, RL Kirschbaum, MUF Farquhar, GD Jeffreys, M TI Effects of water status and soil fertility on the C-isotope signature in Pinus radiata SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon isotope discrimination; delta; intercellular CO2 concentration; monterey pine; nutrient availability; transpiration efficiency; tree growth; water availability ID USE EFFICIENCY; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; TREE-RINGS; FOLIAR NITROGEN; GAS-EXCHANGE; CARBON ALLOCATION; GENETIC-VARIATION; DOUGLAS-FIR; GROWTH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB The efficiency with which trees use water is a major determinant of growth under water-limited conditions. We investigated whether increased access to water and nutrients alters water-use efficiency in Pinus radiata D, Don, Intrinsic transpiration efficiency, defined here as the ratio of CO2 assimilated and water transpired at a given vapor pressure deficit, is determined by the difference between ambient atmospheric CO2 concentration (c(a)) and leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (C-a) The mean value of c(i)/c(a), can be inferred from an analysis of carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) in wood samples. A total of 117 trees, growing at sites with widely varying soil and climatic conditions in Australia and New Zealand, were cored and distinct annual rings were analyzed for their carbon isotope ratio, and correlated with rainfall during the July-June growing season in the year in which the wood was grown. Where possible, carbon isotope ratios were compared for different years within the same trees. The c(i)/c(a) ratio decreased with decreasing water availability, suggesting that intrinsic transpiration efficiency increased with decreasing water availability. An increase in growing season rainfall of 900 mm resulted in an increase in Delta of about 2.0 parts per thousand, corresponding to a decrease in intrinsic transpiration efficiency of approximately 24%. A stronger relationship was obtained when carbon isotope discrimination was expressed as a function of the ratio of rainfall to potential transpiration. Carbon isotope discrimination was also negatively correlated with mean annual vapor pressure deficit at different sites. In contrast, nutrient availability had no significant effect on carbon isotope discrimination. C1 CSIRO Forestry & Forest Prod, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia. Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Korol, RL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RI FARQUHAR, GRAHAM/A-3722-2008 NR 67 TC 109 Z9 123 U1 2 U2 16 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 19 IS 9 BP 551 EP 562 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 215WH UT WOS:000081406100001 ER PT J AU Pennington, RE Tischler, CR Johnson, HB Polley, HW AF Pennington, RE Tischler, CR Johnson, HB Polley, HW TI Genetic variation for carbon isotope composition in honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE common garden; growth rate; precipitation gradient; water-use efficiency ID WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; ASSIMILATION RATE; DISCRIMINATION; GROWTH; PLANTS; WHEAT; ESTABLISHMENT; CONDUCTANCE; MESOPHYLL; SEEDLINGS AB Carbon isotope composition (delta(13)C) is,useful surrogate for integrated, plant water-use efficiency (WUE) when measured on plants grown in a common environment. In a variety of species, genetic variation in delta(13)C has been linked to the distribution of genotypes across gradients in atmospheric and soil water. We examined genetic variation for delta(13)C in seedlings of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.), an invasive grassland shrub that thrives in the southwestern USA. Fifteen maternal families, representing progeny of 15 adult trees, were studied in three common garden experiments in a greenhouse. The 990-km east-west transect along which the adult trees were located encompasses a wide precipitation gradient, and includes mesic grassland, semiarid grassland, and Chihuahuan desert ecosystems. Genetic variation for delta(13)C in mesquite was substantial, with the rank order of half-sib families based on delta(13)C relatively stable across experiments, which were conducted under different environmental conditions. Conversely, rankings of families by mean seedling height (an index of growth rate) varied markedly among experiments. Seedlings derived from Chihuahuan desert adults emerged more quickly and had more negative delta(13)C (indicative of lower WUE) than seedlings derived from the other regions. Although delta(13)C and seedling height were not correlated, these results suggest that mesquite genotypes at the drier, western extreme of the species' range are adapted for quicker emergence and possibly faster growth than genotypes from mesic areas. Together, these traits may facilitate exploitation of infrequent precipitation events. C1 ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, USDA, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Tischler, CR (reprint author), ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, USDA, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 33 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 19 IS 9 BP 583 EP 589 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 215WH UT WOS:000081406100004 ER PT J AU Hessburg, PF Smith, BG Salter, RB AF Hessburg, PF Smith, BG Salter, RB TI Using Estimates of Natural Variation to Detect Ecologically Important Change in Forest Spatial Patterns: A case study, cascade range, eastern Washington SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article ID LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; RESEARCH AGENDA; SCIENCE ISSUES; MANAGEMENT; EVENNESS; HISTORY; TERRAIN; OREGON AB Using hierarchical clustering techniques, we grouped subwatersheds on the eastern slope of the Cascade Range in Washington State into ecological subregions by similarity of area in potential vegetation and climate attributes. We then built spatially continous historical and current vegetation maps for 48 randomly selected subwatersheds from interpretations of 1938-49 and 1985-93 aerial photos, respectively, and attributed cover types, structural classes, and potential vegetation types to individual patches by modeling procedures. We estimated a natural range of variation (NRV) in spatial patterns of patch types by subwatersheds and five forested ecological subregions. We illustrate how NRV information can be used to characterize the direction and magnitude of vegetation change occurring as a consequence of management. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Hessburg, PF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 333 SW 1st Ave,POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 58 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU USDA FOR SERV PNW RES STN PI PORTLAND PA 333 SW FIRST AVE, PO BOX 3890, PUBLICATIONS DEPT, PORTLAND, OR 97208 USA SN 0882-5165 J9 USDA FOR SERV PNW RE JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Northwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD JUL PY 1999 IS 514 BP 1 EP + PG 66 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 231KP UT WOS:000082308200001 ER PT J AU Zheng, DL Alig, RJ AF Zheng, DL Alig, RJ TI Changes in the non-Federal land base involving forestry in western Oregon, 1961-94. SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE land use change; forestry; urban development; periodic surveys; temporal and spatial analyses ID UNITED-STATES; TIMBER AB Temporal and spatial analyses of land use changes on non-federal lands in western Oregon between 1961 and 1994 were conducted. Two distinct changes in the region were a loss of forest lands and an increase in urban areas. Neither the rates of change over time nor the spatial distribution of land converted to urban use was evenly distributed in the region. The influence of socioeconomic factors, such as ownership, population growth, and personal income, as well as physical factors of land such as slope and location, on land use changes also was examined. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Zheng, DL (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU USDA FOR SERV PNW RES STN PI PORTLAND PA 333 SW FIRST AVE, PO BOX 3890, PUBLICATIONS DEPT, PORTLAND, OR 97208 USA SN 0882-5165 J9 USDA FOR SERV PNW RE JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Northwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD JUL PY 1999 IS 518 BP 1 EP + PG 23 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 223RQ UT WOS:000081854500001 ER PT J AU Waters, WR Sacco, RE Dorn, AD Hontecillas, R Zuckermann, FA Wannemuehler, MJ AF Waters, WR Sacco, RE Dorn, AD Hontecillas, R Zuckermann, FA Wannemuehler, MJ TI Systemic and mucosal immune responses of pigs to parenteral immunization with a pepsin-digested Serpulina hyodysenteriae bacterin SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE porcine cellular immunity; Serpulina hyodysenteriae; interferon-gamma; IL-10; CD8; colitis ID TREPONEMA-HYODYSENTERIAE; SWINE; CELLS; PATHOGENESIS; DYSENTERY AB Serpulina hyodysenteriae infection of pigs, swine dysentery, causes a mucohemorrhagic diarrhoea resulting in significant economic losses to swine producers. The pathogenesis of this disease is poorly understood. Regardless, commercial vaccines have been developed and are in use. Thus, the present study was designed to examine cellular immune responses induced by parenteral S. hyodysenteriae vaccination. Significant antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and blastogenic responses were detected from peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from vaccinated pigs. However, poor IFN-gamma responses were detected from colonic lymph node lymphocytes from these same pigs despite significant antigen-specific blastogenic responses. In addition, peripheral blood IFN-gamma responses were diminished by either in vitro depletion of CD4 expressing cells or by in vitro treatment with porcine IL-10. Colonic lymph node IFN-gamma responses were not inhibited by treatment with porcine IL-10. Vaccination also resulted in increased percentages of both mucosal and peripheral blood CD8 single positive cells with concurrent decreases in percentages of CD4 single positive cells as compared to percentages of these same populations from non-vaccinated pigs. In conclusion, these studies show that parenteral S. hyodysenteriae vaccination results in cellular immune responses detectable both peripherally (systemic immunity) as well as at the site of infection (mucosal immunity). However, it appears that regulatory mechanisms affecting IFN-gamma production in response to S. hyodysenteriae antigen differ between peripheral and colonic compartments. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Waters, WR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, 1802 Elwood Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 15 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 69 IS 1 BP 75 EP 87 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00043-4 PG 13 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 232TY UT WOS:000082387100007 PM 10490236 ER PT J AU Lichtenfels, JR Kharchenko, VA Krecek, RC Gibbons, LM AF Lichtenfels, JR Kharchenko, VA Krecek, RC Gibbons, LM TI "An annotated checklist by genus and species of 93 species level names for 51 recognized species of small strongyles (Nematoda : Strongyloidea : Cyathostominea) of horses, asses and zebras of the world" (vol 79, pg 65, 1998) SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 ARS, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, II Schmalhausen Inst Zool, UA-252601 Kiev 30, Ukraine. Univ Pretoria, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Vet Trop Dis, ZA-0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa. Univ London Royal Vet Coll, Dept Pathol & Infect Dis, Hatfield, Herts, England. RP Lichtenfels, JR (reprint author), ARS, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Rm 4,Bldg 1180,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Kharchenko, Vitaliy/F-2426-2010 OI Kharchenko, Vitaliy/0000-0002-3824-2078 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 84 IS 1-2 BP 137 EP 138 PG 2 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 217KG UT WOS:000081498000012 ER PT J AU Kolka, RK Nater, EA Grigal, DF Verry, ES AF Kolka, RK Nater, EA Grigal, DF Verry, ES TI Atmospheric inputs of mercury and organic carbon into a forested upland bog watershed SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE atmospheric deposition; dissolved organic carbon; mercury; stemflow; throughfall ID METHYL MERCURY; SUB-NANOGRAM; DEPOSITION; THROUGHFALL; MINNESOTA; STEMFLOW; SURFACE; PRECIPITATION; METHYLMERCURY; TRANSPORT AB Inputs of mercury (Hg) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in throughfall and stemflow waters were measured for an upland/bog watershed in northern Minnesota, and were compared to the deposition in a nearby opening to determine the influence of tree canopies on Hg and DOC deposition. Twice as much Hg and seven times as much DOC was deposited in the forested watershed compared to the opening. Mass balance studies that are based on wet-only deposition in openings severely underestimate atmospheric deposition of Hg in forests. Conifer canopies are more efficient filters of airborne particulates than are deciduous canopies as indicated by much higher Hg concentrations and total deposition in throughfall and stemflow waters under conifers. Significant positive relationships existed between Hg and DOC in both throughfall (36-57% of the variation) and stemflow waters (55-88% of the variation). Hg complexation by DOC appears to be related to the contact time between precipitation and carbon sources. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Forestry, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, NC Forest Expt Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Kolka, RK (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Forestry, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. NR 52 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 20 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 113 IS 1-4 BP 273 EP 294 DI 10.1023/A:1005020326683 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 210AA UT WOS:000081081900018 ER PT J AU Eberlein, CV Guttieri, MJ Berger, PH Fellman, JK Mallory-Smith, CA Thill, DC Baerg, RJ Belknap, WR AF Eberlein, CV Guttieri, MJ Berger, PH Fellman, JK Mallory-Smith, CA Thill, DC Baerg, RJ Belknap, WR TI Physiological consequences of mutation for ALS-inhibitor resistance SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lactuca sativa L. 'Bibb'; Lactuca serriola L., prickly lettuce, LACSE; acetohydroxy acid synthase; acetolactate synthase; Domain A mutations; herbicide resistance; isonuclear ID SULFONYLUREA HERBICIDE RESISTANCE; ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE ACTIVITY; ALTERED FEEDBACK SENSITIVITY; LETTUCE LACTUCA-SERRIOLA; CHAIN AMINO-ACIDS; ACETOHYDROXYACID SYNTHASE; IMIDAZOLINONE HERBICIDES; KOCHIA-SCOPARIA; DATURA-INNOXIA; MECHANISM AB Biochemical and physiological effects of target site resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetolactate synthase (ALS) were evaluated using sulfonylurea-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) near isonuclear Lactuca sativa 'Bibb' lines derived by backcrossing the resistance allele from Lactuca serriola L. into L. sativa. Sequence data suggest that resistance in L. sativa is conferred by a single-point mutation that encodes a pro-line(197) to histidine substitution in Domain A of the ALS protein; this is the same substitution observed in R L. serriola. K-mapp (pyruvate) values for ALS isolated from R and S L. sativa were 7.3 and 11.1 mM, respectively, suggesting that the resistance allele did not alter the pyruvate binding domain on the ALS enzyme. Both R and S ALS had greater affinity for 2-oxobutyrate than for pyruvate at the second substrate site. Ratios of acetohydroxybutyrate : acetolactate produced by R ALS across a range of 2-oxobutyrate concentrations were similar to acetohydroxybutyrate : acetolactate ratios produced by S ALS. Specific activity of ALS from R L. sativa was 46% of the specific activity from S L. sativa, suggesting that the resistance allele has detrimental effects on enzyme function, expression, or stability. ALS activity from R plants was less sensitive to feedback inhibition by valine, leucine, and isoleucine than ALS from S plants. Valine, leucine, and isoleucine concentrations were about 1.5 times higher in R seed than in S seed on a per gram of seed basis, and concentrations of valine and leucine were 1.3 and 1.6 times higher, respectively, in R leaves than in S leaves. Findings suggest that the mutation for resistance results in altered regulation of branched-chain amino acid synthesis. C1 Univ Idaho, Falls Res & Extens Ctr, Twin Falls, ID 83303 USA. Univ Idaho, Aberdeen Res & Extens Ctr, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Univ Idaho, Aberdeen Res & Extens Ctr, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, WRCC, Albany, CA 94706 USA. RP Eberlein, CV (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Falls Res & Extens Ctr, POB 1827, Twin Falls, ID 83303 USA. RI Belknap, William/B-4500-2009 NR 37 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 47 IS 4 BP 383 EP 392 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 247YA UT WOS:000083247500004 ER PT J AU Buhler, DD AF Buhler, DD TI Weed population responses to weed control practices. I. Seed bank, weed populations, and crop yields SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE giant Foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrm. SETFA; corn, Zea mays L.; soybean; Glycine max (L.) Merr.; population shifts; weed biology; weed seed bank ID CORN ZEA-MAYS; SOIL; MANAGEMENT; DYNAMICS AB Weed control practices affected the weed seed content of the soil, weed seedling populations, and corn and soybean yields in two 4-yr field experiments. When the initial weed seed density was high, giant foxtail seed numbers in soil declined rapidly under weed-free conditions. Changes in seed densities when initial densities were low varied over years. Mechanical and chemical control treatments had variable effects on weed seed numbers over the course of the experiment. Weed seed numbers and weed densities were sometimes greater if herbicides were banded, but crop yields were similar to full-rate herbicides in both experiments in all years. When the initial density was low giant foxtail seed numbers in soil increased over the course of the experiment regardless of the weed control treatment. Seed densities of broadleaf species decreased under the same conditions. Also, when initial weed densities were low, weed control and crop yields were less sensitive to weed control practices than at high weed densities. Weather factors that influenced treatment efficacy had a major affect on weed populations and crop yield responses to the weed control treatments over years. The interactions of weed control practices, weed populations, and crop yields were complex, initial weed density and species composition interacted with weed control treatments and weather patterns to generate the results observed. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Buhler, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 20 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 47 IS 4 BP 416 EP 422 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 247YA UT WOS:000083247500009 ER PT J AU Buhler, DD AF Buhler, DD TI Weed population responses to weed control practices. II. Residual effects on weed populations, control, and Glycine max yield SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE imazethapyr; Setaria faberi Herrm., giant foxtail; Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean; population shifts; weed control systems; SETFA ID CORN ZEA-MAYS; MANAGEMENT AB Weed populations, weed control with imazethapyr, and Glycine max yields were affected by a 4-yr history of different weed control practices. A range of chemical and mechanical practices were applied in separate field experiments initiated under high and low weed densities. In the high-density experiment, plots kept weed free for 4 yr averaged 24 Setaria faberi plants m(-2) compared with 200 to 600 plants m(-2) with the various weed control treatments. In plots with a history of mechanical control, weeds not controlled by imazethapyr reduced G. max yield by 340 kg ha(-1) compared with plots that were kept weed free during the same period. In the low-density experiment, weed control history had less effect on weed densities. For example, S. faberi densities ranged from 19 plants m(-2) for the weed-free plots to 195 plants m(-2) with mechanical control. Weed control history had little effect on weed control with imazethapyr or G, max yields in imazethapyr-treated plots. While weed-free conditions for 4 yr greatly reduced weed densities, imazethapyr application still increased G. max yields 22% in the low-density experiment and 51% in the high-density experiment. Differences in densities of individual annual broadleaf species also developed in response to weed control history in both experiments. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Buhler, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 47 IS 4 BP 423 EP 426 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 247YA UT WOS:000083247500010 ER PT J AU Chase, CA Sinclair, TR Locascio, SJ AF Chase, CA Sinclair, TR Locascio, SJ TI Effects of soil temperature and tuber depth on Cyperus spp. control SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE methyl bromide; Cyperus rotundus L. CYPRO, purple nutsedge Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES, yellow nutsedge; methyl bromide alternatives; lethal temperature; CYPES; CYPRO ID WEED-CONTROL; SOLARIZATION; SEED; TOMATO AB Studies were conducted to determine lethal temperatures for Cyperus esculentus and Cyperus rotundus tubers using diurnal oscillations in soil temperature with maxima of 40, 45, 50, and 55 C and a minimum of 26 C. Growth of Cyperus spp. plants was Easter at 40 C than at a constant temperature of 26 C. The 45 C treatment delayed Cyperus spp. emergence but was not lethal to tubers. Tuber mortality was 100% for both Cyperus spp. with the 50 and 55 C temperature regimes. Soil solarization with thermal-infrared-retentive (TIR) films resulted in higher soil temperatures than with a 30-mu m low-density polyethylene (LDPE) clear film. With TIR films, greater proportions of emerged C. rotundus plants were killed by foliar scorching, and 6 wk of soil solarization was more effective at reducing C. rotundus density than with the LDPE film. Four weeks after film removal, the lowest level of control was obtained with the LDPE film. For C. rotundus tubers planted 5 and 10 cm deep, 62% control was obtained with the LDPE film, and it decreased to 32% with a 15-cm planting depth. The best residual control was 95 and 92% with the 75-and 100-mu m TIR films, respectively. With the TIR films, there was no significant change in C. rotundus control with planting depth. C1 ARS, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chase, CA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Agron Physiol & Genet Lab, POB 110965, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 47 IS 4 BP 467 EP 472 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 247YA UT WOS:000083247500017 ER PT J AU Hebbar, KP Bailey, BA Poch, SM Lewis, JA Lumsden, RD AF Hebbar, KP Bailey, BA Poch, SM Lewis, JA Lumsden, RD TI An improved granular formulation for a mycoherbicidal strain of Fusarium oxysporum SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend : Fr. f. sp erythroxyli; Erythroxylum coca var. coca, coca; Fusarium oxysporum; mycoherbicide; biological control; formulation technology ID ERYTHROXYLI; BIOCONTROL; COCA AB Modifications were investigated to improve shelf-life or long-term survival upon storage of an extruded Oryza sativa L. (rice) flour:gluten:clay: oil formulation (C7) of a mycoherbicide, Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend: Fr. f sp, erythroxyli strain EN4, that causes vascular wilt in Erythroxylum coca var. coca (coca). Fermenter-produced biomass, which contained abundant desiccation-resistant chlamydospores, was incorporated into Various adaptations of C7 and stored at room temperature (22 to 25 C) under moderately high (50 to 60%) and low (0 to 5%) relative humidities (RHs). The effect of RH on shelf-life was not significant up to 4 mo of storage, while the presence of oil, added to improve its extrusion, reduced viability significantly. Addition of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton) embryo hour or complete elimination of oil from the formulation improved shelf-life from 3 mo to > 12 mo. Shelf-life was further improved by removing the binding agent gluten in the formulation and replacing it with autoclaved 0. sativa hour Ability of the formulations to produce secondary propagules, tested on 1% water agar, indicated that, while adding oil had no effect, G. hirsutum embryo flour increased desiccation-resistant chlamydospore counts but lowered macroconidial counts. Autoclaved rice hour (MR) significantly improved both macroconidial and microconidial counts without affecting chlamydospore counts. None of the formulations affected the total viable propagule counts. When compared with the original formulation (C7), the modification (MRRP7), with MR, G. hirsutum embryo hour and without oil, was found to have improved shelf-life at higher temperature and RHs and enhanced potential for secondary chlamydospore formation. These characteristics are important for survival of the formulated F: oxysporum under less expensive storage conditions and, once applied, for survival in the soil. C1 USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, BARCW, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hebbar, KP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, BARCW, Bldg 011A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 47 IS 4 BP 473 EP 478 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 247YA UT WOS:000083247500018 ER PT J AU Mueller-Warrant, GW AF Mueller-Warrant, GW TI Duration of control from preemergence herbicides for use in nonburned grass seed crops SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE metolachlor; 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-( 2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide; oxyfluorfen, 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene; pendimethalin, N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine; trifluralin, 2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine; California brome; Bromus carinatus H.&A-#(3) BROCA; perennial ryegrass; Lolium perenne L-# LOLPE; postharvest residue management; nonburned grass seed production ID RESIDUE REMOVAL METHOD; PENDIMETHALIN; DISSIPATION AB Legislatively mandated reductions in open field;burning have increased grass seed growers reliance on herbicides to control seedling grasses in established stands of perennial species. In nonburned fields, a dense flush of seedling weeds and volunteer crop emerges with the onset of fall rains, and additional germination of some species occurs throughout the fall, winter, and spring. Because rainfall patterns in western Oregon are erratic duping late summer and early fall, the choice of when to apply preemergence herbicides is difficult. Herbicides applied too early may dissipate before the rains arrive, whereas herbicides applied too late may not prevent germination and seedling establishment. Pendimethalin was least affected by a 3- to 4-wk exposure on dry soil waiting for rain, followed in order of increasing sensitivity by oxyfluorfen, metolachlor, and trifluralin. Most treatments controlled California brome less effectively than perennial ryegrass. Duration of 85% or greater control of subsequently oversewn perennial ryegrass averaged 69 d for 2.2 kg/ha pendimethalin, 11 d for 0.42 kg/ha oxyfluorfen, and 4 d for 2.2 kg/ha metolachlor, and duration of 50% or greater control averaged 98, 33, and 18 d for the same treatments. Doubling of herbicide rates doubled the duration of control in 15 out of 27 cases but increased the duration only an average of 75% in the other 12 cases. Average time to doubling of weed populations over those occurring when herbicides and weed seeds were applied on the same day was 12, 10, and 11 d after application for pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen, and metolachlor, respectively. The similarity of these periods suggests that the major difference in performance of these herbicides with time was how close to complete control they had initially achieved. Pendimethalin was the superior preemergence herbicide for controlling California brome and perennial ryegrass in these established stands, but oxyfluorfen and metolachlor also were useful if applied near germination. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Mueller-Warrant, GW (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 439 EP 449 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 293RU UT WOS:000085867600001 ER PT J AU Drexler, JZ Bedrod, BL Scognamiglio, R Siegel, DI AF Drexler, JZ Bedrod, BL Scognamiglio, R Siegel, DI TI Fine-scale characteristics of groundwater flow in a peatland SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE peat; wetland; groundwater flow; flow paths; hydrochemistry; fine scale; deuterium ID LOST RIVER PEATLAND; NORTHERN MINNESOTA; SURFACE-WATER; WETLAND; CHEMISTRY; RECHARGE; USA; VEGETATION; HYDROLOGY; DISCHARGE AB Fine-scale dynamics of groundwater flow were studied in a 1.5 ha peatland in central New York. Measurements of the hydraulic head throughout a detailed network of piezometer clusters revealed spatial and temporal variability in the direction of groundwater flow at a very fine (within a few metres) scale of analysis. Within the small wetland, there were areas of groundwater recharge, discharge and lateral flow. Such patterns of ground water flow frequently reversed or changed due to fluctuations of only a few centimetres in hydraulic head. Specific conductance, deuterium signatures and calcium concentrations of groundwater corroborated the groundwater flow patterns determined with hydraulic head measurements and illustrated the influence of source water chemistry and evaporation on different layers in the peat column. The control of pear chemistry by such fine-scale groundwater flow may have important implications for plant community composition and diversity in groundwater-fed peatlands. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Drexler, JZ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forstry, 1151 Punchbowl St,Rm 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. NR 40 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 19 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUN 30 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 9 BP 1341 EP 1359 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19990630)13:9<1341::AID-HYP810>3.0.CO;2-5 PG 19 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 215GP UT WOS:000081373800004 ER PT J AU Gehring, AG Brewster, JD Irwin, PL Tu, SI Van Houten, LJ AF Gehring, AG Brewster, JD Irwin, PL Tu, SI Van Houten, LJ TI 1-Naphthyl phosphate as an enzymatic substrate for enzyme-linked immunomagnetic electrochemistry SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bacteria; biosensors; detection; Escherichia coli; immunomagnetic beads; osteryoung square wave voltammetry ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; DROPPING MERCURY-ELECTRODE; SQUARE-WAVE VOLTAMMETRY; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; RAPID DETECTION; IMMUNOASSAY; ASSAY; FOODS; SEPARATION; PATHOGENS AB We demonstrate substitution of the custom-synthesized alkaline phosphatase (AP) substrate, p-aminophenyl phosphate (pAPP), with the commercially available l-naphthyl phosphate (1-NP) as applied in the enzyme-linked immunomagnetic electrochemical (ELIME) detection of the pathogenic bacterium, Escherichia coli O157:H7. ELIME entails 'sandwiching' bacterial analyte between antibody-coated magnetic beads and an AP-conjugated antibody. The beads (with or without bound bacteria) were localized onto the surface of magnetized graphite ink electrodes in a multi-well plate format. Enzyme substrate (pAPP or 1-NP) was added and conversion to an electroactive product was measured using Osteryoung square wave voltammetry. Using this technique, quantitative detection of E. coli O157:H7 bacterial cells was achieved with a minimum detectable level of less than or equal to 4.7 x 10(3) cells ml(-1) in buffer or porcine carcass wash water within ca. 80 min. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. C1 Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Gehring, AG (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 25 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0022-0728 J9 J ELECTROANAL CHEM JI J. Electroanal. Chem. PD JUN 30 PY 1999 VL 469 IS 1 BP 27 EP 33 DI 10.1016/S0022-0728(99)00183-7 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA 214GG UT WOS:000081319800004 ER PT J AU Reblova, M Barr, ME Samuels, GJ AF Reblova, M Barr, ME Samuels, GJ TI Chaetosphaeriaceae, a new family for Chaetosphaeria and its relatives SO SYDOWIA LA English DT Article DE ascomycotina; Chaetosphaeria; wood-inhabiting fungi; systematics ID CONNECTIONS AB The systematic position of the genus Chaetosphaeria, among pyrenomycetous ascomycetes is discussed. The families Lasiosphaeriaceae, Helminthosphaeriaceae and Trichosphaeriaceae are rejected as possible families for Chaetosphaeria. A new family, Chaetosphaeriaceae (Sordariales) is introduced for Chaetosphaeria and for other closely related genera, including Ascocodinaea., Melanochaeta, Melanopsammella, Porosphaerella, Porosphaerellopsis and Striatosphaeria. Anamorphs are dematiaceous and phialidic; they include the genera Catenularia, Cylindrotrichum, Chalara, Chloridium, Cordana, Custingophora, Dictyochaeta, Gonytrichum, Menispora, Phialophora, Sporoschisma, Sporoschismopsis and Zanclospora. A dichotomous key to genera of the Chaetosphaeriaceae is provided. The accepted genera are listed along with synonymy, brief descriptions and other references. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Bot, CS-25243 Pruhonice, Czech Republic. ARS, USDA, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Reblova, M (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Bot, CS-25243 Pruhonice, Czech Republic. NR 46 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU VERLAG FERDINAND BERGER SOHNE GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI HORN PA WIENER STRASSE 21-23, 3580 HORN, AUSTRIA SN 0082-0598 J9 SYDOWIA JI Sydowia PD JUN 30 PY 1999 VL 51 IS 1 BP 49 EP 70 PG 22 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 207YG UT WOS:000080962900004 ER PT J AU Samuels, GJ Lieckfeldt, E Nirenberg, HI AF Samuels, GJ Lieckfeldt, E Nirenberg, HI TI Trichoderma asperellum, a new species with warted conidia, and redescription of T-viride SO SYDOWIA LA English DT Article DE biological control; Hypocrea; Hypocreales; systematics ID GENUS TRICHODERMA; REVISION AB The new species Trichoderma asperellum is distinguished from T. viride by finer conidial ornamentation, slightly ovoidal conidia, a faster growth rate, mostly paired branches, ampulliform phialides, and consistent presence of chlamydospores. Trichoderma asperellum cannot be unequivocally linked to a teleomorph. The teleomorph of T. viride is Hypocrea rufa. A key to Trichoderma and Hypocrea species with warted or roughened conidia is presented. C1 ARS, USDA, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Humboldt Univ, Inst Biol Genet, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. Biol Bundesanstalt, Inst Pflanzenvirol Mikrobiol & Biol Sicherheit, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. RP Samuels, GJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Rm 304,B-011A,BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 42 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 4 PU VERLAG FERDINAND BERGER SOHNE GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI HORN PA WIENER STRASSE 21-23, 3580 HORN, AUSTRIA SN 0082-0598 J9 SYDOWIA JI Sydowia PD JUN 30 PY 1999 VL 51 IS 1 BP 71 EP 88 PG 18 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 207YG UT WOS:000080962900005 ER PT J AU Schroers, HJ Samuels, GJ Gams, W AF Schroers, HJ Samuels, GJ Gams, W TI Stephanonectria, a new genus of the Hypocreales (Bionectriaceae), and its sporodochial anamorph SO SYDOWIA LA English DT Article DE ascomycota; Bionectria; Nectria; Myrothecium; systematics ID PHYLOGENY AB A new unispecific genus of the Bionectriaceae, Stephanonectria, is described for Nectria keithii. Stephanonectria is characterised by brown, smooth perithecia that do not change colour in KOH and by a peculiar crown-like structure around the ostiole. The ascospores are covered with short striae that are more or less parallel with the long axis of the spore. The ascospores of different collections vary considerably in length but the differences are not indicative of infraspecific differences or particular geographical patterns. The anamorph shows features typical of several genera, and is here identified as Myrothecium-like. Perithecia of Stephanonectria keithii have been found on dead parts of Brassica sp. and various dead woody substrata in Europe, New Zealand, and possibly also in tropical regions. The anamorph has been isolated from European soil as well. C1 Cent Bur Schimmelcultures, NL-3740 AG Baarn, Netherlands. ARS, USDA, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schroers, HJ (reprint author), Cent Bur Schimmelcultures, POB 273, NL-3740 AG Baarn, Netherlands. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU VERLAG FERDINAND BERGER SOHNE GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI HORN PA WIENER STRASSE 21-23, 3580 HORN, AUSTRIA SN 0082-0598 J9 SYDOWIA JI Sydowia PD JUN 30 PY 1999 VL 51 IS 1 BP 114 EP 126 PG 13 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 207YG UT WOS:000080962900007 ER PT J AU Peterjohn, WT Foster, CJ Christ, MJ Adams, MB AF Peterjohn, WT Foster, CJ Christ, MJ Adams, MB TI Patterns of nitrogen availability within a forested watershed exhibiting symptoms of nitrogen saturation SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE species composition; central Appalachia; temperate forests; nitrification; mineralization ID WEST-VIRGINIA; ECOSYSTEMS; DEPOSITION; BIOMASS; MINERALIZATION; APPALACHIANS; RESPONSES; DYNAMICS AB Watershed 4 (WS 4) at the Fernow experimental forest in West Virginia shows several symptoms of N saturation. Surprisingly, however, past measurements of N2O production suggest that a portion of WS 4 (the south-facing slopes) may still be strongly limited by the lack of available N. To examine this possibility more fully, we measured four indices of N availability in two sections of WS 4-slopes with easterly aspects that are located on one side of the main stream channel and slopes with southerly aspects that are located on the opposite side of the stream. Compared to the portion of WS 4 with more east-facing slopes (78% of the total area), we found that south-facing slopes had lower extractable NO3- pools (14 versus 554 mg N m(-2)), lower rates of net nitrification (2 versus 35 mg N m(-2) day(-1)), a greater response of root growth to N-rich microsites (4.5 x versus 1.6x > controls), and lower concentrations of NO3- in water leaching below the A, B, and C soil horizons (ca. 0.066 versus 2.3 mg N l(-1)). The two sections of WS 4 also differed in the composition of their woody vegetation. Slopes with more easterly aspects had a greater relative importance of Acer saccharum and Prunus serotina. The south-facing slopes were characterized by a greater importance of Nyssa sylvatica and Fagus grandifolia. From these results we hypothesize that aspect-related differences in species composition can strongly influence the susceptibility of a forested stand to the early onset of N saturation. If this hypothesis is proven, then community composition may account for a significant proportion of the variable response of forested watersheds to similar levels of elevated N deposition. It would also imply that management. practices which favor certain species might delay or accelerate the onset of N saturation and the potentially negative changes associated with this process. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 W Virginia Univ, Dept Biol, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. RP Peterjohn, WT (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Biol, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 38 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 28 PY 1999 VL 119 IS 1-3 BP 247 EP 257 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00526-X PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 189NC UT WOS:000079910600021 ER PT J AU Tyler, JM AF Tyler, JM TI Note on variation in germinability among early-maturing soybean populations SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE seed quality; germination; early-maturing cultivars; soybean ID SEED; YIELD AB Many soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growers in the midsouthern USA have in recent years shifted to an early-season production system. Germination of seed produced in this system is often low. Little is known about genetic variation in early-maturing soybean for seed quality traits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of early maturity on germinability in several soybean breeding populations, and identify parents that may confer improved seed quality on progeny, Nine soybean breeding populations were developed providing a total of 630 FZ derived lines. Seed from these lines were sown in April (early) in 1995 and 1996 at Stoneville. Maturity date was recorded for each line and seed were harvested less than 1 week after reaching maturity, Standard germination tests were performed on each line. There was a small positive correlation in 1995 (r = 0.34), and 1996 (r = 0.31) between germination and maturity date, i.e., later lines generally had better germination and populations differed in germination means indicating the existence of genotypic differences in seed quality. Among the 84 earliest-maturing lines in the study, 9 had germinations greater than 80% in both years, suggesting potential for Improvement of this trait. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Tyler, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, POB 196, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JUN 25 PY 1999 VL 62 IS 2-3 BP 177 EP 180 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00018-0 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207UA UT WOS:000080953100008 ER PT J AU McPhee, KE Muehlbauer, FJ AF McPhee, KE Muehlbauer, FJ TI Variation for biomass and residue production by dry pea SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE USDA-NRCS, United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service; USDA-ARS, United States Department of Agriculture; Agriculture Research Service; HI, harvest index AB Pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars, grown for their dry edible seed, produce small and fragmentary harvest residues. The small residue pieces are ineffective in controlling soil erosion when the pea crop is followed by winter wheat in rotation. This presents a special problem for pea-wheat rotations common on the steep loess hills of the Palouse region of the U.S. Pacific Northwest. To determine the amount of residue produced by dry pea total aboveground biomass was measured in plots of advanced pea yield trials conducted by the USDA at three locations in the Palouse region. Samples were collected in 1993, 1994 and 1995 and the amounts of residue produced were measured. Individual entries produced from 2300 to 4760 kg/ha of total biomass. Mean harvest indices for the nurseries ranged from 35% in 1993, a dry year, to 47% in both 1993 and 1995. Seed and residue yields were smaller in 1994 than in 1993 and 1995. Residue production and seed yield were influenced by sowing date and the amount and distribution of precipitation. Despite large environmental effects on residue production, sufficient genetic variation to improve the residue yields of dry pea was observed. The large, positive and significant correlation between seed yield and residue production indicated that it is possible to increase seed yields simultaneously with residue production through the incorporation of germplasm with greater potential for vegetative growth. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Legume Genet & Physiol Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP McPhee, KE (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Legume Genet & Physiol Res Unit, 303 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JUN 25 PY 1999 VL 62 IS 2-3 BP 203 EP 212 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00014-3 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207UA UT WOS:000080953100011 ER PT J AU Sinclair, TR Muchow, RC AF Sinclair, TR Muchow, RC TI Occam's Razor, radiation-use efficiency, and vapor pressure deficit SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE radiation use efficiency; vapor pressure deficit ID SORGHUM; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; HUMIDITY; NITROGEN; LEAF; GROWTH; MAIZE; C-3 AB Occam's Razor dictates that the hypothesis with the fewest assumptions in explaining the results is preferred. In a recent paper by Kiniry et al, (Field Crops Res. 56, 265-270, 1998), Occam's Razor was overlooked in favor of a hypothetical relationship of decreasing radiation use efficiency (RUE) with increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Their conclusion is challenged for three reasons. Firstly, there is virtually no background information that supports such a relationship. Secondly, no rigorous test of the data of Kiniry et al. was presented to confirm such a conclusion over the hypothesis that RUE was not sensitive to VPD. Thirdly, there are concerns in the methods used to experimentally estimate VPD and RUE. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Agron Physiol & Genet Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. CSIRO, Cunningham Lab, Div Trop Crops & Pastures, Brisbane, Qld 4067, Australia. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Agron Physiol & Genet Lab, POB 110965, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JUN 25 PY 1999 VL 62 IS 2-3 BP 239 EP 243 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00011-8 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207UA UT WOS:000080953100014 ER PT J AU Kiniry, JR AF Kiniry, JR TI Response to questions raised by Sinclair and Muchow SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RADIATION-USE EFFICIENCY; VAPOR-PRESSURE DEFICIT; SORGHUM; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; MAIZE; LEAF AB Concerns were raised by Sinclair, T.R., Muchow, R.C., 1999. [Occam's Razor, radiation-use efficiency, and vapor pressure deficit. Field Crops Res. Nn, in press] on the validity of the relationship between radiation-use efficiency (RUE) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) for maize (Zen mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench)) [Kiniry, J.R., Landivar, J.A., Witt, M., Gerik, T.J., Cavero, J., Wade, L.J., 1998. Radiation-use efficiency response to vapor pressure deficit for maize and sorghum. Field Crops Res. 56, 265-270]. This paper addresses these concerns and demonstrates how data by these authors compares with published response lines. Especially important are the different views on techniques of measuring intercepted radiation. I believe that adequate sampling to describe within-plot variability is more important than time of day effects when measuring radiation interception The published data from three studies are shown to agree closely with previously published response lines. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Kiniry, JR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JUN 25 PY 1999 VL 62 IS 2-3 BP 245 EP 247 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00012-X PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207UA UT WOS:000080953100015 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM Jalbert, SM Schafer, EJ AF Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM Jalbert, SM Schafer, EJ TI Effects of different forms of dietary hydrogenated fats on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; COMMERCIAL IMMUNOTURBIDIMETRIC ASSAY; REFERENCE INTERVALS; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEIN; HEALTHY-SUBJECTS; STEARIC-ACID; HIGH-DENSITY; LIPIDS; HUMANS; RISK AB Background Metabolic studies suggest that fatty acids containing at least one double bond in the trans configuration, which are found in hydrogenated fat, have a detrimental effect on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels as compared with unsaturated fatty acids containing double bonds only in the cis configuration. We compared the effects of diets with a broad range of trans fatty acids on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Methods Eighteen women and 18 men consumed each of six diets in random order for 35-day periods. The foods were identical in each diet, and each diet provided 30 percent of calories as fat, with two thirds of the fat contributed as soybean oil (<0.5 g of trans fatty acid per 100 g of fat), semiliquid margarine (<0.5 g per 100 g), soft margarine (7.4 g per 100 g), shortening (9.9 g per 100 g), or stick margarine (20.1 g per 100 g). The effects of those diets on serum lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and apolipoprotein levels were compared with those of a diet enriched with butter, which has a high content of saturated fat. Results The mean (+/-SD) serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level was 177+/-32 mg per deciliter (4.58+/-0.85 mmol per liter) and the mean high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level was 45+/-10 mg per deciliter (1.2+/-0.26 mmol per liter) after subjects consumed the butter-enriched diet. The LDL cholesterol level was reduced on average by 12 percent, 11 percent, 9 percent, 7 percent, and 5 percent, respectively, after subjects consumed the diets enriched with soybean oil, semiliquid margarine, soft margarine, shortening, and stick margarine; the HDL cholesterol level was reduced by 3 percent, 4 percent, 4 percent, 4 percent, and 6 percent, respectively. Ratios of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol were lowest after the consumption of the soybean-oil diet and semiliquid-margarine diet and highest after the stick-margarine diet. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the consumption of products that are low in trans fatty acids and saturated fat has beneficial effects on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels. (N Engl J Med 1999;340: 1933-40.) (C) 1999, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, Medford, MA USA. RP Lichtenstein, AH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 54727] NR 29 TC 208 Z9 223 U1 1 U2 10 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUN 24 PY 1999 VL 340 IS 25 BP 1933 EP 1940 DI 10.1056/NEJM199906243402501 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 210CX UT WOS:000081088500001 PM 10379016 ER PT J AU Satyanarayana, T Gowda, S Boyko, VP Albiach-Marti, MR Mawassi, M Navas-Castillo, J Karasev, AV Dolja, V Hilf, ME Lewandowski, DJ Moreno, P Bar-Joseph, M Garnsey, SM Dawson, WO AF Satyanarayana, T Gowda, S Boyko, VP Albiach-Marti, MR Mawassi, M Navas-Castillo, J Karasev, AV Dolja, V Hilf, ME Lewandowski, DJ Moreno, P Bar-Joseph, M Garnsey, SM Dawson, WO TI An engineered closterovirus RNA replicon and analysis of heterologous terminal sequences for replication SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS; BROME MOSAIC-VIRUS; MOLECULAR-BIOLOGY; SUBGENOMIC RNAS; GENOME; AMPLIFICATION; ORGANIZATION; TRANSCRIPTS; EVOLUTION; REGION AB Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) populations in citrus trees are unusually complex mixtures of viral genotypes and defective RNAs developed during the long-term vegetative propagation of the virus and by additional mixing by aphid transmission. The viral replication process allows the maintenance of minor amounts of disparate genotypes and defective RNAs in these populations. CTV is a member of the Closteroviridae possessing a positive-stranded RNA genome of approximate to 20 kilobases that expresses the replicase-associated genes as an approximate to 400-kDa polyprotein and the remaining 10 3' genes through subgenomic mRNAs. A full-length cDNA clone of CTV was generated from which RNA transcripts capable of replication in protoplasts were derived. The large size of cDNA hampered its use as a genetic system. Deletion of 10 3' genes resulted in an efficient RNA replicon that was easy to manipulate. To investigate the origin and maintenance of the genotypes in CTV populations, we tested the CTV replicase for its acceptance of divergent sequences by creating chimeric replicons with heterologous termini and examining their ability to replicate. Exchange of the similar 3' termini resulted in efficient replication whereas substitution of the divergent (up to 58% difference in sequence) 5' termini resulted in reduced but significant replication, generally in proportion to the extent of sequence divergence. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, CREC, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. Volcani Inst, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Inst Valenciano Invest Agr, E-46113 Valencia, Spain. RP Dawson, WO (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, CREC, 700 Expt Stn Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RI Navas-Castillo, Jesus/G-3894-2011 OI Navas-Castillo, Jesus/0000-0002-8616-6241 NR 32 TC 100 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 22 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 13 BP 7433 EP 7438 DI 10.1073/pnas.96.13.7433 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 209PB UT WOS:000081056000058 PM 10377432 ER PT J AU Hoffa, EA Ward, DE Hao, WM Susott, RA Wakimoto, RH AF Hoffa, EA Ward, DE Hao, WM Susott, RA Wakimoto, RH TI Seasonality of carbon emissions from biomass burning in a Zambian savanna SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID KRUGER-NATIONAL-PARK; FIRE BEHAVIOR; SOUTH-AFRICA; ECOSYSTEMS; SMOKE; CO2 AB Seasonal trends in carbon emissions from savanna fires in Western Province, Zambia, were investigated in the early dry season (early June to early August) 1996. The objective was to determine the effect of fuel moisture content on combustion factors and modified combustion efficiency (the ratio of the molar concentration of CO2 released to the molar concentration of CO and CO2). Early dry season biomass burning may emit fewer emission products of complete combustion (CO2) and more products of incomplete combustion (e.g., CO). Thirteen experimental sites were burned between June and August 1996, six in a miombo woodland and seven in a dambo grassland. Fires were lit in each ecosystem as the fuels dried so as to monitor changes in fire behavior as the dry season progressed. Total fuel loading ranged from 1884 kg ha(-1) to 3314 kg ha(-1) in the dambo and 8953 kg ha(-1) to 13233 kg ha(-1) in the miombo. Moisture content of green grass decreased from 127% to 69% in the dambo and from 119% to 33% in the miombo through the length of the study. Combustion factors (CF, the percentage of fuel consumed) increased from 44% to 98% in the dambo. CF Values for the miombo increased from 1% to 47%. Fire line intensity increased from 288 kW m(-1) to 5271 kW m(-1) in the dambo and from 25 kW m(-1) to 5274 kW m(-1) in the miombo. Results indicate that combustion factors and combustion efficiency values follow seasonal trends correlating to metrics of vegetation moisture content, which may alter the type and quantity of carbon emissions. Incorporation of seasonal dynamics of the fire regime should be included in global estimates of carbon flux in the subtropics and in the amount of products of incomplete combustion per unit area burned. C1 Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Hoffa, EA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Forest Sci Lab 020, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM hoffae@ucs.orst.edu; pyroward@aol.com; hao@selway.umt.edu; Susott_Ronald_A/rmrs_missoula@fs.fed.us; wakimoto@forestry.umt.edu NR 45 TC 76 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN 20 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D11 BP 13841 EP 13853 DI 10.1029/1999JD900091 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 207BL UT WOS:000080915400010 ER PT J AU Shoemaker, CA Klesius, PH Bricker, JM AF Shoemaker, CA Klesius, PH Bricker, JM TI Efficacy of a modified live Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine in channel catfish as young as seven days post hatch SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE modified live vaccine; Edwardsiella ictaluri; channel catfish; days post hatch ID PUNCTATUS; IMMERSION; IMMUNE AB Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were vaccinated by immersion at 12, 14, 16 and 31 days post hatch with modified live Edwardsiella ictaluri RE-33 vaccine in 1997 and 7 and 10 days post hatch in 1998. At 20 to 21 days post vaccination, the groups of vaccinates and non-vaccinates were challenged with virulent E. ictaluri and monitored for mortality for at least 14 days following challenge. Results showed the vaccine to be efficacious in channel catfish as young as 7 days post hatch with relative percent survival ranging from 58.4 to 77.5. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Fish Dis & Parasites Res Lab, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. Intervet, Millsboro, DE 19966 USA. RP Shoemaker, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fish Dis & Parasites Res Lab, Box 952, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. NR 11 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD JUN 15 PY 1999 VL 176 IS 3-4 BP 189 EP 193 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00116-7 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 205HC UT WOS:000080814400001 ER PT J AU Yamaguchi, H Ikeda, Y Moreno, JI Katsumura, M Miyazawa, T Takahashi, E Imakawa, K Sakai, S Christenson, RK AF Yamaguchi, H Ikeda, Y Moreno, JI Katsumura, M Miyazawa, T Takahashi, E Imakawa, K Sakai, S Christenson, RK TI Identification of a functional transcriptional factor AP-1 site in the sheep interferon tau gene that mediates a response to PMA in JEG3 cells SO BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE CAT reporter gene; enhancer elements; interferon gene expression; transcription ID OVINE TROPHOBLAST PROTEIN-1; PREGNANCY RECOGNITION HORMONE; EXPRESSION; CONCEPTUS; TROPHECTODERM; BLASTOCYSTS; ENHANCEMENT; INDUCTION; ELEMENTS; ALPHA AB To examine regulatory mechanisms of sheep interferon tau (oIFN tau) gene expression, potential enhancer/silencer elements of the oIFN tau gene were examined using a transient transfection system with oIFN tau gene-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (oIFN tau-CAT) reporter constructs in human choriocarcinoma cells, JEG3. Experiments with 5'-deletion constructs revealed that the upstream regions from bases -654 to -607 and from bases -606 to -555 were essential for oIFN tau gene expression. In a heterologous transcriptional system in which the upstream regions of oIFN tau were inserted in front of simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter, the regions between bases - 654 and - 555 were determined as being the enhancer region required for oIFN tau-SV40-CAT transactivation. A subsequent study with the oIFN tau-CAT constructs lacking the upstream region between bases - 542 and - 124 revealed that, in addition to the further upstream region between bases - 1000 and - 654, the sequences from bases - 543 to -452 seemed to act as silencer regions. The oIFN tau-CAT constructs with site-specific mutagenesis revealed that multiple enhancer elements existed between bases -654 and -555 of the oIFN tau gene. On the basis of nucleotide sequence analysis, there are numerous sites between bases - 654 and - 555 to which potential transcriptional factors, AP-1, GATA and GATA-related proteins, could bind. Furthermore, gel mobility-shift assays revealed that AP-1 or other nuclear factors could bind to these elements. In co-transfection studies, the expression of c-Jun plus c-Fos enhanced the transactivation of oIFN tau-CAT but the expression of GATA-1, GATA-2 or GATA-3 did not. Taken together, these results suggest that the upstream region between bases - 654 and - 555 could be considered as the enhancer region for oIFN tau gene transactivation. C1 Univ Tokyo, Fac Agr, Lab Anim Breeding, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Fac Agr, Lab Vet Microbiol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. ARS, Reprod Res Unit, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Imakawa, K (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Fac Agr, Lab Anim Breeding, Bunkyo Ku, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. NR 29 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 3AJ, ENGLAND SN 0264-6021 J9 BIOCHEM J JI Biochem. J. PD JUN 15 PY 1999 VL 340 BP 767 EP 773 DI 10.1042/0264-6021:3400767 PN 3 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 209UB UT WOS:000081066300025 PM 10359663 ER PT J AU Foy, JK Teague, WR Hanson, JD AF Foy, JK Teague, WR Hanson, JD TI Evaluation of the upgraded SPUR model (SPUR2.4) SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE model evaluation; rangeland ecosystems; SPUR; simulation; validation ID RANGE BEEF-PRODUCTION; SIMULATED EFFICIENCY; GRASSLANDS; CLIMATE; SYSTEMS; CATTLE AB SPUR (Simulation of Production and Utilization of Rangelands) is a grassland ecosystem simulation model. SPUR2.4 integrates all previous versions of SPUR. The changes from SPUR91 make the model more applicable to the southern Great Plains. The forage submodel from SPUR2 predicts forage intake and diet selection by grazing herbivores, and the cow-calf submodel from SPUR2 simulates all individuals in a herd for their full life cycle, based on defined genetic traits. The soil organic matter submodel from CENTURY was added to improve soil carbon and nitrogen cycling. SPUR2.4 output is compared with observed values from the Texas Experimental Ranch, Throckmorton, Texas. The changes made in creating SPUR2.4 have considerably improved the utility and accuracy of the SPUR model for north Texas. Soil moisture predictions are improved (SPUR91 is 137% and SPUR2.4 is 106% of observed, R = 0.79-0.86), but run-off is still not adequate (R = 0.65-0.76) and monthly evaporation is lower (SPUR91 is 94% and SPUR2.4 is 95%) than observed. Soil carbon level predictions by the CENTURY submodel are within range of the data, and output is stable over the simulation period. Predictions of individual plant species productivity compared with observed data are improved with SPUR2.4 (R = 0.79-0.98). Between-season plant growth and long-term persistence are simulated well. The addition of the CENTURY soil organic matter submodel increased nitrogen level predictions resulting in more accurate predictions of animal weight gain. Steer weight gains are typical for north Texas. Simulation of cow-calf mass was good (R > 0.98) as was production per hectare and per cow. The addition of the cow-calf model increases the utility of the model. The paper identifies portions of the model that need further validation and field research to improve model utility and credibility for use in natural resource management. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Texas Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Vernon, TX 76385 USA. USDA ARS, NPA, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Teague, WR (reprint author), Texas Agr Res & Extens Ctr, POB 1658, Vernon, TX 76385 USA. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUN 15 PY 1999 VL 118 IS 2-3 BP 149 EP 165 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00016-2 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 215DZ UT WOS:000081367800003 ER PT J AU Gehrke, BC Vogel, LP Wolff, AV AF Gehrke, BC Vogel, LP Wolff, AV TI Veterinary human capital-knowledge, skills, and abilities that enhance employment opportunities outside private practice SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 AVMA, Sci Activities Div, Schaumburg, IL 60173 USA. AVMA, Ctr Informat Management, Schaumburg, IL 60173 USA. NIH, Off Res Serv, Div Intramural REs Serv, Vet Resources Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Gehrke, BC (reprint author), USDA, Rural Business Cooperat Serv, 1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 15 PY 1999 VL 214 IS 12 BP 1781 EP 1784 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 207JN UT WOS:000080933900017 PM 10382018 ER PT J AU Wear, DN Liu, R Foreman, JM Sheffield, RM AF Wear, DN Liu, R Foreman, JM Sheffield, RM TI The effects of population growth on timber management and inventories in Virginia SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID HARVEST AB Expanding human populations may have important effects on the availability of timber from private lands in the South. To examine the effects of development on timber supply, we compared the density of populations and various site variables with expert opinions on the future location of commercial timberland for a study site in Virginia. Population density is a significant predictor of commercial timberland and resulting probability equations provide a method for adjusting timber inventories. Findings indicate that the transition between rural and urban land use occurs where population density is between 20 and 70 people per square mile. Population effects reduce commercial inventories between 30 and 49% in the study area. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Econ Forest Protect & Management, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Commonwealth Univ, Dept Forestry, Forest Resources Utilizat, Charlottesville, VA USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Inventory & Anal, Asheville, NC USA. RP Wear, DN (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Econ Forest Protect & Management, POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 12 TC 80 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 14 PY 1999 VL 118 IS 1-3 BP 107 EP 115 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00491-5 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 183PK UT WOS:000079561800010 ER PT J AU Ott, SL Wells, SJ Wagner, BA AF Ott, SL Wells, SJ Wagner, BA TI Herd-level economic losses associated with Johne's disease on US dairy operations SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium paratuberculosis; Johne's disease; economics; cattle-microbiological diseases; NAHMS ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; PARA-TUBERCULOSIS; MILK-PRODUCTION; PARATUBERCULOSIS; CATTLE AB Johne's disease ('paratuberculosis') is a chronic, infectious, wasting disease that affects dairy cattle. Estimation of its impact on herd productivity and corresponding economic loss on US dairy operations was part of the USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System's (NAHMS) 1996 national dairy study. Johne's-positive herds experience an economic loss of almost US$ 100 per cow when compared to Johne's-negative herds due to reduced milk production and increased cow-replacement costs. For johne's-positive herds that reported at least 10% of their cull cows as having clinical signs consistent with Johne's disease, economic losses were over US$ 200 per cow. These high-prevalence herds experienced reduced milk production of over 700 kg per cow, culled more cows but had lower cull-cow revenues, and had greater cow mortality than Johne's-negative herds. Averaged across all herds, Johne's disease costs the US dairy industry, in reduced productivity, US$ 22 to US$ 27 per cow or US$ 200 to US$ 250 million annually. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci & Populat Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Ott, SL (reprint author), USDA, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, 555 S Howes St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 19 TC 372 Z9 389 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD JUN 11 PY 1999 VL 40 IS 3-4 BP 179 EP 192 DI 10.1016/S0167-5877(99)00037-9 PG 14 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 210DB UT WOS:000081088900004 PM 10423773 ER PT J AU Kark, JD Selhub, J Bostom, A Adler, B Rosenberg, IH AF Kark, JD Selhub, J Bostom, A Adler, B Rosenberg, IH TI Plasma homocysteine and all-cause mortality in diabetes SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID DISEASE C1 Hadassah Med Org, Dept Social Med, Epidemiol Unit, Jerusalem, Israel. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Sch Publ Hlth, Jerusalem, Israel. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Kark, JD (reprint author), Hadassah Med Org, Dept Social Med, Epidemiol Unit, POB 12000, Jerusalem, Israel. NR 5 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUN 5 PY 1999 VL 353 IS 9168 BP 1936 EP 1937 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05381-1 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 202TP UT WOS:000080668500017 PM 10371576 ER PT J AU Abidi, SL AF Abidi, SL TI Reversed-phase retention characteristics of tocotrienol antioxidants SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st International Symposium on High Performance Liquid Phase Separations and Related Techniques CY JUN 22-27, 1997 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND DE stationary phases; LC; geometrical isomers; tocotrienols; antioxidants; lipids ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; VEGETABLE-OILS; TOCOPHEROLS; SEPARATIONS; ISOMERS; TOCOLS; FATS AB Mixtures of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols were separated by reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four sets of subcomponents (cis/cis-, cis/trans-, trans/cis- and trans/trans-geometrical isomers) were further resolved under various HPLC conditions. Retention characteristics of the beta- and gamma-isomers on octadecylsilica (ODS) were indistinguishable. However, complete separations of all sixteen tocotrienol components were achieved by RP-HPLC with a nonsilica-based octadecanoyl polyvinyl alcohol (ODPVA) column. In this system, beta-tocotrienol peaks were found to interpose alternatively with those of gamma-tocotrienols, which was attributable to apparent differences in intrinsic molecular polarity and hydrophobicity. HPLC with a pentafluorophenylsilica (PFPS) column led to partial separations of tocotrienols, of which two subclass species remained unresolved. Peak profiles obtained with PFPS columns of different packings were similar but not identical. Nonetheless, the component elution patterns on PFPS were markedly different from those on ODPVA. Furthermore, the use of a triacontylsilica column enabled separations of fifteen components and yielded an elution order parallel to that of an ODPVA column. In general, the elution sequence of tocotrienols appeared to depend largely on the type of organic modifier used, despite the subtle influence of stationary phases and the isomeric characteristics of alkenyl chains. While poorly resolved on silica, geometrical isomers were readily separated on the RP phases studied with acetonitrile-water as the preferred eluent. Factors affecting analyte retention and component resolution were delineated. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Abidi, SL (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUN 4 PY 1999 VL 844 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00315-5 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 210DT UT WOS:000081090400005 ER PT J AU Zhou, RG Miernyk, JA AF Zhou, RG Miernyk, JA TI Cloning and analysis of AtJ3 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana SO ACTA BOTANICA SINICA LA Chinese DT Article DE cDNA; gene; intron; molecular chaperone; gene structure ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI DNAJ; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; MOLECULAR CHAPERONE DNAJ; PORRUM EPIDERMAL-CELLS; BACTERIAL DNAJ; HOMOLOG; EXPRESSION AB The nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. "ecotype Columbia" was determined. The open reading frame encoded a protein, AtJ3, which was highly homologous to DnaJ protein of E. coli. The predicted amino acid sequence of AtJ3 contained J-domain, G or GFdomain, Cysteine-rich Zn finger-like sequence, which were all characteristic of this class of DnaJ homologues. And the C-teminal of AtJ3 was -CAQQ, a farnesylation motif. Using primers based on the cDNA, the corresponding gene AtJ3 was isolated and sequenced. The structure of this gene consisted of six exons interrupted by five introns. The results of Southern analysis indicated that AtJ3 was a single structure gene. AtJ3 was constitutively expressed in cotyledons, leaves, roots, flowers, and siliques based on Northern analysis. Heat shock at 35 degrees C led to increase in mRNA expression in leaves. C1 Hebei Acad Agr Sci, Inst Agrophys Physiol & Biochem, Shijiazhuang 050051, Peoples R China. USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Micotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Zhou, RG (reprint author), Hebei Acad Agr Sci, Inst Agrophys Physiol & Biochem, Shijiazhuang 050051, Peoples R China. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0577-7496 J9 ACTA BOT SIN JI Acta Bot. Sin. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 41 IS 6 BP 597 EP 602 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 215JX UT WOS:000081379500007 ER PT J AU Kennedy, AC AF Kennedy, AC TI Bacterial diversity in agroecosystems SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE actinomycetes; agriculture; function; genetics; microbial ecology; sustainable ID LEGUMINOSARUM BIOVAR TRIFOLII; SOIL MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; CROPPING PRACTICES; COMMUNITIES; BIOMASS; BIODIVERSITY; WHEAT; POPULATIONS; MICROORGANISMS; BIOTECHNOLOGY AB All life forms rely on bacterial processes for their survival. Bacterial diversity is greater than the diversity of any other group of organisms. Bacteria are responsible for diverse metabolic functions that affect soil and plant health. Nutrient cycling, organic matter formation and decomposition, soil structure formation, and plant growth promotion are among the beneficial functions that bacteria perform. Deleterious effects include plant disease promotion. As bacterial functioning is critical to soil and plant health, the objective of this manuscript was to explore bacterial diversity and bioindication in agroecosystems. Microbial research has generally involved studying bacteria that are culturable. However, it is estimated that only a small portion of all bacteria are culturable, a vast portion of soil bacterial communities remains unstudied. With molecular techniques, more information can be obtained about those bacteria that are contributing to ecosystem functioning and are viable, but not culturable. Enhancing knowledge of soil bacterial functioning and diversity will aid in the development of sustainable agroecosystems. (C)Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Kennedy, AC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB 646421, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 108 TC 114 Z9 143 U1 6 U2 57 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 74 IS 1-3 BP 65 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00030-4 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 226FQ UT WOS:000082010000005 ER PT J AU Douds, DD Millner, P AF Douds, DD Millner, P TI Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; communities; diversity; techniques ID DISTURBANCE-INDUCED REDUCTION; CORN-SOYBEAN ROTATION; SOIL-DISTURBANCE; ENDOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; SPORE POPULATIONS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; CROP-ROTATION; VAM-FUNGI; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; PHOSPHORUS ABSORPTION AB Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [AMF] are soil fungi which form a mutualistic symbiosis with the roots of plants. A variety of benefits to the host have been ascribed to mycorrhizae, most often enhanced uptake of immobile nutrients from the soil, notably P. An understanding of the impacts of agronomic practices upon communities of these fungi would help to ensure an opportunity for the utilization of the symbiosis and contribute to the success of sustainable agriculture. Measurement of the diversity of AMF communities in field soils presents a variety of challenges, among them the difficulty of identifying field collected spores, the detection of non-sporulating members of the community, and the lack of relation between functional diversity and the morphological diversity of spores used to delineate species. These challenges, as well as current efforts to overcome them, are discussed and recent research elaborating the effects of agromonic practices upon AMF communities and the effectiveness of mycorrhizae is presented. (C)Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. ARS, USDA, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Douds, DD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM ddouds@arserrc.gov NR 154 TC 153 Z9 171 U1 7 U2 74 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 EI 1873-2305 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 74 IS 1-3 BP 77 EP 93 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00031-6 PG 17 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 226FQ UT WOS:000082010000006 ER PT J AU Pettis, JS Shimanuki, H AF Pettis, JS Shimanuki, H TI A hive modification to reduce varroa populations SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID JACOBSONI OUDEMANS; HONEY-BEE; RESISTANCE; MITE; OUD AB A simple modification to the hive bottom board was tested as a non-chemical or cultural control method for varroa mites. Wire mesh hardware cloth was used to replace the majority of the surface area of the bottom board underneath the brood area, allowing varroa to fall through and potentially excluding them from reentering the colony. Thirty colonies received no chemical treatment but were fitted with screen bottom boards, sticky boards or normal bottom boards. Mite fall was monitored in these colonies on a monthly basis and revealed approximately 14% and 28% lower mite fall in the two modified bottom boards compared to the normal bottom board in June and July, respectively. However, by September mite Levels in all three sets of colonies had reached damaging Levels. Thus', the bottom board modification slowed the growth rate of varroa, but is not sufficient alone. Mite invasion pressure into colonies was monitored using Apistan(R) in three colonies and increased in August and September to greater than 100 mites per colony over a three day period. This level of invasion surely added to the decline of all colonies. A modified bottom board that allows varroa to fall through and prevents direct contact with bees showed promise in the current studies by slowing varroa populations and is proposed as a cultural control. Additionally, colonies with mesh bottom boards had significantly more sealed brood than colonies on normal bottom boards, an added benefit to using this hive modification. The use of a screen bottom board or screen insert in conjunction with resistant lines of bees, smoke, dusts, or other control agents should provide a more integrated approach to varroa control and could reduce the number of chemical treatments required. C1 ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pettis, JS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Bldg 476 BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 9 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 7 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 139 IS 6 BP 471 EP 473 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 203FH UT WOS:000080697100023 ER PT J AU Zahniser, SS AF Zahniser, SS TI One border, two transitions - Mexican migration to the United States as a two-way process SO AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST LA English DT Article ID SOCIAL-PROCESS; MIGRANTS; MEN AB This article employs a unique logit model developed by Yamaguchi to study Mexican migration to the United States, The model contains interaction terms between the previous year's migration decision and key explanatory variables. This innovation allows for the differential measurement of the variables' influence on the Mexico-to-US and the U.S.-to-Mexico transitions. Migration is found to be a persistent phenomenon for its participants. Legal residents of the United States and persons with more dependent children are inclined either to remain in the United States or to participate in migration year after year Female migrants are less likely to return to Mexico, whereas married migrants lend to follow a year of migration with I Or more years spent entirely in Mexico. Surprisingly macroeconomic indicators of expected wage differentials between the two countries explain little of migration behavior. C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Zahniser, SS (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 35 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0002-7642 J9 AM BEHAV SCI JI Am. Behav. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 1999 VL 42 IS 9 BP 1350 EP 1380 DI 10.1177/00027649921954949 PG 31 WC Psychology, Clinical; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Psychology; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 198DF UT WOS:000080406800011 ER PT J AU Turnlund, JR Weaver, CM Kim, SK Keyes, WR Gizaw, Y Thompson, KH Peiffer, GL AF Turnlund, JR Weaver, CM Kim, SK Keyes, WR Gizaw, Y Thompson, KH Peiffer, GL TI Molybdenum absorption and utilization in humans from soy and kale intrinsically labeled with stable isotopes of molybdenum SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE molybdenum; absorption; utilization; humans; stable isotope; intrinsic label; soy; kale ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; YOUNG MEN; METABOLISM; EXCRETION AB Background: Stable-isotope studies of molybdenum metabolism have been conducted in which molybdenum was added to the diet and was assumed to be absorbed and utilized similarly to the molybdenum in foods. Objective: Our objective was to establish whether the molybdenum in foods is metabolized similarly to molybdenum added to the diet. Design: We first studied whether sufficient amounts of molybdenum stable isotopes could be incorporated into wheat, kale, and soy for use: in a human study. Enough molybdenum could be incorporated into soy and kale to study molybdenum absorption and excretion. Two studies were then conducted, one in women and one in men. In the first study, each meal contained approximate to 100 mu g Mo from soy, kale, and extrinsic molybdenum. In the second study, soy and extrinsic molybdenum were compared; the meal contained approximate to 300 mu g Mo. Results: In the first study, molybdenum was absorbed equally well from kale: and an extrinsic source. However, the molybdenum in soy was less well absorbed than the molybdenum in kale or that added to the diet. In the second study, absorption of molybdenum from soy was less than from the extrinsic label. Urinary excretion of soy molybdenum was also lower than urinary excretion of the extrinsic label, but excretion as a percentage of the absorbed dose was not significantly different between treatments. Conclusions: The molybdenum in soy is less available than molybdenum added to the diet, but the molybdenum in kale is as available as molybdenum added to the diet. Once absorbed, excretion is not significantly different for soy, kale, and extrinsic molybdenum. C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Foods & Nutr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Soonchunhyang Univ, Dept Food Sci & Nutr, Chungnam, South Korea. RP Turnlund, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 29997, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 69 IS 6 BP 1217 EP 1223 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 199UT UT WOS:000080503000023 PM 10357742 ER PT J AU Jahoor, F Gazzard, B Phillips, G Sharpstone, D Delrosario, M Frazer, ME Heird, W Smith, R Jackson, A AF Jahoor, F Gazzard, B Phillips, G Sharpstone, D Delrosario, M Frazer, ME Heird, W Smith, R Jackson, A TI The acute-phase protein response to human immunodeficiency virus infection in human subjects SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE acute-phase protein synthesis; symptom-free acquired immunodeficiency; syndrome; stable isotope ID HIV; METABOLISM; KINETICS AB Although several studies have shown that asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection elicits an increase in whole body protein turnover, it is not known whether this increased protein turnover includes changes in the kinetics of acute-phase proteins (APPs). To answer this question, we measured 1)the plasma concentrations of four positive (C-reactive protein, alpha(1)-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, and fibrinogen) and four negative APPs [albumin, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-apolipo-protein (apo) Al, transthyretin, and retinol-binding protein] and 2) the fractional (FSR) and absolute (ASRs) synthesis rates of three positive and three negative APPs using a constant intravenous infusion of [H-2(5)]phenylalanine in five subjects with symptom-free acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and five noninfected control subjects. Compared with the values of the controls, the plasma concentrations, FSRs, and ASRs of most positive APPs were higher in the AIDS group. The negative APPs had faster FSRs in the AIDS group, there was no difference between the ASRs of the two groups, and only HDL-apoA1 had a lower plasma concentration. These results suggest that symptom-free AIDS elicits an APP response that is different from bacterial infections, as the higher concentrations and faster rates of synthesis of the positive APPs are not accompanied by lower concentrations and slower rates of synthesis of most of the negative APPs. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Chelsea & Westminster Hosp, London SW10 9TH, England. Univ Southampton, Inst Human Nutr, Southampton SO16 6YD, Hants, England. RP Jahoor, F (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM fjahoor@bcm.tmc.edu NR 26 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 276 IS 6 BP E1092 EP E1098 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA 205LN UT WOS:000080822900014 PM 10362622 ER PT J AU Stabel, TJ AF Stabel, TJ TI Evaluation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose for induction of a stress response in pigs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE; CORTISOL; EXPRESSION; PLASMA; 2-DG AB Objective-To determine the most effective route and dose for 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) administration in swine, kinetics of 2DG, endogenous glucose concentration in the blood, effects of 2DG on cortisol concentration, and effects of 2DG administration in vivo on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Animals-14 Salmonella-free male and female mixed-breed pigs. Procedure-A cannula was inserted in the femoral artery of each pig to allow for frequent blood collection with minimal external stress. The concentration and duration of 2DG in the blood was monitored while varying dose (250, 500, or 750 mg/kg of body weight) and route (IV, SC, IM, or IF) of 2DG administration. Blood samples were collected at various time points and assayed for lymphocyte response to concanavalin A and cortisol, endogenous glucose, and 2DG concentrations. Results-The 2 best routes for administration of 2DG were IV and SC. if the IV route was chosen, the optimal dose was 500 mg of 2DG/kg; the optimal dose for SC administration was 750 mg/kg. Conclusions-2DG induces a stress response in pigs similar to that in rodents. The use of 2DG in a porcine stress model should be effective for studying the possible role of stress in the pathogenesis and shedding of microorganisms. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Stabel, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 6 BP 708 EP 713 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 200RW UT WOS:000080554700017 PM 10376897 ER PT J AU Antoniou, E Hirst, BJ Grosz, M Skidmore, CJ AF Antoniou, E Hirst, BJ Grosz, M Skidmore, CJ TI A single strand conformational polymorphism in the bovine gene STAT5A SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. Univ Reading, Skidmore Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England. RP Antoniou, E (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Route 1,Box 2021, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. NR 2 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 30 IS 3 BP 232 EP 232 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00404-10.x PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 227BE UT WOS:000082057300022 PM 10442998 ER PT J AU Wetzel, JB Aref, S Baligar, VC Rayburn, AL AF Wetzel, JB Aref, S Baligar, VC Rayburn, AL TI A lack of nuclear DNA content variability among wheat near isolines differing in aluminium response SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE genome size; Triticum; breeding; near isogenic ID GENOME SIZE VARIATION; C-BAND HETEROCHROMATIN; MAIZE POPULATIONS; F1 HYBRIDS; ZEA-MAYS; PLANTS; ANGIOSPERMS; TOLERANCE; ALTITUDES AB Nucleotypic variation has been speculated to play a role in the adaptation of crop species to environmental stress. The objective of this study was to determine if nuclear DNA content variability was associated with aluminium (Al) tolerance in wheat. Six wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) near isolines (differing in Al response), two recurrent parents (Al sensitive), and one donor parent (Al tolerant) were all analysed for nuclear DNA content using flow cytometry. A 1.7% variation in nuclear DNA content was observed among the nine wheat lines. No association between Al response and nuclear DNA content was observed. All of the wheat near isolines had a nuclear DNA content similar to their recurrent parent. The wheat genome appears to be stable with no unusual inheritance of nuclear DNA content observed. Flow cytometric analysis proved to be sensitive enough to detect nuclear DNA content variability at the level of 0.5% variation among wheat lines. (C) 1999 Annals of Botany Company. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Illinois Stat Off, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. ARS, USDA, Appalachian Soil & Water Conserv Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Rayburn, AL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 320 ERML,1201 W Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 83 IS 6 BP 725 EP 728 DI 10.1006/anbo.1999.0854 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 204VN UT WOS:000080785500014 ER PT J AU Nardini, A Tyree, MT AF Nardini, A Tyree, MT TI Root and shoot hydraulic conductance of seven Quercus species SO ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE root hydraulic conductance; shoot hydraulic conductance; leaf blade resistance; Quercus; high pressure flow meter ID HIGH-PRESSURE FLOWMETER; PETRAEA MATT LIEBL; ECOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION; XYLEM DYSFUNCTION; SEASONAL-CHANGES; STOMATAL CONTROL; WATER RELATIONS; ROBUR L; ILEX L; EMBOLISM AB The root (K-R) and shoot (K-S) hydraulic conductances of seven different Quercus species, as well as the leaf blade hydraulic resistance (R-LL), were measured in potted plants with the aim of understanding whether a relationship exists between the hydraulic architecture and the general ecological behaviour of different species of this genus. The K-R values were scaled by dividing by root surface area (K-RR) and by leaf surface area (K-RL) and the K-S values were scaled by dividing by leaf surface area (K-SL). The likely drought-adapted species (Quercus suber, Q. pubescens, Q. petraea) showed lower K-RL and K-RR, lower K-SL and higher R-LL with respect to the known water-demanding species (Q. alba, re. cerris, Q. robur, Q. rubra). The possible physiological and ecological significance of such differences are discussed. ((C) Inra/Elsevier, Paris.). C1 Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Biol, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RP Nardini, A (reprint author), Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Biol, Via L Giogieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. RI Nardini, Andrea/C-6525-2009 NR 28 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 18 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 1286-4560 J9 ANN FOR SCI JI Ann. For. Sci. PD JUN-JUL PY 1999 VL 56 IS 5 BP 371 EP 377 DI 10.1051/forest:19990502 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 219QR UT WOS:000081618700002 ER PT J AU DeGrandi-Hoffman, G Hoffman, RF AF DeGrandi-Hoffman, G Hoffman, RF TI Bee sting dysphagia SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 USDA, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85723 USA. RP DeGrandi-Hoffman, G (reprint author), USDA, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD JUN 1 PY 1999 VL 130 IS 11 BP 943 EP 943 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 200PB UT WOS:000080547900014 PM 10375347 ER PT J AU Suzuki, YJ Shi, SS Blumberg, JB AF Suzuki, Yuichiro J. Shi, Susan S. Blumberg, Jeffrey B. TI Modulation of Angiotensin II Signaling for GATA4 Activation by Homocysteine SO ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING LA English DT Article AB Homocysteine (Hcy) is a redox active thiol-containing compound with pro-oxidant and pathogenic properties in the cardiovascular system. Angiotensin II (Ang II) also plays important roles in age-associated cardiovascular disease. Recently, the GATA4 transcription factor was recognized as a mediator of heart failure. W e investigated the interrelationship of these elements in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and found that Ang II induces GATA4 activity and Hey alters Ang II signaling. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays determined that treatment of cells with Ang II induced DNA binding activity to the GATA consensus sequence. This activation was transient with a peak occurring at 30 min. Supershift analysis revealed the GATA binding protein as GATA4. Ang II also induced NFAT activity with similar kinetics. Pretreatment of cells with Hey (100 mu M) delayed the peak of Ang H-induced NFAT and GATA activation to 60 min. Ang II-mediated activation of c-f/os serum response factor (SRF) was similarly delayed by Hey. These results suggest the pathogenic mechanism of Hey action may be mediated in part via modulation of Ang Il-signaling for gene transcription. Antiox. Redox Signal. 1, 233-238, 1999. C1 [Suzuki, Yuichiro J.; Shi, Susan S.; Blumberg, Jeffrey B.] Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Suzuki, YJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM SUZUKI_LP@HNRC.TUFTS.EDU FU National Heart Foundation; American Health Assistance Foundation; Yamanouchi USA Foundation; U.S. Department of Agriculture [58-1950-9-001] FX This work was supported by the National Heart Foundation, a program of the American Health Assistance Foundation (to Y.J.S.), a gift from the Yamanouchi USA Foundation (to J.B.B.), and by the U.S. Department of Agriculture under cooperative agreement No. 58-1950-9-001 (to J.B.B.). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1523-0864 EI 1557-7716 J9 ANTIOXID REDOX SIGN JI Antioxid. Redox Signal. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 1 IS 2 BP 233 EP 238 DI 10.1089/ars.1999.1.2-233 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA V10YW UT WOS:000207500300009 PM 11228750 ER PT J AU Cho, JY Jeffries, TW AF Cho, JY Jeffries, TW TI Transcriptional control of ADH genes in the xylose-fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MESSENGER-RNA LEVELS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; KLUYVEROMYCES-LACTIS; PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLASE; COPROPORPHYRINOGEN OXIDASE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; CANDIDA-SHEHATAE; OXYGEN; FERMENTATION AB We studied the expression of the genes encoding group I alcohol dehydrogenases (PsADH1 and PsADH2) in the xylose-fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis CBS 6054. The cells expressed PsADH1 approximately 10 times higher under oxygen-limited conditions than under fully aerobic conditions when cultivated on xylose. Transcripts of PsADH2 were not detectable under either aeration condition. We used a PsADH1:lacZ fusion to monitor PsADH1 expression and found that expression increased as oxygen decreased. The level of PsADH1 transcript was repressed about 10-fold in cells grown in the presence of heme under oxygen-limited conditions. Concomitantly with the induction of PsADH1, PsCYC1 expression was repressed. These results indicate that oxygen availability regulates PsADH1 expression and that regulation may be mediated by heme. The regulation of PsADH2 expression was also examined in other genetic backgrounds. Disruption of PsADH1 dramatically increased PsADH2 expression on nonfermentable carbon sources under fully aerobic conditions, indicating that the expression of PsADH2 is subject to feedback regulation under these conditions. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jeffries, TW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 NR 50 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 65 IS 6 BP 2363 EP 2368 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 201YF UT WOS:000080624300013 PM 10347014 ER PT J AU Lieckfeldt, E Samuels, GJ Nirenberg, HI Petrini, O AF Lieckfeldt, E Samuels, GJ Nirenberg, HI Petrini, O TI A morphological and molecular perspective of Trichoderma viride: Is it one or two species? SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SECT LONGIBRACHIATUM; RIBOSOMAL DNA; BIOCONTROL; SUBGROUPS; HARZIANUM; SEQUENCES; STRAINS; BIOLOGY; GENUS AB Trichoderma (Aseomycetes, Hypocreales) strains that have warted conidia are traditionally identified as T, viride, the type species of Trichoderma, However, two morphologically distinct types of conidial warts (I and II) have been found. Because each type corresponds to a unique mitochondrial DNA pattern, it has been questioned whether T, viride comprises more than one species. Combined molecular data (sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1 [ITS-1] and ITS-2 regions and of part of-the 28S rRNA gene along with results of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the endochitinase gene; and PCR fingerprinting), morphology, physiology, and colony characteristics distinguish type I and type II as different species. Type I corresponds to "true" T, viride, the anamorph of Hypocrea rufa, Type II represents a new species, T. asperellum, which is, in terms of molecular characteristics, close to the neotype of T. hamatum. C1 Humboldt Univ, Inst Biol Genet, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. Biol Bundesanstalt Land & Forstwirtschaft, Inst Pflanzenvirol Mikrobiol & Biol Sicherheit, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lieckfeldt, E (reprint author), Humboldt Univ, Inst Biol Genet, Chauseestr 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. NR 53 TC 71 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 65 IS 6 BP 2418 EP 2428 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 201YF UT WOS:000080624300021 PM 10347022 ER PT J AU Chang, PK Yu, JJ Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE AF Chang, PK Yu, JJ Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE TI The carboxy-terminal portion of the aflatoxin pathway regulatory protein AFLR of Aspergillus parasiticus activates GAL1 :: lacZ gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DNA-BINDING; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; BINUCLEAR CLUSTER; BIOSYNTHESIS; NIDULANS; YEAST; FLAVUS; TRANSCRIPTION; MUTANTS; DOMAIN AB AFLR, a DNA-binding protein of 444 amino acids, transactivates the. expression of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus, as well as the sterigmatocystin synthesis genes in Aspergillus nidulans. We show here by fusion of various aflR coding regions to the GAL4 DNA-binding coding region that the AFLR carboxyl terminus contained a region that activated GAL1::lacZ gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and that the AFLR internal region was required for the activation activity. Compared to the AFLR carboxy-terminal fusion protein (AFLRC), a mutant AFLRC retained approximately 75% of the activation activity after deletion of three acidic amino acids, Asp365, Glu366, and Glu367, in a previously identified acidic: stretch. Removal of the carboxy-terminal amino acid, Glu444, did not affect the activation activity. Substitutions of acidic. Glu423, Asp439, or Asp436/Asp439 with basic, amino acids, Lys and His, resulted in 10- to 15-fold-lower activation activities. Strikingly, the Asp436His mutation abolished the activation activity. Substitutions of basic His428 and His442 with acidic Asp resulted in 20 and. 40% decreases in the activation activities, respectively. Simultaneous substitutions of Arg427, Arg429, and Arg431 with Leu also significantly decreased the activation activity; the decrease was approximately 50-fold. Results suggest that the AFLR carboxy-terminal region is involved in transcription activation and that total acidity in this region is not a major determinant of;AFLR's activation ability in S. cerevisiae. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Chang, PK (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 36 TC 41 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 65 IS 6 BP 2508 EP 2512 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 201YF UT WOS:000080624300034 PM 10347035 ER PT J AU Roberts, DP Dery, PD Yucel, I Buyer, J Holtman, MA Kobayashi, DY AF Roberts, DP Dery, PD Yucel, I Buyer, J Holtman, MA Kobayashi, DY TI Role of pfkA and general carbohydrate catabolism in seed colonization by Enterobacter cloacae SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS STRAIN; PREEMERGENCE DAMPING-OFF; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; ROOT COLONIZATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; RHIZOSPHERE; MUTANTS; PYTHIUM AB Enterobacter cloacae A-11 is a transposon mutant of strain 501R3 that was deficient in cucumber spermosphere colonization and in the utilization of certain carbohydrates (D. P. Roberts, C. J. Sheets, and J. S. Hartung, Can. J. Microbiol. 38:1128-1134, 1992). In vitro growth of strain A-11 was reduced or deficient on most carbohydrates that supported growth of strain 501R3 but was unaffected on fructose, glycerol, and all amino acids and organic acids tested. Colonization by strain A-11 was significantly reduced (P less than or equal to 0.05) for cucumber and radish seeds compared to that of strain 501R3, but colonization of pea, soybean, sunflower, and sweet corn seeds was not reduced. Pea seeds released several orders of magnitude more total carbohydrates and amino acids than cucumber and radish seeds and approximately 4,000-fold more fructose. Fructose was the only carbohydrate detected in the seed exudates which supported wild-type levels of in vitro growth of strain A-11. Soybean, sunflower, and sweet corn seeds also released significantly greater amounts of fructose and total carbohydrates and amino acids than cucumber or radish seeds. The exogenous addition of fructose to cucumber and radish seeds at quantities similar to the total quantity of carbohydrates released from pea seeds over 96 h increased the populations of strain A-11 to levels comparable to those of strain 501R3 in sterile sand. Molecular characterization of strain A-11 indicated that the mini-Tn5 kanamycin transposon was inserted in a region of the genome with significant homology to pfkA, which encodes phosphofructo kinase. A comparison of strain A-11 with Escherichia coli DF456, a known pfkA mutant, indicated that the nutritional loss phenotypes were identical. Furthermore, the pfkA homolog cloned from E. cloacae 501R3 complemented the nutritional loss phenotypes of both E. coli DF456 and E. cloacae A-11 and restored colonization by strain A-11 to near wild-type levels. These genetic and biochemical restoration experiments provide strong evidence that the quantities of reduced carbon sources found in seed exudates and the ability of microbes to use these compounds play important roles in the colonization of the spermosphere. C1 ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Roberts, DP (reprint author), ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, USDA, Bldg 011A,Rm 275,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM DROBERTS@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 42 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 65 IS 6 BP 2513 EP 2519 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 201YF UT WOS:000080624300035 PM 10347036 ER PT J AU Hua, SST Baker, JL Flores-Espiritu, M AF Hua, SST Baker, JL Flores-Espiritu, M TI Interactions of saprophytic yeasts with a nor mutant of Aspergillus flavus SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AFLATOXIN BIOSYNTHESIS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PISTACHIO NUTS; MAIZE KERNELS; PARASITICUS; CALIFORNIA; APPLE; AFLR; PH AB The nor mutant of Aspergillus flavus has a defective norsolorinic acid reductase,and thus the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway is blocked, resulting in the accumulation of norsolorinic acid, a bright red-orange pigment. We developed a visual agar plate assay to monitor yeast strains for their ability to inhibit aflatoxin production by visually scoring the accumulation of this pigment of the nor mutant. We Identified yeast strains that reduced the red-orange pigment accumulation in the nor mutant. These yeasts also reduced aflatoxin accumulation by a toxigenic strain of A. flavus. These yeasts. may be useful for reducing aflatoxin contamination of food commodities. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Hua, SST (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM ssth@pw.usda.gov NR 25 TC 47 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 65 IS 6 BP 2738 EP 2740 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 201YF UT WOS:000080624300068 PM 10347069 ER PT J AU Cary, JW Barnaby, N Ehrlich, KC Bhatnagar, D AF Cary, JW Barnaby, N Ehrlich, KC Bhatnagar, D TI Isolation and characterization of experimentally induced, aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway deletion mutants of Aspergillus parasiticus SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENCODING NITRATE REDUCTASE; GENE; TRANSFORMATION; CONVERSION; FLAVUS AB A plasmid vector (pDEL2) was engineered for the purpose of introducing a deletion within the aflatoxin (AF) biosynthetic gene cluster of Aspergillus parasiticus. The vector was constructed by PCR amplification of a region of the AF gene cluster from an A. parasiticus isolate that had undergone an aberrant recombinational event during transformation with. a norA-niaD gene disruption vector. This recombinational event resulted in the deletion of an approximately 6-kb region of the AE gene cluster and accumulation of the AF precursor averantin (AVN). Northern hybridization analysis confirmed that the deletion event resulted in no detectable transcription of the norA gene or the AF biosynthetic genes, avnA, verA, and vev-1. Transformation of A. parasiticus RHN1 with pDEL2 resulted in 16% of the transformants accumulating AVN. Southern hybridization analysis of randomly selected AVN-accumulating transformants indicated that all had undergone a double-crossover homologous, recombinational event resulting in the 6-kb norA to avnA deletion within the AF gene cluster. Aflatoxin precursor feeding studies performed on one of the AVN-accumulating, RHN1(pDEL2) transformants confirmed that the enzyme activities associated with the deleted genes were no longer present. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Cary, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 51 IS 6 BP 808 EP 812 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 212FU UT WOS:000081207300012 PM 10422228 ER PT J AU Swayne, DE Beck, JR Garcia, M Stone, HD AF Swayne, DE Beck, JR Garcia, M Stone, HD TI Influence of virus strain and antigen mass on efficacy of H5 avian influenza inactivated vaccines SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OIL-EMULSION VACCINES; FOWLPOX VIRUS; CHICKENS; RECOMBINANT; PROTECTION; INFECTION; IMMUNITY AB The influence of vaccine strain and antigen mass on the ability of inactivated avian influenza (AI) viruses to protect chicks from a lethal, highly pathogenic (HP) AI virus challenge was studied. Groups of 4-week-old chickens were immunized with inactivated vaccines containing one of 10 haemagglutinin subtype H5 AI viruses, one heterologous H7 AI virus or normal allantoic fluid (sham), and challenged 3 weeks later by intra-nasal inoculation with a HP H5 chicken-origin AI virus. All 10 H5 vaccines provided good protection from clinical signs and death, and produced positive serological reactions on agar gel immunodiffusion and haemagglutination inhibition tests. In experiment 1, challenge virus was recovered from the oropharynx of 80% of chickens in the H5 vaccine group. In five H5 vaccine groups, challenge virus was not recovered from the cloaca of chickens. In the other five H5 vaccine groups, the number of chickens with detection of challenge virus from the cloaca was Tower than in the sham group (P < 0.05). Reductions in the quantity of challenge virus shed from the cloaca and oropharynx were also evident in some H5 vaccinate groups when compared to the sham group. However, there was no positive correlation between the sequence identity of the haemagglutinin gene from the vaccine strain and challenge virus, and the ability to reduce the quantity of challenge virus shed from the cloaca or oropharynx, As the quantity of AI antigen in the vaccines increased, all parameters of protection improved and were virus strain dependent. A/turkey/Wisconsin/68 (H5N9) was the best vaccine candidate of the H5 strains tested (PD50 = 0.006 mu g AI antigen). These data demonstrate that chickens vaccinated with inactivated H5 whole virus AI vaccines were protected from clinical signs and death, but usage of vaccine generally did not prevent infection by the challenge virus, as indicated by recovery of virus from the oropharynx, Vaccine use reduced cloacal detection rates, and quantity of virus shed from the cloaca and oropharynx in some vaccine groups, which would potentially reduce environmental contamination and disease transmission in the field. C1 ARS, USDA, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Swayne, DE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 30 TC 87 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 4 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 245 EP 255 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 218HY UT WOS:000081548200004 PM 26915380 ER PT J AU Goodwin, MA Hafner, S Bounous, DI Brown, J Smith, E Fadly, A AF Goodwin, MA Hafner, S Bounous, DI Brown, J Smith, E Fadly, A TI Multi-centric histiocytosis: experimental induction in broiler and specific pathogen-free leghorn chickens SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; AVIAN-LEUKOSIS VIRUS; INFECTION AB Seventy-five 3-day-old broiler chicks and twenty specific pathogen-free leghorn chicks were injected with 0.5 mi of a homogenate, prepared from organs from broilers diagnosed with naturally-occurring multicentric histiocytosis (MH), Equal numbers of uninjected broiler and leghorn chicks (controls) were maintained in adjacent pens. Ten weeks later, nine broilers had well-developed gross and microscopic MH lesions. The distribution and histological appearance of lesions in these experimental chicks was similar to lesions described in naturally occurring field cases. Six leghorns had gross lesions similar to those found in their broiler counterparts; however, in the leghorns, the cellular masses contained more lymphocytes and, additionally, masses were found in the gizzard musculature, One gizzard contained a sarcoma, Broiler chickens with MH weighed less than their control counterparts and were more likely to be anaemic, Sequences specific for reticuloendotheliosis viruses (REV) were found in the MH homogenate, in organs from most affected experimental leghorns and broilers, and in organs from a control broiler, However, REV were not isolated from these tissues, nor were specific antibodies for REV or avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses (ALV) found in chick serum, Leukosis/sarcoma viruses were isolated from some MH-affected experimental leghorns and broilers. Sequences specific for Marek's disease herpesvirus were not identified by polymerase chain reaction. The aetiology of MH remains unknown. C1 Georgia Poultry Lab, Oakwood, GA 30566 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Eastern Lab, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Med Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Goodwin, MA (reprint author), Georgia Poultry Lab, POB 20, Oakwood, GA 30566 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 273 EP 278 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 218HY UT WOS:000081548200007 PM 26915383 ER PT J AU Hunt, JR Penland, JG AF Hunt, JR Penland, JG TI Iron status and depression in premenopausal women: An MMPI study SO BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE depression; ferritin; hemoglobin; iron; MMPI; mood ID FEMALE AB To test the hypothesis that low iron status or other nutritional deficiencies are associated with symptoms of depression in premenopausal women, the authors related blood indices of iron status to scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and responses to a mood adjective checklist, Participants recruited locally provided fasting blood samples and completed the MMPI during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Of 365 apparently healthy participants, 4% had hemoglobin < 120 g/L, 6% had transfewin saturation < 16%, 20% hadferritin < 12 mu g/L, and 8% had clinically elevated scares (T greater than or equal to 70) on the Depression scale of the MMPI. The frequency of elevated MMPI Depression scores was unrelated to the frequency of low hemoglobin, transferrin saturation, or ferritin. The results do not support the hypothesis that low iron status contributes to symptoms of depression in women. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Hunt, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0896-4289 J9 BEHAV MED JI Behav. Med. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 25 IS 2 BP 62 EP 68 PG 7 WC Behavioral Sciences; Psychiatry SC Behavioral Sciences; Psychiatry GA 214GM UT WOS:000081320300002 PM 10401535 ER PT J AU Klein, MG Lacey, LA AF Klein, MG Lacey, LA TI An attractant trap for autodissemination of entomopathogenic fungi into populations of the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE microbial control; Metarhizium anisopliae; inoculative release; entomopathogen autodissemination; Popillia japonica ID METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE AB Autodissemination may be effective against the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, in situations where habitats of tis larvae are inaccessible. Trapping systems with attractants for both male and female Japanese beetles are commercially available. We fabricated an inoculation chamber which fits between the top of a standard Trece Catch Can(TM) Japanese beetle Trap and its holding canister. Beetles which are attracted to the trap fall through a hole in the inoculation chamber and land on a mesh screen. A partial funnel and canister attachment from a metal Ellisco Japanese Beetle Trap was secured beneath a hole in the floor at the opposite end of the chamber. A 10-cm section in the middle of the box, between the entrance hole in the roof and the exit hole in the floor, allows space for a dish containing the inoculum to be placed into the chamber through a door in the side of the unit. The trap has been tested with Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin as the pathogen. Beetles emerging from the device in the field were captured and returned to the laboratory where the presence of conidia and mortality to adult beetles from the fungus were confirmed. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, Appl Technol Res Unit, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. ARS, USDA, Yakima Ag Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Klein, MG (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, Appl Technol Res Unit, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 20 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 9 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 151 EP 158 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 212BR UT WOS:000081196900002 ER PT J AU Krasnoff, SB Faloon, D Williams, JE Gibson, DM AF Krasnoff, SB Faloon, D Williams, JE Gibson, DM TI Toxicity of xanthene dyes to entomopathogenic fungi SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE entomopathogenic fungi; Beauveria bassiana; Metarhizium anisopliae; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; Medfly; Ceratitis capitata; erythrosin B; phloxine B; red dye; photodynamic; conidial germination inhibition ID ERYTHROSIN-B AB Effects of xanthene dyes on mycelial growth and conidial germination in three species of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anispoliae and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, were evaluated in a variety of assay systems. In a disk-diffusion assay, erythrosin B and phloxine B (but not eosin B) produced zones of inhibition in colonies of all three species under continuous exposure to light at disk-loadings of 100 mu g. None of the dyes produced zones of inhibition in the absence of light at disk loadings of 100 mu g. Both erythrosin B and phloxine B inhibited mycelial growth of all three species in the light in a dose-dependent manner. Weaker dose-responses for inhibition of growth in the dark were observed for some fungus/dye combinations. Erythrosin B, tested singly, completely inhibited conidial germination in the light in all eight fungal strains tested at 100 mu g ml(-1) medium, but failed to inhibit conidial germination in any of these strains in the dark at the same concentration of dye. For single strains of each of the three fungi, erythrosin B and phloxine B inhibited conidial germination in a dose-dependent manner in the light with IC(50)s < 6.2 mu g dye ml(-1) medium for all fungus/dye combinations. Phloxine B was a more potent inhibitor of germination than erythrosin B for all three fungal species. At fixed dosages of erythrosin B and phloxine B, inhibition of conidial germination in all three species increased with time of exposure to light. These results constitute the first quantitative demonstration of photodynamic inhibition of conidial germination in fungi by xanthene dyes. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Krasnoff, SB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Protect Res Unit, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 215 EP 225 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 212BR UT WOS:000081196900008 ER PT J AU Reynnells, RD AF Reynnells, RD TI Turning animal by products into resources SO BIOCYCLE LA English DT Article C1 Cooperat State Res Educ Extens Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Reynnells, RD (reprint author), Cooperat State Res Educ Extens Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 0276-5055 J9 BIOCYCLE JI Biocycle PD JUN PY 1999 VL 40 IS 6 BP 48 EP + PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 207MC UT WOS:000080939800039 ER PT J AU Fassnacht, KS Gower, ST AF Fassnacht, KS Gower, ST TI Comparison of the litterfall and forest floor organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of upland forest ecosystems in north central Wisconsin SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE broad-leaved deciduous; forest floor residence time; needle-leaved evergreen; nitrogen cycling; nutrient use efficiency; Wisconsin ID NUTRIENT-USE EFFICIENCY; LEAF-AREA INDEX; DOUGLAS-FIR; STANDS; PINUS; SOILS; MINERALIZATION; DECOMPOSITION; AVAILABILITY; PRODUCTIVITY AB It has been suggested that a feedback exists between the vegetation and soil whereby fertile (vs infertile) sites support species with shorter leaf life spans and higher quality litter which promotes rapid decomposition and higher soil nutrient availability. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize and compare the C and N dynamics of dominant upland forest ecosystems in north central Wisconsin, (2) compare the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of these forests, and (3) examine the relationship between NUE and site characteristics. Analyzing data from 24 stands spanning a moisture/nutrient gradient, we found that resource-poor stands transferred less C and N from the vegetation to the forest floor, and that N remained in the forest floor at least four times longer than in more resource-rich stands. Analyzing data by leaf habit, we found that less N was transferred to the forest floor annually via litterfall in conifer stands, and that N remained in the forest floor of these stands nearly three times longer than in hardwood stands. NUE did not differ among forests with different resource availabilities, but was greater for conifers than for hardwoods. Vitousek's (1982) index of nutrient use efficiency (I-NUE1 = leaf litterfall biomass/leaf litterfall N) was most closely correlated to litterfall specific leaf area and percent hardwood leaf area index, suggesting that differences in species composition may have been responsible for the differences in NUE among our stands. NUE2, defined as ANPP/leaf litterfall N, was not closely correlated to any of the site characteristics included in this analysis. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Fassnacht, KS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 48 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD JUN PY 1999 VL 45 IS 3 BP 265 EP 284 DI 10.1023/A:1026486309251 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 195GF UT WOS:000080241700003 ER PT J AU Carlson, DA Geden, CJ Bernier, UR AF Carlson, DA Geden, CJ Bernier, UR TI Identification of pupal exuviae of Nasonia vitripennis and Muscidifurax raptorellus parasitoids using cuticular hydrocarbons SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article ID CONFINED BEEF-CATTLE; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FLIES DIPTERA; TSETSE FLIES; PTEROMALIDAE; HYMENOPTERA; PATTERNS AB Parasitoids are often members of species complexes and are difficult to identify by conventional morphology, although most indigenous parasitoids of muscoid flies can be identified from adults. Pupal exuviae of the gregarious parasitoids Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan and Legner and Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) were dissected from parasitized house fly (Musca domestica L.) puparia. Their hydrocarbons were extracted, isolated, and analyzed via column and gas chromatography, as were those of adult parasitoids. Quantification of 7-methylhentriacontane and 3,7,15-trimethylpentatriacontane allowed calculation of peak ratios of these two methyl-branched components that showed statistically significant differences between the species. Since the profiles were dramatically different, a confident identification resulted. Analysis of adult parasitoids or the mummified host remains from parasitized host puparia also revealed distinctive hydrocarbon profiles between species, and the same peak ratios were definitive for each species. Since there are no morphological keys for pupal life stages, hydrocarbon profiles provide a simple and reliable method to identify parasitoids from parasitized host puparia, before or after the adult parasitoids have left the host. In addition, the parasitoid species found in parasitized pupae can be determined from analysis of the empty puparium or even the mummy itself. C1 ARS, USDA, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Carlson, DA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, CMAVE, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 EI 1090-2112 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 2 BP 97 EP 106 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0708 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 202GV UT WOS:000080644700002 ER PT J AU Lopez, M Aluja, M Sivinski, J AF Lopez, M Aluja, M Sivinski, J TI Hymenopterous larval-pupal and pupal parasitoids of Anastrepha flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) in Mexico SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha; Tephritidae; parasitoids; Doryctobracon; Utetes; Opius; Aganaspis; Odontosema; Coptera; Diachasmimorpha; Aceratoneuromyia; Pachycrepoideus ID CARIBBEAN FRUIT-FLY; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; COSTA-RICA; BIONOMICS; SUSPENSA AB We surveyed 15 wild and cultivated plant species in search of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids during 4 years (1993-1996) in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. The following species were infested by Anastrepha larvae: Spondias purpurea L., S. mombin L., Tapirira mexicana Marchand, Mangifera indica L. (all Anacardiaceae), Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae), Citrus sinensis L. and Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex. (Rutaceae), Psidium guajava L., P. sartorianum (Berg.), P. guineense Sw., Syzygium jambos L., Myrciaria floribunda (West) O. Berg. (all Myrtaceae), Chrysophyllum mexicanum (Brandegce) ex. Standley and Calocarpum mammosum L, (Sapotaceae), and Passiflora foetida L. (Passifloraceae). Of these, only C. mexicanum, C. edulis, and P. foetida did not harbor parasitoids. We identified 10 native and exotic larval-pupal parasitoid species (all Hymenoptera): Doryctobracon areolatus (Szepligeti), D. crawfordi (Viereck), Utetes (Bracanastrepha) anastrephae (Viereck), and Opius hirtus (Fisher) (all Braconidae), Aganaspis pellenaroi (Brethes) and Odontosema anastrephae Borgmeier (Eucoilidae) (all native species), and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) and Aceratoneuromyia indica (Silvestri) (Braconidae and Eulophidae, respectively; both exotic species). We also identified two pupal parasitoids: Coptera haywardi (Ogloblin) (Diapriidae; native) and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (Pteromalidae; exotic). Parasitization levels ranged between 0.4 and 83.8%. Native, wild plants harbored significantly more parasitoids per fruit than cultivated ones. Interestingly, in P. guajava 2 fly species and 5 parasitoid species were once identified in a single fruit. We found a negative correlation between fruit size and number of parasitoids/fruit. We rank parasitoids based on host breadth (fruit fly species attacked) and number of plant species visited. We discuss some general ecological and practical implications of our findings (e.g., effect of fruit size on parasitism, mass-rearing, and augmentative releases of native vs exotic parasitoids) and compare our findings with previous surveys carried out in Mexico and in Central and South America. We also discuss the need to protect native vegetation because of the important role such vegetation plays as reservoirs of fruit fly parasitoids. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Inst Ecol, AC, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico. ARS, Insect Attractants Behav & Basic Biol Res Lab, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Aluja, M (reprint author), Inst Ecol, AC, Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico. NR 45 TC 91 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 2 BP 119 EP 129 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0711 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 202GV UT WOS:000080644700005 ER PT J AU Caesar, AJ Campobasso, G Terragitti, G AF Caesar, AJ Campobasso, G Terragitti, G TI Effects of European and US strains of Fusarium spp. pathogenic to leafy spurge on North American grasses and cultivated species SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE biological control; mycoherbicide; rangeland weeds; Euphorbia esula; Andropogon gerardi; Eraglostis tichodes; Festuca idahoensis; Poa ampla ID VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY GROUPS; COMPARATIVE VIRULENCE; OXYSPORUM; RACES AB Host-range tests were conducted in a greenhouse using 9 European and 11 U.S. strains of Fusarium spp. pathogenic to Euphorbia spp. Plants of 12 grass species native to the rangelands of North America were raised from seed, planted in soil infested with each strain, and assessed for dry weight after 24 weeks. Five of 11 U.S. strains of Fusarium spp. significantly reduced the dry weight of at least 1 species of grass native to North America. Only 3 native grass species were affected: Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi), and big bluegrass (Poa ampla). Mean reductions ranged from 56 to 92%. A single European strain caused a 53% reduction in dry weight of 1 grass species, sand love-grass (Eragrostis tichodes). Root-dip assays of 3-week-old seedlings in the greenhouse, with assessment over 3 weeks followed by 9 weeks of further observation and recording of dry weights of surviving plants mere used to assess pathogenicity to 27 cultivated plant species. Two of the 3 most virulent U.S. strains failed to cause disease on any crop species according to these criteria. Three U.S. strains were positive in root-dip assays, each to a single crop species, causing vascular discoloration of flax (Linum ussitatissimum) and root necrosis of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Neither of the 2 most virulent European strains exhibited pathogenicity to any of 12 crop species. Two other European strains exhibited host ranges comprised of 3 and 4 crop species. Two strains of F. proliferatum from the U.S. and Europe differing in host range were vegetatively compatible. The greater frequency of disease incidence on Euphorbia in Europe and the narrow host range and apparently greater virulence of European strains indicate that strains well-adapted to leafy spurge might best include Fusarium spp. occurring in Europe. C1 ARS, Pest Management & Agr Syst Res Unit, No Plains Agr Res Lab, USDA, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. ARS European Biol Control Lab, USDA, Rome Substn, Rome, Italy. RP Caesar, AJ (reprint author), ARS, Pest Management & Agr Syst Res Unit, No Plains Agr Res Lab, USDA, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 2 BP 130 EP 136 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0704 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 202GV UT WOS:000080644700006 ER PT J AU Bautista, RC Mochizuki, N Spencer, JP Harris, EJ Ichimura, DM AF Bautista, RC Mochizuki, N Spencer, JP Harris, EJ Ichimura, DM TI Mass-rearing of the tephritid fruit fly parasitoid Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Fopius arisanus; oriental fruit fly; fruit fly parasitoid; rearing techniques; mass propagation ID BIOSTERES-ARISANUS; FLIES DIPTERA; KULA AREA; HAWAII; ABUNDANCE; PARASITIZATION; COLLECTION; CERATITIS; BEHAVIOR; DORSALIS AB Fopius (= Biosteres) arisanus (Sonan) (= Opius oophilus (Fullaway)) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an egg-pupal parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies was successfully bred in captivity, resulting in the development of a laboratory-adapted strain. Subsequently, we developed a mass-rearing method that facilitated large scale production of F. arisanus for the first time. Over 13 months, nearly 10 million parasitoids were propagated on the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera (= Dacus) dorsalis (Hendel). The rearing procedures and equipment used for mass production of F. arisanus are described. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, USDA, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Bautista, RC (reprint author), ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, USDA, 2727 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 42 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 4 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 2 BP 137 EP 144 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0707 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 202GV UT WOS:000080644700007 ER PT J AU Proudman, JA Vandesande, F Berghman, LR AF Proudman, JA Vandesande, F Berghman, LR TI Immunohistochemical evidence that follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone reside in separate cells in the chicken pituitary SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; GONADOTROPIC-HORMONES; PARS-DISTALIS; LOCALIZATION; FSH; LH; BAT AB As is the case in other tetrapod species, the chicken gonadotropins LH and FSH consist of a common or subunit and a hormone-specific beta subunit. Gonadotrophs containing LH were shown earlier to be distributed throughout both the caudal and cephalic lobes of the chicken anterior pituitary, but the cellular distribution of FSH in avian species is still uncertain. The purpose of this study was to determine the cellular distribution of FSH-containing chicken gonadotrophs by use of FSH-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Three new mAbs toward chicken FSH were proven hormone specific by immunodetection of purified hormones on dot blots and by dual-label immunohistochemistry (IHC) on sagittal sections of chicken pituitaries. A rabbit antibody was used to detect chicken LH. Results showed that LH-containing gonadotrophs were densely distributed throughout the anterior pituitary, whereas gonadotrophs containing FSH were much less numerous; in addition, while also present in both lobes, FSH-positive cells were largely absent from the outer margin of the gland. Dual-label IHC revealed that LH and FSH reside almost exclusively in separate gonadotrophs. The identity of FSH-containing cells was further confirmed through use of an antibody to the chicken or subunit, which showed that FSH immunoreactivity was always colocalized with the a subunit. Our results suggest the possibility that production and secretion of LH and FSH may be regulated differently in chickens than in most other species studied to date. C1 USDA ARS, BARC E, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Catholic Univ Louvain, Inst Zool, Lab Neuroendocrinol & Immunol Biotechnol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. RP Proudman, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC E, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Bldg 262, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 6 BP 1324 EP 1328 DI 10.1095/biolreprod60.6.1324 PG 5 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 198YN UT WOS:000080452300009 PM 10330088 ER PT J AU Posyniak, A Zmudzki, J Semeniuk, S Niedzielska, J Ellis, R AF Posyniak, A Zmudzki, J Semeniuk, S Niedzielska, J Ellis, R TI Determination of fluoroquinolone residues in animal tissues by liquid chromatography SO BIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DANOFLOXACIN; ENROFLOXACIN; EXTRACTION; SERUM; ACID AB A simple liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for the determination of fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, difloxacin, enrofloxacin and sarafloxacin) in animal tissues. Isolation of fluoroquinolones from biological matrices was performed with 5% trichloroacetic acid-acetonitrile (7:3) solution. For clean-up, solid-phase extraction with an SDBI (styrene-divinylobenzene) cartridge was used. LC analyses were performed with analytical column (LiChrospher 100 RP-8 5 mu m) and mobile phase (0.025 M O-phosphoric acid-acetonitrile 70:30, v/v) in ion-pair mode. The whole procedure was validated in intra- and inter-assay reproducibility and accuracy determination by simultaneously assaying of muscle, liver and kidney samples supplemented with fluoroquinolones at the level of 30 and 60 ng/g, respectively. The statistical evaluation demonstrates high absolute recovery (>80%) and low coefficient of variation (<10%) for all analysed samples. The detection limits for fluoroquinolones were 5 ng/g in muscle, liver and kidney samples. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Vet Res Inst, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, PL-24100 Pulawy, Poland. USDA, FSIS, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Zmudzki, J (reprint author), Natl Vet Res Inst, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Al Partyzantow 57, PL-24100 Pulawy, Poland. NR 11 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0269-3879 J9 BIOMED CHROMATOGR JI Biomed. Chromatogr. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 BP 279 EP 285 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0801(199906)13:4<279::AID-BMC844>3.0.CO;2-A PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 214RK UT WOS:000081341200006 PM 10416061 ER PT J AU Pendyal, B Johns, MM Marshall, WE Ahmedna, M Rao, RM AF Pendyal, B Johns, MM Marshall, WE Ahmedna, M Rao, RM TI The effect of binders and agricultural by-products on physical and chemical properties of granular activated carbons SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE activated carbon; binders; agricultural by-products; physical properties; chemical properties ID METAL-IONS AB Four binders (coal tar, sugarcane molasses, sugar beet molasses, corn syrup) were mixed with three agricultural by-products (rice hulls, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse) in different combinations and these mixtures transformed into granular activated carbons (GACs). GACs were evaluated for the physical properties of burn-off/yield, surface area, bulk density and hardness and the chemical properties of pH and ash. These properties, except for burn-off/yield, were compared to the same properties of two commercial reference carbons made from bituminous coal with coal tar binder. The results show that GACs made with corn syrup as binder exhibited surface areas, bulk densities, hardness, pH and ash values closest to the reference carbons. The presence of a specific by-product appeared less important than the presence of a specific binder in determining the physical and chemical characteristics of the GACs. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. Ail rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Food Sci, LAES, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Rao, RM (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Food Sci, LAES, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. OI Ahmedna, Mohamed/0000-0001-8727-4300 NR 15 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-8524 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 68 IS 3 BP 247 EP 254 DI 10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00153-9 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 164CY UT WOS:000078445900005 ER PT J AU Nunez, A Foglia, TA Piazza, GJ AF Nunez, A Foglia, TA Piazza, GJ TI Cofactor recycling in a coupled enzyme oxidation-reduction reaction: conversion of omega-oxo-fatty acids into omega-hydroxy and dicarboxylic acids SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHLORELLA-PYRENOIDOSA; HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE; GREEN ODOR; PLANTS AB Aldehydes are reduced to alcohols by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), whereas the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldDH) oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids. ADH and AldDH require, respectively, the reduced and oxidized forms of the cofactor NAD (NAD(+)/NADH). By combining both oxidation and reduction reactions into one process, it is possible to produce alcohols and carboxylic acids simultaneously from aldehydes by continuous recycling of the NAD(+)/ NADH cofactor. However, both enzymes need to be active within the same pH region and buffer system. To test this hypothesis, the pH profile (Y-max and V-max/K-m) as well as the pK(a) of the prototropic groups involved in catalysis for both dehydrogenases were determined using (Z,Z)-nona-2,4-dienal as a model substrate. The pH profile (V-max and V-max/K-m) of both enzymes overlapped in the pH range of 6-8 in potassium phosphate buffer. When the coupled enzyme system was used at pH 7 with 10% NAD(+) cofactor, over 90% of the starting aldehyde was converted to its corresponding acid and alcohol derivatives in a I : I ratio, The sequential action of the enzymes lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase converts polyunsaturated fatty acids to aldehydic fatty acids. The products arising from the oxidation or reduction of the aldehydic functionality are of industrial interest. It was found that 13-oxo-9-(Z),11-(E)-tridecadienoic acid, the product of the sequential reaction of soya bean lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase from Chlorella pyrenoidosa on linoleic acid, is also a substrate in this coupled enzyme system. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Nunez, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 3AJ, ENGLAND SN 0885-4513 J9 BIOTECHNOL APPL BIOC JI Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 BP 207 EP 212 PN 3 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 207HH UT WOS:000080931000003 PM 10334949 ER PT J AU Furnier, GR Stolz, AM Mustaphi, RM Ostry, ME AF Furnier, GR Stolz, AM Mustaphi, RM Ostry, ME TI Genetic evidence that butternut canker was recently introduced into North America SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum; Juglans cinerea; RAPD; randomly amplified polymorphic DNA ID GREMMENIELLA-ABIETINA; DISCULA-DESTRUCTIVA; PATHOGEN AB Butternut (Juglans cinerea) is seriously threatened by a canker disease caused by Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum, a fungus with no known sexual stage. This pathogen was first reported in 1967 and is now found throughout the native range of butternut, suggesting that it was introduced into North America. We used randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to examine genetic variation in S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum over a large portion of the native range of butternut. The 55 RAPD fragments were all found in all 86 isolates of the fungus. This complete monomorphism is consistent with the fungus having been introduced into North America as a single isolate and suggests that if resistant butternut genotypes are found, the pathogen will not likely be able to rapidly evolve genotypes that can attack them. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Furnier, GR (reprint author), 5525 S Mission Rd,Apartment 11208, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 11 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 6 BP 783 EP 785 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 251PP UT WOS:000083454300002 ER PT J AU Greene, DF Zasada, JC Sirois, L Kneeshaw, D Morin, H Charron, I Simard, MJ AF Greene, DF Zasada, JC Sirois, L Kneeshaw, D Morin, H Charron, I Simard, MJ TI A review of the regeneration dynamics of North American boreal forest tree species SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Review ID SPRUCE PICEA-ENGELMANNII; PINE PINUS-BANKSIANA; BALSAM FIR FORESTS; MARIANA MILL BSP; WHITE SPRUCE; BLACK SPRUCE; INTERIOR ALASKA; NORTHWESTERN QUEBEC; BETULA-PUBESCENS; WIND DISPERSAL AB In this review, we focus on the biotic parameters that are crucial to an understanding of the recruitment dynamics of North American boreal tree species following natural (fire, budworm infestation, windthrow) or human-induced (clearcut, partial cut) disturbances. The parameters we emphasize are (i) the production of seeds and asexual stems (both of which, we argue, are a function of basal area density), (ii) the dispersal of seeds by wind (or the dispersion of asexual stems) as a function of distance from source, (iii) dormant seed bank capacity, (iv) organic layer depth as a determinant of germinant mortality and asexual bud response, and (v) shade tolerance as a partial arbiter of the density of advanced regeneration. Having identified the gaps in our knowledge, we conclude by suggesting a shea term research agenda whose completion would lead to the parameterized functions that would, constitute the recruitment subroutine in a landscape-scale forest dynamics simulator. C1 Concordia Univ, Dept Geog & Biol, Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Univ Quebec, Dept Sci Biol, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada. Univ Quebec, Grp Rech Ecol Forestiere, Ctr Ville Branch, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. Univ Quebec, Consortium Rech Foret Boreale Commerciale, Chicoutimi, PQ G7H 2B1, Canada. Concordia Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3G 4M8, Canada. RP Greene, DF (reprint author), Concordia Univ, Dept Geog & Biol, Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada. EM greene@alcor.concordia.ca NR 149 TC 246 Z9 249 U1 17 U2 98 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 6 BP 824 EP 839 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-6-824 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 215DA UT WOS:000081365600020 ER PT J AU DonnerWright, DM Bozek, MA Probst, JR Anderson, EM AF DonnerWright, DM Bozek, MA Probst, JR Anderson, EM TI Responses of turtle assemblage to environmental gradients in the St. Croix River in Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID CHELYDRA-SERPENTINA; MAP TURTLE; GRAPTEMYS-GEOGRAPHICA; GENUS GRAPTEMYS; ECOLOGY; POPULATION AB We investigated how environmental gradients measured along the St. Croix River in Minnesota and Wisconsin, U.S.A., influenced the turtle assemblage. Among seven species, the five most common species were generalists and had wide distributions throughout the study area. However, patterns in assemblage structure were related to environmental gradients along the river. Sex ratios were male-dominated for the five most common species, and few or no juveniles were captured during the study. The first two canonical axes of a canonical correspondence analysis accounted for 92.7% of the variation in species-environment gradients. Most of the variation in distribution and abundance was attributed to gradients in channel morphology and physical characteristics along the river channel. Abundances of common snapping (Chelydra serpentina), false map (Graptemys pseudogeographica), and painted (Chrysemys picta bellii) turtles were associated with muck substrates and the number of basking sites (i.e., snags, rocks), which increased farther downstream. Abundance of spiny softshell turtles was closely related to increased water velocity and depth, which were related to hydraulic control points in the river. Abundance of common map turtles was associated with the presence of open sandy areas, uniform channel bottom, and gravel substrates. Geomorphic changes along the St. Croix River clearly influence the turtle assemblage and these specific relations should be considered in efforts to preserve and restore components of the assemblage. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Wisconsin Cooperat Fisheries Res Unit, Stevens Point, WI 54581 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Stevens Point, WI 54581 USA. RP DonnerWright, DM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. NR 45 TC 26 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 6 BP 989 EP 1000 DI 10.1139/cjz-77-6-989 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 252NW UT WOS:000083509500019 ER PT J AU Cote, GL Willet, JL AF Cote, GL Willet, JL TI Thermomechanical depolymerization of dextran SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE dextran; high pressure steam; jet-cooking; sonication; twin-screw extrusion ID DEGRADATION; VISCOSITY; STARCH; EXTRUSION AB Native, high-molecular weight dextran was subjected to ultrasonication at 20 kHz and 1.5 MHz, jet-cooking with high pressure steam and twin-screw extrusion under a variety of conditions. The extent of depolymerization was measured by size-exclusion chromatography and viscometry. All methods reduced the molecular weight and solution viscosity of dextran. The greatest degree of depolymerization occurred with 20 kHz ultrasonication. With extrusion, increasing amounts of specific mechanical energy input resulted in greater degrees of depolymerization. Each of these methods has advantages and drawbacks for the production of reduced-molecular weight dextrans. Sonication was more effective at depolymerizing dextran, but is currently too expensive to be amenable to large-scale manufacture. Extrusion is relatively inexpensive and scalable, but produces some undesirable dark-colored side products. Jet cooking is inexpensive and scalable, and does not produce the colored side products, but requires dissolution of the sample in water, followed by drying. Considering all of these factors, jet-cooking may show the most promise for production of low-viscosity dextran fractions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Cote, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 2 BP 119 EP 126 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00165-9 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 191DF UT WOS:000080005900003 ER PT J AU Suzuki, YJ Ikeda, T Shi, SS Kitta, K Kobayashi, YM Morad, M Jones, LR Blumberg, JB AF Suzuki, YJ Ikeda, T Shi, SS Kitta, K Kobayashi, YM Morad, M Jones, LR Blumberg, JB TI Regulation of GATA-4 and AP-1 in transgenic mice overexpressing cardiac calsequestrin SO CELL CALCIUM LA English DT Article ID SERUM RESPONSE ELEMENT; GENE-EXPRESSION; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; DEPENDENT PATHWAYS; BINDING; HYPERTROPHY; CELLS; PROTEINS; RECEPTOR; MYOCYTES AB Transgenic mouse hearts overexpressing the Ca2+-binding protein calsequestrin (CSQ) have an accompanying 10-fold increase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ load, however, exhibits slow and small Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. Such slow kinetics of Ca2+ release may have activated excitation-transcription coupling as CSQ overexpressing hearts have induced revels of NFAT and GATA-4 activities and higher levels of c-fos mRNA and cFos protein compared to those of non-transgenic littermates. Adaptive responses, however, appear to downregulate transcriptional regulators controlling c-fos gene including serum response factor and Ca2+/cAMP response element-binding protein. CSQ-overexpressing hearts also had decreased levels of cJun protein, resulting in downregulated AP-1 activity. The mRNA levels of angiotensin It type,, receptor which requires AP-1 and GATA-4 for gene transcription was suppressed in CSQ overexpressing hearts. These results demonstrate that CSQ can regulate GATA-4- and AP-1-dependent transcriptional events, indicating the existence of SR-nuclear circuits of signal transduction in adult cardiac muscle. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Krannert Inst Cardiol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Indianapolis, IN USA. Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Washington, DC 20007 USA. RP Suzuki, YJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-28556, HL-16152]; NIA NIH HHS [AG-16121] NR 29 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0143-4160 J9 CELL CALCIUM JI Cell Calcium PD JUN PY 1999 VL 25 IS 6 BP 401 EP 407 DI 10.1054/ceca.1999.0037 PG 7 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 243ZR UT WOS:000083027800002 PM 10579051 ER EF