FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Paiva, SAR Yeum, KJ Cao, GH Prior, RL Russell, RM AF Paiva, SAR Yeum, KJ Cao, GH Prior, RL Russell, RM TI Postprandial plasma carotenoid responses following consumption of strawberries, red wine, vitamin C or spinach by elderly women SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 98 Meeting CY APR 18-22, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE carotenoids; postprandial; vegetables; fruits; red wine; humans ID BETA-CAROTENE; ABSORPTION; INGESTION; LIPOPROTEINS; CHOLESTEROL; TOCOPHEROL; VEGETABLES; TRANSPORT; RETINOL; MEN AB This study investigated the postprandial plasma responses of carotenoids for 24 h after feeding five specific breakfast beverages; four of which had low or no carotenoid content, In seven fasting healthy elderly female subjects a blood sample (baseline) was obtained, after which they were given a breakfast beverage, containing one of the following: 1) strawberries (240 g); 2) ascorbic acid (1250 mg); 3) spinach (294 g); 4) red wine (300 mL); and 5) control (breakfast beverage only). Blood samples were collected at 0.5, 1, 4, 7, 11, 15 and 24 h, Plasma carotenoids were measured using HPLC, No significant differences were found in the levels of the plasma carotenoids measured among the various treatments at baseline. In the spinach treatment, plasma lutein, zeaxanthin and p-carotene levels at 7, 11, 15 and 24 h were significantly higher than those at baseline, as expected, All of the carotenoids measured in the control and vitamin C treatments, at subsequent sampling times were not significantly different from those at baseline, However, for most carotenoids, strawberry and red wine feeding resulted in significantly lower carotenoids values from baseline at 11 and 15 h, Subjects who received a diet with low levels of carotenoids, but whose postprandial plasma levels of carotenoids remain steady, might be explained by a mechanism that promotes secretion of carotenoids into the circulation, Assuming that plasma carotenoids are being used over time, we hypothesize that strawberries and red wine contain some substances that interfere with the secretion of carotenoids into the circulation. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. UNESP, Fac Med Botucatu, BR-18618000 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Russell, RM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Paiva, Sergio/A-5101-2008 OI Paiva, Sergio/0000-0003-4412-1990 NR 24 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 128 IS 12 BP 2391 EP 2394 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 148UV UT WOS:000077552500015 PM 9868186 ER PT J AU Wu, GY Pond, WG Flynn, SP Ott, TL Bazer, FW AF Wu, GY Pond, WG Flynn, SP Ott, TL Bazer, FW TI Maternal dietary protein deficiency decreases nitric oxide synthase and ornithine decarboxylase activities in placenta and endometrium of pigs during early gestation SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE protein malnutrition; nitric oxide synthase; ornithine; decarboxylase; fetus; pig ID ALLANTOIC FLUID; FETAL GROWTH; L-ARGININE; SWINE; PREGNANCY; ANGIOGENESIS; HYPERTENSION; RESTRICTION; CHOLESTEROL; INHIBITORS AB Little is known about the mechanism responsible for retarded placental and fetal growth induced by maternal dietary protein malnutrition. On the basis of the recent finding that nitric oxide (NO) and polyamines (products of L-arginine) play an important role in embryonic and placental development, the present study was designed to determine whether protein deficiency decreases placental and endometrial activities of NO synthase (NOS) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) (the first and key regulatory enzyme in polyamine synthesis). Primiparous gilts selected genetically for low or high plasma total cholesterol concentrations (low line and high line, respectively) were mated and then fed 1.8 kg/d of isocaloric diets containing 13% or 0.5% crude protein. At d 40 or 60 of gestation, they were hysterectomized, and placenta and endometrium were obtained for incubations, NOS and ODC assays, and measurements of free amino acids and polyamines, Maternal dietary protein restriction decreased arginine and ornithine concentrations, constitutive and inducible NOS activities and NO production, as well as ODC activity and polyamine concentrations in placenta and endometrium of both lines of gilts. Placental NO synthase activity and NO generation were lower in high line gilts than in low line gilts, ODC activities and polyamine concentrations in placenta and endometrium were decreased at d 60 compared with d 40 of gestation, These changes in placental and endometrial synthesis of NO and polyamines during early gestation may be a mechanism responsible for reduced placental and fetal growth in protein-deficient gilts and for altered conceptus development in high line gilts. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Wu, GY (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, 212 Kleberg Bldg, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P30-ES09106] NR 55 TC 62 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 128 IS 12 BP 2395 EP 2402 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 148UV UT WOS:000077552500016 PM 9868187 ER PT J AU Boleman, SL Graf, TL Mersmann, HJ Su, DR Krook, LP Savell, JW Park, YW Pond, WG AF Boleman, SL Graf, TL Mersmann, HJ Su, DR Krook, LP Savell, JW Park, YW Pond, WG TI Pigs fed cholesterol neonatally have increased cerebrum cholesterol as young adults SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE brain development; neonatal pigs; cerebrum cholesterol; gene x diet interaction; cholesterol deprivation ID DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; MESSENGER-RNA; DIETARY-CHOLESTEROL; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; BREAST-MILK; BRAIN; COLOSTRUM; PIGLET; GROWTH AB Sixty-eight female neonatal pigs selected for seven (Experiment 1) or eight (Experiment 2) generations for high (HG) or low (LG) plasma cholesterol were used to test the hypothesis that neonatal dietary cholesterol fed during the first 4 or 8 wk of postnatal life increases the cholesterol content of the cerebrum in young adulthood following free access to a high-fat (15%), high-cholesterol (0.5%) diet from 8 to 20 or 24 wk of age. Pigs were removed from their dams at 1 d of age and given free access to a sow-milk replacer diet containing 9.5% coconut fat and 0 or 0.5% cholesterol. All pigs (except four HG and four LG pigs in Experiment 2, which were deprived of cholesterol throughout the study) were fed the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet from 8 wk to termination at 20 or 24 wk of age. Cerebrum weight and cholesterol concentration were higher in pigs fed cholesterol neonatally than in those deprived of cholesterol neonatally in both experiments, but weight and cholesterol concentration were unaffected by genetic line. Cholesterol concentrations in longissimus and semitendinosus muscles and in subcutaneous fat were unaffected by diet or genetic line. We conclude that dietary cholesterol deprivation during the first 4 to 8 wk of life in piglets is associated with lower cholesterol concentration and total content in the young adult cerebrum than in pigs supplemented with cholesterol in early life. These data support previous observations and suggest the possibility of a metabolic need for neonatal dietary cholesterol in normal brain development. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Ft Valley State Univ, Coll Agr, Home Econ Program, Ft Valley, GA USA. Ft Valley State Univ, Coll Agr, Allied Program, Ft Valley, GA USA. ARS, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX USA. RP Pond, WG (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Savell, Jeffrey/C-2434-2008 OI Savell, Jeffrey/0000-0003-0354-1286 NR 40 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 128 IS 12 BP 2498 EP 2504 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 148UV UT WOS:000077552500028 PM 9868199 ER PT J AU Hill, DE AF Hill, DE TI Entomopathogenic nematodes as control agents of developmental stages of the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STEINERNEMA-CARPOCAPSAE; INFECTIVE JUVENILES; FEMALE TICKS; IXODIDAE; HETERORHABDITIDAE; ACARI; PATHOGENICITY; NEOAPLECTANA; INSECTS; HOSTS AB Thirteen species or strains of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis were tested in vitro against unfed and engorged larvae, nymphs, and adults of the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis. Nematodes were pathogenic to engorged female ticks, but not to unfed or engorged larvae, nymphs, males, and unfed females. Steinernema riobravis (355) and Heterorhabditis megidis (M145) killed ticks most rapidly, with mean day of death postinfection of 2.5 and 3.5 days, respectively. However, all nematode strains and species were lethal to engorged female ticks within 7.5 days. Development of juveniles and reproduction of nematodes did not occur inside the tick cadavers, because no infective juveniles (IJs) emerged from cadavers after 40 days, and no nematode life-cycle stages other than the primary IJs could be isolated from cadavers. Egg masses were produced by 4 of 702 nematode-infected, engorged females. Egg masses produced were not significantly smaller than masses produced by control ticks; however, only 1 of the 4 egg masses hatched, whereas all of the egg masses produced by the control ticks hatched. Entomopathogenic nematodes may be useful as an alternative management method for I. scapularis populations, and may be more acceptable than acaricidal chemicals for use in infested areas. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hill, DE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, BARC E,Bldg 1044, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 84 IS 6 BP 1124 EP 1127 DI 10.2307/3284660 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 157XV UT WOS:000078087700012 PM 9920301 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Speer, CA Lindsay, DS AF Dubey, JP Speer, CA Lindsay, DS TI Isolation of a third species of Sarcocystis in immunodeficient mice fed feces from opossums (Didelphis virginiana) and its differentiation from Sarcocystis falcatula and Sarcocystis neurona SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; BIRDS; PATHOGENESIS; CULTIVATION; APICOMPLEXA; BUDGERIGAR; AGENT AB Opossums (Didelphis virginiana) were found to be hosts for 3 species of Sarcocystis: Sarcocystis falcatula with an avian intermediate host, S. neurona with an undetermined intermediate host, and a third, unnamed, species. Sporocysts from the intestines of 2 opossums (nos. 26 and 47) were fed to budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), nude mice, and gamma-interferon knockout (KO) mice. Sporocysts of S. falcatula were not infective to nude or KO mice. Sporocysts of S. neurona induced encephalitis in KO and nude mice; only schizonts and merozoites were found in tissues of mice, and they reacted with anti-S. neurona serum raised against the SN-2 isolate of S. neurona originally obtained from tissues of a paralyzed horse. All 3 species of Sarcocystis were present in opossum no. 47. Sarcocystis neurona was isolated in cell culture from this opossum. Sporocysts from opossum no. 47 were lethal to budgerigars, indicating S. falcatula infection. Only 1 species of Sarcocystis (the third species) was found in opossum no. 26; the sporocysts were infective to KO and nude mice. Schizonts and merozoites of this species were predominantly in the liver but were also found in other tissues; schizonts did not react with anti-S. neurona serum. Merozoites of the third species were ultrastructurally distinct from S. falcatula and S. neurona merozoites. Sarcocysts were found in leg muscles of 2 mice killed 50 and 54 days after they were fed sporocysts from opossum no. 26. These sarcocysts had steeple-shaped protrusions on the cyst wall and were distinct from sarcocysts of S. falcatula and any other species of Sarcocystis. C1 ARS, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 17 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 84 IS 6 BP 1158 EP 1164 DI 10.2307/3284665 PG 7 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 157XV UT WOS:000078087700017 PM 9920306 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Trout, JM Jenkins, MC AF Fayer, R Trout, JM Jenkins, MC TI Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts stored in water at environmental temperatures SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXCYSTATION; MICE AB Oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum obtained from calves were cleaned of fecal debris by density gradient centrifugation and suspended in deionized water in microcentrifuge tubes. The tubes were placed in circulating water baths at temperatures of -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 C, and 2 tubes were removed from each water bath 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 wk later. Oocysts from 1 tube were administered at the rate of 1.5 x 10(5) oocysts per mouse to 2 litters of neonatal BALB/c mice and were considered infective when developmental stages were found in histologic sections of mouse gut and/or a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was obtained for C. parvum DNA in mouse ileum. The second tube was held at -70 C until tubes from all time periods were available, then oocysts within the tubes were assayed for amylopectin concentration. Oocysts held at -10 C were infectious up to 1 wk of storage, and those held at -5 C were infectious up to 8 wk of storage, as determined by PCR but not histology. Oocysts held at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 C were still infectious after 24 wk of storage. By microscopic examination of mouse tissue, oocysts held at 20 C infected only 1 of 10 mice after 24 wk of storage, and the number of developmental stages began declining after 4 wk of storage; those held at 25 and 30 C each produced infections up to 12 wk after storage in 1 of 10 mice with reduced numbers of developmental stages beginning 4 wk after storage. These held at 35 C produced light infections in 2 of 10 mice only up to 1 wk of storage. Amylopectin concentration decreased with increasing length of storage time or temperature. These findings provide a guide for estimating the potential duration of oocyst infectivity within a wide range of environmental temperatures and demonstrate the relationship between amylopectin concentration and infectivity. C1 ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 101 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 84 IS 6 BP 1165 EP 1169 DI 10.2307/3284666 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 157XV UT WOS:000078087700018 PM 9920307 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI Comparative infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites in rats and mice SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS; NONPERSISTENT STRAIN; RH STRAIN; PATHOGENICITY; OOCYSTS; PERSISTENCE; KINETICS; IMMUNITY; MODEL; CYSTS AB Infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites was compared in outbred female Sprague Dawley rats and outbred Swiss Webster mice. Rats inoculated subcutaneously with 1-10 bradyzoites of the 2 strains of T. gondii (VEG and GT-1) developed persistent infection, whereas an infective dose by the oral route was 10-1,000 bradyzoites. The infectivity of bradyzoites of the VEG and the GT-1 strains of T. gondii in rats by the subcutaneous route was comparable to that in mice. C1 ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 EI 1937-2345 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 84 IS 6 BP 1279 EP 1282 DI 10.2307/3284691 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 157XV UT WOS:000078087700042 PM 9920331 ER PT J AU Tu, SI Uknalis, J Patterson, D Gehring, AG AF Tu, SI Uknalis, J Patterson, D Gehring, AG TI Detection of immunomagnetically captured, 4 ',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-labeled E-coli O157 : H7 by fluorescent microscope imaging SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EPIFLUORESCENT FILTER TECHNIQUE; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ASSAY; ENUMERATION; BIOSENSOR; FOODS; DNA AB Live cells of E. coli O157:H7 were treated with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), a nucleic acid stain, for observation by epifluorescent microscopy. The treated bacteria. which exhibited minimal growth activity and partially retained respiratory function, were captured by goat anti-E. coli O157 serum coated on the surface of polystyrene based immunomagnetic beads (IMB). The beads with captured bacteria were then concentrated by magnetic separators. The efficiency of this magnetic concentration step was less than that of using high speed centrifugation. The antibody-captured and IMB-immobilized bacteria were then applied on HF-treated, bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated microscope slides mounted on an automated stage, and magnetically aligned before fluorescence distribution was measured by a cooled CCD attached to an inverted microscope. Since the beads were concentrated and linearly aligned along the edge of the magnetic field, image capture along the edge for a few field widths was sufficient to account for most of captured bacteria. This approach could reduce the enumeration time for and increase the efficiency, of bacteria counting by manual efforts The developed procedure of capturing, concentrating and enumerating E. coli O157:H7 exhibited a similar applicability in buffer, pork carcass wash solution and apple juice as described in this study. The presence of about 100 cells/mL of the bacteria could be detected in 30 min with developed procedure. C1 ARS, USDA, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tu, SI (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1060-3999 J9 J RAPID METH AUT MIC JI J. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 6 IS 4 BP 259 EP 276 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4581.1998.tb00207.x PG 18 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 159FJ UT WOS:000078161000003 ER PT J AU Delaney, DK Grubb, TG Garcelon, DK AF Delaney, DK Grubb, TG Garcelon, DK TI An infrared video camera system for monitoring diurnal and nocturnal raptors SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE behavior; diurnal activity; infrared photography; Mexican Spotted Owl; nocturnal activity; Strix occidentalis lucida; surveillance; video camera ID WILDLIFE AB A black and white, circuit-board video camera system with night vision was designed to monitor Mexican Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) behavior. A 0.5-Lux infrared camera equipped with a 3.3 mm 3 m in total darkness with the aid of six infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs). To extend nighttime visibility at selected sites to approximately 6 m, we constructed a supplemental EI-LED infrared light source. Industrial-grade video recorders provided up to 24-hr coverage per VIIS rape. Cameras averaged 6.9 m from nests (range 3.0-10.3 m). Mean camera installation time was 42 min (range 28-71 min). Between 25 April-3 July 1996, approximately 820 hr of video effort (76 hr for equipment assembly, 14 hr for camera placement 230 hr for maintaining tapes and batteries, and 500 hr for subsequent video analysis) provided 2655 hr of usable video coverage (149 tapes) at 20 nest sites, a return ratio of nearly 3,2:1 hr of coverage for each hour invested. Comparable detail, quality, or quantity of behavioral data would nut have been possible through direct observation. This video system could have a wide application in other raptor behavior studies, especially for determining the effects of human activities. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Inst Wildlife Studies, Arcata, CA 95518 USA. RP Delaney, DK (reprint author), USA, Construct Engn Res Labs, POB 9005, Champaign, IL 61826 USA. NR 21 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 14 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 32 IS 4 BP 290 EP 296 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 162AT UT WOS:000078323400006 ER PT J AU Wise, T Ford, JJ AF Wise, T Ford, JJ TI Relationships of liver weight, cholesterol, albumin and alpha 2-macroglobulin concentrations with ovarian function in swine SO JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BINDING-PROTEIN; CHINESE MEISHAN; OVULATION RATE; PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; GENETIC-VARIATION; CROSSBRED PIGS; CORPORA-LUTEA; ACTIVIN-A; GROWTH AB In two genetic swine models selected for diversity in ovulation rates (White composite controls and ovulation rate selection line, n=131; 1/2 White composite: 1/2 Meishan crossbreds, n = 387), a positive relationship was established with Liver weight and ovulation rate (P < 0.01). Serum changes of cholesterol, albumin and alpha 2-macroglobulin were monitored during various stages of the luteal phase and follicular phase (days 17 and 19 of the estrous cycle; 1/2 White composite: 1/2 Meishan gilts). Serum cholesterol concentrations increased with liver weights (r = 0.19; P < 0.01) and corpora lutea numbers (r = 0.14; P < 0.01). Albumin concentrations were negatively correlated with corpora luteal numbers (r = -0.3; P < 0.01) but had no relationship with liver weight. Serum concentrations of alpha 2-macroglobulin were not related to liver weight or corpora lutea numbers. Circulating concentrations of cholesterol and alpha 2-macroglobulin increased with day of the estrous cycle (P < 0.01). Testosterone concentrations were inversely related to circulating cholesterol concentrations during the estrous cycle, but testosterone concentrations on day 17 or 19 of the cycle were unrelated to corpora lutea numbers. Concentrations of estrone on day 17 or 19 (as an index of follicles destined to ovulate) were also not related to numbers of corpora lutea. Many interactions between liver and ovarian function involving metabolic and endocrine systems are plausible, but defined mechanisms resulting in coordinate increases in liver weight and ovulation rates are presently unelucidated. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Wise, T (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 55 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0960-0760 J9 J STEROID BIOCHEM JI J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 67 IS 5-6 BP 383 EP 390 DI 10.1016/S0960-0760(98)00141-1 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 163EE UT WOS:000078389400002 PM 10030687 ER PT J AU Mertz, W AF Mertz, W TI Chromium research from a distance: From 1959 to 1980 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on the Health Effects of Dietary Chromium CY MAY 01, 1998 CL DEDHAM, MASSACHUSETTS SP Tufts Univ Sch Med, USDA, Chromium Informat Bur Inc DE chromium; glucose tolerance factor; selenium ID ABSORPTION; EXCRETION; GLUCOSE AB More than 50 years of work have led to the recognition of trivalent chromium as an essential element Shortly after its identification as an essential element in 1959, its interaction with insulin in vitro and in vivo was established, and the site of action identified as the insulin-sensitive cell membrane. Despite other early clinical successes with chromium supplementation, four major problems have influenced the rate of progress since then: 1) chromium analysis; 2) interaction bf chromium with other dietary factors; 3) diagnosis of chromium status; and 4) other controversies, such as the carcinogenic potential of chromium (since disproved) and the lack of an effect on glucose tolerance even in chromium deficient organisms (now explained). These controversies have mostly dissipated as new knowledge integrated seemingly irreconcilable facts and opinions. It is now known that chromium may potentiate the action of insulin either by an effect on insulin dependent functions, or by maintaining these functions with less insulin, or by a combination of both. Despite much progress in the last 30 years, major challenges in chromium research remain, such as the development of practical methods for diagnosing chromium deficiency, Of several approaches for solving this problem, the most feasible might be to standardize the urinary chromium response following an insulinogenic challenge, such as an oral load of glucose or of glucose pins fructose (for maximal stimulation) with wine collection before and during the 2-hour test. C1 USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mertz, W (reprint author), USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 17 IS 6 BP 544 EP 547 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 143HU UT WOS:000077250100004 PM 9853532 ER PT J AU Anderson, RA AF Anderson, RA TI Chromium, glucose intolerance and diabetes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on the Health Effects of Dietary Chromium CY MAY 01, 1998 CL DEDHAM, MASSACHUSETTS SP Tufts Univ Sch Med, USDA, Chromium Informat Bur Inc DE chromium; diabetes; glucose tolerance; trace elements; insulin ID TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; NICOTINIC-ACID COMPLEX; DIETARY CHROMIUM; SUPPLEMENTAL-CHROMIUM; INORGANIC CHROMIUM; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; ELDERLY SUBJECTS; BLOOD-GLUCOSE AB Within the last 5 years chromium (Cr) has been shown to play a role in glucose intolerance, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM), and gestational diabetes. In addition, diabetes and the neuropathy of a patient on home parenteral nutrition were alleviated when supplemental Cr was added to total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions, In a study conducted in China that has been supported by studies in the United States, supplemental Cr as CR picolinate improved the blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and hemoglobin A(1C) in people with Type 2 DM in a dose dependent manner, Follow-up studies of >1 year have confirmed these studies, The requirement for Cr is related to the degree of glucose intolerance: 200 mu g/day of supplemental Cr is adequate to improve glucose variables of those who are mildly glucose intolerant, However, people with more overt impairments in glucose tolerance and diabetes usually require more than 200 mu g/day. Daily intake of 8 mu g of Cr per kg body weight was also more effective than 4 mu g/kg in women with gestational diabetes. The mechanism of action of Cr involves increased insulin binding, increased insulin receptor number, and increased insulin receptor phosphorylation In summary, supplemental Cr has been shown to have beneficial effects without any documented side effects on people with varying degrees of glucose intolerance ranging from mild glucose intolerance to overt Type 2 DM. C1 USDA ARS, BHNRC, NRFL, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, BHNRC, NRFL, BARC E, Bldg 307,Rm 224, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 75 TC 243 Z9 263 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 17 IS 6 BP 548 EP 555 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 143HU UT WOS:000077250100005 PM 9853533 ER PT J AU Cabeza, LF McAloon, AJ Yee, WC Taylor, MM Brown, EM Marmer, WN AF Cabeza, LF McAloon, AJ Yee, WC Taylor, MM Brown, EM Marmer, WN TI Process simulation and cost estimation of treatment of chromium-containing leather waste SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; PROTEIN AB Our laboratory has developed two processes to treat chrome shavings, from which protein products and a recyclable chrome cake are isolated. Because of interest from the industry, the authors now describe the estimation of costs of the process. Due to the many variables that will have an influence on the cost of the process, we are giving a model for those who would like to estimate their cases of the process. The ultimate cost evaluation must be calculated by each of the readers, and will depend on the geographical situation, the origin of the chrome shavings and the final disposition of the protein and recycled chrome. As will be discussed, other factors enter into this evaluation, such as labor cost, machinery source and use, chemicals cost, and more important, use of the protein. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Cabeza, LF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Cabeza, Luisa F./B-4587-2013 OI Cabeza, Luisa F./0000-0001-5086-872X NR 16 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 93 IS 10 BP 299 EP 315 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 146HK UT WOS:000077423100001 ER PT J AU Burkett, DA Carlson, DA Kline, DL AF Burkett, DA Carlson, DA Kline, DL TI Analysis of composition of sugar meals of wild mosquitoes by gas chromatography SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE mosquito; nectar feeding; sugar feeding; honeydew; gas chromatography; melezitose; quantitation ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; AEDES-AEGYPTI; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; HONEYDEW SUGARS; BEMISIA-TABACI; CULEX-TARSALIS; NECTAR SOURCES; DIPTERA; CULICIDAE; PATTERNS AB Gas chromatography (GC) was successfully used for the first time to determine the components of natural sugar meals in individual mosquitoes and to determine whether carbohydrases are present in the crops of these insects. Crops of wild mosquitoes collected from a 2-ha cypress swamp north of Gainesville, FL, contained fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, turanose, melibiose,. erlose, melezitose, raffinose, and a few unidentified carbohydrates. Time course studies with male and female Aedes albopictus showed rapid hydrolysis (>90%) of sucrose occurring within 2 h of ingestion, whereas melezitose remained relatively unchanged even 8 h after ingestion. The crop extraction/GC analysis technique is an improvement over the cold anthrone test traditionally used for sugar analysis. This procedure is a rapid one-step process used to determine natural sugar sources, hydrolysis, occurrence, and preferences for individual wild sugar-feeding Diptera. C1 Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USAF, Biomed Serv Corp, Med Entomol Branch, Okinawa, Japan. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 33608 USA. RP Burkett, DA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Dept Entomol & Nematol, POB 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 55 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 2200 E PRIEN LAKE RD, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70601 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 373 EP 379 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 174BE UT WOS:000079013600004 PM 10084129 ER PT J AU Gardner, HW Grove, MJ Keller, NP AF Gardner, HW Grove, MJ Keller, NP TI Soybean lipoxygenase is active on nonaqueous media at low moisture: A constraint to xerophilic fungi and aflatoxins? SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; Aspergillus; hydroperoxylinoleic acid; lipoxygenase; low moisture; soybean ID LEAF-DERIVED VOLATILES; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; RESISTANCE; AUTOXIDATION; GENOTYPES; GROWTH AB Previous workers have reported that certain products of the lipoxygenase pathway are detrimental either to the development and growth of Aspergillus species or to aflatoxin production by these organisms. Since Aspergillus often thrives on "dry" stored grains, depending on the level of the relative humidity,we sought to determine if lipoxygenase could catalyze the oxidation of linoleic acid on these "dry" substrates equilibrated at various relative humidities. A desiccated model system, previously adjusted to pH 7.5, was composed of soybean extract, linoleic acid, and cellulose carrier. The model system was incubated for up to 24 h at four relative humidities ranging between 52 and 95% to determine the extent oxidation catalyzed by lipoxygenase, compared with heat-inactivated controls. Oxidation in the active samples was much greater than in the controls at all relative humidities, and oxidation was principally enzymatic as demonstrated by chiral analysis of the linoleate hydroperoxides formed. The main product was 13S-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid, accompanied by a significant percentage of 9S-hydroperoxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid. Since the products became more racemic with time of incubation, autoxidation appeared to be initiated by the lipoxygenase reaction in dry media. Additionally, the biological relevance of lipoxygenase activity was tested under these xerophilic conditions. Thus, enzyme-active and heat-inactivated defatted soy flour amended either with or without 3.5% by weight linoleic acid was inoculated with fungal spores and incubated at 95% relative humidity. Although fungal growth occurred on all treatments, samples inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus showed significantly less aflatoxin in the enzyme-active samples, compared to inactivated flour. Addition of linoleic acid had little effect, possibly because the defatted soy flour was found to contain 1.7% residual linoleic acid as glyceride lipid. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM gardnehw@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0003-021X EI 1558-9331 J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 75 IS 12 BP 1801 EP 1808 DI 10.1007/s11746-998-0334-y PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 157CJ UT WOS:000078041500017 ER PT J AU Lanser, AC AF Lanser, AC TI Bioconversion of oleic acid to a series of keto-hydroxy and dihydroxy acids by Bacillus species NRRL BD-447: Identification of 7-hydroxy-16-oxo-9-cis-octadecenoic acid SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus; bioconversion; dihydroxy; fatty acid; hydroxy; ketone; octadecenoic acid; oleic acid ID FATTY-ACIDS; MICROBIAL CONVERSION; 10-KETOSTEARIC ACID; LINOLENIC ACIDS; COMPOUND; B-14859; DS5 AB Fifty-eight strains of eight Bacillus species were selected from the ARS Culture Collection to investigate their ability to bioconvert oleic acid to unique hydroxy or keto derivatives. Addition of 0.5% oleic acid substrate to a whole-cell culture of Bacillus strain NRRL BD-447 produced mixtures of mono-, di-, and trisubstituted compounds. These products appear to contain combinations of keto and hydroxy groups. One of the major products was isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography and its structure was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance to be 7-hydroxy-16-oxo-9-cis-octadecenoic acid. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Lanser, AC (reprint author), 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 75 IS 12 BP 1809 EP 1813 DI 10.1007/s11746-998-0335-x PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 157CJ UT WOS:000078041500018 ER PT J AU Knothe, G Carlson, KD AF Knothe, G Carlson, KD TI Synthesis, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of Di-Guerbet esters SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Di-Guerbet esters; Guerbet acids; Guerbet alcohols; electron-ionization mass spectrometry; nuclear magnetic resonance; positive chemical-ionization mass spectrometry; potential lubricants ID ALCOHOLS AB Several Di-Guerbet esters (DGE) suitable for lubricant applications were synthesized from branched Guerbet alcohols and Guerbet acids. The mass spectra of DGE under electron-ionization and positive chemical-ionization (PCI) conditions were recorded. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, especially in PCI mode with methane as reagent gas, is an effective method for analyzing DGE. In methane positive chemical-ionization mass spectrometry, the DGE give molecular ion peaks. In both PCI and EI modes, some other characteristic ions including up to four McLafferty rearrangement products with high m/z are observed. Thus identification of both hydrocarbon moieties is possible. The DGE were also characterized by H-1- and (1)3C nuclear magnetic resonance. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Knothe, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 75 IS 12 BP 1861 EP 1866 DI 10.1007/s11746-998-0342-y PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 157CJ UT WOS:000078041500026 ER PT J AU Marquardt, TC Wilson, RF AF Marquardt, TC Wilson, RF TI An improved reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography method for separation of fatty acid methyl esters SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE argentation chromatography; fatty acid methyl esters; reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography; separation ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ADSORPTION PROPERTIES; RETENTION BEHAVIOR; MODEL SOLUTES; SILICA; ARGENTATION; FLORISIL AB Resolution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by thin-layer chromatography often is complicated by co-migration of certain acyl-isomers in heterogeneous mixtures. However, a novel reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography method which employs 10% (wt/vol) silver nitrate in a mobile phase containing acetonitrile/1,4-dioxane/acetic acid (80:20:1, vol/vol/vol) allows one-dimensional resolution of a wide range of acyl-methyl esters. This innovation enables improved separation of saturated FAME ranging from C-12 to C-22, and geometric isomers of C-14 to C-22 unsaturated FAME by thin-layer chromatography. C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Wilson, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 75 IS 12 BP 1889 EP 1892 DI 10.1007/s11746-998-0346-7 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 157CJ UT WOS:000078041500030 ER PT J AU Sauer, TJ Hatfield, JL Prueger, JH Logsdon, SD AF Sauer, TJ Hatfield, JL Prueger, JH Logsdon, SD TI Energy balance of a corn residue-covered field during snowmelt SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE snow and ice hydrology; agricultural hydrology; evaporation; energy balance; soil temperature; soil moisture ID SURFACE; ROUGHNESS; EXCHANGE; GLACIER; WATER; HEAT AB Transport of agricultural chemicals in runoff and recharge waters from snowmelt and soil thawing may represent a significant event in terms of annual contaminant loadings in temperate regions. Improved understanding of the melt dynamics of shallow snowpacks is necessary to fully assess the implications for water quality. The objective of this study was to measure the energy balance components of a corn (Zea mays L.) stubble field during the melting of its snowcover. Net radiation (Rn), soil (G), sensible (H), and latent (Q) heat fluxes were measured in a field near Ames, Iowa, during the winter of 1994-1995. Energy consumed by melting including change in energy storage of the snowpack was determined as the residual of the measured energy balance. There was continuous snowcover at the field site for 71 days (maximum depth = 222 mm) followed by an open period of II days before additional snowfall and a second melt period. The net radiation and snowmelt/energy storage change (S) terms dominated the energy balance during both measurement intervals. Peak daily sensible and latent heat fluxes were below 100 W m(-2) on all days except the last day of the second melt period. There was good agreement between predicted and measured values of H and a during the melting of an aged snow layer but poorer agreement during the melt of fresh snow. Both snowpacks melted rapidly and coincident changes in soil moisture storage were observed. Improved estimates of Q and H, especially for partially open surfaces, will require better characterization of the surface aerodynamic properties and spatially-representative surface temperature measurements. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, USDA ARS, Midw Area, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, USDA ARS, Midw Area, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM tsauer@comp.uark.edu NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1093-474X EI 1752-1688 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1401 EP 1414 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05440.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 158UE UT WOS:000078134800013 ER PT J AU Shields, FD Knight, SS Cooper, CM AF Shields, FD Knight, SS Cooper, CM TI Addition of spurs to stone toe protection for warmwater fish habitat rehabilitation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE aquatic ecosystems; stream restoration; fish; habitat; erosion control; channel stabilization; spur dike; riprap; streambank erosion; streambank protection ID CHANNEL INCISION; STREAMS; RESTORATION; DEGRADATION AB Longitudinal stone toe is one of the most reliable and economically attractive approaches for stabilizing eroding banks in incised channels. However, aquatic habitat provided by stone toe is inferior to that provided by spur dikes. In order to test a design that combined features of stone toe and spurs, eleven stone spurs were placed perpendicular to 170 m of existing stone toe in Goodwin Creek, Mississippi, and willow posts were planted in the sandbar on the opposite bank. Response was evaluated by monitoring fish and habitats in the treated reach and an adjacent comparison reach (willow post planting and standard toe without spurs) for four years. Furthermore, physical habitats within the treated reach were compared with seven reaches protected with standard toe on a single date three years after construction. Overall results indicated that spur addition resulted in modest increases in baseflow stony bankline, water width and pool habitat availability, but had only local effects an depth. These relatively small changes in physical habitat were exaggerated seasonally by beaver dams that appeared during periods of prolonged low flow in late Summer and Autumn. Physical changes were accompanied by shifts in fish species composition away from a run-dwelling assemblage dominated by large numbers of cyprinids and immature centrarchids toward an assemblage containing fewer and larger centrarchids. Biological responses were at least partially due to the effects of temporary beaver dams. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Shields, FD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. EM shields@sedlab.olemiss.edu NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1427 EP 1436 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05442.x PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 158UE UT WOS:000078134800015 ER PT J AU Solis, ML Adamski, D AF Solis, ML Adamski, D TI Review of the Costa Rican Glaphyriinae (Lepidoptera : Pyraloidea : Crambidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Review AB Thirty-one species of Glaphyriinae (Crambidae: Pyraloidea) from Costa Rica are reviewed, including nine new species: Aureopteryx olufsoni. Eupoca haakei, Glaphyria tetraspina, Glaphyria spinacrista, Glaphyria stellaspina Glaphyria spinasingularis, Lipocosma rosalia, Lipocosma pitilla, and Lipocosma fonsecai. Lipocosma teliferalis Dyar is a junior synonym of Lipocosma punctissimalis Dyar, Lipocosma plagalis Schaus is a junior synonym of Lipocosma ausonialis (Druce), and Parambia gleanealis Dyar is a junior synonym of Parambia gnomosynalis Dyar. A key to the identification of Costa Rican species is provided. The presence of a pseudognathos in the male genitalia and modified scales on the area between CuA(2) and CuP of the hind wing are discussed. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, ARS, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Solis, ML (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, ARS, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA C/O AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST 79TH & CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA SN 0028-7199 J9 J NEW YORK ENTOMOL S JI J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 106 IS 1 BP 1 EP 55 PG 55 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 110ZR UT WOS:000075413300001 ER PT J AU Henry, TJ Adamski, D AF Henry, TJ Adamski, D TI Rhyparochromus saturnius (Rossi) (Heteroptera : Lygaeoidea : Rhyparochromidae), a Palearctic seed bug newly discovered in North America SO JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Heteroptera; Lygaeoidea; Rhyparochromidae; Rhyparochromus saturnius; North America; new record; California AB The Palearctic rhyparochromid Rhyparochromus saturnius (Rossi) [Lygaeoidea] is reported for the first time in North America based on collections from 17 counties in California. Literature pertaining to this adventive species is reviewed, notes on its habits are given, and descriptions and photographs of the adult and fifth-instar nymph are provided to help distinguish it from other North American Rhyparochromidae. It is speculated that R. saturnius was introduced in international commerce originating from the Mediterranean Region, most likely Italy or nearby countries. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Agr Res Serv,USDA, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Henry, TJ (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Agr Res Serv,USDA, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA C/O AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST 79TH & CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA SN 0028-7199 J9 J NEW YORK ENTOMOL S JI J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 106 IS 4 BP 132 EP 140 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 231MY UT WOS:000082315400002 ER PT J AU Brown, JW AF Brown, JW TI A new euliine genus from Costa Rica and Venezuela (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Neotropical; phylogeny; Euliini; systematics; secondary sexual structures AB Eubetia, new genus, is described and illustrated from Central and South America. The new genus includes two species: E. bigaulae, new species, (type species) from Venezuela, and E. boop, new species, from Costa Rica. Adults are superficially most similar to Anopina Obraztsov and Odonthalitus Razowski; male genitalia are most similar to Anopinella Powell. The male of E. bigaulae possesses a preponderance of putative secondary sexual characters, including the typical euliine foreleg hairpencil, a swollen area near the base of the forewing costa, a dense patch of elongate androconial scales on the lower surface of die forewing, modified scales in the anal and costal regions of the hindwing, and a band of specialized scales at the terminal edge of abdominal segment IX. In addition, the male of this species has an unusual row of dense, ascending scales on the lower frons, and forewing veins M-3 and CuA(1) are stalked; the latter two features are found in no other Euliini. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, Agr Res Serv,USDA, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Brown, JW (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, Agr Res Serv,USDA, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA C/O AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST 79TH & CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA SN 0028-7199 J9 J NEW YORK ENTOMOL S JI J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 106 IS 4 BP 177 EP 184 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 231MY UT WOS:000082315400007 ER PT J AU Wolf, WJ Sathe, SK AF Wolf, WJ Sathe, SK TI Ultracentrifugal and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic studies of extractability and stability of almond meal proteins SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE almond meal; proteins; amandin; solubility; extractability; stability; cryoprotein ID LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; PRUNUS-AMYGDALUS; STORAGE PROTEINS; BATSCH SEED; ENDOPEPTIDASE; PURIFICATION; CLEAVAGE; GLOBULIN; VICILIN AB Solubility and stability properties of almond proteins were determined using ultracentrifugation and gel electrophoresis to gain a better insight into the complexity of these proteins. Ultracentrifugal analyses of the water-extractable proteins of defatted almond meal revealed four fractions of 2S, 9S, 14S and 19S. The 14S fraction corresponds to amandin, the classical globulin isolated earlier, and constitutes 65-70% of the extractable proteins. Variation of ionic strength from 0 to 1.0 at pH 6-8 showed no evidence of association-dissociation reactions that are typical of many oilseed and legume proteins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the water-extractable proteins under reducing conditions separated two pairs of major polypeptides of 44 and 42 kDa and 27 and 25 kDa that appeared to be the respective acidic and basic polypeptides of amandin corresponding to the classical legumin model. Sodium chloride had no effect on total protein extractability but variation of extraction pH showed a broad minimum in extractability at pH 3-5. In contrast, when a pH 9 extract was lowered in pH, the minimum in protein solubility was narrower and shifted upward to pH 5 largely as a result of the precipitation of amandin. Interaction of amandin with phytate may explain the lower pH of minimum solubility when the meal was extracted directly as opposed to lowering the pH of an alkaline extract. Amandin is a cryoprotein and was obtained in 90% purity by cooling a water extract of defatted meal. Incubation of a water extract of meal in the presence of azide for about 12 days revealed proteolytic nicking of the acidic polypeptides of amandin apparently as a result of attack by endogenous proteinase(s). (C) 1998 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Florida State Univ, Coll Human Sci, Dept Nutr Food & Movement Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Wolf, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 39 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 22 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 78 IS 4 BP 511 EP 521 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199812)78:4<511::AID-JSFA148>3.0.CO;2-X PG 11 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 148FB UT WOS:000077493100010 ER PT J AU Dorr, B Clark, L Glahn, JF Mezine, I AF Dorr, B Clark, L Glahn, JF Mezine, I TI Evaluation of a methyl anthranilate-based bird repellent: Toxicity to channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and effect on great blue heron Ardea herodias feeding behavior SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STARLINGS; IMPACT; GEESE; FISH AB We evaluated the methyl anthranilate-based bird repellent, ReJeX-iT TP-40(TM) (TP-40), for I) its toxicity to channel catfish fingerlings (catfish), Ictalurus punctatus; 2) its effect on great blue heron (heron), Ardea herodias feeding behavior; 3) its efficacy in reducing heron predation on catfish; and 4) its effects on catfish growth. TP-40 effectively maintained MA concentrations near the water's surface and below toxic levels for catfish in the water column. Water samples collected from 0.03 and 0.35 m below the surface of catfish rearing tanks (6,664 L) treated at application rates up to the equivalent of 200 kg/ha contained less than 5 ppm active ingredient, which is less than the no observable effect limit for catfish fry. No treatment-related mortality of catfish was observed, Handling times of catfish fingerlings captured by herons from tubs treated with TP-40 initially increased at application rates of 19.6 kg/ha or greater but decreased as a function of the number of catfish captured. Under simulated aquaculture conditions, TP-40 did not affect the number of catfish eaten by herons from ponds treated at surface application rates of 0, 2, 22, and 220 kg/ha. TP-40 had no affect on the time herons spent handling live or dead catfish. Ponds treated with TP-40 at 220 kg/ha had a 46% increase in visibility (secchi disk method) and a 58% reduction in total suspended solids, suggesting the formulation was phytotoxic, TP-40 did not affect fish growth. Analysts of individual behavior showed that herons may have habituated or become indifferent to the effects of the repellent after repeated exposure. Under the conditions of the study, herons did not maintain their body weight unless catfish were made available by disease or supplemental feeding, suggesting that herons may be inefficient at capturing healthy catfish. Surface applications of TP-40 at 20 to 220 kg/ha were not effective in limiting predation by herons. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Missisippi Field Stn, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. Monell Chem Senses Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Dorr, B (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Missisippi Field Stn, PO Drawer 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. OI Dorr, Brian/0000-0001-6857-8560 NR 27 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 29 IS 4 BP 451 EP 462 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1998.tb00669.x PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 151FR UT WOS:000077710500008 ER PT J AU Kline, DL Lemire, GF AF Kline, DL Lemire, GF TI Evaluation of attractant-baited traps/targets for mosquito management on Key Island, Florida, USA SO JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aedes taeniorhynchus; Anopheles atropos; Culex nigripalpus; mosquito; attractant; carbon dioxide; octenol; barrier; traps; target; control ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; 1-OCTEN-3-OL; DIPTERA; GLOSSINIDAE AB A three-year research project was conducted on Key Island, Collier County, Florida, USA, to evaluate an innovative attractant-based mosquito management technique. In the first year, species composition, relative abundance, and spatial distribution were determined. Although 16 species were collected, the dominant species was the black salt marsh mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus, which was the primary pest species. Efficacy of a single line barrier, consisting of 52 carbon dioxide (200 cc/min) + octenol (ca. 4 mg/h) baited traps (1994) or insecticide (lambdacyhalothrin) impregnated shade cloth targets (1995), spaced ca. 16.5 m apart, to reduce mosquito abundance in a resort area, was evaluated on the northern end of the island. Success was evaluated by means of baited surveillance traps located on both sides of the barrier. Traps and targets performed equally well. Though not statistically significant (p > 0.05), there was a reduction in mosquito abundance in the resort area when the barrier was functional. These data indicate that with refinement this mosquito management technique may be practical in certain situations. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Collier MCD, Naples, FL 34104 USA. RP Kline, DL (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 8 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOC VECTOR ECOLOGY PI SANTA ANA PA PO BOX 87, SANTA ANA, CA 92702 USA SN 1081-1710 J9 J VECTOR ECOL JI J. Vector Ecol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 23 IS 2 BP 171 EP 185 PG 15 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 151XT UT WOS:000077746500009 PM 9879073 ER PT J AU Kline, DL AF Kline, DL TI Olfactory responses and field attraction of mosquitoes to volatiles from Limburger cheese and human foot odor SO JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE foot odor; olfactometer; Limburger cheese; mosquitoes; kairomones; host-seeking ID 1-OCTEN-3-OL AB Olfactory responses of female Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) to various odor stimuli were studied in a dual-port olfactometer. Responses (i.e., the percent of ca. 75 available female mosquitoes in flight chamber entering each olfactometer port) were studied toward clean conditioned air (control), human foot skin emanations (collected on socks by wearing them for three days), human hand, and Limburger cheese. Mean percent response was greatest to the human hand (80.1%), followed by the human worn sock (66.1%), Limburger cheese (6.4%), and control (< 0.1%). In field studies the worn sock alone attracted very few mosquitoes but a synergistic response occurred to the sock + carbon dioxide baited traps for most species of mosquitoes in six genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex, Culiseta, and Psorophora). This synergistic effect persisted even when the socks were exposed to environmental conditions for eight consecutive days. Limburger cheese alone did not attract mosquitoes to traps compared to unbaited traps, and there appeared to be a slight repellent effect for most mosquito species when used in combination with carbon dioxide. C1 ARS, USDA, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Kline, DL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, CMAVE, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC VECTOR ECOLOGY PI SANTA ANA PA PO BOX 87, SANTA ANA, CA 92702 USA SN 1081-1710 J9 J VECTOR ECOL JI J. Vector Ecol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 23 IS 2 BP 186 EP 194 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 151XT UT WOS:000077746500010 PM 9879074 ER PT J AU Brown, JR Scanlan, JC McIvor, JG AF Brown, JR Scanlan, JC McIvor, JG TI Competition by herbs as a limiting factor in shrub invasion in grassland: a test with different growth forms SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Acacia nilotica; Cryptostegia grandiflora; exotic shrub; tropical savanna; weed invasion ID PROSOPIS-GLANDULOSA; ROOT COMPETITION; AFRICAN SAVANNA; WOODY-PLANTS; ESTABLISHMENT; SCHIZACHYRIUM; MANAGEMENT; AUSTRALIA; DISPERSAL; SURVIVAL AB We tested the hypothesis that seedling establishment, the critical stage in the invasion of grassland by shrubs, is limited by competition with perennial grasses in seasonally wet/dry savannas. We placed seeds of two invasive exotic shrubs - Cryptostegia grandiflora, a woody vine, and Acacia nilotica, an arborescent legume - into pots with a wide range of existing above- and below-ground herbaceous biomass provided by either a tussock or a stoloniferous perennial grass. We also imposed different levels of watering frequency (5, 10 and 21 d), nutrient addition (+ and -) and grass clipping intensity (no clipping, clipped to 5 cm and clipped to 25 cm). There was no effect of any treatment on shrub seedling emergence or survival and all of the seedlings that emerged survived the 90-d growing period. Herbaceous competition also failed to have an effect on biomass accumulation in shrub seedlings. More frequent watering significantly increased above- and below-ground biomass accumulation for both shrub species and nutrient addition significantly increased Cryptostegia biomass accumulation. Based on these results, we question the proposition that reduction in competition by herbs via Livestock grazing has been a significant factor in determining the rate or pattern of exotic shrub increase in the seasonally wet/dry tropics. We also question the suitability of the two-layer soil moisture hypothesis as a basis for management practices to control the ingress of woody species into grasslands and open savannas. C1 CSIRO, Aitkenvale, Qld 4814, Australia. Queensland Dept Nat Resources, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia. CSIRO, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. RP Brown, JR (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, Jornada Epxt Range, POB 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM joelbrow@nmsu.edu RI McIvor, John/G-5573-2010 NR 39 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 12 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI UPPSALA PA BOX 25137, S 752 25 UPPSALA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 9 IS 6 BP 829 EP 836 DI 10.2307/3237048 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 161GQ UT WOS:000078281200008 ER PT J AU Benson, SJ Ruis, BL Fadly, AM Conklin, KF AF Benson, SJ Ruis, BL Fadly, AM Conklin, KF TI The unique envelope gene of the subgroup J avian leukosis virus derives from ev/J proviruses, a novel family of avian endogenous viruses SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HOST-RANGE DETERMINANTS; FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUSES; ENV GENE; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION; HPRS-103 STRAIN; DESIGNATED-J; ART-CH; RETROVIRUS; RECOMBINATION; CHICKEN AB A new subgroup of avian leukosis virus (ALV), designated subgroup J, was identified recently. Viruses of this subgroup do not cross-interfere with viruses of the avian A, B, C, D, and E subgroups, are not neutralized by antisera raised against the other virus subgroups, and have a broader host range than the A to E subgroups. Sequence comparisons reveal that while the subgroup J envelope gene includes some regions that are related to those found in env genes of the A to E subgroups, the majority of the subgroup J gene is composed of sequences either that are more similar to those of a member (E51) of the ancient endogenous avian virus (EAV) family of proviruses or that appear unique to subgroup J viruses. These data led to the suggestion that the ALV-J env gene might have arisen by multiple recombination events between one or more endogenous and exogenous viruses. We initiated studies to investigate the origin of the subgroup J envelope gene and in particular to determine the identity of endogenous sequences that may have contributed to its generation. Here we report the identification of a novel family of avian endogenous viruses that include env coding sequences that are over 95% identical to both the gp85 and gp37 coding regions of subgroup J viruses. We call these viruses the ev/J family. We also report the isolation of ev/J-encoded cDNAs, indicating that at least some members of this family are expressed. These data support the hypothesis that the subgroup J envelope gene was acquired by recombination with expressed endogenous sequences and are consistent,vith acquisition of this gene by only one recombination event. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Inst Human Genet, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Biophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Conklin, KF (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Inst Human Genet, Box 206 FUMC,515 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM kathleen@lenti.med.umn.edu FU NCI NIH HHS [CA09138, T32 CA009138]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 41571] NR 42 TC 41 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 72 IS 12 BP 10157 EP 10164 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 137AW UT WOS:000076892100083 PM 9811756 ER PT J AU Benson, SJ Ruis, BL Garbers, AL Fadly, AM Conklin, KF AF Benson, SJ Ruis, BL Garbers, AL Fadly, AM Conklin, KF TI Independent isolates of the emerging subgroup J avian leukosis virus derive from a common ancestor SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ROUS-SARCOMA VIRUS; LONG TERMINAL REPEAT; HOST-RANGE DETERMINANTS; EFII ENHANCER SEQUENCE; HPRS-103 STRAIN; ENV GENE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; NUCLEAR PROTEINS; DESIGNATED-J; RETROVIRUS AB A new subgroup of avian leukosis virus (ALV) that includes a unique env gene, designated J, was identified recently in England. Sequence analysis of prototype English isolate HPRS-103 revealed several other unique genetic characteristics of this strain and provided information that it arose by recombination between exogenous and endogenous virus sequences. Id the past several years, ALV J type viruses (ALV-J) have been isolated from broiler breeder flocks in the United States. We were interested in determining the relationship between the U.S. and English isolates of ALV-J. Based on sequence data from two independently derived U.S. field isolates, we conclude that the U.S. and English isolates of ALV-J derive from a common ancestor and are not the result of independent recombination events. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Inst Human Genet, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Biophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Conklin, KF (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Inst Human Genet, Box 206 FUMC,515 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM kathleen@lentl.med.umn.edu FU NCI NIH HHS [CA09138, T32 CA009138]; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01-GM41571] NR 35 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 72 IS 12 BP 10301 EP 10304 PG 4 WC Virology SC Virology GA 137AW UT WOS:000076892100107 PM 9811780 ER PT J AU Moore, DM Zsak, L Neilan, JG Lu, Z Rock, DL AF Moore, DM Zsak, L Neilan, JG Lu, Z Rock, DL TI The African swine fever virus thymidine kinase gene is required for efficient replication in swine macrophages and for virulence in swine SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS; COMPLETE DNA-SEQUENCE; VACCINIA VIRUS; THYMIDYLATE KINASE; DEFICIENT MUTANTS; EXPRESSION; SIMILARITY; INFECTION; VECTORS; INVIVO AB African swine fever virus (ASFV) replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells and contains genes encoding a number of enzymes needed for DNA synthesis, including a thymidine kinase (TK) gene. Recombinant TK gene deletion viruses were produced by using two highly pathogenic isolate's of ASFV through homologous recombination with an ASFV p72 promoter-beta-glucuronidase indicator cassette (p72GUS) flanked by ASFV sequences targeting the TK region. Attempts to isolate double-crossover TK gene deletion mutants on swine macrophages failed, suggesting a growth deficiency of TK- ASFV on macrophages. Two pathogenic ASFV isolates, ASFV Malawi and ASFV Haiti, partially adapted to Vero cells, were used successfully to construct TK deletion viruses on Vero cells. The selected viruses grew well on Vero cells, but both mutants exhibited a growth defect on swine macrophages at low multiplicities of infection (MOI), yielding 0.1 to 1.0% of wild-type levels. At high MOI, the macrophage growth defect was not apparent. The Malawi TK deletion mutant, showed reduced virulence for swine, producing transient fevers, lower viremia titers, and reduced mortality. In contrast, 100% mortality was observed for swine inoculated with the TK+ revertant virus. Swine surviving TK- ASFV infection remained free of clinical signs of African swine fever following subsequent challenge with the parental pathogenic ASFV. The data indicate that the TK gene of ASFV is important for growth in swine macrophages in vitro and is a virus virulence factor in swine. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Moore, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 48 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 72 IS 12 BP 10310 EP 10315 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 137AW UT WOS:000076892100109 PM 9811782 ER PT J AU Hume, ME AF Hume, ME TI Reduction of caecal Listeria monocytogenes in Leghorn chicks following treatment with a competitive exclusion culture (PREEMPT (TM)) SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hume, ME (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 27 IS 6 BP 387 EP 387 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 151UP UT WOS:000077739300021 ER PT J AU Abrams, SA Ellis, KJ AF Abrams, SA Ellis, KJ TI Multicompartmental analysis of magnesium and calcium kinetics during growth: relationships with body composition SO MAGNESIUM RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE calcium; magnesium; kinetics; stable isotopes; dietary requirements ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ABSORPTION; INFANTS; INDEX; MG-25 AB Stable isotope techniques permit a unique approach to the assessment of magnesium metabolism, including absorption, excretion, pool sizes, and turnover. Findings from our recent studies on magnesium and calcium kinetics indicate close relationships between the mass of the magnesium exchangeable pool, efflux from this pool, and body weight. In this report, we further evaluate these data by relating the kinetic values with other measures of body composition. We found that fat-free mass represents the single body composition parameter that most closely correlates with magnesium kinetic data. Body composition has a stronger relationship with magnesium kinetics than with calcium kinetics. These relationships provide justification for basing dietary magnesium requirements in children on body composition measures such as body weight or, where available, fat-free mass. Further studies to evaluate these relationships are indicated in situations where either magnesium status or body composition is abnormal. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Abrams, SA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU JOHN LIBBEY & CO LTD PI LONDON PA 13 SMITHS YARD, SUMMERLEY ST, LONDON SW18 4HR, ENGLAND SN 0953-1424 J9 MAGNESIUM RES JI Magnes. Res. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 11 IS 4 BP 307 EP 313 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 157WD UT WOS:000078083900006 PM 9884988 ER PT J AU Treuth, MS Hunter, GR Figueroa-Colon, R Goran, MI AF Treuth, MS Hunter, GR Figueroa-Colon, R Goran, MI TI Effects of strength training on intraabdominal adipose tissue in obese prepubertal girls SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE fat distribution; body composition; insulin; exercise; children ID BLOOD-PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; BODY-COMPOSITION; CHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS; FAT; HYPERINSULINEMIA; PREVENTION; EXERCISE; HEALTH AB Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of strength training on fat distribution and its relationship to glucose tolerance in obese prepubertal girls. Methods: A strength training intervention study was designed in which the children exercised three times per week for 5 months. Twelve healthy, obese prepubertal girls (ages 7-10 yr, >95th percentile weight for height) were enrolled in the study. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography, and glucose tolerance was measured by a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test at baseline and after training. Results: Significant increases in height, weight, fat-free mass, fat mass, and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue occurred after training (P < 0.05), whereas intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) remained stable (N = 11). Insulin area was highly correlated with IAAT before (r = 0.91) and after (r = 0.90) training (both P < 0.01, N = 9). Conclusion: In growing obese prepubertal girls undergoing a strength training program, IAAT remains unchanged, whereas subcutaneous abdominal fat and total body fat increased; insulin area is related to IAAT in these children. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Nutr Sci, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Pediat, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Treuth, MS (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM mtreuth@bcm.tmc.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00032]; NICHD NIH HHS [R29 HD 32668] NR 27 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 30 IS 12 BP 1738 EP 1743 DI 10.1097/00005768-199812000-00013 PG 6 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 148WM UT WOS:000077556900013 PM 9861608 ER PT J AU Velasquez, MT Bhathena, SJ Striffler, JS Thibault, N Scalbert, E AF Velasquez, MT Bhathena, SJ Striffler, JS Thibault, N Scalbert, E TI Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in glucose metabolism and renal injury in diabetes SO METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on ACE Inhibition in Diabetes - Challenging Renal and Vascular Disease, at the 16th International-Diabetes-Federation Congress CY JUL 20-25, 1997 CL HELSINKI, FINLAND SP Int Diabet Federat ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; SHR/N-CORPULENT RAT; INSULIN-SENSITIVITY; ESSENTIAL-HYPERTENSION; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; LIPID-METABOLISM; ACE-INHIBITION; NEPHROPATHY; CAPTOPRIL AB The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition in glucose metabolism and renal injury in diabetes has been extensively investigated in diabetic humans, as well as in animal models of diabetes. Accumulated data indicate that ACE inhibitors have either no adverse effect on glucose control or insulin sensitivity or may even improve them. ACE inhibitors also appear to have neutral or positive effects on lipid metabolism. The variability of results between studies may relate to differences in experimental design, the degree of glycemia or insulin resistance, potassium balance, and dose or duration of ACE inhibitor treatment, among others. In contrast, ACE inhibitors have proved effective in limiting proteinuria and retarding renal function loss in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. In rats with experimental or spontaneous diabetes, ACE inhibitors also reduce proteinuria and limit glomerular as well as tubulointerstitial damage, independent of their effects on systemic arterial pressure. How ACE inhibitors limit renal injury in diabetes is not entirely clear, but hemodynamic and nonhemodynamic mechanisms may be involved. Increasing evidence suggests that the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may be altered or activated in the diabetic kidney. Such activation may be specifically inhibited by ACE inhibitors and may explain the superiority of this class of agents over other antihypertensive agents in reducing proteinuria and slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Copyright (C) 1998 by W.B. Saunders Company. C1 George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Renal Dis & Hypertens, Washington, DC 20037 USA. ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. Inst Rech Int Servier & Co Dev, Paris, France. RP Velasquez, MT (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Renal Dis & Hypertens, 2150 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20037 USA. NR 64 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0026-0495 J9 METABOLISM JI Metab.-Clin. Exp. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 47 IS 12 SU 1 BP 7 EP 11 DI 10.1016/S0026-0495(98)90363-8 PG 5 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 150ZJ UT WOS:000077695700003 PM 9867063 ER PT J AU Black, WC Roehrdanz, RL AF Black, WC Roehrdanz, RL TI Mitochondrial gene order is not conserved in arthropods: Prostriate and metastriate tick mitochondrial genomes SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE arachnid mitochondrial DNA; gene rearrangements; hard ticks; Ixodes hexagonus; Rhipicephalus sanguineus; amino acid and codon usage bias ID TRANSFER-RNAS; DNA-SEQUENCE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; HETERONOTIA-BINOEI; ORGANIZATION; EVOLUTION; DUPLICATIONS; HETEROPLASMY; PHYLOGENY AB The entire mitochondrial genome was sequenced in a prostriate tick, Ixodes hexagonus, and a metastriate tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Both genomes encode 22 tRNAs, 13 proteins, and two ribosomal RNAs. Prostriate ticks are basal members of Ixodidae and have the same gene order as Limulus polyphemus. In contrast, in R. sanguineus a block of genes encoding NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), tRNA(Leu (UUR)), tRNA(Lett (CUN)), 16S rDNA, tRNA(Val), 12S rDNA, the control region, and the tRNA(Ile) and tRNA(Glm) have translocated to a position between the tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Phe) genes. The tRNA(Cys) gene has translocated between the control region and the tRNA(Met) gene, and the tRNA(Leu(CUN)) gene has translocated between the tRNA(Ser (UCN)) gene and the control region. Furthermore, the control region is duplicated, and both copies undergo concerted evolution. Primers that flank these rearrangements confirm that this gene order is conserved in all metastriate ticks examined. Correspondence analysis of amino acid and codon use in the two ticks and in nine other arthropod mitochondrial genomes indicate a strong bias in R. sanguineus towards amino acids encoded by AT-rich codons. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND USA. RP Black, WC (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM web4@lamar.colostate.edu NR 63 TC 151 Z9 169 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0737-4038 J9 MOL BIOL EVOL JI Mol. Biol. Evol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 15 IS 12 BP 1772 EP 1785 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 148VZ UT WOS:000077555400019 PM 9866211 ER PT J AU Hall, JS Adams, B Parsons, TJ French, R Lane, LC Jensen, SG AF Hall, JS Adams, B Parsons, TJ French, R Lane, LC Jensen, SG TI Molecular cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic relationships of a new potyvirus: Sugarcane streak mosaic virus, and a reevaluation of the classification of the Potyviridae SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article ID TAXONOMIC FAMILY POTYVIRIDAE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; RYMOVIRUS GENUS; CAPSID PROTEIN; EVOLUTION; PLANT; PERMUTATION; CALIFORNIA; MUTATION AB The nucleic acid of a serologically distinct potyvirus, originally isolated out of sugar cane from Pakistan, was reverse transcribed and the 3' terminal 2000 bp was PCR amplified, cloned, and sequenced. Phylogenetic comparisons of viruses representing each genus of the Potyviridae show that the Pakistani isolate is most closely related to the rymoviruses wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and brome streak mosaic virus. We therefore propose that this new virus species be named sugar cane streak mosaic virus to reflect its similarity to WSMV. The phylogenetic data also show that the genus Rymovirus contains at least two unique evolutionary lineages. Thus the current taxonomy, based on transmission vector, is paraphyletic. We present an analysis of the taxonomic relationships among members of the family and propose a classification that both resolves the paraphyly and more accurately represents the evolutionary history of the Potyviridae. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA, ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Jensen, SG (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA, ARS, 406 Plant Sci Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Adams, Byron/C-3808-2009; OI Adams, Byron/0000-0002-7815-3352; Hall, Jeffrey/0000-0001-5599-2826 NR 45 TC 53 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1055-7903 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 323 EP 332 DI 10.1006/mpev.1998.0535 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 173TN UT WOS:000078996000006 PM 10051385 ER PT J AU Chan, KM Andres, LP Polykovskaya, Y Brown, WF AF Chan, KM Andres, LP Polykovskaya, Y Brown, WF TI Dissociation of the electrical and contractile properties in single human motor units during fatigue SO MUSCLE & NERVE LA English DT Article DE human; muscle fatigue; motor unit action potential; potentiation; Na/K pump ID ACTION-POTENTIALS; MUSCLE; PROPAGATION; STIMULATION AB The surface EMG area often exhibits progressive enlargement during a submaximal fatiguing contraction, but the underlying reasons still remain uncertain. Fatigue-induced changes in the surface-detected motor unit action potentials (S-MUAPs) of 10 human thenar motor units (MUs) with widely differing physiological properties were examined. After 2 min of repetitive 40-Hz stimulation, the size of the S-MUAPs of all MUs increased, the magnitude of which was negatively correlated with their tetanic tension changes. These findings suggest that during muscle fatigue, in addition to reflecting recruitment of new MUs and increases in firing rates of the active MUs, the surface EMG may also be markedly influenced by changes in the S-MUAPs, especially in fast fatigable muscles, (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 New England Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Chan, KM (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Heritage Med Res Ctr 513, Div Neurosci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-639X J9 MUSCLE NERVE JI Muscle Nerve PD DEC PY 1998 VL 21 IS 12 BP 1786 EP 1789 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199812)21:12<1786::AID-MUS25>3.0.CO;2-I PG 4 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 142RA UT WOS:000077213100025 PM 9843085 ER PT J AU Bago, B Piche, Y Simon, L AF Bago, B Piche, Y Simon, L TI Fluorescently-primed in situ PCR in arbuscular mycorrhizas SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; FUNGI COLONIZING ROOTS; ENDOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; INSITU DETECTION; RIBOSOMAL DNA; AMPLIFICATION; IDENTIFICATION; GLOMALES; GENES; CELLS AB In situ gene amplification (in situ PCR) is a recent powerful molecular technique which allows the localization of low abundance nucleic adds targets directly within tissue sections. The work presented here is, to our knowledge, the first report of successful direct detection of in situ PCR amplification with fluorescently-labelled primers, and the first successful in situ PCR performed on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Ribosomal SSU genes within AM fungal spore sections were amplified by using fluorescent, glomalean-specific primers, then directly detected by means of epifluorescence microscopy. Different controls confirmed the successfulness of the in situ amplification. These results open new avenues in the study of arbuscular mycorrhizas, where genetic processes seem to be transient and very localized. C1 Univ Laval, Ctr Rech Biol Forestiere, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. RP Bago, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant & Soil Biophys Lab, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Simon, Luc/A-7185-2008; Bago, Alberto/H-9683-2015 OI Simon, Luc/0000-0003-3266-9510; NR 33 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 102 BP 1540 EP 1544 DI 10.1017/S0953756298007011 PN 12 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 159WQ UT WOS:000078198700015 ER PT J AU Beard, CW Mason, PW AF Beard, CW Mason, PW TI Out on the farm with DNA vaccines SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE agricultural biotechnology; vaccine development; livestock/poultry ID DAY-OLD PIGLETS; PLASMID DNA; GENETIC IMMUNIZATION; PSEUDORABIES VIRUS; AUJESZKYS-DISEASE; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; PROTECTION; VACCINATION; INFLUENZA; PROTEIN AB DNA vaccination is a rapidly developing technology that offers new approaches for the prevention of disease. This technology may permit the production of new vaccines against diseases that have no current vaccine, as well as allowing the development of improved vaccines to replace existing products. We describe how DNA vaccination is being developed for use in commercial animal production, with an emphasis on viral diseases, and discuss the existing hurdles to its development and use. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Beard, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. EM cbeard@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 36 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1087-0156 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL JI Nat. Biotechnol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 16 IS 13 BP 1325 EP 1328 DI 10.1038/4298 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 143AH UT WOS:000077232600023 PM 9853612 ER PT J AU Inserra, RN Duncan, LW Dunn, D Kaplan, DT Porazinska, D AF Inserra, RN Duncan, LW Dunn, D Kaplan, DT Porazinska, D TI Pratylenchus pseudocoffeae from Florida and its relationship with P-gutierrezi and P-coffeae SO NEMATOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE head patterns; lesion nematodes; morphology; morphometrics; regulatory nematology; SEM ID N-SP NEMATODA; JAPAN AB Morphology and morphometrics of Pratylenchus sp. from aster in Florida, mum and artemisia in Japan (P. pseudocoffeae), coffee in Costa Rica and Guatemala (putative populations of P. gutierrezi), citrus in Florida (P. coffeae), and coffee in Indonesia (P. coffeae) were studied to: i) compare the morphologies of the lesion nematodes from aster and those of P. gutierrezi, P. pseudocoffeae, and P. coffeae, ii) describe the morphological variability of putative P. gutierrezi populations originating from coffee in Costa Rica and Guatemala, and iii) characterize the en face lip morphology of P. coffeae from the type host and near the type locale in Java, Indonesia. Pratylenchus coffeae from citrus in Florida differed from all other populations, including P. coffeae from coffee in Indonesia, in having medial and lateral lips that were fused rather than separate, when viewed en face with scanning electron microscopy. Pharyngeal overlap length and distance from the base of the oesophageal gland lobe to the head end were the only morphometric characters of diagnostic value to separate female P, pseudocoffeae from P. gutierrezi and P. coffeae from Indonesia. Pratylenchus pseudocoffeae females also had subhemispherical or hemispherical tails with smooth termini vs subcylindrical tails with bluntly rounded and sometimes coarsely annulated termini for P. gutierrezi. The Pratylenchus population from aster in Florida most closely resembled P. pseudocoffeae based on rail and en face lip morphology, long pharyngeal overlap (60.5-114.5 mu m), long distance between the base of the oesophageal gland lobe to the head end (140.5-209.5 mu m), and multivariate analyses of morphometric variables. The head pattern of P. coffeae from coffee in Indonesia differed from patterns previously attributed to this species and provides sufficient evidence to reconsider the taxonomic status of P. coffeae, P. gutierrezi, P. pseudocoffeae, and closely related species. C1 Florida Dept Agr & Consumer Serv, Div Plant Ind, Nematol Sect, Gainesville, FL 32614 USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Agr Res & Educ, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Inserra, RN (reprint author), Florida Dept Agr & Consumer Serv, Div Plant Ind, Nematol Sect, POB 147100, Gainesville, FL 32614 USA. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0028-2596 J9 NEMATOLOGICA JI Nematologica PD DEC PY 1998 VL 44 IS 6 BP 683 EP 712 PG 30 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 151NY UT WOS:000077728000008 ER PT J AU Livingston, DP Gildow, FE Liu, SY AF Livingston, DP Gildow, FE Liu, SY TI Barley yellow dwarf virus: effects on carbohydrate metabolism in oat (Avena sativa) during cold hardening SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE barley yellow dwarf virus; carbohydrate metabolism; cold hardening; Avena sativa L. (oat); fructans ID FRUCTAN METABOLISM; CROWNS; WHEAT; ACCUMULATION; GRASSES; LEAVES AB Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) causes significant losses in yield and in overwintering ability of winter cereals. Mechanisms by which the physiology of plants is affected by the virus are not clear. To see how carbohydrates in the crown of winter cereals were affected by BYDV, fructan isomers of degree of polymerization (DP) 3-5, fructan DP > 6 and the simple sugars, glucose, fructose and sucrose, were measured before and during cold hardening in three oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars,'Wintok', 'Coast Black' and 'Fulghum'. On a fresh weight basis fructan DP > 6 decreased by 50 %, in infected 'Wintok' and 'Coast Black' and by 25 %, in 'Fulghum'. Two DP3, one DP4 and one DP5 isomer were significantly higher than non-infected controls. The percentages of simple sugars in infected crowns were significantly higher than controls in all three cultivars in every week except the first week of hardening. Crude enzyme extracts from BYDV infected plants incubated with sucrose suggested higher invertase and lower sucrose-sucrosyl transferase activity. When incubated with 1-kestose and neokestin, no significant difference was found in fructose fructosyl transferase or in hydrolase activity. The activity of unidentified enzymes catalysing the synthesis of larger (DP > 5) fructan was altered by BYDV. The decrease of carbohydrates in the crown induced indirectly by BYDV may alter the plant's capacity to regenerate tillers in the spring. The ability of plants to prevent or tolerate carbohydrate fluctuations induced by BYDV infection may be an important genetically regulated characteristic for developing virus-resistant cultivars. C1 N Carolina State Univ, ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Livingston, DP (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 140 IS 4 BP 699 EP 707 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00308.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 162HR UT WOS:000078340500009 ER PT J AU Valles, SM AF Valles, SM TI Toxicological and biochemical studies with field populations of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASES; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; CYTOCHROME-P450 MONOOXYGENASES; PYRETHROID RESISTANCE; DIAMONDBACK MOTH; DICTYOPTERA; MECHANISMS; CARBAMATE; SUBSTRATE; INDUCTION AB Topical bioassays with cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, propoxur, and chlorpyrifos were conducted on 12 German cockroach strains recently collected from the field. Resistance levels ranged from 3- to 159-fold for cypermethrin, 2- to gs-fold for permethrin, 4- to 55-fold for lambda-cyhalothrin, 5- to 33-fold for propoxur, and 3- to 19-fold for chlorpyrifos. The synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributylphoshorotrithioate (DEF) affected cypermethrin resistance to varying degrees depending on the strain. Piperonyl butoxide pretreatment decreased cypermethrin resistance in only 5 strains, but caused an increase in resistance level in 7 strains. Conversely, DEF pretreatment reduced the resistance level in 10 of the strains and increased the resistance level in only 2 strains. Correlation analysis of resistance ratios for each strain and insecticide indicated a direct relationship between resistance lever of one insecticide and another, especially among the pyrethroids. All field strains exhibited significantly higher microsomal oxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and esterase activities toward surrogate substrates as compared with the insecticide-susceptible strain. However, levels of cytochrome P450 content, aldrin epoxidase activity, methoxyresorufin O-demethylase activity, and glutathione S-transferase activity were not correlated with pyrethroid resistance, suggesting that these activities are poor indicators of pyrethroid-resistance magnitude. Interestingly, significant correlations were found between general esterase activity and cypermethrin (P = 0.002), permethrin (P = 0.007), cyhalothrin (P = 0.002), and propoxur (P = 0.001) resistance levels. The data support the conclusion of esterase involvement in cypermethrin resistance determined by synergist (DEF) bioassay. However, the significance of this relationship, in the context of resistance detection, requires further examination. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Valles, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, CMAVE, POB 14565,1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 190 EP 200 DI 10.1006/pest.1998.2381 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 166PN UT WOS:000078586100006 ER PT J AU Farrant, JM Walters, C AF Farrant, JM Walters, C TI Ultrastructural and biophysical changes in developing embryos of Aesculus hippocastanum in relation to the acquisition of tolerance to drying SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID DESICCATION TOLERANCE; WATER RELATIONS; RECALCITRANT SEEDS; ABSCISIC-ACID; AVICENNIA-MARINA; GERMINATION; EXPRESSION; MATURATION; PROTEINS; CRYOPRESERVATION AB Changes in ultrastructural, biochemical and biophysical characteristics of embryonic axes of Aesculus hippocastanum during development are related to changing levels of desiccation tolerance. Histodifferentiation was complete 30 days after flowering (DAF) and fruits were shed about 120 DAF. During this period, the dry mass of embryonic axes increased from about 0.5 to 4 mg and the water content decreased from 10.2 to 2.0 g H(2)O g(-1) dry mass (g g(-1)). In spite of the large changes in water content, water potentials of freshly harvested material declined slightly during development from -0.65 to -2.0 MPa. Tolerance of desiccation increased as embryos matured. If evaluated on the basis of critical water contents for survival; tolerance appeared to increase continuously, maximum tolerance being achieved at 120 DAF when embryos survived water contents as low as 0.30 g . g(-1). When evaluated from critical water potentials, three distinct levels of desiccation tolerance could be recognized at - 1.8 MPa (30-40 DAF), -4 MPa (48-90 DAF) and -12 MPa (100-120 DAF). During development, total dry matter increased while sugar content (g g(-1) dry mass) and osmotically active material (mmol g(-1) dry mass) decreased. The subcellular organisation of axes was always typical of metabolically active tissues. Maximum tolerance (-12 MPa) was associated with a reduced amount of monosaccharides and the appearance of water with unusual calorimetric behaviour. Our data are consistent with several of the current hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of desiccation tolerance. Accumulation of dry matter reserves, reduced levels of monosaccharides, presence of dehydrin-like proteins and ability to form glasses appear to be associated with the changes in desiccation tolerance. However, none of these factors allow A. hippocastanum embryos to achieve the extreme level of desiccation tolerance typical of orthodox seeds. This may be because A. hippocastanum embryos do not reach physiological maturity and remain metabolically active even after they are shed from the parent plant. Also, embryos may acquire incompetent protectants or lack as yet unidentified protective mechanisms. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. RP Walters, C (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Seed Storage Lab, 1111 S Mason St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM chrisv@lamal.colostate.edu NR 52 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 104 IS 4 BP 513 EP 524 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1040401.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 165RU UT WOS:000078536300001 ER PT J AU Shelp, BJ Kitheka, AM Vanderpool, RA Van Cauwenberghe, OR Spiers, GA AF Shelp, BJ Kitheka, AM Vanderpool, RA Van Cauwenberghe, OR Spiers, GA TI Xylem-to-phloem transfer of boron in broccoli and lupin during early reproductive growth SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID PLANTS; TRANSPORT; MOBILITY; ACID; TRANSLOCATION; MOVEMENT; NITROGEN; SHOOTS; WHEAT; TREES AB The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that newly-acquired boron (B) undergoes rapid xylem-to-phloem transfer in plants with restricted mobility. Analysis of the element accumulation and water usage by shoots of intact broccoli (Brassica oleracea var, italica Plenck cv. Commander) and lupin (Lupinus albus L. cv. Ultra) plants provided with a non-deficient supply of B, revealed that the concentration of various mineral elements (K, P, Mg, Ca, B, Fe, Zn, Mo, Cu, Mn) in xylem sap of intact plants ranged from 0.3 mu M to 3.5 mM, with B being present at 2.9-3.5 mu M. For each element assayed, the concentration was higher in phloem exudate (1.6 mu M to 91 mM) than in xylem sap; B was present at about 0.4 mM. Intact broccoli and lupin plants or detached transpiring broccoli shoots were supplied simultaneously with enriched (10)B, strontium (a xylem marker) and rubidium (a xylem/phloem marker) during early reproductive growth. The contents of these three compounds were determined in foliage and florets or fruits as a function of time (i.e. up to 12 h and 4 days for broccoli and lupin plants, respectively), and the content in florets or fruits was expressed as a percent of the total recovered. In general, the percent recovery of both 10B and rubidium in florets or fruits was similar and markedly greater than that for strontium, even at the earliest harvest times (within 2 h for broccoli and 1 day for lupin). The data indicate that in plants with restricted B mobility, B is supplied to sink tissues in the phloem, and the extent of B xylem-to-phloem transfer is closely determined by current uptake. C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Hort Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Land Resource Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Shelp, BJ (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Dept Hort Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. EM bshelp@evbhort.uoguelph.ca NR 36 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 104 IS 4 BP 533 EP 540 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1040403.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 165RU UT WOS:000078536300003 ER PT J AU Wang, J Levy, M Dunkle, LD AF Wang, J Levy, M Dunkle, LD TI Sibling species of Cercospora associated with gray leaf spot of maize SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE genetic variation; population genetics ID LOCI CONTROLLING RESISTANCE; CHLOROTIC LESION RESPONSE; ZEAE-MAYDIS; DIALLEL CROSS; CORN; INHERITANCE; DISEASE; AFLP; BETICOLA; INBREDS AB Monoconidial isolates of the fungus causing gray leaf spot of maize were obtained from diseased leaves collected throughout the United States and analyzed for genetic variability at 111 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci. Cluster analysis revealed two very distinct groups of Cercospora zeae-maydis isolates. Both groups were found to be relatively uniform internally with an average genetic similarity among isolates of approximately 93 and 94%, respectively. The groups were separated from each other by a genetic distance of approximately 80%, a distance greater than that separating each group from the sorghum pathogen, C. sorghi (67 to 70%). Characteristics and dimensions of conidia and conidiophores produced on infected plants or nutrient media were unreliable criteria for taxonomic differentiation of isolates composing the two groups of C. zeae-maydis. Nucleotide sequences of 5.8S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were identical within each group but different between the two groups and different from C. sorghi. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms generated by digestion of the 5.8S rDNA and ITS regions with TaqI readily distinguished each group and C. sorghi. Isolates in one group were generally distributed throughout maize-producing regions of the United States; isolates in the other group were localized in the eastern third of the country. Both types were present in the same fields at some locations. The genetic distance based on AFLP profiles and different ITS nucleotide sequences between the two morphologically indistinguishable groups indicate that they are sibling species. Although it is unlikely that breeding for resistance to gray leaf spot will be confounded by local or regional variation in the pathogen, a vigilant approach is warranted, because two pathogenic species exist with unknown abilities to evolve new pathotypes. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Dunkle, LD (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM dunkle@btny.purdue.edu NR 49 TC 43 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 1998 VL 88 IS 12 BP 1269 EP 1275 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.12.1269 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 142MR UT WOS:000077204700004 PM 18944828 ER PT J AU Zhang, AW Riccioni, L Pedersen, WL Kollipara, KP Hartman, GL AF Zhang, AW Riccioni, L Pedersen, WL Kollipara, KP Hartman, GL TI Molecular identification and phylogenetic grouping of Diaporthe phaseolorum and Phomopsis longicolla isolates from soybean SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RIBOSOMAL DNA; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; SEQUENCES; PCR; PYTHIUM; HOMOPLASY; PATHOGENS; PATTERNS; SPACERS AB Diaporthe phaseolorum and Phomopsis longicolla isolates from soybean were examined using traditional mycological characteristics and molecular methods. Cultural characteristics including types of fruiting bodies and conidia were assessed for isolates collected from soybean stems and seeds. Cultures were identified as FI longicolla, D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis, or D. phaseolorum var. sojae. Molecular markers for these groups were developed and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the 5.8S ribosomal DNA. The ITS4 and ITS5 primers amplified PCR products for all isolates studied. Gel electrophoresis of undigested PCR products and DNA sequencing produced various fragment lengths including 604 bp for P. longicolla, 602 and 603 bp for D. phaseolorum var, caulivora, 603 bp for D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis, and from 597 to 609 bp for D. phaseolorum var. sojae. Digestion of these PCR products with enzymes AluI, HhaI, MseI, RsaI, and ScrFI resulted in distinct bands for identification of P. longicolla and the varieties of D. phaseolorum I. All P. longicolla, D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, and D. phaseolorum var, meridionalis isolates were distinguished using AluI and HhaI with RsaI or ScrFI. The banding patterns of D. phaseolorum var, sojae isolates were complex and were separated into 11 subgroups after digestion with AluI, HhaI, MseI, RsaI, and ScrFI. Phylogenetic analysis of 20 isolates of D. phaseolorum and P. longicolla based on the DNA sequence of the ITS region resolved six clades termed A, B, C, D, E, and E Clade A included all sequenced D. phaseolorum var. caulivora isolates, two from Italy and one from the United States. Isolates in clade B were exclusively associated with D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis. Clades A and B formed a well-supported monophyletic group. Isolates in clades C, D, E, and F were morphologically defined as isolates of P. longicolla, D. phaseolorum var. sojae, and Diaporthe spp. The ITS sequences similarity of seven geographically diverse P. longicolla isolates illustrated that P. longicolla isolates have a similar genetic background, with some affiliations to some D. phaseolorum var. sojae isolates. Morphological characteristics of the isolates along with the terminal clades of the ITS phylogeny suggest that P. longicolla is an individual species, D. phaseolorum var. caulivora and D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis are varieties of D. phaseolorum, and D. phaseolorum var, sojae is either several varieties of D. phaseolorum or possibly several distinct species. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Ist Sperimentale Patol Vegetale, Rome, Italy. USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Hartman, GL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 43 TC 40 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 1998 VL 88 IS 12 BP 1306 EP 1314 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.12.1306 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 142MR UT WOS:000077204700009 PM 18944833 ER PT J AU Lee, IM Gundersen-Rindal, DE Bertaccini, A AF Lee, IM Gundersen-Rindal, DE Bertaccini, A TI Phytoplasma: Ecology and genomic diversity SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 89th Annual Meeting of the American-Phytopathological-Society CY AUG 12, 1997 CL ROCHESTER, NEW YORK SP Amer Phytopathol Soc DE mixed infections; phytoplasma classification ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MYCOPLASMA-LIKE ORGANISM; WITCHES-BROOM DISEASE; CLONED DNA PROBES; GRAPEVINE YELLOWS; ASTER YELLOWS; X-DISEASE; 16S RDNA; APPLE PROLIFERATION; ELM YELLOWS AB The recent development of molecular-based probes such as mono- and polyclonal antibodies, cloned phytoplasma DNA fragments, and phytoplasma-specific primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has allowed for advances in detection and identification of uncultured phytoplasmas (formerly called mycoplasma-like organisms). Comprehensive phylogenetic studies based on analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA(rRNA) or both 168 rRNA and ribosomal protein gene operon sequences established the phylogenetic position of phytoplasmas as members of the class Mollicutes, and the revealed phylogenetic interrelationships among phytoplasmas formed a basis for their classification. Based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences, phytoplasmas are currently classified into 14 groups and 38 subgroups that are consistent with groups delineated based on phylogenetic analysis using parsimony of 16S rRNA gene sequences. In the past decades, numerous phytoplasma strains associated with plants and insect vectors have been identified using molecular-based tools. Genomic diversity of phytoplasma groups appears to be correlated with their sharing common insect vectors, host plants, or both in nature. The level of exchange of genetic information among phytoplasma strains in a given group is determined by three-way, vector-phytoplasma-plant interactions. A putative mechanism for the creation of new ecological niches and the evolution of new ecospecies is proposed. C1 USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Bologna, Ist Patol Vegetale, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. RP Lee, IM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 97 TC 129 Z9 140 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 1998 VL 88 IS 12 BP 1359 EP 1366 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.12.1359 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 142MR UT WOS:000077204700016 PM 18944840 ER PT J AU Davis, RE Sinclair, WA AF Davis, RE Sinclair, WA TI Phytoplasma identity and disease etiology SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 89th Annual Meeting of the American-Phytopathological-Society CY AUG 12, 1997 CL ROCHESTER, NEW YORK SP Amer Phytopathol Soc DE evolution; mycoplasmalike organism; taxonomy ID MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS MLOS; GRAPEVINE YELLOWS; ASTER YELLOWS; X-DISEASE; WITCHES-BROOM; ELM YELLOWS; CLASSIFICATION; SEQUENCE; PLANT; IDENTIFICATION AB Many plant diseases believed to be caused by phytoplasmas were described before phytoplasma groups were delineated through molecular analyses. It is now possible to assess the relationships between phytoplasma identity or classification and specific plant diseases. Data were consistent with the hypothesis of a common ancestral origin of pathogenicity genes in many phytoplasmas and a limited repertoire of plant responses to certain pathogen signals. Observations also were consistent with the hypotheses that the botanical host ranges of some phytoplasmas reflect specificities in transmission by vectors and vector feeding preferences; phytoplasma-insect vector relationships are keys to understanding evolutionary divergence of phytoplasma lineages; small differences in a highly conserved phytoplasma gene may be regarded as potential indicators of separate gene pools; the reliability of a diagnosis based on symptoms must be learned empirically (i.e., through case study for each syndrome); and some discrete diseases can be ascribed to phytoplasma taxa at the 16S rRNA group level, whereas others are clearly associated with phytoplasma taxa below this level. C1 USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Davis, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM rdavis@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 47 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD DEC PY 1998 VL 88 IS 12 BP 1372 EP 1376 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.12.1372 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 142MR UT WOS:000077204700018 PM 18944842 ER PT J AU Zhong, RQ Morrison, WH Negrel, J Ye, ZH AF Zhong, RQ Morrison, WH Negrel, J Ye, ZH TI Dual methylation pathways in lignin biosynthesis SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID COENZYME-A 3-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE; CELL-SUSPENSION CULTURES; ADENOSYL-L-METHIONINE; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; EXPRESSION; LIGNIFICATION; PLANTS; ZINNIA; GENE AB Caffeoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) has been proposed to be involved in an alternative methylation pathway of lignin biosynthesis. However, no direct evidence has been available to confirm that CCoAOMT is essential for lignin biosynthesis. To understand further the methylation steps in lignin biosynthesis, we used an antisense approach to alter O-methyltransferase (OMT) gene expression and investigated the consequences of this alteration. We generated transgenic tobacco plants with a substantial reduction in CCoAOMT as well as plants with a simultaneous reduction in both CCoAOMT and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (CAOMT). Lignin analysis showed that the reduction in CCoAOMT alone resulted in a dramatic decrease in lignin content. The reduction in CCoAOMT also led to a dramatic alteration in lignin composition. Both guaiacyl lignin and syringyl lignin were reduced in the transgenic plants. However, guaiacyl lignin was preferentially reduced, which resulted in an increase in the S/G (syringl/guaiacyl) ratio. We have also analyzed lignin content and composition in transgenic plants having a simultaneous reduction in both CCoAOMT and CAOMT. The reduction in both OMTs resulted in a further decrease in total lignin content. This is in sharp contrast to the effect that resulted from the reduction in CAOMT alone, which only decreased the syringl lignin unit without a reduction in overall lignin content. These results unequivocally demonstrate that methylation reactions in lignin biosynthesis are catalyzed by both CCoAOMT and CAOMT. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. INRA, Lab Physiopathol Vegetale, F-21034 Dijon, France. RP Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM ye@dogwood.botany.uga.edu NR 43 TC 165 Z9 199 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 1040-4651 EI 1532-298X J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD DEC PY 1998 VL 10 IS 12 BP 2033 EP 2045 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 150HM UT WOS:000077658800006 ER PT J AU Cao, X Liu, Q Rowland, LJ Hammerschlag, FA AF Cao, X Liu, Q Rowland, LJ Hammerschlag, FA TI GUS expression in blueberry (Vaccinium spp.): factors influencing Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer efficiency SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE Agrobacterium tumefaciens; beta-glucuronidase; GUS expression; highbush blueberry ID APPLE LEAF EXPLANTS; SHOOT REGENERATION; HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY; TUMEFACIENS A281; TRANSFORMATION; PLANTS; VECTOR; REGION; MARKER AB Several factors were investigated for their influence on the transfer of an intron-containing beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene into blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) leaf explants during the early stages of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, including days of cocultivation, strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens? explant age and genotype. The number of GUS-expressing leaf zones and calli were counted immediately and 2 weeks after cocultivation, respectively, to evaluate the gene transfer process. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 (pEHA105/p35SGUSint) was significantly more effective for transformation than strain LBA4404 (pAL4404/p35SGUSint). Four days of co-cultivation with A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 yielded about 50-fold more GUS-expressing zones than 2 days of cocultivation. Significant differences among cultivars were observed for both GUS-expressing leaf zones and calli. For some cultivars, explant age influenced the number of GUS-expressing leaf zones and calli. In most cases, the number of GUS-expressing calli was highest in those cultivars where GUS expression in the leaves was high. C1 USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hammerschlag, FA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 32 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD DEC PY 1998 VL 18 IS 3-4 BP 266 EP 270 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 146KP UT WOS:000077428100018 ER PT J AU Montasser, MS Tousignant, ME Kaper, JM AF Montasser, MS Tousignant, ME Kaper, JM TI Viral satellite RNAs for the prevention of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) disease in field-grown pepper and melon plants SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE CARNA 5; cross-protection; preinoculation ID MEDIATED PROTECTION; EPIDEMIC CONDITIONS; REPLICATING RNA; TOMATO; EXPRESSION; STRAINS AB A benign viral satellite RNA, in combination with a mild strain of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-S), was used as a "vaccine" or "preinoculum" to demonstrate the feasibility of protecting pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. California Wonder) and melon (Cucurbita melo cv. Janus des Canaries) against two severe CMV strains, CMV-D and CMV-16, in the final 2 years of a 4-year pilot field and greenhouse experiment. In the field, healthy pepper and melon seedlings challenged with CMV-D and CMV-16 reduced yields by 33 to 60%; CMV-S caused only limited yield reduction in pepper and had no effect on the yield of melon. Different time intervals between preinoculation of pepper and melon seedlings with CMV-S and challenge inoculation with the severe CMV strains were tested. All plants challenged 3 weeks after vaccination showed nearly complete protection from subsequent infection by severe strains. The yield from preinoculated and challenged pepper plants was 80% that of untreated plants, while the yield from preinoculated and challenged melon plants was increased slightly over the untreated control plants. The use of this technology for biological control of plant viruses is discussed. C1 Kuwait Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Safat 13060, Kuwait. USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Montasser, MS (reprint author), Kuwait Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol Sci, POB 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 82 IS 12 BP 1298 EP 1303 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.12.1298 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 141CR UT WOS:000077125500002 ER PT J AU Gray, SM Chapin, JW Smith, DM Banerjee, N Thomas, JS AF Gray, SM Chapin, JW Smith, DM Banerjee, N Thomas, JS TI Barley yellow dwarf luteoviruses and their predominant aphid vectors in winter wheat grown in South Carolina SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SMALL GRAINS; VIRUS; HOMOPTERA; IDENTIFICATION; RMV; TRANSMISSION; VARIABILITY; REDUCTION; SEROTYPE AB Barley yellow dwarf is recognized as an important disease problem in winter wheat production in the southeastern United States, but there is relatively little known about the ecology and epidemiology of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in this region. From 1991 to 1993, and in 1996 and 1997, winter wheat was sampled for BYDV throughout the principal wheat production areas in South Carolina. In addition, in 1997, a small number of samples were collected from fields in North Carolina and Kentucky. Plant samples were assayed to determine the BYDV serotype and, subsequently, coat protein sequences of isolates within the same serotype were compared using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Representative BYDV isolates from South Carolina and type isolates from New York were compared in aphid transmission experiments using aphid species collected from South Carolina and laboratory colonies maintained in New York. The predominant BYDV serotype in South Carolina (in all years) was PAV, accounting for 94% of the total BYDV-infected samples analyzed. The RPV serotypes were more abundant in samples collected from western North Carolina and Kentucky. PAV isolates from all regions were identical to the New York BYDV-PAV in terms of serology and restriction fragment patterns. Furthermore, the aphid transmission phenotypes were similar for South Carolina and New York BYDV isolates. The predominant aphids colonizing winter wheat in South Carolina included Schizaphis graminum, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis, R. padi, and Sitobion avenea. The South Carolina clones of R. padi and S. avenae were similar to the New York laboratory clones in their abilities to transmit various BYDV isolates from New York and South Carolina. In contrast to the New York clone of Schizaphis graminum that can vector SGV, PAV, and RPV, the S. graminum clone from South Carolina was not a vector of any BYDV serotype tested. R. rufiabdominalis was found to be an efficient vector of PAV, RPV, and RMV isolates, but did not transmit MAV or SGV. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Entomol, Blackville, SC USA. RP Gray, SM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 35 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 82 IS 12 BP 1328 EP 1333 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.12.1328 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 141CR UT WOS:000077125500007 ER PT J AU Fuchs, M Tricoli, DM Carney, KJ Schesser, M McFerson, JR Gonsalves, D AF Fuchs, M Tricoli, DM Carney, KJ Schesser, M McFerson, JR Gonsalves, D TI Comparative virus resistance and fruit yield of transgenic squash with single and multiple coat protein genes SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; pathogen-derived resistance; profitability ID CUCUMBER MOSAIC-VIRUS; CUCURBIT VIRUSES; FIELD; CANTALOUPE; LINE AB Five transgenic squash lines expressing coat protein (CP) genes from cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV), and watermelon mosaic virus 2 potyvirus (WMV 2) were analyzed in the field for their reaction to mixed infections by these three viruses and for fruit production. Test plants were exposed to natural inoculations via aphids in trials simulating the introduction of viruses by secondary spread from mechanically infected susceptible border row plants. Plants of transgenic line CZW-3 expressing the CP genes from CMV, ZYMV, and WMV 2 displayed the highest level of resistance with no systemic infection, although 64% exhibited localized chlorotic dots which were mainly confined to older leaves. CZW-3 plants had a 50-fold increase in marketable yield compared to controls and the highest predicted cash returns. Plants of transgenic line ZW-20 expressing the CP genes from ZYMV and WMV 2 displayed high levels of resistance to these two potyviruses, but 22% became infected by CMV. However, ZW-20 plants provided a 40-fold increase in marketable yield relative to controls and good estimated cash returns. Three transgenic lines expressing single CP genes from either ZYMV (line Z-33), WMV 2 (line W-164) or CMV (line C-14) developed systemic symptoms similar to those of controls but showed a delay of 2 to 4 weeks before the onset of disease. Plants of transgenic line Z-33 were highly resistant to ZYMV but not to WMV 2 and CMV. Interestingly, Z-33 plants had a 20-fold increase in marketable yield compared to controls and some predicted cash returns if market sale prices were high. This study indicates that virus-resistant transgenic lines are economically viable even if they are affected by viruses other than those to which they are resistant. C1 Cornell Univ, New York State Agr Expt Stn, Dept Plant Pathol, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. Asgrow Seed Co, Kalamazoo, MI 49002 USA. Hobart & William Smith Coll, Dept Biol, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. RP Gonsalves, D (reprint author), Cornell Univ, New York State Agr Expt Stn, Dept Plant Pathol, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. NR 22 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 82 IS 12 BP 1350 EP 1356 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.12.1350 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 141CR UT WOS:000077125500012 ER PT J AU Samac, DA Nix, RJ Oleson, AE AF Samac, DA Nix, RJ Oleson, AE TI Transmission frequency of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus to alfalfa seed and identification of the bacterium by PCR SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE bacterial wilt; Medicago sativa; polymerase chain reaction; seed-borne pathogen ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SEPEDONICUS; HYBRIDIZATION; SEQUENCE; CLONING; DNA AB A sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based identification method was developed for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus, the causal agent of alfalfa bacterial wilt. The method, which targets a high-copy-number insertion element, is rapid and specific for this plant pathogen. The assay was used to determine the frequency of transmission of the pathogen to alfalfa seed. Seed was produced from infected plants grown and pollinated in the greenhouse, from infected plants grown in the field and transplanted to the greenhouse to produce seed, and from diseased 2-year-old field-grown plants. Seed from each infected plant were assayed to identify infected seed lots. Seed were ground to a fine powder and soaked in a liquid medium, after which a portion of the seed slurry was plated on a semi-selective agar medium. The PCR assay was used to identify C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus colonies on plates. Approximately 6.3 to 7.7% of diseased plants transmitted C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus to seed. In assays in which individual seed were analyzed from infected seed lots, approximately 2.5 to 8.7% of seed contained the bacterium. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Biochem, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Samac, DA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 39 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 82 IS 12 BP 1362 EP 1367 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.12.1362 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 141CR UT WOS:000077125500014 ER PT J AU Long, DL Leonard, KJ Roberts, JJ AF Long, DL Leonard, KJ Roberts, JJ TI Virulence and diversity of wheat leaf rust in the United States in 1993 to 1995 SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE plant disease monitoring; Puccinia recondita; rust epidemiology ID F-SP TRITICI; PUCCINIA-RECONDITA; PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY; CANADA; POPULATIONS; AREAS; RESISTANCE; CULTIVARS; GRAMINIS AB Isolates of Puccinia triticina were obtained from wheat leaf collections made by cooperators throughout the United States and from cereal rust field surveys of the Great Plains, Ohio Valley, and Gulf Coast states in 1993, 1994, and 1995. Sixty-two virulence/avirulence phenotypes on 14 host lines that are near-isogenic for leaf rust resistance were found among 681 single uredinial isolates in 1993, 42 phenotypes were found among 683 isolates in 1994, and 51 among 701 isolates in 1995. As in previous surveys, regional race distribution patterns showed that the central United States is a single epidemiological unit distinct from the eastern United States. The distinctive racial composition of collections from the Southeast, Northeast, and Ohio Valley indicates that populations of P. triticina in those areas are discrete, suggesting epidemics originate from localized overwintering sources. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Georgia Agr Expt Stn, Experiment, GA 30212 USA. RP Long, DL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Cereal Dis Lab, 1551 Lindig St, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM davidl@puccini.crl.umn.edu NR 26 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 82 IS 12 BP 1391 EP 1400 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.12.1391 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 141CR UT WOS:000077125500020 ER PT J AU Coffin, DP Laycock, WA Lauenroth, WK AF Coffin, DP Laycock, WA Lauenroth, WK TI Disturbance intensity and above- and belowground herbivory effects on long-term (14 y) recovery of a semiarid grassland SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bouteloua gracilis; cattle grazing; June beetle larvae; root feeders; shortgrass steppe; succession ID PLANT-MEDIATED INTERACTIONS; BLUE GRAMA; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; BOUTELOUA-GRACILIS; NATURAL COMMUNITIES; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; SPECIES RICHNESS; INSECT HERBIVORY; SOIL-WATER; SUCCESSION AB The importance of disturbance intensity and herbivory by cattle and white grubs, or the larvae of June beetles (including Phyllophaga fimbripes), to recovery of shortgrass steppe ecosystems in Colorado, U.S.A. were evaluated over a fourteen year time period. Disturbance intensity was defined by survival of the dominant grass species (Bouteloua gracilis) after an outbreak of root feeding activity by white grubs. Sixteen patches of vegetation consisting of four pairs of adjacent ungrazed-grazed by cattle locations with two replicates that were recently affected by white grubs were selected in 1977. Disturbance intensity was determined in 1977 by the area in each patch that contained live tillers of B, gracilis. Permanent plots were located both within and outside of each patch. Plant basal cover and density by species were estimated at time of peak aboveground biomass in six different years on each plot. Successional dynamics on patches was similar to areas affected by other types of disturbances, however, rate of recovery was faster for patches affected by grubs. Grazing by cattle was infrequently important to plant recovery. a result similar to effects of grazing on other aspects of shortgrass steppe ecosystems. Disturbance intensity was important to recovery of B, gracilis since tiller survival in 1977 was linearly related to cover in each year of sampling. For ungrazed patches. initial conditions were important to recovery of B. gracilis for as many as 14 year. For grazed patches, initial conditions decreased and grazing increased in importance through time. Changes in resource quality and a more uniform distribution of roots due to grazing likely resulted in more complete mortality of plants by grubs under grazed compared to ungrazed conditions. Persistence of shortgrass ecosystems in spite of disturbances with different intensities are determined at least in part by characteristics of disturbances interacting with the ability of plants to respond, and in part by the evolutionary history of the system. Although white grubs affect shortgrass communities infrequently, they have large and important effects on plant community structure through time, and represent an important class of disturbance defined by intensity. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Dept, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Coffin, DP (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA, ARS, Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER,Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 55 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 139 IS 2 BP 221 EP 233 DI 10.1023/A:1009789017151 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 152EL UT WOS:000077763100009 ER PT J AU Baldridge, GD O'Neill, NR Samac, DA AF Baldridge, GD O'Neill, NR Samac, DA TI Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) resistance to the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans: defense-response gene mRNA and isoflavonoid phytoalexin levels in roots SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chitinase; disease resistance; glucanase; isoflavonoids; mRNA; phytoalexins ID PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS; PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES; STRESS RESPONSES; MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA; KNOT NEMATODE; CYST-NEMATODE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; KEY ENZYME; EXPRESSION; ACCUMULATION AB Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) varieties with antibiosis-based resistance to the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans), a migratory endoparasite of many crops, have been developed by recurrent selection. Individual plants from these varieties that support significantly lower nematode reproduction were identified for molecular and biochemical characterization of defense responses. Before nematode infection, RNA blot analysis revealed 1.3-1.8-fold higher phenylpropanoid pathway mRNA levels in roots of three resistant plants as compared to three susceptible alfalfa plants. The mRNAs encoded the first enzyme in the pathway (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), the first in the pathway branch for flavonoid biosynthesis (chalcone synthase), a key enzyme in medicarpin biosynthesis (isoflavone reductase) and a key enzyme in the pathway branch for biosynthesis of lignin cell wall precursors (caffeic acid O-methyltransferase). After nematode infection, the mRNAs declined over 48 h in resistant roots but rose in susceptible plants during the first 12 h after-infection and then declined. Acidic beta-1,3-glucanase mRNA levels were initially similar in both root types but accumulated more rapidly in resistant than in susceptible roots after nematode infection. Levels of a class I chitinase mRNA were similar in both root types. Histone H3.2 mRNA levels, initially 1.3-fold higher in resistant roots, declined over 6-12 h to levels found in susceptible roots and remained stable in both root types thereafter. Defense-response gene transcripts in roots of nematode-resistant and susceptible alfalfa plants thus differed both constitutively and in inductive responses to nematode infection. HPLC analysis of isoflavonoid-derived metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway revealed similar total constitutive levels, but varying relative proportions and types, in roots of the resistant and susceptible plants. Nematode infection had no effect on isoflavonoid levels. Constitutive levels of the phytoalexin medicarpin were highest in roots of the two most resistant plants. Medicarpin inhibited motility of P. penetrans in vitro. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Samac, DA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, 495 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 62 TC 51 Z9 62 U1 5 U2 20 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 999 EP 1010 DI 10.1023/A:1006182908528 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 152EB UT WOS:000077762100009 PM 9869406 ER PT J AU Klein, RR Morishige, DT Klein, PE Dong, JM Mullet, JE AF Klein, RR Morishige, DT Klein, PE Dong, JM Mullet, JE TI High throughput BAC DNA isolation for physical map construction of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER LA English DT Article DE BAG; BAC-end sequencing; DNA isolation; sorghum ID GENOME AB With the aim of constructing a physical map of sorghum, we developed a rapid, high throughput approach for isolating BAG DNA suitable for restriction endonuclease digestion fingerprinting, PGR-based STS-content mapping, and BAG-end sequencing. The system utilizes a programmable 96 channel liquid handling system and associated accessories that permit bacterial cultivation and DNA isolation in 96-well plate format. This protocol details culture conditions that optimize bacterial growth in deep-well plates and criteria for BAG DNA isolation to obtain high yields of quality BAG DNA. The system is robust, accurate, and relatively cost-effective. The BAG DNA isolation system has been tested during efforts to construct a physical map of sorghum. C1 ARS, USDA, So Crops Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Crop Biotechnol Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANSACTION PERIOD CONSORTIUM PI PISCATAWAY PA DEPT 4010, RUTGERS UNIV, 35 BERRUE CIRCLE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08854-8042 USA SN 0735-9640 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL REP JI Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 16 IS 4 BP 351 EP 364 DI 10.1023/A:1007530620792 PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 185DE UT WOS:000079652200006 ER PT J AU Sanchez-Navarro, JA Aparicio, F Rowhani, A Pallas, V AF Sanchez-Navarro, JA Aparicio, F Rowhani, A Pallas, V TI Comparative analysis of ELISA, nonradioactive molecular hybridization and PCR for the detection of prunus necrotic ringspot virus in herbaceous and Prunus hosts SO PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ALFALFA MOSAIC-VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SOUTH-CAROLINA; DWARF VIRUS; ILARVIRUSES; PROBES; PLANTS; RNA AB Three methods were compared for the detection of prunus necrotic ringspot virus in herbaceous and woody plants: DAS-ELISA, nonisotopic dot-blot hybridization and reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). When purified virus preparations were used, the detection limit of the RT-PCR technique was 1.28 pg mL(-1) whereas nonisotopic molecular hybridization and DAS-ELISA allowed detection of 0.8 ng mL(-1) and 4 ng mL(-1), respectively. Several sample processing procedures were evaluated for virus detection by the nonisotopic molecular hybridization technique. When a very short and simple sample processing method was used, the detection limit of the nonisotopic molecular hybridization technique was 25 times higher than that of DAS-ELISA and 625 times lower than that of RT-PCR. A comparison of the level of virus accumulation in mature fruits and in leaf tissue showed that, on average, 125 times more virus was found in the fruits. C1 CSIC, CEBAS, Dept Mejora & Patol Vegetal, Murcia 30080, Spain. Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Pallas, V (reprint author), CSIC, CEBAS, Dept Mejora & Patol Vegetal, Apartado Correos 4195, Murcia 30080, Spain. RI Sanchez-Navarro, Jesus Angel/K-8787-2014; Pallas, Vicente/N-1317-2014 OI Sanchez-Navarro, Jesus Angel/0000-0002-3320-2827; Pallas, Vicente/0000-0003-4954-989X NR 29 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-0862 J9 PLANT PATHOL JI Plant Pathol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 47 IS 6 BP 780 EP 786 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 162FR UT WOS:000078335700013 ER PT J AU Masci, S D'Ovidio, R Lafiandra, D Kasarda, DD AF Masci, S D'Ovidio, R Lafiandra, D Kasarda, DD TI Characterization of a low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit gene from bread wheat and the corresponding protein that represents a major subunit of the glutenin polymer SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DURUM-WHEAT; DISULFIDE BONDS; BIOCHEMICAL BASIS; CYSTINE PEPTIDES; FLOUR PROPERTIES; LMW SUBUNITS; PREDICTION; CULTIVARS; SEQUENCE AB Both high- and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) play the major role in determining the viscoelastic properties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour. To date there has been no clear correspondence between the amino acid sequences of LMW-GS derived from DNA sequencing and those of actual LMW-GS present in the endosperm. We have characterized a particular LMW-GS from hexaploid bread wheat, a major component of the glutenin polymer, which we call the 42K LMW-GS, and have isolated and sequenced the putative corresponding gene. Extensive amino acid sequences obtained directly for this 42K LMW-GS indicate correspondence between this protein and the putative corresponding gene. This subunit did not show a cysteine (Cys) at position 5, in contrast to what has frequently been reported for nucleotide-based sequences of LMW-GS. This Cys has been replaced by one occurring in the repeated-sequence domain, leaving the total number of Cys residues in the molecule the same as in various other LMW-GS. On the basis of the deduced amino acid sequence and literature-based assignment of disulfide linkages, a computer-generated molecular model of the 42K subunit was constructed. C1 Univ Tuscia, Dipartimento Agrobiol & Agrochim, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Univ Tuscia, Dipartimento Agrobiol & Agrochim, Via S Camillo de Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. EM masci@unitus.it RI D'Ovidio, Renato/A-4379-2014; Masci, Stefania/B-6690-2013 OI D'Ovidio, Renato/0000-0001-8530-5898; Masci, Stefania/0000-0003-2857-4498 NR 39 TC 115 Z9 137 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 EI 1532-2548 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 118 IS 4 BP 1147 EP 1158 DI 10.1104/pp.118.4.1147 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 147FH UT WOS:000077477600006 PM 9847089 ER PT J AU Koch, JR Scherzer, AJ Eshita, SM Davis, KR AF Koch, JR Scherzer, AJ Eshita, SM Davis, KR TI Ozone sensitivity in hybrid poplar is correlated with a lack of defense-gene activation SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOCHEMICAL-PLANT RESPONSES; BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE; PINUS-SYLVESTRIS L; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; DISEASE RESISTANCE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; CELL-DEATH; EXPRESSION AB Ozone is a major gaseous pollutant thought to contribute to forest decline. Although the physiological and morphological responses of forest trees to ozone have been well characterized, little is known about the molecular basis for these responses. Our studies compared the response to ozone of ozone-sensitive and ozone-tolerant clones of hybrid poplar (Populus maximorwizii x Populus trichocarpa) at the physiological and molecular levels. Gas-exchange analyses demonstrated clear differences between the ozone-sensitive clone 388 and the ozone-tolerant clone 245. Although ozone induced a decrease in photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance in both clones, the magnitude of the decrease in stomatal conductance was significantly greater in the ozone-tolerant clone. RNA-blot analysis established that ozone-induced mRNA levels for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, O-methyltransferase, a pathogenesis-related protein, and a wound-inducible gene were significantly higher in the ozone-tolerant than in the ozone-sensitive plants. Wound- and pathogen-induced levels of these mRNAs were also higher in the ozone-tolerant compared with the ozone-sensitive plants. The different physiological and molecular responses to ozone exposure exhibited by clones 245 and 388 suggest that ozone tolerance involves the activation of salicylic-acid- and jasmonic-acid-mediated signaling pathways, which may be important in triggering defense responses against oxidative stress. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, NE Forest Expt Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Davis, KR (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RI Davis, Keith/C-5623-2009 OI Davis, Keith/0000-0002-7432-8610 NR 53 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 118 IS 4 BP 1243 EP 1252 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 147FH UT WOS:000077477600015 ER PT J AU Lal, SK Lee, CF Sachs, MM AF Lal, SK Lee, CF Sachs, MM TI Differential regulation of enolase during anaerobiosis in maize SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANAEROBICALLY INDUCED ENOLASE; DEHYDROGENASE GENE FAMILY; ECHINOCHLOA-CRUS-PAVONIS; FULL-LENGTH CDNA; ZEA-MAYS-L; RICINUS-COMMUNIS; YEAST ENOLASE; ALPHA-ENOLASE; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN AB It was reported previously that enolase enzyme activity and ENO1 transcript levels are induced by anaerobic stress in maize (Zea mays). Here we show that not all isoforms of maize enolase are anaerobically induced. We cloned and sequenced a second enolase cDNA clone (pENO2) from maize. Sequence analysis showed that pENO2 shares 75.6% nucleotide and 89.5% deduced amino acid sequence identity with pENO1 and is encoded by a distinct gene. Expression of ENO2 is constitutive under aerobic conditions, whereas ENO1 levels are induced 10-fold in maize roots after 24 h of anaerobic treatment. Western-blot analysis and N-terminal sequencing of in vivo-labeled maize roots identified two major proteins selectively synthesized upon anaerobic stress as isozymes of enolase. We describe the expression of enolase in maize roots under anaerobic stress. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Physiol & Genet Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Sachs, MM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [5RO1 GM34740] NR 49 TC 47 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 118 IS 4 BP 1285 EP 1293 DI 10.1104/pp.118.4.1285 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 147FH UT WOS:000077477600019 PM 9847102 ER PT J AU Collings, DA Winter, H Wyatt, SE Allen, NS AF Collings, DA Winter, H Wyatt, SE Allen, NS TI Growth dynamics and cytoskeleton organization during stem maturation and gravity-induced stem bending in Zea mays L. SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE actin; cell elongation; gravitropism; microtubule; pulvinus; Zea (gravitropism) ID MAIZE COLEOPTILES; ORIENTING MICROTUBULES; MICROFIBRIL DEPOSITION; CORTICAL MICROTUBULES; CELL ELONGATION; GRASS SHOOTS; CRESS ROOTS; STRESS; SHEATH; AUXIN AB Characterization of gravitropic bending in the maize stem pulvinus, a tissue that functions specifically in gravity responses, demonstrates that the pulvinus is an ideal system for studying gravitropism. Gravistimulation during the second of three developmental phases of the pulvinus induces a gradient of cell elongation across the non-growing cells of the pulvinus, with the most elongation occurring on the lower side. This cell elongation is spatially and temporally separated from normal internodal cell elongation. The three characterized growth phases in the pulvinus correspond closely to a specialized developmental sequence in which structural features typical of cells not fully matured are retained while cell maturation occurs in surrounding internodal and nodal tissue. For example, the lignification of supporting tissue and rearrangement of transverse microtubules to oblique that occur in the internode when cell elongation ceases are delayed for up to 10 d in the adjacent cells of the pulvinus, and only occurs as a pulvinus loses its capacity to respond to gravistimulation. Gravistimulation does not modify this developmental sequence. Neither wall lignification nor rearrangement of transverse microtubules occurs in the rapidly elongating lower side or non-responsive upper side of the pulvinus until the pulvinus loses the capacity to bend further. Gravistimulation does, however, lead to the formation of putative pit fields within the expanding cells of the pulvinus. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27696 USA. RP Collings, DA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Box 7612, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM david_collings@ncsu.edu OI Wyatt, Sarah/0000-0001-7874-0509 NR 45 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0032-0935 EI 1432-2048 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD DEC PY 1998 VL 207 IS 2 BP 246 EP 258 DI 10.1007/s004250050480 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 145GD UT WOS:000077361900012 PM 11541593 ER PT J AU Shogren, RL Lawton, JW Doane, WM Tiefenbacher, KF AF Shogren, RL Lawton, JW Doane, WM Tiefenbacher, KF TI Structure and morphology of baked starch foams SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE starch; foam; biodegradable ID GELATINIZATION; WATER AB Baked starch foams were characterized by several physical methods in order to better understand the relationship between profess parameters and starch foam structure. In this process, a thin-walled object such as a plate is formed by heating a starch batter inside a closed mould. Normal corn and potato starches are gelatinized by this treatment but some swollen granules remain. The foams have a dense outer skin and a less dense interior with large, mostly open cells. Overall foam density and strength increase with increasing starch concentration, molecular weight and amylose content. Foam flexibility tends to increase with decreasing density. Plates made from tuber starches such as potato have lower densities and higher flexibilities than those made from cereal starches such as corn. Starch foams are useful as disposable food packaging and serving articles which can be composted after use. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Shogren, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 32 TC 68 Z9 72 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD DEC PY 1998 VL 39 IS 25 BP 6649 EP 6655 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(97)10303-2 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 119LE UT WOS:000075896900057 ER PT J AU Gast, RK Holt, PS AF Gast, RK Holt, PS TI Persistence of Salmonella enteritidis from one day of age until maturity in experimentally infected layer chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella enteritidis; chicken; persistence; egg contamination ID BROILER CHICKS; LEGHORN CHICKS; POULTRY UNITS; LAYING HENS; TRANSMISSION; PATHOGENICITY; CONTAMINATION; TYPHIMURIUM; MICE; EGGS AB In each of two replicate trials, 1-d-old chicks were inoculated orally with a phage type 13 Salmonella enteritidis isolate (resistant to nalidixic acid). Although S. enteritidis was found in the livers, spleens, and ceca of all sampled chicks at 1 wk postinoculation, colonization generally persisted beyond 4 wk postinoculation only in the ceca. Nearly half of the remaining hens were still shedding S. enteritidis in their feces at 24 wk of age, but only 1 of 62 hens laid eggs that were internally contaminated with S. enteritidis during the initial 4 to 6 wk of egg production. Chickens exposed to S. enteritidis shortly after hatching can apparently remain infected until maturity, at which time they might produce contaminated eggs or spread the infection to other susceptible, previously unexposed hens. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Gast, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 31 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 77 IS 12 BP 1759 EP 1762 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 147EY UT WOS:000077476600004 PM 9872575 ER PT J AU Huff, WE Moore, PA Waldroup, PW Waldroup, AL Balog, JM Huff, GR Rath, NC Daniel, TC Raboy, V AF Huff, WE Moore, PA Waldroup, PW Waldroup, AL Balog, JM Huff, GR Rath, NC Daniel, TC Raboy, V TI Effect of dietary phytase and high available phosphorus corn on broiler chicken performance SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phytase; phosphorus; corn; broiler; chicken ID SUPPLEMENTAL MICROBIAL PHYTASE; ASPERGILLUS-NIGER PHYTASE; APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY; POULTRY LITTER; SOYBEAN-MEAL; CALCIUM; PIGS; 1,25-DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL; AMENDMENTS; ALUMINUM AB Two trials were conducted to determine the effects on broiler chicken performance and health of reducing dietary phosphorus levels by treating feed with the enzyme phytase, formulating diets using high available phosphorus (HAP) corn, or when diets were formulated with HAP corn and treated with phytase. Cobb x Cobb male broiler chickens were placed in an experimental design consisting of four dietary treatments with six replicate pens of 50 broilers per pen. The dietary treatments consisted of untreated control feed, phytase-supplemented feed (500 U/kg), diets prepared with HAP corn, and diets prepared with HAP corn and supplemented with phytase. The chickens were maintained on these dietary treatments from 1 to 49 d of age with feed and water made available for ad libitum consumption. When the two trials were combined, there was a significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) increase in body weight in the broilers fed the phytase treated diets at 49 d of age. The serum activity of alkaline phosphatase was significantly decreased in the diets supplemented with phytase, and serum cholesterol was significantly decreased in the diets prepared with HAP corn. These data indicate that total phosphorus can be reduced by at least 11% in diets prepared with HAP corn, or in diets supplemented with phytase, without affecting the performance or health of broiler chickens. When diets are prepared with HAP corn and supplemented with phytase, the dietary addition of total phosphorus can be reduced by at least 25% without affecting broiler chicken performance or health. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Unit, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Huff, WE (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM huss@comp.uark.edu NR 30 TC 58 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 77 IS 12 BP 1899 EP 1904 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 147EY UT WOS:000077476600023 PM 9872594 ER PT J AU Losinger, WC Bush, EJ Smith, MA Corso, BA AF Losinger, WC Bush, EJ Smith, MA Corso, BA TI Mortality attributed to respiratory problems among finisher pigs in the United States SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE respiratory disease; pig-microbiological diseases; mortality; health monitoring; National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) ID DISEASE; HERDS AB In the 1995 National Swine Study of the United States National animal Health Monitoring System, producers identified respiratory problems as the leading cause of death in pigs during the grower/finisher phase of production. Over a six-month period, 61.7+/-4.1% (mean+/-SEM) of operations reported at least one death attributed to respiratory problems among finisher pigs (based on 388 operations representing operations with greater than or equal to 300 finisher pigs in 16 states). Mean mortality attributed to respiratory problems was 0.9+/-0.1% of finisher pigs per operation. Stepwise logistic regression (using SAS) was used to identify factors associated with operations attributing at least one death to respiratory problems, and to identify factors associated with reporting greater than or equal to 2% mortality attributed to respiratory problems. Final models were run with SUDAAN to account for the sampling strategy. Attributing at least one death to respiratory problems was associated with having greater than or equal to 3000 pigs enter the grower/finisher unit over a six-month period; diagnosis of Haemophilus (or Actinobacillus) in the past 12 months; and keeping pigs in the grower/finisher unit >120 days (as compared to <100 days). Not having a farrowing facility, mean weaning age <28 days, and <50% of finisher pigs on solid concrete only were associated with reporting >2% mortality attributed to respiratory problems. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA ARS, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Losinger, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, 555 S Howes St,Suite 200, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM willard.c.losinger@usda.gov NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 37 IS 1-4 BP 21 EP 31 DI 10.1016/S0167-5877(98)00114-7 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 156CP UT WOS:000077984100002 PM 9879577 ER PT J AU George, JE Davey, RB Ahrens, EH Pound, JM Drummond, RO AF George, JE Davey, RB Ahrens, EH Pound, JM Drummond, RO TI Efficacy of amitraz (Taktic (R) 12.5% EC) as a dip for the control of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (Acari : Ixodidae) on cattle SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE cattle-parasitological diseases; amitraz; Boophilus microplus; dipping vat ID SPRAYS; TICKS AB Four groups of cattle infested with Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) were each dipped in a different concentration of amitraz diluted from a 12.5% EC formulation to determine the efficacy and performance of the product in an 11 400 l dipping vat. except for the period when heifers were dipped, animals were restrained in stanchions placed individually inside 3.3x3.3 m(2) stalls within an open-sided barn. The amitraz in the vat was stabilized with hydrated lime to maintain a pH of ca. 12. Analyses of vat samples showed that concentrations of amitraz in the vat were 7.6 to 13% lower than the targeted concentrations of 0.010, 0.015, 0.025%, and 0.025% active ingredient (AI) for dilutions prepared according to instructions on the manufacturer's label. The large quantity of hydrated lime added to the vat (10 kg/1000 l) interfered with the HPLC analysis of vat samples. Therapeutic efficacy of each of the four observed concentrations (0.0088, 0.0131, 0.0174, and 0.0231% AI) of amitraz was excellent (>99% control). However, the rapid detachment of all ticks from an animal within a few hours after treatment with amitraz, that has been frequently observed, was not pronounced in the present study. Only 47% of the B. microplus detached in the first 4 h post-treatment, and 84% detached within the first 24 h. All of the treatments, except the lowest concentration, provided protection of cattle against re-infestation by B, microplus larvae for 14 days post-treatment. Possibly as a result of the formation of a compact layer of lime and amitraz on the bottom after the vat was undisturbed for six weeks, intense agitation was required to re-suspend the active ingredient. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. ARS, USDA, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Mission, TX 78573 USA. RP George, JE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 37 IS 1-4 BP 55 EP 67 DI 10.1016/S0167-5877(98)00098-1 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 156CP UT WOS:000077984100005 PM 9879580 ER PT J AU Forde, K Hillberg-Seitzinger, A Dargatz, D Wineland, N AF Forde, K Hillberg-Seitzinger, A Dargatz, D Wineland, N TI The availability of state-level data on interstate cattle movements in the United States SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE cattle-transport; certificates of veterinary inspection; health certificates AB Knowledge about the patterns of animal movement - particularly feeder-cattle movement within the USA is necessary in order to anticipate how diseases might be spread geographically. This study was conducted to explore the availability of interstate-level movement data which might be used to develop a more coherent national picture of interstate feeder-cattle movement. State Statistical Offices of the National Agricultural Statistics Service, 1996 (NASS) and Departments of Agriculture in all 50 states were contacted to determine the type of information collected regarding the import and export of feeder cattle. Eighteen of the 50 states contacted recorded updated import and export information by using certificates of veterinary inspection and (occasionally) entry permits for verification. The 18 states were: Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Profiles of import and export data from Kansas, Texas, Colorado and Iowa (the primary receivers of 51% of total 1995 imports) were developed. These four states received at least 50% of their cattle imports from <9 different states. As a result, approximately half of the nation's import movement can be explained by a total of 13 states and Mexico (excluding duplicates). Also, >50% of the exports from Kansas, Texas, Colorado, and Iowa go to less than or equal to 3 states. This import and export information confirms conclusions of others that cattle tend to move toward the center of the USA. However, if more states kept comprehensive, up-to-date records of movement information, knowledge about cattle-movement patterns in the USA would be importantly increased. The lack of specific notations on certificates of veterinary inspection can lead only to perceived trends; the present records have limited value in tracking animal movement. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect, Serv Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect, Serv Vet Serv, Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Forde, K (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 2 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD DEC 1 PY 1998 VL 37 IS 1-4 BP 209 EP 217 DI 10.1016/S0167-5877(98)00092-0 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 156CP UT WOS:000077984100018 PM 9879593 ER PT J AU Martin, RJ Hausman, GJ Hausman, DB AF Martin, RJ Hausman, GJ Hausman, DB TI Regulation of adipose cell development in utero SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; ADIPOCYTE PRECURSOR CELLS; STROMAL-VASCULAR CELLS; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; CORD-BLOOD; PORCINE PREADIPOCYTES; MESSENGER-RNA; PIG FETUSES; FETAL PIGS; HISTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS AB The condition of obesity is impacted by increases in fat cell number, fat cell size, or a combination of the two, It is generally believed that fat cell number is dependent on the age of onset end the degree of obesity. This review provides an update on intrauterine growth of fetal adipose tissue, the earliest period of proliferation onset, and the factors that interact to enhance or suppress development, Fetal adipose tissue development is regulated by the complex interaction of maternal, endocrine, and paracrine influences that initiate specific changes in angiogenesis, adipogenesis, and metabolism, Developmental stages and metabolic processes influenced by specific hormones and paracrine factors have been identified through examination of the offspring of obese and diabetic pregnancies, hormonal manipulation during late pregnancy in animal models, and the use of cell culture. Collectively, the results of the studies cited herein delineate the basis for imprinting or conditioning of fetal preadipocytes at the paracrine/autocrine level and a role of thyroxine, glucocorticoids, and other hormones in fetal adipose tissue development and metabolism. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Martin, RJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, 263 Dawson Hall, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM rjmartin@fcs.uga.edu FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD 18447] NR 108 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 219 IS 3 BP 200 EP 210 PG 11 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 139VK UT WOS:000077050400003 PM 9824542 ER PT J AU El-Kholy, AA Bolin, SR Ridpath, JF Arab, RMH Abou-Zeid, AA Hammam, HM Platt, KB AF El-Kholy, AA Bolin, SR Ridpath, JF Arab, RMH Abou-Zeid, AA Hammam, HM Platt, KB TI Use of polymerase chain reaction to simultaneously detect and type bovine viral diarrhoea viruses isolated from clinical specimens SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE bovine viral diarrhoea virus; 5 ' untranslated region; indirect immunofluorescence; in situ immunoperoxidase staining; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; virus isolation ID 5' NONCODING REGION; MOLECULAR-CLONING; CYTOPATHOGENIC STRAINS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PCR AMPLIFICATION; MUCOSAL DISEASE; PESTIVIRUS; CATTLE; ASSAY; NEUTRALIZATION AB The techniques of indirect immunofluorescence (IF), immuno-peroxidase (IP) staining and the one-step reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were compared for detection of 102 isolates of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in infected cell cultures. The BVDV was obtained from bovine clinical specimens, including sera, buffy coats and tissues, submitted from farms located in the States of Iowa and Wisconsin, United States of America. The IF technique detected 88/102 (86.3%) of the viral isolates, whereas IP staining detected an additional 4 isolates (92/102; 90%). The one-step RT-PCR using primers derived from the 5' untranslated region of the BVDV genome detected 102/102 (100%) of the BVDV isolates. A second-round PCR utilising another pair of PCR primers from the 5' untranslated region, allowed rapid genotyping of BVDV. The procedure used showed th at the PCR assay based on the 5' untranslated region of the virus genome is the most sensitive indicator for BVDV detection in cell culture, and is also of considerable epidemiological importance since it allowed rapid genotyping of BVDV isolated from clinical specimens. In addition to detection and genotyping of BVDV isolated from clinical specimens, the RT-PCR procedure can be used for routine screening of locally produced and imported biologicals for BVDV contamination. However, the procedure requires further refinement to enable direct application on the clinical specimen. C1 Vet Sera & Vaccines Res Inst, Genet Engn Res Unit, Cairo 11381, Egypt. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Cairo Univ, Fac Vet Med, Dept Internal Med Infect Dis & Fish, Giza, Egypt. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP El-Kholy, AA (reprint author), Vet Sera & Vaccines Res Inst, Genet Engn Res Unit, POB 131, Cairo 11381, Egypt. NR 47 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 733 EP 742 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 141RV UT WOS:000077158100010 PM 9850544 ER PT J AU Bagley, EB Dintzis, FR Chakrabarti, S AF Bagley, EB Dintzis, FR Chakrabarti, S TI Experimental and conceptual problems in the rheological characterization of wheat flour doughs SO RHEOLOGICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE wheat flour doughs; shear viscosity; extensional viscosity; capillary extrusion; capillary rheometry; cone-and-plate viscometry; end corrections; rheological heterogeneity; extrusion variability; spring and winter wheats ID FOOD MELT RHEOLOGY; SLIT DIE; GLUTEN; RELAXATION; BEHAVIOR; MODEL AB Wheat flour dough is an industrially important material and a better understanding of its rheological behavior could have long ranging impact on the agricultural and the food processing industries. However, rheological characterization of dough is proving to be difficult due to a range of testing issues and anomalies in flow behavior. In a cone-and-plate rheometer wheat flour doughs "roll-out" of the gap before steady state viscosities can be established, as discussed by Bloksma and Nieman (1975). However, the mirror image of the transient viscosity-time plot obtained using a cone-and-plate viscometer has been used to obtain an estimate of steady shear viscosity behavior (Gleissle, 1975). To check this transient methodology for doughs, a second method, in addition to cone-and-plate transient flow for determination of the shear viscosity, was needed. For this, capillary extrusion was chosen. Both a piston-driven and pressure driven capillary rheometer were employed. End corrections were determined to provide information on both the shear viscosity and, following Binding (1988), the extensional viscosity of the doughs. There are few data available on end corrections for doughs, though published data by Kieffer indicate that the corrections are unexpectedly very high. In this present work it was found that the end correction experiments were very difficult and imprecise in part due to the time-dependent nature of the doughs and difficulties in preparing replicate batches required to compare dies of differing L/R values. Further it was unexpectedly found that the samples, though prepared by normal mixing procedures to the "optimum" level, were so heterogeneous that large fluctuations in the pressure at constant output rate (in the piston-driven rheometer) and in output rate at constant pressure (in the pressure-driven instrument) were observed. These fluctuations could be eliminated by overmixing of the doughs, but overmixed doughs are of little practical interest. Although the problems encountered in this work were significant, it was encouraging that even these preliminary studies indicate that rheological measurements are effective in differentiating between spring and winter wheats. Defining a constitutive model for dough rheology still remains a major challenge, as results from one type of testing do not corroborate the findings from a different type of testing. C1 Kraft Gen Foods Inc, Res, Glenview, IL 60025 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Chakrabarti, S (reprint author), Pilsbury Technol Ctr, Strateg Technol Dept, 330 Univ Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. NR 25 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0035-4511 J9 RHEOL ACTA JI Rheol. Acta PD DEC PY 1998 VL 37 IS 6 BP 556 EP 565 DI 10.1007/s003970050142 PG 10 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 152VK UT WOS:000077797300004 ER PT J AU Mosier, AR Delgado, JA Keller, M AF Mosier, AR Delgado, JA Keller, M TI Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in an acid Oxisol in western Puerto Rico: Effects of tillage, liming and fertilization SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FOREST SOILS; NITRIC-OXIDE; N-DEPOSITION; RAIN-FOREST; CH4; N2O; NITRIFICATION; CONSUMPTION; TEMPERATE; OXIDATION AB Changes in land use and management of tropical systems are considered to be major factors in the recent upsurge in increases in atmospheric nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and methane (CH(4)). Studies were initiated in western Puerto Rico grasslands to determine the effect of plowing, or liming and fertilizing an acid Oxisol on the soil-atmosphere exchanges of N(2)O and CH(4). Weekly field flux measurements and field manipulation and laboratory studies were conducted over 22 months during 1993-1995. We found that N(2)O emissions from an Oxisol acidified to pH 4 were generally lower than from pH 6 Oxisol soils that were used as reference controls. Plowing the grasslands did not change mean N(2)O emission rates from either pH soil. Liming the acidified Oxisol to pH 6 tended to increase N(2)O emissions to the rates from the undisturbed grassland. Fertilizing the acidified grassland increased N(2)O emissions but much less than when these soils were both limed and fertilized. Short-term held studies employing nitrification inhibitors in which we measured nitric oxide (NO) and N(2)O, emissions, demonstrated that nitrification rates generally control N(2)O emissions; thus these were lower in unlimed soil. It is likely that NO was produced through the chemical decomposition of nitrite, which in turn, was a product of biological nitrification. Soil consumption of atmospheric CH(4) in the acidified Oxisol was about one-fourth of that in the pH 6 reference soil. Liming did not restore CH(4) consumption in the acid soil to rates comparable to those in the reference Oxisol. We conducted a laboratory induction study to determine if incubation of these limed or unlimed acidified soils with high concentrations of CH(4) could induce methanotrophic activity. Comparable uptake rates to the control soils were not induced by these incubations. These studies illustrate that management of soil can considerably affect the soil-atmosphere exchange of such trace gases as N(2)O and CH(4) which can affect global atmospheric properties. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. US Forest Serv, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Mosier, AR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. EM amosier@lamar.colostate.edu RI Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359 NR 49 TC 64 Z9 81 U1 3 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 30 IS 14 BP 2087 EP 2098 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00085-6 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 129HT UT WOS:000076458300024 ER PT J AU YAkovchenko, VP Sikora, LJ Millner, PD AF YAkovchenko, VP Sikora, LJ Millner, PD TI Carbon and nitrogen mineralization of added particulate and macroorganic matter SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; PARTICLE-SIZE FRACTIONS; MICROBIAL BIOMASS NITROGEN; LONG-TERM TRENDS; LIGHT-FRACTION; CONTINUOUS CULTIVATION; SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND; EXTRACTION METHOD; FOREST SOIL; FIELD AB Particulate organic matter (POM) is more sensitive than total SOM to changes in management practices and, accordingly, may indicate changes in soil quality. A soil incubation study was conducted to determine the effects of added POM (75 to 250 mu m size fraction), or macroorganic matter (MOM, 250 to 2000 mu m size fraction) on C and N mineralization and microbial and C and N content. A 1 kg composite made from 16 predominantly silt loam soils was amended with 10 g of POM, MOM or MOM ground to a reduced size of 75 to 250 mu m (GMOM). The MOM amendment equaled 4.55-fold and POM equaled 1.60-fold of total MOM and POM found in the composite soil. Carbon mineralization of MOM and POM after 8 weeks was approximately 9 and 4%, respectively of the total MOM and POM-C added. Reducing the size of MOM to 75 to 250 mu m did not affect mineralization. Nitrogen mineralization was slightly greater in the amended soils after 8 weeks and equaled 5 to 6% of the MOM or POM-total N added. Contribution of POM to total mineralized N from soil organic matter (SOM) in the composite soil was proportional to the POM content in SOM or approximately 12%. Amended soils had 25 to 42% more biomass-C than the control soil 2 weeks after amendment application. After 8 weeks, the amended soils contained about 32% more biomass-C. This increase in biomass-C at 8 weeks accounted for approximately 2% of the added C. At 8 weeks, microbial biomass-N in GMOM-, MOM- and POM-amended soils was about 56, 46 and 14% higher, respectively, than in the control soil. These increases were approximately 8% of the MOM-N added and 2% of the POM-N added. Increases in POM resulted in increases in soil respiration and microbial biomass-C and N, which also are suggested indicators of soil quality. Therefore, POM may be a suitable soil quality indicator that provides similar information as soil respiration or microbial biomass determinations. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sikora, LJ (reprint author), ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, 10300 Beltsville Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM Lsikora@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 45 TC 34 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 30 IS 14 BP 2139 EP 2146 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00096-0 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 129HT UT WOS:000076458300029 ER PT J AU Stuczynski, TI McCarty, GW Wright, RJ AF Stuczynski, TI McCarty, GW Wright, RJ TI Impact of coal combustion product amendments on soil quality: I. Mobilization of soil organic nitrogen SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil nitrogen; combustion products; soil quality; fly ash; bed ash ID BY-PRODUCTS; SULFATE; LIME AB There is growing interest in the use of coal combustion products (fly ash and bed ash) at agronomic rates, based on the liming requirements of agricultural soils, and at higher rates in technologies for reclamation of degraded lands. There is concern, however, that excessive or other improper use may have a negative impact on soil quality and the environment. To determine the influence of potentially excessive rates of coal combustion products on the fate of soil organic N and impacts on soil quality, we studied the effects of fly ash and bed ash applied at rates of 0, 20, 40, and 80 g kg(-1) soil on the content of organic N in soils incubated for 10, 25, or 60 days. Studies comparing the influence of these products on the organic N content of the soil showed that although applications of ny ash had little influence on the fate of this N, application of bed ash caused substantial decreases in the total N content of water-extracted soil through the mobilization of organic N. Measurements of the changes in acid hydrolyzable N components of organic matter in soils treated with high rates of bed ash showed that within the first 10 days of incubation, losses of N in the forms of amino sugars, amino acids, and hydrolyzable NH4+ could account largely for losses of total N in bed ash-amended soils. Decreases in the amino acid content of soil organic matter accounted for most of these losses, and such decreases were directly related to increases in soil pH caused by the bed ash amendment. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Inst Soil Sci & Plant Cultivat, Pulawy, Poland. RP McCarty, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 163 IS 12 BP 952 EP 959 DI 10.1097/00010694-199812000-00005 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 153LH UT WOS:000077834200005 ER PT J AU Stuczynski, TI McCarty, GW Wright, RJ Reeves, JB AF Stuczynski, TI McCarty, GW Wright, RJ Reeves, JB TI Impact of coal combustion product amendments on soil quality: II. Mobilization of soil organic carbon SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil organic carbon; combustion products; soil quality; fly ash; bed ash ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; BY-PRODUCTS; NITROGEN; SULFATE; LIME AB Our previous work provided evidence that application of coal combustion products (fly ash and bed ash) at rates exceeding liming requirements may cause considerable degradation of organic N in soils. To investigate the influence of such application rates on the fate of soil organic matter, we studied the effects of different amounts (0, 20, 40, and 80 g kg(-1) soil) of bed ash and ay ash on the mobilization of organic C in soil. The studies showed that whereas fly ash mobilized little or no organic C when applied at rates as high as 80 g kg(-1) soil, bed ash caused substantial mobilization and loss of soil organic C when applied at or above the rate of 20 g kg(-1) soil. Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods were used to characterize the different forms of carbon mobilized in soil amended with combustion products. These studies showed that various forms of organic C were mobilized by bed ash treatments such as carbohydrates, phenolic substances, humic substances, and amino acids. We found that the total amounts of soil organic C mobilized by bed ash treatments were related to increased soil pH and with the losses of C associated with increases of soluble humic substances. The losses of organic C from soils treated with bed ash were found to be as high as 15.5% of the total soil organic C. These studies also provided evidence for stabilization of some forms of soil organic C by Ca2+ from bed ash. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Inst Soil Sci & Plant Cultivat, Pulawy, Poland. USDA ARS, Nutrient Composit & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP McCarty, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 163 IS 12 BP 960 EP 969 DI 10.1097/00010694-199812000-00006 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 153LH UT WOS:000077834200006 ER PT J AU Sato, T Yashima, H Ohtake, N Sueyoshi, K Akao, S Harper, JE Ohyama, T AF Sato, T Yashima, H Ohtake, N Sueyoshi, K Akao, S Harper, JE Ohyama, T TI Determination of leghemoglobin components and xylem sap composition by capillary electrophoresis in hypernodulation soybean mutants cultivated in the field SO SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; Glycine max; hypernodulation mutant; leghemoglobin; soybean ID TOLERANT NODULATION MUTANTS; NITRATE; SUPERNODULATION; ASSIMILATION; (NO3-)-N-15; N-15(2); EN6500 AB The hypernodulation soybean mutant lines (NOD1-3, NOD2-4, NOD3-7) and their parent Williams, and the mutant En6500 and its parent Enrei were cultivated in a sandy dune field in Niigata, and the nodules and root bleeding xylem sap were sampled at 50, 70, 90, and 120 d after planting (DAP). The nodule size distribution patterns and concentration of leghemoglobin components were determined. The number of nodules of the hypernodulation mutant lines was about two to three times higher than that of the parent lines irrespective of the sampling date. At 50 DAP the nodule size was relatively smaller in the hypernodulation mutant lines, and the total dry weight of the nodules was almost the same in the mutant lines and their parents. At 70 DAP and 90 DAP, the size distribution of the hypernodulation mutant nodules became almost the same as that of the parent lines, and both the number and total dry weight of the nodules were higher than those of the parent lines. The concentration of four Lb components was separately measured by capillary electrophoresis. The concentration of the Lb components in the hypernodulation mutant lines tended to be lower than in the parents, but the component ratios were not different between the hypernodulation mutants and their parents. Under field conditions, plant growth and nodulation characteristics were more similar between mutants and parents than in the hydroponic culture reported previously, although the mutants did exhibit hypernodulation traits. These findings suggest that the decrease in the Lb concentration and the different Lb components ratios in the mutants may be caused by secondary effects of excess nodulation, such as photosynthate deficiency, rather than by a genetic defect in mutation. The concentration of major nitrogenous compounds (allantoic acid, allantoin, asparagine, aspartic acid, and nitrate) in the xylem sap was also measured by capillary electrophoresis. The concentration of ureides and nitrate in xylem sap decreased with the plant age, but the asparagine concentration increased during the same period. The concentrations of ureides and asparagine were higher, and the nitrate concentration was lower in the mutant lines than in their parents, possibly due to the higher dependence on N-2 fixation than NO3- utilization. In the xylem sap, nitrate was the major inorganic anion followed by phosphate, sulfate, and chloride, and potassium was the major cation followed by calcium or magnesium and sodium. C1 Niigata Univ, Fac Agr, Niigata 9502181, Japan. Niigata Univ, Grad Sch Sci & Technol, Niigata 9502181, Japan. Natl Inst Agrobiol Resources, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan. Univ Illinois, Plant Physiol & Genet Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Ohyama, T (reprint author), Niigata Univ, Fac Agr, Niigata 9502181, Japan. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU JAPANESE SOC SOIL SCIENCE PLANT NUTRITION PI TOKYO PA BUSINESS CENTER ACAD SOC JAPAN 16-9, HONKOMAGOME 5-CHOME, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113, JAPAN SN 0038-0768 J9 SOIL SCI PLANT NUTR JI Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 44 IS 4 BP 635 EP 645 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 150MP UT WOS:000077668900016 ER PT J AU Chu, CC Natwick, ET Cohen, AC Simmons, GS Brushwood, DE Henneberry, TJ AF Chu, CC Natwick, ET Cohen, AC Simmons, GS Brushwood, DE Henneberry, TJ TI Bemisia argentifolii colonization, vascular bundle depth relationships, lint yield, and nymphal parasitism in selected deltapine cotton cultivars SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID TABACI HOMOPTERA; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; SAMPLING PLANS; ALEYRODIDAE; POPULATIONS AB Deltapine cotton cultivars are widely accepted for commercial production in the desert southwestern region of the United Stales. They also are good reproductive hosts for the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). This paper reports results of studies conducted to determine the relationship between depth of leaf vascular bundles from underleaf surfaces and B. argentifolii colonization. We also determined the effect of cotton cultivar on B. argentifolii nymphal parasitism and effects of B. argentifolii population densities on cotton yield and lint stickiness. Results showed that the distance from cotton underleaf surfaces to the center of minor vascular bundles was negatively related to whitefly adult and nymphal densities on cotton. This leaf character is important for breeding and selection of resistant varieties because the deeper minor vascular bundles may be beyond the reach of the stylets of first instars. Percentages of the nymphs parasitized were significantly different among tested cultivars indicating the potential for reducing whitefly colonization by breeding varieties that are more attractive to parasites, although percentages of nymphs parasitized were not correlated with numbers of adults, eggs, and nymphs. Cotton yields decreased with increasing whitefly populations, Cotton line stickiness increased with increased whitefly populations. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Calif Cooperat Extens, Holtville, CA 92250 USA. USDA ARS, BCMRRU, Mississippi State, MS USA. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, WR, Brawley, CA 92227 USA. USDA ARS, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29631 USA. RP Chu, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 23 IS 4 BP 293 EP 299 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 154DQ UT WOS:000077873700001 ER PT J AU Lopez, JD AF Lopez, JD TI Evaluation of various operational aspects for sex pheromone trapping of beet armyworm SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE; TRAPS; PLACEMENT; NOCTUIDAE; CAPTURE; DESIGN AB Evaluations were conducted to determine optimum height and placement of Universal Moth(R) traps (Unitraps) relative to cotton and the effect of trap age and two killing-agent formulations for sex pheromone trapping of beer armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). Optimum height for traps operated approximate to 1 m outside and along the edge of a cotton field was 1.0 m above ground level when compared with 0.5, 1.5, and 2.0 m. Placing the traps 5-m outside the field in a vegetated roadside, 5 m inside or at the edge of a cotton field between the turn row and cotton did not significantly affect captures. Unitraps (green cover, yellow top, and white bottom) that had been used for one growing season were as effective as new traps. Two killing-agent formulations containing DDVP, Hereon Vaportape(R) or 2.54 cm pieces of Pest Strip(R), did not differentially affect captures of beet armyworm males in Unitraps. This information should be considered in developing monitoring or research protocols for beet armyworm sex pheromone trapping using Unitraps. C1 USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Lopez, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, 2771 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 23 IS 4 BP 301 EP 307 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 154DQ UT WOS:000077873700002 ER PT J AU Jackson, CG Debolt, JW Jones, WA AF Jackson, CG Debolt, JW Jones, WA TI Use of barriers to limit movement of parasitoids of Lygus spp. SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID ANAPHES-OVIJENTATUS HYMENOPTERA; HEMIPTERA; MIRIDAE; HESPERUS; MYMARIDAE; LONGEVITY AB Alfalfa plots enclosed by 1.9 m high plastic barriers limited the movement of Lygus spp, parasitoids released inside the enclosures. Leiophron uniformis (Gahan), a parasitoid of Lygus spp, nymphs, was successfully contained inside the enclosures. Parasitism of nymphs inside the enclosures was between 20 - 29% with levels of only 0 - 5.6% outside, and 0 - 0.3% inside enclosures without parasitoid releases. Some Anaphes iole (Girault) moved over the barriers, but parasitism of Lygus spp. eggs averaged 43% inside release enclosures, 20 - 21% outside, and 13% inside enclosures without parasitoid releases. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Jackson, CG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 23 IS 4 BP 309 EP 315 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 154DQ UT WOS:000077873700003 ER PT J AU Elzen, GW Elzen, PJ King, EG AF Elzen, GW Elzen, PJ King, EG TI Laboratory toxicity of insecticide residues to Orius insidiosus, Geocoris punctipes, Hippodamia convergens, and Chrysoperla carnea SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID COTTON FIELDS; ARTHROPOD POPULATIONS; PALLENS HEMIPTERA; PREDATOR; LEPIDOPTERA; COLEOPTERA; PESTICIDES; NOCTUIDAE; LYGAEIDAE AB Adults obtained from laboratory cultures of the insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Say), big-eyed bug, Geocoris punctipes (Say), convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, and green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens, were exposed to ten insecticides, including four newer insecticides with novel modes of action, using a spray chamber bioassay. There was considerable variation in response among the species tested to the insecticides. In general, malathion was more toxic than other insecticides to all species. Chrysoperla carnea was highly sensitive to most of the insecticides. One-half of the insecticides caused no mortality in G. punctipes; O. insidiosus and H. convergens were more sensitive. Spinosad was less toxic than other insecticides tested on all species. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, Beneficial Insect Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Elzen, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, Beneficial Insect Res Unit, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 31 TC 42 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 23 IS 4 BP 335 EP 342 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 154DQ UT WOS:000077873700006 ER PT J AU Beerwinkle, KR Coppedge, JR AF Beerwinkle, KR Coppedge, JR TI Field evaluations of the kiss, a tractor-mounted sampler, and hand sampling for detecting boll weevils in prebloom cotton SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Field experiments were conducted to compare the sampling efficacy and reliability of a hand-carried pneumatic keep-it-simple sampler (KISS) to that of a tractor-mounted sampler (TMS) for detecting and quantifying the presence of boil weevils in prebloom cotton, and to compare the sampling efficiencies of the KISS, TMS, and hand sampling methods for characterizing early-season boil weevil populations. The sampling efficacy of the KISS was about 50% that of the TMS, and its reliability, as measured by replication sample variation, was comparable. Data sufficient to compare the sampling efficacy and reliability of a hand sampling method with that of the KISS and TMS methods were not obtained because of the excessive times required for hand sampling of cotton in areas equivalent in size to that sampled by the KISS and TMS methods. Man time requirement comparisons from data obtained in a subset of experiments revealed that man times required by the KISS and TMS methods were of similar magnitudes for sampling cotton at all early growth stages; whereas, man times required for hand sampling increased with plant development stage with magnitudes ranging from 6X to greater than 20X those required for the KISS and TMS methods as cotton developed from the 4-6 leaf stage through early bloom. Overall sampling efficiencies of the KISS and TMS were comparable, and the efficiencies of both the KISS and TMS were greatly superior to that of the hand sampling method. C1 USDA ARS, SPA, SCRL, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. RP Beerwinkle, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS, SPA, SCRL, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 23 IS 4 BP 351 EP 359 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 154DQ UT WOS:000077873700008 ER PT J AU Hesler, LS AF Hesler, LS TI Distribution of diabroticine beetles among flowers and other structures of wild host plants in south Texas SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB The distributions of diabroticine beetles were studied among patches of wild Cucurbita foetidessima that were undisturbed by mowing, in mowed patches, and among other wild hosts in south Texas during 1996 and 1997. Three species were commonly found in patches of wild C. foetidessima: Diabrotica balteata, Acalymma vittatum, and D. undecimpuctata howardi. D. balteata aggregated heavily on cut fruit of C. foetidessima, but A. vittatum were found in flowers even in the presence of cut fruit. D. u. howardi were found in flowers and cut fruit in roughly equal numbers. D. balteata were also found in three flowers of Argemone albiflora located among blossoming C. foetidessima plants. D. u, howardi were found on several other species of wild host plants besides C. foetidessima. C1 Acad Hlth Sci, Med Zool Branch, Ft Sam Houston, TX 78234 USA. RP Hesler, LS (reprint author), USDA ARS, NGIRL, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 23 IS 4 BP 361 EP 365 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 154DQ UT WOS:000077873700009 ER PT J AU Henriksson, G Eriksson, KEL Kimmel, L Akin, DE AF Henriksson, G Eriksson, KEL Kimmel, L Akin, DE TI Chemical/physical retting of flax using detergent and oxalic acid at high pH SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ENZYMES AB An oxalic acid-based system for chemically retting flax is tested and compared with enzymatic retting. The retting effect is substantially higher at pH 10 and 11 than at lower pH levels, and the optimal oxalic acid concentration is 50 mmol. The presence of the strong detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (sos) further enhances retting. The rate of retting with the oxalic acid/SDS mixture at PPI 10 is strongly temperature dependent, and at 75 degrees C the process is completed within 2 hours. Tests of fiber properties (e.g., tex, tenacity, and elongation) indicate that the chemical/physical retting method produces fibers of textile quality that can be spun into flax-rich blends with cotton. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Akin, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RI Henriksson, Gunnar/G-3556-2010 NR 15 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 68 IS 12 BP 942 EP 947 DI 10.1177/004051759806801210 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 144ZH UT WOS:000077345600010 ER PT J AU Harkins, DM Johnson, GN Skaggs, PA Mix, AD Dupper, GE Devey, ME Kinloch, BB Neale, DB AF Harkins, DM Johnson, GN Skaggs, PA Mix, AD Dupper, GE Devey, ME Kinloch, BB Neale, DB TI Saturation mapping of a major gene for resistance to white pine blister rust in sugar pine SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Pinus lambertiana; Cronartium ribicola; bulked segregant analysis; RAPD mapping ID PLANT-DISEASE RESISTANCE; RICH REPEAT CLASS; TOMATO; MARKERS; LOCUS; IDENTIFICATION; CLONING; LETTUCE; CLUSTER; RPS2 AB The molecular basis of resistance to diseases in plants can be better understood if the genes coding for resistance can be cloned. The single major dominant gene (R) that confers resistance to the white pine blister rust fungus (Cronartium ribicola Fisch.) in sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) has been previously mapped. The objectives of the present study were to saturate the region flanking R with tightly linked markers and to construct genetic maps for each of four individual seed trees. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and haploid segregation analysis were employed to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to R. Automated PCR analysis was used to assay 1115 primers with susceptible and resistant DNA pools from each of four seed trees (8920 PCR reactions). Thirteen RAPD loci were identified that were linked to R. The linkage analyses programs Join-Map 1.4 and Mapmaker 2.0 were used to order RAPD loci relative to R and to construct maps for each of the individual seed trees. Two seed trees, 5701 and 6000, had a large number of tightly linked markers flanking R. These trees will be used in subsequent high-resolution mapping experiments to identify very tightly linked markers to facilitate the eventual cloning of R. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Forest Genet, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, So Inst Forest Genet, Saucier, MS 39574 USA. CSIRO, Div Forestry, Queen Victoria Terr, ACT 2600, Australia. RP Neale, DB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Forest Genet, 2480 Carson Rd, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. EM dbneale@usdau.s.edu NR 35 TC 17 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 97 IS 8 BP 1355 EP 1360 DI 10.1007/s001220051029 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 150LP UT WOS:000077666600020 ER PT J AU Abbas, HK Paul, RN Riley, RT Tanaka, T Shier, WT AF Abbas, HK Paul, RN Riley, RT Tanaka, T Shier, WT TI Ultrastructural effects of AAL-toxin T-A from the fungus Alternaria alternata on black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) leaf discs and correlation with biochemical measures of toxicity SO TOXICON LA English DT Article ID F SP-LYCOPERSICI; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; SPHINGOLIPID BIOSYNTHESIS; FUMONISINS; MYCOTOXINS; PHYTOTOXICITY; SPHINGOSINE; ANALOGS; BASES; CELLS AB Ultrastructural effects of AAL-toxin T-A from Alternaria alternata on black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) leaf discs and correlation with biochemical measures of toxicity. In black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) leaf discs floating in solutions of AAL-toxin T-A (0.01 - 200 mu M) under continuous light of 25 degrees C, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll loss, autolysis, and photobleaching were observed within 24 h. Electrolyte leakage, measured by the conductivity increase in the culture medium, began after 12 h with 200 mu M AAL-toxin T-A, but was observed after 24 h with 0.01 to 50 mu M AAL-toxin T-A, when it ranged from 25% to 63% of total releasable electrolytes, respectively. After 48 h incubation, leakage ranged from 39% to 79% of total for 0.01 to 200 mu M AAL-toxin T-A, respectively, while chlorophyll loss ranged from 5% to 32% of total, respectively. Ultrastructural examination of black nightshade leaf discs floating in 10 mu M AAL-toxin T-A under continuous light at 25 degrees C revealed cytological damage beginning at 30 h, consistent with the time electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll reduction were observed. After 30 h incubation chloroplast starch grains were enlarged in control leaf discs, but not in AAL-toxin T-A-treated discs, and the thylakoids of treated tissue contained structural abnormalities. After 36-48 incubation with 10 mu M AAL-toxin T-A, all tissues were destroyed with only cell walls, starch grains, and thylakoid fragments remaining. Toxicity was light-dependent, because leaf discs incubated with AAL-toxin T-A in darkness for up to 72 h showed little phytotoxic damage. Within 6 h of exposure to greater than or equal to 0.5 mu M toxin, phytosphingosine and sphinganine in black nightshade leaf discs increased markedly, and continued to increase up to 24 h exposure. Thus, physiological and ultrastructural changes occurred in parallel with disruption of sphingolipid synthesis, consistent with the hypothesis that AAL-toxin T-A causes phytotoxicity by interrupting sphingolipid biosynthesis, thereby damaging cellular membranes. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All lights reserved. C1 ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Ube Ind Ltd, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan. Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Abbas, HK (reprint author), ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, USDA, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD DEC PY 1998 VL 36 IS 12 BP 1821 EP 1832 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00091-9 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 139BC UT WOS:000077006700004 PM 9839666 ER PT J AU Abbas, HK Shier, WT Seo, JA Lee, YW Musser, SM AF Abbas, HK Shier, WT Seo, JA Lee, YW Musser, SM TI Phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the fumonisin C and P series of mycotoxins from Fusarium spp. Fungi SO TOXICON LA English DT Article ID MAMMALIAN-CELL CULTURES; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITIES; AAL-TOXIN; MONILIFORME; IDENTIFICATION; JIMSONWEED AB Fumonisin C (FC) and P (FP) are two recently identified series of sphingosine-analog mycotoxins, for which biological activities have not previously been reported. FC1, FC2 and OH-FC1 (1 mu M) exhibited strong phytotoxicity comparable to the standard FBI in duckweed (Lemna pausicotata L.) cultures, whereas FC3 and FC4 were moderately phytotoxic. Conversely, FP1 exhibited weak phytotoxicity only at higher concentrations (greater than or equal to 10 mu M). These mycotoxins exhibited a similar pattern of cytotoxicity with FBI-sensitive cultured mammalian cell lines, H4TG and MDCK. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, So Weed Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Agr Biol, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Suwon 441744, South Korea. Seoul Natl Univ, Res Ctr New Biomat Agr, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Suwon 441744, South Korea. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. RP Abbas, HK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Weed Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD DEC PY 1998 VL 36 IS 12 BP 2033 EP 2037 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00115-9 PG 5 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 139BC UT WOS:000077006700025 PM 9839687 ER PT J AU Prater, M Babcock, MW AF Prater, M Babcock, MW TI Grain-dependent short line railroad profitability: An operating cask flow approach SO TRANSPORTATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID REGIONAL RAILROADS; PERFORMANCE C1 USDA, Agr Mkt Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Kansas State Univ, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Prater, M (reprint author), USDA, Agr Mkt Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TRANSPORTATION LOGISTICS, INC PI LOCK HAVEN PA 216 E CHURCH ST, LOCK HAVEN, PA 17745 USA SN 0041-1612 J9 TRANSPORT J JI Transp. J. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 38 IS 2 BP 18 EP 31 PG 14 WC Management; Transportation SC Business & Economics; Transportation GA 171XM UT WOS:000078889800002 ER PT J AU Uzoh, FCC Dolph, KL Anstead, JR AF Uzoh, FCC Dolph, KL Anstead, JR TI Periodic annual diameter increment after overstory removal in mixed conifer stands SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE California red fir; California white fir; Douglas-fir; incense-cedar; increment (diameter); Jeffrey pine; northern California; ponderosa pine; sugar pine ID NORTHERN C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA 96001 USA. RP Uzoh, FCC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU USDA FOREST SERVICE PI BERKELEY PA PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STN PO BOX 245, BERKELEY, CA 94701-0245 USA SN 0363-5988 J9 USDA FOR SERV PSW R JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Southwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD DEC PY 1998 IS 238 BP I EP + PG 25 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 387NB UT WOS:000166127700001 ER PT J AU Bartos, DL Schmitz, RF AF Bartos, DL Schmitz, RF TI Characteristics of endemic-level mountain pine beetle populations in south-central Wyoming SO USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER RMRS LA English DT Article DE Armillaria; pathogens; root disease; blister rust; Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins; lodgepole pine ID LODGEPOLE PINE AB This study was conducted to evaluate the dynamics of endemic populations of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins). In addition, we extended the geographical range of an existing data base recorded in Utah with similar data from Wyoming. This work was accomplished in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. Var. latifolia Engelm.) stands on the Medicine Bow National Forest in south-central Wyoming. Thirty-eight variable-radius paired plots (BAF 10)were measured during the summer of 1987. Host-tree condition and mountain pine beetle infestation characteristics were determined from currently and previously infested trees. Presence and severity of Armillaria root disease and stem pathogens was determined. Tree condition and infestation patterns were similar at this site to those found in earlier studies. Trees selected by endemic mountain pine beetle populations were infested with Comandra blister rust (Cronartium Comandra PK) and root disease (Armillaria spp.). Host-tree condition and mountain pine beetle infestation patterns recorded in this study parallel those identified earlier in Utah and will help land managers identify trees to cut to reduce stand hazard to mountain pine beetle infestation. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Bartos, DL (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROCKY MT RESEARCH STATION PI OGDEN PA 324 25TH ST, OGDEN, UT 84401 USA J9 USDA FOR SERV RM R S PD DEC PY 1998 IS RP-13 BP 1 EP + PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 237AW UT WOS:000082632300001 ER PT J AU Houser, PR Shuttleworth, WJ Famiglietti, JS Gupta, HV Syed, KH Goodrich, DC AF Houser, PR Shuttleworth, WJ Famiglietti, JS Gupta, HV Syed, KH Goodrich, DC TI Integration of soil moisture remote sensing and hydrologic modeling using data assimilation SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MONSOON 90; SURFACE AB The feasibility of synthesizing distributed fields of soil moisture by the novel application of four-dimensional data assimilation (4DDA) applied in a hydrological model is explored. Six 160-km(2) push broom microwave radiometer (PBMR) images gathered over the Walnut Gulch experimental watershed in southeast Arizona were assimilated into the Topmodel-based Land-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (TOPLATS) using several alternative assimilation procedures. Modification of traditional assimilation methods was required to use these high-density PBMR observations. The images were found to contain horizontal correlations that imply length scales of several tens of kilometers, thus allowing information to be advected beyond the area of the image. Information on surface soil moisture also was assimilated into the subsurface using knowledge of the surface-subsurface correlation. Newtonian. nudging assimilation procedures are preferable to other techniques because they nearly preserve the observed patterns within the sampled region but also yield plausible patterns in unmeasured regions and allow information to be advected in time. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, USDA, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Houser, PR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Code 974, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Gupta, Hoshin/D-1642-2010; Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013 OI Gupta, Hoshin/0000-0001-9855-2839; Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448; Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441 NR 20 TC 259 Z9 284 U1 5 U2 41 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 34 IS 12 BP 3405 EP 3420 DI 10.1029/1998WR900001 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 145VV UT WOS:000077393000016 ER PT J AU Abrahamson, DA Dougherty, PM Zarnoch, SJ AF Abrahamson, DA Dougherty, PM Zarnoch, SJ TI Hydrological components of a young loblolly pine plantation on a sandy soil with estimates of water use and loss SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BALANCE; RADIATA; FOREST; STANDS; INTERCEPTION; RAINFALL; MODEL AB Fertilizer and irrigation treatments were applied in a 7- to 10-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation on a sandy soil near Laurinburg, North Carolina. Rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, and soil water content were measured throughout the study period. Monthly interception losses ranged from 4 to 15% of rainfall. Stemflow ranged from 0.2 to 6.5% of rainfall. Rainfall, leaf area index (LAI), basal area (BA), and the interactions of rainfall with LAI or BA influenced prediction models of throughfall, but not stemflow, on a stand level. We found significant differences due to the effects of treatments in the soil water of the top 0.5- and 1-m soil layers by the beginning of the second growing season and throughout the remainder of the study period. Average daily water use and loss from a 1-m soil layer reflected the low water-holding capacity of the sand. Soil water in a 1-m layer was rapidly depleted to within 10% of available water during periods of little or no rainfall. Irrigation did not significantly affect productivity and created a greater potential for loss of water to drainage below 1 m. On the basis of Zahner's [1966] method of soil water depletion in a sandy soil under forest cover, total drainage to below 1 m was 55% of evapotranspiration in unirrigated plots and 150% of evapotranspiration in irrigated plots. C1 ARS, USDA, J Phil Campbell Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. Westvaco, Forest Res, Summerville, SC 29484 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Asheville, NC 28302 USA. RP Abrahamson, DA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, J Phil Campbell Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 34 IS 12 BP 3503 EP 3513 DI 10.1029/98WR02363 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 145VV UT WOS:000077393000024 ER PT J AU Lupi, F Feather, PM AF Lupi, F Feather, PM TI Using partial site aggregation to reduce bias in random utility travel cost models SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RECREATIONAL DEMAND; LAKE RECREATION; DISCRETE-CHOICE; WATER-QUALITY AB We propose a "partial aggregation" strategy for defining the recreation sites that enter choice sets in random utility models. Under the proposal, the most popular sites and sites that will be the subject of policy analysis enter choice sets as individual sites while remaining sites are aggregated into groups of similar sites. The scheme balances the desire to include all potential substitute sites in the choice sets with practical data and modeling constraints. Unlike fully aggregate models, our analysis and empirical applications suggest that the partial aggregation approach reasonably approximates the results of a disaggregate model. The partial aggregation approach offers all of the data and computational advantages of models with aggregate sites but does not suffer from the same degree of bias as fully aggregate models. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20005 USA. RP Lupi, F (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Lupi, Frank/B-7865-2010 OI Lupi, Frank/0000-0003-2287-2259 NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 34 IS 12 BP 3595 EP 3603 DI 10.1029/98WR02740 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 145VV UT WOS:000077393000032 ER PT J AU Donald, WW AF Donald, WW TI Estimating relative crop yield loss resulting from herbicide damage using crop ground cover or rated stunting, with maize and sethoxydim as a case study SO WEED RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CORN ZEA-MAYS; ATRAZINE; SYMPTOMS; INJURY AB The research goal was to determine whether crop damage from herbicides measured early in the growing season soon after treatment could be used to estimate relative crop yield loss. Percentage stunting was rated visually and percentage crop ground cover (i.e. percentage of the ground surface covered by vegetation) was determined from video photographs taken 2-4 weeks after sethoxydim-susceptible maize (Zea mays L.) was sprayed with sethoxydim at various rates plus crop oil concentrate. Averaged over 3 years, relative percentage maize yield was a negative sigmoidal function of relative sethoxydim rates from 0.065x to 0.5x, where the Ix rate was 420 g a.i. ha(-1) (r(2) = 0.80). Relative maize yield was positively linearly related to percentage crop ground cover and negatively linearly related to rated percentage stunting averaged over 3 years. Linear regression models of relative maize yield vs. percentage maize ground cover explained only slightly more data variability (r(2) = 0.86) than did rated stunting (r(2) = 0.82) over 3 years. The advantages and disadvantages of rated stunting and crop ground cover as scientific measurements are discussed. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Donald, WW (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, 269 Agr Engn Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0043-1737 J9 WEED RES JI Weed Res. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 425 EP 431 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 162FF UT WOS:000078334300004 ER PT J AU Bishop, MA AF Bishop, MA TI Great possessions: Leopold's good oak SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Aldo Leopold; wildlife management history C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Cordova, AK 99574 USA. RP Bishop, MA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, POB 1460, Cordova, AK 99574 USA. NR 55 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 732 EP 740 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 196RN UT WOS:000080321500008 ER PT J AU Bangs, EE Fritts, SH Fontaine, JA Smith, DW Murphy, KM Mack, CM Niemeyer, CC AF Bangs, EE Fritts, SH Fontaine, JA Smith, DW Murphy, KM Mack, CM Niemeyer, CC TI Status of gray wolf restoration in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Canis lupus; experimental population; gray wolf; livestock depredation; reintroduction; restoration ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; POPULATION C1 US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Helena, MT 59601 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Yellowstone Ctr Resources, Yellowstone Natl Pk, WY 82190 USA. Nez Perce Tribe, Lapwai, ID 83540 USA. Wildlife Serv, USDA, APHIS, E Helena, MT 59635 USA. RP Bangs, EE (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 100 N Pk,320, Helena, MT 59601 USA. NR 27 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 11 U2 81 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 785 EP 798 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 196RN UT WOS:000080321500016 ER PT J AU Mech, LD AF Mech, LD TI Estimated costs of maintaining a recovered wolf population in agricultural regions of Minnesota SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Canis lupus; economics; endangered species; population; predator control; recovery; wild life damage; wolf ID CANIS-LUPUS; WOLVES AB The annual costs of maintaining Minnesota gray wolves (Canis lupus), now numbering about 2,500, under 2 plans are compared: (1) maintaining a population of about 1,400 primarily in the wilderness and semi-wilderness as recommended by the Eastern Timber Wolf Recovery Plan, and (2) allowing wolves to continue colonizing agricultural areas for 5 years after removal from the endangered species list, as recommended by a consensus of wolf stakeholders (Minnesota Wolf Management Roundtable). Under the first plan, each year an estimated 27 farms would suffer livestock losses; wolves would kill about 3 dogs; 36 wolves would be destroyed; and the cost per wolf in the total population would be $86. Under the second plan, conservative estimates are that by the year 2005, there would be an estimated 3,500 wolves; each year 94-171 farms would suffer damage; wolves would kill 8-52 dogs; 109-438 wolves would have to be killed for depredation control; and the annual cost averaged over the total population would be $86 for each of the 1,438 wolves living primarily in the wilderness and an additional $197 for each wolf outside the wilderness. C1 US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, No Prairie Wildlife Res Ctr, Jamestown, ND 58401 USA. RP Mech, LD (reprint author), N Cent Forest Expt Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 27 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 25 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 817 EP 822 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 196RN UT WOS:000080321500019 ER PT J AU Neal, JC Montague, WG Richardson, DM Withgott, JH AF Neal, JC Montague, WG Richardson, DM Withgott, JH TI Exclusion of rat snakes from red-cockaded woodpecker cavities SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Elaphe obsoleta; endangered species recovery; Picoides borealis; predation; rat snake; red-cockaded woodpecker; snake excluder device AB Snake excluder devices (SNEDs) were installed on occupied roost and nest trees of red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) from 1993 through 1995 in the Ouachita National Forest in Arkansas and at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge in Mississippi. The SNEDs consisted of a strip of smooth aluminum flashing wrapped around a tree bole; flashing widths varied from 51 cm to 91.4 cm. Eighteen overclimbs by snakes occurred on 107 SNEDs <91.4 cm wide; only 1 overclimb occurred on 92 SNEDs 91.4 cm wide. Inexpensive, easy-to-install SNEDs of adequate width are effective (but not necessarily foolproof) in preventing snakes from climbing nest cavity trees (P = 0.01). These devices, which are nonlethal to snakes, may reduce brood losses of red-cockaded woodpeckers. C1 US Forest Serv, Poteau Ranger Dist, USDA, Waldron, AR 72958 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Noxubee Natl Wildlife Refuge, Brooksville, MS 39739 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Neal, JC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Poteau Ranger Dist, USDA, POB 2255, Waldron, AR 72958 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 851 EP 854 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 196RN UT WOS:000080321500024 ER PT J AU Severson, KE Plumb, GE AF Severson, KE Plumb, GE TI Comparison of methods to estimate population densities of black-tailed prairie dogs SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE burrow counts; Cynomys ludovicianus; mark-recapture; Mustela nigripes; population density; South Dakota; visual count AB Recent reintroduction of the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) in west-central South Dakota has focused new attention on black-railed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus), because prairie dog colonies provide essential habitat for ferrets. Currently, management agencies are assessing prairie dog populations by counting active burrows, a technique that is attracting criticism. We correlated active and total burrow counts with prairie dog mark-recapture population estimates from 12 colonies located in Badlands National Park and adjacent Buffalo Cap National Grassland, We also correlated visual counts of prairie dogs and counts of mounds from aerial photographs with mark-recapture estimates to assess an alternative method to index populations. We found no significant relationships (P > 0.05) with any form of active burrow or total burrow counts (ground or aerial) using the linear model Y = a + bX. However, visual counts of prairie dogs, using maximum rather than mean values, on 4-ha plots were significantly related (P < 0.0138). The best model was Y = 3.04 + 0.40X, where Y is the maximum visual count and X is the estimated population density. The inverse of this equation X = (Y - 3.04)/(0.40), could be used to index numbers of black-tailed prairie dogs from visual counts under conditions similar to those encountered in this study. An 8-point protocol for making visual counts is provided. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Badlands Natl Pk, Interior, SD 57750 USA. RP Severson, KE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Sch Mines Campus, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. NR 23 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 859 EP 866 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 196RN UT WOS:000080321500026 ER PT J AU Miller, JE AF Miller, JE TI Jack Holmes Berryman 1921-1999 - Our respects SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 USDA, CSREES, NRE, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Aerosp Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Miller, JE (reprint author), USDA, CSREES, NRE, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 997 EP 999 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 196RN UT WOS:000080321500044 ER PT J AU Bishop, MA Warnock, N AF Bishop, MA Warnock, N TI Migration of Western Sandpipers: Links between their Alaskan stopover areas and breeding grounds SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FRANCISCO BAY ESTUARY AB Thirty-two radiomarked Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri), tagged in California and Washington, were relocated at stopover and breeding sites north and west of the Copper River Delta, Alaska. At Cook Inlet, Alaska, seven of the nine relocated birds were at Redoubt and Kachemak bays. Only 1 of the 17 birds relocated on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta had been previously detected at Cook Inlet. Detections of birds in western Alaska provide evidence that the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta is the final breeding destination for many of the birds migrating through San Francisco and other Pacific Coast areas. The Mulchatna River area, 325 km southeast of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, may support a breeding population of Western Sandpipers. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Copper River Delta Inst, Pacific NW Res Stn, Cordova, AK 99574 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Bishop, MA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Copper River Delta Inst, Pacific NW Res Stn, POB 1460, Cordova, AK 99574 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 110 IS 4 BP 457 EP 462 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 152GN UT WOS:000077768400001 ER PT J AU Bader, JA Shotts, EB Steffens, WL Lom, J AF Bader, JA Shotts, EB Steffens, WL Lom, J TI Occurrence of Loma cf. salmonae in brook, brown and rainbow trout from Buford Trout Hatchery, Georgia, USA SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE brook trout; brown trout; rainbow trout; microsporidia; Loma salmonae; Loma cf. salmonae ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; MICROSPORIDA; HOFFMAN; DUNBAR; PUTZ AB During a 6 mo study of moribund trout from Buford hatchery, Buford, Georgia, USA, a Loma cf. salmonae microsporidian parasite was studied in the gills of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, brown trout Salmo trutta, and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. This parasite was morphologically similar to L. salmonae and L. fontinalis but differed in spore size. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that xenomas were embedded in gill filaments. Transmission electron micrographs prepared from fresh tissue showed mature spores with 12 to 15 turns of their polar tube. Spore diameters for the Georgia strain from formalin-fixed gill tissues measured 3.5 (SD +/- 0.1) by 1.8 (SD +/- 0.1) Fun. Electron micrographs of formalin-fixed, deparaffinized tissues of rainbow trout from Pennsylvania and West Virginia show spores with a diameter of 3.5 (+/-0.2) by 1.7 (+/-0.1) mu m and 3.4 (+/-0.2) by 1.8 (+/-0.1) pm, respectively. Transmission electron micrographs of spores from Pennsylvania and West Virginia show that mature spores from both states had 13 to 15 turns of their polar tubes. Measurements from transmission electron micrographs prepared from alcohol-fixed tissues from Virginia fish contained spores with a diameter of 3.0 (+/-0.3) by 1.1 (+/-0.3) mu m and 12 to 15 turns of their polar tubes. These measurements are consistent with L, salmonae and therefore suggest that the parasite is present on the east coast of the United States. During the height of the Georgia epizootic, the percentage of fish with observed xenomas reached 62.2% (N = 87), and the highest number of xenomas counted per 10 gill filaments was 133 (N = 87). The microsporidian epizootic occurred either during the autumn months or when intake river water quality reached combined iron-manganese concentrations as high as 1.01 (mean 0.44, SD +/- 0.42) mg(-1). C1 USDA ARS, Fish Dis & Parasites Res Lab, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Athens, GA 30601 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Parasitol, CR-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. RP Shotts, EB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fish Dis & Parasites Res Lab, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD NOV 30 PY 1998 VL 34 IS 3 BP 211 EP 216 DI 10.3354/dao034211 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 164UK UT WOS:000078481800009 PM 9891735 ER PT J AU Samuels, GJ Petrini, O Kuhls, K Lieckfeldt, E Kubicek, CP AF Samuels, GJ Petrini, O Kuhls, K Lieckfeldt, E Kubicek, CP TI The Hypocrea schweinitzii complex and Trichoderma sect. Longibrachiatum SO STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cellulase; Hypocreales; monograph; revision; systematics; Trichoderma reesei ID GENUS TRICHODERMA; REVISION; FUNGUS AB Hypocrea schweinitzii and related sexual and apparently strictly asexual Hypocrea (Trichoderma) species form a monophyletic lineage known as the H. schweinitzii complex. The anamorphs correspond to Trichoderma sects. Longibrachiatum and Saturnisporum. The H. schweinitzii complex includes six holomorphic (Hypocrea + Trichoderma) and four anamorphic (Trichoderma) species. The following new species are proposed: Hypocrea andinensis, H. orientalis, H. novaeze-landiae, H. pseudokoningii and Trichoderma konilangbra. Trichoderma parceramosum is found to be a later synonym of T. ghanense. The anamorph of H. pseudokoningii is T. pseudokoningii; the anamorph of H. schweinitzii is T. citrino-viride; the anamorph of H. jecorina is T. reesei. Hypocrea orientalis and T. longibrachiatum are genetically very close to each other: differing in 1-5 bp in the ITS region of the rDNA gene; they differ from each other in phenotypic characters. Trichoderma longibrachiatum is considered to be a clonal derivative of H, orientalis or a similar Hypocrea species. No teleomorphs are known for the following species: T. ghanense, T. konilangbra and T. saturnisporum. Keys to the species through their anamorphs and teleomorphs, and descriptions and illustrations are provided. C1 USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Humboldt Univ, Inst Biol Genet, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. Tech Univ Vienna, Inst Biochem Technol & Mikrobiol, Mikrobielle Biochem Abt, A-1060 Vienna, Austria. RP Samuels, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Rm 304,B-011A,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 43 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 8 PU CENTRAALBUREAU SCHIMMELCULTURE PI BAARN PA PO BOX 273, 3740 AG BAARN, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0616 J9 STUD MYCOL JI Stud. Mycol. PD NOV 30 PY 1998 IS 41 BP 1 EP 54 PG 54 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 150TY UT WOS:000077682400001 ER PT J AU Ping, CL Bockheim, JG Kimble, JM Michaelson, GJ Walker, DA AF Ping, CL Bockheim, JG Kimble, JM Michaelson, GJ Walker, DA TI Characteristics of cryogenic soils along a latitudinal transect in Arctic Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN ALASKA; CARBON STORAGE; USA; ECOSYSTEMS AB The morphological, chemical, and physical properties of arctic tundra soils were examined along a 200-km latitudinal gradient in northern Alaska which includes two major physiographic provinces; the Arctic Coastal Plain and the Arctic Foothills. Annual air temperature and precipitation increase along the gradient from north to south. Soils on the Arctic Coastal Plain support wet, nonacidic tundra vegetation and have high carbonate contents. Soil on the Arctic Foothills support moist, nonacidic tundra in the northern part and moist acidic tundra in the southern part. Most arctic tundra soils are characterized by medium texture, poor drainage, and high organic matter content. From north to south along the transect, the base saturation of the active layer decreases and exchangeable aluminum increases from north to south. Most soils have strongly developed cryogenic features, including warped and broken horizons, ice lenses, thin platy structure, and organic matter frost-churned into the ice-rich upper permafrost horizons. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Palmer Res Ctr, Agr & Forestry Expt Stn, Palmer, AK 99645 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USDA, NRCS, Natl Soil Survey Ctr, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Ping, CL (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Palmer Res Ctr, Agr & Forestry Expt Stn, Palmer, AK 99645 USA. EM pfclp@uaa.alaska.edu NR 60 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D22 BP 28917 EP 28928 DI 10.1029/98JD02024 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 142JB UT WOS:000077196200026 ER PT J AU McFadden, JP Chapin, FS Hollinger, DY AF McFadden, JP Chapin, FS Hollinger, DY TI Subgrid-scale variability in the surface energy balance of arctic tundra SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID OPEN-PATH; FLUX MEASUREMENTS; ALASKAN TUNDRA; GROWING-SEASON; BOREAL FOREST; CLIMATE; ECOSYSTEMS; CO2; TERRAIN; WATER AB Surface fluxes of energy, water vapor, and CO, over homogeneous areas of the major tundra vegetation types in arctic Alaska were measured using a mobile eddy covariance tower for 5-day periods in the middle of the 1994 growing season. In order to account for differences in weather and time of season, data were analyzed in comparison to a nearby, fixed tower that operated throughout the summer. Among the different vegetation types, evaporation ranged from 1:3 to 2.7 mm d(-1). Net carbon uptake ranged from 0.5 to 2.4 g C m(-2) d(-1). Ground heat flux consumed 10-33% of midday net radiation. Typically, 38% of the net radiation was partitioned into latent heat flux, while the fraction of net radiation removed from the surface in sensible heat flux varied from 16 to 50% among vegetation types. The largest differences among vegetation types in surface energy partitioning were related to variations in soil moisture, with midday Bowen ratios ranging from 0.37 over wet sedge tundra to 2.25 over dry heath. Direct effects of vegetation on the driving gradients for energy and water vapor exchange were important in shrub tundra: shading of the moss layer by the canopy reduced ground heat flux and increased sensible heat flux, while latent heat flux was similar to other mesic vegetation types because the moss layer accounted for a larger portion of total evaporation than did evapotranspiration by shrubs. Scaling up from the vegetation types to the Alaskan arctic using an area-weighted average of the observed energy partitioning gave results similar to regional energy budgets measured over larger, more heterogeneous areas of tundra. An extrapolation based on the hypothesis that climate variability could cause a large fraction of the current tussock tundra vegetation to be converted to shrub tundra resulted in modest changes in the regional energy balance. However, nonlinear variations of surface evaporation with leaf area and uncertainties regarding changes in moss cover suggest that additional field experiments as well as modeling efforts will be required to predict the potential for changes in arctic tundra vegetation to feed back on regional climate. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP McFadden, JP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, 3060 Valley Life Sci Bldg, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM mcjoe@socrates.berkeley.edu RI Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012; OI Chapin III, F Stuart/0000-0002-2558-9910 NR 60 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D22 BP 28947 EP 28961 DI 10.1029/98JD02400 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 142JB UT WOS:000077196200029 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Tornquist, SJ Gerros, TC Topper, MJ Dubey, JP AF Hamir, AN Tornquist, SJ Gerros, TC Topper, MJ Dubey, JP TI Neospora caninum associated equine protozoal myeloencephalitis SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neosporosis; horse; myeloencephalitis; Neospora caninum ID SARCOCYSTIS-NEURONA; TISSUE-SECTIONS AB Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) was clinically diagnosed in a 20-year-old horse with severe ataxia, The cerebrospinal fluid was positive for Sarcocystis neurona antibodies by western blot. The horse was administered corticosteroids to facilitate in vitro culture of S. neurona from its spinal cord following necropsy, Microscopic lesions of EPM were present in the brain and in the spinal cord, including multifocal inflammatory cellular infiltrates and several large groups of protozoa. Immunohistochemical, and light and electron microscopic examinations revealed that the protozoa were Neospora caninum and not S. neurona. The protozoa divided by endodyogeny, tachyzoites had rhoptries, and organisms reacted specifically to N. caninum antibodies. Veterinarians should be aware of increasing diagnosis of N. caninum as another etiological agent responsible for the lesions of EPM. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. AU rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Div Pathol, Washington, DC 20307 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 12 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD NOV 27 PY 1998 VL 79 IS 4 BP 269 EP 274 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(98)00178-2 PG 6 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 138WF UT WOS:000076995800001 PM 9831950 ER PT J AU Ni, M Tepperman, JM Quail, PH AF Ni, M Tepperman, JM Quail, PH TI PIF3, a phytochrome-interacting factor necessary for normal photoinduced signal transduction, is a novel basic helix-loop-helix protein SO CELL LA English DT Article ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; G-BOX; GENE-EXPRESSION; LIGHT; MUTANTS; FAMILY; SEQUENCES; PATHWAYS; PLANTS; BINDS AB The mechanism by which the phytochrome (phy) photoreceptor family transduces informational light signals to photoresponsive genes is unknown. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we have identified a phytochrome-interacting factor, PIF3, a basic helix-loop-helix protein containing a PAS domain. PIF3 binds to wild-type C-terminal domains of both phyA and phyB, but less strongly to signaling-defective, missense mutant-containing domains. Expression of sense or antisense PIF3 sequences in transgenic Arabidopsis perturbs photoresponsiveness in a manner indicating that PIF3 functions in both phyA and phyB signaling pathways in vivo. PIF3 localized to the nucleus in transient transfection experiments, indicating a potential role in controlling gene expression. Together, the data suggest that phytochrome signaling to photoregulated genes includes a direct pathway involving physical interaction between the photoreceptor and a transcriptional regulator. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. ARS, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM quail@nature.berkeley.edu FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM47475] NR 53 TC 404 Z9 438 U1 4 U2 38 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 1050 MASSACHUSETTES AVE, CIRCULATION DEPT, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0092-8674 J9 CELL JI Cell PD NOV 25 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 5 BP 657 EP 667 DI 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81636-0 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 143KD UT WOS:000077253700013 PM 9845368 ER PT J AU Withanage, GSK Sasai, K Fukata, T Miyamoto, T Baba, E Lillehoj, HS AF Withanage, GSK Sasai, K Fukata, T Miyamoto, T Baba, E Lillehoj, HS TI T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages in the ovaries and oviducts of laying hens experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Salmonella enteritidis; local immunity; ovary; oviducts; chicken ID PHAGE TYPE-4 INFECTION; EGG TRANSMISSION; CHICKENS; SUBPOPULATIONS; PATHOGENESIS; LOCALIZATION AB Subsets of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages in the ovaries and oviducts of laying hens were enumerated by immunohistochemistry after intravenous inoculation with Salmonella enteritidis. Almost all T cell subsets in the ovaries and different regions of the oviduct increased in number at 7 days post-inoculation and reached a peak by day 10. This T cell surge was followed by a peak in B cell numbers at day 14. The number of macrophages declined initially but recovered to preinoculation levels by day 21. At day 21, the numbers of T and B cells also returned to normal levels, except for IgG(+) B cells in the infundibulum, isthmus, and vagina where they remained consistently elevated. The T and B cell proliferation at 10-14 days post-inoculation immediately preceded a decline in the number of S. enteritidis positive tissues from infected hens beginning at day 14 suggesting that these lymphocytes play a major role in the local immune response to S. enteritidis. The Salmonella-oviduct model will be useful for future studies on local immunity to various infectious agents. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Osaka Prefecture, Coll Agr, Dept Vet Sci, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan. USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Baba, E (reprint author), Univ Osaka Prefecture, Coll Agr, Dept Vet Sci, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan. NR 29 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD NOV 24 PY 1998 VL 66 IS 2 BP 173 EP 184 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(98)00177-9 PG 12 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 143JX UT WOS:000077253000006 PM 9860189 ER PT J AU Chiang, SJ Dar, A Goyal, SM Nagaraja, KV Halvorson, D Kapur, V Panigrahy, B AF Chiang, SJ Dar, A Goyal, SM Nagaraja, KV Halvorson, D Kapur, V Panigrahy, B TI Isolation of avian pneumovirus in QT-35 cells SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Chiang, SJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Kapur, Vivek/F-7610-2013 NR 4 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD NOV 21 PY 1998 VL 143 IS 21 BP 596 EP 596 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 177QJ UT WOS:000079221700014 PM 9854777 ER PT J AU Weitz, AM Veldkamp, E Keller, M Neff, J Crill, PM AF Weitz, AM Veldkamp, E Keller, M Neff, J Crill, PM TI Nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and methane fluxes from soils following clearing and burning of tropical secondary forest SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; RAIN-FOREST; GAS DIFFUSIVITY; POROUS-MEDIA; COSTA-RICA; EMISSIONS; FERTILIZATION; PASTURE; N2O; CONSUMPTION AB Conversion of humid tropical forest to agriculture significantly alters trace gas emissions from soils. We report nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO), and methane (CH4) fluxes from secondary forest soils prior to and during deforestation, and throughout the first agricultural cropping. Annual average nitrogen oxide emissions from forest soils were 1.5 ng N cm(-2) h(-1) for N2O and 0.9 ng N cm(-2) h(-1) for NO. Forest clearing increased the level of extractable nitrate in soils and average nitrogen oxides fluxes (2.7 ng N cm(-2) h(-1) for N2O, and 8.1 ng N cm(-2) h(-1) for NO). Immediately after biomass burning, short-term peaks of N2O and NO (123 ng N cm(-2) h(-1) for N2O, and 41 ng N cm(-2) h(-1) for NO) were superimposed on generally increased fluxes. Peak emissions declined within 3 days after burning. Postburn fluxes stayed higher than measured on adjacent forest sites for 3-4 months (averages for postburn fluxes were 17.5 ng N cm(-2) h(-1) for N2O, and 19.2 ng N cm(-2) h(-1) for NO). Increased N2O and NO emissions after clearing and until cropping were probably due to a combination of increased rates of nitrogen cycling and higher gaseous diffusion in drying soils. Compared to emissions from young pastures in the region, fluxes of nitrogen oxides from unfertilized agricultural areas were low (3.9 ng N cm(-2) h(-1) for N2O and 3.4 ng N cm(-2) h(-1) for NO), probably due to nitrogen uptake by fast growing corn plants and losses by leaching with draining soil water in the wet season. Variation in CH4 fluxes was high for ail land use periods. Forest soils consumed an average of 1.0 mg CH4 m(-2) d(-1), which slightly increased in drier soils after clearing (1.2 mg CH4 m(-2) d(-1)). Postburn CH4 consumption by soils was slightly reduced (0.8 mg CH4 m(-2) d(-1)) compared to forest soils. Unfertilized agricultural soils consumed less CH4 than forest soils. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Forest Serv, Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Gottingen, Inst Soil Sci & Forest Nutr, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. RP Weitz, AM (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM antje@kaas.sr.unh.edu RI Veldkamp, Edzo/A-6660-2008; Neff, Jason/A-1211-2012; Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012; OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359; NEFF, JASON/0000-0002-8290-1472; Crill, Patrick/0000-0003-1110-3059 NR 53 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 20 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D21 BP 28047 EP 28058 DI 10.1029/98JD02144 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 140GF UT WOS:000077078700005 ER PT J AU Baker, CJ Deahl, K Domek, J Orlandi, EW AF Baker, CJ Deahl, K Domek, J Orlandi, EW TI Oxygen metabolism in plant/bacteria interactions: Effect of DPI on the pseudo-NAD(P)H oxidase activity of peroxidase SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE reactive oxygen; hydrogen peroxide; peroxidase; diphenyleneiodonium ID HORSERADISH-PEROXIDASE; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; OXIDATION-STATES; GENERATION; SUPEROXIDE; CELLS; BURST; NADPH AB Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) has been used frequently as a specific inhibitor of NADH oxidase activity in studies of plant/pathogen interactions. The present study reports the effect of DPI on the pseudo-oxidative activity of horseradish peroxidase, DPI, like other phenolics, is able to catalytically stimulate NADH oxidation in the presence of exogenous H2O2. The stimulated NADH oxidation has an acidic pH optimum and has an apparent Km of 111 mu M NADH. The NADH oxidation rate is linearly proportional to [DPI] and the amount of NADH oxidized is proportional to [H2O2]. Once exogenous H2O2 is depleted, the NADH oxidation is abruptly halted until additional H2O2 is supplied. In some respects DPI appears to mimic the effects of certain anti-oxidants that use HRP to scavenge H2O2 and NAD(P)H as a reductant, (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Microbiol & Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Microbiol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Baker, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Bldg 010,HH5, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD NOV 18 PY 1998 VL 252 IS 2 BP 461 EP 464 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9665 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 141BP UT WOS:000077123000032 PM 9826552 ER PT J AU Shallow, S Daily, P Rothrock, G Reingold, A Vugia, D Waterman, S Fiorentino, T Marcus, R Ryder, R Mshar, P Cartter, M Hadler, J Farley, M Bardsley, M Baughman, W Koehler, J Blake, P Toomey, K Wicklund, J Hedberg, C Osterholm, M Cassidy, M McGivern, T Stanton, R Shiferaw, B Cieslak, P Fleming, D AF Shallow, S Daily, P Rothrock, G Reingold, A Vugia, D Waterman, S Fiorentino, T Marcus, R Ryder, R Mshar, P Cartter, M Hadler, J Farley, M Bardsley, M Baughman, W Koehler, J Blake, P Toomey, K Wicklund, J Hedberg, C Osterholm, M Cassidy, M McGivern, T Stanton, R Shiferaw, B Cieslak, P Fleming, D TI Incidence of foodborne Illnesses - FoodNet, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 782-786, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Calif Emerg Infect Program, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Sacramento, CA USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Connecticut State Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. Atlanta Metropolitan Act Surveillance Project, Atlanta, GA USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Minnesota Dept Publ Hlth, St Paul, MN USA. Oregon Dept Human Resources, State Hlth Div, Salem, OR USA. US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. CDC, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Epidemiol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Off Director, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shallow, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Calif Emerg Infect Program, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 18 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 19 BP 1651 EP 1652 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 138PD UT WOS:000076980700010 ER PT J AU Doran, JW Elliott, ET Paustian, K AF Doran, JW Elliott, ET Paustian, K TI Soil microbial activity, nitrogen cycling, and long-term changes in organic carbon pools as related to fallow tillage management SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE microbial C and N transformations; fallow tillage management; carbon sequestration; soil quality ID PLOWED SOILS; BIOMASS; POPULATIONS AB Two experiments were established in 1969 and 1970 near Sidney, NE, to determine the effect of moldboard plow (plow), sub-tillage (sub-till), and no-tillage (no-till) fallow management on soil properties, biological activities, and carbon and nitrogen cycling. One experiment was on land which had been broken from sod in 1920, seeded to crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.] from 1957 to 1967, and cultivated for wheat again in 1967 (Previously Cultivated site). The second experiment was established on land that was in native mixed prairie sod until 1969 (Native Sod site), and compared the three tillage management practices listed above in a winter wheat-fallow system as well as replicated plots remaining in sod. Soil sampling done 10-12 years after these experiments were initiated, indicated that the biological environment near the soil surface (0-30 cm) with no-till was often cooler and wetter than that with conventional tillage management practices, especially moldboard plowing. Biological activity and organic C and N reserves were concentrated nearer the soil surface (0-7.6 cm) with no-tillage, resulting in greater potential for tie-up of plant available N in organic forms. However, regardless of tillage practice with wheat-fallow management at either site, long-term (22-27 years) losses of soil organic C from surface soil (0-30 cm) ranged from 12 to 32% (320-530 kg C ha(-1) year(-1)), respectively, for no-till and plowing. These soil C losses were closely approximated by losses measured to a depth of 122 cm, indicating that under the cropping, tillage, and climatic conditions of this study, soil C changes were adequately monitored by sampling to a depth of 30 cm within which most C loss occurs. No-till management maintains a protective surface cover of residue and partially decomposed materials near the soil surface. However, the decline in soil organic matter, and associated degradation in soil quality, will likely only be slowed by increasing C inputs to soil through use of a more intensive cropping system which increases the time of cropping and reduces the time in fallow. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Soil & Water Conservat Res Unit, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Doran, JW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Soil & Water Conservat Res Unit, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Paustian, Keith/L-7593-2016 NR 39 TC 144 Z9 161 U1 1 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD NOV 17 PY 1998 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 18 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00150-0 PG 16 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 141PT UT WOS:000077153200002 ER PT J AU Mielke, LN Wilhelm, WW AF Mielke, LN Wilhelm, WW TI Comparisons of soil physical characteristics in long-term tillage winter wheat-fallow tillage experiments SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE physical properties; tilled vs. sod; cropped vs. fallow; tillage layer; below tillage depth ID WATER AB Soil physical characteristics resulting from tillage of fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping systems were compared for two soils in western Nebraska. The soil physical environment influences the amount of water entering soil and the microenvironment that influences soil biological processes important to plant response. Effects of tillage on physical properties varied with soil type and depth of soil tillage. Generally, the 0-76 mm surface layer has the largest number of physical properties that differ as a result of tillage; however, only a few properties differed at greater depths. The Alliance silt loam (fine silty, mixed, mesic, Aridic Arguistoll) soil at the Previously Cultivated site, for example, showed differences in bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, ratio of air to water permeability, and total porosity for the 0-76 mm layer but only hydraulic conductivity was different at the 76-152 mm depth. A similar frequency of differences in physical properties was also true in the 0-76 mm layer for the Duroc loam (fine silty, mixed, mesic, Pachic Haplustoll) soil at the Native Sod site. Compared among treatments, water content, bulk density, and pore space differed in the 0-76 mm layer, while all properties different in the 76-152 mm layer, and there were fewer differences in the 152-304 mm layer in the Native Sod site. The sod treatment usually was the most extreme value with the tillage treatment values clustered together. Air to water permeability ratio, as an indicator of structural stability (ratio of 1 being stable), for the Alliance soil ranged from 18 to 43 in the 0-76 mm layer and from 31 to 152 in the 76-152 mm layer. For the Duroc soil, the ratio ranged from 5 to 6 in the 0-76 mm layer and 6 to 22 in the 76-152 mm layer. The Duroc soil has not been cropped as long as the Alliance soil and showed a tendency to be more structurally stable. Based on precipitation intensity records and infiltration characteristics, water would seldom run off the Duroc soil when in sod and with sub-till or no-till. Results show that the runoff would occur most frequently from the plow treatment. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Wilhelm, WW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 119 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 16 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD NOV 17 PY 1998 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 35 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00152-4 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 141PT UT WOS:000077153200004 ER PT J AU Power, JF Peterson, GA AF Power, JF Peterson, GA TI Nitrogen transformations, utilization, and conservation as affected by fallow tillage method SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE N-cycle; no-till; N recovery; nitrate leaching; fallow methods; N-15 ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; WHEAT; SOIL; SYSTEMS; FERTILIZER AB While we know that fallow tillage method affects water conservation and soil erosion control, effects on soil and fertilizer N dynamics are less well known. In this paper, we summarize results from our investigations of N transformation and cycling for two experiments established in 1969 and 1970 near Sidney, NE. In this research, the effects of three fallow tillage methods (moldboard plow, sub-till, and no-till) on changes in soil properties, N dynamics, and subsequent crop growth were studied. One experiment was on land, that had been broken from sod before 1920, seeded to crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.] in 1957, and cultivated again since 1967 with the above three fallow tillage methods. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) was grown in a wheat-fallow sequence with and without 45 kg fertilizer N ha(-1). The second experiment was on land that was in native mixed prairie sod until 1969, and included a comparison of the three above tillage methods in a wheat-fallow system with plots remaining in native sod, During the first 13 years of study, total soil N loss from the surface 30 cm of soil (compared to the native sod) was only about 3% for the no-till system, compared to 8 and 19% for the sub-till and plow systems, respectively. For both experiments, considerable mineralization and nitrification of organic N occurred during the fallow period, with greatest rates for plowed fallow. No-till immobilized more labeled and total N in soil organic matter and in visible and partially decomposed crop residues on and near the soil surface. However, by harvest of the second crop grown after N-labeled fertilizer N was applied, Little if any of the labeled N was found in visible and partially decomposed crop residues or as soil inorganic N, suggesting that most of the fertilizer N applied was immobilized in soil organic N or was lost. Deep sampling (to 15 m) of the Native Sod plots showed that several hundred kg of NO3-N ha(-1) had leached beneath the crop root zone, presumably during wet years after fallow. For plowed plots, the quantity of NO3-N beneath the root zone approximated the loss in total soil N from the root zone, suggesting there was a little net loss of soil N by denitrification or ammonia volatilization. For no-till, quantities of NO3-N beneath the root zone exceeded the loss of total soil N during cultivation, suggesting significant N-fixation occurred by unknown mechanisms. These results show that fallow tillage system does affect soil and fertilizer N cycling and transformations and the availability of N to crops. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Power, JF (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 119 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Peterson, Gary/B-8119-2013 NR 27 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 5 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD NOV 17 PY 1998 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 47 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00153-6 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 141PT UT WOS:000077153200005 ER PT J AU Wilhelm, WW AF Wilhelm, WW TI Dry-matter partitioning and leaf area of winter-wheat grown in a long-term fallow tillage comparisons in the US Central Great Plains SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE wheat; root distribution; tillage; N fertilization; leaf area index; nitrate reductase ID CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT; ROOT-GROWTH; SHOOT GROWTH; SPRING WHEAT; GRAIN-YIELD; NITROGEN; FIELD; SYSTEMS; BARLEY AB Crop management practices (tillage, residue management, fertilization, etc.) define the soil environment to which crops are exposed and through these environmental conditions control crop growth. The purpose of this paper is to report the response of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to long-term (10 years) application of fallow tillage practices (plow, sub-till, and no-till) and N fertilization in terms of above- and below-ground dry-matter partitioning. During 1978, less winter wheat root tissue was produced in the sub-till treatment compared to the average of the plow and no-till treatments. However, in 1979, all treatments produced the same amount of root tissue. Averaged over all treatments, root tissue was ca. 7% of the above-ground dry-matter production. During 1979, less above-ground dry matter was produced at late grain fill (27 June) with addition of N fertilizer (929 g m(-2)) than when N was not applied (957 g m(-2)). In contrast, during 1980 (at about the same stage of development), application of N resulted in more above-ground dry-matter production in the plow and no-till treatments, but addition of N reduced production in the sub-till treatment. Grain yield followed similar trends. Nitrogen application also increased tiller production and number of tillers surviving to maturity. Nitrate reductase activity was measured to determine if the reported lesser levels of nitrate-N in soils under reduced tillage management changed N metabolism of the plant. Nitrate reductase activity differed among N rates (when measured after N application), but did not differ among tillage treatments. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Wilhelm, WW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 119 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM wwilhelm@unlinfo.unl.edu NR 23 TC 6 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD NOV 17 PY 1998 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 49 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00154-8 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 141PT UT WOS:000077153200006 ER PT J AU Buschiazzo, DE Panigatti, JL Unger, PW AF Buschiazzo, DE Panigatti, JL Unger, PW TI Tillage effects on soil properties and crop production in the subhumid and semiarid Argentinean Pampas SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE conservation tillage; conventional tillage; soil aggregation; soil bulk density; soil nitrate; soil organic matter; soil pH; soil phosphorus; soil water content ID AFFECT VERTISOL PROPERTIES; GRAIN-SORGHUM GROWTH; RESIDUE MANAGEMENT; NO-TILLAGE; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; ORGANIC-MATTER; WATER STORAGE; NITROGEN; ROTATION; SUBTROPICS AB Crops have been grown in the subhumid and semiarid Argentinean Pampas for over 50 years using tillage methods (intensive plowing) introduced from more humid regions. As a result, soil degradation due to erosion by wind and water has been moderate to severe. Experiments to control erosion through use of conservation systems were initiated at six semiarid and subhumid sites in the Argentinean Pampas between 1976 and 1990 and conducted for 5 to 11 years. In this paper, we summarize the effect of conventional and conservation tillage treatments on some soil properties and crop yields. Most soil physical, chemical, and biological properties were improved by conservation systems, but the rate of change differed due to climatic and soil differences among sites, with the difference due to tillage generally being greater at the more humid sites with loamy soils than at the drier sites with sandier soils. Crops with a large N requirement yielded less with conservation than with conventional tillage systems. Use of conservation tillage can improve or stabilize soil conditions in the region, but crop nutrient requirements must be met to achieve optimum crop yields when conservation tillage is used. Research regarding the plant nutrient requirements under conservation tillage is being conducted. Also, conservation tillage is gaining acceptance in the Argentinean Pampas region. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. CIRN, Inst Suelos, INTA, Castelar, Argentina. UNLPam, INTA, EEA Anguil, RA-6300 Santa Rosa, Argentina. UNLPam, Fac Agron, RA-6300 Santa Rosa, Argentina. RP Unger, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 55 TC 50 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD NOV 17 PY 1998 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 105 EP 116 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00160-3 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 141PT UT WOS:000077153200012 ER PT J AU Pachepsky, Y Rawls, W Gimenez, D Watt, JPC AF Pachepsky, Y Rawls, W Gimenez, D Watt, JPC TI Use of soil penetration resistance and group method of data handling to improve soil water retention estimates SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE penetration resistance; pedotransfer function; water retention; group method of data handling; fractal dimension ID NEURAL NETWORKS; ORGANIC-MATTER AB The accuracy of pedotransfer functions can be improved using more flexible equations and additional input variables. Penetration resistance as a parameter related to soil structure can be a useful additional input to pedotransfer functions. Our objectives were to see whether using penetration resistance can improve the accuracy of estimating water retention from soil composition and bulk density. To develop pedotransfer functions, we applied group method of data handling (GMDH) resulting in hierarchical polynomial regression networks or abductive networks. The advantage of GMDH is that it automates finding essential input variables to be included in pedotransfer functions and, unlike the artificial neural networks (ANN), presents an explicit form of the equations. We developed pedotransfer functions from data on texture, bulk density, penetration resistance, and water content at 0, -5, -10, -20, -100 and -1500 kPa in 180 samples of soils in New Zealand, Abductive networks were used to estimate water content at particular matrix potentials. The water content at -1500 kPa and the penetration resistance were the essential variables to include in pedotransfer functions along with bulk density and texture. The pore volume fractal dimension could be reliably estimated from the water content at -1500 kPa and penetration resistance. The variation coefficient rather than average value of penetration resistance was found to be a good predictor in some cases. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ USA. Manaaki Whenua Landcare Res, Havelock N, New Zealand. Duke Univ Phytotron, Durham, NC USA. RP Pachepsky, Y (reprint author), USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM ypachepsky@asrr.arsusda.gov RI Gimenez, Daniel/A-6193-2013; OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 31 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD NOV 17 PY 1998 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 117 EP 126 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00168-8 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 141PT UT WOS:000077153200013 ER PT J AU Rajaram, G Erbach, DC AF Rajaram, G Erbach, DC TI Drying stress effect on mechanical behaviour of a clay-loam soil SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE drying stress; mechanical behaviour; soil bin; tillage-draft force; aggregate size aggregate stability ID TINE IMPLEMENTS; FAILURE; STABILITY; TILLAGE; CYCLES AB The mechanical behaviour of agricultural soils has a large role in determining the performance of agricultural implements and the resulting soil tilth, Seasonal wetting and drying of these soils induces drying stresses that alter the soil physical state and its properties. The performance of a simple vertical tine was investigated in a clay-loam soil subjected to three different levels of drying stress in a soil bin. Results showed that changes in most soil properties caused by tillage depended on drying stress. Soil bulk density decreased after tillage, although it was not significantly affected by drying stress. Soil shear strength, tine draft and aggregate size increased significantly with drying stress. Dried soils subjected to high drying stress broke in a less periodic manner and into larger masses than unwetted soil. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Vigo, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Engn, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Ind & Minas, Vigo 36200, Spain. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL USA. RP Rajaram, G (reprint author), Univ Vigo, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Engn, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Ind & Minas, Lagoas Marcosende 9, Vigo 36200, Spain. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD NOV 17 PY 1998 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 147 EP 158 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00163-9 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 141PT UT WOS:000077153200016 ER PT J AU Scrofano, MM Shang, F Nowell, TR Gong, X Smith, DE Kelliher, M Dunning, J Mura, CV Taylor, A AF Scrofano, MM Shang, F Nowell, TR Gong, X Smith, DE Kelliher, M Dunning, J Mura, CV Taylor, A TI Calorie restriction, stress and the ubiquitin-dependent pathway in mouse livers SO MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE dietary restriction; oxidative stress; ubiquitin; liver; ATP-dependent; paraquat ID OXIDIZED ALPHA-CRYSTALLINS; LENS EPITHELIAL-CELLS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROTEIN-DEGRADATION; DIETARY RESTRICTION; ACTIVATING ENZYME; AFFINITY PURIFICATION; PROTEOLYTIC PATHWAY; FOOD RESTRICTION; RAT-LIVER AB Calorie restriction (R) is the only known method to delay the aging process and extend mean and maximal lifespan in rodents. R has been shown to delay the age-related accumulation of damaged proteins and to protect organisms from various stresses which can produce damaged proteins. Such stresses include irradiation, heat shock, and oxidative stress. The ubiquitin- and ATP-dependent proteolytic pathway (UPP) has been associated with the degradation of abnormal and/or damaged proteins. We examined the effect of diet and oxidative stress on activities of the UPP in supernatants from livers taken from 23-month-old Emery mice which had been exposed to an in-vivo injection of paraquat. Paraquat induces oxidative stress by generating superoxide radicals. In livers from non-stressed animals, steady-state levels of endogenous ubiquitin conjugates, de novo conjugate formation, and El and E2 activities were significantly lower in R animals than in control (C) animals. However, after exposure to paraquat, levels of endogenous ubiquitin conjugates were significantly higher in R versus C animals, and de novo conjugate formation and E1 and E2 activities in R animals rose to levels which were indistinguishable from levels of these activities noted in C animals. R was associated with an increased ability to degrade P-lactoglobulin by the UPP after an oxidative stress was imposed. Ability to degrade beta-lactoglobulin by the C or R livers in non-stressed animals was not significantly different. Taken together, these data indicate that oxidative stress in R animals is associated with enhanced levels of ubiquitin conjugates and that this enhancement may be due to an increase in UPP activity. These data also indicate that the ability to form ubiquitin conjugates and the UPP system does not change with oxidative stress in C animals. The latter is consistent with prior reports that suggests that older C animals may already be in a state of enhanced oxidative stress and that activities of the UPP provide a sensitive indicator of levels of cellular redox status. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Ctr Estudios Cient Santiago, Santiago 9, Chile. RP Taylor, A (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM Taylor_C1@HNRC.Tufts.Edu FU NEI NIH HHS [EY08566]; NIA NIH HHS [T32AG00209] NR 77 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0047-6374 J9 MECH AGEING DEV JI Mech. Ageing. Dev. PD NOV 16 PY 1998 VL 105 IS 3 BP 273 EP 290 DI 10.1016/S0047-6374(98)00097-9 PG 18 WC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 143RL UT WOS:000077270200006 PM 9862235 ER PT J AU Holtzapple, CK Stanker, LH AF Holtzapple, CK Stanker, LH TI Affinity selection of compounds in a fluoroquinolone chemical library by on-line immunoaffinity deletion coupled to column HPLC SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PHAGE DISPLAY; CHEMISTRY AB To demonstrate that members of a fIuoroquinolone chemical library can be separated on the basis of relative affinities for an antibody, an automated column-switching system was used incorporating on-line immunoaffinity capture (IAC) coupled with hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). A monoclonal antibody against sarafloxacin (Mab Sara-95) was covalently cross-linked to a protein G column and used to capture injected fluoroquinolones. A pH gradient in the mobile phase eluted the fluoroquinolones from the IAC column to the HIC column according to their relative affinities for the antibody, and final separation of the fluoroquinolones was accomplished on the HIC column before fluorescence detection. Since the fluoroquinolones clearly eluted from the IAC column on the basis of their relative affinities for the antibody, compounds exhibiting higher or lower relative affinity for the antibody could be selectively deleted from the library by exploiting the column-switching capabilities of the system. The method described here is the first to report "immunoaffinity deletion" as a means to selectively extract chemicals with the desired binding characteristics from a mixture of closely related compounds. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Holtzapple, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 70 IS 22 BP 4817 EP 4821 DI 10.1021/ac9807417 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 138ZU UT WOS:000077003600025 ER PT J AU Halpner, AD Handelman, GJ Harris, JM Belmont, CA Blumberg, JB AF Halpner, AD Handelman, GJ Harris, JM Belmont, CA Blumberg, JB TI Protection by vitamin C of loss of vitamin E in cultured rat hepatocytes SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE vitamin C; vitamin E; free radicals; recycling; hepatocytes; oxidative stress ID ASCORBIC-ACID; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; OXIDATION AB Results from in, vivo studies of the capacity of vitamin C to spare and/or recycle vitamin E are equivocal. While some in vitro and membrane models reveal an interaction between vitamins C and E, the characterization of this relationship in biologically relevant systems is lacking. Thus, we investigated this relationship using hepatocytes isolated from 3- to B-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. Cells were incubated for 18-20 h in medium supplemented with 0.1-4 mM ascorbic acid. The loss of alpha-tocopherol and the formation of its primary oxidized metabolite, alpha-tocopherolquinone, was determined by HPLC. Levels of alpha-tocopherol in hepatocytes incubated without ascorbic acid declined from 390 to 35 pmol/mg protein; hepatocyte ascorbic acid levels declined from 9 to 0.5 nmol/mg protein. alpha-Tocopherolquinone was undetectable in freshly isolated hepatocytes but following incubation in ascorbate-free medium reached 10 pmol/mg protein. The formation of alpha-tocopherolquinone was not detected in hepatocytes incubated with ascorbic acid. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) levels represented 10-20% of the total ascorbate content in freshly isolated hepatocytes but after 3 h incubation the proportion of DHA increased to 50%; after 18-20 h incubation DHA was undetectable. Hepatocytes incubated with 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, or 4.0 mM ascorbic acid lost significantly less alpha-tocopherol (62, 69, 67, and 56%, respectively) than unsupplemented controls (90%). Twelve percent of the alpha-tocopherol lost from hepatocytes during incubation was detected in the medium of cells incubated with ascorbic acid, but vitamin E was undetectable in the medium of cells incubated without ascorbic acid. These results demonstrate an interaction between vitamins C and E in cell culture and are not inconsistent with a potential recycling of oxidized alpha-tocopherol by ascorbic acid. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Blumberg, JB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM blumberg@hnrc.tufts.edu NR 21 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 359 IS 2 BP 305 EP 309 DI 10.1006/abbi.1998.0914 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 137LT UT WOS:000076916800019 PM 9808773 ER PT J AU Johnson, KR Dewey, CE Bobo, JK Kelling, CL Lunstra, DD AF Johnson, KR Dewey, CE Bobo, JK Kelling, CL Lunstra, DD TI Prevalence of morphologic defects in spermatozoa from beef bulls SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE bovine species; morphology; spermatozoa ID BREEDING SOUNDNESS; FERTILITY AB Objective-To determine the overall prevalence of morphologic defects in spermatozoa from beef bulls and to determine whether prevalence varies with the age of the bull. Design-Cross-sectional observational study. Animals-2,497 beef bulls that were evaluated for breeding soundness in 1994 by 29 practicing veterinarians in a 5-state geographic region. Procedure-Slides of spermatozoa from each bull were made and submitted by practicing veterinarians for morphologic evaluation. One hundred spermatozoa per slide were examined, and each was classified as having 1 of 9 morphologic defects or as normal. Results-63% of bulls evaluated were 10 to 12 months old, and 20% were 13 to 18 months old. A mean of 70.6% of spermatozoa was classified as normal. Most common defects were proximal droplets (8.4%), distal midpiece reflexes (6.7%), separated heads (5.5%), and distal droplets (3.8%). Other defects were seen < 2% of the time. Bulls 10 to 12 months of age had a higher prevalence of proximal and distal droplet defects than older bulls. Clinical Implications-Practitioners conducting breeding soundness evaluations in beef bulls must be aware of common spermatozoal defects. Bulls that are evaluated at a young age will have more defects than older bulls and should be reevaluated, particularly for those defects for which prevalence decreases with age. C1 Univ Nebraska, Inst Agr & Nat Resources, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, Reprod Res Unit, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Guelph, Ontario Vet Coll, Dept Populat Med, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Dewey, CE (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Ontario Vet Coll, Dept Populat Med, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 15 PY 1998 VL 213 IS 10 BP 1468 EP + PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 139GZ UT WOS:000077021300025 PM 9828946 ER PT J AU Goyal, SK Seyfried, MS O'Neill, PE AF Goyal, SK Seyfried, MS O'Neill, PE TI Effect of digital elevation model resolution on topographic correction of airborne SAR SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SOIL-MOISTURE; RADAR IMAGERY; DEPENDENCE AB Topography in high relief mountainous areas may mask the signal variation in airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data caused by soil moisture, surface roughness and vegetation. It also affects the quality of image calibration and registration. Good quality calibration and registration are required for the use of SAR in the estimation of soil water. To address the problem of topographic effects, the widely available standard 30 m x 30 m United States Geological Survey (USGS) Digital Elevation Model(DEM) has been incorporated into SAR calibration and registration programs. The topographic resolution of SAR imagery relative to the USGS DEM was examined by comparing the correlation between incident angle (theta) and SAR backscatter (sigma(0)) in a high resolution DEM (mapped at 1:4800 and 1:600 from aerial photography for two small areas) to that in the USGS DEM (mapped at 1:240<(00)over bar>). We found that SAR resolved topographic features not resolved by the USGS DEM. Filtering and aggregation techniques were applied to reduce speckle, the apparent noise due to small topographic features resolved by SAR but not resolved by the USGS DEM, and the registration error. Increasing the filter window from 3 x 3 to 5 x 5 to 9 x 9 and the cell size from 6 m x 12 m to 30 m x 30 m to 90 m x 90 m, reduced the unexplained variability in backscatter by 50%. However, there was considerable unexplained variability at all levels of filtering and aggregation. Aggregation to 90 m x 90 m cell size resulted in blurred or obscured surface features of hydrological interest. Filtering with a 9 x 9 window and resolution cell size of 30 m x 30 m was found to be optimal in terms of the amount of variability explained and the kinds of landscape features retained. Even after applying filtering and aggregation techniques, the correlation between sigma(0) and theta for the high resolution DEM (r = 0.54) was much better than for the USGS DEM (r = 0.36). Correction functions for the numerical estimation of terrain influence on the backscatter variation in the SAR image were derived using empirical imaging models. Topographic effects on sigma(0) were further reduced in the corrected images. However, even after correction there was considerable unexplained sigma(0) variability, some of which could be attributed to major topographic features. Thus, landscape features other than theta need to be incorporated in topographic correction procedures. C1 Idaho Dept Water Resources, Boise, ID 83706 USA. ARS, USDA, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NASA, Hydrol Sci Branch 974, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Goyal, SK (reprint author), Idaho Dept Water Resources, 1301 N Orchard St, Boise, ID 83706 USA. RI O'Neill, Peggy/D-2904-2013 NR 29 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD NOV 10 PY 1998 VL 19 IS 16 BP 3075 EP 3096 DI 10.1080/014311698214190 PG 22 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 137UG UT WOS:000076934300004 ER PT J AU Pare, PW Alborn, HT Tumlinson, JH AF Pare, PW Alborn, HT Tumlinson, JH TI Concerted biosynthesis of an insect elicitor of plant volatiles SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PARASITIC WASPS; SIGNALS AB A variety of agricultural plant species, including corn, respond to insect herbivore damage by releasing large quantities of volatile compounds and, as a result, become highly attractive to parasitic wasps that attack the herbivores. An elicitor of plant volatiles, N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine, named volicitin and isolated from beet armyworm caterpillars, is a key component in plant recognition of damage from insect herbivory. Chemical analysis of the oral secretion from beet armyworms that have fed on (13)C-labeled corn seedlings established that the fatty acid portion of volicitin is plant derived whereas the 17-hydroxylation reaction and the conjugation with glutamine are carried out by the caterpillar by using glutamine of insect origin, Ironically, these insect-catalyzed chemical modifications to linolenic acid are critical for the biological activity that triggers the release of plant volatiles, which in turn attract natural enemies of the caterpillar. C1 ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Tumlinson, JH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. EM jtumlinson@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011; Pare, Paul/E-3055-2013; Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Pare, Paul/0000-0003-1644-723X; Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 19 TC 105 Z9 109 U1 1 U2 14 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 10 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 23 BP 13971 EP 13975 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.23.13971 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 138WU UT WOS:000076997000109 PM 9811910 ER PT J AU Qian, H Hausman, GJ Compton, MM Azain, MJ Hartzell, DL Baile, CA AF Qian, H Hausman, GJ Compton, MM Azain, MJ Hartzell, DL Baile, CA TI Down-regulation of CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins alpha, beta and delta in adipose tissue by intracerebroventricular leptin in rats SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION LA English DT Article DE leptin; CCAAT/enhancer binding protein; adipocyte; aging ID ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; C/EBP-ALPHA; GENE; EXPRESSION; ADIPOGENESIS; MICE; FAT AB In our previous report, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of leptin caused fat depletion by an induced adipocyte-apoptosis in addition to influencing lipid metabolism. To uncover the biochemical mechanisms that mediate this response, the present study was designed to determine whether CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP)alpha, -beta and -delta play a role in the leptin-induced fat depletion. Expressions of C/EBP alpha, -beta and -delta in epididymal fat tissues were examined by Western immunoblot and in situ immunocytochemical analysis after 5 days of i.c.v. treatment. Young and old rats (3 and 8 months old) were treated with or without 5 mu g/day leptin. The expression of C/EBP alpha, -beta and -delta was decreased by i.c.v. leptin treatment in young rats as compared with controls (P < 0.05). However, leptin did not influence the expression of C/EBP alpha, -beta and -delta in adipose tissues of 8-month-old rats. The basal level of expression of C/EBP beta was greater in 8-month-old rats than in 3-month-old rats, (P < 0.05) whereas the basal expression of C/EBP alpha and -delta was not different between age groups. These results were confirmed by in situ immunocytochemical analysis. The present study suggests that leptin-induced down-regulation of C/EBP alpha, -beta and -delta might influence adipocyte differentiation and growth in a number of ways. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Baile, CA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, 708 Boyd GSRC, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4781 J9 BBA-GENE STRUCT EXPR JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gene Struct. Expression PD NOV 8 PY 1998 VL 1442 IS 2-3 BP 245 EP 251 DI 10.1016/S0167-4781(98)00178-X PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 136ZC UT WOS:000076888100015 PM 9804965 ER PT J AU Willett, JL Kotnis, MA O'Brien, GS Fanta, GF Gordon, SH AF Willett, JL Kotnis, MA O'Brien, GS Fanta, GF Gordon, SH TI Properties of starch-graft-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) PHBV composites SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE starch; graft; copolymer; PHBV; composite; mechanical properties ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; METHYL ACRYLATE; GRANULAR STARCH; BLENDS; COPOLYMERS AB The use of graft copolymers of starch and glycidyl methacrylate (starch-g-PGMA) to improve the mechanical properties of composites with poly(hydroxy butyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) has been investigated. In general, the tensile and flexural strengths of the composites were greater with starch-g-PGMA compared to untreated starch and increased with increasing graft content. The modulus and elongation were not significantly changed by grafting. All samples gained weight after immersion in water for 28 days. Tensile strength and modulus decreased with water sorption, while the fracture toughness significantly increased with grafted starch. No differences were observed between properties of grafts prepared with eerie ammonium nitrate or ferrous sulfate-peroxide graft initiators. Scanning electron micrographs of cryogenic fracture surfaces showed improved adhesion between the starch-g-PGMA and the PHBV matrix. Although no spectroscopic evidence of reaction between PHBV and the starch-g-PGMA was found, the improvement in mechanical properties is consistent with enhanced interactions between the starch-g-PGMA and the PHBV matrix compared to ungrafted starch. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Zeneca Biopolymers, Wilmington, DE 19850 USA. RP Willett, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 12 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 5 U2 16 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD NOV 7 PY 1998 VL 70 IS 6 BP 1121 EP 1127 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19981107)70:6<1121::AID-APP8>3.3.CO;2-W PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 125BG UT WOS:000076217100008 ER PT J CA CDC TI Update: Leptospirosis and unexplained acute febrile illness among athletes participating in triathlons - Illinois and Wisconsin, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR vol 47, pg 673-676, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID OUTBREAK C1 CDC, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Springfield Dept Hlth, Illinois Outbreak Invest Team, Springfield, IL 62703 USA. Illinois Dept Publ Hlth, Springfield, IL 62761 USA. Council State & Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. ARS, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, USDA, Washington, DC 20002 USA. Wisconsin Div Hlth, Wisconsin Outbreak Invest Team, Madison, WI USA. RP CDC, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 4 PY 1998 VL 280 IS 17 BP 1474 EP 1475 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 134RR UT WOS:000076757200006 ER PT J AU Franova-Honetslegrova, J Erbenova, M Martin, RR AF Franova-Honetslegrova, J Erbenova, M Martin, RR TI Isolation of tobacco necrosis virus from strawberry leaves in the Czech Republic SO ACTA VIROLOGICA LA English DT Article DE tobacco necrosis virus; Fragaria; virus isolation; electron microscopy; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; strawberry mottle AB Leaves of symptomless Fragaria ananassa Duch cv. Cacanska rand were grafted onto Fragaria vesca indicator clones. Thirty-five of 72 grafted indicator plants developed leaf mottle symptoms. Isometric virus-like particles were observed in purified preparations from symptomatic leaves of F vesca. The latter were mechanically inoculated to herbaceous host plants. A virus was successfully purified from Nicotiana occidentalis 37 B symptomatic plants by differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugations and a polyclonal antiserum to the virus was prepared. On the basis of serological reactions, symptomatology on herbaceous hosts and electron microscopy studies the virus was identified as tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) D-strain. This is the first isolation of TNV from strawberry leaves and its first finding on strawberry in the Czech Republic. The new experimental hosts N. aucalis, N. bentamiana, N. occidentalis 37 B (systemic hosts), and Ammobium alatum, N. bigelovi, Petunia hybrida (local hosts) for TNV are reported. These results may not exclude the presence of strawberry mottle virus as a causal agent of mottle symptoms samples. Further research is necessary to clarify the aetiology of the strawberry mottle. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Plant Mol Biol, Dept Plant Virol, CR-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. Res & Breeding Inst Pomol Holovousy, Holovousy, Czech Republic. ARS, USDA, HCRL, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Franova-Honetslegrova, J (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Plant Mol Biol, Dept Plant Virol, Branisovska 31, CR-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. RI Franova, Jana/G-9470-2014 NR 34 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLOVAK ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI BRATISLAVA PA PO BOX 57 NAM SLOBODY 6, 810 05 BRATISLAVA, SLOVAKIA SN 0001-723X J9 ACTA VIROL JI Acta Virol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 42 IS 5 BP 325 EP 331 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 172CH UT WOS:000078904400008 PM 10358734 ER PT J AU Vigil, MF Nielsen, DC AF Vigil, MF Nielsen, DC TI Winter wheat yield depression from legume green fallow SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DRYLAND CROPPING SYSTEMS; MANURE AB Increases in N fertilizer costs have caused some farmers to consider the use of a legume during the fallow phase of a wheat-fallow system as an alternative N source for dryland wheat, Farmers need to know how this system will affect winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production and economic returns. The objectives of this research were (i) to determine the effect of legume green fallow on subsequent winter wheat yields and economic returns and (ii) to determine optimal legume termination dates during the legume phase. Wheat yields following three legumes [Austrian winter pea, Pisum sativum L. subsp, sativum Par. arvense (L.) Poir.; spring field pea, P. sativum L.; and black lentil, Lens culinaris Medikus] were compared with wheat yields following fertilized traditional summer fallow. Legume biomass, biomass N, and water use were measured at four termination dates during the green-fallow phase of the rotation, Wheat yields following the annual legume were reduced, compared with traditional summer falloff, by 400 kg ha(-1) at the earliest legume termination date and by at least 1050 kg ha(-1) at all other dates. Economic analysis indicates that in drier than normal years, that returns are maximized when the legume is not grown during the fallow phase. In 1996, a wet gear, returns were maximized when the legume was terminated at the second termination date or after 70% of the potential maximum legume water use. We found that 88% of the variability in winter wheat yield could be explained by legume water use the previous year. In general, the competitiveness of legume green fallow,vith winter wheat fallow is highly weather-dependent and inconsistent. At current fertilizer costs, legume N (in this system) was too expensive to be considered a reasonable alternative to chemical fertilizer. C1 ARS, USDA, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RP Vigil, MF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, POB 400, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RI Nielsen, David/A-8044-2009 OI Nielsen, David/0000-0002-8240-7183 NR 21 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 90 IS 6 BP 727 EP 734 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 168EQ UT WOS:000078678900002 ER PT J AU Ressler, DE Horton, R Kaspar, TC Baker, JL AF Ressler, DE Horton, R Kaspar, TC Baker, JL TI Localized soil management in fertilizer injection zone to reduce nitrate leaching SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SUBSURFACE FLOW BARRIERS; TILLAGE SYSTEM; RIDGE TILLAGE; CORN; MOVEMENT; WATER; BROMIDE AB Nitrogen fertilization of row crops in humid regions can result in leaching of NO3, which represents an inefficient use of resources and may result in environmental degradation. A localized compaction and doming (LCD) fertilizer injector was developed to alter the physical properties of soil surrounding knife-injected N, Injection by LCD includes smearing macropores below the injection slot, formation of a Localized compacted soil layer over the injected N, and formation of a surface dome to cover the compacted soil layer and the fertilizer band. The LCD injector tvas tested, along with a conventional knife injector (without a covering disk), to evaluate its effect on leaching by determining NO3 and Br tracer redistribution after NO3 Fertilizer injection. Chemical distributions were determined by intensive soil sampling to 0.8 m below the soil surface. Ln a second experiment, corn (Zea mays L,) yield response to both N injectors was evaluated. Four fertilization rates (67, 112, 157, and 202 kg N ha(-1) of UAN [urea-ammonium nitrate]) were used to define yield response. During seasons when rainfall was below average, neither NO3 redistribution nor crop yield showed a response to fertilizer injection technique. During a growing season with above-average rainfall, 26 kg ha(-1) more NO3 and 25 kg ha(-1) more Br remained in the top 0.8 m of soil when LCD-injected, LCD injection increased crop yield approximately 0.48 Mg ha(-1) over injection by the conventional knife method during an above-average rainfall season, indicating that one-fifth of the conventional knife-applied N was lost prior to crop uptake during the wet gear. These findings suggest that the LCD injector may be effective at reducing leaching losses during growing seasons when rainfall is abundant. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Horton, R (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 90 IS 6 BP 747 EP 752 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 168EQ UT WOS:000078678900005 ER PT J AU Brejda, JJ Moser, LE Vogel, KP AF Brejda, JJ Moser, LE Vogel, KP TI Evaluation of switchgrass rhizosphere microflora for enhancing seedling yield and nutrient uptake SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; NON-STERILE SOIL; BIG BLUESTEM; GROWTH; PHOSPHORUS; SELECTION; MICROORGANISMS; GRASSES; ROOTS; CORN AB Many rhizosphere microorganisms enhance nutrient uptake and plant growth, but their effectiveness can, arg with host species and with genotype within species. This study evaluated the effectiveness of rhizosphere microflora indigenous to the rhizosphere of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) for enhancing seedling yield and nutrient uptake. Switchgrass roots and rhizosphere soil were collected from native prairies and seeded stands in Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, Virginia, and North Carolina. Seedlings of four switchgrass cultivars were inoculated with root fragments and rhizosphere soil from each collection, fertilized with a nutrient solution, and grow in steamed sand for 12 wk in a greenhouse. Seedlings inoculated with rhizosphere microflora produced up to 15-fold greater shoot and root yields, and recovered up to 6-fold more N and 36-fold more P than seedlings inoculated with rhizosphere bacteria only. These responses were consistent for all four switchgrass cultivars and were probably due to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Switchgrass rhizosphere populations were highly variable in their ability to recover N and P and stimulate seedling shoot and root yields. Seedlings inoculated with rhizosphere populations from seeded switchgrass stands averaged 1.5-fold greater shoot and root yields than seedlings inoculated with rhizosphere populations from native prairies. Rhizosphere populations that stimulated the greatest N uptake differed from populations that resulted in the greatest P uptake. Highly effective microbial populations appear to develop in the rhizosphere of seeded switchgrass stands. C1 USDA, NRCS, Soil Qual Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Brejda, JJ (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, Soil Qual Inst, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM brejda@nstl.gov NR 32 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 90 IS 6 BP 753 EP 758 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 168EQ UT WOS:000078678900006 ER PT J AU Zhu, YP Sheaffer, CC Vance, CP Graham, PH Russelle, MP Montealegre, CM AF Zhu, YP Sheaffer, CC Vance, CP Graham, PH Russelle, MP Montealegre, CM TI Inoculation and nitrogen affect herbage and symbiotic properties of annual Medicago species SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA; RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI; N2 FIXATION; NODULATION; GROWTH; FERTILIZER; NITRATE; LEGUMES; PASTURE AB The interactive effects of Sinorhizobium inoculants and soil N status should affect the N contribution of annual medics (Medicago spp.) in cropping systems. We determined the effect of N and commercial medic inoculum on nodulation, dry matter, and N yield of annual medics and also determined Sinorhizobium strain occupancy in annual medic nodules. Field experiments were conducted on a sandy, mixed Udorthentic Haploboroll and on a fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf, More than 75% of annual medic plants (except M. rugosa Desr.) were nodulated in the absence of commercial inoculum, and nodulation was due in part to a Sinorhizobium strain that frequently nodulates alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Among the five strains in the commercial medic inoculum, 102G3 and 102A13 had the greatest nodule occupancy. When no N was applied, inoculation improved the percentage of plants nodulated and nodule mass only in nl. rugosa, compared with no inoculation, but inoculation increased herbage yields of spring-seeded M. truncatula Gaertn. cv, Sephi, M. polymorpha L., and M. rugosa by about 60%, compared with no inoculation, Nitrogen addition reduced the nodule mass of all species when inoculum was applied, and N addition increased only the herbage dry matter yield of spring-seeded M. scutellata (L.) Mill. when inoculum was applied. This suggests that a more effective inoculum could be developed for M. scutellata so that N would not limit herbage growth. Annual medics fixed from 40 to 80 kg N ha(-1) if spring-seeded and grown for 60 d, and from 20 to 50 kg N ha(-1) if summer-seeded and grown for 43 d. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Sheaffer, CC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 90 IS 6 BP 781 EP 786 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 168EQ UT WOS:000078678900011 ER PT J AU Hoffman, ML Owen, MDK Buhler, DD AF Hoffman, ML Owen, MDK Buhler, DD TI Effects of crop and weed management on density and vertical distribution of weed seeds in soil SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FOXTAIL SETARIA-FABERI; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; TILLAGE SYSTEMS; GERMINATION; CULTIVATION; ROTATION; BANKS; CORN AB Cultural practices used fur crop management ran influence numbers of weed seeds in the soil seed bank. This paper reports results of field experiments conducted for 6 yr to examine changes in weed seed numbers due to management practices. We evaluated the effect of tillage, herbicide application, and interrow cultivation on meed seed numbers in a soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]/corn (Zea mays L.) rotation and in continuous corn. Treatment effects on meed seed numbers were more repetitive in soybean/corn than continuous corn. Foxtails (Setaria spp.) were the meed class most affected by treatments. Weed seeds were uniformly distributed among sampling depths in conventional tillage and concentrated near the soil surface in reduced tillage and no-tillage. We expected weed seeds to become more numerous in the top 5 cm of soil as tillage was reduced. Tillage, as a main effect, rarely influenced weed seed numbers; therefore, we inferred that weed seed losses at the surface must have increased in reduced-tillage plots. Seed numbers were uniform among soil depths if herbicides were broadcast, but differed if herbicides were banded or omitted, due to increased seed deposition at the surface. Tillage affected vertical distribution of seeds, while the quantity of weed seeds in the top 5 cm of soil was regulated by weed control practices. This indicates that reducing weed seed deposition could be helpful for maintaining weed seeds in reduced-tillage systems at numbers similar to those of intensively tilled systems. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hoffman, ML (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 33 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 90 IS 6 BP 793 EP 799 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 168EQ UT WOS:000078678900013 ER PT J AU Sohngen, B Mendelsohn, R Neilson, R AF Sohngen, B Mendelsohn, R Neilson, R TI Predicting CO2 emissions from forests during climatic change: A comparison of natural and human response models SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID TERRESTRIAL CARBON STORAGE; UNITED-STATES; BIOME MODEL; VEGETATION; PRODUCTIVITY; ECOSYSTEM; PLANT AB This paper compares transient carbon fluxes to and from forests during climatic change in a pure natural model of ecosystem adjustment and also in a model that captures the human response to these changes. Both models incorporate forest dieback and regeneration, forest redistribution, and changes in ecosystem production during climatic change. The natural model predicts that forested ecosystems in the United States will release 2.5 to 6.3 Pg carbon during the next 7 decades under climatic change. The model including human response shows that markets will mitigate, and even reverse, these fluxes by managing some forests for timber and storing carbon in wood products. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC USA. RP Sohngen, B (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, 2120 Fyffe Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM sohngen.1@osu.edu; robert.mendelsohn@yale.edu; neilsonr@fsl.orst.edu NR 28 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD NOV PY 1998 VL 27 IS 7 BP 509 EP 513 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 150CY UT WOS:000077646400004 ER PT J AU Blanco-Molina, A Castro, G Martin-Escalante, D Bravo, D Lopez-Miranda, J Castro, P Lopez-Segura, F Fruchart, JC Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F AF Blanco-Molina, A Castro, G Martin-Escalante, D Bravo, D Lopez-Miranda, J Castro, P Lopez-Segura, F Fruchart, JC Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F TI Effects of different dietary cholesterol concentrations on lipoprotein plasma concentrations and on cholesterol efflux from Fu5AH cells SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE cholesterol efflux; National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet; monounsaturated fatty acids; dietary cholesterol; Fu5AH cells; lipoproteins; men ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; APOLIPOPROTEINS; TRIGLYCERIDES; FIBROBLASTS; EGG AB Background: The fatty acid composition of the diet can modulate the effect of dietary cholesterol on plasma lipoproteins, However, HDL composition and its capacity to promote cholesterol efflux can be influenced by the diet. Objective: Modifications in plasma lipids and in the capacity of serum to stimulate the cholesterol efflux induced by a low-fat diet [National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step I diet], by a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich diet, and by addition of cholesterol to both diets was studied. Design: Fifteen young, healthy men followed 2 NCEP Step I diets (< 30% of fat as energy, with < 10% saturated fat and 14% MUFAs) for 24 d, providing 0.027 or 0.068 mg cholesterol kJ(-1) . d(-1), and 2 oleic acid-enriched diets (38% of energy as fat, with 24% MUFAs) providing the same amount of dietary cholesterol as the NCEP Step I diets. Results: Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) B, and apo A-I concentrations decreased after the NCEP Step I and MUFA diets compared with the usual diet. HDL cholesterol also decreased after the NCEP Step I diet. Total:HDL cholesterol, apo B, and apo B:apo A-I were lower after the MUFA diets than after the NCEP Step I diets. There were no significant differences between the lipid profiles obtained after the NCEP Step I and MUFA diets were enriched with cholesterol. The capacity of serum to promote cholesterol efflux was significantly higher after the cholesterol-enriched NCEP Step I diet than after the NCEP Step I diet. Conclusions: The MUFA diet induced a better lipid profile than the NCEP Step I diet: however, the increase in the cholesterol content of both diets produced similar plasma lipid changes. The cholesterol in the NCEP Step I diet increased the cholesterol efflux induced by total serum. C1 Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos, Cordoba, Spain. Inst Pasteur, Dept Etud Lipides & Lipoprot, F-59019 Lille, France. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Perez-Jimenez, F (reprint author), Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipodos & Arteriosclerosis, Avda Menendez Pidal S-N, Cordoba 14004, Spain. EM mdipejif@cod.servicom.es OI Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 27 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 68 IS 5 BP 1028 EP 1033 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 133YQ UT WOS:000076715500010 PM 9808218 ER PT J AU Cao, GH Booth, SL Sadowski, JA Prior, RL AF Cao, GH Booth, SL Sadowski, JA Prior, RL TI Increases in human plasma antioxidant capacity after consumption of controlled diets high in fruit and vegetables SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE antioxidant capacity; fruit; vegetables; diet; humans; Trolox; free radicals; alpha-tocopherols ID RADICAL ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; OXIDATIVE DNA-DAMAGE; FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; LONG-TERM SUPPLEMENTATION; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; BETA-CAROTENE; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ABSORBING CAPACITY; FLAVONOID INTAKE AB Background: The putative beneficial effects of an increased consumption of fruit and vegetables have been associated with antioxidant nutrients. However, the effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on the overall antioxidant status in humans is unclear. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether a diet rich in fruit and vegetables would affect the antioxidant capacity of human plasma. Design: Thirty-six healthy nonsmokers resided in a metabolic research unit and consumed 2 sets of controlled diets. Diet A contained 10 servings of fruit and vegetables each day for 15 d. Diet B was the same as diet A, except diet B also provided 2 servings of broccoli each day on days 6-10. There was a free-living period of a minimum of 6 wk between the 2 experiments using either diet A or diet B. Fasting plasma antioxidant capacity, measured as oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and alpha-tocopherol concentrations were determined on days 1, 6, 11, and 16. Results: The fasting baseline plasma ORAC of these subjects was significantly correlated with their estimated daily intake of total antioxidants from fruit and vegetables during the previous year. Plasma ORAC of these subjects was significantly increased by both diets A and B. This increase in ORAC could not be explained by the increase in the plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration. Conclusion: Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables can increase the plasma antioxidant capacity in humans. C1 Tufts Univ, ARS, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Nutr Sci, Storrs, CT USA. RP Tufts Univ, ARS, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM prior@hnrc.tufts.edu NR 52 TC 233 Z9 242 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 68 IS 5 BP 1081 EP 1087 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 133YQ UT WOS:000076715500018 PM 9808226 ER PT J AU Mendoza, C Viteri, FE Lonnerdal, B Young, KA Raboy, V Brown, KH AF Mendoza, C Viteri, FE Lonnerdal, B Young, KA Raboy, V Brown, KH TI Effect of genetically modified, low-phytic acid maize on absorption of iron from tortillas SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE iron; iron absorption; iron deficiency; phytic acid; corn; maize; tortilla; men ID NONHEME-IRON; FOOD IRON; CALCIUM; PHYTATE; BRAN; ZINC; EXCHANGE; HUMANS; WHEAT; FIBER AB Background: Genetically modified, low-phytic acid strains of maize were developed to enhance mineral absorption, but have not been tested previously in humans. Objectives: We evaluated the mineral and phytic acid contents of a low-phytic acid "flint" maize (LPM, the lpa-1-1 mutant) and its parent, wild-type strain (WTM) and measured iron absorption from tortillas prepared with each type of maize and from a reference dose of ferrous ascorbate. Design: Proximate composition and mineral and phytic acid contents were measured by standard techniques. Iron absorption from tortillas was evaluated by using the extrinsic tag method and was measured as the incorporation of radiolabeled iron into the red blood cells of 14 nonanemic men 2 wk after intake. Results: The phytic acid content of LPM was 3.48 mg/g, approximate to 35% of the phytic acid content of WTM; concentrations of macronutrients and most minerals were not significantly different between strains. Iron absorption results were adjusted to 40% absorption of ferrous ascorbate. Iron absorption was 49% greater from LPM (8.2% of intake) than from WTM (5.5% of intake) tortillas (P < 0.001, repeated-measures analysis of variance). Conclusion: Consumption of genetically modified, low-phytic acid strains of maize may improve iron absorption in human populations that consume maize-based diets. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Inst Nutr Cent Amer & Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Univ Calif Davis, Program Int Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nutr Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID USA. RP Mendoza, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 26 TC 114 Z9 131 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 68 IS 5 BP 1123 EP 1127 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 133YQ UT WOS:000076715500024 PM 9808232 ER PT J AU Choi, SW Mason, JB AF Choi, SW Mason, JB TI Folate and colorectal carcinogenesis: Is DNA repair the missing link? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CHRONIC ULCERATIVE-COLITIS; HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY; COLONIC NEOPLASIA; DEFICIENCY; CANCER; DYSPLASIA; GENE; RATS; P53 C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Sch Med, Div Gastroenterol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Sch Med, Div Clin Nutr,Dept Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Mason, JB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [1U01-CA63812-01] NR 28 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0002-9270 J9 AM J GASTROENTEROL JI Am. J. Gastroenterol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 93 IS 11 BP 2013 EP 2016 DI 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.02013.x PG 4 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 136JZ UT WOS:000076856800003 PM 9820367 ER PT J AU Kogut, MH Holtzapple, C Lowry, VK Genovese, K Stanker, LH AF Kogut, MH Holtzapple, C Lowry, VK Genovese, K Stanker, LH TI Functional responses of neonatal chicken and turkey heterophils following stimulation by inflammatory agonists SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ENTERITIDIS-IMMUNE LYMPHOKINES; NEUTROPHIL NADPH-OXIDASE; PROTEIN KINASE-C; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; OPSONIZED ZYMOSAN; DEPENDENT CHEMILUMINESCENCE; CHEMOATTRACTANT RECEPTORS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; BOVINE NEUTROPHILS; OXIDATIVE BURST AB Objective-To determine functional responses of neonatal chicken and turkey heterophils to various inflammatory agonists. Animals-100 one-day-old chickens and turkeys, Procedure-Blood heterophils were isolated and stimulated for 30 minutes at 39 C with ionomycin, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), opsonized zymosan (OZ), or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). Functional responses (shape change, adherence, phagocytosis, influx of intracellular calcium, and oxidative burst) of stimulated heterophils were measured and compared with responses of unstimulated (control) heterophils. Results-Turkey and chicken heterophils did not respond to FMLP stimulation. Stimulation of chicken and turkey heterophils with ionomycin resulted in significant increases in adherence, percentage of cells with a shape change, phagocytosis, intracellular calcium concentration, and oxidative burst. Turkey heterophils did not respond to PMA stimulation, whereas stimulation of chicken heterophils with PMA resulted in significant increases in adherence, percentage of cells with a shape change, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst but not intracellular calcium concentration. Stimulation of chicken and turkey heterophils with OZ resulted in significant increases in oxidative burst. Conclusions-Mechanisms regulating initiation of heterophil activation in neonatal chicken and turkey heterophils are consistent with those described for heterophils isolated from mature birds. The biochemical and cytoskeletal systems of neonatal avian heterophils undergo functional alterations following stimulation with inflammatory agonists. Clinical Relevance-Understanding heterophil activation and regulation should eventually lead to methods for controlling bacterial diseases in poultry. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Kogut, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, Rt 5,POB 810, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 59 IS 11 BP 1404 EP 1408 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 135QT UT WOS:000076814700022 PM 9829397 ER PT J AU Cortese, VS Grooms, DL Ellis, J Bolin, SR Ridpath, JF Brock, KV AF Cortese, VS Grooms, DL Ellis, J Bolin, SR Ridpath, JF Brock, KV TI Protection of pregnant cattle and their fetuses against infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 by use of a modified-live virus vaccine SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ANTIBODIES AB Objective-To determine efficacy of a vaccine containing modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 for protecting pregnant cows and their fetuses against virulent heterologous BVDV type 1. Design-Randomized controlled cohort study. Animals-18 yearling beef heifers seronegative for BVDV and negative when tested for BVDV by virus isolation. Procedure-Cattle were randomly assigned to control (unvaccinated; n = 6) or vaccinated (12) groups. Vaccinated heifers were given a combination vaccine containing modified-live BVDV type 1 comprising a cytopathic (NADL) strain. Ail 18 heifers were then bred and challenge-exposed between 70 and 75 days of gestation with BVDV type 1, administered intranasally. Cattle were monitored, and infection status of offspring was determined after parturition. Antibody concentrations of vaccinated and control heifers were also monitored. Results-All 6 calves from control heifers had positive results on multiple virus isolation tests and were considered persistently infected. In comparison, only 2 calves from vaccinated cows had positive results on virus isolation tests and were considered persistently infected. One vaccinated heifer aborted, but the fetus was not persistently infected, and the abortion was not attributed to BVDV infection. Clinical Implications-Analysis of these data indicated that a single dose of a modified-live NADL-derived BVDV type 1 vaccine will confer protection to dams and their fetuses against challenge-exposure to heterologous BVDV type 1 organisms. C1 Pfizer Anim Hlth Inc, Exton, PA 19343 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Western Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Auburn Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Cortese, VS (reprint author), Pfizer Anim Hlth Inc, 812 Springdale Dr, Exton, PA 19343 USA. NR 16 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 59 IS 11 BP 1409 EP 1413 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 135QT UT WOS:000076814700023 PM 9829398 ER PT J AU Tunick, MH Cooke, PH Malin, EL Smith, PW Holsinger, VH AF Tunick, MH Cooke, PH Malin, EL Smith, PW Holsinger, VH TI Imaging of casein submicelles in mozzarella cheeses by transmission electron microscopy SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Article AB Because pizza is the most popular fast food in the U.S., there is a high demand for mozzarella cheese. The relationships among the functional properties, protein breakdown, and microstructure of this cheese have been studied by the authors' laboratory, enabling a lo low-fat mozzarella to be developed for use in the National School Lunch Program. C1 Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tunick, MH (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM mtunick@arserrc.gov RI Tunick, Michael/C-9761-2010 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER LABORATORY-LABCOMPARE PI SHELTON PA 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 30 IS 22 BP 44 EP + PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 139TM UT WOS:000077045800006 ER PT J AU Engels, FM Jung, HG AF Engels, FM Jung, HG TI Alfalfa stem tissues: Cell-wall development and lignification SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Alfalfa; Medicago sativa L.; stem tissue; cell wall; development; lignification; degradation ID LIGNIN AB Alfalfa stems contain a variety of tissues with different patterns of cell-wall development. Development of alfalfa cell walls was investigated after histochemical staining and with polarized light using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Samples of the seventh internode, from the base of stems grown on cut stems, were harvested at five defined stages of development from early internode elongation through to late maturity. Internode seven was elongating up to the third sample harvest and internode diameter increased throughout the entire sampling period. Chlorenchyma, cambium, secondary phloem, primary xylem parenchyma and pith parenchyma stem tissues all had thin primary cell walls. Pith parenchyma underwent a small amount of cell-wall thickening and lignification during maturation. Collenchyma and primary phloem tissues developed partially thickened primary walls. In contrast to a recent report, the formation of a ring shaped, lignified portion of the primary wall in a number of cells in the exterior part of the primary phloem was found to precede the deposition of a thick, non-lignified secondary wall which was degradable by rumen microbes. In numerous xylem fibres from the fourth harvest dare onwards, an additional highly degradable secondary wall layer was deposited against a previously deposited lignified and undegradable secondary wall. The pattern of lignification observed in alfalfa stem tissues suggests that polymerization of monolignols by peroxidases at the luminal border of the primary cell wall creates an impermeable zone which restricts lignification of the middle lamella region of tissues with thick primary walls. (C) 1998 Annals of Botany Company. C1 Agr Univ Wageningen, Dept Agron, NL-6709 RZ Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr Cluster, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Engels, FM (reprint author), Agr Univ Wageningen, Dept Agron, Haarweg 333, NL-6709 RZ Wageningen, Netherlands. NR 16 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 82 IS 5 BP 561 EP 568 DI 10.1006/anbo.1998.0705 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 134HN UT WOS:000076737600004 ER PT J AU Roehrdanz, RL Degrugillier, ME AF Roehrdanz, RL Degrugillier, ME TI Long sections of mitochondrial DNA amplified from fourteen orders of insects using conserved polymerase chain reaction primers SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE long polymerase chain reaction; restriction fragment-length polymorphism; mitochondrial DNA; control region ID HUMAN GENOMIC DNA; CONTROL REGION; PCR AMPLIFICATION; SEQUENCES; EVOLUTION; ORGANIZATION; SIZE AB The combination of highly conserved or universal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers with techniques that allow for the amplification of PCR products greater than a few thousand base pairs (long PCR) makes it possible to amplify the complete mitochondrial genome of virtually any insect as a small number of overlapping segments. Twelve conserved primers from 7 mitochondrial genes were used in 17 pair combinations. The size of the amplified segments ranged from 3.3 to 14.1 kb. Total genomic DNA from 33 insect species representing 14 orders served as the template. In most instances, 2 fragments sufficed to include the whole mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Less frequently 3 or more fragments were required to cover the complete mtDNA Fragments that combined contain all of the mtDNA were amplified from 26 of 33 species. For the remaining species, >67% of the mtDNA was amplified. Anp of the large amplicons are convenient for restriction fragment comparisons and they are also suitable as a template for nucleotide sequencing of either small mtDNA regions or the complete mtDNA of diverse taxa in conjunction with population or phylogenetic investigations. The procedures described here can be used to amplify the A+T or control region as part of a larger fragment and provides an opportunity for a more detailed analysis of this region. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Roehrdanz, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 24 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 91 IS 6 BP 771 EP 778 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 144QC UT WOS:000077325100002 ER PT J AU Aluja, M Lopez, M Sivinski, J AF Aluja, M Lopez, M Sivinski, J TI Ecological evidence for diapause in four native and one exotic species of larval-pupal fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) parasitoids in tropical environments SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE diapause; parasitoids; fruit flies; Tephritidae; Braconidae; Eulophidae ID RHAGOLETIS-POMONELLA; POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS; MEXICO; FLIES; HYMENOPTERA; BRACONIDAE; CHIAPAS; APPLE AB We provide ecological evidence for the existence of diapause in 4 native and an exotic species of larval-pupal fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids inhabiting tropical environments. We worked in central Veracruz, Mexico, in perturbed tropical deciduous and subdeciduous forests and in diversified agroecosystems during 4 yr (1993-1997). The native parasitoid species Doryctobracon areolatus (Szepligeti), Utetes (B.) anastrephae (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Aganaspis pellenaroi (Brethes), Odontosema anastrephae Borgmeier (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae), and the introduced species, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) all exhibited diapause. Importantly, none of the 6 Anastrepha species serving as hosts for these parasitoids entered diapause. The larval-pupal parasitoids Doryctobracon crawfordi (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae; native) and Aceratoneuromyia indica (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae; introduced) and the pupal parasitoids Coptera haywardi (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae; native),and Pachycrepoideus oindemiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae; introduced) did not exhibit diapause even though they were collected in the same region and at the same time of year. Importantly, in diapausing species not all populations exhibited the phenomenon and, furthermore, in those that did, patterns were polymodal (proportion of a given population entering diapause fluctuated between 0.4 and 100% depending on species). All diapausing individuals dissected from ny pupae were 3rd instars. Diapause lasted up to 11 mo (depending on the particular species) and was predominantly observed in fly pupae collected between the months of September and December (time of pear when temperature and rainfall drops and days become shorter). Based on observations on tree fruiting phenology, we conclude that diapause is an effective mechanism allowing parasitoids to bridge periods during which fruit ny hosts (i.e.,larvae) are scarce or not available. We discuss our findings in light of their ecological and practical implications. C1 Inst Ecol AC, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Macedonia. USDA ARS, Med Ctr, Agr & Vet Entomol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Aluja, M (reprint author), Inst Ecol AC, Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Macedonia. NR 41 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 91 IS 6 BP 821 EP 833 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 144QC UT WOS:000077325100009 ER PT J AU Kurtzman, CP Dien, BS AF Kurtzman, CP Dien, BS TI Candida arabinofermentans, a new L-arabinose fermenting yeast SO ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL AND MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE L-arabinose fermentation; molecular systematics; new Candida; ribosomal DNA ID PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; ASCOMYCETOUS YEASTS; SACCHAROMYCES; SEQUENCES; GENERA; PICHIA; SCHWANNIOMYCES; DEBARYOMYCES; DIVERGENCE; HANSENULA AB Candida arabinofermentans (type strain NRRL YB-2248, CBS 8468), a new yeast that ferments the pentose L-arabinose, is described. The three known strains of this new species were isolated from insect frass of pine and larch trees in the U.S. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences from the DI/D2 domain of large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA places C, arabinofermentans among the methanol-assimilating yeasts and most closely related to Candida ovalis. Strains of the new species produce 0.7-1.9 g/I ethanol from L-arabinose. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kurtzman, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Microbial Properties Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Dien, Bruce/0000-0003-3863-6664 NR 17 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-6072 J9 ANTON LEEUW INT J G JI Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek PD NOV PY 1998 VL 74 IS 4 BP 237 EP 243 DI 10.1023/A:1001799607871 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 169NB UT WOS:000078754500005 PM 10081583 ER PT J AU Sinacori, A Rinderer, TE Lancaster, V Sheppard, WS AF Sinacori, A Rinderer, TE Lancaster, V Sheppard, WS TI A morphological and mitochondrial assessment of Apis mellifera from Palermo, Italy SO APIDOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera sicula; Apis mellifera ligustica; morphology; mitochondrial DNA; Sicily; Italy; germplasm conservation ID HONEY BEES; DNA; POPULATION AB A characterization of the honey bees from western Sicily (Palermo, Italy) is presented. Morphological comparisons to A. m. ligustica were made using data taken from honey bee populations from southeastern (Bari) and central (Emilia Romagna) Italy. The honey bees of the Palermo area have distinct morphological differences compared to the mainland honey bees. The mtDNA haplotype common in subspecies within the African lineage of A. mellifera predominated in the Sicilian honey bet samples (13 out of 16). These results suggest both the potential and the desirability to expend efforts to conserve A. m. sicula. (C) Inra/DIB/AGIB/Elsevier, Paris. C1 ARS, USDA, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. Univ Palermo, Ist Entomol Agr, Palermo, Italy. Kansas State Univ, Dept Stat, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Entomol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Rinderer, TE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0044-8435 J9 APIDOLOGIE JI Apidologie PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 29 IS 6 BP 481 EP 490 DI 10.1051/apido:19980601 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 157PM UT WOS:000078070900001 ER PT J AU Federici, BA Bauer, LS AF Federici, BA Bauer, LS TI Cyt1Aa protein of Bacillus thuringiensis is toxic to the cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta, and suppresses high levels of resistance to Cry3Aa SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INSECTICIDAL CRYSTAL PROTEINS; DIAMONDBACK MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; CYTOLYTIC DELTA-ENDOTOXIN; SUBSP ISRAELENSIS; CULEX-QUINQUEFASCIATUS; MOSQUITOCIDAL ACTIVITY; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; SPECIFICITY; COLEOPTERA AB The insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis is due primarily to Cry and Cyt proteins. Cry proteins are typically toxic to lepidopterous, coleopterous, or dipterous insects, whereas the known toxicity of Cyt proteins is limited to dipterans. We report here that a Cyt protein, Cyt1Aa, is also highly toxic to the cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta, with a median lethal concentration of 2.5 ng/mm(2) of leaf surface for second-instar larvae. Additionally, we show that Cyt1Aa suppresses resistance to Cry3Aa greater than 5,000-fold in C. scripta, a level only partially overcome by Cry1Ba due to cross-resistance. Studies of the histopathology of C. scripta larvae treated with Cyt1Aa revealed disruption and sloughing of midgut epithelial cells, indicating that its mechanism of action against C. scripta is similar to that observed in mosquito and blackfly larvae. These novel properties suggest that Cyt proteins may have an even broader spectrum of activity against insects and, owing to their different mechanism of action in comparison to Cry proteins, might be useful in managing resistance to Cry3 and possibly other Cry toxins used in microbial insecticides and transgenic plants. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Interdept Grad Program Genet, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Interdept Grad Program Microbiol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Pesticide Res Ctr, USDA, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Federici, BA (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. EM brian.federici@ucr.edu NR 40 TC 52 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 64 IS 11 BP 4368 EP 4371 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 133PD UT WOS:000076694200038 ER PT J AU Wicklow, DT Joshi, BK Gamble, WR Gloer, JB Dowd, PF AF Wicklow, DT Joshi, BK Gamble, WR Gloer, JB Dowd, PF TI Antifungal metabolites (monorden, monocillin IV, and cerebrosides) from Humicola fuscoatra Traaen NRRL 22980, a mycoparasite of Aspergillus flavus sclerotia SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRICHODERMA-KONINGII; FUNGI; PACHYBASIUM; OOSPORES; SOIL AB The mycoparasite Humicola fuscoatra NRRL 22980 was isolated from a sclerotium of Aspergillus flavus that had been buried in a cornfield near Tifton, Ga. When grown on autoclaved rice, this fungus produced the antifungal metabolites monorden, monocillin IV, and a new monorden analog. Each metabolite produced a clear zone of inhibition surrounding paper assay disks on agar plates seeded with conidia of A. flavus. Monorden was twice as inhibitory to A. flavus mycelium extension (MIC > 28 mu g/ml) as monocillin IV (MIC > 56 mu g/ml). Cerebrosides C and D, metabolites known to potentiate the activity of cell wall-active antibiotics, were separated from the ethyl acetate extract but were not inhibitory to A. flavus when tested as pure compounds. This is the first report of natural products from H. fuscoatra. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, REE, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, REE, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM wicklodt@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 26 TC 64 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 EI 1098-5336 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 64 IS 11 BP 4482 EP 4484 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 133PD UT WOS:000076694200056 PM 9797310 ER PT J AU Buchanan, RL Edelson, SG Snipes, K Boyd, G AF Buchanan, RL Edelson, SG Snipes, K Boyd, G TI Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in apple juice by irradiation SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; ACID TOLERANCE; CIDER; OUTBREAK; SURVIVAL AB Three strains (932, Ent-C9490, and SEA13B88) of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were used to determine the effectiveness of low-dose gamma irradiation for eliminating E. coli O157:H7 from apple juice or cider and to characterize the effect of inducing pa-dependent, stationary-phase acid resistance on radiation resistance. The strains were grown in tryptic soy broth with or without 1% dextrose for 18 h to produce cells that were or were not induced to pa-dependent stationary-phase acid resistance. The bacteria were then transferred to clarified apple juice and irradiated at 2 degrees C with a cesium-137 irradiator. Non-acid-adapted cells had radiation D values (radiation doses needed to decrease a microbial population by 90%) ranging from 0.12 to 0.21 kGy, D values increased to 0.22 to 0.31 kGy for acid-adapted cells. When acid-adapted SEA13B88 cells were tested in five apple juice brands having different levels of suspended solids (absorbances ranging from 0.04 to 2.01 at 550 nm), radiation resistance increased with increasing levels of suspended solids, with D values ranging from 0.26 to 0.35 kGy, Based on these results, a dose of 1.8 kGy should be sufficient to achieve the 5D inactivation of E, coli recommended by the National Advisory Committee for Microbiological Criteria for Foods. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Buchanan, RL (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. NR 15 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 64 IS 11 BP 4533 EP 4535 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 133PD UT WOS:000076694200065 PM 9797319 ER PT J AU Archibald, DD Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO AF Archibald, DD Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO TI Regression analysis of microwave spectra for temperature-compensated and density-independent determination of wheat moisture content SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE wheat; grain; moisture content; microwaves; dielectric spectroscopy; dielectric properties; temperature-compensated; bulk density-independent; partial least-squares regression ID PARAMETERS AB Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) was used to generate wheat moisture content predictive models from eight-frequency microwave attenuation (A) and phase (P) spectra in the 10.36 to 18.0 GHz range, as obtained by a free-space technique with a 10.4 cm thick sample. Spectra (n = 379) were measured for a set of grain samples that had been treated to span the agriculturally practical ranges of moisture content (M) (10.6 to 19.2% g/g(wet)), temperature (K) (-1 to 42 degrees C), and hulk density (D) (0.72 to 0.88 g/mL). The sample-property space formed by M, K, and D was used to prune redundant samples and select representative subsets for calibration (n = 279), cross-validation (n = 40 segments), and testing (n = 31). Twelve model types are reported and vary from attenuation or phase alone to the combination of attenuation, phase, temperature, and density (i.e., APKD). For optimization of each PLSR model, the raw spectral, temperature, and density data were preprocessed with variable ratios, mathematical transformations, and/or variable scaling. The lowest moisture prediction errors were for temperature- and density-corrected models with variables AKD or APKD; these produced root-mean-square cross-validation and prediction errors (RMSECV and RMSEP) of 0.19 to 0.20% in moisture content units. The more practical unifrequency models, APK at 15.2 GHz, and AK at 18.0 GHz, yielded RMSECV values of 0.21% and 0.35%, respectively. Addition of temperature to dielectric data always substantially reduced the model error. However, the multiplicative effect of density is well corrected by using the ratio A/P, or partly corrected by using the features in the attenuation spectra. Data trends suggest that dual-frequency PK models might benefit from a wider frequency range, and unifrequency AK models might be better at frequencies higher than 18.0 GHz. The results presented make it possible to evaluate a wide variety of instrumental configurations that might be proposed to suit particular engineering criteria such as measurement accuracy, range of operating conditions, and hardware complexity. C1 USDA ARS, Qual Assessment Res Unit, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Archibald, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Qual Assessment Res Unit, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 52 IS 11 BP 1435 EP 1446 DI 10.1366/0003702981942852 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 141HY UT WOS:000077138600012 ER PT J AU Denmead, OT Harper, LA Freney, JR Griffith, DWT Leuning, R Sharpe, RR AF Denmead, OT Harper, LA Freney, JR Griffith, DWT Leuning, R Sharpe, RR TI A mass balance method for non-intrusive measurements of surface-air trace gas exchange SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE dispersion; carbon dioxide; methane fluxes; emissions; landfills; animals ID METHANE EMISSIONS; FLUX AB A mass balance method is described for calculating gas production from a surface or volume source in a small test plot from measurements of differences in the horizontal fluxes of the gas across upwind and downwind boundaries, It employs a square plot, 24 m x 24 m, with measurements of gas concentration at four heights (up to 3.5 m) along each of the four boundaries. Gas concentrations are multiplied by the appropriate vector winds to yield the horizontal fluxes at each height on each boundary. The difference between these fluxes integrated over downwind and upwind boundaries represents production. Illustrations of the method, which involve exchanges of methane and carbon dioxide, are drawn From experiments with landfills, pastures and grazing animals. Tests included calculation of recovery rates from known gas releases and comparisons with a conventional micrometeorological approach and a backward dispersion model. The method performed satisfactorily in all cases. Its sensitivity for measuring exchanges of CO2, CH4 and N2O in various scenarios was examined. As employed by us, the mass balance method can suffer from errors arising from the large number of gas analyses required for a flux determination, and becomes unreliable when there are light winds and variable wind directions. On the other hand, it is non-disturbing, has a simple theoretical basis, is independent of atmospheric stability or the shape of the wind profile, and is appropriate for flux measurement in situations where conventional micrometeorological methods can not be used, e.g, for small plots, elevated point sources, and heterogeneous surface sources. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All right reserved. C1 CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. USDA ARS, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. CSIRO, Div Plant Ind, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Univ Wollongong, Dept Chem, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. RP Denmead, OT (reprint author), CSIRO, GPO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RI Freney, John/E-9462-2011; Leuning, Ray/A-2793-2008; Denmead, Owen/A-7087-2009; OI Freney, John/0000-0001-7545-6529 NR 21 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 32 IS 21 BP 3679 EP 3688 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00091-0 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 124BQ UT WOS:000076160900007 ER PT J AU Hastings, MD Queller, DC Eischen, F Strassmann, JE AF Hastings, MD Queller, DC Eischen, F Strassmann, JE TI Kin selection, relatedness, and worker control of reproduction in a large-colony epiponine wasp, Brachygastra mellifica SO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Brachygastra mellifica; eusociality; genetic relatedness; mate number; microsatellites; split sex ratios; Vespidae; worker policing ID TRINUCLEOTIDE MICROSATELLITE LOCI; NEOTROPICAL WASP; GENETIC RELATEDNESS; QUEEN NUMBER; SOCIAL WASP; SEX-RATIOS; PARACHARTERGUS-COLOBOPTERUS; EUSOCIAL HYMENOPTERA; EVOLUTION; ANT AB Hamilton's kin selection theory predicts conflicts of interest among relatives, even within highly cooperative social insect societies. Because workers are the most numerous caste, collective worker interests may be an important force in determining the outcome of conflicts. In this study, we used genotypes from two DNA microsatellite loci to show that two kinds of collective worker interests are satisfied in Brachygastra mellifica, a member of the multiqueen epiponine wasps. First, from the high relatedness of queens (0.66) and the fact that queens are singly mated (shown by genotyping their stored sperm), we calculated that new queens are reared in colonies with a harmonic mean of 1.2 old queens, whereas males are reared in colonies with much higher queen numbers. This split sex ratio result is predicted under worker control. It matches other studies of epiponines, but B. mellifica has much larger mature colonies (averaging 7951 adults) with many more queens (averaging 398), showing the pattern holds for large-colony species. Second, we report the first genetic data on parentage of males in epiponines and show that these are also consistent with collective worker interests. Workers are on average significantly more related to queens than to other workers (r = .37 versus .23) and should therefore suppress each other and allow the queens to lay haploid (male) eggs. Though many workers have developed ovaries and could lay eggs, the genetic analyses showed that most or all males come from queens. C1 Rice Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Houston, TX 77521 USA. USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, Honey Bee Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Strassmann, JE (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, MS 170,POB 1892, Houston, TX 77521 USA. OI Strassmann, Joan/0000-0003-0638-8440 NR 57 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 17 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1045-2249 J9 BEHAV ECOL JI Behav. Ecol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 9 IS 6 BP 573 EP 581 DI 10.1093/beheco/9.6.573 PG 9 WC Behavioral Sciences; Biology; Ecology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 167KF UT WOS:000078631200006 ER PT J AU Bormann, BT Wang, D Bormann, FH Benoit, G April, R Snyder, MC AF Bormann, BT Wang, D Bormann, FH Benoit, G April, R Snyder, MC TI Rapid, plant-induced weathering in an aggrading experimental ecosystem SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cations; denudation; ecosystems; nutrient availability; sustainability; weathering ID SOIL SOLUTION CHEMISTRY; EASTERN-UNITED-STATES; FOREST; CYCLES; ROCK; PHOSPHORUS; NUTRIENTS; NITROGEN; CALCIUM; OREGON AB To evaluate whether rates of weathering of primary minerals are underestimated in watershed mass-balance studies that fail to include products of weathering accumulating in plants and in developing soil, changes in the calcium and magnesium content of vegetation and soil fractions were measured in large, monitored lysimeters (sandbox ecosystems) at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Weathering was evaluated over 4-8 yr in sandboxes planted with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and kept mostly free of vegetation (nonvegetated). Three mass-balance equations were used that cumulatively include (a) Ca and Mg in precipitation inputs and drainage outputs, (b) accumulation of Ca and Mg in vegetation, and (c) changes in products of weathering in soils. Soil products were evaluated with an extraction process designed to avoid removing ions from primary minerals. Relative to the input-output equation, the estimated rate of weathering increased 2.4 (Ca) and 1.8 (Mg) times when accumulation of Ca and Mg in pine biomass was accounted for, and 8 (Ca) and 23 (Mg) times when changes in soil products were also included. Weathering estimates that included accumulation in vegetation and soil products were 261 (Ca) and 92 (Mg) kg ha(-1) yr(-1) in the pine sandbox. These rates were 10 (Ca) and 18 (Mg) times higher than the rates in the nonvegetated sandbox, which were not significantly greater than zero. This study raises the possibility that weathering can play a significant role in the release of nutrients available to plants over short periods. Faster rates like this become extremely important where managers are trying to balance nutrients available to plants from precipitation and weathering release with outputs including harvest removals. C1 Colgate Univ, Dept Geol, Hamilton, NY 13346 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bormann, BT (reprint author), Colgate Univ, Dept Geol, Hamilton, NY 13346 USA. RI Benoit, Gaboury/O-6621-2014 NR 57 TC 86 Z9 90 U1 5 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD NOV PY 1998 VL 43 IS 2 BP 129 EP 155 DI 10.1023/A:1006065620344 PG 27 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 132MA UT WOS:000076632800002 ER PT J AU Fajardo, JE McCollum, TG McDonald, RE Mayer, RT AF Fajardo, JE McCollum, TG McDonald, RE Mayer, RT TI Differential induction of proteins in orange flavedo by biologically based elicitors and challenged by Penicillium digitatum Sacc. SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Azadirachta indica; Candida oleophila; green mold; induced resistance; neem extract; yeast ID INDUCED SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE; POSTHARVEST DISEASES; CUCUMBER PLANTS; CHITINASE ACTIVITIES; ENHANCED PEROXIDASE; FRUITS; VEGETABLES; ACCUMULATION; PENETRATION; PERSISTENCE AB The effects of biologically based inducing agents (elicitors) applied singly or in combination to harvested oranges were investigated for enhancing host resistance to green mold. Oranges (Citrus sinensis cv. 'Valencia') treated with inducing agents and challenged by the green mold pathogen (Penicillium digitatum) showed a delay in the onset and progression of disease symptoms compared with inoculated fruits not treated with the elicitors. Chitosan (a preparation of ground crab shells), Margosan-O (an oil-based plant-derived product from neem seed) + Aspire (a water dispersible granule containing an antagonistic yeast), Aspire, and chitosan + Aspire reduced fruit decay 38, 41, 42, and 44%, respectively. The inducing agents reduced disease incidence but not disease severity. Application of elicitors followed by inoculation with P. digitatum and P. digitatum infection alone increased total soluble proteins in the flavedo (the tissue that forms the outer colored rind) twofold relative to the untreated control. The flavedo is an important tissue that is vulnerable to postharvest diseases especially at storage and transport of the harvested crop. No apparent qualitative differences were visualized in protein patterns analyzed by SDS-PAGE of all treatments across all days of incubation. A temporal differential induction of chitinase, beta-1,3-glucanase, and peroxidase was demonstrated as a result of elicitor application followed by challenge inoculation with P. digitatum. Induction of these enzymes was corroborated by immunodetection. Lysozyme and a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein were detected at low activity levels. However, the defensive proteins appeared to be constitutive and slightly induced but did not involve the de novo synthesis of novel proteins. C1 ARS, Hort Res Lab, USDA, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Fajardo, JE (reprint author), ARS, Hort Res Lab, USDA, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. EM mcdonald@ao.net NR 44 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD NOV PY 1998 VL 13 IS 3 BP 143 EP 151 DI 10.1006/bcon.1998.0661 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 141LV UT WOS:000077146200002 ER PT J AU Lacey, LA Unruh, TR AF Lacey, LA Unruh, TR TI Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae): Effect of nematode species, concentration, temperature, and humidity SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article ID STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE; SEX-PHEROMONE; HETERORHABDITIS; DESICCATION; SURVIVAL; REPRODUCTION; NEOAPLECTANA; CARPOCAPSAE; INFECTIVITY; TOLERANCE AB The susceptibility of codling moth diapausing larvae to three entomopathogenic nematode species was assessed in the laboratory using a bioassay system that employed cocooned larvae within cardboard strips. The LC50 values for Steinernema carpocapsae, S. riobrave, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were 4.7, 4.8, and 6.0 infective juveniles/cm(2), respectively. When a discriminating concentration of 10 infective juveniles/ cm(2) of each of the three nematode species was evaluated at 15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C, S. carpocapsae was the most effective nematode with mortalities ranging from 66 to 90%. Mortalities produced by S. riobrave and H. bacteriophora at the four temperatures were 2-94 and 25-69%, respectively. Studies were also conducted to test infectivity at 10, 35, and 40 degrees C. No mortality was produced by any of the nematode species at 10 degrees C. S. riobrave was the most infective nematode at 35 degrees C producing 68% mortality which was more than twice that observed for S. carpocapsae or H. bacteriophora. Codling moth larvae treated with 10 infective juveniles/cm2 of S. carpocapsae and kept in 95+% RH at 25 degrees C for 0-24 h followed by incubation at 25-35% RH indicated that more than 3 h in high humidity was needed to attain 50% mortality. Trials of S. carpocapsae, S. riobrave, and H. bacteriophora at 50 infective juveniles/cm2 against cocooned larvae on pear and apple logs resulted in reductions of codling moth adult emergence of 83, 31, and 43%, respectively, relative to control emergence. Trials of the three entomopathogenic nematodes at 50 infective juveniles/cm2 against cocooned larvae in leaf litter resulted in 99 (S, carpocapsae), 80 (S. riobrave), and 83% (H. bacteriophora) mortality, respectively. Our results indicate good potential of entomopathogenic nematodes, especially S. carpocapsae, for codling moth control under a variety of environmental conditions. C1 ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, USDA, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Lacey, LA (reprint author), ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, USDA, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 42 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD NOV PY 1998 VL 13 IS 3 BP 190 EP 197 DI 10.1006/bcon.1998.0658 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 141LV UT WOS:000077146200008 ER PT J AU Mosier, AR Parton, WJ Phongpan, S AF Mosier, AR Parton, WJ Phongpan, S TI Long-term large N and immediate small N addition effects on trace gas fluxes in the Colorado shortgrass steppe SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE nitrous oxide; methane consumption; nitrification; oxides of nitrogen ID NITROUS-OXIDE FLUXES; ANNUAL GRASSLAND; N2O FLUXES; SOIL; NITRIFICATION; METHANE; IMPACT; CH4 AB Land use changes in semiarid grasslands have long-lasting effects. Reversion to near-original conditions with respect to plant populations and productivity requires more than 50 years following plowing. The impact of more subtle management changes like small, annual applications of N fertilizer or changing cattle stocking rates, which alters N redistribution caused by grazing and cattle urine deposition, is not known. To investigate the long-term effects of N addition to the Colorado shortgrass steppe we made weekly, year-round measurements of N2O and CH4 from the spring of 1990 through June 1996. Fluxes of NOx (NO plus NO2) were measured from October 1995 through June 1996. These measurements illustrated that large N applications, either in a single dose (45 g N m(-2)), simulating cattle urine deposition, or in small annual applications over a 15-year period (30 g N m(-2)) continued to stimulate N2O emissions from both sandy loam and clay loam soils 6-15 years after N application. In sandy loam soils last fertilized 6 years earlier, average NOx emissions were 60% greater than those from a comparable, unfertilized site. The long-term impact of these N additions on CH4 uptake was soil-dependent, with CH4 uptake decreased by N addition only in the coarser textured soils. The short-term impact of small N additions (0.5-2 g N m(-2)) on N2O, NOx emissions and CH4 uptake was observed in field studies made during the summer of 1996, There was little short-term effect of N addition on CH4 uptake in either sandy team or clay loam soils. Small N additions did not result in an immediate increase in N2O emissions from the sandy loam soil, but did significantly increase N2O flux from the clay loam soil. The reverse soil type, N addition interaction occurred for NOx emissions where N addition increased NOx emissions in the coarser textured soil 10-20 times those of N2O. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Thailand Dept Agr, Bangkok, Thailand. RP Mosier, AR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 27 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 23 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD NOV PY 1998 VL 28 IS 1 BP 44 EP 50 DI 10.1007/s003740050461 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 144DT UT WOS:000077299100007 ER PT J AU Aber, J McDowell, W Nadelhoffer, K Magill, A Berntson, G Kamakea, M McNulty, S Currie, W Rustad, L Fernandez, I AF Aber, J McDowell, W Nadelhoffer, K Magill, A Berntson, G Kamakea, M McNulty, S Currie, W Rustad, L Fernandez, I TI Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems - Hypotheses revisited SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Review ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; GREAT-SMOKY-MOUNTAINS; NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; FERNOW-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; SPRUCE-FIR STAND; RED SPRUCE; CONIFEROUS FOREST; NEW-ENGLAND; PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM C1 Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, So Global Change Program, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Lab, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Appl Ecol & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Aber, J (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI McDowell, William/E-9767-2010 OI McDowell, William/0000-0002-8739-9047 NR 105 TC 992 Z9 1136 U1 43 U2 304 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0006-3568 EI 1525-3244 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD NOV PY 1998 VL 48 IS 11 BP 921 EP 934 DI 10.2307/1313296 PG 14 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 130RJ UT WOS:000076533500009 ER PT J AU Ashby, RD Foglia, TA Liu, CK Hampson, JW AF Ashby, RD Foglia, TA Liu, CK Hampson, JW TI Improved film properties of radiation-treated medium-chain-length poly(hydroxyalkanoates) SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE gamma-irradiation; crosslinked poly(hydroxyalkanoates); film properties; Pseudomonas resinovorans; triacylglycerols ID PSEUDOMONAS-OLEOVORANS; CROSS-LINKING; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; BACTERIAL ELASTOMERS; POLYESTERS AB Medium-chain-length poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (mcl-PHAs) were synthesized from coconut oil (PHA-C), tallow (PHA-T), and soybean oil (PHA-S) by bacterial fermentation using Pseudomonas resinovorans as the producer strain. Films were solution-cast and subjected to 50 kGy of gamma-irradiation. This resulted in crosslink formation based on the number of olefinic groups present in the polymer side-chains. In each case, radiation improved the tensile strength (104% and 63%), percent elongation (49% and 13%), and Young's modulus (30% and 76%) of PHA-C and PHA-T films, respectively. The greatest effect was on PHA-S, which was converted from an amorphous, liquid-like material to a solid elastomeric film. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Ashby, RD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 20 IS 11 BP 1047 EP 1052 DI 10.1023/A:1005411106279 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 149QQ UT WOS:000077617200010 ER PT J AU Solaiman, DKY AF Solaiman, DKY TI Genetic transformation of Pseudomonas oleovorans by electroporation SO BIOTECHNOLOGY TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE Pseudomonas oleovorans; electroporation; transformation; poly(beta-hydroxyalkanoate); alkane ID EPOXIDES; PLASMID; OCTANE AB An electroporation procedure for the transformation of Pseudomonas oleovorans was developed using a model plasmid, pCN51. The optimal electrotransformation was achieved with cells harvested at 45 to 60 min of growth and concentrated to a cell density of 5 OD600nm, plasmid concentration of 6 mu g per 100 mu l of cell suspension, and a 0.1-cm gap-width cuvette. Electroporation was performed at the settings of 250 Omega, 2.5 mu F and 2.5 kV. Transformation yields in the order of 10(3) colony-forming-unit per electroporation sample were obtained. This is a first report of the electroporation of the commercially valuable bacterium Ps. oleovorans. C1 ARS, USDA, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Solaiman, DKY (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 15 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0951-208X J9 BIOTECHNOL TECH JI Biotechnol. Tech. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 12 IS 11 BP 829 EP 832 DI 10.1023/A:1008881121726 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 149QV UT WOS:000077617600008 ER PT J AU Sun, JH DeBarr, GL Berisford, CW Schauff, ME AF Sun, JH DeBarr, GL Berisford, CW Schauff, ME TI Description of a new primary parasitoid, Zarhopalus ashmead (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae), of Oracella acuta (Homoptera : Pseudococcidae) SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID PINE SEED ORCHARDS AB Zarhopalus debarri Sun sp.nov. reared from the loblolly pine mealybug, Oracella acuta (Lobdell), in the southeastern United States is described. C1 US Forest Serv, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NE Forestry Univ, Dept Forestry, Harbin 150040, Peoples R China. Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP DeBarr, GL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 130 IS 6 BP 793 EP 797 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 156KK UT WOS:000078000000005 ER PT J AU Horton, DR Broers, DA Hinojosa, T Lewis, TM AF Horton, DR Broers, DA Hinojosa, T Lewis, TM TI Ovarian development in overwintering pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Homoptera : Psyllidae): Seasonality and effects of photoperiod SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID DIAPAUSE; POLYMORPHISM; FENOXYCARB AB Effects of photoperiod, time of year, temperature, and an insect growth regulator (fenoxycarb) on ovarian development rate in overwintering pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster), were determined. Winterform pear psylla were collected from the field at intervals between October and February, and reared at 20 degrees C and one of three treatments: short-day photoperiod, long-day photoperiod, or short-day photoperiod + fenoxycarb. Insects were then dissected at intervals to score ovarian development. Baseline scores (i.e., ovarian development in the field on date of collection) increased very slowly between October and February. By mid-February, only about 20% of insects in the field were categorized as having postdiapause status based upon ovarian development. In the laboratory, time required for insects to reach postdiapause status decreased between the October and February collection dates. Number of days necessary for 50% of the long-day insects to reach postdiapause status was approximately 2 weeks in October, 6 days in December, and a days in February. Short-day insects also required fewer than 2 days in February, but required >2 weeks in the October and December samples. Our results suggested that insects collected in January and February had completed diapause but that ovarian development was subsequently prevented in the field by low temperatures. Fenoxycarb caused rapid ovarian development even in October-collected insects; rate of development was only slightly more rapid in the February-treated psylla. C1 USDA ARS, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Horton, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 130 IS 6 BP 859 EP 867 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 156KK UT WOS:000078000000011 ER PT J AU Martin, JG Kloeppel, BD Schaefer, TL Kimbler, DL McNulty, SG AF Martin, JG Kloeppel, BD Schaefer, TL Kimbler, DL McNulty, SG TI Aboveground biomass and nitrogen allocation of ten deciduous southern Appalachian tree species SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID LEAF-AREA; SAPWOOD AREA; ANGIOSPERMS; EQUATIONS; FOREST; GROWTH AB Allometric equations were developed for mature trees of 10 deciduous species (Acer rubrum L., Betula lenta L., Carya spp., Cornus florida L., Liriodendron tulipifera L.,Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC., Qeurcus alba L., Quercus coccinea Muenchh., Quercus prinus L., and Quercus rubra L.) at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in western North Carolina, U.S.A. These equations included the following dependent variables: stem wood mass, stem bark mass, branch mass, total wood mass, foliage mass, total biomass, foliage area, stem surface area, sapwood volume, and total tree volume. High correlation coefficients (R-2) were observed for all variables versus stem diameter, with the highest being for total tree biomass, which ranged from 0.981 for Oxydendrum arboreum to 0.999 for Quercus coccinea. Foliage area had the lowest R-2 values, ranging from 0.555 for Quercus alba to 0.962 for Betula lenta. When all species were combined, correlation coefficients ranged from 0.822 for foliage area to 0.986 for total wood mass, total tree biomass, and total tree volume. Species with ring versus diffuse/semiring porous wood anatomy exhibited higher leaf area with a given cross-sectional sapwood area as well as lower total sapwood volume. Liriodendron tulipifera contained one of the highest foliar nitrogen concentrations and had consistently low branch, bark, sapwood, and heartwood nitrogen contents. For a tree diameter of 50 cm, Carya spp, exhibited the highest total nitrogen content whereas Liriodendron tulipifera exhibited the lowest. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Global Change Program, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Martin, JG (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, 115 Green Hall,1530 N Cleveland Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Martin, Jonathan/G-4558-2010 NR 40 TC 100 Z9 106 U1 9 U2 41 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 28 IS 11 BP 1648 EP 1659 DI 10.1139/cjfr-28-11-1648 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 162UE UT WOS:000078364500005 ER PT J AU Dickson, RE Coleman, MD Riemenschneider, DE Isebrands, JG Hogan, GD Karnosky, DF AF Dickson, RE Coleman, MD Riemenschneider, DE Isebrands, JG Hogan, GD Karnosky, DF TI Growth of five hybrid poplar genotypes exposed to interacting elevated CO2 and O-3 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID POPULUS X EURAMERICANA; BETULA-PUBESCENS EHRH; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ESTABLISHMENT-YEAR; AIR-POLLUTION; PLANT-GROWTH; ASPEN CLONES; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS AB A wide variety of hybrid poplar clones are being introduced for intensive culture biomass production, but the potential clonal or genotypic response to increasing tropospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O-3), and their interactions are unknown. To study these effects, we exposed five different hybrid Populus clones to increased concentrations of CO2, O-3, and CO2 + O-3 in open-top chambers for one growing season and determined growth responses. Exposure to elevated CO2 increased height growth, dry mass, and basal area; exposure to O-3 decreased all three of these growth responses. Exposure impact differed among the different plant parts (leaf, stem, and roots) and among the crones. These differences were associated with different growth strategies or carbon allocation patterns inherent in the different clones. The fastest growing clones had the greatest response to O-3 treatment. The addition of CO2 to the O-3 exposure counteracted the negative impact of O-3 in all plant components except leaf mass (e.g., CO2 + O-3 plant mass equaled control plant mass) in all of the clones. But correspondingly, added O-3 negated increased growth from CO2. Genetic variation in response to atmospheric pollutants must be considered even in closely related genotypes found in Populus culture. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Canadian Forestry Serv, Sault St Marie, ON P6A 5M7, Canada. RP Dickson, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RI Coleman, Mark/A-6741-2013 NR 73 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 28 IS 11 BP 1706 EP 1716 DI 10.1139/cjfr-28-11-1706 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 162UE UT WOS:000078364500011 ER PT J AU Peterjohn, WT McGervey, RJ Sexstone, AJ Christ, MJ Foster, CJ Adams, MB AF Peterjohn, WT McGervey, RJ Sexstone, AJ Christ, MJ Foster, CJ Adams, MB TI Nitrous oxide production in two forested watersheds exhibiting symptoms of nitrogen saturation SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; SOIL CORE METHOD; DENITRIFICATION; NITRIFICATION; ECOSYSTEMS; FLUXES; TEMPERATURES; NETHERLANDS; PLANTATION; DEPOSITION AB A major concern about N saturation is that it may increase the production of a strong greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O). We measured N2O production in two forested watersheds, a young, fertilized forest (WS 3) and an older, unfertilized forest (WS 4), to (i) assess the importance of N2O production in forests showing symptoms of N saturation; (ii) estimate the contribution of chemoautrophic nitrification to total N2O production; and (iii) examine the relative importance of factors that may control N2O production. During the study period, mean monthly rates of N2O production (3.41-11.42 mu g N.m(-2.)h(-1)) were consistent with measurements from other well-drained forest soils but were much lower than measurements from N-rich sites with poorly drained soils. Chemoautotrophic nitrification was important in both watersheds, accounting for 60% (WS 3) and 40% (WS 4) of total N2O production. In WS 3, N2O production was enhanced by additions of CaCO3 and may be constrained by low soil pH. In WS 4, N2O production on south-facing slopes was exceptionally low, constrained by low NO3- availability, and associated with a distinct assemblage of woody vegetation. From this observation, we hypothesize that differences in vegetation can influence N cycling rates and susceptibility to N saturation. C1 W Virginia Univ, Dept Biol, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Div Plant & Soil Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. RP Peterjohn, WT (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Biol, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM bpj@wvnvm.wvnet.edu NR 63 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 28 IS 11 BP 1723 EP 1732 DI 10.1139/cjfr-28-11-1723 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 162UE UT WOS:000078364500013 ER PT J AU Wu, YV Rosati, RR Brown, PB AF Wu, YV Rosati, RR Brown, PB TI Effects of lysine on growth of tilapia fed diets rich in corn gluten meal SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN-SOURCE; FISH-MEAL; FRY AB Tilapia is a warmwater fish with mild flavor. Nearly 8.6 million kg are produced domestically, and approximate to 22.7 million kg are imported. Corn gluten meal (60% protein fraction) is a product obtained from wet-milling of corn. Diets (36% protein) containing 36-44% corn gluten meal with different levels of lysine and fish meal were formulated and fed to tilapia in aquaria for 12 weeks. Weight gain (WG) of tilapia fed diets containing the highest level of lysine (7.4% protein) with 4% fish meal was equal to that of fish fed a commercial control diet. Diets with lower lysine resulted in lower WG. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of tilapia fed experimental diets containing adequate levels of essential amino acids and fish meal were the same as for fish fed the commercial control diet (also containing fish meal). Fish fed diets containing lower lysine levels had less favorable FCR and PER. This study shows that corn gluten meal is utilized at high levels in tilapia diets, particularly if essential amino acids are provided in adequate amounts. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Illinois State Univ, Dept Agr, Normal, IL 61790 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Wu, YV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 75 IS 6 BP 771 EP 774 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.6.771 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 138PK UT WOS:000076981300001 ER PT J AU Jun, WJ Seib, PA Chung, OK AF Jun, WJ Seib, PA Chung, OK TI Characteristics of noodle flours from Japan SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SWELLING VOLUME TEST; SOFT WHEATS; QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS; PASTE VISCOSITY; STARCH DAMAGE; UNITED-STATES; CHINESE; COMPONENTS; AUSTRALIA; PROTEIN AB The compositions and physical properties of Japanese salt and alkaline noodle flours were contrasted and compared to those of flours from U.S. hard white and soft white wheats (HWW and SWW) and from Australian SWW wheats often segregated for salt noodles. The alkaline noodle flours averaged 11.5% protein, which was 3% higher than the salt noodle flours, and they had lower ash content (0.35 vs. 0.41%). Granulation of the salt noodle flours showed the same proportion of small particles (<38 mu m) as in soft wheat flours but different levels of intermediate and large particles. The level of small particles was approximate to 10% greater in salt noodle flours than in the alkaline noodle flours. The alkaline noodle flours had approximate to 8% more fine particles and 2.5% more damaged starch than the HWW flours, which is consistent with fine grinding of hard wheat flour in the noodle flour. Starch damage also was higher in the salt noodle flours (5.3%) than in the SWW flours. The salt noodle flours had a higher sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume and a higher gluten index than the SWW flours from the United States. The SDS volume and gluten index were lower for the alkaline noodle flours than for the HWW flours, showing the preference for a mellow gluten of low-intermediate strength in alkaline noodle flour. Mixograph data also supported the conclusions of mellow gluten in alkaline noodle flour. The swelling powers (1.7% at 92.5 degrees C) for Australian SWW, salt noodle, U.S. HWW, U.S. SWW, and alkaline noodle flours, were 19.4, 18.1, 17.0, 16.1, and 15.8 g/g, respectively, showing the preferences for high- and low-swelling starch, respectively, in the salt noodle and the alkaline noodle flour. A similar order of flour swelling was indicated by peak viscosity of flours heated at 12% solids in starch paste viscosity analysis. Water holding capacity of flour was correlated highly (r = 0.95, P < 0.01) with swelling power, both measured at 1.7% flour solids at 92.5 degrees C. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Seib, PA (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 40 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 75 IS 6 BP 820 EP 825 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.6.820 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 138PK UT WOS:000076981300011 ER PT J AU Jun, WJ Chung, OK Seib, PA AF Jun, WJ Chung, OK Seib, PA TI Lipids in Japanese noodle flours SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID WHEAT-FLOUR; QUALITY; STARCHES; GLUTEN; BAKING AB Lipids in Japanese salt and alkaline noodle flours and in Australian soft white wheat (SWW) flours were extracted and compared. Nonstarch lipid (NSL) and free lipid (FL) levels ranges were 1.33-1.71% and 0.84-1.04%, respectively, for nine Japanese salt noodle flours compared to 1.43-1.50% and 0.97-1.00% for three Australian SWW flours used mainly to prepare salt noodle. The six Japanese alkaline noodle flours averaged approximate to 15% less NSL and 20% less FL than the Australian flours. The NSL was separated by column chromatography into nonpolar lipid (NL), glycolipid (GL), and phospholipid (PL) fractions. The NSL extracted from salt noodle and Australian flours contained approximate to 36% more NL than that from alkaline noodle flour. The composition of NSL was similar for salt noodle and Australian SWW flours but was different for alkaline noodle flour. Japanese salt noodle flour could be differentiated from alkaline noodle flour by the higher levels of NSL and FL, although those elevated levels may be caused in part to the somewhat higher extraction rate for the salt-noodle flours. However, two parameters independent of extraction rate, the ratios of NL/PL and NL/ash were 47 and 15% higher, respectively, in the salt vs. alkaline noodle flours. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Seib, PA (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 75 IS 6 BP 826 EP 829 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.6.826 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 138PK UT WOS:000076981300012 ER PT J AU Hareland, GA Puhr, DP AF Hareland, GA Puhr, DP TI Baking performance of durum and soft wheat flour in a sponge-dough breadmaking procedure SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID QUALITY AB Breadmaking properties were determined for formulations that included durum, soft, and spring wheat flour, using a pound-loaf sponge-dough baking procedure. Up to 60% durum or soft wheat flour plus 10% spring wheat flour could be incorporated at the sponge stage for optimum dough-handling properties. At remix, the dough stage required 30% spring wheat flour. Bread made with 100% spring wheat flour was used as a standard for comparison. Bread made with 60% durum flour exhibited internal crumb color that was slightly yellow When storing pound bread leaves for 72 hr, crumb moisture content remained unchanged. Crumb firmness and enthalpy increased the most in bread made with 60% soft wheat flour. Crumb firmness increased the least in bread made with 100% spring wheat flour. Enthalpy changed the least in bread made with 60% durum flour. Crumb moisture content was significantly correlated with crumb firmness (r = -0.82) and enthalpy (r = -0.65). However, crumb moisture content was specific for each type of flour and a function of flour water absorption; therefore, these correlations should be interpreted with caution. Crumb firmness and enthalpy were significantly correlated (r = 0.65). Ball-milling flour resulted in an increase in water absorption of approximate to 2% and in crumb moisture content of approximate to 0.5% but had no effect on either crumb firmness or enthalpy. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, USDA ARS, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Hareland, GA (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, USDA ARS, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 75 IS 6 BP 830 EP 835 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.6.830 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 138PK UT WOS:000076981300013 ER PT J AU Hareland, GA AF Hareland, GA TI Effects of break-roll speed differential on product yield and semolina granulation in a durum pilot mill system SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Changes in break-roll speed differential in a 25-quintal (55-cwt) durum pilot mill system (136 kg/hr feed rate capacity) affected total yield of semolina, flour, and bran; semolina yield from different purifiers; and semolina granulation (150- to 841-mu m particle size range). By adjusting the speed differential of the break and chunk roll pairs from 1.5:1 to 2.5:1 to 3.5:1, semolina yield increased significantly from 55 to 67 to 72%, respectively, and bran yield decreased significantly from 24 to 15 to 11%, respectively. Shorts yield was not affected by speed differential. At 1.5:1, semolina contained 9% flour, compared with 5% flour at 2.5:1 and 3.5:1. C1 N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Hareland, GA (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 75 IS 6 BP 836 EP 840 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.6.836 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 138PK UT WOS:000076981300014 ER PT J AU Seitz, LM Chung, OK Rengarajan, R AF Seitz, LM Chung, OK Rengarajan, R TI Volatiles in selected commercial breads SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POTENT ODORANTS; WHEAT; FLAVOR; CRUST; CRUMB AB Selected types of commercial breads obtained from local markets, including white sandwich, Irish oatmeal, soft rye, hearty rye, sour dough, home-like white, and onion-basil, were analyzed for volatiles. Using a purge and trap instrument, volatiles were purged directly from fresh crumb and crust samples of each bread type, collected on a trap (Tenax-TA), and transferred to a gas chromatograph. Separated components were detected and identified using mass and infrared spectroscopic detectors. Many components were present in all of the bread samples, with relative amounts varying among bread types and crust and crumb samples of a given bread type. Alcohols were generally the most abundant, followed in approximate order by aldehydes, esters, ketones, acids, various aromatics, terpenes, and hydrocarbons. Flavor additives, such as limonene, carvone, and other related compounds, were found mostly in rye and onion-basil breads. Composition of volatiles from sour dough bread differed greatly from the other breads, especially in increased levels of aldehydes, acids, and certain esters. Unsaturated aldehydes, such as 2-hexenal and 2-heptenal, were most abundant in sour dough bread. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Reg, US Grain Mkt Res Lab, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Seitz, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Reg, US Grain Mkt Res Lab, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 11 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 75 IS 6 BP 847 EP 853 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.6.847 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 138PK UT WOS:000076981300016 ER PT J AU Kahlon, TS Edwards, RH Chow, FI AF Kahlon, TS Edwards, RH Chow, FI TI Effect of extrusion on hypocholesterolemic properties of rice, oat, corn, and wheat bran diets in hamsters SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LOWERS PLASMA-CHOLESTEROL; TWIN-SCREW EXTRUSION; SERUM-LIPIDS; WHOLE WHEAT; FED RATS; FIBER; BARLEY; SUPPLEMENTATION; COOKING; QUALITY AB Brans from rice, oats, corn, and wheat were cooked in a twin-screw extruder at either high or low energy input, and their cholesterol-lowering effects were compared with those of unprocessed brans when fed to four-week-old male golden Syrian hamsters (n = 10 per treatment) for three weeks. Peanut oil was added to oat, corn, and wheat bran during the extrusion process to match the oil content of rice bran. Diets contained 10% total dietary fiber, 10.3% fat, 3% nitrogen, and 0.3% cholesterol. Plasma and liver cholesterol and total liver lipids were significantly lower with low-energy extruded wheat bran compared with unprocessed wheat bran. Extrusion did not alter the hypocholesterolemic effects of rice, oat, or corn brans. Plasma and liver cholesterol levels with corn bran were similar to those with oat bran. Relative cholesterol-lowering effects of the brans, determined with pooled (extruded and unextruded) bran data, were rice bran > oat bran > corn bran > wheat bran. Rice bran diets resulted in significantly lower levels of total plasma cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with all other brans. Total liver cholesterol and liver cholesterol concentrations (mg/g) were significantly lower with high-energy extruded rice bran compared with the cellulose control group. Plasma cholesterol and total liver cholesterol values with low-energy extruded wheat bran were similar to those with rice bran (unextruded or extruded) diets. Lowered cholesterol with rice bran diets may result in part from greater lipid and sterol excretion with these diets. Results with low-energy extruded wheat bran suggest that this type of processing may improve the potential for lowering cholesterol with wheat bran products. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Kahlon, TS (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 30 TC 30 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 75 IS 6 BP 897 EP 903 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.6.897 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 138PK UT WOS:000076981300025 ER PT J AU Nimmagadda, AP Burri, BJ Neidlinger, T O'Brien, WA Goetz, MB AF Nimmagadda, AP Burri, BJ Neidlinger, T O'Brien, WA Goetz, MB TI Effect of oral beta-carotene supplementation on plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA levels and CD4(+) cell counts in HIV-infected patients SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MICRONUTRIENT INTAKE; AIDS AB We conducted a pilot, open-label study to assess the effect of short-term beta-carotene administration (180 mg/d with meals for 4 weeks) on the plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA levels and CD4(+) lymphocyte counts in 21 HIV-infected patients. We found that plasma HIV RNA levels and CD4(+) lymphocyte counts did not change following this short course of beta-carotene supplementation. Patients with lower serum concentrations of beta-carotene before supplementation were no more likely to have an increase in their CD4(+) lymphocyte count or plasma HIV RNA copy number than were those with higher concentrations. No correlation was found between pre- or postsupplementation beta-carotene or vitamin A concentrations and pre- or postsupplementation CD4(+) lymphocyte counts or plasma HIV RNA titers. This study provides no support for beta-carotene supplementation for HIV-infected subjects with normal baseline serum levels of beta-carotene and vitamin A. C1 W Los Angeles Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Los Angeles, CA 90073 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. RP Goetz, MB (reprint author), W Los Angeles Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, 111F,11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90073 USA. NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 27 IS 5 BP 1311 EP 1313 DI 10.1086/514990 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 137YQ UT WOS:000076945000033 PM 9827288 ER PT J AU Shaffer, MJ Brodahl, MK AF Shaffer, MJ Brodahl, MK TI Rule-based management for simulation in agricultural decision support systems SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE whole-farm management; production rules; soil-crop models ID PRODUCTIVITY; EROSION; MODEL AB Rule-based management systems can offer the farmer or consultant the opportunity to better approximate current or proposed management options, especially as they relate to dynamic conditions in farm fields and across the whole farm. Most existing attempts at rule-based management within simulation-oriented agricultural decision support systems (DSS) involve limited extension of fixed management dates in response to environmental conditions, or involve rules for implementing limited management events such as fertilizer applications or irrigations. A comprehensive rule-based management system for agricultural DSS was developed that allows simulated management events to occur in response to flexible producer-defined rules and to weather and management induced changes in the soil-crop system over time and space. The system provides a simple, English-based rules language, a rules development editor, and software to parse and interpret these rules and provide linkages to application DSS;software packages such as Great Plains Framework for Agricultural Resource Management (GPFARM). Rules can be quickly and easily developed that cover management activities for individual management units (MUs) or groups of MUs. Feedback to the simulation package at each time step provides for generation of site- and time-specific management events across the application. Tests of the rule-based system on: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), fallow and wheat-fallow crop rotations used in eastern Colorado showed that management events were simulated within the correct time windows and in the proper sequence. Dates for simulated events varied as expected across each rotational cycle as a function of temporal conditions. Additional work is anticipated to allow dynamic calculation of event attributes, capture and implementation of producer time priorities, and a simplified menu system for the rule editor. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Shaffer, MJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 26 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 21 IS 2 BP 135 EP 152 DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(98)00031-3 PG 18 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 154RM UT WOS:000077902600004 ER PT J AU Burhans, DE Thompson, FR AF Burhans, DE Thompson, FR TI Effects of time and nest-site characteristics on concealment of songbird nests SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE brood parasitism; Cardinalis cardinalis; nest concealment; nest predation; nest-site selection; Passerina cyanea; Spizella pusilla ID BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; HABITAT SELECTION; EASTERN KINGBIRDS; PREDATION; FLYCATCHERS; PARASITISM; SIZE; WARBLERS; BEHAVIOR AB We studied the effect of time and nest-site characteristics on nest concealment measurements and analyzed differences in concealment between parasitized, nonparasitized, depredated, and fledged nests. Mean concealment at nests of three old-field bird species was best explained by bird species, nest plant and height of the nest. Nests lost concealment over time, particularly those placed high in shrubs or roses (Rosa spp.). Mean and minimum concealment did not explain occurrence of predation or brood parasitism for any of the three bird species, and concealment at parasitized versus unparasitized nests and depredated versus fledged nests did not change differently over time. A literature review showed that most studies of real passerine nests using visual nest concealment have taken measurements after nest termination, and few studies indicated that concealment was important in explaining nest predation or brood parasitism. Late concealment measurements may be an additional source of error in nesting studies, especially if predation or parasitism is more likely to occur at nests sharing similar vegetation characteristics. C1 Univ Missouri, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Burhans, DE (reprint author), Univ Missouri, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, 202 ABNR, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM dburhans/nc_co@fs.fed.us NR 57 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 8 U2 19 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 1998 VL 100 IS 4 BP 663 EP 672 DI 10.2307/1369747 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 137CM UT WOS:000076897100007 ER PT J AU Swindle, MM Harvey, RB Kasari, E Buckley, SA AF Swindle, MM Harvey, RB Kasari, E Buckley, SA TI Chronic cecal cannulation in Yucatan miniature swine SO CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB We surgically implanted four female Yucatan miniature swine (mean weight, 8.8 kg) with rigid, epoxy-filled polyurethane cannulas to obtain chronic access to the cecum for microbiological studies. After a 48-h fast, animals were preanesthetized with ketamine (33 mg/kg, IM) and acetylpromazine (1.1 mg/kg, IM), followed by general anesthesia with isoflurane. They were placed in dorsal recumbency, and a midline incision was made from the xiphoid to the umbilicus. A cannula was implanted into the most dependent portion of the cecum and exteriorized through the lateral abdominal wall in such a manner as to alleviate tension on the incision. After recovery, these animals were successfully manipulated without chemical restraint for microbiological studies through the cannula for >200 days. One animal's cannula eroded from the incision at 206 days, but there were no complications encountered with this procedure. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Comparat Med, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Lab Anim Resources, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. RP Swindle, MM (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Comparat Med, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE PI MEMPHIS PA 9190 CRESTWYN HILLS DR, MEMPHIS, TN 38125 USA SN 1060-0558 J9 CONTEMP TOP LAB ANIM JI Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 37 IS 6 BP 68 EP 70 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA V2597 UT WOS:000165532000006 ER PT J AU Mason, JR Epple, G AF Mason, JR Epple, G TI Evaluation of bird repellent additives to a simulated pesticide carrier formation SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE bird; chemosensory; pesticide; repellent; Sturnus vulgaris ID HOUSE-SPARROWS; METHYL ANTHRANILATE; GRIT USE; STARLINGS AB No-till agriculture involves the use of pelleted and granular pesticides and chemically treated seeds. Some of these products kill birds. The present experiments were designed to investigate whether four candidate repellents (methyl anthranilate, ortho-aminoacetophenone, d-pulegone, and pine oil) would reduce consumption by European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) of clay particles similar in size and shape to particles normally used for pesticide delivery. All substances reduced consumption (P<0.05), although none completely eliminated it. To achieve further reductions in consumption, other particle characteristics might be considered. These include the use of colors that make particles indistinct from the substrate, and a texture or particle size that diminishes the likelihood that particles will be ingested as grit. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Monell Chem Senses Ctr, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Denver Wildlife Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Mason, JR (reprint author), Utah State Univ, APHIS, WS, NWRC,Predator Ecol Project,USDA, BNR 163, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 17 IS 8 BP 657 EP 659 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(98)00067-2 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 150VD UT WOS:000077685600007 ER PT J AU McCarty, JC Jenkins, JN Zhu, J AF McCarty, JC Jenkins, JN Zhu, J TI Introgression of day-neutral genes in primitive cotton accessions: I. Genetic variances and correlations SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Many of the primitive accessions of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., are photoperiodic and not readily useable by plant breeders. Five generations of day-neutral progenies (F-5, BC1F5, BC2F5, BC3F5, and BC4F5) derived from 16 accessions crossed to 'Deltapine 16' were evaluated for agronomic and fiber traits for 3 yr. Genetic variance components for each trait and correlation among these traits were studied. variation of accession generation was highly significant for all traits studied. Main effects for accessions and generations were significant; however, the magnitude was relatively small compared with the interaction variation. The breeding merit of day-neutral progenies should be evaluated according to specific accessions. Lint yield had significant but small positive phenotypic correlation with lint percentage, boil size, and 2.5% span length, but not with the other traits studied. Highly significant positive correlations were found for effects of accession, generation, and accession x generation between lint yield and lint percentage. With the use of multiple backcrosses to introgress day-neutral genes in primitive cotton accessions large interaction can be expected between accession and backcross generation; therefore, specific generations should be evaluated for the trait of interest. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Zhejiang Agr Univ, Dept Agron, Hangzhou 310029, Peoples R China. Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP McCarty, JC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Sci Res Lab, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM jcm@ra.msstate.edu RI Zhu, Jun/B-9945-2009 NR 12 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1425 EP 1428 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100002 ER PT J AU McCarty, JC Jenkins, JN Zhu, J AF McCarty, JC Jenkins, JN Zhu, J TI Introgression of day-neutral genes in primitive cotton accessions: II. Predicted genetic effects SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Primitive accessions of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., may provide useful traits for cultivar development. Genetic effects for yield, yield components, and fiber traits were analyzed for five generations of day-neutral progenies. The genetic material was derived from introgressing day-neutral genes from 'Deltapine 16' into 16 primitive accessions with single and multiple backcrosses creating 80 populations representing one to four doses of the unadapted accession. Yield and fiber traits were determined from field plot studies conducted for 3 yr. Significant accession effects were detected for all the traits studied. Significant generation main effects were found for three yield traits and one fiber trait. As expected, yield was predicted to decrease with more cycles of backcrossing to the accession. Accessions x generation interactions were detected for some traits which indicated that not all generations were having equal effects. This genetic analysis provides useful information when utilizing these accessions. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Zhejiang Agr Univ, Dept Agron, Hangzhou 310029, Peoples R China. Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS USA. RP McCarty, JC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Sci Res Lab, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM jcm@ra.msstate.edu RI Zhu, Jun/B-9945-2009 NR 11 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1428 EP 1431 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100003 ER PT J AU Williams, WP Davis, FM Buckley, PM AF Williams, WP Davis, FM Buckley, PM TI Resistance to southwestern corn borer in corn after anthesis SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE; GROWTH AB Southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, is an important pest of corn, Zea mays L., in the southern USA and Mexico. Germplasm with resistance to attack by southwestern corn borer in the vegetative stages has been released; however, resistance to attack after anthesis has not yet been identified. The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate a diallel cross among a group of inbred lines, some of which appeared to exhibit resistance in laboratory and preliminary field tests, and to evaluate the effectiveness of visual ratings of leaf sheath and husk damage in identifying resistant hybrids. The nine-parent diallel cross was grown for 2 yr and plants were infested with southwestern corn borer larvae 7 d after anthesis. Leaf sheaths and husks were visually rated and larvae recovered, counted, and weighed 14 d after infestation. Husks were also collected from an additional planting of the diallel cross within 3 d after silk emergence, lyophilized, and used in preparation of laboratory diets. Larvae were fed on the diets for 21 d and then weighed. Leaf sheath and husk ratings were not significant among hybrids; however, differences in number of larvae, mean larval weight, and total weight of larvae collected from a plant in the field test and mean larval weight in the laboratory among hybrids were significant. General combining ability (GCA) was a significant source of variation among hybrids for all traits. Estimates of general combining ability effects indicated that the parental inbreds, Mp305 and SC213, contributed to resistance of their hybrids. C1 ARS, USDA, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Williams, WP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Box9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1514 EP 1517 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100018 ER PT J AU Wilcox, JR AF Wilcox, JR TI Increasing seed protein in soybean with eight cycles of recurrent selection SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Inverse relationships between seed protein and both seed yield and seed oil have limited progress in developing economically profitable high protein soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars. This study evaluated changes in and limitations to seed protein concentration, associated changes in seed oil concentration, and variability for these traits during eight cycles of recurrent selection for seed protein. Seed of a line with 483 g kg(-1) protein was blended with seed of two F-2 Populations segregating for male sterility (ms2ms2). S-0 plants from random matings in the population were evaluated in each cycle for plant maturity and for seed protein and oil concentration. The 20% of plants with highest seed protein in Cycles 0 through 3 and the 10% of plants with highest seed protein in Cycles 4 through 7 were randomly intermated to initiate the next cycle. Plant maturity was not consistently associated with either seed protein or oil in the eight cycles of selection. Recurrent selection increased mean seed protein 5.8 g kg(-1) and decreased mean seed oil 2.3 g kg(-1) per cycle. A stronger inverse relationship between seed protein and oil was observed in later than in earlier cycles as indicated by steeper slopes of and decreased variability around regression lines in later cycles. Most of the alleles for this trait were accumulated in the high protein selections by Cycle 5. An average of 53% of the plants in Cycles 6 through 8 had 480 g kg(-1) or greater seed protein. Progenies of these plants would be excellent sources of phenotypes that combine high seed protein with good agronomic traits. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Wilcox, JR (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 12 TC 46 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 7 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1536 EP 1540 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100021 ER PT J AU Robinson, SL Wilcox, JR AF Robinson, SL Wilcox, JR TI Comparison of determinate and indeterminate soybean near-isolines and their response to row spacing and planting date SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE; YIELD AB Determinate (DET) and indeterminate (IND) soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] differ in growth habit and have responded differently to planting date and row spacing. The purpose of this study was to compare DET and IND near-isolines for phenological and agronomic traits and to determine similarity of response of the isolines to planting date and row width. Thirty-eight F-5-derived DET and IND nearisolines were randomly selected from six soybean populations, The lines were evaluated in three replications of a split (planting date), split (row spacing), split (isoline) plot design over a 2-yr period, Data were recorded on the days to first flowering, days to maturity, length of the reproductive period, and on plant height, lodging, and seed yield. Lines within growth habits responded similarly to row spacing, but the interactions of planting dates with lines within growth habits were significant for all traits measured. The DET lines were very similar to their IND isoline counterparts for phenological traits measured at two planting dates (r = 0.84** and 0.90**), less similar for plant height (r = 0.71**), and even less similar for plant lodging (r = 0.53** and 0.64**). There was no association between DET and IND isolines for seed yield at the early planting date and a weak association at the late planting date. This suggests that the two plant types responded differently to environmental factors that affect seed yield. However, the highest yielding DET and IND isolines averaged over both years, planting dates, and row spacings were derived from the same Fg plant, providing evidence that loci affecting superior seed yield could be expressed in either plant type. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. FFR Cooperat, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. RP Wilcox, JR (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 10 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 7 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1554 EP 1557 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100024 ER PT J AU De Haan, RL Barnes, DK AF De Haan, RL Barnes, DK TI Inheritance of pod type, stem color, and dwarf growth habit in Medicago polymorpha SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID YIELD AB Identification of marker traits in annual Medicago species (medics) would assist plant breeders in cultivar development. The objective of this research was to determine the inheritance of pod type, stem color, and dwarf growth habit in Medicago polymorpha L., a diploid species. Progeny from each of three crosses were evaluated in the F-1, F-2, and F-3 generations. Results indicate that pod type was controlled by a single gene with a dominant allele for spiny pods. We propose the gene symbol Sp(1) for the pod type trait. Stem color also was controlled by a single gene, with a dominant allele for red stems. We propose Rs(1) as the gene symbol for this trait. The dwarf trait was not present in the parents or the F-1 generation, but was observed in the F-2 generation of one of the crosses. Dwarf plants had much shorter stems, internodes, and leaf petioles than normal plants, and they also had smaller, puckered leaves. The trait appeared to be controlled by two genes with partial recessive epistasis. We propose the gene symbols Dw(1) and Dw(2) for this trait. Results indicated that the genes for pod type and stem color segregated independently and were not linked. C1 Dordt Coll, Dept Agr, Sioux Ctr, IA 51250 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP De Haan, RL (reprint author), Dordt Coll, Dept Agr, Sioux Ctr, IA 51250 USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1558 EP 1561 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100025 ER PT J AU Aiken, GE Springer, TL AF Aiken, GE Springer, TL TI Stand persistence and seedling recruitment for eastern gamagrass grazed continuously for different durations SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRIPSACUM-DACTYLOIDES; SHOOT; CARBOHYDRATE; GERMINATION; RESERVES; ECOLOGY AB Eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dacryloides L.) is a warm-season perennial grass with significant forage potential. Grazing must be carefully managed for this grass to persist. A 3-yr study was conducted to evaluate the persistence of eastern gamagrass with stocking rates designed to graze eastern gamagrass to a height of 30 to 38 cm and then deferring grazing for the remainder of the season. The experimental site was on a Leadvale silt-loam soil (fine-silty, silceous, thermic Typic Fragidult), Pastures were stocked at different rates to impose the following treatments: (i) long duration continuous stocking at a Light stocking rate (LDLS; 3.0 steers ha(-1)), (ii) intermediate duration continuous stocking at a moderate stocking rate (IDMS; 4.9 steers ha(-1)), and (iii) short duration continuous stocking at a heavy stocking rate (SDHS; 7.4 steers ha(-1)). Length of grazing averaged 142 +/- 6 (+/- SEM) d for LDLS, 110 +/- 8 d for IDMS, and 85 +/- 7 d for SDHS. New seedlings of eastern gamagrass emerged each spring at similar densities in all three treatments. Some of these plants survived and increased plant densities over the 3 yr for LDLS and IDMS, but not for SDHS, Concentrations of nitrogen (N) and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) stored in proaxes were similar among the three grazing treatments in April at the initiation of spring growth, and in October just before the onset of winter dormancy. Ungrazed plants had higher TNC than grazed plants in October, but the grazed plants had sufficient reserves to retain their vigor for 3 yr, Eastern gamagrass can persist under a variety of stocking rates if grazing is deferred for the remainder of the growing season when canopy height falls to 30 to 38 cm. C1 ARS, USDA, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Guymon, OK 73942 USA. RP Aiken, GE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, 6883 Highway 23 S, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1592 EP 1596 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100030 ER PT J AU Cooper, RJ Liu, CH Cooper, RJ AF Cooper, RJ Liu, CH Cooper, RJ TI Influence of humic substances on rooting and nutrient content of creeping bentgrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PLANT AB Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine if application of humic substances to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) turf would improve root mass, root length, or nutrient uptake. A commercially mined granular humate, a commercial liquid humic acid (HA), and liquid HAs extracted from leonardite, peat, and soil were applied to creeping bentgrass growing in either sand or solution culture and maintained at a height of 6 mm. Foliar applications included monthly or biweekly applications of HAs at 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg HA L-1. In sand culture, humate incorporated to a depth of 10 cm stimulated a 45% increase in root mass at the 0- to 10-cm depth and a 38% increase in root mass at the 10- to 20-cm depth compared with the control. Incorporation of granular humate increased maximum root length 15% compared,vith non-treated turf in sand culture. No foliar applied HA source consistently provided rooting superior to the control in either sand or solution culture. Nitrogen, Ca, Mg, and Fe uptake were relatively unaffected by humic substance application. The phosphorous concentration of plants in sand culture was increased 3 to 5% by incorporated humate and foliar application of soil, peat, or Leonardite-derived HA. In solution culture, however, P uptake was unaffected by HA application. The lack of improved rooting or increased P uptake in solution culture supports the hypothesis that humic acids may have limited growth promoting effects on plants adequately supplied with nutrients. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Cooper, RJ (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM Rich_Cooper@ncsu.edu NR 22 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 8 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1639 EP 1644 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100037 ER PT J AU Dubcovsky, J Lukaszewski, AJ Echaide, M Antonelli, EF Porter, DR AF Dubcovsky, J Lukaszewski, AJ Echaide, M Antonelli, EF Porter, DR TI Molecular characterization of two Triticum speltoides interstitial translocations carrying leaf rust and greenbug resistance genes SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WHEAT; REARRANGEMENTS AB Resistance genes for leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm.) and greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rondani) were transferred from chromosome 78 of Triticum speltoides (Tausch) Gren. to chromosome 7A of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by means of the ph1b mutation that promotes homeologous recombination. The chromosome segments from T. speltoides were characterized by C-banding and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). Since the segments of T. speltoides chromosome 78 do not recombine with wheat chromosome 7A in the presence of the wild-type Phl locus only one molecular marker per chromosome segment is required to monitor the introgressed genes in marker assisted selection programs. The new leaf rust resistance gene, designated Lr47, and the greenbug resistance gene Gb5 were located on interstitial chromosome segments from T. speltoides translocated to wheat chromosome arms 7AS and 7AL, respectively. Physically, both were located in the distal one third of the arms, but genetically the Lr47 segment was 2 to 10 centimorgans (cM) from the centromere and was 20 to 30 cM long; the Gb5 segment was 18 to 22 cM from the centromere and was 40 to 50 cM long. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Inst Recursos Biol, RA-1712 Castelar, Argentina. INTA, RA-1712 Castelar, Argentina. USDA, ARS, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Dubcovsky, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. RI ECHAIDE, MERCEDES/I-1649-2015; Dubcovsky, Jorge/A-4969-2008 OI ECHAIDE, MERCEDES/0000-0002-0836-0858; Dubcovsky, Jorge/0000-0002-7571-4345 NR 15 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1655 EP 1660 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100040 ER PT J AU Jin, W Palmer, RG Horner, HT Shoemaker, RC AF Jin, W Palmer, RG Horner, HT Shoemaker, RC TI Molecular mapping of a male-sterile gene in soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SEQUENCE REPEAT DNA; LINKAGE MAP; MARKERS; RICE; POLYMORPHISMS; RECOMBINATION; ARABIDOPSIS AB A newly identified genic male-sterile mutant in soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] has high seed set under natural field conditions and is potentially useful in breeding programs. Meiosis is normal in the mutant line. Sterility in this mutant is caused by failure of callose dissolution at the tetrad stage, which results in microspore abortion; however, little is known about the male-sterile gene at the molecular level. The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers linked with the male-sterile gene (ms) and to place the ms gene onto the soybean molecular genetic map. An F2 population of 107 individuals was constructed from a cross between the mutant msMOS (ms ms) and the cultivar Minsoy (Ms Ms). Two hundred seventy markers, including 219 RFLP and 51 SSRs, were evaluated. Of these, 102 RFLP probes and 31 SSR markers detected polymorphisms between the parents. The F2 population was screened for segregation of these polymorphic molecular markers. Analyses revealed that the male-sterile focus, designated 'ms', was located on linkage group Dib of the USDA/ISU soybean molecular genetic map. The availability of linked DNA markers will facilitate the genetic analysis of this male-sterility gene in relation to soybean breeding programs, and will be a starting point for the isolation of the ms gene by map-based cloning. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Interdept Plant Physiol Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Bot, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, CICGR, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Palmer, RG (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 35 TC 22 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1681 EP 1685 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100043 ER PT J AU Torbert, KA Rines, HW Kaeppler, HF Menon, GK Somers, DA AF Torbert, KA Rines, HW Kaeppler, HF Menon, GK Somers, DA TI Genetically engineering elite oat cultivars SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PLANT-REGENERATION; TISSUE-CULTURES; CALLUS; AVENA AB Previous work has shown that tissue cultures initiated from mature embryos of a specific experimental oat (Avena sativa L.) line, Gaf/ Park, fan be genetically engineered and fertile plants regenerated. The objectives of this study were to investigate the initiation of tissue cultures from mature embryos of 16 elite North American spring oat cultivars and to determine whether these tissue cultures can be used to produce transgenic plants. Fifteen of the genotypes tested produced at least some embryogenic callus that was similar in appearance to transformable callus. The elite cultivar Belie was tested to determine whether it could be genetically engineered. From 30 microprojectile bombardment treatments, 17 independently genetically engineered tissue cultures were produced that regenerated fertile, transgenic plants. These results indicate that the mature embryo-derived tissue culture system will be useful for genetically engineering elite oat cultivars. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Somers, DA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1685 EP 1687 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100044 ER PT J AU Franco, J Crossa, J Villasenor, J Taba, S Eberhart, SA AF Franco, J Crossa, J Villasenor, J Taba, S Eberhart, SA TI Classifying genetic resources by categorical and continuous variables SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EM ALGORITHM; CONVERGENCE; ACCESSIONS AB Hierarchical and nonhierarchical clustering methods are used for classifying genetic resources. In hierarchical clustering methods, all variables (categorical and continuous) can be used to form the subpopulations (groups or clusters), but in standard nonhierarchical methods only the continuous variables are incorporated in the analysis. The Location model (LM) allows classifying individuals into homogeneous subpopulations by continuous and categorical variables. In practice, the multinomial variable of the LM that arises from the combination of all the categorical variables usually shows empty cells in some subpopulations with the consequence of not allowing estimation of cell means and within-cell variances and covariances. The main objectives of this study were (i) to develop the Modified Location model (MLM) that allows empty cells in some subpopulations under the assumption that the means and the variance-covariance matrices depend on a given subpopulation instead of on a specific cell, (ii) to show how to use the MLM in the context of two-stage clustering in which the Ward method is used to form the initial groups and the MLM is applied to those groups (Ward-MLM), and (iii) to show how to apply the Ward-MLM to three different data sets to study some of its features and to compare results with other methods. The two-stage clustering strategy of finding initial groups by the Ward method and then improving the composition of the groups by the MLM produces compact and well-separated groups with respect to all the variables (categorical and continuous) compared with classifications obtained with only categorical variables, with only continuous variables, and with the standard Location model. C1 CIMMYT, Biometr & Stat Unit, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. CIMMYT, Int Maize & Wheat Improvement Ctr, Biometr & Stat Unit, Mexico City 06600, DF, Mexico. Colegio Postgrad, Programa Estadist, Montecillo, Mexico. CIMMYT, Genet Resources Unit, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Crossa, J (reprint author), CIMMYT, Biometr & Stat Unit, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. OI Crossa, Jose/0000-0001-9429-5855 NR 25 TC 61 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1688 EP 1696 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100045 ER PT J AU Devine, TE Hatley, EO Starner, DE AF Devine, TE Hatley, EO Starner, DE TI Registration of 'Derry' forage soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, Inst Plant Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, No Piedmont Agr Res & Ext Ctr, Orange, VA 22960 USA. RP Devine, TE (reprint author), ARS, Inst Plant Sci, USDA, Bldg 001,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Rd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1719 EP 1719 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100056 ER PT J AU Devine, TE Hatley, EO AF Devine, TE Hatley, EO TI Registration of 'Donegal' forage soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Weed Sci Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Devine, TE (reprint author), ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Weed Sci Lab, USDA, Bldg 001,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1719 EP 1720 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100057 ER PT J AU Devine, TE Hatley, EO Starner, DE AF Devine, TE Hatley, EO Starner, DE TI Registration of 'Tyrone' forage soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, Inst Plant Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, No Piedmont Agr Res & Ext Ctr, Orange, VA 22960 USA. RP Devine, TE (reprint author), ARS, Inst Plant Sci, USDA, Bldg 001,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1720 EP 1720 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100058 ER PT J AU Haley, SD Gellner, JL Jin, Y Langham, MAC Stymiest, C Rickertsen, J Ruden, BE Kalsbeck, S Chung, OK Seabourn, BW McVey, DV Hatchett, JH AF Haley, SD Gellner, JL Jin, Y Langham, MAC Stymiest, C Rickertsen, J Ruden, BE Kalsbeck, S Chung, OK Seabourn, BW McVey, DV Hatchett, JH TI Registration of 'Tandem' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Hard Winter Wheat Qual Lab, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Hard Winter Wheat Qual Lab, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Haley, SD (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RI Haley, Scott/C-1228-2013 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1721 EP 1721 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100059 ER PT J AU Haley, SD Gellner, JL Jin, Y Langham, MAC Stymiest, C Rickertsen, J Ruden, BE Kalsbeck, S Chung, OK Seabourn, BW McVey, DV Hatchett, JH AF Haley, SD Gellner, JL Jin, Y Langham, MAC Stymiest, C Rickertsen, J Ruden, BE Kalsbeck, S Chung, OK Seabourn, BW McVey, DV Hatchett, JH TI Registration of 'Crimson' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Hard Winter Wheat Qual Lab, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Haley, SD (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RI Haley, Scott/C-1228-2013 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1722 EP 1722 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100060 ER PT J AU Meredith, WR AF Meredith, WR TI Registration of eight sub-okra, semi-smooth, and nectariless near-isolines of DES 119 cotton germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LEAF MORPHOLOGY; LINT YIELD; HOMOPTERA; TRAIT C1 USDA ARS, Cotton Physiol & Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Meredith, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cotton Physiol & Genet Res Unit, Box 314, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. EM bmeredit@ag.gov NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1725 EP 1725 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100064 ER PT J AU White, WH Burner, DM Legendre, BL Miller, JD AF White, WH Burner, DM Legendre, BL Miller, JD TI Registration of 12 sugarcane germplasm clones resistant to sugarcane borer: HoCP 92-678, HoCP 93-775, and HoCP 93-776, US 93-15 to US 93-17, and US 96-1 to US 96-6 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70361 USA. ARS, USDA, Sugarcane Res Unit, Canal Point, FL 33440 USA. RP White, WH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70361 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1726 EP 1727 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100065 ER PT J AU Henning, JA Currier, CG Townsend, MS Ray, IM Melton, BA AF Henning, JA Currier, CG Townsend, MS Ray, IM Melton, BA TI Registration of NMCOMP81-BAA1 alfalfa germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. ARS, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Curier Abstract Co, Roswell, NM 88201 USA. Artesia Exp Stn, Artesia, NM USA. Leyendecker Exp Stn, Las Cruces, NM USA. RP Ray, IM (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1727 EP 1727 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100066 ER PT J AU Miklas, PN Grafton, KF Kelly, JD Schwartz, HF Steadman, JR AF Miklas, PN Grafton, KF Kelly, JD Schwartz, HF Steadman, JR TI Registration of four white mold resistant dry bean germplasm lines: I9365-3, I9365-5, I9365-31, and 92BG-7 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Aci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Miklas, PN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 7 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1728 EP 1728 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100067 ER PT J AU Hallauer, AR Lamkey, KR White, PR AF Hallauer, AR Lamkey, KR White, PR TI Registration of B107, B108, and B109 inbred lines of maize SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, USDA, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hallauer, AR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Lamkey, Kendall/D-7631-2013 OI Lamkey, Kendall/0000-0001-8510-8798 NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1731 EP 1731 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 148HW UT WOS:000077500100070 ER PT J AU Saha, BC Bothast, RJ AF Saha, BC Bothast, RJ TI Effect of carbon source on production of alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase by Aureobasidium pullulans SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COLOR VARIANT STRAIN; BACILLUS-STEAROTHERMOPHILUS; ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS; CELL-WALL; PURIFICATION; ENZYMES AB A color-variant strain of Aureobasidium pullulans (NRRL Y-12974) produced alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (alpha-L-AFase) when grown in liquid culture on sugar beet arabinan, wheat arabino-xylan, L-arabinose, L-arabitol, xylose, xylitol, oat spelt xylan, corn fiber, or arabinogalactan. L-Arabinose was most effective for production of both whole-broth and extracellular alpha-L-AFase activity, followed by L-arabitol. Oat spelt xylan, sugar beet arabinan, xylose, xylitol, and wheat arabinoxylan were intermediate in their ability to support alpha-L-AFase production. Lower amounts of enzyme activity were detected in corn fiber- and arabinogalactan-grown cultures. C1 ARS, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Saha, BC (reprint author), ARS, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 37 IS 5 BP 337 EP 340 DI 10.1007/s002849900388 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 128TP UT WOS:000076422900008 ER PT J AU Murphy, KL Klopatek, JM Klopatek, CC AF Murphy, KL Klopatek, JM Klopatek, CC TI The effects of litter quality and climate on decomposition along an elevational gradient SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Bouteloua gracilis; carbon; Gutierrezia sarothrae; Juniperus monosperma; lignin; mass loss; nitrogen; Pinus edulis; Pinus ponderosa ID LONG-TERM DECOMPOSITION; SCOTS PINE FOREST; ORGANIC-CHEMICAL COMPONENTS; MASS-LOSS RATES; LEAF-LITTER; NEEDLE LITTER; SUBSTRATE QUALITY; CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; LIGNIN CONTROL; NITROGEN AB The process of decomposition is controlled by both biotic and abiotic factors. While it has been widely hypothesized that litter quality and climatic conditions regulate decomposition, the relative importance of these factors appears to vary across biomes. This study examines the decomposition of native plant litter along an elevational gradient in northern Arizona to determine the influence of litter quality and climate on the rate of decomposition in semiarid communities. A litter-bag experiment was performed using needle/leaf litter from Pinus ponderosa, Pinus edulis, Juniperus monosperma, Gutierrezia sarothrae, and Bouteloua gracilis. The five litter types are representative of the dominant local vegetation and offer a range of litter qualities. The bags were placed along a gradient, running from Great Basin Desert scrub (1960 m) through a pinyon-juniper woodland (2100 m) and up into a ponderosa pine forest (2280 m). Samples were collected and analyzed over a period of 2 yr. Decomposition was closely correlated with the relative proportion of easily decomposed carbon fractions to recalcitrant fractions for the first year. Litter from G. sarothrae and B. gracilis contained relatively low levels of lignin and high levels of cellulose and carbohydrates, and these litter types exhibited significantly faster rates of decay than the highly lignified pine and juniper litter. The order of the relative rates of decomposition was G. sarothrae much greater than B. gracilis > J. monosperma > P. ponderosa = P. edulis. There was no correlation between initial litter nitrogen content and the rate of decomposition, suggesting that decomposition is limited by carbon substrates rather than by nutrient content. Decomposition rates were significantly greater at the upper elevation sites, which were colder and wetter. Evidence strongly suggests that decomposition is limited by moisture in these ecosystems. Warmer temperatures resulting from climate change may not increase the rate of decomposition in the Southwest unless accompanied by increases in available moisture. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Microbiol, USDA, Forest Serv, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Klopatek, JM (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 56 TC 112 Z9 120 U1 2 U2 59 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 8 IS 4 BP 1061 EP 1071 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141EL UT WOS:000077129600012 ER PT J AU He, HS Mladenoff, DJ Radeloff, VC Crow, TR AF He, HS Mladenoff, DJ Radeloff, VC Crow, TR TI Integration of gis data and classified satellite imagery for regional forest assessment SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE associated species; data integration; ecoregion; Forest Inventory and Analysis; forest inventory; forest landscape modeling; Geographic Information Systems; Landsat Thematic Mapper; satellite forest classification; secondary species; stand age; subcanopy ID LANDSAT; UNDERSTORY; INVENTORY AB New methods are needed to derive detailed spatial environmental data for large areas, with the increasing interest in landscape ecology and ecosystem management at large scales. We describe a method that integrates several data sources for assessing forest composition across large, heterogeneous landscapes. Multitemporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite data can yield forest classifications with spatially detailed information down to the dominant canopy species level in temperate deciduous and mixed forests. We stratified a large region (10(6) ha) by ecoregions (10(3)-10(4) ha). Within each ecoregion, plot-level, field inventory data were aggregated to provide information on secondary and subcanopy tree species occurrence, and tree age class distributions. We derived a probabilistic algorithm to assign information from a point coverage (forest inventory sampling points) and a polygon coverage (ecoregion boundaries) to a raster map (satellite land cover classification). The method was applied to a region in northern Wisconsin, USA. The satellite map captures the occurrence and the patch structure of canopy dominants. The inventory data provide important secondary information on age class and associated species not available with current canopy remote sensing. In this way we derived new maps of tree species distribution and stand age reflecting differences at the ecoregion scale. These maps can be used in assessing forest patterns across regional landscapes, and as input data in models to examine forest landscape change over time. As an example, we discuss the distribution of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) as an associated species and its potential for restoration in our study region. Our method partially fills a current information gap at the landscape scale. However, its applicability is also limited to this scale. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP He, HS (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Radeloff, Volker/B-6124-2016; OI Radeloff, Volker/0000-0001-9004-221X; He, Hong S./0000-0002-3983-2512 NR 31 TC 49 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 21 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 8 IS 4 BP 1072 EP 1083 DI 10.2307/2640962 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141EL UT WOS:000077129600013 ER PT J AU Knapp, RA Vredenburg, VT Matthews, KR AF Knapp, RA Vredenburg, VT Matthews, KR TI Effects of stream channel morphology on golden trout spawning habitat and recruitment SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE golden trout; livestock grazing; recruitment; reproduction; salmonids; Sierra Nevada; spawning habitat; stream alteration; stream morphology ID LAKE DISTRICT STREAM; YOUNG MIGRATORY TROUT; CORAL-REEF FISH; SALMO-TRUTTA; POPULATION REGULATION; CUTTHROAT TROUT; BROWN TROUT; MARINE POPULATIONS; SCOTTISH STREAM; LIMITATION AB Populations of stream-dwelling salmonids (e.g., salmon and trout) are generally believed to be regulated by strong density-dependent mortality acting on the age-0 life stage, which produces a dome-shaped stock-recruitment curve. Although this paradigm is based largely on data from anadromous species, it has been widely applied to stream-resident salmonids despite the fact that the processes limiting or regulating stream-resident populations remain poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether stream channel morphology affects the availability of spawning habitat for California golden trout, and whether spawning habitat availability influences the production of age-0 trout and recruitment into the adult population. Wide stream reaches contained significantly more spawning habitat and a higher density of nests and age-0 trout than did narrow reaches. In contrast to the idea that salmonid populations are regulated by density-dependent mortality of age-0 fish, we found that the mortality of age-0 trout was largely density independent. In addition, over most of the range of observed fish densities, the density of a particular cohort was positively correlated between years for age-0, age-1, and age-2 trout. Therefore, our golden trout study population was limited by spawning habitat, with spawning habitat availability influencing the production of age-0 trout as well as recruitment into the adult population. Grazing by cattle has widened the study streams, and our current findings help to explain why stream sections subject to grazing had more spawning habitat and higher golden trout densities than ungrazed sections. individual growth rates of golden trout are apparently negatively density dependent, and these grazing-related increases in trout density have likely resulted in decreased growth rates. Our study demonstrates that it is only by gaining an understanding of how processes operate that we will be able to predict the effects of habitat alteration on populations. C1 Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Knapp, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Star Route 1,Box 198, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. RI Knapp, Roland/B-1337-2009; Matthews, Kathleen/G-8773-2012 OI Knapp, Roland/0000-0002-1954-2745; NR 79 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 12 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 8 IS 4 BP 1104 EP 1117 DI 10.2307/2640965 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141EL UT WOS:000077129600016 ER PT J AU Welsh, HH Ollivier, LM AF Welsh, HH Ollivier, LM TI Stream amphibians as indicators of ecosystem stress: A case study from California's redwoods SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Ascaphus truei; bioindicators; California; Dicamptodon tenebrosus; ecosystem stress; redwood ecosystem; Rhyacotriton variegatus; sedimentation; stream amphibians ID FROG ASCAPHUS-TRUEI; RAIN-FOREST FROGS; NATURAL FLUCTUATIONS; SEDIMENT PRODUCTION; ROAD CONSTRUCTION; HUMAN IMPACTS; TAILED FROG; POPULATIONS; HABITAT; DECLINES AB Road construction of the Redwood National Park highway bypass resulted in a large accidental infusion of fine sediments into pristine streams in Prairie Creek State Park, California, during an October 1989 storm event. This incident provided a natural experiment where we could measure, compare, and evaluate native stream amphibian densities as indicators of stream ecosystem stress. We employed a habitat-based, stratified sampling design to assess the impacts of these sediments on the densities of aquatic amphibians in five impacted streams by comparing them with densities in five adjacent, unimpacted (control) streams. Three species were sampled in numbers sufficient to be informative: tailed frogs (Ascaphus truei, larvae), Pacific giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus, paedomorphs and larvae), and southern torrent salamanders (Rhyacotriton variegatus, adults and larvae). Densities of amphibians were significantly lower in the streams impacted by sediment. While sediment effects were species specific, reflecting differential use of stream microhabitats, the shared vulnerability of these species to infusions of fine sediments is probably the result of their common reliance on interstitial spaces in the streambed matrix for critical life requisites, such as cover and foraging. Many streamdwelling amphibians are highly philopatric and long-lived, and they exist in relatively stable populations. These attributes: make them more tractable and reliable indicators of potential biotic diversity in stream ecosystems than anadromous fish or macroinvertebrates, and their relative abundance can be a useful indicator of stream condition. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Welsh, HH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Ave, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 98 TC 151 Z9 162 U1 16 U2 87 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 8 IS 4 BP 1118 EP 1132 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141EL UT WOS:000077129600017 ER PT J AU Taulman, JF Smith, KG Thill, RE AF Taulman, JF Smith, KG Thill, RE TI Demographic and behavioral responses of southern flying squirrels to experimental logging in Arkansas SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE experimental logging in Arkansas (USA); flying squirrels and forest disturbance; forest corridors through harvested areas; forest fragmentation; Glaucomys volans; greenbelts; habitat selection; nest-box usage by flying squirrels; Ouachita National Forest (Arkansas, USA); silviculture; even-aged and uneven-aged; southern flying squirrel densities ID ISLAND-BIOGEOGRAPHIC THEORY; GLAUCOMYS-VOLANS; HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENT; SMALL MAMMALS; HABITAT; FRAGMENTATION; FOREST; SELECTION; ABUNDANCE; RESOURCES AB This study investigated responses of populations of southern flying squirrels to a range of experimental even-aged and uneven-aged timber-harvest practices along a gradient of increasing disturbance intensity. The goals were to determine whether measurable demographic parameters of squirrels in experimental forests would change after logging; whether a disturbance threshold existed within the range of harvest practices implemented beyond which squirrels would not nest on a stand; and whether squirrels would show selection in the use of nest boxes in logged and unlogged habitats. Winter nest-box surveys were conducted in the Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas, USA, in 21 15-ha stands representing three replicated groups of six silvicultural treatments (pine-hardwood single-tree selection, pine single-tree selection, pine-hardwood shelterwood, pine shelterwood, pine-hardwood seed tree, and pine seed tree), plus an unaltered control during 1993, prior to harvest, and after harvest in 1994-1996. Neither densities of nesting squirrels nor use of boxes for nests or feeding stations differed among treatment groups prior to harvests. Densities declined on all harvested stands after treatment in 1994; during the same period population growth was observed on control stands. A partial rebound in squirrels' use of nest boxes in some harvested stands occurred in 1995 and 1996. Prior to harvest, squirrels used boxes in all habitats in similar proportions. After logging, frequency of box use in greenbelt habitat (unharvested buffer strips along intermittent streams) was significantly greater than in harvested areas. On control stands the ratio of boxes used to those available did not change throughout the study. The ratio of boxes used per squirrel increased on harvested stands, even as squirrel densities declined, indicating a reduction in natural nesting resources after logging. The presence of mature forests adjacent to harvested stands, as well as retention of greenbelt habitat, overstory hardwoods, and snags within harvested areas, reduced the severity of logging impacts on flying squirrels. The seed-tree harvest regime, particularly without retained overstory hardwoods, appears to produce a level of disturbance and resource depletion that is too severe for flying squirrel persistence. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, So Res Stn, Nacogdoches, TX 75961 USA. RP Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 60 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 6 U2 23 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 8 IS 4 BP 1144 EP 1155 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141EL UT WOS:000077129600019 ER PT J AU Sharov, AA Liebhold, AM AF Sharov, AA Liebhold, AM TI Model of slowing the spread of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) with a barrier zone SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE barrier zone; biological invasion; gypsy moth; Lymantria dispar; model; population spread ID CENTRAL APPALACHIANS; NORTH-AMERICA; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT; EXPANSION; DYNAMICS; VELOCITY; COUNTS AB When attempts to eradicate an introduced pest species fail and it becomes: established, barrier zones are often used to stop or to slow the spread of the population into uninfested areas. The U.S. Forest Service is currently conducting a Slow-the-Spread (STS) pilot project to evaluate the feasibility of slowing the spread of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) in several areas along the population front. To predict the effect of barrier zones on the rate of gypsy moth spread we developed a model that assumes establishment of isolated colonies beyond the expanding population front. These colonies grow, coalesce, and thereby contribute to the movement of the population front. The model estimates the rate of spread from two functions: (1) colonization rate as a function of the distance from the population front and (2) population numbers in a colony as a function of colony age. Eradication of isolated colonies in a barrier zone was simulated by truncating the colonization rate function beyond a specific distance from the population front. The model predicts that eradication of isolated colonies in the STS project will result in a 54% reduction of spread rate. The actual rate of spread in the Appalachian Mountains has declined by 59% since 1990 when eradication of isolated colonies started. Thus, model predictions were close to the observed reduction in the rate of population spread. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Entomol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, USDA, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Sharov, AA (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Entomol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 31 TC 119 Z9 126 U1 2 U2 21 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 8 IS 4 BP 1170 EP 1179 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[1170:MOSTSO]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141EL UT WOS:000077129600021 ER PT J AU Reeve, JD Rhodes, DJ Turchin, P AF Reeve, JD Rhodes, DJ Turchin, P TI Scramble competition in the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis SO ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bark beetles; intraspecific competition; Dendroctonus frontalis ID TYPOGRAPHUS-JAPONICUS-NIIJIMA; BARK BEETLES; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; IPS-TYPOGRAPHUS; INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; COLEOPTERA-SCOLYTIDAE; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; MODELS; HOST AB 1. The nature of intraspecific competition was investigated in the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, a highly destructive pest of pine forests in the southern U.S.A. Data were analysed from an observational study of naturally-attacked trees, and from field experiments where attack density was manipulated by adding different numbers of beetles to caged trees. 2. The effect of attack density on gallery construction, oviposition, brood survival, and the overall rate of increase was examined, and a flexible model of intraspecific competition used to classify the type of competition (contest or scramble) at different points in the life cycle. 3. The results of these analyses suggest that contest competition occurs during gallery construction and oviposition, in accord with previous work on D. frontalis. Strong scramble competition occurs later on in development, however, and the overall competitive process is better characterized as scramble competition, similar to other bark beetles. Trees with attack densities sufficiently high to produce significant competition are common in the field. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Storrs, CT USA. RP Reeve, JD (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 50 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0307-6946 J9 ECOL ENTOMOL JI Ecol. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 23 IS 4 BP 433 EP 443 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2311.1998.00143.x PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 143XL UT WOS:000077282800011 ER PT J AU Iverson, LR Prasad, AM AF Iverson, LR Prasad, AM TI Predicting abundance of 80 tree species following climate change in the eastern United States SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE climate change; envelope analysis; forest inventory; geographic information systems (GIS); global change; landscape ecology; predictive vegetation mapping; regression tree analysis (RTA); species-environment relationships; tree species distribution; tree species migration; tree species ranges ID DECISION-TREE; CONTINENTAL-SCALE; VEGETATION; MODEL; RESPONSES; FORESTS; PINE; CLASSIFICATION; TEMPERATURE; BALANCE AB Projected climate warming will potentially have profound effects on the earth's biota, including a large redistribution of tree species. We developed models to evaluate potential shifts for 80 individual tree species in the eastern United States. First, environmental factors associated with current ranges of tree species were assessed using geographic information systems (GIS) in conjunction with regression tree analysis (RTA). The method was then extended to better understand the potential of species to survive and/or migrate under a changed climate. We collected, summarized, and analyzed data for climate, soils, land use, elevation, and species assemblages for >2100 counties east of the 100th meridian. Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) data for >100000 forested plots in the East provided the tree species range and abundance information for the trees. RTA was used to devise prediction rules from current species-environment relationships, which were then used to replicate the current distribution as well as predict the future potential distributions under two scenarios of climate change with twofold increases in the level of atmospheric CO2. Validation measures prove the utility of the RTA modeling approach for mapping current tree importance values across large areas, leading to increased confidence in the predictions of potential future species distributions. With our analysis of potential effects, we show that roughly 30 species could expand their range and/or weighted importance at least 10%, while an additional 30 species could decrease by at least 10%, following equilibrium after a changed climate. Depending on the global change scenario used, 4-9 species would potentially move out of the United States to the north. Nearly half of the species assessed (36 out of 80) showed the potential for the ecological optima to shift at least 100 km to the north, including seven that could move >250 km. Given these potential future distributions, actual species redistributions will be controlled by migration rates possible through fragmented landscapes. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Iverson, LR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RI Iverson, Louis/C-7554-2009 OI Iverson, Louis/0000-0001-9501-471X NR 66 TC 435 Z9 457 U1 10 U2 154 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 68 IS 4 BP 465 EP 485 DI 10.1890/0012-9615(1998)068[0465:PAOTSF]2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 136PM UT WOS:000076868400001 ER PT J AU Dale, VH Lugo, AE MacMahon, JA Pickett, STA AF Dale, VH Lugo, AE MacMahon, JA Pickett, STA TI Ecosystem management in the context of large, infrequent disturbances SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE disturbance; ecosystem management; land use; recovery; spatial heterogeneity; succession ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; YELLOWSTONE FIRES; LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; NATURE-RESERVES; HURRICANE HUGO; NORTH-AMERICA; PUERTO-RICO; LAND-USE; FOREST; ERUPTION AB Large, infrequent disturbances (LIDs) can have significant impacts yet seldom are included in management plans. Although this neglect may stem from relative unfamiliarity with a kind of event that rarely occurs in the experience or jurisdiction of individual managers, it may also reflect the assumption that LIDs are so large and powerful as to be beyond the ability of managers to affect. However, some LIDs can be affected by management, and for many of those that cannot be affected, the resilience or recovery of the system disrupted by the disturbance can be influenced to meet management goals. Such results can be achieved through advanced planning that allows for LIDs, whether caused by natural events, human activities, or a combination of the two. Management plans for LIDs may adopt a variety of goals, depending on the nature of the system and the nature of the anticipated disturbance regime. Managers can choose to influence (a) the system prior to the disturbance, (b) the disturbance itself, (c) the system after the disturbance, or (d) the recovery process. Prior to the disturbance, the system can be managed in ways that alter its vulnerability or change how it will respond to a disturbance. The disturbance can be managed through no action, preventive measures, or manipulations that can affect the intensity or frequency of the disturbance. Recovery efforts can focus on either managing the state of the system immediately after the disturbance or managing the ongoing process of recovery. This review of the management implications of LIDs suggests that management actions should be tailored to particular disturbance characteristics and management goals. Management actions should foster survival of residuals and spatial heterogeneity that promote the desired recovery pattern and process. Most importantly, however, management plans need to recognize LIDs and include the potential for such disturbances to occur. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RP Dale, VH (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM vhd@ornl.gov RI Dale, Virginia/B-6023-2009 NR 94 TC 60 Z9 66 U1 5 U2 35 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 1 IS 6 BP 546 EP 557 DI 10.1007/s100219900050 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 153CJ UT WOS:000077815300006 ER PT J AU Wear, DN Bolstad, P AF Wear, DN Bolstad, P TI Land-use changes in Southern Appalachian landscapes: Spatial analysis and forecast evaluation SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Review DE landscape modeling; land use; information theory; forecasting; spatial analysis; Southern Appalachians ID ECONOMETRIC-ANALYSIS; DYNAMICS; MODELS AB Understanding human disturbance regimes is crucial for developing effective conservation and ecosystem management plans and for targeting ecological research to areas that define scarce ecosystem services. We evaluate and develop a forecasting model for land-use change in the Southern Appalachians. We extend previous efforts by (a) addressing the spatial diffusion of human populations, approximated by building density, (b) examining a long time period (40 years, which is epochal in economic terms), and (c) explicitly testing the forecasting power of the models. The resulting model, defined by linking a negative binomial regression model of building density with a legit model of land cover, was fit using spatially referenced data from four study sites in the Southern Appalachians. All fitted equations were significant, and coefficient estimates indicated that topographic features as well as location significantly shape population diffusion and land use across these landscapes. This is especially evident in the study sites that have experienced development pressure over the last 40 years. Model estimates also indicate significant spatial autocorrelation in land-use observations. Forecast performance of the models was evaluated by using a separate validation data set for each study area. Depending on the land-use classification scheme, the models correctly predicted between 68% and 89% of observed land uses. Tests based on information theory reject the hypothesis that the models have no explanatory power, and measures of entropy and information gain indicate that the estimated models explain between 47% and 66% of uncertainty regarding land-use classification. Overall, these results indicate that modeling land-cover change alone may not be useful over the long run, because changing land cover reflects the outcomes of more than one human process (for example, agricultural decline and population growth). Here, additional information was gained by addressing the spatial spread of human populations. Furthermore, coarse-scale measures of the human drivers of landscape change (for example, population growth measured at the county level) appear to be poor predictors of changes realized at finer scales. Simulations demonstrate how this type of approach might be used to target scarce resources for conservation and research efforts into ecosystem effects. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Wear, DN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM dwear/srs_rtp@fs.fed.us NR 31 TC 175 Z9 188 U1 2 U2 41 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 1 IS 6 BP 575 EP 594 DI 10.1007/s100219900052 PG 20 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 153CJ UT WOS:000077815300008 ER PT J AU Widstrom, NW Snook, ME AF Widstrom, NW Snook, ME TI A gene controlling biosynthesis of isoorientin, a compound in corn silks antibiotic to the corn earworm SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE maize; Zea mays; Helicoverpa zea; antibiosis; flavonoids ID ZEA-MAYS; MAIZE SILKS; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; GROWTH; FLAVONOIDS AB The corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) is an important pest of corn (Zea mays L.), and its larvae sometimes cause severe ear damage to hybrids grown in the southeastern United States. The antibiotic compound isoorientin is present in silks of some corn inbreds at a concentration that is harmful to corn earworm larvae. The inbred T21X, which produces biologically active levels of this compound (>2.0% dry weight), was evaluated in hybrid combination with two other non-isoorientin producing inbreds to determine the mode of isoorientin inheritance in corn silks. Silk masses from individual ears of each parent, the F-1, F-2, first backcrosses, F-3 families and selfed BC1 families were evaluated in 1994 and 1995 for isoorientin concentration. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to make chemical determinations. Segregation ratios in the F-2, first backcross to T218, F3 families and selfed BC1 families were tested. The rests were conclusive in the identification of a single recessive gene controlling high isoorientin concentration in the silks of inbred T218. Some evidence for modifiers exists, in that there was a statistically nonsignificant trend for more plants than expected to occur in the low isoorientin concentration classes. Development of inbreds with a high concentration of the simply inherited isoorientin in their silks will add to the arsenal of compounds available in corn silks to combat damage to corn by corn earworm larvae. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Plant Resistance Germplasm Enhancement Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Phytochem Res Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Widstrom, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Plant Resistance Germplasm Enhancement Unit, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. EM nwidstro@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu NR 24 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 89 IS 2 BP 119 EP 124 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1998.00390.x PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 161YE UT WOS:000078316600003 ER PT J AU Beyer, WN Day, D Morton, A Pachepsky, Y AF Beyer, WN Day, D Morton, A Pachepsky, Y TI Relation of lead exposure to sediment ingestion in mute swans on the Chesapeake Bay, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; waterfowl; copper; metals ID SOIL INGESTION; CYGNUS-OLOR; COPPER AB Although wildlife risk assessments are generally based on the accumulation of environmental contaminants through food chains, wildlife may also ingest contaminants incidentally with sediment. Forty-two mute swans (Cygnus olor) were collected from unpolluted portions of central Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA, in spring 1995, and their intestinal digesta were analyzed for 13 metals (aluminum [Al], boron, barium, cadmium, copper [Cu], iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel,lead [Pb], strontium, vanadium, and zinc) and for acid-insoluble ash, a marker of sediment. Swan livers and sediment samples also were analyzed for the same metals. Group method of data handling demonstrated that the digesta Al, which is associated with clays, was the best predictor of digesta Pb. Adding concentrations of other metals as predictors did not improve the accuracy of the estimates of Pb concentrations from Al concentrations. The r(2) of the equation relating the log of digesta Pb to the log of digesta Al was 0.86, whereas the r(2) of the equation relating the log of digesta Pb to the log of digesta acid-insoluble ash was 0.50. Accounting for the sediment ingested was critical to determining the exposure of mute swans to Pb, as well as to some of the other metals, and sediment ingestion should be considered in ecotoxicological risk assessments of waterfowl. The mean of 7.4% acid-insoluble ash in the digesta corresponded to an estimated 3.2% sediment in the diet. The Pb concentrations in the digesta were two to three times the concentration that would have been predicted from sediment Pb concentrations; presumably, the swans had ingested clays high in Pb that had settled on the vegetation. The swans were probably not exposed to high Cu concentrations but nevertheless had hepatic Cu concentrations that would be considered very high if found in other species. C1 US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Beyer, WN (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 12011 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 19 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 8 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 17 IS 11 BP 2298 EP 2301 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<2298:ROLETS>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 130TV UT WOS:000076537200021 ER PT J AU Dien, BS Hespell, RB Wyckoff, HA Bothast, RJ AF Dien, BS Hespell, RB Wyckoff, HA Bothast, RJ TI Fermentation of hexose and pentose sugars using a novel ethanologenic Escherichia coli strain SO ENZYME AND MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alcohol; biofuel; Escherichia coli; fermentation; pentoses ID LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE GENE; CLONING; XYLOSE; COMPLEMENTATION; SEQUENCE AB We developed a novel xylose-utilizing ethanologenic Escherichia coli strain FBR3 with the potential for fermentation of mixed sugars from lignocellulosic hydrolysates into ethanol in an antibiotic-free media, This stain carries the plasmid pLOI297 which contains the genes from Zymomonas mobilis necessary for efficiently converting pyruvate into ethanol. Strain FBR3 selectively maintains pLOI297 when grown anaerobically. Cultures of strain FBR3 were serially transferred ten times in aerobic and anaerobic cultures containing either glucose or xylose with no selective antibiotic. An average of 97.4 +/- 3.5% of the cells maintained pLOI297 in anaerobic cultures. In contrast, the plasmid quickly disappeared from aerobic cultures. Plasmid maintenance depends upon deletion of two enzyme activities: pyruvate formate lyase (pfl) and lactate dehydrogenase (Idh). The stability of the pfl mutation was confirmed by the absence of hydrogen gas production, an indirect assay for pfl activity, in each of the cultures. The FBR3 strain was transferred on xylose-containing medium and tested in pH-controlled batch fermentations for efficient conversion of pentoses and hexoses into ethanol. The batch medium contained either 10% (w/v) arabinose, glucose, xylose, or a mixture of these sugars. Fermentations were completed in 70-80 h and ethanol yields were 90-91% of theoretical; maximum ethanol concentrations were 4.38-4.66% (w/v). The fermentation performance of the new FBR3 strain compared favorably to the previously reported performance of strain K011. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Dean Foods, Rockford, IL USA. RP USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Dien, Bruce/0000-0003-3863-6664 NR 27 TC 40 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0141-0229 EI 1879-0909 J9 ENZYME MICROB TECH JI Enzyme Microb. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 1998 VL 23 IS 6 BP 366 EP 371 DI 10.1016/S0141-0229(98)00064-7 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 122WH UT WOS:000076094100003 ER PT J AU Bartke, A Brown-Borg, HM Bode, AM Carlson, J Hunter, WS Bronson, RT AF Bartke, A Brown-Borg, HM Bode, AM Carlson, J Hunter, WS Bronson, RT TI Does growth hormone prevent or accelerate aging? SO EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on the Neurobiology and Neuroendocrinology of Aging CY JUL 26-31, 1998 CL BREGENZ, AUSTRIA SP SO Ill Univ, Sch Med, RW Johnson Pharmaceut Res Inst, Junifur Fdn, Orentreich Fdn Advancement Sci, Searle Pharmaceut, SO Ill Univ, Grad Sch DE growth hormone; dwarf mice; transgenic mice; body temperature; oxidative damage; tumors ID TRANSGENIC MICE; DWARF MICE; CALORIC RESTRICTION; TESTICULAR FUNCTION; INSULIN-RECEPTORS; LIFE EXPECTANCY; BOVINE; GENE; PITUITARY; MOUSE AB It is very well documented that plasma growth hormone (GH) levels decline with age in the human and in experimental animals, and there is considerable evidence that age-related changes in body composition may be caused by reduced function of the GH-ICF-I system. However, excessive GH levels are associated with reduced life expectancy in acromegalic patients and with symptoms of accelerated aging in GH transgenic mice. Hereditary dwarf mice deficient in GH, prolactin, and TSH live much longer than their normal siblings. Possible mechanisms of delayed aging in dwarf mice include lower core body temperature and reduced oxidative processes. It is suggested that the controversies concerning the apparent potential of GH to both prevent and accelerate aging may be reconciled by interpreting the results in light of the negative relationship between body size and life span within a species. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 So Illinois Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Univ N Dakota, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Edwin James Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ Waterloo, Dept Biol, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Bartke, A (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RI Bartke, Andzej/D-6640-2017 OI Bartke, Andzej/0000-0002-2569-557X FU NIA NIH HHS [AG 14193]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD 20001, HD 20033] NR 79 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0531-5565 J9 EXP GERONTOL JI Exp. Gerontol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 33 IS 7-8 BP 675 EP 687 DI 10.1016/S0531-5565(98)00032-1 PG 13 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 150EH UT WOS:000077650200005 PM 9951615 ER PT J AU Fields, MW Russell, JB Wilson, DB AF Fields, MW Russell, JB Wilson, DB TI The role of ruminal carboxymethylcellulases in the degradation of beta-glucans from cereal grain SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Prevotella bryantii; polysaccharide; rumen; CMCase; mannanase; mutant; carboxymethylcellulase; beta-glucan; cellulose ID RUMINOCOCCUS-FLAVEFACIENS FD-1; FIBROBACTER-SUCCINOGENES S85; PREVOTELLA-RUMINICOLA B(1)4; BACTEROIDES-SUCCINOGENES; ENDOGLUCANASE GENE; STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS; CELLULOSE; EXPRESSION; BACTERIA; RUMEN AB The non-cellulolytic ruminal bacterium, Prevotella bryantii, grew rapidly on water soluble beta-glucans, but a mutant deficient in carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) activity could not. Native activity gels prepared with CMC and beta-glucan indicated that the CMCase and beta-glucanase activities migrated at similar rates. When a plasmid carrying the P. bryantii CMCase was transferred to Escherichia coli, the clone had CMCase and beta-glucanase activities. P. bryantii grew on mixed beta-1,3-1,4 glucans, but not on beta-1,3 glucan, and similar results were obtained with the cellulolytic ruminal bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD1 and Ruminococcus albus B199). Mixed ruminal bacteria from cattle fed hay had twice as much CMCase activity as bacteria from cattle fed 90% cereal grain (P < 0.05), and the CMCase and beta-glucanase activities were highly correlated (r(2) = 0.93) for the 22 samples tested. The CMCase and beta-glucanase activities of mixed ruminal bacteria migrated slowly through polyacrylamide gels, but the migration distances were approximately the same. When beta-glucan-utilizing ruminal bacteria were isolated from cattle fed hay or 90% cereal grain, 70 and 38% of the strains, respectively, had CMCase activity. A similar trend was observed with cellobiose-utilizing isolates (70 and 35%, respectively, were CMCase positive). All CMCase positive, cellobiose-utilizing ruminal bacteria could grow on beta-glucan. CMCase activity was not strongly correlated with cellulose utilization, and less than 15% of the CMCase positive isolates grew on ball-milled cellulose. Based on these results, the cell-associated CMCases of ruminal bacteria provide a mechanism for utilizing water soluble beta-glucans from cereal grains. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Biochem Mol & Cell Biol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 261 EP 268 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00542.x PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 140UJ UT WOS:000077106500005 ER PT J AU Ruddell, S Stevens, JA Bourke, IJ AF Ruddell, S Stevens, JA Bourke, IJ TI International market access issues for forest products SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB For as long as there have been borders, competing in international markets has involved additional considerations beyond cultural and language differences. A vast array of government trade taxes (tariffs) and restrictions (non-tariff barriers) have impeded the free flow of goads between countries. Since the end of World War II, international attempts to reduce these tariff and non-tariff barriers have proceeded slowly but steadily. Recent developments have continued this trend. However, a number of new issues, especially related to the environment, may have an impact on future forest products trade. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Forestry, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR USA. UN, Food & Agr Org, Div Forest Prod, Rome, Italy. RP Ruddell, S (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Forestry, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 48 IS 11-12 BP 20 EP 26 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 148UT UT WOS:000077552200004 ER PT J AU Dickerson, SD Stevens, J AF Dickerson, SD Stevens, J TI Marketing characteristics of Michigan hardwood products exporters SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID OREGON LUMBER PRODUCERS; NONEXPORTERS; KENTUCKY; 1980S AB A survey of Michigan hardwood products showed that the primary product exported is hardwood lumber. The most active exporters export more than one product, have been in business fewer years, and are larger than less active exporters. Active exporters have more internationally oriented marketing scope, use a variety of sales elements, and seek to increase the use of multiple sales channels. These firms have higher self-rated levels of knowledge concerning international business elements, although there are no significant differences in the respondents' levels of experience and training in international business activities. Given that a common goal of these companies is to increase exports, the responses suggest that they may experience difficulty further expanding foreign markets due to low allocations of resources directed toward exporting. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Forestry, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Dickerson, SD (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Forestry, 126 Nat Resources, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 48 IS 11-12 BP 36 EP 42 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 148UT UT WOS:000077552200006 ER PT J AU Eastin, IL Lane, CL Fight, RD Barbour, J AF Eastin, IL Lane, CL Fight, RD Barbour, J TI An assessment of the industrial markets for softwood clearwood lumber SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GROWTH AB The purpose of this project was to assess market opportunities for second-growth clearwood lumber by identifying industry segments that currently utilize clearwood lumber and determining whether alternative markets will continue to exist for clearwood lumber produced from intensively managed forests in the Pacific Northwest. A survey of industrial lumber remanufacturers was conducted in 1995 to identify: 1) those industry segments that currently utilize clearwood lumber as a raw material input for their manufacturing process; and 2) those clearwood lumber attributes that are perceived to be important by managers within specific segments of the remanufacturing industry. Frequencies and mean responses were used to analyze the demographic information as well as the softwood lumber attribute ratings. A factor analysis was used to reduce the original 16 lumber attributes to 4 factors: timber quality, manufacturing properties, mechanical properties, and economic/price characteristics. A perceptual map of the survey results indicates that managers in the door and windows industries attached more importance to timber quality and manufacturing properties when purchasing softwood lumber than did managers in the other industry segments. Respondents in the wood remanufacturing industry appeared to value reliability of supply, price, and price stability over other softwood lumber attributes. This would seem to indicate that these manufacturers could not, or would not, continue to accept higher relative prices and rapid price fluctuations for clearwood softwood lumber. C1 Univ Washington, Ctr Int Trade Forest Prod, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. Walter Grp, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. RP Eastin, IL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Ctr Int Trade Forest Prod, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 48 IS 11-12 BP 48 EP 54 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 148UT UT WOS:000077552200008 ER PT J AU Vick, CB Okkonen, EA AF Vick, CB Okkonen, EA TI Strength and durability of one-part polyurethane adhesive bonds to wood SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB One-part polyurethane wood adhesives comprise a new class of general purpose consumer products. Manufacturers' claims of waterproof bonds brought many inquiries to the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) from users constructing aircraft, boats, lawn furniture, and other laminated materials for outdoor use. Although FPL has technical information on several types of polyurethane and isocyanate-based adhesives for wood, no information was available on this new class of adhesives. Four commercial polyurethane adhesives, along with a resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesive to represent a standard of performance, were subjected to a series of industry-accepted tests that assess varying levels of bond strength and durability. In bonds to yellow birch and Douglas-fir, the polyurethanes did not differ significantly from each other in their performance, as a group, though, their dry shear strengths showed that they were significantly stronger than the resorcinol. Dry wood failures by the polyurethanes were high and did not differ significantly from the resorcinol. After three water-saturating procedures, wet shear strengths of polyurethanes and the resorcinol were statistically comparable. Wet wood failures, however, were very low among polyurethanes, which is a sharp contrast to the high wood failure by the resorcinol. A moderately severe delamination test indicated varying levels of water resistance among the polyurethanes, but the resorcinol was completely resistant to delamination. A very severe cyclic delamination test caused severe delamination of polyurethane bonds. However, a recently discovered hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR) coupling agent dramatically increased delamination resistance of polyurethane adhesives. Ln a test of resistance to deformation under static loads, polyurethane bonds withstood extreme exposures of temperature and relative humidity for 60 days without deformation. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Vick, CB (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 9 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 14 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 48 IS 11-12 BP 71 EP 76 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 148UT UT WOS:000077552200011 ER PT J AU Okkonen, EA Vick, CB AF Okkonen, EA Vick, CB TI Bondability of salvaged yellow-cedar with phenol-resorcinol adhesive and hydroxymethylated resorcinol coupling agent SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CHAMAECYPARIS-NOOTKATENSIS; SOUTHEAST ALASKA; MORTALITY; DECLINE AB A serious mortality problem affects about 65 percent of the estimated 2.02 x 10(6) m(2) (500 x 10(3) acres) of yellow-cedar in southeastern Alaska. These declining yellow-cedar stands contain a mixture of dead and living trees, and because of their gnat resistance to decay, these dead trees can remain standing for as long as 120 years after death. Ln the interest of better utilizing the affected timberland and the highly durable, potentially valuable yellow-cedar, a cooperative study was done to determine if deterioration had occurred in the mechanical properties of salvaged yellow-cedar. Faced with reports of unsatisfactory adhesive bonding from potential users and varying bondability reports of yellow-cedar from the United States Department of the Navy, Bureau of Ships, the study reported herein investigated whether phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF) adhesive could develop durable bonds to the salvaged yellow-cedar. Test results of adhesive bonds in lumber laminates demonstrated that resistance to delamination, sheer strength, and wood failure exceeded requirements of ASTM D 2559, which is a specification for adhesives used in structural laminated wood products exposed to exterior service conditions. Comparisons of data from this study and two studies by the Bureau of Ships indicate that bondability of yellow-cedar was not compromised because the lumber had been salvaged from 500-year-old trees that had been dead for 14 years. Wood products laminated from salvaged but durable yellow-cedar should command a premium in the marketplace, particularly for marine construction. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Okkonen, EA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 48 IS 11-12 BP 81 EP 85 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 148UT UT WOS:000077552200013 ER PT J AU McQueen, J Stevens, J AF McQueen, J Stevens, J TI Disposal of CCA-treated wood SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Carpenters in the Southern United States were surveyed about the age, reason for removal, method of disposal, and cost of disposal of residential decks made with CCA-treated lumber that they have removed from service. The results show that the average deck was 9 years old when removed, and that it was landfilled at a cost of $50. The majority of decks were removed because they appeared to be rotted or bug eaten or structurally unsound, or for aesthetic reasons. When decks replaced for reasons relating to the structural integrity of the wood or because they were rotted or bug eaten were removed from the sample, the average age at removal fell to 7 years. The results indicated that aesthetic reasons are an important factor in determining the service life of CCA-treated wood in residential decks. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Forestry, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP McQueen, J (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Forestry, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 7 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 3 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 48 IS 11-12 BP 86 EP 90 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 148UT UT WOS:000077552200014 ER PT J AU Permadi, P De Groot, RC Woodward, B AF Permadi, P De Groot, RC Woodward, B TI Alternative wood preservatives for use in Indonesia SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB In Indonesia, the wood preservative chromated copper arsenate (CCA) was recently banned. Within the United States and Indonesia, a search for alternative wood preservatives is underway. Collaborative research was initiated to evaluate alternative preservatives for protection of several temperate and tropical wood species. Soil-block decay tests were conducted on southern yellow pine 19-mm cubes. Results would be indicative of the probable performance of preservatives in Pinus merkusii Jungh and de Vriese, which in Indonesia, is an important species used for cooling towers. This study showed that preservatives other than CCA can be used to protect pine sapwood from decay fungi of importance in Indonesia. Furthermore, it is possible to achieve with other preservatives a level of protection that is equivalent to that achieved by treatment with CCA to a target retention of 8.0 kg/m(3). C1 Forest Prod Res & Dev Ctr, Bogor, Indonesia. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Permadi, P (reprint author), Forest Prod Res & Dev Ctr, J1 Gunung Batu,POB 182, Bogor, Indonesia. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 48 IS 11-12 BP 98 EP 101 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 148UT UT WOS:000077552200016 ER PT J AU Kimball, BA Turnblom, EC Nolte, DL Griffin, DL Engeman, RM AF Kimball, BA Turnblom, EC Nolte, DL Griffin, DL Engeman, RM TI Effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on sugars and terpenes in douglas-fir vascular tissues: Implications for black bear foraging SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pseudotsuga menziesii; Ursus americanus ID PLANTATION AB The chemical constituents of coniferous vascular tissues play a role in bear forage selection. In particular, bear foraging preferences are related to the concentrations of simple sugars (nonstructural carbohydrates) and terpenes in the forage. Analyses of vascular tissue samples from trees collected in test plots indicated that both thinning and fertilization caused the sugar concentration of vascular tissues in the lower bole to increase. However, these treatments had no effect on the concentrations of hydrocarbon monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, or sesquiterpenes. These results may explain the observations that black bears prefer to forage in thinned and fertilized stands. C1 USDA, APHIS, NWRC, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Stand Management Cooperat, Olympia, WA USA. USDA, APHIS, NWRC, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. USDA, APHIS, NWRC, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RP Kimball, BA (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, NWRC, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. EM bruce.a.kimball@usda.gov NR 18 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 44 IS 4 BP 599 EP 602 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 141RH UT WOS:000077156900012 ER PT J AU Pendleton, L Sohngen, B Mendelsohn, R Holmes, T AF Pendleton, L Sohngen, B Mendelsohn, R Holmes, T TI Measuring environmental quality in the southern Appalachian Mountains SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hedonic; recreation; valuation; nonmarket AB This study presents a method for valuing recreational environmental quality in the forests of the southeastern United States. The paper offers a method for choosing, measuring, and valuing forest attributes. Surveys and popular recreation literature are used to identify forest attributes that contribute to recreational quality. Standard ecological techniques are employed to measure levels of these attributes along trails in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia. Finally, the paper demonstrates how hedonic methods can be used to assign values to forest attributes. We show that values for recreational quality vary across users and sites. Furthermore, we demonstrate the existence of negative marginal values for certain forest attributes and provide evidence that suggests these negative values are not the result of mis-specification, but are consistent with oversatiation. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Econ, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. RP Pendleton, L (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Econ, Kaprielian Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM linwoodp@rcf.usc.edu NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 44 IS 4 BP 603 EP 609 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 141RH UT WOS:000077156900013 ER PT J AU Loeb, MJ De Loof, A Schoofs, L Isaac, E AF Loeb, MJ De Loof, A Schoofs, L Isaac, E TI Angiotensin II and angiotensin-converting enzyme as candidate compounds modulating the effects of testis ecdysiotropin in testes of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE testes; lymantria testis ecdysiotropin; cAMP; angiotensin II; angiotensin-converting enzyme; ecdysteroid secretion ID HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; LEYDIG-CELL; BLOOD-PRESSURE; SECRETION; SYSTEM; STEROIDOGENESIS; ECDYSTEROIDS; FERTILITY; INVITRO; SHEATHS AB Lymantria dispar testes synthesize immunodetectable ecdysteroid in vitro in response to the brain peptide, testis ecdysiotropin (TE), acting primarily via a cascade involving G(i) protein, diacyl glycerol, and phosphokinase C. However, a component of TE activation also involves the opposite cascade, G(s) protein, cAMP, and phosphokinase A. Excess cAMP inhibits the action of TE, acting as a feedback modulator. Here, we show that bovine angiotensin II (AII) and bovine angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) act like cAMP, inducing synthesis of immunodetectable ecdysteroid by pupal testes in vitro, but are antagonistic to coincubated TE. In addition, an insect ACE antibody clearly stains the spermatogenic cells through all stages of development, as well as testis sheath tissue where ecdysteroid is synthesized. AII induces synthesis of cAMP by pupal testes in vitro. Therefore, insect homologs of mammalian AII and ACE are good candidates for the peptides responsible for the cAMP cascade and as modulators of TE action in lepidopteran testes. Saralasin, an analog of AII that blocks angiotensin receptors in mammals, behaved like AII in inducing ecdysteroid secretion with ecdysteroidogenic effects additive to either angiotensin or ACE. Therefore, the receptors for the insect form of angiotensin on lepidopteran testis cells are probably different from those in mammals. Saralasin also inhibited ecdysteroid synthesis when combined with TE, as did AII. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Leeds, Dept Biol, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Zool, Louvain, Belgium. RP Loeb, MJ (reprint author), USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 112 IS 2 BP 232 EP 239 DI 10.1006/gcen.1998.7169 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 135NW UT WOS:000076809900011 PM 9784306 ER PT J AU Farman, ML Leong, SA AF Farman, ML Leong, SA TI Chromosome walking to the AVR1-CO39 avirulence gene of Magnaporthe grisea: Discrepancy between the physical and genetic maps SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID RICE BLAST FUNGUS; NEUROSPORA-CRASSA; GENOME ORGANIZATION; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; PLANT-PATHOGEN; CLONING; DNA; REGION; IDENTIFICATION; SPECIFICITY AB The avrCO39 gene conferring avirulence toward rice cultivar CO39 was previously mapped to chromosome 1 of Magnaporthe grisea between cosegregating markers CH5-120H and 1.2H and marker 5-10-F. In the present study, this region of the chromosome was physically mapped using RecA-mediated Achilles' cleavage. Cleavage of genomic DNA sequences within CH5-120H and 5-10-F liberated a 610-kb restriction fragment, representing the physical distance between these markers. Chromosome walking was initiated from both markers but was curtailed due to the presence of repetitive DNA sequences and the absence of overlapping clones in cosmid libraries representing several genome equivalents. These obstacles were overcome by directly subcloning the target region after release by Achilles' cleavage and a contig spanning avrCO39 was thus assembled. Transformation of two cosmids into a virulent recipient strain conferred a cultivar-specific avirulence phenotype thus confirming the cloning of avrCO39. Meiotic crossover points were unevenly distributed across this chromosomal region and were clustered around the avrCO39 locus. A 14-fold variation in the relationship between genetic and physical distance was measured over the avrCO39 chromosomal region. Thus the poor correlation of physical to genetic distance previously observed in M. grisea appears to be manifested over relatively short distances. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Plant Dis Resistance Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Leong, SA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM sal@plantpath.wisc.edu RI Leong, Sally /I-8550-2012 NR 41 TC 81 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 8 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD NOV PY 1998 VL 150 IS 3 BP 1049 EP 1058 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 135ND UT WOS:000076807800008 PM 9799257 ER PT J AU Gimenez, D Allmaras, RR Huggins, DR Nater, EA AF Gimenez, D Allmaras, RR Huggins, DR Nater, EA TI Mass, surface, and fragmentation fractal dimensions of soil fragments produced by tillage SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE surface roughness; fragmentation; tillage ID AGGREGATE FRAGMENTATION; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; WATER PROPERTIES; MECHANICS; POROSITY; MODEL AB Structural units in freshly tilled soil are mainly fragments derived from tillage. Fractal geometry is potentially useful to model this structure. This research was designed to test the applicability of fractal models for mass- and number-size distributions, and surface roughness of soil fragments produced by tillage; and evaluate relationships among parameters of these fractal models. Fragments were sampled from the soil surface of three soil management experiments on a Normania clay loam: (1) moldboard, chisel, and disc as primary tillage tools, (2) three sequences of primary and secondary tillage, and (3) three crops followed by one tillage sequence. Air-dried samples were sieved to obtain eight fragment-size fractions with average diameters, x(m), ranging from 0.4 to 28.0 mm. The size fraction with x(m) = 0.4 mm had different patterns of fragmentation and mass distribution and was not used to estimate fractal parameters. Mass-size relations from size fractions and individual fragments did not show evidence of a fractal distribution of mass; but soil management influenced the estimated mass of fragments of unit diameter, k(m). Two-dimensional roughness of fragment surfaces measured on thin sections was fractal with dimensions, D-s, between 1.02 and 1.18. Disc tillage produced the highest D-s among primary tillage tools. Fragment number-size distributions were fractal with the fragmentation fractal dimension, D-f, between 2.14 and 3.19, and sensitive to management effects. The number of fragments of unit diameter, k(f), was inversely related to k(m), but relationships of D-f-k(f) and D-f-D-s were not consistent with present fragmentation fractal models. Parameters, D-f and k(f) were valuable for characterizing freshly tilled soils. More research is needed to understand links between D-f, k(f), and the geometrical configuration of a tilled layer. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. ARS, USDA, St Paul, MN USA. Univ Minnesota, SW Expt Stn, Lamberton, MN USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Gimenez, D (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM gimenez@envsci.rutgers.edu RI Gimenez, Daniel/A-6193-2013 NR 44 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD NOV PY 1998 VL 86 IS 3-4 BP 261 EP 278 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(98)00043-3 PG 18 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 137ET UT WOS:000076902400007 ER PT J AU Butler, RN Davis, R Lewis, CB Nelson, ME Strauss, E AF Butler, RN Davis, R Lewis, CB Nelson, ME Strauss, E TI Physical fitness: Exercise prescription for older adults - Part 3 of a roundtable discussion SO GERIATRICS LA English DT Editorial Material AB Patients age 50 and older who are seen by primary care doctors are in various stages of wellness, ranging from healthy to frail. Because of this diversity, exercise prescription needs to be individualized, based on many of the same principles as drug prescription. Fitness programs typically include exercises to improve posture, aerobics, flexibility, strength, and balance. Exercising for 5 minutes a day is a good starting point, with sessions increasing gradually to 20 to 30 minutes. Trunk strengthening exercise can help patients stand from soft, low chairs. Ankle exercises can reduce the risk of falls and hip fractures. Weight training is safe and effective exercise for older patients. C1 Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Henry L Schwartz Dept Geriatr & Adult Dev, New York, NY 10029 USA. Phys Therapy Serv Washington DC Inc, Washington, DC USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Orthogeriatr Serv, New York, NY 10029 USA. George Washington Univ, Coll Med, Washington, DC 20052 USA. RP Butler, RN (reprint author), Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Henry L Schwartz Dept Geriatr & Adult Dev, New York, NY 10029 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 USA SN 0016-867X J9 GERIATRICS JI Geriatrics PD NOV PY 1998 VL 53 IS 11 BP 45 EP + PG 9 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 138RM UT WOS:000076986500004 PM 9824975 ER PT J AU Murray, AK Garino, JA Lim, HH Brown, J Sassenrath-Cole, GF AF Murray, AK Garino, JA Lim, HH Brown, J Sassenrath-Cole, GF TI Glycan subunits from cell wall synthetic complex "Glue matrix", developing cotton fibers and cotton fabric SO GLYCOBIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Glycozyme Inc, Irvine, CA 92614 USA. Finch Ranch, Orland, CA 95963 USA. USDA ARS, APTRU, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0959-6658 J9 GLYCOBIOLOGY JI Glycobiology PD NOV PY 1998 VL 8 IS 11 MA 63 BP 1120 EP 1120 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 130CC UT WOS:000076505300070 ER PT J AU Abbaspour, KC Schulin, R van Genuchten, MT Schlappi, E AF Abbaspour, KC Schulin, R van Genuchten, MT Schlappi, E TI Procedures for uncertainty analyses applied to a landfill leachate plume SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS; INFORMATION; FLOW; FRAMEWORK; HYDROLOGY AB Environmental data often have features that are distinct from data in other branches of science. These features include spatial and/or temporal auto-correlation, natural heterogeneity, measurement errors, small sample sizes, and simultaneous existence of different types and qualities of data. Realistic environmental modeling requires simulation procedures that account for all of these features. In this study, a model of uncertainty analysis, BUDA, is used to account for the noted features and provide a unified framework for quantification, propagation, and reduction of uncertainty, The BUDA model is used to analyze the development of a chloride plume around an old landfill to the year 2020, This article describes the different components of BUDA as they relate to the landfill application. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Soil Protect, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Colombi Schmutz Dorthe AG, CH-3007 Bern, Switzerland. RP Abbaspour, KC (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Soil Protect, Grabenstr 3, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 USA SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 36 IS 6 BP 874 EP 883 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02094.x PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 136MZ UT WOS:000076864400005 ER PT J AU Stetson, LE AF Stetson, LE TI Electrical codes and standards in rural applications SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1998 IEEE Rural Electric Power Conference CY APR 26-28, 1998 CL ST LOUIS, MISSOURI SP IEEE DE agricultural wiring; electrical codes; electrical standards; irrigation pumps; storage structures AB Electrical codes and standards that apply specifically to rural applications are reviewed, These include applications to grain bins, storage structures, irrigation pump motors, oil pumps, other motor applications, animal confinement buildings, and wet or corrosive installations. In addition to citing of the codes and standards, recommendations on effective application of the documents are provided. Sections on grounding, wiring methods, and equipment selection give additional details in a tutorial form, Basic motor circuits with electrical code references are presented. C1 Univ Nebraska, ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Stetson, LE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0093-9994 J9 IEEE T IND APPL JI IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1419 EP 1429 DI 10.1109/28.739030 PG 11 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 143LW UT WOS:000077258000030 ER PT J AU Talbot, NC Caperna, TJ AF Talbot, NC Caperna, TJ TI Selective and organotypic culture of intrahepatic bile duct cells from adult pig liver SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Article DE cell; culture; bile duct; liver ID BILIARY EPITHELIAL-CELLS; HEPATOCYTE GROWTH-FACTOR; INVITRO; MODEL; RATS AB Secondary culture of nontransformed bile duct epithelium has been difficult to achieve. STO feeder cell-dependent secondary cultures of adult pig bile duct cells were established from primary cultures of adult pig liver cells. Adult pig hepatocytes exhibited limited or no replication and were lost from the secondary culture at Passage 3 or 4. In contrast, adult pig bile duct cells replicated and were carried for 4-8 passages in secondary culture. A simple method to produce nearly pure pig intrahepatic bile duct cultures was first to freeze a relatively crude liver cell preparation. Upon subsequent thawing, all hepatocytes and most macrophages were lysed. Bile duct cells composed 95% of the surviving cells after the freeze/thaw, and they grew out rapidly. The bile duct cells grew on top of the STO feeder cells as closely knit epithelial, colonial outgrowths. Histocytochemical and biochemical analyses demonstrated high levels of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity and low levels of P450 activity in the bile duct cultures. The bile duct cells spontaneously adopted a multicellular ductal morphology after 7-10 d in static culture which was similar to that found in in vivo pig liver. Transmission electron microscopic examination revealed complex junctions and desmosomes typical of epithelium, and lumenally projecting cilia typical of in vivo intrahepatic bile ductules. This simple method for the coculture of pig intrahepatic bile duct cells which adopt in vivo-like structure may facilitate biological studies of this important, but difficult to culture, cell type. C1 USDA ARS, LPSI, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, LPSI, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Talbot, NC (reprint author), USDA ARS, LPSI, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 200,Room 13, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 49 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1071-2690 EI 1543-706X J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 34 IS 10 BP 785 EP 798 PG 14 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 146HF UT WOS:000077422700009 ER PT J AU Brahim, K Ray, DT Dierig, DA AF Brahim, K Ray, DT Dierig, DA TI Growth and yield characteristics of Lesquerella fendleri as a function of plant density SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE Lesquerella fendleri; plant density; yield components; oil content ID SOIL-WATER LEVELS; 2 ROW SPACINGS; SUMMER RAPE; SEEDING RATES; COMPONENTS; TEMPERATURE; POPULATION; RESPONSES; DURATION; SOYBEANS AB There is little information available regarding the response of Lesquerella fendleri to planting density. The effects of plant density on growth, yield, and yield components of L. fendleri were studied in central Arizona at plant populations of 250000, 500000, 750000, 1000000, and un-thinned controls of 1658000 plants/ha in 1992-1993 and 1500000 plants/ha in 1993-1994. In the 1992-1993 tests, increasing density resulted in a significant decrease in plant width and number of branches, while causing an increase in taproot length in populations up to 750000 plants/ha. There were no effects on seed size; however, density significantly reduced the number of seeds/silique for the 750000 and 1658000 plants/ha treatments. Seed yield/plant and harvest index/plant were significantly reduced with increasing density, but yield/ha increased with density up to 1000000 plants/ha. At 1658000 plants/ha, shattering was excessive and resulted in loss of seeds. The greatest seed yields/ha were obtained at 750000 plants/ha and 1000000 plants/ha densities. The oil content did not vary significantly from 500000 to 1658000 plants/ha, but treatments in this range produced seeds with significantly higher oil content than the 250000 plants/ha treatment. Differences in oil yield/ha reflected differences in seed yield/ha. The 1993-1994 harvest did not show significant differences for seed and oil yields among density treatments. Higher temperatures in 1993-1994 were believed to increase the oil content and seed yield in the higher plant densities. Plant densities of 750000 and 1000000 plants/ha are recommended for lesquerella growing areas comparable to central Arizona. At these densities, maximum seed yields should be obtained even with annual temperature fluctuations. Also, maximum plant heights were obtained at these densities, minimizing seed loses during combine harvest. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Bioresources Res Facil, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Ray, DT (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Forbes 303, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 36 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 9 IS 1 BP 63 EP 71 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(98)00015-6 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 144XZ UT WOS:000077342200008 ER PT J AU McMillin, JD Wagner, MR Webber, CL Mann, SS Nichols, JD Jech, L AF McMillin, JD Wagner, MR Webber, CL Mann, SS Nichols, JD Jech, L TI Potential for kenaf cultivation in south-central Arizona SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE bast : core fiber ratio; crop yield; Hibiscus cannabinus; irrigation; kenaf cultivars AB Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L. Malvaceae) is becoming a valuable crop for fabricating various consumer products. No information is available on kenaf culture for Arizona, where it can replace existing crops that are not profitable to grow. The objectives of this study were to determine the suitability of growing kenaf under water irrigation in south-central Arizona and to compare the yield components of kenaf cultivars. Five cultivars of kenaf ('Everglades 41','Everglades 71','Tainung # 2','SF459' and 'KK60') were planted on 2 April 1996 at the Maricopa Agricultural Center, AZ. Cultivars were grown for 226 days in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Plots received 1947 mm of irrigation water and precipitation. Data collected included plant population, plant height and diameter, leaf and stalk fresh weight, dry stalk weight, total dry plant yield, and bast:core fiber ratio. Statistical differences among cultivars were detected for plant population, stalk dry weight and bast:core fiber. Despite having the lowest plant population (<100000 plants/ha), cultivar KK60 had the heaviest stalk dry weight (0.312 kg/stalk) and greatest total plant yield (28.5 mt/ha/year). Cultivar SF459 had the highest bast:core ratio (0.62 g/g), and Tainung #2 and KK60 the lowest (both 0.48 g/g). Dry stalk weight and total yield were positively correlated with stalk diameter. Bast:core fiber ratio was inversely correlated with stalk height. Based on these results, we conclude that cultivar KK60 produces the greatest total yield under the conditions tested and that kenaf could be a viable crop system in south-central Arizona under irrigation. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Forestry, Ames, IA 50011 USA. No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. USDA ARS, SCARL, Lane, OK 74555 USA. Univ Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP McMillin, JD (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Forestry, Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 9 IS 1 BP 73 EP 77 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(98)00011-9 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 144XZ UT WOS:000077342200009 ER PT J AU Rhoads, ML Fetterer, RH AF Rhoads, ML Fetterer, RH TI Purification and characterisation of a secreted aminopeptidase from adult Ascaris suum SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ascaris suum; swine; in vitro culture; ES products; aminopeptidase ID HAEMONCHUS-CONTORTUS; SCHISTOSOMA-MANSONI; LEUCINE AMINOPEPTIDASE; DIROFILARIA-IMMITIS; 4TH-STAGE LARVAE; ENDOPEPTIDASE; VACCINATION; IDENTIFICATION; PROTEASES; 3RD-STAGE AB A metalloaminopeptidase was identified in culture fluids collected during in vitro cultivation of adult Ascaris suum. The enzyme was purified by anion-exchange and size-exclusion HPLC. The M-r of the enzyme was estimated at 293 kDa and consisted of subunits with M(r)s of 153 and 142 kDa. The isoelectric point of the aminopeptidase was 4.7. The aminopeptidase displayed a substrate preference for terminal arginyl residues. Aminopeptidase activity was also present in muscle, female reproductive tissue, pharynx, pseudocoelomic fluid and intestine. Among the various tissues, aminopeptidase activity was highest in the intestines; the highest activity was found in culture fluids (three-fold higher than intestinal tissue). The aminopeptidase released by adult A. suum was enzymatically and biochemically identical to an aminopeptidase released during in vitro development of A. suum third- to fourth-stage larvae. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of the Australian Society for Parasitology. C1 ARS, USDA, PBEL, LPSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rhoads, ML (reprint author), ARS, USDA, PBEL, LPSI, Bldg 1040,Room 103,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM mrhoads@ggpl.arsusda.gov NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 28 IS 11 BP 1681 EP 1690 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00091-5 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 141RN UT WOS:000077157400003 PM 9846604 ER PT J AU Pritchard, SG Mosjidis, C Peterson, CM Runion, GB Rogers, HH AF Pritchard, SG Mosjidis, C Peterson, CM Runion, GB Rogers, HH TI Anatomical and morphological alterations in longleaf pine needles resulting from growth in elevated CO2: Interactions with soil resource availability SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; 4 POPLAR CLONES; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; LEAF ANATOMY; STOMATAL DENSITY; PLANT-GROWTH; SEEDLINGS; RESPONSES; ACCLIMATION; PALUSTRIS AB Studies of anatomical changes in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) needles for plants exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 may provide insight into the potential influences of global CO2 increases on plant productivity. Longleaf pine seedlings were grown in open-top field chambers supplied with either ambient (similar to 365 mu mol mol(-1)) or elevated (similar to 720 mu mol mol(-1)) atmospheric CO2 for 20 mo. Two levels of soil nitrogen (40 and 400 g ha(-1) yr(-1)) and two soil moisture regimes (-0.5 or -1.5 MPa predawn xylem pressure potential) were used in combination with CO2 treatments. Needle tissue was collected 12 and 20 mo after treatment initiation and subjected to light and scanning electron microscopy. There was no effect of elevated CO2 on stomatal distribution or the proportion of internal leaf area allocated to a given tissue type at either sampling date. Although the relationships between vascular, transfusion, mesophyll, and epidermal tissue cross-sectional areas to total leaf cross-sectional areas appear nonplastic, leaves grown in elevated CO2 with low N availability exhibit anatomical characteristics suggestive of reduced capacity to assimilate carbon, including decreased mesophyll cell surface area per unit needle volume (in low-N soil). Significantly greater (8%) needle fascicle volume as a result of growth in elevated CO2 was observed after 12 mo because of thicker needles. After 20 mo of exposure, there was a trend indicating smaller fascicle volume (8%) in plants grown with elevated CO2 compared with those grown in ambient conditions, resulting from shorter needles and smaller mesophyll, vascular tissue, and epidermal cell cross-sectional areas. These results indicate short-term stimulation and longterm inhibition of needle growth in longleaf pine as a result of exposure to elevated CO2 and suggest at the leaf level that pine species are less responsive to elevated CO2 than are dicotyledons, including other tree species. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Hort, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Univ No Colorado, Dept Biol, Greeley, CO 80639 USA. Auburn Univ, Alabama Agr Expt Stn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Pritchard, SG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, POB 3439, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. EM pritcsg@mail.auburn.edu NR 47 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 14 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 159 IS 6 BP 1002 EP 1009 DI 10.1086/314092 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 148FU UT WOS:000077495000012 ER PT J AU Tomasula, PM Parris, N Yee, W Coffin, D AF Tomasula, PM Parris, N Yee, W Coffin, D TI Properties of films made from CO2-precipitated casein SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE films; edible films; casein; tensile properties; water vapor permeability; carbon dioxide; water solubility ID WATER-VAPOR PERMEABILITY; SOY PROTEIN FILMS; EDIBLE FILMS; CROSS-LINKING; COATINGS AB Tensile properties, water vapor permeabilities, and water solubilities were determined for casein films plasticized with glycerol. The casein was precipitated from milk that was sparged with carbon dioxide(CO2). The films were compared to these made from commercial calcium caseinate. Glycerol was added to plasticize the films. At 20% (w/w) glycerol content, CO2-casein films were >50% stronger than the calcium caseinate films. They were significantly stiffer than the caseinate films and were approximately as elastic. The water vapor permeabilities were similar to 20% less than those of the calcium caseinate films. CO2-casein films were only 7% soluble in water compared to 100% solubility for the calcium caseinate films. The differences in properties of the films indicate structural dissimilarities. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tomasula, PM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 17 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 46 IS 11 BP 4470 EP 4474 DI 10.1021/jf980391p PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 140CH UT WOS:000077068800002 ER PT J AU Friedman, M Levin, CE AF Friedman, M Levin, CE TI Dehydrotomatine content in tomatoes SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dehydrotomatine analysis; HPLC-PAD; pulsed amperometric detection; alpha-tomatine analysis; tomatoes; tomato plants; transgenic tomatoes ID PULSED AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION; ALPHA-TOMATINE CONTENT; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; POTATO; GLYCOALKALOIDS; HPLC; GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE; QUANTIFICATION; LYCOPERSICON AB A variety of methods are used to analyze tomato glycoalkaloids. Because no single method has gained wide acceptance,the extraction and analysis of tomatine by HPLC with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) was previously optimized for standard and transgenic tomatoes and processed tomato products. In the course of these studies it was discovered that commercial tomatine contained a second glycoalkaloid, which was named dehydrotomatine. This study demonstrates that the HPLC-PAD assay can be used to measure both the dehydrotomatine (DT) and a-tomatine (TMT) content of parts of the tomato plant and of low- and high-tomatine red and green tomatoes. Both the absolute concentration of dehydrotomatine and the percent dehydrotomatine in the mixture of the two extracted glycoalkaloids, defined as [DT/(DT + TMT) x 100], varied widely. The DT content of red tomatoes ranged from 0.05 to 0.42 mg/kg of fresh weight. The corresponding range for green tomatoes was from 1.7 to 45 mg/kg. The percent DT for the tomato plant parts was about 7 for fresh and senescent leaves and calyxes, 10 for green fruit, 14 for small stems and flowers, and 23 for roots and large stems. The corresponding values for 15 different tomato varieties ranged from similar to 3 to 10%. This study demonstrates the advantages of the highly sensitive HPLC-PAD method for DT and TMT. The possible significance of these findings for plant and food sciences is discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Friedman, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM mfried@pw.usda/gov NR 38 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 46 IS 11 BP 4571 EP 4576 DI 10.1021/jf9804589 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 140CH UT WOS:000077068800021 ER PT J AU Ishida, BK Mahoney, NE Ling, LC AF Ishida, BK Mahoney, NE Ling, LC TI Increased lycopene and flavor volatile production in tomato calyces and fruit cultured in vitro and the effect of 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylamine SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE calyx; CPTA; in-vitro culture; flavor; fruit; lycopene; Lycopersicon esculentum; ripening; tomato ID LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; AROMA VOLATILES; BIOSYNTHESIS; CAROTENOIDS; COMPONENTS; CELLS; CPTA AB Earlier it was shown that tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. VFNT Cherry) calyces develop into fruit tissue when cultured at 16-22 degrees C, producing flavor compounds and changes in color and sugar content characteristic of ripening fruit. Here are reported unusually high [580 mu g (g of fresh weight)(-1)] lycopene concentrations in these fruit compared to reports on field-grown tomatoes (similar to 10 times higher). Addition of 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylamine (CPTA) (75 mg L-1) to the culture medium produced further increases in lycopene in fruit and calyces. Some carotenoid-derived flavor volatiles also increased, as well as some not related to carotenoids. The greatest increase in lycopene, however, resulted not from addition of CPTA but from a mechanism triggered by cool temperatures, which was previously shown to involve tomato AGAMOUS (TAG1) gene activation and which seems correlated to ripening. Concentrations of these compounds in fruit and calyces grown in vitro at 26 degrees C with and without CPTA are also given. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Ishida, BK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 45 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 46 IS 11 BP 4577 EP 4582 DI 10.1021/jf980488b PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 140CH UT WOS:000077068800022 ER PT J AU Hurlbut, DB Johnston, JJ Daniel, SR Tawara, J AF Hurlbut, DB Johnston, JJ Daniel, SR Tawara, J TI Gas chromatography mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride in birds using a deuterated surrogate SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride; gas chromatography; quantitative analysis; tissue extraction; NMR spectroscopy AB A method was developed for the quantitation of the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride (CPTH) in pigeon breast muscle and gastrointestinal tract. Accuracy and precision were greatly improved by the use of CPTH-d(6) as a surrogate. CPTH-d6 was synthesized by the nitration of toluene-d(8) followed by chlorination and reduction. The synthetic product provided mass fragments such that CPTH and the surrogate were differentiated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A tissue extraction process used solid-phase extraction to concentrate the free base forms of CPTH and the surrogate from hexane extracts. These compounds were recovered from the SPE columns with n-butyl acetate and quantified by GC/MS. Validation data indicated (1) a linear relation between CPTH/CPTH-d(6) area ratios and CPTH concentration; (2) a method limit of detection of 30 ppb for both tissue matrices; (3) CPTH recoveries from fortified tissues ranging from 56.4 to 92.4%, whereas surrogate corrected recoveries ranged from 95.0 to 101%; and (4) identical extraction efficiencies of both compounds from each matrix. C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Chem, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Chem, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Hurlbut, DB (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 46 IS 11 BP 4610 EP 4615 DI 10.1021/jf980399z PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 140CH UT WOS:000077068800028 ER PT J AU Ralph, J Lu, FC AF Ralph, J Lu, FC TI The DFRC method for lignin analysis. 6. A simple modification for identifying natural acetates on lignins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lignin; acylation; acetylation; DFRC; lignin acetates; lignin esters; kenaf; Tainung; kenaf; aspen ID MODEL COMPOUNDS; COUMARIC ACID; NMR AB By modifying the derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) procedure to be completely acetate-free, the presence and regiochemistry of natural acetates on lignins can be determined. Derivatization is conducted with propionyl bromide in propionic acid instead of acetyl bromide in acetic acid; reductive cleavage uses zinc in propionic acid instead of in acetic acid, and the final derivatization step uses propionic anhydride instead of acetic anhydride. Applying the modified procedure to lignins or cell walls from kenaf bast fibers proved that their lignins are highly gamma-acetylated, mainly on syringyl units, supporting results of previous NMR work. Application to isolated hardwood lignins or cell walls confirmed reported low-level acetylation and elucidated its gamma-regiochemistry. The DFRC method therefore provides a convenient screen for many types of lignin acylation. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Ralph, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 30 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 46 IS 11 BP 4616 EP 4619 DI 10.1021/jf980680d PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 140CH UT WOS:000077068800029 ER PT J AU Knize, MG Sinha, R Brown, ED Salmon, CP Levander, OA Felton, JS Rothman, N AF Knize, MG Sinha, R Brown, ED Salmon, CP Levander, OA Felton, JS Rothman, N TI Heterocyclic amine content in restaurant-cooked hamburgers, steaks, ribs, and chicken SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE heterocyclic amines; PhIP; MeIQx; DiMeIQx; cooking mutagens ID AROMATIC-AMINES; MEAT-PRODUCTS; PAN RESIDUES; FOOD-PRODUCTS; FISH; MUTAGENICITY; CARCINOGENS AB As part of a comprehensive survey of the heterocyclic amine content of foods, beef hamburgers, steaks, and pork ribs were purchased from restaurants, with cooking doneness specified. Samples were pooled by meat type, doneness, and cooking method and analyzed for heterocyclic amine content using HPLC. Results show detectable levels of heterocyclic amines in all samples, ranging from 0.5 ng/g PhIP from a pooled sample of ribs to 20 ng/g total of MeIQx and PhIP from a sample pooled of well-done charbroiled hamburgers. Grilled chicken samples from fast-food restaurant sandwiches or rotisserie-cooked chicken contained MeIQx and PhIP at combined levels of <2 ng/g. Compared to fast-food meat products from this and previous studies, restaurant products are similar to 10-fold higher in heterocyclic amine content. The amounts of heterocyclic amines measured in these restaurant foods show that samples prepared for laboratory studies are representative of commonly consumed restaurant samples. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. NCI, Environm Epidemiol Branch, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892 USA. USDA ARS, BHNRC, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Knize, MG (reprint author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, POB 808,L-452, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Sinha, Rashmi/G-7446-2015 OI Sinha, Rashmi/0000-0002-2466-7462 NR 19 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 46 IS 11 BP 4648 EP 4651 DI 10.1021/jf980639a PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 140CH UT WOS:000077068800034 ER PT J AU Chung, SY Vercellotti, JR Sanders, TH AF Chung, SY Vercellotti, JR Sanders, TH TI Evidence of stress proteins and a potential maturity marker in peanuts SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE peanut seeds; maturity marker; stress proteins; curing and maturation; dehydrin; polyclonal antibodies; immunoblot; alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) ID GENE-EXPRESSION; WATER-DEFICIT; DESICCATION TOLERANCE; ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; MATURATION PROTEINS; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; PISUM-SATIVUM; DEHYDRIN; PLANTS; ACCUMULATION AB Stress proteins are induced in plants in response to environmental changes in temperature, oxygen, or water levels. It was hypothesized that stress proteins occur in peanut seeds during maturation and curing because these processes are known to be associated with water deficit and anaerobic metabolism in peanut seeds. To test this hypothesis, a polyclonal antibody against dehydrin, a plant stress protein, was used. Immunoblot analyses showed that a number of dehydrin-related stress proteins were detected in peanut seeds of different maturity and curing stages. Of these, only two were induced during seed curing and maturation. One (protein a) is potentially a peanut maturity marker because it was shown to occur only in uncured fully mature seeds. Immunoblot analyses of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), an enzyme known to be induced in mature peanut seeds, showed that ADH was not recognized by the antibody. This suggests that ADH is probably not related to protein a or dehydrin. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. V Labs Inc, Covington, LA 70433 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Chung, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687,1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 46 IS 11 BP 4712 EP 4716 DI 10.1021/jf980492n PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 140CH UT WOS:000077068800045 ER PT J AU Puckhaber, LS Stipanovic, RD Bell, AA AF Puckhaber, LS Stipanovic, RD Bell, AA TI Kenaf phytoalexin: Toxicity of o-hibiscanone and its hydroquinone to the plant pathogens Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Hibiscus cannabinus; fungicide; cotton; Gossypium; phytoalexin detoxification ID TERPENOID PHYTOALEXINS; COTTON AB o-Hibiscanone (HBQ) is a phytoalexin produced by kenafin response to infection by the wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae. In several bioassays utilizing both conidia and mycelia of V. dahliae, HBQ was significantly more toxic than desoxyhemigossypol, the most; potent phytoalexin produced by cotton. HBQ also was more toxic to conidia of Fusarium oxysporum f, sp. vasinfectum. C-13-NMR experiments revealed that HBQ is reduced to its hydroquinone by V. dahliae conidia. Bioassays of HBQ and its hydroquinone established that the quinone is considerably more toxic to V. dahliae than is the hydroquinone. This biotransformation apparently represents a detoxification mechanism employed by the pathogen. C1 USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Stipanovic, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM rds846a@acs.tamu.edu NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 46 IS 11 BP 4744 EP 4747 DI 10.1021/jf980385t PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 140CH UT WOS:000077068800050 ER PT J AU Hedin, PA Williams, WP Buckley, PM AF Hedin, PA Williams, WP Buckley, PM TI Caloric analyses of the distribution of energy in corn plants Zea mays L. SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE caloric analysis; Zea mays L; ripened corn; energy distribution AB Caloric calculations of the distribution of energy in HY 9919V, N8811, DK 714, and 3167 corn Zea mays L. plants at the V-10, R-l, R-4, and ripened stages were carried out by employing standard analytical techniques and subsequent calculations based on standard caloric values. For these analyses, plants were harvested, sectioned by tissue, dried, weighed, and subsequently analyzed for protein, crude fat, lignin, ash, cellulose, hemicellulose, and nitrogen-free solubles according to standard AOAC methods. In ripened corn, 45.8-48.7% of the dry weight and 47.9-50.3% of the caloric energy were found in the kernels, the remainder apportioned to the lower stalk, upper stalk, and cob. Energy distribution at the earlier stages in descending order were as follows: (V-10) leaves, whorl, roots; (R-l) lower stalk, upper stalk, ears, and tassels; and (R-4) cob, lower stalk, upper stalk, and husk. Thus, the corn plant is a relatively efficient producer of grain, to which it apportions similar to 50% of its caloric energy. The development of corn that apportions an even higher percentage of its caloric energy to the production of grain may become a viable strategy for increasing yield. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Hedin, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 46 IS 11 BP 4754 EP 4758 DI 10.1021/jf980439z PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 140CH UT WOS:000077068800052 ER PT J AU Hoagland, RE Zablotowicz, RM AF Hoagland, RE Zablotowicz, RM TI Biotransformations of fenoxaprop-ethyl by fluorescent Pseudomonas strains SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE herbicide; biodegradation; pseudomonad; microbial metabolism; aryloxyphenoxy propionate ID S-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY; RHIZOSPHERE BACTERIA; FENCHLORAZOLE-ETHYL; C-14 FENOXAPROP; PRAIRIE SOILS; GLUTATHIONE; METABOLISM; WHEAT; BIODEGRADATION; TRANSFORMATION AB Fenoxaprop-ethyl (FE) transformation by pure cultures of four Pseudomonas strains was studied using(14)C-labeled herbicide, labeled in either the dioxyphenyl (DOP) or the chlorophenyl (CP) ring. Resting cells rapidly hydrolyzed FE to fenoxaprop acid (FA), but cleavage of the ether bond proceeded slowly. Degradation of FE by P. fluorescens strains RA-2 and UA5-40 cultured in tryptic soy broth (TSB) or minimal media with glucose (MMG) or propionate (MMP) was assessed. TSB cultures completely hydrolyzed FE to FA within 5 days. Polar metabolites (predominantly glycylcysteine and cysteine conjugates arising from FE or FA), an unidentified metabolite, and 6-chloro-2,3-dihydrobenzoxazol-2-one (CDHB) accumulated in TSB cultures treated with (14)C-CP-labeled FE during an Ii-day study, whereas 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid accumulated in (14)C-DOP-labeled FE-TSB cultures. FE transformation by MMP cultures was limited to ester hydrolysis of FE to FA. Hydrolysis of FE to FA was never detected in RA-2 MMG cultures and was low in UA5-40 MMG cultures. Cleavage of the benzoxazolyloxyphenyl ether bond occurred in MMG cultures of both strains; that is, 50% of 14C-CP-labeled FE was recovered as CDHB, and hydroquinone accumulated in MMG 14C-DOP-labeled FE cultures. No mineralization of FE to CO(2) was observed, regardless of the (14)C label or growth media used as substrate. Strains of P. fluorescens can promote significant cometabolic transformations of FE and may contribute to the dissipation of FE in the environment. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Hoagland, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. OI Zablotowicz, Robert/0000-0001-8070-1998 NR 31 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 46 IS 11 BP 4759 EP 4765 DI 10.1021/jf980637q PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 140CH UT WOS:000077068800053 ER PT J AU Kraszewski, AW Trabelsi, S Nelson, SO AF Kraszewski, AW Trabelsi, S Nelson, SO TI Comparison of density-independent expressions for moisture content determination in wheat at microwave frequencies SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; PARTICULATE MATERIALS; COMPLEX PERMITTIVITY; GRAIN; DEPENDENCE; PARAMETERS AB The accuracy of moisture content determination in grain from measurement of electromagnetic parameters is known to be dependent on the bulk density of the sample used for the measurement. Various means of limiting this effect have been considered in the past. This paper identifies various density-independent expressions developed for this purpose and compares their effectiveness in minimizing the density dependence of the predicted moisture content. The same procedure and data set from more than 180 measurements on hard red winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., at frequencies of 11.3 and 16.8 GHz on samples in free space were used for the comparison. Several density-independent expressions were identified that predict wheat moisture content with a standard error of calibration of about 0.2% moisture for moisture contents ranging from 10.6 to 18.2% w.b. Although these results were obtained for static samples of grain, the principles can be extended to grain flowing through a tubular conduit, or moving on a conveyor, for continuous measurements. (C) 1998 Silsoe Research Institute. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Kraszewski, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 29 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-8634 J9 J AGR ENG RES JI J. Agr. Eng. Res. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 71 IS 3 BP 227 EP 237 DI 10.1006/jaer.1998.0320 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 139JP UT WOS:000077025700003 ER PT J AU Wichems, DN Fields, RE Harnly, JM AF Wichems, DN Fields, RE Harnly, JM TI Characterization of hyperbolic calibration curves for continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with array detection SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID LINEAR PHOTODIODE-ARRAY AB The suitability of a hyperbolic calibration curve for continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry (CS-AAS) using electrothermal atomization and array detection was critically examined for Ag (328.1 nm), Cd (228.8 nm) and Pb (283.3 nm). For each element, 20-25 calibration standards were used to cover six orders of magnitude of concentration. The same hyperbolic shape, with appropriate offsets of the X and Y axes, was found to be suitable for fitting each series of standards. The inflection point of the hyperbolic calibration curve, and hence the X and Y offsets, were dependent on the element and atomization temperature. These shifts arose from fundamental differences in the shape of the absorbance profile due to the ratio of Doppler and collisional broadening. As few as two standards (one above and one below the inflection point) were used to construct calibration curves covering six orders of magnitude of concentration. The use of four standards (two above and two below the inflection point) reduced the recalibration precision by a factor of two and, in general, introduced less uncertainty into the quantification of an unknown than the absorbance noise associated with the analytical measurement. C1 USDA ARS, BHNRC, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Harnly, JM (reprint author), 13210 Grenoble Dr, Rockville, MD 20853 USA. NR 9 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 13 IS 11 BP 1277 EP 1284 DI 10.1039/a804616f PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 138PN UT WOS:000076981600011 ER PT J AU Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M AF Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M TI Cooking and palatability traits of beef longissimus steaks cooked with a belt grill or an Open Hearth electric broiler SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; cooking; measurement; methodology; tenderness ID SHEAR FORCE VALUES; LOIN STEAKS; MEAT AB The objective of this experiment was to compare the effects of belt grill and Open Hearth electric broiler cookery on palatability and cooking traits of longissimus steaks. The longissimus thoracis from carcasses of grain-fed steers or heifers was used. Duplicate measurements were made for Warner-Bratzler shear force at 3 and at 14 d after slaughter (n = 180) and trained sensory evaluation at 14 d after slaughter (n = 91) using both cooking methods. Belt grill-cooked samples had lower (P <.01) percentage of cooking losses (21.5 vs 25.8%) and higher (P <.01) shear force values (4.6 vs 4.3 kg) than electric broiler-cooked samples. Repeatability of duplicate measurements was higher for cooking losses (.58 vs .23) and sheer force values (.85 vs .64) for belt grill than for electric broiler cooked samples. Belt grilled steaks had lower (P <.01) cooking losses (20.2 vs 29.8%); higher (P <.01) tenderness (7.0 vs 6.7) and juiciness (6.0 vs 5.1); and lower (P <.02) connective tissue amount (7.7 vs 7.8), beef flavor intensity (5.0 vs 5.1), and off-flavor (3.2 vs 3.3) ratings than steaks cooked with the electric broiler. Belt grill cooking increased the repeatability of duplicate sensory measurements for tenderness (.87 vs .71), connective tissue amount (.66 vs .30), and juiciness (.51 vs .08) ratings, and cooking losses (.63 vs .18) compared with cooking with the electric broiler. Belt grill cooking increased the precision for measurements of cooking, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and palatability traits of beef longissimus thoracis. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Wheeler, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 21 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 76 IS 11 BP 2805 EP 2810 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 145WU UT WOS:000077396000007 PM 9856389 ER PT J AU Taylor, RG Koohmaraie, M AF Taylor, RG Koohmaraie, M TI Effects of postmortem storage on the ultrastructure of the endomysium and myofibrils in normal and callipyge longissimus SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE callipyge; tenderness; cytoskeleton; myofibrils; endomysium; longissimus ID INTRAMUSCULAR CONNECTIVE-TISSUE; CHICKEN SEMITENDINOSUS MUSCLE; ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION; STRUCTURAL-CHANGES; MEAT TENDERNESS; TROPONIN-T; TENDERIZATION; DEGRADATION; COLLAGEN; NEBULIN AB These experiments were conducted to examine ultrastructural changes in longissimus from normal and callipyge lamb during 14 d of postmortem storage at 4 degrees C. Six crossbred ewe lambs (1/2 Dorset x 1/2 Romanov) were grain-fed and slaughtered at approximately 250 d of age. Leg conformation score was; the basis for classifying carcasses into normal and callipyge. The normal and callipyge longissimus had mean Warner-Bratzler shear force of 2.8 (2.7, 2.4, and 3.4) and 9.0 (12.2, 6.9, and 7.9) kg, respectively, after 14 d of postmortem storage. The results of transmission electron microscopy demonstrated ultrastructural changes, including sarcolemma detachment, loss of myofibril lateral attachments, and I-band breaks in normal longissimus. Detachment of sarcolemma from myofibrils occurred in both phenotypes, but it was delayed by several days in callipyge longissimus. Thus, the sarcolemma detachment seems not to contribute significantly to postmortem tenderization. The endomysium of both phenotypes did not change with postmortem storage. In normal longissimus, the percentage of fractured I-bands increased from 0% at d 1 to 11% at d 3 (P <.05) and did not change between 3 and 14 d (15%) postmortem (P >.05). However, postmortem storage did not affect (0 to 3%) the frequency of the I-band breaks in the callipyge longissimus (P >.05). Therefore, the break in the I-band region in postmortem muscle is a change that is associated with postmortem tenderization. We conclude that the major factor responsible for the toughness of meat from callipyge longissimus is the postmortem stability of myofibrils. C1 INRA Theix, SRV, F-63122 St Genes Champanelle, France. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Koohmaraie, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM koohmaraie@email.marc.usda.gov RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 31 TC 35 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 76 IS 11 BP 2811 EP 2817 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 145WU UT WOS:000077396000008 PM 9856390 ER PT J AU Moats, WA Romanowski, RD Medina, MB AF Moats, WA Romanowski, RD Medina, MB TI Identification of beta-lactam antibiotics in tissue samples containing unknown microbial inhibitors SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; PENICILLIN-G RESIDUES; ANIMAL-TISSUES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SCREENING-TESTS; KIDNEY TISSUE; MILK; MUSCLE; PERFORMANCE; ASSAY AB Antibiotic residues in animal tissues can be detected by various screening tests based on microbial inhibition. In the 7-plate assay used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), penicillinase is incorporated into all but one plate to distinguish beta-lactam antibiotics from other types. However, beta-lactams such as cloxacillin and the cephalosporins are resistant to degradation by penicillinase. They may not be identified as beta-lactams by this procedure, and thus, they may be identified as unidentified microbial inhibitors (UMIs). However, these penicillinase-resistant compounds can be degraded by other beta-lactamases. The present study describes an improved screening protocol to identify beta-lactam antibiotics classified as UMIs, A multiresidue liquid chromatographic procedure based on a method for determining beta-lactams in milk was also used to identify and quantitate residues. The 2 methods were tested with 24 tissue FSIS samples classified as containing UMIs, Of these, 3 contained penicillin G, including one at a violative level, and 5 contained a metabolite of ceftiofur, The others were negative for beta-lactam antibiotics. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Moats, WA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1135 EP 1140 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 145JX UT WOS:000077368700006 PM 9850574 ER PT J AU Whitaker, TB Trucksess, MW Johansson, AS Giesbrecht, FG Hagler, WM Bowman, DT AF Whitaker, TB Trucksess, MW Johansson, AS Giesbrecht, FG Hagler, WM Bowman, DT TI Variability associated with testing shelled corn for fumonisin SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID AFLATOXIN AB Variances associated with sampling, sample preparation, and analytical steps of a test procedure that measures fumonisin in shelled corn were estimated, The variance associated with each stop of the test procedure increases with fumonisin concentration. Functional relationships between variance and fumonisin concentration were estimated by regression analysis. For each variance component, functional relationships were independent of fumonisin type (total, B1, B2, and B3 fumonisins). At 2 ppm, coefficients of variation associated with sampling (1.1 kg sample), sample preparation (Romer mill and 25 g subsample), and analysis are 16.6, 9.1, and 9.7%, respectively, The coefficient of variation associated with the total fumonisin test procedure was 45% and is about the same order of magnitude as that for measuring aflatoxin in shelled corn with a similar test procedure. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US FDA, Washington, DC 20204 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Mycotoxin Lab, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Whitaker, TB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. OI Bowman, Daryl T./0000-0001-6623-4035 NR 9 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1162 EP 1168 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 145JX UT WOS:000077368700010 PM 9850578 ER PT J AU Yu, WJ Dorner, JW Chu, FS AF Yu, WJ Dorner, JW Chu, FS TI Immunoaffinity column as cleanup tool for a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of cyclopiazonic acid in corn, peanuts, and mixed feed SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; MYCOTOXIN; IMMUNOASSAY; ANTIBODIES; SYSTEM AB An immunoaffinity column (IAC) for cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was prepared by coupling a CPA-specific monoclonal antibody to CNBr-activated sepharose 4B, A direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dc-ELISA) was used to study the chromatographic behavior of a 0.2 mt gel column with a binding capacity of 4 mu g CPA/column as well as to evaluate its efficacy as a cleanup tool for analysis of naturally occurring CPA. Sample extract either in buffer solution or in a solution containing up to 35% methanol could be loaded onto the column. After the column is washed with 5 mi, deionized water and 5 mt 50% methanol, CPA could be quantitatively eluted with 2 mt 100% methanol. The column could be regenerated at least 10 times by washing with 10 mt equilibrating buffer and then storing in a cold room overnight before reuse. Recoveries of CPA added to corn, peanut, and mixed feed extracts in the range 10-200 ng/g were 88-105, 86-100, and 90-110%, respectively. Detection limits were 2.0, 4.4, and 4.7 ng/g for corn, mixed feed, and peanuts, respectively. Twenty-two peanut samples naturally contaminated with CPA were subjected to both IAC and solvent partition cleanup followed by dc-ELISA. Although a good correlation between data obtained from IAC-dc-ELISA and from SP-dc-ELISA (r = 0.75, p < 0.0001) was obtained, the slope of the linear regression was low (0.67), indicating loss during solvent partition cleanup. The overall data showed that the combination of IAC and dc-ELISA is an effective method for CPA analysis. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Food Res Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Food Microbiol & Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. RP Chu, FS (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Food Res Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1169 EP 1175 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 145JX UT WOS:000077368700011 PM 9850579 ER PT J AU Li, BW AF Li, BW TI Comparison of microwave oven and convection oven for acid hydrolysis of dietary fiber polysaccharides SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID SUGARS; FOODS AB Hydrolysis of dietary fiber polysaccharides (DFP) is an integral part of any enzymatic-chemical method for dietary fiber analysis. Residues obtained after enzyme treatments of fiber-containing foods are usually suspended in 12M sulfuric acid and kept at or slightly above ambient temperature for at least 1 h, and then the mixtures are diluted with deionized water to a final concentration of 1M or 2M acid, followed by heating at 100 degrees C in a water bath or convection oven for 1 or 2 h. Under these hydrolytic conditions, some degradation of the released monosaccharides generally takes place over the duration of hydrolysis. We investigated the feasibility of using microwave energy as a heat source to reduce time and minimize degradation. Preliminary tests were done on the well-characterized soy polysaccharide Fibrim. With a microwave digestion system equipped with temperature and pressure monitors and control lines, optimum settings of power (5%, 75%), time (up to 3 min and 30 s), temperature (35 degrees-55 degrees C), and pressure (45-65 psi) were determined for different foods depending on the residue weight and volume of acid. Results were comparable for microwave oven and convection oven hydrolysis of DFP from 5 foods with good correlations for neutral sugar values; r(2) = 0.997 for arabinose, 0.925 for galactose, 0.981 for glucose, 0.969 for mannose, and 0.990 for xylose. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Li, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1277 EP 1280 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 145JX UT WOS:000077368700026 PM 9850590 ER PT J AU Miller, AJ Eblen, BS Oser, A Burkhardt, W AF Miller, AJ Eblen, BS Oser, A Burkhardt, W TI Application and evaluation of male-specific bacteriophage as a process integrity or faecal contamination indicator in a pork slaughterhouse environment SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WASTE-WATER; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ENTERIC VIRUSES; COLIPHAGES; SHELLFISH; SEWAGE; MICROORGANISMS; ENUMERATION; PHAGES AB A male-specific bacteriophage plaque assay was evaluated as a faecal contamination or process integrity indicator for aspects of the pork slaughter process. Over 400 samples were tested including: sponge swabs from animal hauling trailer floors and dressed carcass surfaces; faecal material; water from slaughter sites; and water from each stage of wastewater treatment. Bacteriophage were observed in wastewater, trailers, slaughter process water and swine faeces. No bacteriophage were observed on dressed carcasses. Numbers of phage plaque-forming units per gram or millilitre showed greater variation and were usually lower than standard indicators, including total coliform or Escherichia roll counts. Among the applications studied, male-specific bacteriophage appear to be best suited for process control verification for wastewater treatment. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Hatfield Meats Inc, Hatfield, PA USA. RP Miller, AJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 85 IS 5 BP 898 EP 904 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00599.x PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 140AJ UT WOS:000077063100014 PM 9830126 ER PT J AU Lin, S Binder, BF Hart, ER AF Lin, S Binder, BF Hart, ER TI Insect feeding stimulants from the leaf surface of Populus SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Populus; cottonwood leaf beetle; Chrysomela scripta; insect feeding stimulant; leaf surface chemicals; n-primary alcohols; alpha-tocopherylquinone ID BEETLES COLEOPTERA; CHRYSOMELIDAE; PLANT; SELECTION; LIPIDS AB Leaf surface chemicals from a beetle-preferred poplar clone, Eugenei (Populus deltoides x Populus nigra), induce feeding in adult cottonwood leaf beetles, Chrysomela scripta. The feeding stimulants were isolated and identified as n-beheryl alcohol (C-22) n-lignoceryl alcohol (C-24), n-hexacosanol (C-26), n-octacosanol (C-28), n-triacontanol (C-30), and alpha-tocophelylquinone [2-(3-hydroxy-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadecyl)-3,5,6-trimethyl-2,5 cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione] (alpha-TQ). It is the first time that alpha-TQ has been reported as a feeding stimulant for an insect. Fatty alcohols or alpha-TQ alone do not induce beetle feeding significantly, but a mixture of alcohols and a-TQ synergistically stimulates beetle feeding. The role of these feeding stimulants in insect feeding behaviors and possible use in a pest management program is discussed. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Forestry, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hart, ER (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 19 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 24 IS 11 BP 1781 EP 1790 DI 10.1023/A:1022351415467 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 142GZ UT WOS:000077193300005 ER PT J AU Lin, S Binder, BF Hart, ER AF Lin, S Binder, BF Hart, ER TI Chemical ecology of cottonwood leaf beetle adult feeding preferences on Populus SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Populus; cottonwood leaf beetle; Chrysomela scripta Fabr; insect feeding stimulants; leaf surface chemicals; long-chain fatty alcohols; alpha-tocopherylquinone; phenolic glycosides; tremulacin; salicortin ID HOST-PLANT-SELECTION; CHRYSOMELA-AENEICOLLIS; PHENOLIC GLYCOSIDES; INSECT HERBIVORES; COLEOPTERA; SALIX; GLUCOSIDES; SURFACE; GROWTH; LIPIDS AB The effect of select Populus clones on adult cottonwood leaf beetle feeding preferences was examined. Field-planted University of Washington poplar pedigree materials-parent clones ILL-129 (Populus deltoides) and 93-968 (Populus trichocarpa), F-1 clones 53-242 and 53-246, and 87 F-2 selections-were used. Both held cage feeding tests with parent and F-1 clones, and leaf disc feeding tests with all 91 clones were performed. Feeding stimulants on the leaf surface, long-chain fatty alcohols and alpha-tocopherylquinone (alpha-TQ), and phenolic glycosides, tremulacin and salicortin, were analyzed to correlate chemical abundance with cottonwood leaf beetle Chrysomela scripta adult feeding preference. The beetles showed varied feeding preferences among parent clones, F-1 clones, and F-2 clones. Contents of alcohols, tremulacin, and salicortin did not explain adult beetle feeding preference. Content of a-TQ on the leaf surface did explain the adult beetle feeding preference. The beetles preferred to feed on clones with alpha-TQ rather than clones without alpha-TQ. As the amount of alpha-TQ increased, the feeding preference increased, and then decreased as the amount of alpha-TQ increased further. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, USDA ARS, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Forestry, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hart, ER (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 38 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 4 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 24 IS 11 BP 1791 EP 1802 DI 10.1023/A:1022303532306 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 142GZ UT WOS:000077193300006 ER PT J AU Peterson, JK Snook, ME Harrison, HF Mason, PF AF Peterson, JK Snook, ME Harrison, HF Mason, PF TI Isolation and structural identification of sucrose esters from corn spurrey (Spergula arvensis); Inhibition of seed germination SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Spergula arvensis; corn spurrey; sucrose esters; seed germination inhibition; Panicum milliaceum AB Polar as well as nonpolar extracts of Spergula arvensis (corn spurrey) were shown to cause inhibition of seed germination. The polar methylene chloride extracts were subjected to solvent partitioning and separations by a combination of silicic acid and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. All chromatographic fractions were monitored by a proso-millet seed germination assay, which resulted in the isolation of a group of sucrose esters (SE). The identity of the ester acids was determined by gas chromatography (GC) of their butyl esters. Further characterization of the SE by GC-mass spectrometry of their trimethylsilyl derivatives showed the presence of four different SE groups with two to seven acyl groups attached to sucrose. The SE isomers in greatest abundance contained either octanoic or dodecanoic acid along with two smaller branched-chain acids (butanoic and pentanoic acids). All four SE groups were inhibitory to seed germination. This is the first report of SE outside the family Solanaceae. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Peterson, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 24 IS 11 BP 1803 EP 1816 DI 10.1023/A:1022355516376 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 142GZ UT WOS:000077193300007 ER PT J AU Carlson, DA Bernier, UR Sutton, BD AF Carlson, DA Bernier, UR Sutton, BD TI Elution patterns from capillary GC for methyl-branched alkanes SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hydrocarbons; alkanes; methyl-branched hydrocarbons; cuticular hydrocarbons; insects; CC-MS data; retention indices ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS; TSETSE-FLIES GLOSSINA; CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS; MASS-SPECTRA; TOBACCO HORNWORM; UNITED-STATES; DIPTERA; SEX; RHINOTERMITIDAE; DIMETHYLALKANES AB A common and confusing problem in analyses of insect hydrocarbons is in making sense of complicated gas chromatograms and interpreting mass spectra since branched chain compounds differing by one or two carbons in backbone or chain length may elute from the column at nearly the same time. To address this confusing situation, relative gas chromatography (GC) retention times are presented for typical mono-, di-, tri-, and tetramethylalkanes comprising most of the commonly appearing series of homologous methyl-branched alkanes up to 53 carbons that are found in insect cuticular hydrocarbons. Typical insect-derived methylalkanes with backbones of 33 carbons were characterized by Kovats indices (KI); monomethyl alkanes elute between KI 3328 and 3374, dimethylalkanes elute between KI 3340 and 3410, trimethylalkanes elute between KI 3378 and 3437, and tetramethylalkanes elute between KI 3409 and 3459, depending upon the positions of substituents. A protocol is described for identification of methyl-branched hydrocarbons eluted from nonpolar polysiloxane DB-I capillary GC columns. In this protocol, retention indices (KI values) are assigned to peaks, then the patterns in GC peaks that probably contain homologs are marked to assist subsequent GC-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) interpretation. Use of the KI allows assignment of likely structures and the elimination of others, with demonstrative consistency, as there are no known exceptions. Interpretation of electron ionization mass spectra, can then proceed within narrowed structural possibilities without the necessity of chemical ionization GC-MS analysis. Also included are specific examples of insect hydrocarbons that were assembled from 30 years of the literature, and these are intended to help with confirmation of confusing or contradictory structures. C1 USDA ARS, Med & Vet Entomol Res Lab, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Dept Consumer Affairs, Dept Plant Ind, Adv Diagnost Lab, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Dept Consumer Affairs, Dept Plant Ind, Florida State Collect Arthropod, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Carlson, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Med & Vet Entomol Res Lab, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 37 TC 137 Z9 139 U1 2 U2 16 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 24 IS 11 BP 1845 EP 1865 DI 10.1023/A:1022311701355 PG 21 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 142GZ UT WOS:000077193300010 ER PT J AU Epsky, ND Heath, RR Dueben, BD Lauzon, CR Proveaux, AT MacCollom, GB AF Epsky, ND Heath, RR Dueben, BD Lauzon, CR Proveaux, AT MacCollom, GB TI Attraction of 3-methyl-1-butanol and ammonia identified from Enterobacter agglomerans to Anastrepha suspensa SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insecta; Tephritidae; Anastrepha suspensa; Enterobacter agglomerans; attractants; volatiles; bacteria; 3-methyl-1-butanol; ammonia; lures ID MEXICAN FRUIT-FLY; FLIES DIPTERA; LUDENS DIPTERA; NATURAL FOOD; TEPHRITIDAE; VOLATILES; BACTERIA; FERMENTATION; METABOLITES; SYSTEMS AB Tests demonstrated that volatile chemicals emitted from Enterobacter agglomerans, a bacterium that has been isolated from adults as well as fruit infested with larvae of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) and other pest fruit dies, are attractive to female A. suspensa in laboratory bioassays. 3-Methyl-1-butanol and ammonia were identified as the two primary volatile chemicals released from active cultures of E. agglomerans. No 3-methyl-1-butanol and little ammonia (16.0 mu g/hr) are released from sterile tryptic soy agar plates. E. agglomerans-inoculated tryptic soy agar plates, however, released an average of 1.5 +/- 0.53 mu g/hr 3-methyl-1-butanol and 332.9 +/- 239.16 mu g/hr ammonia after 24 hr of growth. 3-Methyl-1-butanol lures were formulated in a membrane-based system to provide a constant release rate of synthetic chemical. Release rates ranged from 0.046 +/- 0.007 to 12.16 +/- 2.76 mu g/hr. In laboratory tests, equal numbers of females were captured in response to ammonium carbonate lures that released ammonia at the rate of 100 mu g/hr and to 3-methyl-1-butanol lures that released 12.16 +/- 2.756 mu g/hr of synthetic material. The combination of the two lures was more attractive than ammonia alone. Availability of lures formulated for a range of 3-methyl-1-butanol release rates will facilitate field tests of this putative microbial attractant and may lead to a better understanding of the role of bacteria in the ecology of pest fruit flies. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Vermont, Agr Expt Stn, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Heath, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 40 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 6 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 24 IS 11 BP 1867 EP 1880 DI 10.1023/A:1022363718193 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 142GZ UT WOS:000077193300011 ER PT J AU Register, KB Lee, RM Thomson, C AF Register, KB Lee, RM Thomson, C TI Two-color hybridization assay for simultaneous detection of Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic Pasteurella multocida from swine SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; TOXIN GENE; STRAINS; PCR; EXPRESSION; CLONING AB Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic Pasteurella multocida are the etiologic agents of swine atrophic rhinitis. Methods currently used for their identification are time consuming and suffer from a lack of sensitivity. We describe a colony lift-hybridization assay for detection of B. bronchiseptica and toxigenic P, multocida that can be performed with a single colony lift derived from a primary isolation plate without the need for pure subcultures of suspect bacteria. Membranes are hybridized simultaneously to probes derived from the B. bronchiseptica alcA gene and the P, multocida toxA gene. A multicolor development procedure permits sequential detection of bound probes. The assay was tested with 84 primary isolation plates generated from nasal swabs from swine with clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis, Comparison of the results from the colony lift hybridization assay with those from conventional testing, based on a combination of colony morphology, biochemical reactions, mouse lethality, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indicated that the colony lift assay has superior sensitivity and comparable specificity. This technique has wide application for diagnostic and experimental studies. C1 ARS, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Res Unit, Swine Resp Dis Project, USDA,Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Boehringer Ingelheim NOBL Labs Inc, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Boehringer Ingelheim NOBL Labs Inc, Sioux Ctr, IA 51250 USA. RP Register, KB (reprint author), ARS, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Res Unit, Swine Resp Dis Project, USDA,Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70,2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 36 IS 11 BP 3342 EP 3346 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 129YG UT WOS:000076491200042 PM 9774590 ER PT J AU Goff, JP Horst, RL AF Goff, JP Horst, RL TI Use of hydrochloric acid as a source of anions for prevention of milk fever SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE milk fever; hypocalcemia; hydrochloric acid ID DAIRY-COWS; PARTURIENT HYPOCALCEMIA; DIETARY ACIDITY; CALCIUM; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D; CHLORIDE; CATIONS; PARESIS; SALTS AB Diets that contain high amounts of K induce milk fever by alkalinizing the blood of the cow, reducing the ability of homeostatic mechanisms to maintain normal blood concentrations of Ca. The addition of anions to the diet induces metabolic acidosis, which counteracts the alkalinizing effect of the high cation diets commonly fed to cows. Currently, anions are usually added as anionic salts, such as CaCl2 or MgSO4, and the pH of urine is often monitored to assess the degree of metabolic acidification resulting from the addition of anions to the diet. An alternative source of anions is HCl. In Experiment 1, the addition of HCl to the diet of cows that were not pregnant and not lactating significantly reduced the pH of urine and blood within 24 h. After HCl was removed from the diet, the pH of urine returned to baseline levels within 48 h. In Experiment 2, the inclusion of HCl into the prepartum ration of Jersey cows entering the third or greater lactation significantly reduced the incidence of milk fever from 63% of control cows to 11% of the treated cows and also reduced the degree of hypocalcemia that was experienced by the cows during the periparturient period. Plasma Ca concentrations at 0.5 d after calving were 5.33 +/- 0.52 and 6.69 +/- 0.51 mg/dl in the control and the HCl-treated cows, respectively. In Experiment 2, the prepartum consumption of the ration with HCl was greater than the consumption of the control ration. In liquid form, HCl remains dangerous to handle and corrosive to machinery. Commercial preparations of HCl mixed into common feed ingredients as a premix could offer an inexpensive and palatable alternative to anionic salts as a means of controlling the incidence of milk fever in dairy cows. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Goff, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 27 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 81 IS 11 BP 2874 EP 2880 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 141FM UT WOS:000077132200011 PM 9839229 ER PT J AU Meinert, TR Norman, HD AF Meinert, TR Norman, HD TI Merit of outliers for milk yield as indicators of accuracy of genetic evaluations of sires SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic evaluation; outlier; herd profile; non-AI sampling AB To determine whether the accuracy of the genetic evaluations of sires can be assessed by the presence of extreme daughter records, we studied herd-years with records from first-crop daughters of 217 Holstein bulls that were not sampled by artificial insemination (AI) organizations but that later entered AI. The presence of outliers for standardized milk yield was determined within herd-year. Outliers were defined as records exceeding 1.5 interquartile ranges below the 25th percentile or above the 75th percentile. Herd-years were separated into two groups based on whether or not an outlier daughter record was present for an AI bull that had initially been sampled through non-AI. Herd-years without daughter outliers from those bulls were divided into herd-years with 1) no daughter outliers from any bull, 2) only negative daughter outliers from other bulls, 3) only positive daughter outliers from other bulls, or 4) negative and positive daughter outliers from other bulls. Herd-years with daughter outliers from AI bulls initially sampled through non-AI were divided into herd-years with 1) only negative daughter outliers, 2) only positive daughter outliers, 3) positive daughter outliers from those bulls and negative daughter outliers from other bulls, of 4) both negative and positive daughter outliers. The relationship between the frequency of outlier classes and a change in the Modified Contemporary Comparison genetic evaluations (the difference between the last available second-crop evaluation and the next to the last first-crop evaluation) was examined with logistic regression. For AI bulls that were initially sampled through non-AI and having evaluations that decreased greater than or equal to 386 kg, 9% of herd-years had positive first-crop daughter outliers and negative daughter outliers from other bulls; 38% had no outliers. For bulls with evaluations that increased greater than or equal to 194 kg, comparable percentages were 2 and 53%. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Dairy Herd Improvement Assoc Inc, Columbus, OH USA. RP Norman, HD (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 81 IS 11 BP 2951 EP 2955 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 141FM UT WOS:000077132200021 PM 9839239 ER PT J AU Farrell, HM Wickham, ED Groves, ML AF Farrell, HM Wickham, ED Groves, ML TI Environmental influences on purified kappa-casein: Disulfide interactions SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE casein structure; molecular mass; disulfide interactions ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; MICELLES; MILK AB Bovine kappa-casein, the stabilizing protein of the colloidal milk protein complex, has a unique pattern of disulfide bonding. The protein exhibits varying molecular sizes on SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), ranging from monomer to octamer and above in the absence of reducing agents. Heat treatment of the samples with SDS prior to electrophoresis caused an apparent decrease in polymeric distribution: up to 60% became monomers after 30 min at 90 degrees C as estimated by densitometry of SDS-PAGE. In contrast, heat treatment of the samples without detergent at 90 or 37 degrees C significantly increased in high molecular weight polymers, as judged by electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. In 6 M urea, the protein could be completely reduced by dithiothreitol, but, upon dialysis, varying degrees of polymer reformation occurred, depending on the dialysis conditions. Spontaneous reoxidation to polymeric forms is favored at low pH (<5.15) and low ionic strength. The results are discussed with respect to the influence of the method of preparation on the polymer size of kappa-casein and on its resultant physical chemical properties. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Groves, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 30 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 81 IS 11 BP 2974 EP 2984 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 141FM UT WOS:000077132200025 ER PT J AU Wells, SJ Ott, SL Seitzinger, AH AF Wells, SJ Ott, SL Seitzinger, AH TI Key health issues for dairy cattle - New and old SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dairy cattle; animal health; disease ID GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; UNITED-STATES; CLINICAL MASTITIS; MONITORING-SYSTEM; LOSSES; COSTS; PREVALENCE; SALMONELLA; INFECTION AB The objective of this paper is to use available information to evaluate the relative importance of various health issues affecting dairy cattle. In addition to traditional ranking using evaluation methods based on impacts to animal productivity, this paper considers zoonotic risks, international trade implications, and animal welfare concerns. Traditional production costs rank mastitis, reproductive problems, and lameness as the top dairy cattle diseases. When the other areas of importance are included, the top-ranked diseases change to include salmonella, Johne's disease, bovine viral diarrhea-associated disease, and mastitis. Researchers in the dairy industry may want to reevaluate their criteria for setting research priorities to include zoonotic risks, international trade implications, and animal welfare concerns. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Wells, SJ (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 54 TC 62 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 81 IS 11 BP 3029 EP 3035 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 141FM UT WOS:000077132200031 PM 9839242 ER PT J AU Sloan, JJ Dowdy, RH Dolan, MS AF Sloan, JJ Dowdy, RH Dolan, MS TI Recovery of biosolids-applied heavy metals sixteen years after application SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SLUDGE-TREATED SOILS; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; AGRICULTURAL USE; TRACE-METAL; MOVEMENT; ZINC; CADMIUM; CARBON; BIOAVAILABILITY AB Little is known of the long-term fate of biosolids-applied heavy metals in soil. The objective of this study was to quantify percent recovery of biosolids-applied heavy metals in a well-drained soil. Three annual applications of biosolids resulted in cumulative biosolids loadings of 0, 60, 120, and 180 Rig ha(-1). Cumulative metal loadings for the 180 Big ha(-1) biosolids rate were 25, 141, 127, 43, 173, and 348 kg ha(-1) fur Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. Soils were sampled to a depth of 0.9 m. Soil organic carbon (OC) was measured. Soil was extracted with 1 M IINO3 and metals were determined in the supernatants. Soil OC concentrations were linearly correlated to biosolids loadings and did not change significantly during die 16 yr after biosolids applications. Concentrations of extractable Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, ph, and Zn in biosolids-treated soils were much greater than the control to a depth of 0.30 m (P < 0.01), slightly greater at 0.30 to 0.45 nl (P < 0.05) and same as the control below 0.45 m. For the 180 Mg ha(-1) biosolids loading, percent recoveries for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, ph, and Zn were 112, 59, 119, 114, 102, and 97%, respectively. Low recovery of Cr was probably due to incomplete extraction from the soil. These results show that complete recovery of biosolids-applied heavy metals is possible when plot size is large enough to prevent cross-mixing of treated soils during tillage operations and when sediment losses are minimal. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Dowdy, RH (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 29 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1312 EP 1317 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141CV UT WOS:000077125800013 ER PT J AU Ebbs, SD Norvell, WA Kochian, LV AF Ebbs, SD Norvell, WA Kochian, LV TI The effect of acidification and chelating agents on the solubilization of uranium from contaminated soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID RADIONUCLIDES; URANYL; FIELD; ACID AB The role of acidification and chelating agents in the solubilization of uranium (U) from contaminated soil was examined in a series of experiments. Soil acidification and the addition of chelating agents were the two methods compared initially, The results indicated that the addition of citric acid solubilized more U than acidification or the other amendments tested. This increase in U solubility was, however, transitory, A subsequent experiment indicated that citrate concentration had a more dramatic effect on U solubility than did acidification. The greatest soluble U concentration during this experiment (775 mg kg(-1) soil, or -85% of the total U) was observed after 24 h in the presence of 20 millimoles citrate kg(-1) soil at pH 5,The persistence of U solubility over the 96-h experimental period was primarily a function of pll and citrate degradation. In a separate experiment, in which citric acid rather than citrate was added to contaminated soil, the soluble U concentrations observed were generally lower than those observed in the presence of citrate, Citric acid decreased soil pit to values less than or equal to 3.6, and solubilized higher concentrations of Al and Fe than observed in the presence of citrate. Since the maximum solubilization of U was observed at pii 5, the implication of these results is that a combined approach, using both soil acidification and citric acid addition, may be necessary to maximize the phytoextraction of U from soils with a pH > 6.0. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X; Ebbs, Stephen/0000-0003-4042-9234 NR 28 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1486 EP 1494 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141CV UT WOS:000077125800033 ER PT J AU Lowrance, R Johnson, JC Newton, GL Williams, RG AF Lowrance, R Johnson, JC Newton, GL Williams, RG TI Denitrification from soils of a year-round forage production system fertilized with liquid dairy manure SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE PRODUCTION; CATTLE SLURRY; NITRIFICATION; NITRATE; ACETYLENE; EVOLUTION; REDUCTION; QUALITY; RUNOFF AB Denitrification Is an important potential sink fur N in liquid manure and the amount of denitrification may affect sustainability of crops grown,vith liquid manure as a nutrient source. This study examined gaseous N loss by denitrification and the changes in soil N pools after liquid manure application, Liquid dairy manure was applied at four N rates (246, 427, 643, and 802 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) to four quadrants of a center-pivot in a gear-round forage production system, Denitrification (using the acetylene block technique on intact cores) and soil N pools were determined before and for 2 yr after beginning liquid manure application. Nitrous oxide evolution from soil cores was compared to denitrification for a third year of the study. Denitrification rates and soil N pools increased after manure application at all rates of application. The two highest rates of manure had highest denitrification rates, although differences in soil moisture due to soil and drainage properties complicated the interpretation of manure rate effects. At the two highest rates of N application and two lowest rates of N application, the quadrant with higher soil moisture had higher denitrification, Nitrous oxide emissions accounted for about 29% of total denitrification, Denitrification ranged from 11 to 37% of total N applied in the manure. highest rates of denitrification and highest proportions of fetal N denitrified were found with the second highest manure application rate because these soils were wetter, Annual denitrification totals ranged from 32 to 114% of the excess N (application-crop uptake) available. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RP Lowrance, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, POB 946, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. EM lorenz@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu NR 41 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1504 EP 1511 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141CV UT WOS:000077125800035 ER PT J AU Eigenberg, RA Nienaber, JA AF Eigenberg, RA Nienaber, JA TI Electromagnetic survey of cornfield with repeated manure applications SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOIL ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; DEPTH RELATIONS; INDUCTION; SALINITY AB Waste management sites are subject to nutrient buildup from storage, treatment, and repeated application of manure. Methods are needed to quickly assess a site or field location to survey nutrient levels and estimate risk potential. Electromagnetic (EM) conductivity methods have been shown to be sensitive to areas of high nutrient levels (Eigenberg et al,, 1996) and offer promise to provide field assessments. In this report, high density electromagnetic field mapping is described as a method to isolate and detect areas of nutrient buildup in a cornfield receiving waste management research treatments. Various manure and compost rates have been applied to this research field for replacement of commercial fertilizer with the treatment assignments remaining identical over a 4-yr period. Electromagnetic conductivity measurements were able to differentiate (P < 0.0001) the N check treatment (commercial application rate) vs. manure applied at the recommended P rate, compost applied at the P rate, and compost applied at the N rate, The N check treatment and the manure applied at the N rate treatment resulted in nearly identical mean values for EM readings and were not statistically distinguishable. Analysis of soil cores (NO3, CI, P, K, SO4, NH,, Na, electrical conductivity, and soil moisture content) randomly located within each treatment were compared to EM readings at the same locations. The Pearson correlation coefficients revealed strong (P = 0.02 or better) correlations for all constituents except NH4 (P = 0.308). Treatment effects were significant (P < 0.05) for all soil constituents except NH4 and water content. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Eigenberg, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 20 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1511 EP 1515 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 141CV UT WOS:000077125800036 ER PT J AU Bakst, MR AF Bakst, MR TI Structure of the avian oviduct with emphasis on sperm storage in poultry SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology CY JUL 12-17, 1997 CL UNIV BRISTOL, SCH BIOL SCI, BRISTOL, ENGLAND HO UNIV BRISTOL, SCH BIOL SCI ID INSEMINATION; SPERMATOZOA; TUBULES; TURKEY AB The macroanatomy, histology, and fine structure of the avian oviduct is reviewed and related to its role in fertile egg production. The avian oviduct functions as a biological assembly line, beginning sequentially with the deposition of the albumen around the fertilized or unfertilized ovum, then the shell membrane, and lastly, the shell, all within 25 hr of ovulation. While in transit through the oviduct, the fertilized ovum progresses to the pre-gastrulation stage of development. J. Exp. Zool. 282:618-626, 1998. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bakst, MR (reprint author), Bldg 262,BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0022-104X J9 J EXP ZOOL JI J. Exp. Zool. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 282 IS 4-5 BP 618 EP 626 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(199811/12)282:4/5<618::AID-JEZ11>3.3.CO;2-D PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 132CH UT WOS:000076612100011 PM 9803539 ER PT J AU Chen, YR Nguyen, M Park, B AF Chen, YR Nguyen, M Park, B TI Neural network with principal component analysis for poultry carcass classification SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB This paper reports the results of applying principal component analyses (PCA) of spectral reflectance data to reduce the number of input nodes for neural networks for classification of wholesome and unwholesome poultry carcasses. The results showed that the models with PCA pretreatment of input data performed better than those models without pretreatment. When sensing moving poultry carcasses in an environment without room light with a visible/near-infrared spectrophotometer, the neural network classification models with PCA pretreatment achieved 100% accuracies for training, validating, and testing. For carcasses moving at 60 birds/min, 50 factors were required for perfect classification, while for 90 birds/min 30 factors were required. When sensing in room light, the best model was generated with 30 factors for a shackle speed of 60 birds/min, with a test set accuracy of 95.8%. For 90 birds/min, the best model with a test set accuracy of 96.8% was obtained when 15 factors were used. This study showed that PCA reduced the number of input nodes to the neural network classifiers and, in most cares, improved the model's classification accuracy. It also required fewer training samples and reduced training time. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Serv, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chen, YR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Serv, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 303,BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 8 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8876 J9 J FOOD PROCESS ENG JI J. Food Process Eng. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 21 IS 5 BP 351 EP 367 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4530.1998.tb00458.x PG 17 WC Engineering, Chemical; Food Science & Technology SC Engineering; Food Science & Technology GA 146YC UT WOS:000077460600001 ER PT J AU Sarlin, LL Barnhart, ET Moore, RW Corrier, DE Stanker, LH Hargis, BM AF Sarlin, LL Barnhart, ET Moore, RW Corrier, DE Stanker, LH Hargis, BM TI Comparison of enrichment methods for recovery and chick infectivity of chlorine-injured Salmonella enteritidis SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID MEDIA; FOODS; TYPHIMURIUM; CULTURE; GROWTH AB In recent years, several preenrichment media have been shown to be effective for use in the recovery of sublethally injured Salmonella organisms. Selective enrichment without preenrichment has resulted in a lower recovery of organisms, particularly with regard to injured or stressed salmonellae. The present experiments compared the ability of nonselective preenrichment followed by selective enrichment or direct selective enrichment alone to recover chlorine-injured Salmonella organisms. Additionally, the Salmonella detection limits of the two enrichment methods were compared with minimal infectious dose in neonatal chicks. In three experiments, Salmonella enteritidis cells were exposed to chlorine for specific times and subsequently cultured by using preenrichment followed by selective enrichment or selective enrichment alone. Simultaneously, neonatal chicks were orally challenged with S. enteritidis cells from each exposure time to chlorine. The results indicated a marginal, but significantly (P < 0.05) higher level of recovery of sublethally injured salmonellae by using nonselective preenrichment followed by selective enrichment, as compared to selective enrichment alone. Interestingly, both culture methods were capable of detecting injured S. enteritidis cells at levels incapable of infecting neonatal chicks. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hargis, BM (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Poultry Sci, VMS Bldg,Room 119, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 61 IS 11 BP 1504 EP 1506 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 138TG UT WOS:000076988500014 PM 9829193 ER PT J AU Buchanan, RL Whiting, RC AF Buchanan, RL Whiting, RC TI Risk assessment: A means for linking HACCP plans and public health SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Science-Based Approaches for Protecting our Global Food Supply at the 84th IAMFES Annual Meeting CY JUL 06-09, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP IAMFES, ILSI, N Amer Tech Comm Food Microbiol AB HACCP plan adoption has greatly enhanced the food industry's ability to systematically design programs to ensure the microbiological safety of foods. Yet, this widening acceptance of the HACCP system has revealed several areas where its application is limited due to reliance on qualitative consideration of hazards and their control. In particular, HACCP planning is limited both conceptually and practically by its inability to quantify the potential combined influence of multiple control-point deviations and to relate the successful operation of a HACCP system to a measurable public-health impact. Recent advances in quantitative microbiological risk assessment appear to offer a means of overcoming these limitations. The integration of HACCP plans with the development of dynamic risk-assessment models offers a means for considering the entire farm-to-table continuum and for relating food-manufacturing operations to public health goals. Such capabilities may be critical to establishing equivalence among HACCP systems. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Whiting, RC (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, 200 C St SW, Washington, DC 20204 USA. NR 8 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 61 IS 11 BP 1531 EP 1534 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 138TG UT WOS:000076988500022 PM 9829200 ER PT J AU Marks, H Coleman, M AF Marks, H Coleman, M TI Estimating distributions of numbers of organisms in food products SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Science-Based Approaches for Protecting our Global Food Supply at the 84th IAMFES Annual Meeting CY JUL 06-09, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP IAMFES, ILSI, N Amer Tech Comm Food Microbiol AB Procedures of sampling and measurement contribute variability and uncertainty to exposure models that predict incidence and levels of organisms in food products. This paper focuses on methods that account for sampling and measurement error in fitting distributions of organisms in food products for use in exposure models for microbial risk assessment. Define y to be a measured density on a sample selected with stipulated probability from a population, and define x to be the "true" density for that sample. Designate the conditional distribution of y given the sample with "true" value x as g(y\x), and let F(x) be the unknown cumulative density of x. The distribution of the observed values y, h(y), can be expressed through the integral equation h(y) = integral g(y\x) dF(x). Knowledge of g(y\x) and h(y) enables an estimate of the unknown distribution of the organism's F(x). In applications to risk assessment, use of continuous distributions described by a few parameters is desirable. Also desirable may be imputation or assignment of possible nonzero values for nondetect observations-those results below the Limit of detection of the methodology-that may not be truly zero. This paper explores the use of the above formulation for estimating distributions of organisms used for microbial risk assessment and presents some simple examples. C1 USDA, Off Policy, Program Dev & Evaluat, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Marks, H (reprint author), USDA, Off Policy, Program Dev & Evaluat, 1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 61 IS 11 BP 1535 EP 1540 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 138TG UT WOS:000076988500023 PM 9829201 ER PT J AU Coleman, M Marks, H AF Coleman, M Marks, H TI Topics in dose-response modeling SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Science-Based Approaches for Protecting our Global Food Supply at the 84th IAMFES Annual Meeting CY JUL 06-09, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP IAMFES, ILSI, N Amer Tech Comm Food Microbiol ID RISK ASSESSMENT; IMMUNITY AB Great uncertainty exists in conducting dose-response assessment for microbial pathogens. The data to support quantitative modeling of dose-response relationships are meager Our philosophy in developing methodology to conduct microbial risk assessments has been to rely on data analysis and formal inferencing from the available data in constructing dose-response and exposure models. The probability of illness is a complex function of factors associated with the disease triangle: the host, the pathogen, and the environment including the food vehicle and indigenous microbial competitors. The epidemiological triangle and interactions between the components of the triangle are used to illustrate key issues in dose-response modeling that impact the estimation of risk and attendant uncertainty. Distinguishing between uncertainty (what is unknown) and variability (heterogeneity) is crucial in risk assessment. Uncertainty includes components that are associated with (i) parameter estimation for a given assumed model, and (ii) the unknown "true" model form among many plausible alternatives such as the exponential, Beta-Poisson, probit, logistic, and Gompertz. Uncertainty may be grossly understated if plausible alternative models are not tested in the analysis. Examples are presented of the impact of variability and uncertainty on species, strain, or serotype of microbial pathogens; variability in human response to administered doses of pathogens; and effects of threshold and nonthreshold models. Some discussion of the usefulness and limitations of epidemiological data is presented. Criteria for development of surrogate dose-response models are proposed for pathogens for which human data are lacking. Alternative dose-response models which consider biological plausibility are presented for predicting the probability of illness. C1 USDA, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Off Policy, Program Dev & Evaluat, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Coleman, M (reprint author), USDA, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, 1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 42 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 61 IS 11 BP 1550 EP 1559 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 138TG UT WOS:000076988500025 PM 9829203 ER PT J AU Morales, RA McDowell, RM AF Morales, RA McDowell, RM TI Risk assessment and economic analysis for managing risks to human health from pathogenic microorganisms in the food supply SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Science-Based Approaches for Protecting our Global Food Supply at the 84th IAMFES Annual Meeting CY JUL 06-09, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP IAMFES, ILSI, N Amer Tech Comm Food Microbiol ID SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS; OUTBREAK AB Risk managers increasingly face having to justify their decisions in allocating limited resources. These decisions may include prioritizing hazards, determining appropriate levels of safety, and identifying and selecting optimal risk reduction strategies. These decisions require making choices among alternatives, choices that may be difficult because they invariably involve trade-offs. Integrating risk assessment and economic analyses can aid decision making by determining the benefits and costs of alternative actions. Risk assessment and economic analysis provide the measurement tools that will facilitate intelligent, informed, risk management and will enable effective and efficient resource allocation decisions. C1 Univ Maryland, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Avrum Gudelsky Vet Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA, Risk Anal Syst, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RP Morales, RA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Avrum Gudelsky Vet Ctr, Rm 1208,8075 Greenmead Dr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 61 IS 11 BP 1567 EP 1570 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 138TG UT WOS:000076988500027 PM 9829205 ER PT J AU Motzer, EA Carpenter, JA Reynolds, AE Lyon, CE AF Motzer, EA Carpenter, JA Reynolds, AE Lyon, CE TI Quality of restructured hams manufactured with PSE pork as affected by water binders SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PSE; starch; carrageenan; soy protein ID KAPPA-CARRAGEENAN; MUSCLE; GELATION; PROTEINS; STARCH; PALE; SOFT AB Restructured hams were made from modified food starch (MFS), kappa-carrageenan (k-c), isolated soy protein (ISP), and processed with different levels of PSE pork [100% Normal, 50% PSE/50% Normal, 100% PSE], Hams were ground, tumbled for 2h with a brine, stuffed, and water cooked. Bind strength values decreased and expressible moisture increased with addition of PSE pork to the ISP and k-c treatments, Incorporation of MFS decreased bind strength and expressible moisture and increased yields in the 100P treatment. Results indicated MFS enhanced the water retention of PSE pork in a restructured product. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Athens, GA 30605 USA. ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Motzer, EA (reprint author), Fields Sealed Air Corp, Cryovac Div, 100 Rogers Bridge Rd,Bldg A, Duncan, SC 29334 USA. NR 35 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 11 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 63 IS 6 BP 1007 EP 1011 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 151ZH UT WOS:000077750300017 ER PT J AU Chen, XF Palmer, RG AF Chen, XF Palmer, RG TI Recombination and linkage estimation between the k2 and Mdh1-n y20 loci in soybean SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID INHERITANCE; REGISTRATION; PLANTS; GENES AB Tan saddle seed coat (k2), mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase 1 null (Mdh1-n), and yellow foliage (y20) are three mutant phenotypes in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] that are conditioned by three closely linked but distinct genetic loci-k2, Mdh1-n, and y20, respectively. In this report, genetic recombinations were examined between the k2 and the Mdh1-n y20 loci in repulsion phase and among the k2, Mdh1-n, and y20 loci in coupling phase. Reduced viability with the yellow foliage plants was evident in all F2 cross combinations in both coupling and repulsion phases. However, the segregation of the homozygous green to heterozygous green F-2 plants fit a 1:2 ratio, suggesting that the putative deletion mutations at the k2 Mdh1-n, and y20 loci did not affect the transmissibility of the mutant chromosome. Recombination rates of approximately 55-60% between the k2 and Mdh1-n y20 loci were estimated by Kuspira and Bhambhani's (1984) square root approach in repulsion phase in F-2 plants derived from crossing T323 (Mdh1-n y20), T324 (Mdh1-n y20), and T325 (Mdh1-n y20) with T239 (k2) and L67-3483 (k2). However, no recombination among the k2, Mdh1-n, and y20 loci was detected in coupling phase in the estimated total of 13,187 F-2 plants. The excess of the recombinants in repulsion phase in F-2 plants was considered to be the result of breakage at the k2 Mdh1 Y20 chromosomal region in T239 and L67-3483 when the Mdh1-n y20 loci were introduced into the T239 and L67-3483 genetic backgrounds. In contrast, no recombinants were identified in repulsion phase in 455 F2 yellow foliage plants derived from the crosses of T317 (Mdh1-n y20) with T239 (k2) and L67-3483 (k2). However, an approximately 3.04 +/- 0.48% recombination rate was estimated between the k2 and Mdh1-n y20 loci in a total of 677 F-2:3 families with tan saddle seed coat derived from crossing T317 (Mdh1-n y20) with T239 (k2) and L67-3483 (k2). Our data suggests that the mutation in T317 is different from that in T323, T324, and T325. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, CICGR Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Interdept Genet Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Palmer, RG (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 89 IS 6 BP 488 EP 494 DI 10.1093/jhered/89.6.488 PG 7 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 167TG UT WOS:000078649100003 ER PT J AU Kuhnle, RA Willis, JC AF Kuhnle, RA Willis, JC TI Statistics of sediment transport in Goodwin Creek SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID RATES AB Sand and gravel transport were sampled in flow rates from just above to several times the critical shear stress of the bed material at two sites on Goodwin Creek, Mississippi. Transport rates representative of the channel cross section were calculated from these samples. The standard deviations of the transport rates were approximately equal to the mean for transport rates grouped by bed shear stress. Normalized probability density functions defined for the transport rates were most closely approximated by a gamma form of the probability function. The probable accuracy in the prediction of the time-averaged transport rate for a given number of measured transport rates can be calculated from this information. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Kuhnle, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 1998 VL 124 IS 11 BP 1109 EP 1114 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1998)124:11(1109) PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 131KL UT WOS:000076575000004 ER PT J AU Sun, J Hayward, C Shinde, R Christenson, R Ford, SP Butler, JE AF Sun, J Hayward, C Shinde, R Christenson, R Ford, SP Butler, JE TI Antibody repertoire development in fetal and neonatal piglets. I. Four V-H genes account for 80 percent of V-H usage during 84 days of fetal life SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID B-CELL DEVELOPMENT; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; DIVERSITY; ONTOGENY; MICE; PIG; IMMUNITY; REARRANGEMENT; EXPRESSION; MECHANISMS AB VDJ rearrangement and V-H gene usage during fetal development in 35 outbred piglets was examined by PCR amplification of VDJs; VDJs were subsequently characterized by hybridization with V-H-specific gene probes and by sequencing. VDJ rearrangement was first seen in the fetal liver on day 30 of a 114-day gestation. Four V-H genes (V(H)A, VHB, VHC, and VHE) accounted for similar to 80% of all V-H gene usage regardless of gestational age, choice of piglet, or lymphoid tissue tested; D(H)A and DHB were used in >90% of the Fetal VDJs examined. Evidence of somatic hypermutation during fetal development was not found. The proportion of the four pi-eminent fetal V-H genes did not differ significantly between cDNA and DNA, suggesting the absence of selective B cell differentiation. A comparison of recombination signal sequences, Blanking sequences, and framework sequences of these fetal genes with other germline V-H genes of swine offered no clue as to their selective usage. N-region additions were prominent on day 40 but not on day 30, suggesting that the onset of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase activity occurs after 30 days of fetal development, These collective findings indicate that the preimmune, "natural Ab" repertoire of the fetal piglet is largely restricted to the use of four nonpolymorphic and nomnutated V-H genes and two nonmutated D-H segments, This suggests that the preimmune repertoire of swine is either highly restricted or almost entirely determined by junctional diversity in complementarity-determining region-3. C1 Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Interdisciplinary Immunol Program, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. USDA, Roman L Hruska Agr Res Serv, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Butler, JE (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM jebutler@blue.weeg.uiowa.edu NR 58 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD NOV 1 PY 1998 VL 161 IS 9 BP 5070 EP 5078 PG 9 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 131NA UT WOS:000076581100080 PM 9794445 ER PT J AU Trevejo, RT Rigau-Perez, JG Ashford, DA McClure, EM Jarquin-Gonzalez, C Amador, JJ de los Reyes, JO Gonzalez, A Zaki, SR Shieh, WJ McLean, RG Nasci, RS Weyant, RS Bolin, CA Bragg, SL Perkins, BA Spiegel, RA AF Trevejo, RT Rigau-Perez, JG Ashford, DA McClure, EM Jarquin-Gonzalez, C Amador, JJ de los Reyes, JO Gonzalez, A Zaki, SR Shieh, WJ McLean, RG Nasci, RS Weyant, RS Bolin, CA Bragg, SL Perkins, BA Spiegel, RA TI Epidemic leptospirosis associated with pulmonary hemorrhage - Nicaragua, 1995 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Epidemiological-Research CY JUN 12-15, 1996 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Soc Epidemiol Res ID INFECTION; DIAGNOSIS; OUTBREAK; ASSAY AB In October 1995, epidemic "hemorrhagic fever," without jaundice or renal manifestations, was reported in rural Nicaragua following heavy flooding; 2259 residents were evaluated for nonmalarial febrile illnesses (cumulative incidence, 6.1%) and 15 (0.7%) died with pulmonary hemorrhage, A case-control study found that case-patients were more likely than controls to have ever walked in creeks (matched odds ratio [MOR], 15.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-132.3), have household rodents (MOR, 10.4; 95% CI, 1.1-97.1), or own dogs with titers greater than or equal to 400 to Leptospira species (MOR, 23.4; 95% CI, 3.6-proportional to), Twenty-six of 51 case-patients had serologic or postmortem evidence of acute leptospirosis. Leptospira species were isolated from case-patients and potential animal reservoirs. This leptospirosis epidemic likely resulted from exposure to flood waters contaminated by urine from infected animals, particularly dogs. Leptospirosis should be included in the differential diagnosis for nonmalarial febrile illness, particularly during periods of flooding or when pulmonary hemorrhage occurs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Childhood & Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Emerging Bacterial & Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Mol Pathol & Ultrastruct Act, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Ft Collins, CO USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Ft Collins, CO USA. USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR USA. Asociac Probienestar Familia Nicaraguense, Managua, Nicaragua. Minist Salud, Complejo Nacl Salud, Managua, Nicaragua. RP Trevejo, RT (reprint author), Cty Sonoma Dept Hlth Serv, 3313 Chanate Rd, Santa Rosa, CA 95404 USA. NR 28 TC 203 Z9 223 U1 0 U2 9 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 178 IS 5 BP 1457 EP 1463 DI 10.1086/314424 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 138TQ UT WOS:000076989500028 PM 9780268 ER PT J AU O'Reilly, DR Hails, RS Kelly, TJ AF O'Reilly, DR Hails, RS Kelly, TJ TI The impact of host developmental status on baculovirus replication SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus; AcMNPV; Heliothis virescens; ecdysteroids; larval development; baculovirus pathogenicity ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; MICROPLITIS-CROCEIPES; SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA; TRICHOPLUSIA-NI; HORMONE; LARVAE; INFECTION AB The yield of progeny occlusion bodies from a baculovirus infection is a critical parameter governing viral population dynamics in the field. Previous evidence has suggested that the ability of the virus to block host development may be an important factor in determining yield of progeny virus. Here, we explore the relationship between yield, dose, and host developmental status at the time of infection during Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus infection of final instar Heliothis virescens. The data indicate that occlusion body yield is strongly inversely dependent on the time elapsed after ecdysis before the insect is infected. The later in the instar the infective dose is received, the lower the efficiency with which the virus can block host development. The occlusion body yield from insects whose development is completely arrested is more than fourfold greater than the yield from insects that have initiated prepupal development. Dose is also an important factor, with high-dose infections more likely to lead to developmental arrest. Thus, the infection parameters that give rise to optimal progeny virus yield are infection at high dose early in the instar. Analysis of ecdysteroid titers demonstrated that only low levels of ecdysteroids are detectable in insects whose development is completely arrested. In contrast, in insects whose development was only partially arrested, extremely high ecdysteroid titers were frequently observed. These data support the hypothesis that the function of the baculovirus ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase gene is to delay or block host development, with the benefit of increasing the yield of progeny virus. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol, London SW7 2BB, England. NERC, Inst Virol & Environm Microbiol, Oxford OX1 3SR, England. USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP O'Reilly, DR (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol, London SW7 2BB, England. EM dor@ic.ac.uk RI Hails, Rosemary/E-9478-2010 OI Hails, Rosemary/0000-0002-6975-1318 NR 20 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 72 IS 3 BP 269 EP 275 DI 10.1006/jipa.1998.4785 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 136AQ UT WOS:000076835800013 ER PT J AU Lynn, DE Shapiro, M AF Lynn, DE Shapiro, M TI New cell lines from Heliothis virescens: Characterization and susceptibility to baculoviruses SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Heliothis virescens cell lines; Baculoviridae; Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus; Anagrapha falcifera nucleopolyhedrovirus; Anticarsa gemmatalis nucleopolyhedrovirus; Rachoplusia ou nucleopolyhedrovirus; Orgyia pseudotsugata nucleopolyhedrovirus; Helicoverpa zea nucleopolyhedrovirus ID VIRUS; REPLICATION AB New cell lines from embryos of Heliothis virescens were recently developed. Six primary cultures were initiated in June 1995. From these initial cultures, two produced sufficient cell growth to allow subcultivation and eventually led to the establishment of seven cell strains, three of which are maintained at low temperatures (17 degrees C). The strains were compared with a previously established cell line from H. virescens by isozyme analysis and shown to be from the same species. All the strains were inoculated with various baculoviruses, including Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV), Anagrapha falcifera NPV, Anticarsa gemmatalis NPV, Rachoplusia ou NPV, Lymantria dispar NPV (LdMNPV), Orgyia pseudotsugata NPV (OpSNPV), O. leucostigma NPV (OlMNPV), and Helicoverpa tea NPV (HzSNPV). All seven strains were highly susceptible to the noctuid NPVs, and large numbers of occlusion bodies (OBs) were produced in most of the inoculated cells. The HzSNPV infection developed at a slower rate (requiring 1 week or more before a substantial number of cells contained OBs compared with 23 days for the other three noctuid NPVs). Three of the H. virescens strains were also susceptible to OpSNPV although only 10-20% of the cells produced OBs with this virus. We did not observe cytopathology (CPE) in any cells inoculated with OlMNPV or LdMNPV. Our results suggest that these new strains can be useful for the study and possibly the production of baculoviruses for which no effective cell systems are available and for comparative studies on multiple virus species. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lynn, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, BARC W, Bldg 011A,Room 214, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 72 IS 3 BP 276 EP 280 DI 10.1006/jipa.1998.4784 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 136AQ UT WOS:000076835800014 ER PT J AU Micieli, MV Garcia, JJ Becnel, JJ AF Micieli, MV Garcia, JJ Becnel, JJ TI Horizontal Transmission of Amblyospora dolosi (Microsporidia : Amblyosporidae) to the copepod Metacyclops mendocinus (Wierzejski, 1892) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Amblyospora dolosi; Microsporidia; Culex dolosus; mosquito; Metacyclops mendocinus; copepod; taxonomy; ultrastructure; host specificity ID CULEX-ANNULIROSTRIS; LIFE-CYCLE; SP-NOV; MOSQUITO; HOST; INTERMEDIATE; INDICOLA; PARASITE AB This study documents the involvement of a copepod intermediate host in the life cycle of Amblyospora dolosi from the neotropical mosquito Culex dolosus in Argentina. Meiospores of A. dolosi from the mosquito host were infectious per os to female adults of the copepod Metacyclops mendocinus. All developmental stages in the copepod were haplophasic (unpaired nuclei), with sporulation producing a second type of uninucleate spore. These spores, formed in the ovaries of M. mendocinus, were lanceolate, curved, and measured 14.3 x 3.8 mu m This study supports previous life cycle studies which demonstrate that most if not all Amblyospora spp. in mosquitoes require an obligate intermediate copepod host to complete the life cycle. C1 CEPAVE, CIC, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Micieli, MV (reprint author), CEPAVE, CIC, Calle 2,584, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 72 IS 3 BP 330 EP 335 DI 10.1006/jipa.1998.4816 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 136AQ UT WOS:000076835800022 ER PT J AU Clemmens, AJ AF Clemmens, AJ TI Evaluation of time-rated infiltration families for noncracking soils - Discussion SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Clemmens, AJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 124 IS 6 BP 328 EP 330 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1998)124:6(328) PG 3 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA 139JD UT WOS:000077024200012 ER PT J AU Waters, JR Zabel, CJ AF Waters, JR Zabel, CJ TI Abundances of small mammals in fir forests in northeastern California SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Clethrionomys californicus; Peromyscus maniculatus; Spermophilus lateralis; Tamias amoenus; Tamias senex; Tamias speciosus; Tamiasciurus douglasii; logging; small mammals ID RED-BACKED VOLES; TOWNSENDS CHIPMUNK POPULATIONS; OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; CAPTURE PROBABILITIES; SUPPLEMENTAL FOOD; WESTERN OREGON; TAMIASCIURUS; RESPONSES; DYNAMICS; EUTAMIAS AB We compared abundances of seven species of forest rodents among three types of fir (Abies concolor and A. magnifica) forest: unlogged old-growth, unlogged mature, and shelter-wood-logged old-growth. Small mammals were livetrapped during summers 1991 and 1992 in four grids within each type of forest; grids were located in the Lassen National Forest in northeastern California. Shelterwood-logged forests had been logged 6-7 years previously. Differences in capture rates between unlogged, old-growth and shelterwood-logged, old-growth forests suggest that logging led to significant increases in populations of golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis), yellow pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus), and lodgepole chipmunks (Tamias speciosus) but may have led to reduced populations of western red-backed voles (Clethrionomys californicus). Capture rates of Douglas' squirrels (Tamiasciurus douglasii), Alien's chipmunks (Tamias senex), and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) did not differ significantly between unlogged and shelterwood-logged forests. Capture rate of T. douglasii was significantly greater in mature forests than in old-growth forests in 1992, but we did not detect significant differences between old-growth and mature forests for the other six species. These results illustrate how opening of the canopy and disturbance of the forest floor can lead to significant changes in patterns of abundance of forest rodents. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Waters, JR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 46 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 10 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 79 IS 4 BP 1244 EP 1253 DI 10.2307/1383015 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 145PH UT WOS:000077379900015 ER PT J AU Bowyer, RT Van Ballenberghe, V Kie, JG AF Bowyer, RT Van Ballenberghe, V Kie, JG TI Timing and synchrony of parturition in Alaskan moose: Long-term versus proximal effects of climate SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Alces alces; moose; parturition; synchrony; predation; survivorship; weather; forage; climatic change; Alaska ID DEER CERVUS-ELAPHUS; WHITE-TAILED DEER; RED DEER; DALLS SHEEP; REPRODUCTIVE SYNCHRONY; SCENT-URINATION; BIRTH SYNCHRONY; LAMBING PERIOD; SURVIVAL; FOREST AB We studied timing and synchrony of parturition in Alaskan moose (Alces alces) in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, from 1990 to 1994. Mean date of birth was 25 May (SD = 5.7 days) and did not differ significantly among years. Although moose did not congregate to give birth, parturition was highly synchronized (95% of births occurred in 16 days) with no significant differences among years. Most young moose were killed by predators, especially grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), but timing of reproduction had no effect on survivorship of young, which was low (ca. 0.2 by 16 June). We reject the hypothesis that moose timed births to avoid predation. We also measured depth of snow in winter, and precipitation, cloud cover, and temperature in spring; none of these variables was related to timing or synchrony of births. Likewise, quality of willow (Salix pulchra) in 3 springs in which percent nitrogen and in vitro dry-matter digestibility of this important forage varied markedly was unrelated to timing of births. We reject the hypothesis that moose timed parturition in response to proximal changes in their environment. We hypothesize that both timing and synchrony of parturition in moose are adaptations to long-term patterns of climate that provide the most hospitable conditions to bear and rear young. Consequently, moose may be more susceptible to climatic change than other ungulates that are more adapted to climatic variability. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Bowyer, RT (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NR 70 TC 90 Z9 94 U1 4 U2 33 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 79 IS 4 BP 1332 EP 1344 DI 10.2307/1383025 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 145PH UT WOS:000077379900025 ER PT J AU Smith, RL Stanfill-McMillan, K AF Smith, RL Stanfill-McMillan, K TI Comparison of perception versus reality in timber bridge performance SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB Bridge material selection is one of the mast difficult decisions an engineer has to make. Many factors and individuals are often involved in choosing the proper bridge material for a given site and location. Physical factors such as strength and lifespan of material, and also site specific factors like roadway alignment and traffic count, play important roles in material selection. Often state Department of Transportation engineers, private consulting engineers, and local highway officials all play roles in the material selection process. Each individual may have his/her own perception of bridge materials based upon past experience and education, and little is known about how these perceptions influence the choice of materials. In this study, perceptions of engineers and highway officials toward timber as a bridge material in four selected states were compared to the actual performance of timber as reported in the National Bridge Inventory. Highway officials and engineers in Mississippi, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin were surveyed by mail and personally interviewed to capture their perceptions toward timber as it compared to other major bridge materials (prestressed concrete, steel, and reinforced concrete). This information was compared with the actual performance data obtained from the National Bridge Inventory. The results indicate that there is a strong correlation between highway officials' perceptions toward bridge materials and the reported performance of these materials. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Dept Agr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Smith, RL (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0899-1561 J9 J MATER CIVIL ENG JI J. Mater. Civ. Eng. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 10 IS 4 BP 238 EP 243 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1998)10:4(238) PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 130YW UT WOS:000076549100006 ER PT J AU Allan, SA Kline, DL AF Allan, SA Kline, DL TI Larval rearing water and preexisting eggs influence oviposition by Aedes aegypti and Ae-albopictus (Diptera : Culicidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aedes aegypti; Aedes albopictus; oviposition; larval water; eggs ID PLAGIORCHIS-ELEGANS TREMATODA; SIMULIUM-REPTANS DIPTERA; MOSQUITO OVIPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; CONSPECIFIC EGGS; SURVEILLANCE; TRISERIATUS; ATTRACTANTS; INFUSIONS; PHEROMONE AB Two-choice laboratory bioassays were used to evaluate oviposition responses of gravid Aedes aegypti (L.) and Ae. albopictus (Skuse) to larval rearing water and eggs from prior egg deposition. Oviposition responses by female Ae. aegypti were similar between larval water from Ae. aegypti and water controls but significantly greater to larval water from Ae. albopictus (12.2%) compared with water controls. Oviposition by Ae. albopictus females increased significantly in response to larval water from either species compared with water controls with increases of 15.1% to Ae. aegypti larval water and 17.6% to Ae. albopictus larval water. Oviposition responses of gravid Ae, aegypti and Ae. albopictus were evaluated in the presence of preexisting conspecific and heterospecific eggs on strips of oviposition paper. Significantly more eggs were laid by gravid Ae. aegypti females on oviposition paper containing either Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus eggs than on oviposition paper without eggs. In contrast, oviposition responses of gravid Ae, albopictus females were unaffected by the presence of eggs of either species. C1 USDA ARS, Med & Vet Entomol Res Lab, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Allan, SA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Pathobiol, POB 110880, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NR 42 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 11 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 35 IS 6 BP 943 EP 947 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 143HX UT WOS:000077250400008 PM 9835684 ER PT J AU Davey, RB George, JE AF Davey, RB George, JE TI In vitro and in vivo evaluations of a strain of Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae) selected for resistance to permethrin SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Boophilus microplus; permethrin; pyrethroid; resistance; control ID SOUTHERN CATTLE TICK; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; NEW-CALEDONIA; COUMAPHOS; EVOLUTION AB A strain of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) was selected for resistance to permethrin by pressuring larvae with increasing doses (range, 0.05-0.35% [AI]) through successive generations (generations F-2-F-7). At the beginning of the selection process (F-2), the pyrethroid resistant (PR) strain was 5.4 times more resistant to permethrin than the pyrethroid susceptible (PS) strain, and the level of resistance increased in each successive generation of the PR strain, reaching a resistance factor (resistance factor) of 20.9 in the F-7 generation. Thus, in only 5 generations the level of resistance in the PR strain was increased by 4-fold. The efficacy of permethrin was evaluated by dipping cattle infested with the PS strain and cattle infested with the F-7 generation of the PR strain in a vat at 0.057% (AI) (Coopers Animal Health, Mundelein, IL; recommended concentration). Evaluation of the PS strain showed that untreated cattle produced significantly (P < 0.05) more females with a higher index-of reproduction than treated cattle. Additionally, biological factors (female weight, egg mass weight, and percent egg hatch) associated with the untreated females were all significantly (P < 0.05) greater than treated females. Conversely, results obtained from the PR strain showed that tick numbers, index of reproduction value, and biological parameters of females in the untreated group were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of the treated group. The overall control achieved in the PS strain (99.2%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the PR strain (35.7%). The results of the study as they relate to the United States Boophilus Eradication Program are discussed. C1 USDA, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, ARS, Mission, TX 78573 USA. USDA, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, ARS, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Davey, RB (reprint author), USDA, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, ARS, So Plains Area,POB 970, Mission, TX 78573 USA. NR 28 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1013 EP 1019 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 143HX UT WOS:000077250400019 PM 9835695 ER PT J AU Zuckerman, H Solomon, MB AF Zuckerman, H Solomon, MB TI Ultrastructural changes in bovine longissimus muscle caused by the hydrodyne process SO JOURNAL OF MUSCLE FOODS LA English DT Article ID TENDERNESS; FILAMENTS; NEBULIN AB Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the influence of the Hydrodyne process, a new technology for tenderizing meat in the raw state, on the ultrastructural characteristics of bovine longissimus muscle. Myofibrillar fragmentation in the region adjacent to the Z-lines was clearly, evident. Fragments of Z-lines were attached to the A-band on both sides of the fractures. These fractures resulted in increased intramyofibrillar spaces with longitudinal gaps or splits in the myofibril lattice (lattice of filaments formed inside the myofibril). These observations offer evidence as to why there is a significant improvement in meat tenderness when meat is treated with the Hydrodyne process. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, MSRL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Solomon, MB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, MSRL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1046-0756 J9 J MUSCLE FOODS JI J. Muscle Foods PD NOV PY 1998 VL 9 IS 4 BP 419 EP 426 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4573.1998.tb00745.x PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 144RX UT WOS:000077329800008 ER PT J AU Wood, RJ Han, O AF Wood, RJ Han, O TI Recently identified molecular aspects of intestinal iron absorption SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE HFE; Nramp2; DCT1; hemochromatosis; membrane transporters ID HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; MEMBRANE-VESICLES; CACO-2 CELLS; TRANSPORT; GENE; PROTEIN; COPPER; CERULOPLASMIN; EXPRESSION AB Gene mapping techniques to identify gene mutations in humans and animals with phenotypic abnormalities in iron metabolism are providing important insights into the probable molecular mediators of intestinal iron absorption. Positional gene cloning in humans with hereditary hemochromatosis has identified a mutation in a novel major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene called HFE that is likely to be involved in regulating intestinal iron absorption. In addition, recent observations based on positional cloning strategies in the mk/mk mouse and the Belgrade (b/b) rat rodent models of hypochromic, microcytic anemia have shown that the phenotypic abnormality in iron metabolism is associated with a mutation in the Nramp2 gene. Functional cloning studies in Xenopus oocytes have characterized DCT1 (Nramp2) as an iron-regulated proton-coupled divalent cation transporter. Nramp2 is likely to be the membrane transporter that functions in controlling iron entry across the apical membrane and in the export of iron out of endosomal vesicles. The observation that the expression of both HFE and Nramp2 mRNAs are reciprocally regulated by cellular iron status in Caco-2 cells, a human intestinal cell line, lends additional credence to the notion that these proteins may work in concert to regulate intestinal iron absorption. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Wood, RJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 29 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 128 IS 11 BP 1841 EP 1844 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 136WA UT WOS:000076881100001 PM 9808632 ER PT J AU Yeum, KJ Ahn, SH de Paiva, SAR Lee-Kim, YC Krinsky, NI Russell, RM AF Yeum, KJ Ahn, SH de Paiva, SAR Lee-Kim, YC Krinsky, NI Russell, RM TI Correlation between carotenoid concentrations in serum and normal breast adipose tissue of women with benign breast tumor or breast cancer SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 98 Meeting CY APR 18-22, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE carotenoids; adipose tissue; correlation; humans; breast cancer ID TRANS BETA-CAROTENE; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; VITAMIN-A; 13-CIS-RETINOIC ACID; DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; 9-CIS-RETINOIC ACID; CONTROLLED DIETS; RETINOIC ACID; IN-VITRO AB To evaluate the relationship between carotenoid concentrations in serum and breast tissue, we measured serum carotenoid concentrations and endogenous carotenoid levels in breast adipose tissue of women with benign breast tumor (n = 46) or breast cancer (n = 44). Before extraction, serum was digested with lipase and cholesterol esterase, and breast adipose tissue was saponified. Serum and tissue carotenoids were extracted with ether/hexane and measured by using HPLC with a C30 column. Serum retinoic acid was extracted with chloroform/ methanol and measured using HPLC with a C18 column. There were no significant differences in serum carotenoids [lutein, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin (both (alpha- and beta-), alpha-carotene, all-trans beta-carotene, 13-cis beta-carotene and lycopene], retinoids (retinol, all-trans and 13-cis retinoic acids), and alpha- and gamma- tocopherol concentrations between benign breast tumor patients and breast cancer patients. A substantial amount of 9-cis beta-carotene was present in adipose tissue and was the only carotenoid that had a significantly lower level in benign breast tumor patients than in breast cancer patients. Correlations between carotenoid concentrations in serum and in breast adipose tissue were determined by combining the data of the two groups. Concentrations of the major serum carotenoids except cryptoxanthin showed significant correlations with breast adipose tissue carotenoid levels. When the concentrations of serum carotenoids were adjusted for serum triglycerides or LDL, correlations between serum carotenoid concentrations and breast adipose tissue carotenoid levels markedly increased, including that of cryptoxanthin (P < 0.001). The strong correlation between serum carotenoid concentrations and endogenous breast adipose tissue carotenoid levels indicate that dietary intake influences adipose tissue carotenoid levels as well as serum concentrations, and that adipose tissue is a dynamic reservoir of fat-soluble nutrients. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Univ Ulsan, Coll Med, Dept Gen Surg, Ulsan 680749, South Korea. UNESP, Fac Med Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Yonsei Univ, Dept Food & Nutr, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Yeum, KJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RI Paiva, Sergio/A-5101-2008 OI Paiva, Sergio/0000-0003-4412-1990 FU NCI NIH HHS [5RO1 CA66914-O2] NR 46 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 128 IS 11 BP 1920 EP 1926 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 136WA UT WOS:000076881100012 PM 9808643 ER PT J AU Seyoum, E Selhub, J AF Seyoum, E Selhub, J TI Properties of food folates determined by stability and susceptibility to intestinal pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase action SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE food folate; folate distribution; intestinal pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase; folate bioavailability ID BRUSH-BORDER MEMBRANE; ASCORBIC-ACID; ABSORPTION; BIOAVAILABILITY; AVAILABILITY; CONJUGASE; PORCINE; HUMANS AB The intestinal absorption of folate occurs at the monoglutamyl level, and an important measure of food folate bioavailability is how much folate from the food reaches the intestinal sites in forms that can readily be absorbed. In the absence of protecting agents, e.g., vitamin C and reduced thiols, many labile folates may be lost during cooking and during residence in the acid-peptic milieu of the stomach. On the other hand, the presence of polyglutamyl folate necessitates the action of intestinal hydrolases, which could be affected by food constituents. In this study, we developed an in vitro assay for the determination of an index of food folate availability. The index of folate availability in this study was defined as that proportion of folate that has been identified as monoglutamyl derivatives after tests for stability and susceptibility to an enzymatic hydrolysis. The index of folate availability varied widely among foods. The highest index was for egg yolk (72.2%), followed by cow's livers (55.7%), orange juice (21.3%), cabbage (6.0%), lima beans (4.5%) and lettuce (2.9%). Yeast folate had the lowest index (0.3%). The availability indices generated by this study correlate with the indices of the bioavailability of the corresponding food folate observed in earlier studies, R-2 = 0.529 (P = 0.068). Additional information is required on the bioavailability of other food products to test the usefulness of this in vitro approach for assessing food folate availability. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Selhub, J (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 31 TC 72 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 128 IS 11 BP 1956 EP 1960 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 136WA UT WOS:000076881100018 PM 9808649 ER PT J AU Reeves, PG Vanderpool, RA AF Reeves, PG Vanderpool, RA TI Organ content and fecal excretion of cadmium in male and female rats consuming variable amounts of naturally occurring cadmium in confectionery sunflower kernels (Helianthus annuus L.) SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cadmium; zinc; copper; sunflower kernels; liver; kidney; rats ID ABSORPTION; ELEMENTS; SOILS; DIET; SEX; AGE AB Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) tend to remove cadmium (Cd)from the soil and deposit it in their seeds. The availability of Cd in sunflower kernels for absorption and deposition in animal tissues was studied using a 15-week feeding trial with both male and female rats begun at weanling age. Diets included (I) purified basal diet with no sunflower kernels (85 mu g Cd/kg), (2) basal diet containing 20% ground low-Cd sunflower kernels (120 mu g Cd/kg), (3) basal diet containing 20% ground high-Cd sunflower kernels (195 mu g Cd/kg), and (4) basal diet containing 20% ground low-Cd sunflower kernels plus Cd chloride (175 mu g Cd/kg). In a second experiment, adult rats were fed sunflower kernels that contained an endogenous or exogenous label of Cd-109. Cd availability was assessed by measuring Cd-109 excretion in feces and by measuring the amount of label accumulated in liver and kidney. Results were as follows: (I) Although all diets were of similar nutrient composition, female rats that consumed diets containing 20% ground sunflower kernels gained significantly (P < 0.02) more weight than those without kernels in their diets. Increased weight was not the result of increased feed intake. (2) Increasing Cd intake twofold as a result of feeding sunflower kernels significantly (P < 0.001) increased the body burden (total liver plus kidney content) of Cd from 1.6 to 4.0 nmol in females and from 4.0 to 7.0 nmol in males. (3) The availability of Cd from sunflower kernels labeled endogenously with Cd-109 was not different (P > 0.1) than kernels labeled exogenously: 12% versus15%, respectively. Eight days after dosing, total liver Cd-109,vas 1% of the initial dose; at 20 days it was only 0.3%. The corresponding amounts in kidney were 0.1% 8 days after dosing and 0.2% 20 days after dosing. The amount of label in liver and kidney was not affected by the method of labeling the kernels. This study clearly shows that Cd from sunflower kernels is available for absorption and accumulation in tissues of the rat, although in very small concentrations. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. 1998. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Reeves, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Box 9034,Univ Stn, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 9 IS 11 BP 636 EP 644 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(98)00067-9 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 132NT UT WOS:000076637000005 ER PT J AU Shulman, RJ Schanler, RJ Lau, C Heitkemper, M Ou, CN Smith, EO AF Shulman, RJ Schanler, RJ Lau, C Heitkemper, M Ou, CN Smith, EO TI Early feeding, feeding tolerance, and lactase activity in preterm infants SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; PREMATURE-INFANTS; ABSORPTION; LACTOSE; DISACCHARIDASES; MATURATION; DISEASE AB Objective: We sought to ascertain whether the timing of feeding initiation affected the development of intestinal lactase activity and whether there are clinical ramifications of lower lactase activity Study design: Preterm infants (26 to 30 weeks' gestation; n = 135) were randomly assigned to begin enteral feedings at either 4 (early group) or 15 days of age (standard group). At 10, 28, and 50 days of age lactase activity was determined by measuring the urinary ratio of lactulose/lactose after the 2 sugars were administered. Results: Lactase activity increased significantly over time. Infants in the early group had greater lactase activity at 10 days of age (by 100%) and 28 days of age (by 60%) than the standard group. At 10 days of age lactase activity was greater in milk- versus formula-fed infants. The time required to achieve full enteral feedings, the number of abnormal abdominal x-ray examinations, and the total number of abdominal x-ray examinations were inversely related to lactase activity. Conclusions: Early feeding increases intestinal lactase activity in preterm infants. Lactase activity is a marker of intestinal maturity and may influence clinical outcomes. Whether the effects of milk on lactase activity were due to the greater concentration of lactose in human mill; compared with that in formula must be determined. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS,Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Biobehav Nursing, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Shulman, RJ (reprint author), 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1 RR-00188]; NICHD NIH HHS [R0-1-HD-28140] NR 20 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 5 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 133 IS 5 BP 645 EP 649 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70105-2 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 137MZ UT WOS:000076919800012 PM 9821422 ER PT J AU Ebrahim, MK Zingsheim, O El-Shourbagy, MN Moore, PH Komor, E AF Ebrahim, MK Zingsheim, O El-Shourbagy, MN Moore, PH Komor, E TI Growth and sugar storage in sugarcane grown at temperatures below and above optimum SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Saccharum officinarum L.; sugarcane; biomass; growth; storage regulation; sucrose; translocation ID SUCROSE STORAGE; LEAVES; CELLS; STEM AB Sugarcane plants were grown for 10 months in the greenhouse at 27 degrees, considered the optimal temperature, and at low temperature (15 degrees) and high temperature (45 degrees). The growth pattern, biomass production, sugar levels in leaves and stem, and activity of the enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism were determined on plants grown at each temperature. Plants maintained at 15 degrees were very slow growing, with few and short internodes and few leaves. At 45 degrees the plants had nearly as many internodes and leaves as control plants (27 degrees), but the internodes were smaller and shorter and the leaves became dry earlier; side shoot formation (tillering) was increased. The shoot/root ratio was approximately constant over time and the same for all three growth temperatures. The leaf area per plant increased over time and was highest at 27 degrees. The leaf area per shoot biomass was constant over time, but twice as high at 15 degrees as at 45 degrees and 2.5 higher than at 27 degrees. Total biomass production was half to one third at 45 degrees and one tenth at 15 degrees. The carbohydrate level in the leaves, especially sucrose and starch, were highest in plants grown at 15 degrees and lowest in plants grown at 45 degrees. This result together with the growth data was interpreted as indication that sucrose translocation by the phloem is especially strongly inhibited at 15 degrees, whereas at 45 degrees the elevated leaf respiration, which is highest at 45 degrees, reduces the amount of available sugar for translocation. The sucrose concentration in the stalk was the same in internodes for plants grown at 15 degrees and 27 degrees and lower in internodes of plants grown at 45 degrees. The hexose concentration in the young internodes was higher at 27 degrees than at the other temperatures, indicating the higher growth rate. All four enzymes of sucrose metabolism (acid and neutral invertase, sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase) were highest in the stalk at 27 degrees and lowest at 15 degrees; the development of activity during internode ripening was the same for all three temperatures. There was a strong correlation, valid for all three growth temperatures, between the sucrose concentration in the stalk internodes and the difference between sucrose phosphate synthase and acid invertase, not however for neutral invertase, although the latter may be higher in activity in some cases. The results are taken as evidence for a decisive role of acid invertase in regulation of sugar storage in sugarcane. C1 Univ Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Tanta Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Bot, Tanta, Egypt. ARS, USDA, Hawaiian Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI USA. RP Komor, E (reprint author), Univ Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. NR 28 TC 39 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 EI 1618-1328 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 153 IS 5-6 BP 593 EP 602 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 144NN UT WOS:000077320800011 ER PT J AU Rohnert, U Heiser, I Nemec, S Baker, R Osswald, W Elstner, EF AF Rohnert, U Heiser, I Nemec, S Baker, R Osswald, W Elstner, EF TI Diaphorase-mediated oxygen activation and uncoupling of mitochondrial electron transport by naphthazarin toxins produced by Fusarium solani SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium solani; dihydrofusarubin; marticin; isomarticin; methyljavanicin; spinach NADP(+)-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; microbial diaphorase; reactive oxygen species ID NAPHTHOQUINONE PIGMENTS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; T-TOXIN; REDUCTION; QUINONES; MEMBRANE; RADICALS; MAIZE; PERMEABILIZATION; SENSITIVITY AB Naphthazarin toxins such as dihydrofusarubin, marticin, isomarticin and methyljavanicin are produced by Fusarium solani, a pathogen for citrus, peas and tomatoes. Similar to other p-quinones such as several members of the anthraquinone- or 1,4-naphthoquinone-families, dihydrofusarubin, marticin, and isomarticin were reductively activated by diaphorases at the expense of NAD(P)H. Upon aut:oxidation, the reduced compounds activated oxygen, forming superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Finally, a strong oxidant similar to the OH .-radical was produced in an iron-dependent: reaction. The Fusarium solani toxins did not show redox-coupling with isolated mitochondria neither at the expense of NADH nor of succinate. However, the naphthazarin derivates marticin, isomarticin and methyljavanicin, but not dihydrofusarubin, acted as uncouplers of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. C1 Tech Univ Munich, Inst Phytopathol, D-85350 Freising, Germany. ARS, USDA, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. ARS, USDA, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. LMU Munich, D-85354 Freising, Germany. RP Rohnert, U (reprint author), Tech Univ Munich, Inst Phytopathol, D-85350 Freising, Germany. NR 40 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 4 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 153 IS 5-6 BP 684 EP 692 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 144NN UT WOS:000077320800023 ER PT J AU Jones, TA Johnson, DA AF Jones, TA Johnson, DA TI Integrating genetic concepts into planning rangeland seedings SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE genetic integrity; genetic pollution; introgression; natural selection; plant materials; polyploidy; rangeland weeds; succession ID SAGEBRUSH ARTEMISIA-TRIDENTATA; ATRIPLEX-CANESCENS CHENOPODIACEAE; NARROW HYBRID ZONE; ANDROPOGON-GERARDII; POLYPLOID VARIATION; CRESTED-WHEATGRASS; CHLOROPLAST DNA; SOIL; BIODIVERSITY; AUSTRALIA AB Choice of plant materials is a fundamental component of any rangeland rehabilitation, reclamation, or restoration project. We describe here an integrated approach for such decisionmaking. This approach considers site potential, desired landscape, seeding objectives, conflicting land use philosophies, appropriate plant materials, weed invasion, community seral status, and economic limitations. Technical limitations are considered in generating a plan that has the greatest potential for success. Determining whether native-site plant material is best depends on objectives, heterogeneity of the site's environment, uniqueness of the site, plant population size, and biotic or abiotic site disturbance. Fixation of alien genes Into a population is referred to both as introgression, which may ensure maintenance of genetic variation critical for adaptation to a changing environment, and as genetic pollution, with the potential for swamping native cross-pollinating annual or short-lived perennial gene pools. Precautionary procedures during seed increase minimize genetic shift, which may be reversible, but genetic drift could result in permanent loss of desirable genes. A variety of germplasm classes, ranging from site-specific to widely adapted and varying in degrees of heterozygosity and heterogeneity should be considered. Material originating from multiple sites may increase the opportunity for natural selection. An understanding of the magnitude and nature of a species' genetic variation, its relationship to ecological adaptation, and its interaction with other ecosystem components contribute to informed decision-making. Though often unavailable, experience is the best guide for predicting performance of materials on non-native sites. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Jones, TA (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 120 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 13 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 51 IS 6 BP 594 EP 606 DI 10.2307/4003599 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 139BA UT WOS:000077006500001 ER PT J AU Richards, RT Chambers, JC Ross, C AF Richards, RT Chambers, JC Ross, C TI Use of native plants on federal lands: Policy and practice SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE fire rehabilitation; mine reclamation; seed mixtures; policy development and implementation AB Changing social values and advances in ecological knowledge determine native seed policy for revegetating range and forest lands. Natural resource managers are shifting from seeding introduced species for their widespread adaptability to reestablishing native species in order to maintain or restore the genetic and ecological integrity of native ecosystems. Addressing the problems of reestablishing native plants on a site-specific basis has been increasingly recognized as an integral part of ecosystem management of large landscapes. We review the formation and implementation of native seed policy for fire rehabilitation and mining reclamation by the major federal land management agencies in the United States, the Department of Interior's Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Department of Agriculture's Forest Service, We then examine native seed policy implementation on specific land revegetation projects over the past 10 years for 4 BLM districts in the state of Nevada, We conclude with an analysis of native seed policy in principle versus practice and suggest implications for future polity review and implementation. C1 Univ Montana, Dept Sociol, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Bur Land Management, Nevada State Off, Minerals Div, Reno, NV 89520 USA. RP Richards, RT (reprint author), Univ Montana, Dept Sociol, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 20 TC 70 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 14 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 51 IS 6 BP 625 EP 632 DI 10.2307/4003603 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 139BA UT WOS:000077006500005 ER PT J AU Maywald, D McArthur, ED Jorgensen, GL Stevens, R Walker, SC AF Maywald, D McArthur, ED Jorgensen, GL Stevens, R Walker, SC TI Experimental evidence for sex-based palatability variation in fourwing saltbush SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.; sex phenotypes; seasonal variation ID ATRIPLEX-CANESCENS; POPULATIONS; LABILITY; SHEEP AB Two small-plot grazing trials were conducted in the spring of 1996 and the winter of 1997 to determine whether sheep would differentially graze fourwing saltbrush [Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt,] on the basis of shrub sex in a uniform garden. Consumption was determined using an Australian method of leaf tagging in conjunction with the Adelaide Technique of biomass estimation. The results confirmed anecdotal field observations that herbivores prefer to graze the male shrub during late spring, No sex based preference was apparent during winter, We suggest that differences in physiological vigor and/or chemistry may influence relative palatability of the sexes through time. Results of these experiments contrast with those for an Australian member of the genus (A. vesicaria Hew. ex Benth.), for which it was found that the female was the preferred phenotype throughout the year. C1 Univ Adelaide, Dept Bot, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. Univ Adelaide, Dept Environm Sci & Management, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. US Forest Serv, Shrub Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Provo, UT 84606 USA. US Forest Serv, Great Basin Expt Range, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ephraim, UT 84627 USA. Utah Dept Nat Resources, Div Wildlife Resources, Great Basin Res Ctr, Ephraim, UT 84627 USA. RP Maywald, D (reprint author), Univ Adelaide, Dept Bot, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 51 IS 6 BP 650 EP 654 DI 10.2307/4003607 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 139BA UT WOS:000077006500009 ER PT J AU Longland, WS Bateman, SL AF Longland, WS Bateman, SL TI Implications of desert rodent seed preferences for range remediation SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Achnatherum hymenoides; Atriplex canescens; kangaroo rats; pocket mice; seed caching ID HETEROMYID RODENTS; KANGAROO RATS; MAMMALS; GERMINATION; COMMUNITY; BIRDS AB Many desert plants germinate and establish from seed caches made by granivorous rodents. As a preliminary test of the feasibility of using rodent seed-caching activities to enhance seedling emergence of native desert plants, we tested desert heteromyid rodents for preferential consumption and/or caching of native ('target") seeds versus a commercial ("decoy") seed. The target/decoy seed concept relies on rodents caching both seeds, and preferentially consuming an inexpensive decoy seed as a sacrifice to reduce consumption of less preferred target seeds. We used cafeteria-style, paired seed choice trials to test 2 potential target seeds known to germinate from rodent scatterhoard caches (Indian ricegrass, Achnatherum hymenoides [R. & S.] Barkworth, and four-wing saltbush, Atriplex canescens [Pursh] Nutt.) against a potential decoy seed (millet, Panicum miliaceum L.). Millet was highly preferred to saltbush, and may indeed be a useful decoy seed when saltbush is the target of range restoration. Also consistent with the target/decoy seed concept, more Indian ricegrass than millet seeds were cached in laboratory trials, and all seeds were cached in scatterhoards more than in larderhoards, where the probability of seedling emergence is negligible. However, millet seed may not always be a good candidate for a decoy seed, as it was not preferred to Indian ricegrass and was cached more frequently than saltbush. Overall, we find results of these choice tests to be encouraging for applying the target/decoy seed idea. We consider the relative merits of this idea versus traditional revegetation techniques. C1 Univ Nevada, USDA, ARS, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Longland, WS (reprint author), Univ Nevada, USDA, ARS, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 51 IS 6 BP 679 EP 684 DI 10.2307/4003612 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 139BA UT WOS:000077006500014 ER PT J AU Haferkamp, MR Heitschmidt, RK Karl, MG AF Haferkamp, MR Heitschmidt, RK Karl, MG TI Clipping and Japanese brome reduce western wheatgrass standing crop SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bromus japonicus; Pascopyrum smithii; Northern Great Plains; competition; defoliation; Agropyron smithii ID DEFOLIATION; YIELD; COMPETITION; TEMPERATURE; AGROPYRON; DYNAMICS; PRAIRIE; VIGOR AB Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus Thunb,) and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L,), introduced annuals, have invaded many northern mixed-prairie plant communities. This study determined the effect of removing Japanese brome and clipping western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii Rydb, (Love)] on aboveground forage production of a western wheatgrass dominated northern mixed-prairie community. During early spring 1993, a wet year, and 1995, a drier year, western wheatgrass tillers were clipped to ground level in May or June and Japanese brome seedlings were left undisturbed or removed in circular, 1-m(2) plots on a clay-pan field site. Western wheatgrass standing crop and tiller densities were estimated by clipping and counting in May and June, and these plus community standing crops were estimated in all plots after Japanese brome matured in mid July. Year effects were significant for standing crop and tiller density due to annual variation in amount and distribution of fall, spring, and early summer precipitation. Conditions were most favorable for tiller initiation of western wheatgrass and germination of annual brome seed in fall 1994 and for herbage production in 1993, Clipping western wheatgrass tillers reduced accumulated standing crop 230 to 350 kg ha(-1) and reduced tiller weight by 17 to 58%. Standing crop of western wheatgrass was increased 102 kg ha(-1) with removal of Japanese brome, while total standing crop was reduced 284 kg ha(-1) with brome removal. Increased standing crop of western wheatgrass appeared to result from increased tiller density rather than increased tiller weight. Removal of Japanese brome from northern mixed-prairie plant communities may increase production of associated perennial grasses, but managers should also expect a short-term decrease in total standing crop. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP Haferkamp, MR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 51 IS 6 BP 692 EP 698 DI 10.2307/4003614 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 139BA UT WOS:000077006500016 ER PT J AU Bai, Y Booth, DT Romo, JT AF Bai, Y Booth, DT Romo, JT TI Developmental stages of winterfat germinants related to survival after freezing SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Eurotia lanata; seedbed ecology; exotherm; freezing tolerance ID GROWTH; TOLERANCE AB Diaspores of winterfat (Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq.) collected from 2 locations in the USA and I in Canada were imbibed at 10 degrees C and grown to 4 different developmental stages (2, 3, 6, and 14 days of incubation), then subjected to cooling temperatures as low as -30 degrees C. Differential thermal analysis was used to detect exotherms associated with ice crystal formation in germinants, The temperature at which exotherms occurred was recorded, and the subsequent growth and mortality of germinants were determined. Only 1 exotherm was observed, and that occurred in the low-temperature exotherm range (usually < -10 degrees C). Changes in the freezing tolerance of germinants from seed to seedling was a gradual process as indicated by increases in exothermic temperature and mortality with increasing developmental stage. Whether the exotherm indicated a lethal event depended on the developmental stage of the germinant, Germinant survival was also affected by cooling below the exotherm temperature. C1 ARS, USDA, High Plains Grassl Res Sta, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Plant Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. Univ Wyoming, Dept Plant Soil & Insect Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Bai, Y (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Kamloops Res Unit, Kamloops, BC V2B 8A9, Canada. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 51 IS 6 BP 709 EP 713 DI 10.2307/4003617 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 139BA UT WOS:000077006500019 ER PT J AU Hou, CT AF Hou, CT TI Special issue: Biotechnology SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hou, CT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 75 IS 11 BP 1471 EP 1471 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 144DB UT WOS:000077297500001 ER PT J AU Hou, CT Gardner, H Brown, W AF Hou, CT Gardner, H Brown, W TI Production of polyhydroxy fatty acids from linoleic acid by Clavibacter sp. ALA2 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 89th American-Oil-Chemists-Society Annual Meeting and Expo CY MAY 10-13, 1998 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE biocatalysis; biotransformation; enzymes; hydroxy unsaturated fatty acids; microbes ID OLEIC-ACID; 7,10-DIHYDROXY-8(E)-OCTADECENOIC ACID; MICROBIAL OXIDATION; COMPOUND; BIOCONVERSION; PR3 AB Hydroxy fatty acids are important industrial materials. We isolated a microbial culture, Clavibacter sp. ALA2, which converts linoleic acid to many polyhydroxy fatty acids. Structures of the products were determined as: 12,13,17-trihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic (THOA, main product), 12-[5-ethyl-2-tetrahydrofuranyl]-7,12-dihydroxy-9(Z)-dodecenoic (ETDDA), and 12-[5-ethyl-2-tetrahydrofuranyl]-12-hydroxy-9(Z)-dodecenoic (ETHDA) acid. The yield of THOA was 25% and the relative amount of the products were THOA/ETDDA/ETHDA = 9:1.3:1. The structures of the hydroxy unsaturated fatty acids resemble those of plant self-defense substances. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hou, CT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM houct@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 75 IS 11 BP 1483 EP 1487 DI 10.1007/s11746-998-0082-z PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 144DB UT WOS:000077297500003 ER PT J AU Villeneuve, P Foglia, TA Mangos, TJ Nunez, A AF Villeneuve, P Foglia, TA Mangos, TJ Nunez, A TI Synthesis of polyfunctional glycerol esters: Lipase-catalyzed esterification of glycerol with diesters SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 89th American-Oil-Chemists-Society Annual Meeting and Expo CY MAY 10-13, 1998 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE dicarboxylic acids; dimethyl esters; glycerolysis; partial glycerides; polyesters; prepolymers ID REGIOISOMERICALLY PURE 1,3-SN-DIACYLGLYCEROLS; ENZYMATIC ESTERIFICATION; 1(3)-RAC-MONOACYLGLYCEROLS; MONOACYLGLYCEROLS; ACID AB The enzymatic esterification of glycerol with dicarboxylic acids or esters was studied to produce mono- and/or diesterified glycerol adducts. Such materials are useful synthons in the synthesis of biodegradable polymers and surfactants. In this work two strategies were studied for preparing these pre-polymeric glycerol derivatives: the lipase-catalyzed esterification of free glycerol with diacids or esters and the reaction of supported or protected glycerol with diesters. For example, reaction of isopropylidene glycerol with dimethyl sebacate gave a >95% yield of isopropylidene glycerol-monomethyl sebacate ester. Reaction of glycerol supported on silica with dimethyl adipate gave a 40% yield of glycerol-monomethyl adipate ester. Best yields of glycerol-mono- and diesters (70% and 10%, respectively) were obtained by direct esterification of free glycerol with a diester in a solvent-free system containing small amounts of water (<4%). C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Foglia, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Villeneuve, Pierre/C-1264-2008 OI Villeneuve, Pierre/0000-0003-1685-1494 NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 75 IS 11 BP 1545 EP 1549 DI 10.1007/s11746-998-0092-x PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 144DB UT WOS:000077297500013 ER PT J AU Kim, H Gandhi, SR Moreau, RA Weete, JD AF Kim, H Gandhi, SR Moreau, RA Weete, JD TI Lipids of Haliphthoros philippinensis: An oomycetous marine microbe SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE arachidonic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid; fatty acids; fucosterol; Haliphthoros philippinensis; lipid; oomycete; phospholipid; sphingolipid; sterols ID POLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; THRAUSTOCHYTRIUM-AUREUM; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; FUNGUS; OPTIMIZATION; TEMPERATURE; GROWTH AB Lipids of the marine oomycetous microbe Haliphthoros philippinensis were characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Total lipid content of this organism was relatively low and not very responsive to manipulation of the culture conditions. Neutral lipid comprised 21% of the total lipid and the polar lipids were mainly phosphatidylcholine (44%), phosphatidylethanolamine (15%), and a ceramide-phosphorylethanolamine (19%). Palmitic (16:0) was the primary saturated fatty acid at 25% of the total fatty acids, and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) were the major unsaturated fatty acids at 19 and 21%, respectively. Fucosterol was the principal sterol at 59% of the total sterols. The effects of several cultivation variables on growth and EPA production by this species were investigated. Among those tested, glucose and sodium glutamate were the most efficient carbon and nitrogen sources for growth, respectively. When the mycelium was cultivated for 6 d to produce biomass under optimal growth conditions, and then transferred to low temperature for an additional 13 d without glucose, the EPA content reached 31% of the total fatty acids and the yield was 203 mg/L. When the same experiment was performed with glucose supplementation during the low-temperature phase, EPA composed 27% of total fatty acids and yield reached 316 mg/L, or a 285% increase over that from mycelium cultured for 6 d at 24 degrees C, and 56% over that cultured at 16 degrees C for 13 d. ARA production did not respond accordingly. C1 Auburn Univ, Alabama Agr Expt Stn, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Weete, JD (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, 886 Chestnut Ridge Rd,Suite 201,POB 6216, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM jweete@wvu.edu OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 36 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 75 IS 11 BP 1657 EP 1665 DI 10.1007/s11746-998-0108-6 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 144DB UT WOS:000077297500029 ER PT J AU Dyer, JM Tang, FQ Chapital, DC Lax, AR Shepherd, HS Shih, DS Pepperman, AB AF Dyer, JM Tang, FQ Chapital, DC Lax, AR Shepherd, HS Shih, DS Pepperman, AB TI Differential extraction of eleostearic acid-rich lipid-protein complexes in tung seeds SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Aleurites fordii; differential extraction; eleostearic acid; linoleoyl-CoA; lipid-protein complexes; triglycerides; tung ID OILS AB Lipid-protein complexes were identified in the 104,000 x g supernatant fraction of developing lung seeds. Incubation of this fraction with linoleoyl-CoA promoted an increase of chloroform-extractable lipids in a lime-dependent manner. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that the extracted lipids were similar to mature tung oil triglycerides. Differential extraction using chloroform or chloroform/methanol indicated that linoleoyl-CoA promoted extraction of pre-existing lipids rather than de novo synthesis. Pin increase in extractable lipids was also observed after incubation with proteinase K. Isolation of lipid-protein complexes by sucrose density centrifugation and analysis of proteins by gel electrophoresis revealed several proteins specifically associated with this lipid fraction. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biochem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Dyer, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 75 IS 11 BP 1687 EP 1690 DI 10.1007/s11746-998-0113-9 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 144DB UT WOS:000077297500034 ER PT J AU Wang, SY Tzeng, DDS AF Wang, SY Tzeng, DDS TI Methionine-riboflavin mixtures with surfactants and metal ions reduce powdery mildew infection in strawberry plants SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fragaria x ananassa; biocidal agent; disease control; photodynamic effect ID RADICALS; SUPEROXIDE; TOXICITY; CUCUMBER; SILICON; DISEASE; LEAVES; IRON AB Foliar application of a mixture of methionine (1 mM) and riboflavin (26.6 mu M) reduced the severity of powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca macularia (Wallr. ex Fr.) Jacz. f. sp, fragariae] infection in 'Earliglow' strawberry (Fragaria xananassa Duch.) plants. Efficacy of this mixture on controlling powdery mildew infection was enhanced by supplements of copper, iron, and surfactants [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton X-100, Tween-20, or oxyalkylenemethylsiloxane (Silwet L-77)]. Free-radical scavengers (n-propyl gallate, thiourea) and antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene) reduced the efficacy of this mixture. Plants treated with a mixture of riboflavin (26.6 mu M), D,L-methionine (1 mM), copper sulfate pentahydrate (1 mM), and surfactants (SDS or Silwet L-77 at concentrations of 0.05% to 0.1%) showed a decrease in powdery mildew infection. Results of this study suggest that treatment with a mixture of methionine and riboflavin is beneficial to strawberry plants and may serve as an alternative to fungicides for controlling powdery mildew. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Fruit Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Chung Hsing Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Taichung 40227, Taiwan. RP Wang, SY (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Fruit Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 123 IS 6 BP 987 EP 991 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134RY UT WOS:000076758000007 ER PT J AU Fery, RL Thies, JA AF Fery, RL Thies, JA TI Genetic analysis of resistance to the southern root-knot nematode in Capsicum chinense Jacq. SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pepper; Meloidogyne incognita; soilborne pathogen; disease resistance; vegetable breeding ID CAROLINA CAYENNE PEPPER; INHERITANCE AB Greenhouse tests were conducted to compare the levels of resistance to the southern root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood] exhibited by recently released Capsicum chinense Jacq, Scotch Bonnet-type germplasm lines PA-353, PA-398, and PA-426 to the levels of resistance exhibited by C. annuum L. 'Carolina Cayenne' and 'Mississippi Nemaheart'; to determine the inheritance of the resistance in C. chinense germplasm line PA-426; and to determine the genetic relationship between the resistances exhibited by C. chinense germplasm line PA-426 and C, annuum 'Carolina Cayenne', The results of a replicated test indicated that the level of resistances exhibited by the recently released C, chinense germplasm lines is equal to the level of resistances exhibited by the resistant C. annuum cultivars, Evaluation of parental, F-1, F-2, and backcross populations of the cross PA-426 x PA-350 (a susceptible Habanero-type C. chinense cultigen) indicated that the resistance in C. chinense is conditioned by a single dominant gene. The results of an allelism test indicated that this dominant gene is allelic to the dominant gene that renditions much of the southern root-knot nematode resistance in the C. annuum 'Carolina Cayenne'. The ease and reliability of evaluating plants for resistance to root-knot nematodes and the availability of a simply inherited source of outstanding resistance makes breeding for southern root-knot nematode resistance a viable objective in C. chinense breeding programs. C1 ARS, US Vegetable Lab, USDA, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Fery, RL (reprint author), ARS, US Vegetable Lab, USDA, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 123 IS 6 BP 1008 EP 1011 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134RY UT WOS:000076758000011 ER PT J AU Thies, JA Fery, RL AF Thies, JA Fery, RL TI Modified expression of the N gene for southern root-knot nematode resistance in pepper at high soil temperatures SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE breakdown of resistance; Capsicum annuum; host resistance; Meloidogyne incognita ID MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; CAYENNE PEPPER; INHERITANCE AB Heat stability of the N gene that confers resistance to the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), was determined at 24, 28, and 32 degrees C. Responses of resistant hell pepper cultivars Charleston Belie and Carolina Wonder (homozygous for the N gene) and their respective susceptible recurrent backcross parents, 'Keystone Resistant Giant' and 'Yolo Wonder B', to M. incognita were compared. Numbers of eggs/g fresh root, reproductive factor of M. incognita, numbers of second-stage juveniles in soil, egg mass production, and root galling increased (P < 0.05) for all cultivars as temperature increased. The response of the resistant cultivars to temperature increase was less dramatic than the response of the susceptible cultivars, Both 'Charleston Belle' and 'Carolina Wonder' exhibited a partial loss of resistance at 28 and 32 degrees C. Reproduction of M. incognita was minimal on the resistant cultivars at 24 degrees C, but increased at higher temperatures. However, at 32 degrees C reproduction of M. incognita on the resistant cultivars was only 20% of that on the susceptible cultivars and root gall indices were within the range considered moderately resistant. Unlike the susceptible cultivars, the shoot dry weights of the resistant cultivars were not suppressed at 32 degrees C. This suggests that "Charleston Belle' and 'Carolina Wonder' may be somewhat tolerant to M, incognita at high soil temperatures. Although results indicate a partial loss of resistance occurred in 'Charleston Belle) and (Carolina Wonder' under high soil temperatures, resistant cultivars may be a useful component of cropping systems designed to manage M. incognita in hot climates. C1 ARS, US Vegetable Lab, USDA, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Thies, JA (reprint author), ARS, US Vegetable Lab, USDA, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 25 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 123 IS 6 BP 1012 EP 1015 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134RY UT WOS:000076758000012 ER PT J AU Sharon, D Hillel, J Mhameed, S Cregan, PB Lahav, E Lavi, U AF Sharon, D Hillel, J Mhameed, S Cregan, PB Lahav, E Lavi, U TI Association between DNA markers and loci controlling avocado traits SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE DNA fingerprints; genetic association; interval mapping; microsatellites ID LINKAGE MAP; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; MICROSATELLITE; IDENTIFICATION; FINGERPRINTS; CULTIVARS; GENOME AB The detection of association between DNA markers and traits of interest in an outbred population is complicated and requires highly polymorphic markers. A genetic linkage map of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) recently generated consists of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers as well as DNA fingerprint (DFP) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. These markers were used to detect putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of eight avocado fruit trails. Two statistical methods were used: one-way analysis of variance and interval mapping. Six traits were found to be associated with at least one of the 90 DNA markers. Eased on the two statistical approaches, a putative QTL associated with the presence of fibers in the flesh, was found to be located on linkage group 3. This putative QTL was found to be associated with the SSR marker AVA04 having a high significant value (P = 4.4 x 10(-8)). The haplotype analysis of linkage group 3 showed a putative dominant interaction between the alleles of this locus. C1 Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Fruit Trees Genet & Breeding, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Agr, Dept Genet, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. ARS, USDA, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lavi, U (reprint author), Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Fruit Trees Genet & Breeding, POB 6, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RI Sharon, Dror/P-4539-2015 OI Sharon, Dror/0000-0002-1789-5811 NR 33 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 123 IS 6 BP 1016 EP 1022 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134RY UT WOS:000076758000013 ER PT J AU Wood, BW Grauke, LJ Payne, JA AF Wood, BW Grauke, LJ Payne, JA TI Provenance variation in pecan SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hickory; tree breeding; growth; vegetative; timber; Carya illinoinensis ID CLUSTER-ANALYSIS METHOD; TIME AB An assessment of vegetative traits of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh,) K. Koch] from a range-wide provenance collection indicated the existence of at least two distinct populations within the native range (i.e., provenances north of Texas vs. provenances in Texas and Mexico). Southern most provenances generally broke bud earlier, retained foliage later in the fall, grew larger in height and trunk diameter, had narrower leaflet droop angles, had greater leaflet tilt angles, wider limb angles, greater Zn deficiency, less black pecan aphid susceptibility, and less red coloration to foliage than did northern most provenances. Trees originating from Jaumaua, in northern Mexico, were especially noteworthy insomuch that they were by far the tallest, possessed the largest trunk diameters, the longest foliation period, and lowest Zn deficiency ratings of all provenances. One family within this Jaumaua population also exhibited a high level of cold hardiness. Family heritability (h(f)(2)) estimates were greater than or equal to 0.48 for trunk cross sectional area, date of budbreak, leaf redness, cold injury, leaflet droop angle, and leaflet tilt angle, and less than or equal to 0.39 for late season leaf fall, black pecan aphid susceptibility, zinc deficiency, and branch angle. C1 ARS, USDA, Pecan Genet Lab, Somerville, TX 77879 USA. RP Wood, BW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 30 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 123 IS 6 BP 1023 EP 1028 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134RY UT WOS:000076758000014 ER PT J AU King, JJ Bradeen, JM Havey, MJ AF King, JJ Bradeen, JM Havey, MJ TI Variability for restriction fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and relationships among elite commercial inbred and virtual hybrid onion populations SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Allium cepa; genetic distance; UPGMA ID PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; GENETIC DIVERSITY; CYTOPLASM; MARKERS; GENOME; LINES; MAIZE; RAPD; MAP AB Nuclear RFLPs were used to estimate relationships among 14 elite commercial inbreds of bulb onion (Allium ct pa) from Holland, Japan, and the United States. Variability for known alleles at 75 RFLP loci and 194 polymorphic fragments revealed by 69 anonymous cDNA probes and a clone of alliinase were scored to yield genetically characterized and uncharacterized data sets, respectively. The inbred onion populations possessed more than two alleles at 20 of 43 (46%) codominant RFLP loci. Relationships among the inbreds were estimated by cluster analysis of simple-matching (genetically characterized data) and Jaccard (genetically uncharacterized data) coefficients using the unweighted pair group method and agreed with known pedigrees. RFLPs confidently distinguished among elite inbreds within and between specific market classes. RFLP profiles for virtual hybrids were computer-generated by combining gametic arrays among inbreds of the same market class and analyzed as described above. Allelic and genetically uncharacterized RFLPs confidently distinguished among these hybrids, even though heterozygosity for many markers produced a majority of monomorphic fragments. We randomly sampled decreasing numbers of RFLPs from the complete data sets and calculated simple-matching and Jaccard distances, noting the numbers of probes that were unable to distinguish any two inbreds or hybrids. As few as 10 polymorphic probe-enzyme combinations distinguished among all the inbreds and samples of 20 genetically characterized or 10 genetically uncharacterized clones distinguished all the virtual hybrids. This study demonstrated that the previously reported few RFLPs observed among open-pollinated (OP) onion populations were due to the highly heterozygous nature of the OP population. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA, ARS, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA, ARS, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 123 IS 6 BP 1034 EP 1037 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134RY UT WOS:000076758000016 ER PT J AU Vivek, BS Simon, PW AF Vivek, BS Simon, PW TI Genetic relationships and diversity in carrot and other Daucus taxa based on nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nuclear DNA; phylogeny; cladistic; phenetic ID CAROTA COMPLEX; GENUS DAUCUS; DNA; INHERITANCE; CHLOROPLAST AB Current classifications of the genus Daucus are based on morphological and anatomical characteristics. We have used single to low copy nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (nRFLPs) to describe the phylogeny and relationships of eight Daucus species including cultivated carrot (D. carota L.). Parsimony analysis of 247 characters (DNA fragments from 58 probe-enzyme combinations) yielded a tree in which accessions were grouped into three major clades and phenetic analysis using Jaccard's coefficient yielded two major clusters. The phylogenetic relationships from the nuclear RFLP data generally agreed with an earlier morphological classification. Resolution and placement of D. guttatus and D. muricatus were not consistent with the morphological classifications. Molecular variation among carrot inbreds was large. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, USDA,Agr Res Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Simon, PW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, USDA,Agr Res Serv, 1575 Linden St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 123 IS 6 BP 1053 EP 1057 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134RY UT WOS:000076758000019 ER PT J AU Lo Bianco, R Rieger, M Sung, SJS AF Lo Bianco, R Rieger, M Sung, SJS TI A simple, rapid extraction and assay procedure for NAD(+)-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) in peach SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE polyol; carbohydrate; source-sink relationships; photosynthate; Prunus persica ID SUCROSE SYNTHASE; METABOLISM; PLANTS; FRUIT; CARBOHYDRATE; INVERTASE; PATHWAYS; LEAVES; TISSUE; STRESS AB Sorbitol is the major photosynthetic product in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.]. In sink tissues, sorbitol is converted to fructose via NAD(+)-dependent SDH. A new procedure is described that allows rapid, simple quantification of SDH activity in growing tissues. The procedure uses only 0.01 to 5 g of fresh tissue per sample, such that a single shoot tip, a single root tip, or approximate to 5 g of fruit flesh can be assayed for SDH activity. Storage of samples at 4 or -20 degrees C overnight resulted in significant loss of enzyme activity. Thus, freshly harvested tissues were ground with sand in buffer at 2 degrees C in a mortar and pestle, and the homogenate was centrifuged at 3000 g(n) to remove particulate matter and sand. The supernatant was desalted on a Sephadex G-25 column, and the eluent was assayed for SDH activity immediately. Activity was determined by measuring the production of NADH per minute in the assay mixture using a spectrophotometer (340 nm). Tris buffer at pH 9.0 was the best for extraction of peach SDH. Activity of SDH was strongly inhibited by dithiothreitol (DTT) in the extraction mixture and by DTT, L-cysteine, or SDI-158 in the assay mixture, similar to results reported for SDH from mammalian tissues. Peach SDH has a K-m of 37.7 mM for sorbitol and a pH optimum of 9.5, similar to those reported for apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh.) SDH. Unlike older protocols for SDH activity in plant tissues, the new procedure features reduced sample size (1/10 to 1/100 of that which was previously used), smaller volumes of buffer, fewer buffer ingredients, greatly reduced time for sample preparation, yet comparable or higher values of SDH specific activity. Following the same procedure, SDH activity was also measured in Prunus fremontii Wats., Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt.) Walp., and Marianna 2624 plum (P. cerasifera Ehrh. x P. munsoniana Wight & Hedr.). C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, Dept Agr, So Res Stn, Inst Tree Root Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Lo Bianco, R (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Lo Bianco, Riccardo/M-3724-2015 OI Lo Bianco, Riccardo/0000-0003-2568-2880 NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 123 IS 6 BP 1065 EP 1068 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134RY UT WOS:000076758000021 ER PT J AU Maul, F Sargent, SA Balaban, MO Baldwin, EA Huber, DJ Sims, CA AF Maul, F Sargent, SA Balaban, MO Baldwin, EA Huber, DJ Sims, CA TI Aroma volatile profiles from ripe tomatoes are influenced by physiological maturity at harvest: An application for electronic nose technology SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tomato aroma; electronic aroma sensing; multivariate discriminant analysis; Lycopersicon esculentum ID FRESH-MARKET TOMATOES; CULTIVAR AB The effect of physiological maturity at harvest on ripe tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) volatile profiles was studied using ripening response time tin days) to 100 mu L.L(-1) exogenous ethylene treatment as a tool to separate immature-green from mature-green fruit. Electronic nose (EN) sensor array and gas chromatography (GC) analyses were used to document volatile profile changes in tomatoes that required a 1-, 3-, or 5-day ethylene treatment to reach the breaker stage. EN output analysis using multivariate discriminant and canonical analyses classified intact tomato and whole tomato homogenate samples that required 3 or 5 days of ethylene treatment as significantly different (P < 0.01) from those that required only 1 day. The GC aroma profiles from whole tomato homogenate showed that I-day fruit had significantly higher levels (P < 0.05) of 1-penten-3-one, cis-3-hexenal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2-isobutylthiazole, and geranylacetone when compared to 5-day fruit. Analysis of excised tomato tissues showed that pericarp (including columnella) produced an average 219% greater concentration of the 16 aroma volatiles quantified by GC when compared to locular gel (442 and 203 mu L.L(-1), respectively). EN analysis concurred with GC by showing greater average Mahalanobis distance between pericarp tissue groupings when compared to locular gel groupings (78.25 and 12.33 units, respectively). Pericarp tissue from the 5-day ethylene treatment showed significantly lower levels of 1-penten-3-one, trans-2-heptenal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2-isobutylthiazole, geranylacetone, and beta-ionone compared to the 1- and S-day treatments. Similarly, locular gel from the 3- and 5-day ethylene treatments had significantly lower levels of 1-penten-3-one, 2-isobutylthiazole, and 1-nitro-2-phenylethane compared to 1-day samples. cis-3-Hexenol in locular gel was the only volatile compound that showed significantly higher levels with increasing ethylene treatment, EN analysis showed greater Mahalanobis distances between 1- and 3-day ethylene samples than between 3- and 5-day ethylene samples (32.09 and 12.90, 24.14 and 6.52, 116.31 and 65.04, and 15.74 and 13.28 units, for intact tomato, whole tomato, pericarp, and locular gel homogenate, respectively). C1 Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Agr Res Serv, USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. RP Sargent, SA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 22 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 123 IS 6 BP 1094 EP 1101 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 134RY UT WOS:000076758000026 ER PT J AU Mumford, EL McCluskey, BJ Traub-Dargatz, JL Schmitt, BJ Salman, MD AF Mumford, EL McCluskey, BJ Traub-Dargatz, JL Schmitt, BJ Salman, MD TI Public veterinary medicine: Public health - Serologic evaluation of vesicular stomatitis virus exposure in horses and cattle in 1996 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Objective - To determine potential risk factors for vesicular stomatitis (VS) in Colorado livestock in 1995 and evaluate VS virus (VSV) exposure of Colorado livestock in 1996. Design-Retrospective case-control study of VS risk factors and seroprevalence evaluation. Sample Population - Premises included 52 that had VS-positive animals and 33 that did not have VS-positive animals during the 1995 epidemic, and 8 in the vicinity of premises that had VS-positive animals during the 1995 epidemic. Procedure - Layout and management data for premises were collected during site visits in 1996. Signalment and management data were collected for animals from which samples were obtained, and samples were tested by serologic examination and virus isolation. The VSV seroprevalence rate was estimated for Colorado, using serum obtained for equine infectious anemia testing and from the Market Cattle identification program in Colorado. Results - At least 1 animal was seropositive for VSV on 35 of 52 (67%) premises, and 71 of 228 (31%) animals tested were seropositive for VSV. Seroprevalence was 63 of 170 (37%) for horses and 8 of 54 (15%) for cattle. Seroprevalence of VSV in animals from non-study premises in Colorado in 1996 was estimated to be 1.1% in cattle and 0.8% in horses. Clinical implications - Overall VSV seroprevalence in Colorado livestock was less than seroprevalence in epidemic areas, and seroprevalence rates in epidemic areas were greater for horses than cattle. Results may indicate that some animals had subclinical VSV infection during epidemics and that animals may be exposed to VSV between epidemics. C1 Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Lakewood, CO 80215 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Mumford, EL (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 1 PY 1998 VL 213 IS 9 BP 1265 EP 1269 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 135CD UT WOS:000076781800015 PM 9810380 ER PT J AU Hasegawa, S Miyake, M Robertson, GH Berhow, M AF Hasegawa, S Miyake, M Robertson, GH Berhow, M TI Limonoids in Miyamashikimi (Skimmia japonica Thunb.) SO JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE limonoids; Skimmia japonica; Rutaceae; papeda; citrus ID CITRUS LIMONOIDS; GLUCOSIDES; SEEDS; ICHANGENSIN; JUNOS AB Miyamashikimi (Skimmia japonica Thunb.) seeds contain the following limonoids that are found in seeds of Citrus species: deacetylnomilin, nomilin, limonin, obacunone, deacetylnomilinic acid, nomilinic acid, isoobacunoic acid; and those found in seeds of Fortunella species: retrocalamin, calamin, cyclocalamin, methyl isoobacunoate diosphenol and isoobacunoate diosphenolic acid; and those found in seeds of Citrus ichangensis: ichangensin. They also contain 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside of limonin, nomilin, obacunone, deacetylnomilin, calamin, retrocalamin, cyclocalamin and ichangensin. Skimmia japonica is the only plant which contains all of these limonoids. These data reveal unusual and unexpectedly high levels of citrus-like limonoids which suggest that Skimmia japonica is taxonomically closer to Citrus than previously believed. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Wakayama Nokyo Foods Ind Co Ltd, Wakayama 6420002, Japan. ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hasegawa, S (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI PI KYOTO PA C/O NAKANISHI PRINTING SHIMODACHIURI OGAWA HIGASHI, KAMIGYO-KU, KYOTO, 602-8048, JAPAN SN 1882-3351 EI 1880-358X J9 J JPN SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Jpn. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 67 IS 6 BP 835 EP 838 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 142QR UT WOS:000077212300001 ER PT J AU Arnold, JW Senter, SD AF Arnold, JW Senter, SD TI Use of digital aroma technology and SPME CC-MS to compare volatile compounds produced by bacteria isolated from processed poultry SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE biofilms; poultry; bacteria; aroma; electronic nose; SPME; GC-MS ID ELECTRONIC NOSE; SENSOR ARRAY; GAS; DISCRIMINATION; CLASSIFICATION; SYSTEMS; MEAT AB Digital aroma technology, solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and gas chromatographic mass spectral (GC-MS) analysis of the headspace volatile organic compounds were used to compare bacterial species important for food safety and common to biofilms in the poultry processing environment. The instrument for digital aroma technology, called the electronic nose, measured changes in resistance of polymer sensors caused by volatile gases from the headspace of samples. Graphical output by the Sammon mapping technique produced patterns of differences or similarities among the samples. Artificial neural network software was used to model groups of samples and classify subsequent unknowns. Compounds isolated from the headspace of sealed cultures using polydimethylsiloxane SPME fibres and identified by GC-MS analyses were predominantly alcohols and indole. These qualitative profiles were repetitive for specific organisms in relation to purity and repeatability of the cultures, differed by species and were used as objective standards to compare the graphical outputs of the electronic nose. (C) 1998 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Arnold, JW (reprint author), USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 23 TC 38 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 18 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 78 IS 3 BP 343 EP 348 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 138KX UT WOS:000076972000007 ER PT J AU Jasentuliyana, N Toma, RB Klavons, JA Medora, N AF Jasentuliyana, N Toma, RB Klavons, JA Medora, N TI Beverage cloud stability with isolated soy protein SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE clouding agent; beverage; isolated soy protein; fractions ID HYDROPHOBICITY; SOLUBILITY; AGENT AB The purpose of this study was to optimise the use of isolated soy protein (ISP) as a clouding agent for beverages. ISP was fractionated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) using 2 M KCl in a step gradient manner. A hydrophilic and a hydrophobic fraction were collected. The proteins therein were separated by SDS-PAGe. Each fraction was combined with citrus pectin in nine different ratios at pH 3.7 and subjected to cloud stability and turbidity studies for 28 days at 4 degrees C. The molecular weight patterns of the two fractions were different, indicating separation in the HIC column. Analysis of variance with repeated measures found no significant difference in cloud stability between the two fractions (P < 0.05). Empirically, the hydrophilic fraction acted as a better clouding agent. Significant differences in cloud stability and cloud turbidity were found between different ratios of pectin:protein (P < 0.05). No correlation was found between the initial cloud composition and cloud stability. Hydrophilic fraction in pectin:protein ratios 1:2 and 4:1 gave optimum cloud stability. This study reiterated the usefulness of ISP as a clouding agent. (C) 1998 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 Calif State Univ Long Beach, Div Food & Nutr, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. ARS, USDA, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Toma, RB (reprint author), Calif State Univ Long Beach, Div Food & Nutr, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 78 IS 3 BP 389 EP 394 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199811)78:3<389::AID-JSFA130>3.0.CO;2-Z PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 138KX UT WOS:000076972000013 ER PT J AU Freeman, LM Rush, JE Kehayias, JJ Ross, JN Meydani, SN Brown, DJ Dolnikowski, GG Marmor, BN White, ME Dinarello, CA Roubenoff, R AF Freeman, LM Rush, JE Kehayias, JJ Ross, JN Meydani, SN Brown, DJ Dolnikowski, GG Marmor, BN White, ME Dinarello, CA Roubenoff, R TI Nutritional alterations and the effect of fish oil supplementation in dogs with heart failure SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE body composition; cachexia; cytokines; dilated cardiomyopathy; fatty acids; insulinlike growth factor-1 ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; NITRIC-OXIDE; FATTY-ACIDS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION; CIRCULATING LEVELS; MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; CARDIAC CACHEXIA; FACTOR-ALPHA; WEIGHT-LOSS; INTERLEUKIN-1 AB Alterations in body composition and nutritional status are common in humans with heart failure and are related, in part, to increases in cytokine concentrations. Cytokines have not been studied previously in dogs with naturally occurring cardiac disease nor has fish oil administration been used in this population to decrease cytokine production. The purposes of this study were to characterize nutritional and cytokine alterations in dogs with heart failure and to test the ability of fish oil to reduce cytokines and improve clinical outcome. Body composition, insulinlike growth factor-1, fatty acids, and cytokines were measured in 28 dogs with heart failure and in 5 healthy controls. Dogs with heart failure then were randomized to receive either fish oil or placebo for 8 weeks. All parameters were measured again at the end of the study period. At baseline, 54% of dogs with heart failure were cachectic and the severity of cachexia correlated with circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations (P = .05). Cytokine concentrations at baseline, however, were not significantly increased in dogs with heart failure compared to controls. Baseline plasma arachidonic acid (P = .02), eicosapentaenoic acid (P = .03), and docosahexaenoic acid (P = .004) concentrations were lower in dogs with heart failure than in controls. Fish oil supplementation decreased interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) concentrations (P = .02) and improved cachexia (P = .01) compared to the placebo group. The mean caloric intake of the heart failure dogs as a group was below the maintenance energy requirement (P < .001), but no difference was found in food intake between the fish oil and placebo groups. Insulinlike growth factor-1 concentrations (P = .01) and reductions in circulating IL-1 concentrations over the study period (P = .02) correlated with survival. These data demonstrate that canine heart failure is associated with cachexia, alterations in fatty acids, and reduced caloric intake. Fish oil supplementation decreased IL-1 concentrations and improved cachexia. In addition, reductions in IL-1 predicted survival, suggesting that anticytokine strategies may benefit patients with heart failure. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, N Grafton, MA 01536 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Anim Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Tupper Res Inst, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Freeman, LM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Clin Sci, 200 Westboro Rd, N Grafton, MA 01536 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK07651] NR 49 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER COLL VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE PI LAKEWOOD PA 7175 W JEFFERSON AVE, STE 2125, LAKEWOOD, CO 80235 USA SN 0891-6640 J9 J VET INTERN MED JI J. Vet. Intern. Med. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 12 IS 6 BP 440 EP 448 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 146PK UT WOS:000077439400006 PM 9857337 ER PT J AU Melanson, KJ Saltzman, E Vinken, AG Russell, R Roberts, SB AF Melanson, KJ Saltzman, E Vinken, AG Russell, R Roberts, SB TI The effects of age on postprandial thermogenesis at four graded energetic challenges: Findings in young and older women SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RESTING METABOLIC-RATE; GLUCOSE-INDUCED THERMOGENESIS; DIET-INDUCED THERMOGENESIS; ELDERLY SUBJECTS; BODY-COMPOSITION; FAT DISTRIBUTION; OBESE SUBJECTS; AGING HUMANS; EXPENDITURE; MEN AB There remains controversy over the effect of age on postprandial thermogenesis, with some studies observing decreased postprandial thermogenesis in older subjects and other studies finding no effect of age. We investigated this issue in 8 young (25.2 +/- 1.8 years) and 8 older (72.2 +/- 2.1 years) healthy glucose-tolerant women with normal thyroid hormone status. Repeated measures of the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) were obtained following consumption of test meals containing 0, 1046, 2092, and 4184 kilojoules (kJ) by using indirect calorimetry. TEF at each meal size was determined once in the older subjects and twice in the younger subjects (during follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle) for a total of 96 measurements. There was a positive dose-response between meal size and TEF (p < .001) that was not significantly affected by age group. The best single predictor of TEF expressed as a percentage of meal energy content,vas waist-to-hip ratio (R-2 = .416, p < .02). These results indicate that aging is not associated with decreased TEF in the absence of factors such as a hypothyroid state or glucose intolerance. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM roberts_em@hnrc.tufts.edu NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 3 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 53 IS 6 BP B409 EP B414 PG 6 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 139BU UT WOS:000077008300005 PM 9823736 ER PT J AU Kline, J Wichelns, D AF Kline, J Wichelns, D TI Public preferences regarding the goals of farmland preservation programs: Reply SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Resource Econ, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP Kline, J (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 74 IS 4 BP 566 EP 569 DI 10.2307/3146886 PG 4 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 158EZ UT WOS:000078104200010 ER PT J AU Anthony, N Unruh, T Ganser, D ffrench-Constant, R AF Anthony, N Unruh, T Ganser, D ffrench-Constant, R TI Duplication of the Rdl GABA receptor subunit gene in an insecticide-resistant aphid, Myzus persicae SO MOLECULAR AND GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE y-aminobutyric acid receptor; insecticide resistance; gene duplication; green peach aphid; Myzus persicae ID SODIUM-CHANNEL GENE; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MOSQUITO AEDES-AEGYPTI; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; POINT MUTATIONS; INSENSITIVE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES; CYCLODIENE RESISTANCE; KNOCKDOWN RESISTANCE; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS AB Resistance to cyclodiene insecticides is associated with replacements of a single amino acid (alanine 302) in a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit encoded by the single-copy gene Resistance to dieldrin (Rdl). Alanine 302 is predicted to reside within the second membrane-spanning region of the Rdl receptor, a region that is thought to line the integral chloride ion channel pore. In all cyclodiene-resistant insects studied to date, this same alanine residue is replaced either by a serine, or, in some resistant strains of Drosophila simulans, a glycine residue. Therefore, individuals can carry only two different Rdl alleles. In contrast, here we report the presence of up to four different Rdl-like alleles in individual clones of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. In addition to the wild-type copy of Rdl gene (encoding A302 or allele A), M. persicae carries three other alleles with the following amino acid replacements: A302 --> Glycine (allele G), A302 --> Serine(TCG) (allele S) and A302 --> Serine(AGT)(allelle S'). Evidence from direct nucleotide sequencing and Single Stranded Conformational Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis shows that at least three of these different Rdl alleles (i.e. A, G and S) are commonly present in individual aphids or aphid clones. Southern analysis using allele-specific probes and analysis of sequences downstream of the exon containing the resistance-associated mutation confirm the presence of two independent Rdl-like loci in M. persicae. One locus carries the susceptible alanine (A) and/or resistant glycine (G) allele while the other carries the two serine alleles (S or S'). Whereas resistance levels are correlated with the glycine replacement, the S allele was present in all aphid clones, regardless of their resistance status. These results suggest that target site insensitivity is associated with replacements at the first (A/G) but not the second (S/S') locus. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences indicates that both putative aphid Rdl loci are monophyletic with respect to other insect Rdl genes and may have arisen through a recent gene duplication event. The implications of this duplication with respect to insecticide resistance and insect GABA receptor subunit diversity are discussed. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Russell Labs 237, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Neurosci, Russell Labs 237, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Anthony, N (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Russell Labs 237, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 63 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 260 IS 2-3 BP 165 EP 175 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 146NB UT WOS:000077435400004 PM 9862468 ER PT J AU Chen, XF Palmer, RG AF Chen, XF Palmer, RG TI Instability at the k2 Mdh1-n y20 chromosomal region in soybean SO MOLECULAR AND GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE chromosomal instability; chromosomal breakage; transposon; deletion mutation ID MUTATOR-INDUCED DELETIONS; HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENTATION; ANTIRRHINUM-MAJUS; UNSTABLE MUTATION; GENETIC-EVIDENCE; SHORT ARM; ELEMENT; MAIZE; RECOMBINATION AB Ten mutants have been reported at the k2 (tan saddle seed coat) Mdh1-n (mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase 1 null) y20 (yellow foliage) chromosomal region in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The precise genetic mechanism(s) responsible for generating these mutants is (are) not known. The objective of this study was to determine whether chromosomal instability exists at this region. We introduced the w4-m and Y18-m mutable systems into the three independent sources of tan saddle seed coat mutants, T239 (k2), T261 (k2 Mdh1-n), and L67-3483 (k2). A total of 12 bright yellow mutants were isolated with tan saddle seed coat, malate dehydrogenase I null phenotypes. Of these, 11 were found in 11 F2 mutant families out of a total of 977 derived by crossing T239 (k2), T261 (k2 Mdh1-n), and L67-3483 (k2) with six lines suspected to contain active transposable elements. One was found in the F3 generation derived from the cross A1937 x T239 (k2). Of the 11 F2 mutant families, 10 (out of a total of 381 F2 families) were associated with the T239 (k2) genetic background, and one out of 323 was associated with the T261 (k2 Mdh1-n) genetic background. But no mutation events were found among the 273 families with the L67-3483 (k2) genetic background. Allelism and inheritance studies indicated that these 12 bright yellow mutants were new mutants in the k2 Mdh1-n y20 chromosomal region. Thus, on introducing the w4-m and Y18-m mutable systems into T239 (k2) and T261 (k2 Mdh1-n) genetic backgrounds, chromosomal instability was induced in this region. In addition, 21 greenish yellow mutants were identified in the total of 977 F2 families. All 21 greenish yellow mutants were associated with the T239 (k2) genetic background. The mutations for greenish yellow foliage affected foliage color only at the seedling stage. Cosegregation of the tan saddle seed coat character with greenish yellow foliage were observed for these 21 greenish yellow mutants, suggesting that the greenish yellow phenotype may be due to a pleiotropic effect of the k2 allele in T239 or to chromosomal rearrangements at or near the k2 allele in T239. Finally, we believe that the genetic mechanism responsible for this high frequency of instability at the k2 Mdh1-n y20 chromosomal region involves receptor element activities present at this chromosomal region, which may contain complex chromosomal rearrangements in T239 and T261. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Palmer, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 43 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 260 IS 4 BP 309 EP 318 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 147MJ UT WOS:000077571100001 PM 9870696 ER PT J AU McCormick, S AF McCormick, S TI RNA stability during plant male gametophyte (pollen) development SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE, 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1998 VL 9 SU S MA 417 BP 72A EP 72A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 137GQ UT WOS:000076906700418 ER PT J AU Clark, SA Ow, DW AF Clark, SA Ow, DW TI Interaction of the bZip transcription factor Pap1 and the vacuolar ABC transporter HMT1 in the sequestration of cadmium in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Plant Gene Express Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE, 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1998 VL 9 SU S MA 1953 BP 336A EP 336A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 137GQ UT WOS:000076906701956 ER PT J AU Nunamaker, RA Brown, SE Murphy, KE Tabachnick, WJ Knudson, DL AF Nunamaker, RA Brown, SE Murphy, KE Tabachnick, WJ Knudson, DL TI Physical mapping of the genome of the biting midge, Culicoides variipennis SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Memphis, Dept Biol & Mol Cell Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE, 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1998 VL 9 SU S MA 2618 BP 452A EP 452A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 137GQ UT WOS:000076906702624 ER PT J AU Han, O Wood, RJ AF Han, O Wood, RJ TI Pro-inflammatory cytokines increase the expression of HFE protein in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE, 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1998 VL 9 SU S MA 2885 BP 497A EP 497A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 137GQ UT WOS:000076906702881 ER PT J AU Pimentel, G Carris, LM Levy, L Meyer, RJ AF Pimentel, G Carris, LM Levy, L Meyer, RJ TI Genetic variability among isolates of Tilletia barclayana, T-indica and allied species SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Karnal bunt; rice kernel smut; ryegrass smut ID KARNAL BUNT; CONSPECIFIC STATUS; WHEAT; CONTROVERSA; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; MARKERS; CARIES; FUSCA; RAPD AB Tilletia barclayana, T. indica, T. rugispora and T. boutelouae are a group of floret-infecting smuts characterized by densely tuberculate teliospores. A morphologically similar smut infecting Lolium multiflorum was discovered in Oregon and the southeastern USA in 1996, although herbarium records show a similar smut on L. perenne has been present in Australia for at least thirty years. Based on PCR-RFLP analysis of the rDNA and RAPD analysis, the U.S. ryegrass bunt is most similar to T. indica, but the relatively low similarity (ca 25%) in the RAPD analysis does not support conspecificity of the two taxa. Both RAPD and PCR-RFLP analyses suggest that T. barclayana comprises at least two distinct taxa. One cluster corresponds to the rice-infecting isolates, and the other to isolates infecting species of Panicum and Paspalum. Tilletia boutelouae and T. rugispora are supported as species distinct from T. barclayana and T. indica based on both RAPD and PCR-RFLP analyses. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA, APHIS PPQ Methods Dev, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pimentel, G (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 90 IS 6 BP 1017 EP 1027 DI 10.2307/3761275 PG 11 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 150YE UT WOS:000077693000011 ER PT J AU Jones, MJ Dunkle, LD AF Jones, MJ Dunkle, LD TI Factors regulating the synthesis of a cyclic peptide pathotoxin produced by Cochliobolus carbonum SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PATHOGEN CLADOSPORIUM-FULVUM; AVIRULENCE GENE AVR9; HELMINTHOSPORIUM-CARBONUM; EXPRESSION; TOXINS; MAIZE AB The cyclic tetrapeptide, HC-toxin, is a host-selective virulence determinant produced by the foliar pathogen of maize, Cochliobolus carbonum race I. HC-toxin is synthesized by a multifunctional peptide synthetase (HTS) encoded by the HTS1 gene. Analyses of culture filtrates identified low toxin-producing and high toxin-producing strains among field isolates of the pathogen. These strains were analyzed by reverse transcription PCR to determine whether synthesis of the toxin is directly influenced by HTS1 transcript levels. The results indicated that expression of HTS1 was up-regulated and reached maximal levels several days before the toxin was detected in the culture medium and that HTS1 transcript levers were not correlated with toxigenicity. These observations suggest that genes in addition to HTS1 are involved in regulation of HC-toxin biosynthesis. The toxin-producing ability of low toxin-producing isolates was enhanced following inoculation and reisolation from leaves of susceptible maize genotypes, suggesting that additional factors within the host environment influence toxin production during pathogenesis. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Jones, MJ (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 102 BP 1381 EP 1386 DI 10.1017/S0953756298006534 PN 11 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 143FT UT WOS:000077245100013 ER PT J AU Anderson, PD Tomlinson, PT AF Anderson, PD Tomlinson, PT TI Ontogeny affects response of northern red oak seedlings to elevated CO2 and water stress - I. Carbon assimilation and biomass production SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Quercus rubra L.; elevated CO2; water stress; photosynthesis; stomatal conductance ID QUERCUS-RUBRA L; GAS-EXCHANGE; DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; GROWTH-RESPONSE; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; USE EFFICIENCY; RISING CO2; LEAVES; DROUGHT AB The interactive influences of elevated carbon dioxide, water stress, and ontogeny on carbon assimilation and biomass production were investigated in northern red oak, a species having episodic shoot growth characteristics. Seedlings were grown from acorns through three shoot-growth hushes (8-11 wk) in controlled-environment chambers at 400, 530 or 700 mu mol mol(-1) CO2 and under well watered or water-stressed soil-moisture regimes. Increasing CO2 growth concentration from 400 to 700 mu mol mol(-1) resulted in a 34 % increase in net assimilation rate (A), a 31 % decrease in stomatal conductance to water vapour (g(s)) and a 141 % increase in water use efficiency (WUE) in well watered seedlings. In contrast, water-stressed seedlings grown at 700 mu mol mol(-1) CO2 demonstrated a 69 % increase in A, a 23 % decrease in g(s), and a 104 % increase in WUE. However, physiological responses to increased CO2 and water stress were strongly modified by ontogeny. During active third-flush shoot growth, A in first-flush and second-flush foliage of water-stressed seedlings increased relative to the quiescent phase following cessation of second-flush growth by an average of 115 %; g(s) increased by an average of 74 %. In contrast, neither A nor gs in comparable foliage of well watered seedlings changed in response to active third-flush growth. Whereas seedling growth was continuous through three flushes in well watered seedlings, growth of water-stressed seedlings was minimal following the leaf-expansion stage of the third flush. Through three growth flushes total seedling biomass and biomass allocation to root, shoot and foliage components were very similar in water-stressed seedlings grown at 700 mu mol mol(-1) CO2 and well watered seedlings grown at 400 mu mol mol(-1) CO2. Enhancement effects of elevated CO2 on seedling carbon (C) assimilation and biomass production may offset the negative impact of moderate water stress and are likely to be determined by ontogeny and stress impacts on carbon sink demand. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Anderson, PD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. NR 50 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 17 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 140 IS 3 BP 477 EP 491 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00296.x PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 143UA UT WOS:000077274400008 ER PT J AU Tomlinson, PT Anderson, PD AF Tomlinson, PT Anderson, PD TI Ontogeny affects response of northern red oak seedlings to elevated CO2 and water stress - II. Recent photosynthate distribution and growth SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Quercus rubra L.; elevated CO2; water stress; growth; photosynthate allocation ID PINUS-TAEDA SEEDLINGS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; QUERCUS-ROBUR; LIQUIDAMBAR-STYRACIFLUA; CACAO SEEDLINGS; CASTANEA-SATIVA; GAS-EXCHANGE; ALLOCATION; ENRICHMENT AB Northern red oak in the western Lake States area of the USA exists on the most xeric edge of its distribution range. Future climate-change scenarios for this area predict decreased water availability along with increased atmospheric CO2. We examined recent photosynthate distribution and growth in seedlings as a function of CO2 mole fraction (400, 530 and 700 mu mol mol(-1) CO2), water regime (well watered and water-stressed), and ontogenic stage. Water stress effects on growth were largely offset by elevated CO2. Water stress increased root mass ratio without concurrently increasing allocation of recent photosynthate to the roots. However, apparent sink strength of water-stressed seedlings at the completion of the third growth stage tended to be greater than that of well watered seedlings, as shown by continued high export, which may contribute carbon reserves to support preferential root growth under water-stressed conditions. Elevated CO2 decreased apparent shoot sink strength associated with the rapid expansion of the third flush. Carbon resources for the observed enhanced growth under elevated CO2 could be provided by enhanced photosynthetic rate over an increased leaf area (Anderson & Tomlinson, 1998, this volume). Increased sink strength of LG seedlings under water-stressed conditions, together with decreased apparent shoot sink strength associated with growth in elevated CO2 provide mechanisms for offsetting water stress effects by growth in elevated CO2. Careful control of ontogeny was necessary to discern these changes and provides further evidence of the need for such careful control in mechanistic studies. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Tomlinson, PT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. EM ptomlins/nc_rh@fs.fed.us NR 40 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 8 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 140 IS 3 BP 493 EP 504 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00291.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 143UA UT WOS:000077274400009 ER PT J AU Bryant, MD Everest, FH AF Bryant, MD Everest, FH TI Management and condition of watersheds in southeast Alaska: The persistence of anadromous salmon SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; PACIFIC SALMON; EASTERN OREGON; WASHINGTON; STREAMS; CHANNELS; BASINS; FLOW AB In contrast to most of North America and Europe, numerous intact or lightly disturbed watersheds are present throughout southeast-Alaska These watersheds support abundant and diverse populations of anadromous salmonids. While the watersheds throughout the northern hemisphere have been exposed to human disturbance from millennia to centuries, significant human disturbance to the watersheds of southeast Alaska did not begin until the 1950's with the start of industrial logging. Although management of watersheds has evolved to reduce risks to aquatic habitat, the most intensive logging occurred during the first 20 years of limber harvest when few restraints were placed on timber harvest in watersheds. As a result, a legacy of streams with deteriorating habitat remains. While few salmon stocks in southeast Alaska appear to be in decline, escapement records on specific watersheds, particularly those most severely affected by management are non-existent or qualitative. The present status of salmon stocks may be attributed to abundant intact watersheds, high marine survival, and escapement levels that fully seed most watersheds. The numerous intact watersheds throughout southeast Alaska are a critical factor in maintaining sustainable salmon stocks in southeast Alaska. C1 US Forest Serv, Aquat Land Interact Res Program, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Bryant, MD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Aquat Land Interact Res Program, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, 2770 Sherwood Ln,2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 75 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 72 IS 4 BP 249 EP 267 PG 19 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 168DP UT WOS:000078676200003 ER PT J AU Bailey, JD Liegel, LH AF Bailey, JD Liegel, LH TI Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) growth and site factors in western Oregon SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TAXOL; AGENT AB Conservation biologists in the Pacific Northwest have recently turned their attention to Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.), given past harvest of this species for taxol and the fragmentation of late-successional forested landscapes. Understanding yew growth and reproduction patterns is important given interest in the long-term viability of yew populations and important contributions this species makes to stand structure. Our research, based on data from 11 intensively measured 2-ha plots, confirms and quantifies some early qualitative observations of yew tree size and age distributions in three forested subregions of western Oregon. These distributions show a general lack of regeneration in the last century which should be of some concern to land managers given Pacific yew's contribution to late-successional stand structure. Although correlations between size measurements, for example between diameter and height, are strong (coefficients > 0.61 across all plots) and consistently positive, correlations between size and site variables (e.g., aspect) are weaker (coefficients < 0.41 across all plots) and inconsistent. Most plots demonstrated a weak but consistent relationship between size and age, and yew tree size and age distributions were relatively consistent within subregions. However, there were substantial differences in diameter growth rates among subregions. C1 No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bailey, JD (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 8 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 72 IS 4 BP 283 EP 292 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 168DP UT WOS:000078676200006 ER PT J AU Flanagan, PT Morgan, P Everett, RL AF Flanagan, PT Morgan, P Everett, RL TI Snag recruitment in subalpine forests SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DECAY AB Information on snag locations and densities is useful for managing many species of wildlife. Using a combination of belt transects, fixed plots, and aerial photographs, we recorded snag species, locations, and causal agents of tree mortality in subalpine forests in the Entiat watershed in Washington State. The overall snag density tall standing dead trees) was 51 per hectare. Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) were the most common species of snags. Weather-related effects created more snags than any other disturbance in the period between stand-replacing fires. The density of dominant and codominant snags did not differ by aspect or slope categories, but the density of intermediate and suppressed snags was highest on steep south-facing slopes. Snag densities were lowest in stand initiation and open stem exclusion structural stages. More study is needed to determine if fire history data combined with aerial photo interpretation offer a potential method of estimating snag densities in subalpine forests. C1 US Forest Serv, Wenatchee Field Off, USDA, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Forest Serv, Wenatchee Natl Forest, USDA, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Flanagan, PT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Wenatchee Field Off, USDA, 215 Melody Lane, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 37 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 72 IS 4 BP 303 EP 309 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 168DP UT WOS:000078676200008 ER PT J AU Hayward, GD Iverson, GC AF Hayward, GD Iverson, GC TI The challenge of evaluating population trend for conservation management: Marbled murrelets in Alaska SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Forest Serv, Alaska Reg, USDA, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. RP Hayward, GD (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 72 IS 4 BP 315 EP 319 PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 168DP UT WOS:000078676200010 ER PT J AU Jacob, RA AF Jacob, RA TI Vitamin C nutriture and risk of atherosclerotic heart disease SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID CORONARY-DISEASE; E CONSUMPTION; MEN; ANTIOXIDANTS; GLUTATHIONE; DEFICIENCY; TRIAL AB There is substantial evidence for a role of dietary antioxidants in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, but evidence for a protective effect of vitamin C is inconclusive. Two recent reports add to the supporting evidence and provide some new observations. The first study a 5-year prospective population study of Finnish men, suggests that vitamin C-deficient men may be at increased risk of myocardial infarction. The second study suggests that vitamin C may play a role in preventing manifestations of existing coronary artery disease, rather than in limiting disease progression. Although these results suffer from the limitations of observational studies, they provide impetus for further investigation. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. RP Jacob, RA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Presidio San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 56 IS 11 BP 334 EP 337 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 141VM UT WOS:000077165000002 PM 9838799 ER PT J AU Oberlander, H Silhacek, DL AF Oberlander, H Silhacek, DL TI Mode of action of insect growth regulators in lepidopteran tissue culture SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP Int Union Pure & Appl Chem (IUPAC), AgrEvo UK Ltd, BASF AG, Bayer AGqqDow AgroSci, Du Pont Agr Prod, JSC Int Ltd, Monsanto Europe, BBSRC etc, Novartis Crop Protect, Switzerland, Novartis Fdn, UK, Rhone Poulence Agro, Soc Chem Ind, Sumitomo Chem Co, Witco OrganoSilicones Grp, Zeneca Agrochem DE tebufenozide; methoprene; fenoxycarb; chlorfluazuron; diflubenzuron; insect growth regulators; juvenile hormone mimics ID IMAGINAL WING DISKS; NONSTEROIDAL ECDYSONE AGONIST; PLODIA-INTERPUNCTELLA HUBNER; AMINO SUGAR UPTAKE; CHITIN SYNTHESIS; SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA; CELL-LINE; ECDYSTEROID AGONISTS; RH-5849; CUTICLE AB Insect growth regulators (IGRs) have been proposed as agents for the control of insect pests. These compounds disrupt the normal development of insects by mimicking juvenile hormone and the molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdsyone, or by interfering with chitin synthesis. The effectiveness and selectivity of IGRs provide new tools for integrated pest management. The simultaneous advances in the chemistry of IGRs and the ability to study insect tissues in culture, have led to research on the mode of action of IGRs int vitro. Plodia interpunctella and Spodoptera frugiperda have been used to examine the effects of IGRs on wing imaginal discs in organ culture, as well as in hormonally responsive cell lines established from wing imaginal discs of these species. Our research has focused on the action of ecdysteroid mimics, chitin synthesis inhibitors and juvenile hormone mimics. The effects of the IGRs on chitin synthesis, uptake of amino-sugars, and cellular proliferation were studied in tissue culture. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of using organ cultures and hormonally responsive cell lines for investigating IGRs at the cellular and tissue level. (C) 1998 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Oberlander, H (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. EM hoberlander@gainsville.usda.ufl.edu NR 21 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 54 IS 3 BP 300 EP 302 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(1998110)54:3<300::AID-PS830>3.0.CO;2-8 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 136ED UT WOS:000076844800019 ER PT J AU Esau, BD Snyder, GW Portis, AR AF Esau, BD Snyder, GW Portis, AR TI Activation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) with chimeric activase proteins SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE carbon metabolism; Rubisco; Rubisco activase ID BINDING DOMAIN; OXYGENASE ACTIVASE; ATP; ENHANCEMENT; HYDROLYSIS; EXPRESSION AB The Rubisco activase amino acid sequences of spinach and tobacco are 79% identical, yet the tobacco protein does not facilitate the activation of the uncarbamylated, ribulose bisphosphate bound form of spinach ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) and vice versa. In contrast, combinations of the spinach Rubisco activase with Rubisco from non-Solanaceae species and combinations of tobacco Rubisco activase with Rubisco from other Solanaceae species are almost as effective as the analogous combination. To examine the basis of the preference of an activase protein for either Solanaceae of non-Solanaceae Rubisco, several recombinant chimeric proteins were obtained by combining regions from the cDNAs of spinach and tobacco activase and expression in Escherichia coli. The chimeric proteins were analyzed for ATP hydrolysis and ability to activate spinach and tobacco Rubisco. Comparisons of Rubisco preference with composition of the various activase chimeras indicate that the major determinants of Rubisco preference seem to be localized in the carboxyl-terminal region. C1 USDA, ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Portis, AR (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 58 IS 2 BP 175 EP 181 DI 10.1023/A:1006133212261 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 161YC UT WOS:000078316400007 ER PT J AU Turano, FJ AF Turano, FJ TI Characterization of mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase from dark-grown soybean seedlings SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID PISUM-SATIVUM; SUSPENSION-CULTURES; PURIFICATION; ARABIDOPSIS; COTYLEDONS; PEA AB Purified preparations of NAD(H)-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.2.) were assayed to determine the effects of mono- and divalent cations, nucleotides and select carbon compounds on NAD(H)-dependent GDH activity. The amination reaction was stimulated 2- to 17-fold by divalent cations (Ca2+ > Cd2+ > Co2+ > Mg2+ > Mn2+ > Zn2+ between 1 and 1000 mu M), but the reaction was unaffected by monovalent cations (Na+ and K+). The amination reaction was most responsive to changes in Ca2+ in a NADH-dependent manner. The addition of EDTA or EGTA nullified the stimulatory effects of Ca2+. Calmodulin alone or in combination with calmodulin antagonists did not affect the amination reaction. Divalent cations (at 1 mM) inhibited the rate of the deamination reaction by 15 to 25%, while monovalent cations had no effect. ATP inhibited the amination reaction by 10 to 60%, while ADP had little or no effect. ATP or ADP decreased the rate of the deamination reaction 23 to 60 or 20 to 38%, respectively. Many tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates inhibited the amination reaction, 20 to 50% of the inhibition could be attributed to the chelating capacity of intermediates. Conversely, most of the carbon sources tested did not affect the deamination reaction. the only appreciable differences were increases in activity with sucrose (21%) and glucose (41%) and a decrease in activity with pyruvate (34%). Inhibitors of sulfhydryl groups were used to examine the importance of reduced thiol groups in the amination or deamination reactions. The amination was not dependent on reduced thiol groups, whereas the deamination reaction was dependent on reduced thiol groups. C1 USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Turano, FJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM fturano@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 104 IS 3 BP 337 EP 344 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1040307.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 154NC UT WOS:000077894300007 ER PT J AU Muhitch, MJ AF Muhitch, MJ TI Characterization of pedicel beta-glucuronidase activity in developing maize (Zea mays) kernels SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID GENE-FUSION MARKER; GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PURIFICATION; ELIMINATION; ENDOSPERM; CELLS AB A conspicuous endogenous maize (Zea mays L.) beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity was observed in histochemical assays of non-transformed maize kernels, confounding the use of Escherichia coli gusA as a reporter gene. Appearance of the endogenous activity was developmentally dependent and highly tissue-specific, being localized to the upper pedicel (basal maternal kernel) tissues where the black layer forms in the latter stages of kernel development. Pedicel homogenates exhibited GUS activity using either p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronide or 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) as substrates. Pedicel GUS was apparently not the result of endophyte contamination of enzyme isolates since no endophytes could be cultured. The MUG-based activity had a pH optimum of 4 to 5 and was separable into two isoforms by anion exchange chromatography with K-m values for MUG of 2.2 and 2.7 mu M for the early- and late-eluting forms, respectively. The pedicel GUS isoforms had very similar characteristics: native M-r of approximately 32000, stimulation by assay at 60 degrees C, inhibition at high ionic strength or in the presence of EDTA and relative insensitivity to the E. coli GUS inhibitor saccharic acid-1,4-lactone. Only the early-eluting form, however, was capable of hydrolyzing the histochemical;GUS substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl-beta-D-glucuronide. Neither isoform exhibited antifungal activity against Fusarium moniliforme. In contrast to the in vitro activity, pedicel endogenous GUS measured histochemically was completely inhibited by saccharic acid-l,il-lactone. unaffected by EDTA and greatly decreased by incubation at elevated assay temperature. A modification of the standard histochemical GUS assay allowed complete suppression of endogenous GUS activity while enhancing E. coli-derived GUS activity in kernels transiently expressing the gusA gene. Possible roles of these endogenous GUS activities within the black layer region of the kernel pedicel are proposed. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM muhitchm@mail.neaur.usda.gov NR 26 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0031-9317 EI 1399-3054 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 104 IS 3 BP 423 EP 430 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1040318.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 154NC UT WOS:000077894300018 ER PT J AU Skadsen, RW AF Skadsen, RW TI Physiological and molecular genetic mechanisms regulating hydrolytic enzyme gene expression in cereal grains SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Review ID ALPHA-AMYLASE GENE; BARLEY ALEURONE PROTOPLASTS; GIBBERELLIN RESPONSE COMPLEX; MESSENGER-RNA LEVELS; HORDEUM-VULGARE L; ORYZA-SATIVA L; ABSCISIC-ACID; HORMONAL-REGULATION; GERMINATING BARLEY; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION AB In recent years, the analysis of hydrolytic enzyme gene expression in germinating cereals has progressed from a determination of hormone-responsive promoter elements to the cloning of positive and negative promoter-binding proteins and the direct in vivo demonstration of their effects on gene expression. interesting parallels with animal systems have emerged, particularly with regard to the mediation of gibberellin signal transduction through transcriptional regulators encoded by oncogene homologues, calcium signalling pathways, and (possibly) through the phosphoinositide turnover pathway. New applications of cell microinjection, intracellular fluorescent probes and transient expression with effector;reporter expression plasmids have allowed direct examination of the roles of signal transduction Factors and their ultimate targets of their pathways on hormone- and sugar-responsive gene promoter elements. Arabidopsis hormone response mutants have provided cloned candidates for genes encoding trans-acting regulatory proteins. and these have rapidly led to their counterparts in cereals. The identification of the initial receptor for gibberellin and abscisic acid still proves to be an intractable problem, but candidates have emerged from recent studies. The puzzle of how gibberellin and abscisic acid signal transductions lead to opposing regulatory events at every level proves to be a continuing challenge. but recent studies provide intriguing insights into these complex events. These studies are providing testable models as to how hydrolytic enzyme gene expression in developing and germinating cereal grains is regulated. The following review is constructed to summarize recent physiological. genetic and molecular studies in these areas and, where appropriate, provide correlative information from past studies. C1 USDA ARS, Cereal Crop Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Skadsen, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cereal Crop Res Unit, 501 N Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. EM rskadsen@facstaff.wisc.edu NR 139 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 104 IS 3 BP 486 EP 502 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1040326.x PG 17 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 154NC UT WOS:000077894300026 ER PT J AU Pinkerton, JN Johnson, KB Stone, JK Ivors, KL AF Pinkerton, JN Johnson, KB Stone, JK Ivors, KL TI Maturation and seasonal discharge pattern of ascospores of Anisogramma anomala SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aerobiology; Corylus avellana ID EASTERN FILBERT BLIGHT; EUROPEAN HAZELNUT; VENTURIA-INAEQUALIS; INFECTION; RELEASE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; GERMINATION; DISPERSAL; CONIDIA; PIRINA AB Maturation and release of ascospores of Anisogramma anomala were monitored over a 6-year period (1988 to 1995) in European hazelnut orchards located in western Oregon. Perithecia of A. anomala were dissected from stromata collected monthly from September to May to determine spore maturation. Spore maturation began in late summer; by January, >90% of the spores were morphologically mature. Similarly, both the number of mature ascospores per perithecium and the proportion of ascospores that germinated increased through autumn. After January, the number of spores per perithecium declined until May, when few viable spores remained. Each of the 6 years, rain catch-type spore traps were placed under cankers in diseased trees from 15 September to 30 June. Based on spore collection periods of 1 to 4 weeks, three patterns for the seasonal release of A, anomala ascospores were observed: in the 1988-1989 season, >80% of the seasonal ascospore release occurred between September and January; in the 1989-1990 season, 32 to 42% of the seasonal ascospore release occurred after mid-April; and in the other 4 years, monthly releases of ascospores were relatively uniform over the 9-month seasonal period. Timing and amount of precipitation were the most important variables accounting for the differences among the yearly patterns of ascospore release. Over all years and sites, the cumulative proportion of total ascospores collected in each orchard was highly correlated (R-2 = 0.90) With cumulative precipitation. This relationship was confirmed in mist chamber experiments. A regression model was developed relating cumulative ascospore release to cumulative hours of precipitation. The model provides an estimate of the proportion of ascospores remaining to be released after budbreak, which coincides with the period of highest susceptibility to infection. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Pinkerton, JN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3340 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1998 VL 88 IS 11 BP 1165 EP 1173 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.11.1165 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 132EP UT WOS:000076617600006 PM 18944849 ER PT J AU Stenger, DC AF Stenger, DC TI Replication specificity elements of the Worland strain of beet curly top virus are compatible with those of the CFH strain but not those of the Cal/Logan strain SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GEMINIVIRUS DNA-REPLICATION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SUBGENOMIC DNA; VIRAL-DNA; PROTEIN; GENOMES AB Cloned genomes of the CFH, Worland, and Cal/Logan strains of beet curly top virus (BCTV) served as helper viruses to trans-replicate defective (D) DNAs that are incapable of self-replication due to deletions within the C1 open reading frame encoding the replication initiator (Rep) protein. The Logan Rep protein could trans-replicate a Logan-derived D DNA in a transient replication assay conducted in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf disks. However, the Logan Rep protein was unable to trans-replicate D DNAs derived from the CFH or Worland strains. In contrast, the Rep proteins of the CFH and Worland strains could trans-replicate CFH or Worland D DNAs, but not a Logan D DNA. These results indicate that the cis- and trans-acting replication specificity elements of the CFH and Worland strains are compatible and that the three strains of BCTV may be divided into two groupings based upon replication specificity determinants. A comparison of amino acid sequences of the Rep protein for the three BCTV strains suggests that the trans acting replication specificity element may reside in one or more of 12 amino acid residues that are identical; in two amino acid residues that are chemically similar among the CFH and Worland Rep proteins, yet are different in the Logan Rep protein; or in both. Properties including replication specificity, nucleotide sequence identity, and symptom expression were used as criteria to propose separate species designations for each of the three BCTV strains. In this proposal, the Cal/ Logan strain retains the name BCTV, CFH and the closely related Iranian isolate are designated beet severe curly top virus, and Worland is designated beet mild curly top virus. C1 No Illinois Univ, Dept Biol Sci, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. No Illinois Univ, Ctr Plant Mol Biol, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. RP Stenger, DC (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 20 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1998 VL 88 IS 11 BP 1174 EP 1178 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.11.1174 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 132EP UT WOS:000076617600007 PM 18944850 ER PT J AU Timmer, LW Solel, Z Gottwald, TR Ibanez, AM Zitko, SE AF Timmer, LW Solel, Z Gottwald, TR Ibanez, AM Zitko, SE TI Environmental factors affecting production, release, and field populations of conidia of Alternaria alternata, the cause of brown spot of citrus SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Alternaria brown spot, caused by Alternaria alternata pv. citri, affects many tangerines and their hybrids, causing loss of immature leaves and fruit and reducing the marketability of the remaining fruit. Conidial production of A, alternata was greatest on mature leaves moistened and maintained at near 100% relative humidity (RH) for 24 h, whereas leaves that had been soaked or maintained at moderate RH produced few conidia. Conidial release from filter paper cultures and infected leaves was studied in a computer-controlled environmental chamber. Release of large numbers of conidia was triggered from both substrates by sudden drops in RH or by simulated rainfall events. Vibration induced release of low numbers of conidia, but red/infrared irradiation had no effect. In field studies from 1994 to 1996, air sampling with a 7-day recording volumetric spore trap indicated that conidia were present throughout the year with periodic large peaks. The number of conidia captured was not closely related to rainfall amounts or average wind speed, but was weakly related to the duration of leaf wetness. Likewise, disease severity on trap plants placed in the field weekly during 1995 to 1996 was not closely related to conidial numbers or rainfall amounts, but was weakly related to leaf wetness duration. Sufficient inoculum appears to be available to allow infection to occur throughout the year whenever susceptible host tissue and moisture are available. C1 Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. ARS, USDA, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Timmer, LW (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. NR 18 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1998 VL 88 IS 11 BP 1218 EP 1223 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.11.1218 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 132EP UT WOS:000076617600014 PM 18944857 ER PT J AU Liu, Q Salih, S Hammerschlag, F AF Liu, Q Salih, S Hammerschlag, F TI Etiolation of 'Royal Gala' apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) shoots promotes high-frequency shoot organogenesis and enhanced beta-glucuronidase expression from stem internodes SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE Agrobacterium tumefaciens; gusA expression; transformation ID INVITRO GROWN SHOOTS; AGROBACTERIUM STRAINS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; LEAF EXPLANTS; GENE-TRANSFER; TRANSFORMATION; REGENERATION; LEAVES; EFFICIENCY; PLANTS AB Internodal explants from etiolated 'Royal Gala' apple shoots were compared with those from non-etiolated shoots for frequency of shoot organogenesis and for efficiency of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) expression after cocultivation of explants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 (p35SGUSint). First (youngest) internodal ex plants from etiolated shoots produced 2-, 8- and 73-fold numbers of shoots compared to second, third, and fourth internodal explants, respectively. Moreover, these explants produced sevenfold the number of shoots as similar explants from non-etiolated shoots. All first internodes from etiolated shoots exhibited GUS-expressing zones and yielded fourfold as many GUS-expressing zones as commonly used leaf explants from non-etiolated shoots, which exhibited GUS-expressing zones in only 63% of the explants. An average of 9.8 GUS expressing calli per explant were observed on first internodes from etiolated shoots 2 weeks after cocultivation with A. tumefaciens. C1 ARS, USDA, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hammerschlag, F (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 21 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD NOV PY 1998 VL 18 IS 1-2 BP 32 EP 36 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 142FR UT WOS:000077189900006 ER PT J AU Oudemans, PV Caruso, FL Stretch, AW AF Oudemans, PV Caruso, FL Stretch, AW TI Cranberry fruit rot in the northeast: A complex disease SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID BOTRYOSPHAERIA-VACCINII; BLACK ROT; YIELD; LEAVES; FUNGI C1 Rutgers State Univ, Blueberry & Cranberry Res & Extens Ctr, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Cranberry Expt Stn, E Wareham, MA USA. ARS, USDA, Washington, DC USA. RP Oudemans, PV (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Blueberry & Cranberry Res & Extens Ctr, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. NR 68 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 82 IS 11 BP 1176 EP 1184 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.11.1176 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 132DY UT WOS:000076616100001 ER PT J AU Phipps, PM Porter, DM AF Phipps, PM Porter, DM TI Collar rot of peanut caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE chemical control; cultivar susceptibility; pathogenicity AB In August and September of 1993, a collar rot disease of peanut was observed in several fields in Virginia and North Carolina. Only a few scattered plants exhibited symptoms and signs of the disease in Southampton County and Suffolk, Virginia, and Northampton County North Carolina. The disease was severe at two farm sites in Dinwiddie County, Virginia where the affected areas exceeded 0.4 ha in size. Numerous plants were either chlorotic, wilted, or dead. Symptomatic plants exhibited blackened stem cankers and pods. Diseased stems and tap roots were easily shredded to reveal slate-gray to black internal tissues. Black, erumpent pycnidia were observed on stem lesions at the soil surface. Immature conidia were single-celled and hyaline. Mature conidia were two-celled and dark brown. Morphological features of the fungus on diseased plants and potato dextrose agar were consistent with descriptions of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Diplodia gossypina). The fungus was isolated from discolored seed and asymptomatic seed from fields having plants which exhibited severe symptoms. Seed treatment with captan 1.125 g + pentachloronitrobenzene 0.375 g + carboxin 0.25 g a.i./kg reduced recovery of the fungus from seed, but did not eradicate the pathogen. This treatment on naturally infested seed provided significant early-season disease suppression and improved yield significantly in 1994. Season-long disease suppression and a significant yield increase were obtained in plots planted to fungicide-treated, commercial seed from non-infested fields. At-plant and mid-season applications of fungicides in 1994 and 1995 did not improve disease suppression over that of fungicide-treated, commercial seed. Overall, Virginia-type cultivars of peanut were more susceptible to collar rot than runner-type cultivars. Among the Virginia-type cultivars, NC-V 11 exhibited moderate susceptibility and the 79-X breeding line from Florida exhibited resistance. Georgia Browne and Southern Runner were the most resistant of the runner-type cultivars. C1 ARS, USDA, Tidewater Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Suffolk, VA 23437 USA. RP Phipps, PM (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 82 IS 11 BP 1205 EP 1209 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.11.1205 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 132DY UT WOS:000076616100005 ER PT J AU McLain, J Castle, S Holmes, G Creamer, R AF McLain, J Castle, S Holmes, G Creamer, R TI Physiochemical characterization and field assessment of lettuce chlorosis virus SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID INFECTIOUS YELLOWS VIRUS; CLOSTEROVIRUS; IDENTIFICATION; PURIFICATION; GENOME; GENE; ACID AB Lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV) was purified and partially characterized, and polyclonal antisera were produced and used to assess disease in the field. The antisera reliably detected LCV by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in Nicotiana benthamiana. In Western blots, the LCV antisera distinguished between LCV and lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV)-infected plants. LCV particle lengths in partially purified preparations, as observed by transmission electron microscopy, were variable, with the majority between 750 and 950 nm long. A single, high molecular weight dsRNA and several lower molecular weight dsRNAs were isolated from LCV-infected N. benthamiana. A single RNA isolated from purified virion preparations was estimated to be 8,625 nucleotides long and was suspected to be the genomic RNA of LCV. LCV was present in experimental field plots in Holtville, California, during the lettuce growing seasons of 1995 to 1997. The percentage of symptomatic plants and yield of lettuce heads treated with insecticide, as well as dsRNA and ELISA reactions for the plots, are reported. A dsRNA consistent in size with LCV was isolated from four weed species in the Imperial Valley of California. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Plant Pathol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Plant Pathol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. ARS, USDA, Phoenix, AZ USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Creamer, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Plant Pathol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. EM rebecca.creamer@ucr.edu NR 20 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 82 IS 11 BP 1248 EP 1252 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.11.1248 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 132DY UT WOS:000076616100012 ER PT J AU Nikolaeva, OV Karasev, AV Garnsey, SM Lee, RF AF Nikolaeva, OV Karasev, AV Garnsey, SM Lee, RF TI Serological differentiation of the citrus tristeza virus isolates causing stem fitting in sweet orange SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; COAT PROTEIN AB Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) complex comprises a number of isolates or strains producing several economically important disease syndromes in commercial Citrus sop. The stem pitting syndrome is the most important, and causes substantial losses in many citrus-producing regions of the world. In an attempt to develop a serological tool to rapidly differentiate stem pitting isolates of CTV, we evaluated many combinations of trapping and detecting antibodies in an indirect double-antibody sandwich (I-DAS) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two combinations of trapping and detecting antibodies were found suitable for differentiating stem pitting isolates in extracts of infected sweet orange plants. One used a polyclonal serum raised against bacterially expressed CTV coat protein (CP) for trapping and a conformational monoclonal antibody 3E10 for detection, and the other used two polyclonal antisera generated against bacterially expressed CTV CP. Seventy-six CTV isolates from 20 countries, including 35 that cause stem pitting in sweet orange plants, were analyzed in I-DAS-ELISA using different combinations of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for trapping and as intermediate detecting antibodies. The ELISA format developed produces a strong positive signal for CTV isolates that cause stem pitting in sweet orange plants and a negative ELISA signal for CTV isolates that do not cause stem pitting. When combined with data on a universal ELISA format, i.e., reacting with a broad range of CTV isolates, these selective ELISA formats allowed reliable serological differentiation of CTV isolates that caused stem pitting in infected sweet orange plants. C1 Univ Florida, Ctr Agr Res & Educ, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. ARS, USDA, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Nikolaeva, OV (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ctr Agr Res & Educ, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, 700 Expt Stn Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. NR 18 TC 17 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 82 IS 11 BP 1276 EP 1280 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.11.1276 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 132DY UT WOS:000076616100017 ER PT J AU Harrison, KJ Hurley, JE Ostry, ME AF Harrison, K. J. Hurley, J. E. Ostry, M. E. TI First Report of Butternut Canker Caused by Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum in New Brunswick, Canada SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 [Harrison, K. J.; Hurley, J. E.] Atlantic Forestry Ctr, Forest Hlth Network, Canadian Forest Serv, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. [Ostry, M. E.] US Forest Serv, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Harrison, KJ (reprint author), Atlantic Forestry Ctr, Forest Hlth Network, Canadian Forest Serv, POB 4000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. NR 1 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 82 IS 11 BP 1282 EP 1282 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.11.1282B PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V09UG UT WOS:000207420700004 ER PT J AU Horvath, DP Olson, PA AF Horvath, DP Olson, PA TI Cloning and characterization of cold-regulated glycine-rich RNA-binding protein genes from leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) and comparison to heterologous genomic clones SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cold acclamation; gene regulation; glycine-rich RNA-binding protein ID TEMPERATURE-RESPONSIVE GENE; WINTER BRASSICA-NAPUS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; EXPRESSION; HOMOLOGY; ACCLIMATION; SEQUENCE; ENCODES; ELEMENT AB Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) is a perennial weed which is capable of acclimating to sub-freezing temperatures. We have used the differential display technique to identify and clone a cDNA for a cold-regulated gene (cor20) which hybridizes to mRNAs that accumulate specifically during the cold acclamation process. The cor20 cDNA was used to isolate two different genomic clones. Both clones were similar but not identical to each other and the cDNA. Sequence analysis of the genomic clones indicated that they share considerable homology to a group of glycine-rich RNA-binding protein genes. Comparison of the promoter region from the three clones (Ccr1 from Arabidopsis, BnGRP10 from Brassica napus, and GRRBP2 from Euphorbia esula) have identified at least two conserved motifs. CAGC is most likely involved in cold regulation and AACCCYAGTTA, is conserved but has no known function. RNAs which hybridize to cor20 reach maximal expression in less than 2 days after exposure of the plant to temperatures of 5 degrees C, and remains at high levels in the plant for at least 30 days so long as the plant is left in the cold. These RNAs drop to control levels within 24 h when the plant is returned to normal growing temperatures. Transcripts which hybridize to cor20 do not accumulate under conditions of drought or heat stress. These transcripts are induced in response to low temperatures in roots, stems and leaves, but are expressed constitutively in tissue culture at control temperatures. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Horvath, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. OI Horvath, David/0000-0002-8458-7691 NR 29 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 38 IS 4 BP 531 EP 538 DI 10.1023/A:1006050208670 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 118PM UT WOS:000075847500003 PM 9747799 ER PT J AU Pawlowski, WP Torbert, KA Rines, HW Somers, DA AF Pawlowski, WP Torbert, KA Rines, HW Somers, DA TI Irregular patterns of transgene silencing in allohexaploid oat SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE transgene silencing; epigenetics; transgene expression; transgenic plants; transformation ID MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT; PARTICLE-ACCELERATION; STABLE TRANSFORMATION; HERBICIDE-RESISTANCE; TISSUE-CULTURES; MAIZE PLANTS; GENE; INHERITANCE; EXPRESSION; TOBACCO AB An irregular pattern of transgene silencing was revealed in expression and inheritance studies conducted over multiple generations following transgene introduction by microprojectile bombardment of allohexaploid cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.). Expression of two transgenes, bar and uidA, delivered on the same plasmid was investigated in 23 transgenic oat lines. Twenty-one transgenic lines, each derived from an independently selected transformed tissue culture, showed expression of both bar and uidA while two lines expressed only bar. The relationship of the transgenic phenotypes to the presence of the transgenes in the study was determined using (1) phenotypic scoring combined with Southern blot analyses of progeny, (2) coexpression of the two transgenic phenotypes since the two transgenes always cosegregated, and (3) reactivation of a transgenic phenotype in self-pollinated progenies of transgenic plants that did not exhibit a transgenic phenotype. Transgene silencing was observed in 19 of the 23 transgenic lines and resulted in distorted segregation of transgenic phenotypes in 10 lines. Silencing and inheritance distortions were irregular and unpredictable. They were often reversible in a subsequent generation of self-pollinated progeny and abnormally segregating progenies were as Likely to trace back to parents that exhibited normal segregation in a previous generation as to parents showing segregation distortions. Possible causes of the irregular patterns of transgene silencing are discussed. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Somers, DA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 34 TC 51 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 38 IS 4 BP 597 EP 607 DI 10.1023/A:1006090731414 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 118PM UT WOS:000075847500009 PM 9747805 ER PT J AU Subbaiah, CC Bush, DS Sachs, MM AF Subbaiah, CC Bush, DS Sachs, MM TI Mitochondrial contribution to the anoxic Ca2+ signal in maize suspension-cultured cells SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CYTOSOLIC-FREE CALCIUM; RAT CARDIAC MYOCYTES; PLANT-CELLS; INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE; INTRAMITOCHONDRIAL CA2+; INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM; HELIANTHUS-TUBEROSUS; MEMBRANE-VESICLES; VACUOLAR MEMBRANE; GENE-EXPRESSION AB Anoxia induces a rapid elevation of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](cyt)) in maize (Zea mays L.) cells, which is caused by the release of the ion from intracellular stores. This anoxic Ca2+ release is important for gene activation and survival in O-2-deprived maize seedlings and cells. In this study we examined the contribution of mitochondrial Ca2+ to the anoxic [Ca2+](cyt) elevation in maize cells. Imaging of intramitochondrial Ca2+ levels showed that a majority of mitochondria released their Ca2+ in response to anoxia and took up Ca2+ upon reoxygenation. We also investigated whether the mitochondrial Ca2+ release contributed to the increase in [Ca2+](cyt) under anoxia. Analysis of the spatial association between anoxic [Ca2+](cyt) changes and the distribution of mitochondrial and other intracellular Ca2+ stores revealed that the largest [Ca2+](cyt) increases occurred close to mitochondria and away from the tonoplast. In addition, carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone treatment depolarized mitochondria and caused a mild elevation of [Ca2+](cyt) under aerobic conditions but prevented a [Ca2+](cyt) increase in response to a subsequent anoxic poise. These results suggest that mitochondria play an important role in the anoxic elevation of [Ca2+](cyt) and participate in the signaling of O-2 deprivation. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Physiol & Genet Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Subbaiah, CC (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM subbaiah@uiuc.edu NR 57 TC 96 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 118 IS 3 BP 759 EP 771 DI 10.1104/pp.118.3.759 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 139KQ UT WOS:000077028200007 ER PT J AU Suttle, JC AF Suttle, JC TI Involvement of ethylene in potato microtuber dormancy SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUBER DORMANCY; ABSCISIC-ACID; SPROUT GROWTH AB Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) single-node explants undergoing in vitro tuberization produced detectable amounts of ethylene throughout tuber development, and the resulting microtubers were completely dormant (endodormant) for at least 12 to 15 weeks. The rate of ethylene production by tuberizing explants was highest during the initial 2 weeks of in vitro culture and declined thereafter. Continuous exposure of developing microtubers to the noncompetitive ethylene antagonist AgNO3 via the culture medium resulted in a dose-dependent increase in precocious sprouting. The effect of AgNO3 on the premature loss of microtuber endodormancy was observed after 3 weeks of culture. Similarly, continuous exposure of developing microtubers to the competitive ethylene antagonist 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD) at concentrations of 2 mL/L (gas phase) or greater also resulted in a dose-dependent increase in premature sprouting. Exogenous ethylene reversed this response and inhibited the precocious sprouting of NBD-treated microtubers. NBD treatment was effective only when it was begun within 7 d of the start of in vitro explant culture. These results indicate that endogenous ethylene is essential for the full expression of potato microtuber endodormancy, and that its involvement may be restricted to the initial period of endodormancy development. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Suttle, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, POB 5677, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 34 TC 52 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 118 IS 3 BP 843 EP 848 DI 10.1104/pp.118.3.843 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 139KQ UT WOS:000077028200015 ER PT J AU Lasat, MM Baker, AJM Kochian, LV AF Lasat, MM Baker, AJM Kochian, LV TI Altered Zn compartmentation in the root symplasm and stimulated Zn absorption into the leaf as mechanisms involved in Zn hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi caerulescens SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTACT MAIZE SEEDLINGS; CONTAMINATED SOIL; EFFLUX ANALYSIS; CADMIUM UPTAKE; C-PRESL; ZINC; TRANSPORT; PARAQUAT; FLUXES; SHOOTS AB We investigated Zn compartmentation in the root, Zn transport into the xylem, and Zn absorption into leaf cells in Thlaspi caerulescens,, a Zn-hyperaccumulator species, and compared them with those of a related nonaccumulator species, Thlaspi arvense. (65)Zn-compartmental analysis conducted with roots of the two species indicated that a significant fraction of symplasmic Zn was stored in the root vacuole of T. arvense, and presumably became unavailable for loading into the xylem and subsequent translocation to the shoot. In T. caerulescens, however, a smaller fraction of the absorbed Zn was stored in the root vacuole and was readily transported back into the cytoplasm. We conclude that in T. caerulescens, Zn absorbed by roots is readily available for loading into the xylem. This is supported by analysis of xylem exudate collected from detopped Thlaspi species seedlings. When seedlings of the two species were grown on either low (1 mu M) Or high (50 mu M) Zn, xylem sap of T. caerulescens contained approximately 5-fold more Zn than that of T. arvense. This increase was not correlated with a stimulated production of any particular organic or amino acid. The capacity of Thlaspi species cells to absorb (65)Zn was studied in leaf sections and leaf protoplasts. At low external Zn levels (10 and 100 CIM), there was no difference in leaf Zn uptake between the two Thlaspi species. However, at 1 mM Zn(2+), 2.2-fold more Zn accumulated in leaf sections of T. caerulescens. These findings indicate that altered tonoplast Zn transport in root cells and stimulated Zn uptake in leaf cells play a role in the dramatic Zn hyperaccumulation expressed in T. caerulescens. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM lvk1@cornell.edu OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 35 TC 194 Z9 207 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 118 IS 3 BP 875 EP 883 DI 10.1104/pp.118.3.875 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 139KQ UT WOS:000077028200019 ER PT J AU Athwal, GS Huber, JL Huber, SC AF Athwal, GS Huber, JL Huber, SC TI Phosphorylated nitrate reductase and 14-3-3 proteins - Site of interaction, effects of ions, and evidence for an AMP-binding site on 14-3-3 proteins SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INHIBITOR PROTEIN; OLERACEA LEAVES; IN-VITRO; SPINACH; MODULATION; 14-3-3-PROTEIN; IDENTIFICATION; DEPHOSPHORYLATION; PHOSPHATASES; SER-543 AB The inactivation of phosphorylated nitrate reductase (NR) by the binding of 14-3-3 proteins is one of a very few unambiguous biological functions for 14-3-3 proteins. We report here that serine and threonine residues at the +6 to +8 positions, relative to the known regulatory binding site involving serine-543, are important in the interaction with GF14 omega, a recombinant plant 14-3-3. Also shown is that an increase in ionic strength with KCl or inorganic phosphate, known physical effecters of NR activity, directly disrupts the binding of protein and peptide ligands to 14-3-3 proteins. Increased ionic strength attributable to KCl caused a change in conformation of GF14 omega, resulting in reduced surface hydrophobicity, as visualized with a fluorescent probe. Similarly, it is shown that the 5' isomer of AMP was specifically able to disrupt the inactive phosphorylated NR:14-3-3 complex. Using the 5'-AMP fluorescent analog trinitrophenyl-AMP, we show that there is a probable AMP-binding site on GF14 omega. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Hort Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Dept Crop Sci, Dept Hort Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Dept Crop Sci, USDA, ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Huber, SC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Hort Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 30 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 118 IS 3 BP 1041 EP 1048 DI 10.1104/pp.118.3.1041 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 139KQ UT WOS:000077028200036 PM 9808749 ER PT J AU Bailey, RH Kubena, LF Harvey, RB Buckley, SA Rottinghaus, GE AF Bailey, RH Kubena, LF Harvey, RB Buckley, SA Rottinghaus, GE TI Efficacy of various inorganic sorbents to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin in broiler chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; T-2 toxin; sorbents; chicken; toxicity ID SODIUM-CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE; MONILIFORME CULTURE MATERIAL; FUMONISIN B-1 PRESENT; TURKEY POULTS; ACTIVATED-CHARCOAL; GROWING BARROWS; PREVENTION; DIETS; DEOXYNIVALENOL; DETOXIFICATION AB Experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of three inorganic sorbents, S1, S2, and S3, to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxins (AF) and T-2 toxin in male broiler chickens from day of hatch to 21 d of age. The compounds had been reported to bind to AF and T-2 toxin in vitro. S1 and S2 were the same basic compound that had been stored for different lengths of time following activation. In Experiments 1, 2, and 3, the appropriate diets were produced to contain no mycotoxins, the specific adsorbent at 0.5% of diet, AF alone at 5 mg/kg of diet, T-2 alone at 8 mg/kg of diet, AF at 5 mg/kg of diet plus the specific sorbent at 0.5% of diet, or T-2 at 8 mg/kg of diet plus the specific sorbent at 0.5% of diet. The specific sorbents used were: 1) Experiment 1, S1; 2) Experiment 2, S1 and S2; and 3) Experiment 3, S3. In Experiments 1 and 3, S1 and S3, respectively, showed no protection against AF or T-2 toxin as measured by BW gain, when compared to AF alone group. In Experiment 2, S1 showed no protection; however S2 reduced the effects of AF on BW gain by 25% as compared to AF alone diet. The data demonstrate that under the conditions of our experiment: 1) one of the sorbents provided some protection against aflatoxicosis; 2) there was variability in protection against aflatoxicosis between two different samples of the same sorbent that had been stored for different lengths of time following activation; 3) protection by the sorbents against the effects of T-2 toxin was not observed. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Vet med Diagnost Lab, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Kubena, LF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 51 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 12 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 77 IS 11 BP 1623 EP 1630 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 139KJ UT WOS:000077027600006 PM 9835335 ER PT J AU Allen, PC Danforth, HD AF Allen, PC Danforth, HD TI Effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acid ethyl esters on coccidiosis in chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE coccidiosis; n-3 fatty acids; eicosapentaenoic acid; docosahexaenoic acid; oxidative stress ID FISH OIL; MICE; QINGHAOSU; INFECTIONS; CELLS AB The ethyl esters of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were added to a broiler starter diet singly or in combination [as bulk purified ethyl ester concentrate from menhaden oil (n3FAC)] in quantities similar to those found in a diet supplemented with 5% menhaden oil (MO). Diets were fed to chickens from 1 d of age through 3 wk of age. At 2 wk of age, the chickens were infected with Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, or Eimeria maxima. At 6 d postinfection (PI), the effects of the diets were assessed on weight gains, plasma carotenoids, gross lesion scores, and histological parasite scores in gut cross sections, or oocyst output. Significant ameliorating effects of diet on lesion scores and parasite scores were only seen in E. tenella infections and were only produced by the n3FAC and MO supplements. These two supplements, which contained higher molar concentrations of double bonds than the other supplements, also significantly reduced plasma carotenoids in uninfected chickens, indicating that they promoted a state of oxidative stress. These results are consistent with previous reports on the interaction of coccidiosis with dietary n-3 fatty acids and strengthen the hypotheses that dietary-induced oxidative stress is an effective deterrent against cecal coccidiosis in chickens. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Allen, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 77 IS 11 BP 1631 EP 1635 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 139KJ UT WOS:000077027600007 PM 9835336 ER PT J AU Holsberger, DR Donoghue, AM Froman, DP Ottinger, MA AF Holsberger, DR Donoghue, AM Froman, DP Ottinger, MA TI Assessment of ejaculate quality and sperm characteristics in turkeys: Sperm mobility phenotype is independent of time. SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sperm; motility; turkey; semen evaluation ID BROILER-BREEDER MALES; FERTILIZING ABILITY; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; POULTRY SEMEN; ATP CONTENT; SPERMATOZOA; VIABILITY; MOTILITY; FOWL AB Given a pool of genetically superior male turkeys, the subsequent selection of toms as semen donors for artificial insemination should be based upon criteria that are predictive of the tom's fertility and fecundity over the course of a production cycle. Recently, sperm mobility phenotype has been shown to correlate highly with fertility. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine: 1) whether sperm mobility phenotypes of individual toms were independent of time, and 2) the extent to which traditional semen quality variables changed as a function of time during the study interval. Sperm mobility phenotype was determined by objectively measuring the ability of sperm to penetrate 2% Accudenz(R) solution at body temperature. During the initial assessments of a flock (n = 94), sperm mobility indexes (SMI) were significantly higher for the High Mobility Phenotype toms (56.61 +/- 1.03% SMI) compared to the Low Mobility Phenotype (30.46 +/- 1.27% SMI, P less than or equal to 0.0001) toms. Over the 5 mo of this study, the High Mobility Phenotype toms consistently had higher (P less than or equal to 0.05) SMI values than the Low Mobility Phenotype toms, with SMI values similar to those of the initial screen. Ejaculate volume, concentration, and plasma membrane integrity showed no significant differences between phenotypes (P greater than or equal to 0.05). Sperm viability remained significantly lower (P less than or equal to 0.05) over the course of this study for the High Mobility Phenotype toms than for the Low Mobility Phenotype toms. Because sperm mobility phenotype remained consistent through time, the Sperm Mobility Test provides a potentially important tool for selecting semen donors in turkeys. C1 USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Donoghue, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM annie@LPSI.BARC.USPA.GOV NR 39 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 77 IS 11 BP 1711 EP 1717 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 139KJ UT WOS:000077027600019 PM 9835348 ER PT J AU Wu, DY Meydani, SN AF Wu, DY Meydani, SN TI n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and immune function SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUTRITION SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Lipids and the Immune System at the Joint Meeting of the Nutrition-Society/Nutritional Immunology Affinity Group of the British-Society-for-Immunology CY DEC 05, 1997 CL BRIGHTON, ENGLAND SP Nutrit Soc, British Soc Immunol, Nutrit Immunol Affinity Grp ID FISH-OIL SUPPLEMENTATION; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; VITAMIN-E STATUS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; PROSTAGLANDIN-E; HUMAN MONOCYTES; DIETARY-FAT; LYMPHOCYTE-PROLIFERATION; T-LYMPHOCYTES; MICE C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, SN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM S_Meydani_im@hnrc.tufts.edu NR 67 TC 55 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 0 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0029-6651 J9 P NUTR SOC JI Proc. Nutr. Soc. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 57 IS 4 BP 503 EP 509 DI 10.1079/PNS19980074 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 175TU UT WOS:000079112100002 PM 10096109 ER PT J AU Escobar, DE Everitt, JH Noriega, JR Cavazos, I Davis, MR AF Escobar, DE Everitt, JH Noriega, JR Cavazos, I Davis, MR TI A twelve-band airborne digital video imaging system (ADVIS) SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article AB This article describes an airborne digital video imaging system (ADVIS) and presents multispectral imagery to illustrate its potential use as a remote sensing research tool. The system was primarily designed to acquire multiband images for ascertaining spectral bands and/or band combinations to better characterize and assess natural resources. The ADVIS is comprised of 12 charge coupled device (CCD) analog video cameras and a computer equipped with a single multichannel digitizing board. The system cameras are equipped with various narrowband (6.5-12.6 nm bandwidths) interference filters to acquire images within the visible/near-infrared (NIR) (400-1000 nm) spectral waveband. The ADVIS multichannel capturing board is capable of obtaining 12 analog video inputs that are readily converted into digital images having 640 by 480 pixels resolution. The digitizing board has four RGB bunks which have the capability of generating four synchronized real-time false color composite images from any selectable three-band combination among the 12 cameras, as keyed by the RGB inputs of the digitizing board. The computer system has a two GB storage capacity hard dl-iue that can store 2000 RGB 24-bit color images. The system is unique because the quad real-time color composite imagery It provides is of adequate quality for assessing scenes of interest and there is no need for post-processing band registration immediately after the flight mission in order to evaluate the imagery. Also, the display of the quad images readily depicts which composite image(s) provides better differences among land-use cover types in the scene. This imagery, however, needs to be registered for image processing and analysis. The display of the black-and-white (B&W) image components (spectral bands) of the composite images provide basic information to assist in the interpretation of the color composites and to qualitatively understand the interaction of ecological parameters with the electromagnetic spectrum. The ADVIS multispectral image acquisition may determine the best band(s) for characterizing and/or detecting problems of the various natural resources. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1998. C1 USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Escobar, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 66 IS 2 BP 122 EP 128 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00053-4 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 132FG UT WOS:000076619200002 ER PT J AU Kay-Shoemake, JL Watwood, ME Sojka, RE Lentz, RD AF Kay-Shoemake, JL Watwood, ME Sojka, RE Lentz, RD TI Polyacrylamide as a substrate for microbial amidase in culture and soil SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ACRYLAMIDE; PURIFICATION AB High molecular weight, linear polyacrylamide (PAM) with anionic charge is added to agricultural soils as an anti-erosion additive. Research indicates that soil microorganisms are able to utilize PAM as a source of N and that inorganic N pools are altered in some PAM-treated soils. The potential role of hydrolytic amidase activity in the microbial utilization of PAM for N was investigated. Intracellular and extracellular amidase activity was measured over time in enrichment cultures which used PAM as sole N source. Enzyme activity increased concomitant with cell growth and N removal from PAM. Cell growth, N removal and amidase production were dependent upon readily-available C in the medium. Amidase activity and substrate specificity were determined for PAM-utilizing enrichment cultures exposed to various N sources. Polyacrylamide-specific amidase activity appears to be inducible, and not constitutive, based on the lack of amidase activity in cultures supplied with only ammonium nitrate for N versus substantial activity when PAM was added as an amendment with or without ammonium nitrate. Cultures amended with propionamide exhibited amidase activity largely specific for this small amide substrate, while cultures supplied with PAM as sole N source exhibited amidase activity Specific for formamide, propionamide and PAM. Amidase activity and substrate specificity were determined for PAM-treated and untreated agricultural field soils. Polyacrylamide-specific amidase activity was higher in PAM-treated soil (14.86 +/- 14.0 mu g NH4+ released g(-1) soil) than in untreated soil (1.02 +/- 2.3 mu g NH4+ released g(-1) soil); activity specific for low molecular weight amides was slightly elevated or unchanged in PAM-treated soil as compared with untreated soil. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Idaho State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, USDA, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Kay-Shoemake, JL (reprint author), Idaho State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Campus Box 8007, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. NR 28 TC 52 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 30 IS 13 BP 1647 EP 1654 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00251-4 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 109ET UT WOS:000075308800003 ER PT J AU Douglas, CL Rasmussen, PE Collins, HP Albrecht, SL AF Douglas, CL Rasmussen, PE Collins, HP Albrecht, SL TI Nitrogen mineralization across a climosequence in the Pacific Northwest SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; C-MINERALIZATION; N-MINERALIZATION; GRASSLAND SOILS; WHEAT-FALLOW; FERTILIZATION; FRACTIONS; TEXTURE; TILLAGE; CARBON AB Nitrogen fertilizer recommendations could be improved by better estimates of N mineralized (N-min) from soil organic matter. Application of more or less N than required by the plant can result in detrimental effects on plant nutrition, the environment and producer economics. A range of soils spanning a climosequence (< 250 to > 700 mm annual precipitation), were sampled, in 20 cm depth increments, to evaluate Nmin along an 80 km transect in northeastern Oregon. Soils were incubated at 25 degrees C with or without addition of wheat residue, for a maximum of 112 d. In 112 d, cropped soils (0-20 cm) mineralized from 28 to 61 mg N kg(-1), depending on the annual precipitation at the sampling site. Uncultivated silt loam soils at paired sampling sites, mineralized twice as much N at moderate and high rainfall sites, as did cultivated silt loam soils. Residue addition resulted in net N immobilization, and decreased the total amount of N-min an average of 33% in 112 d for both cropped and native soils. Net mineralization with depth in dryland native soils was greater than in cropped soils. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Douglas, CL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, Box 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 30 IS 13 BP 1765 EP 1772 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00031-5 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 109ET UT WOS:000075308800016 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, PE Douglas, CL Collins, HP Albrecht, SL AF Rasmussen, PE Douglas, CL Collins, HP Albrecht, SL TI Long-term cropping system effects on mineralizable nitrogen in soil SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; RESIDUE MANAGEMENT; N-MINERALIZATION; WHEAT-FALLOW; CARBON; FERTILIZATION; TILLAGE; CHERNOZEM; ROTATIONS; DYNAMICS AB Increasing use of N fertilizer for crop production necessitates more precise estimates of N provided by the soil in order to prevent under- or over-fertilization and their adverse effect on plant nutrition and environmental quality. Better laboratory tests and models of N mineralization are needed to better estimate fertilizer need. Long-term changes in N mineralization potential may also identify changes in soil quality that relate to favorable sustainable agricultural practices. We collected samples from the 0-20 cm soil zone of treatments in five long-term (30-60 y old) experiments to determine the effect of crop rotation, tillage, fertilizer and residue management on N mineralized during aerobic incubation, and compared results with N mineralized under field conditions where possible. Soil samples were incubated in glass bottles at 25 degrees C and -0.02 MPa for 0, 7, 14, 28 and 49 d. Soil N mineralization from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summerfallow, wheat-pea and from wheat-wheat crop rotations were 32. 42 and 51% of that mineralized from non-cultivated pasture soil. Nitrogen mineralized, as a fraction of the total N present, increased with increasing N application, reduction in tillage intensity and higher frequency of cropping. Stubble-mulch soils mineralized 10-20% more N than did moldboard-plowed soils. The fraction of total N mineralized increased with increasing soil organic N content, indicating that organic N added through recent crop management practices is more labile than N in the native soil matrix. Nitrogen mineralization in situ increased linearly as a function of past N fertilizer application, which implies that a substantial portion of previously-applied N may be recovered slowly over time in subsequent crops and that fertilizer N needed for optimum crop yield may not be increasing as rapidly as expected. Nitrogen mineralized during laboratory incubation also increased linearly with increasing N application, but the rate of change differed significantly from that for in situ N mineralization (0.0042 vs 0.0112 kg ha(-1) per kg of applied N). The difference in N mineralization rate between laboratory and in situ experiments is not easily explained; perhaps soil processing for incubation altered physical access to organic N pools or caused a shift in microbial communities in soil. The difference in N mineralization rates implies that laboratory incubations do not accurately reflect N mineralization in the field, and strongly suggests that laboratory estimates of N mineralization be interpreted with care. Previous N fertilization, tillage and cropping patterns all affect N mineralization potential, and must be taken into consideration when estimating N fertilizer needs. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, USDA, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Rasmussen, PE (reprint author), ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, USDA, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. NR 37 TC 42 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 30 IS 13 BP 1829 EP 1837 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00057-1 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 109ET UT WOS:000075308800024 ER PT J AU Wright, SF Upadhyaya, A Buyer, JS AF Wright, SF Upadhyaya, A Buyer, JS TI Comparison of N-linked oligosaccharides of glomalin from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soils by capillary electrophoresis SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN C1 ARS, USDA, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resources & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Wright, SF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Bldg 001,BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 7 TC 37 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 30 IS 13 BP 1853 EP 1857 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00047-9 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 109ET UT WOS:000075308800029 ER PT J AU Arya, LM Dierolf, TS Sofyan, A Widjaja-Adhi, IPG van Genuchten, MT AF Arya, LM Dierolf, TS Sofyan, A Widjaja-Adhi, IPG van Genuchten, MT TI Field measurement of the saturated hydraulic conductivity of a macroporous soil with unstable subsoil structure. SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE field saturation; hydraulic conductivity; macropore flow; structural stability; confinement and overburden; hydraulic head gradient ID VARIABILITY; DRAINAGE AB A field method for measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity, K-s, was developed to characterize water now in highly-weathered soils of Sitiung, Indonesia. Soils in this area are known to absorb large volumes of rainwater rapidly. However, K-s data obtained on soil cores do not corroborate field-observed rapid infiltration rates. In the field method, a constant rate irrigation was applied to a field plot, delineated to a depth of 120 cm, and bordered on the surface to contain a depth of ponded water. The rate of irrigation was sufficient to maintain the pending depth at a constant level as well as cause water to overflow from the ponded surface. The difference between the steady-state irrigation and overflow rates was considered to be the instantaneous flux and was assumed applicable to all depths. Simultaneous tensiometric measurements of pressure head as a function of depth provided the hydraulic gradients needed for calculation of K-s using Darcy's law. Hydraulic gradients deviated considerably from unity, and soil saturation did not exceed 92% of porosity. Laboratory-measured RI values for the stable-structured topsoil agreed well with the field data. However, those for the subsoil were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than the field-measured values. The susceptibility of the subsoil to compaction during core extraction and slaking when in contact with free water appeared to be responsible for the highly reduced rates of now in the laboratory samples. The subsoil pore structure was preserved only as long as it was overlain by the stable structured topsoil. Results suggest that measurements of water now on small soil cores may, in some cases, be of questionable value. The field method provided accurate in situ data on plot-size areas. The field plot method used in this study causes minimal disturbance of the soil while the effects of sample confinement and overburden are represented fully in the measurements. (Soil Science 1998;163:841-852). C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Agron & Soil Sci, Soil Management Collaborat Res Support Project, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Ctr Soil & Agroclimate Res, Bogor 16123, Indonesia. RP Arya, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM larya@ussl.ars.usda.gov RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 34 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA TWO COMMERCE SQ, 2001 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103 USA SN 0038-075X EI 1538-9243 J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 163 IS 11 BP 841 EP 852 DI 10.1097/00010694-199811000-00001 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 141PN UT WOS:000077152500001 ER PT J AU Wienhold, BJ Trooien, TP AF Wienhold, BJ Trooien, TP TI Irrigation water effects on infiltration rate in the Northern Great Plains SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tension infiltrometer; salinity; sodicity; glacial soils; North Dakota ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION; EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM; SOUTHERN ALBERTA; SOIL-SALINITY; ALFALFA; DAKOTA AB Supplemental irrigation is expanding in the Northern Great Plains. Limited access to water of suitable quality for sustained irrigation and uncertainty about the impact of the use of marginal water on the soil resource will limit adoption of this practice. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of irrigation water quality and amount on the infiltration rate, Q, at 50, 100, and 150 mm tensions, (h), and to relate the change in Q to changes in soil salinity and sodicity caused by irrigation. Tension infiltrometers were used to determine Q for soils at two sites in central North Dakota. Each site had 18 nonweighing lysimeters supporting alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) that had been irrigated at three levels of irrigation (1ET, 2ET, and 3ET) for at least 10 years with either good quality surface water [electrical conductivity (EC) 0.1 S m(-1), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 4] or poor quality simulated groundwater (EC 0.34 S m(-1), SAR 16), At the site having sandy soils, Q, averaged over irrigation levels, was greater [Q(50) = 5.34 mu m s(-1), Q(100) = 3.74 mu m s(-1), Q(150) = 2.96 mu m s(-1)] in soils irrigated with good quality water than in soils irrigated with poor quality water [Q(50) = 3.06 mu m s(-1), Q(100) = 2.31 mu m s(-1), Q(150) = 2.01 mu m s(-1)]. Level of irrigation had no effect. At the site having loam textured soils Q was lower under the two higher irrigation levels than under the 1ET level, likely the result of greater replacement of divalent cations with Na+ at the higher leaching rates. At this site Q, averaged over irrigation levels, were greater [Q(50) = 3.08 mu m s(-1), Q(100) = 2.55 mu m s(-1), Q(150) = 2.02 mu m s(-1)] in soils irrigated with good quality water than in soils irrigated with poor quality water [K(50) = 2.05 mu m s(-1), K(100) = 1.63 mu m s(-1), K(150) = 1.28 mu m s(-1)]. Reductions in Q were directly related to increases in soil SAR (e.g., at the 1ET level of irrigation, SAR = 3 in soil irrigated with good quality water and SAR = 6 in soil irrigated with poor quality water) resulting from irrigation. These results suggest that these sulfatic soils are sensitive to Na+ -induced deterioration. Soil physical deterioration was apparent at SARs much lower than the SAR 13 used to describe soils as sodic. Soil water compatibility in these soils is critical for sustainable irrigation. (Soil Science 1998;163:853-858). C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, NPA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Kansas State Univ, SW Res Extens Ctr, Garden City, KS 67846 USA. RP Wienhold, BJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, NPA, 119 Keim Hall,E Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 163 IS 11 BP 853 EP 858 DI 10.1097/00010694-199811000-00002 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 141PN UT WOS:000077152500002 ER PT J AU Sadeghi, AM Isensee, AR Shelton, DR AF Sadeghi, AM Isensee, AR Shelton, DR TI Effect of tillage age on herbicide dissipation: A side-by-side comparison using microplots SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE herbicide; tillage; dissipation; plow-till; no-till; leaching ID SOIL; ALACHLOR; ATRAZINE; PERSISTENCE; MOVEMENT; RAINFALL; CYANAZINE; SORPTION; RESIDUE AB This study was designed to compare rates of herbicide dissipation and leaching in side-by-side microplots that have been under no-till and plow-till practices for various time periods. Microplots were established within eight field plots (0.1 to 0.25 ha) that had been in no-till for 1 or 4 yeats, resulting in 1-year and 4-year no-till and 1-year and 4-year plow-till treatments. Before application of atrazine, alachlor, and cyanazine, surface crop residues were removed from the no-till treatments to ensure comparable and uniform applications to soil surfaces. Soil samples were collected at 8, 14, 21, and 32 days after application at depth increments of 0 to 1.5, 1.5 to 3, 3 to 5, 5 to 10, and 10 to 20 cm tweed root zone). The leaching rate was slower in the no-till than in the plow-till treatment. Atrazine and cyanazine levels in the top 1.5 cm of soil, relative to the remaining soil profile, were nearly 50% higher in the 4-year no-till than in the 4-year plow-till microplots. The leaching trend of the 4-year plow-till was similar to that of the 1 year for both no-till and plow-till soils. Regardless of the tillage age differences, the concentrations of atrazine and cyanazine were higher in the no-till than in the plow-till microplots for the 8-day sampling, contrary to observation in previous studies where crop residues were present on the no-till system at the time of herbicide application. Dissipation rates for all three herbicides were approximately linear and in the order of cyanazine > atrazine > alachlor. Also, results indicate distribution of residues within the soil profile were different for atrazine and cyanazine than for alachlor. This observation is most Likely caused by the differences in herbicide formulations. (Soil Science 1998;163:883-890). C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sadeghi, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Bldg 001,BAR-W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 163 IS 11 BP 883 EP 890 DI 10.1097/00010694-199811000-00005 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 141PN UT WOS:000077152500005 ER PT J AU Shelton, DR Sadeghi, AM Isensee, AR AF Shelton, DR Sadeghi, AM Isensee, AR TI Effect of tillage on atrazine bioavailability SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bioavailability; sorption; dissipation; efficacy ID ACCELERATED DEGRADATION; HERBICIDE ATRAZINE; SOIL; EPTC; MINERALIZATION; BIODEGRADATION; RAINFALL; SORPTION AB Studies were conducted to determine atrazine sorption (partitioning), bioavailability (soil solution concentrations), and dissipation in the top 0 to 1.5, 1.5 to 3, anti 3 to 5 cm of soil as a function of tillage, Paired microplots (plow-till vs no-till) were established in replicated long-term tillage field plots, such that treatments included 4-year plow-till, 4-year no-till, 1-year plow-till, and 1-year no-till, Organic carbon content in the top 0 to 1.5 cm was about 75% greater in 4-year no-till soil than in 4-year plow-till soil; at lower depths, organic carbon contents were consistently lower in 4-year no-till soil. Soil solution concentrations of atrazine in the top 0 to 1.5 cm of soil were approximately twofold lower in 4-year no-till soil than in 1-year plow-till soil (5.4 mu g mL(-1) vs 10.1 mu g mL(-1)) 8 days after application. This was caused by increased sorption and higher gravimetric moisture contents. Soil solution concentrations of atrazine in the 1.5 to 3- and 3 to 5-cm soil depths were also lower in 4-year no-till soil compared with plow-till soil, apparently as a result of increased leaching in plow-till. Soil solution concentrations for 1-year plow-till and 1-year no-till soils were intermediate. Relative percentages of atrazine recovered in the top 5 cm of soil were comparable with tillage treatments (> 80%) through Day 21, indicating that the bulk of atrazine remained within the zone of weed germination. Rates of dissipation and leaching (0-5 cm) were comparable for plow-till versus no-till soil. These data indicate that atrazine bioavailability is diminished significantly in no-till soils, which may contribute to losses of atrazine efficacy. (Soil Science 1998;163:891-896). C1 USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Shelton, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Bldg 007,BARC-W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 163 IS 11 BP 891 EP 896 DI 10.1097/00010694-199811000-00006 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 141PN UT WOS:000077152500006 ER PT J AU Sauer, TJ Moore, PA Coffey, KP Rutledge, EM AF Sauer, TJ Moore, PA Coffey, KP Rutledge, EM TI Characterizing the surface properties of soils at varying landscape positions in the Ozark Highlands. SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nutrient transport; animal waste; water quality; soil properties ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY; PHOSPHORUS; RUNOFF; LITTER; INFILTRATION; FORESTS AB Surface runoff of nutrients after land application of animal manures is influenced by climate, physical and chemical properties of the soil, and land use. The objective of this study was to characterize the surface soil properties from a riparian forest to an adjacent ridge top at a site in the Ozark Highlands. Sampling transects (60 m long) were established in five soil map units, 7.6-cm-diameter x 10-cm-deep cores extracted at 3-m intervals, and samples analyzed to determine relevant soil physical and chemical properties. Ponded infiltration measurements were also completed on four of the transects. Soil test phosphorus and phosphorus saturation ranged from 10 to 31.4 mg kg(-1) and 9.1 to 18.4%, respectively, and reflect the recent history of limited poultry litter or fertilizer application. Soil samples from each transect had similar average silt content (range 67.2-73.9%), but the soil in the riparian forest (Razort silt loam) had more clay and significantly less sand and coarse fragments. The Razort soil also had a higher cation exchange capacity (CEC) (20.7 cmol kg(-1)) and infiltration rate (5.29 cm h(-1)). Trends in clay content, infiltration rate, and CEC suggest that the riparian forest and adjacent alluvial pasture may act as nutrient sinks in this landscape. Results of this study will be comb:combined with grazing management and hydrologic analyses to develop best management practices for poultry litter applications and to provide baseline data for the assessment of long-term effects of litter application on soil properties. (Soil Science 1998;163:907-915). C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Biomass Res Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Sauer, TJ (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Biomass Res Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 31 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 163 IS 11 BP 907 EP 915 DI 10.1097/00010694-199811000-00008 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 141PN UT WOS:000077152500008 ER PT J AU Clausnitzer, V Hopmans, JW Starr, JL AF Clausnitzer, V Hopmans, JW Starr, JL TI Parameter uncertainty analysis of common infiltration models SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PONDED CONDITIONS; UNSATURATED SOILS; EQUATION AB Water infiltration is a driving Force influencing crop growth, soil erosion, and chemical leaching processes. Knowledge of the relative precision and accuracy of infiltration models is needed for best characterization of the infiltration parameters. The two-parameter Green-Ampt and Philip, three-parameter Horton, Mezencev, Swartzendruber, and Parlange et al., and four-parameter Barry et al. infiltration models were compared for their precision and accuracy of estimated parameter confidence intervals using simulated infiltration reference data. To account for potential Levels of uncertainty, three levels of measurement error were included using a Monte Carlo analysis. Reference data were generated for a clay and a sandy loam soil using an adaptive-grid finite element code. Results show that extending the measurement period provided parameter estimates with higher confidence, a more precise estimate of that confidence, and better defined minima in the objective function. The empirical Horton model re suited in the worst fits due to model bias, which also prevented estimation of parameter uncertainty for this model. The semianalytical Swartzendruber and the physically based Parlange et al. and Barry et al. models provided the best fits. Considering all selected criteria, the Swartzendruber model was a reasonable compromise under the conditions imposed in this study. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hopmans, JW (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 24 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 14 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1477 EP 1487 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 153MG UT WOS:000077836400002 ER PT J AU Mohanty, BP Skaggs, TH van Genuchten, MT AF Mohanty, BP Skaggs, TH van Genuchten, MT TI Impact of saturated hydraulic conductivity on the prediction of tile flow SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HEAD WELL PERMEAMETER; FIELD METHODS; CLAY SOIL; MACROPORES; INFILTROMETER AB Preferential flow through macropores and other structural voids in field soils most often occurs at or near saturation. Our earlier research revealed significant differences in the value of the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) of a glacial till soil in central Iowa when obtained with five different measurement techniques. The five techniques included one laboratory constant-head permeameter method and four in situ methods: disc permeameter, Guelph permeameter, velocity permeameter, and double-tube permeameter. Differences in measured K-s values were attributed to differences in sample size, the existence or absence of open-ended macropores, and measurement principles. In this study, we used the different K-s estimates in a two-dimensional numerical model, CHAIN_2D, to predict water now into a subsurface tile drain in the same field. Comparisons between predicted and observed tile flows were made during four crop growing seasons. Preferential flow observed in the tile drain during large storm events was predicted best by the model when using K-s values measured with the disc permeameter method, which least disturbed the boundary conditions of the now field and better accounted for the macropore structures of the field soil. Quantitative and qualitative findings suggest that the disc permeameter was best suited for the field site. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Mohanty, BP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, 450 Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM bmohanty@ussl.ars.usda.gov RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 40 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 EI 1435-0661 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1522 EP 1529 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 153MG UT WOS:000077836400007 ER PT J AU He, ZL Baligar, VC Martens, DC Ritchey, KD AF He, ZL Baligar, VC Martens, DC Ritchey, KD TI Determination of soluble phosphorus in the presence of organic ligands or fluoride SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PHOSPHATE; EXTRACTS; OXALATE; SOILS AB In the ascorbic acid-molybdenum blue method for measurement of soluble P, the relationship between color intensity and P concentration in solution and color stability is greatly affected by organic and inorganic ligands such as oxalate, citrate, tartrate, or F. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of these ligands and to optimize the conditions for determination of inorganic P in the presence of the interfering Ligand. The critical concentrations of the ligand at which P recovery was significantly decreased were 1.5 mM for oxalate, 3.0 mM for citrate or tartrate, and 10 mM for fluoride. The interference of the ligand with P determination was overcome by excess amounts of ammonium molybdate (AM) added before the color developing reagent (CDR), The critical molybdate/ligand molar ratios (excluding the amount of molybdate added in the CDR) required to completely eliminate the interference of the ligand were 1.12 for oxalate, 0.84 for citrate, 0.56 for fluoride, and 0.34 for tartrate. The presence of ligand and excess amount of AM did not affect the linearity of color intensity against P concentration but did alter the slope, suggesting that the modified method is reliable for P determination in the presence of an interfering ligand provided that the standard curve is prepared in the same matrix as the sample. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. ARS, USDA, ASWCRL, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP He, ZL (reprint author), Univ Florida, IFAS, Indian River Res & Educ Ctr, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RI He, Zhenli/R-1494-2016 OI He, Zhenli/0000-0001-7761-2070 NR 17 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 14 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1538 EP 1541 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 153MG UT WOS:000077836400009 ER PT J AU McCarty, GW Lyssenko, NN Starr, JL AF McCarty, GW Lyssenko, NN Starr, JL TI Short-term changes in soil carbon and nitrogen pools during tillage management transition SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS CARBON; N FERTILIZER TREATMENTS; ORGANIC-MATTER; CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE; PLOWED SOILS; ACTIVE-N; QUALITY; CRITERIA; CORN AB It is well established that distribution of organic C and N within a soil profile is substantially influenced by long-term conversion of soil from plow-tillage to no-tillage management, but little is known about the short-term changes in the character of soil organic matter during transition between these two soil management systems. To characterize the changes in composition of organic C and N pools in soil during tillage transition, we measured total N, organic C, active N, biomass N, and biomass C at depth intervals of 0 to 2.5, 2.5 to 51 5 to 12.5, and 12.5 to 20 cm within the profile of soil during the first 3 yr in the transition from plow tillage to no tillage, The results obtained showed that transformation of a soil profile from that typical of plow tillage management to one characteristic of no tillage occurred rapidly within a 3-yr period of transition. In this time period, stratification of organic matter in the profile progressed significantly toward that which occurs after 20 yr of no-tillage treatment. For example, substantial increases in total N (30%), organic C (38%), biomass N (87%), and biomass C (33%) were detected in the top layer of no-tillage soil along with corresponding decreases of 6%, 7%, 35%, and 15% of those respective components in the bottom layer. With transition, the biomass C, biomass N, and active N pools increased more rapidly in the upper soil profile than did the total pools of C and N, Although the characteristic profile of no-tillage soil developed quickly during tillage transition, evidence was equivocal for any significant increase in organic matter content within the first 3 yr after conversion to no-tillage management. C1 ARS, USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP McCarty, GW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM gmccarty@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 29 TC 71 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1564 EP 1571 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 153MG UT WOS:000077836400013 ER PT J AU Hofle, C Ping, CL Kimble, JM AF Hofle, C Ping, CL Kimble, JM TI Properties of permafrost soils on the northern Seward Peninsula, Northwest Alaska SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Soil processes in permafrost regions differ markedly from those of the mid and low latitudes. Permafrost soils are cold during the short growing season and frozen the rest of the year, This study was conducted to describe permafrost soils on the tundra coastal plain of northern Seward Peninsula with emphasis on soil characteristics below the active layer and cryogenic structures, both aspects which were widely neglected in previous studies of permafrost soils. We used cryogenic structures to determine active layer depths. In describing these soils, we applied the previous soil taxonomy and tested the utility of the new Gelisol order. Seven pedons were excavated and described in different topographic positions. Most pedons are influenced by frost action, as evidenced by irregular and broken horizons and weakly developed soils. Mineral horizons have predominantly reduced colors. Organic horizons of 7- to 50-cm thickness occur in the study area. All soils contain segregated ice and ice wedges. Segregated ice includes ice lenses, ice nets, and ataxitic ice concentrations at the base of the active layer. With the identification of these cryogenic features, it was possible to determine active layer depths independently of thaw season. For describing the properties of permafrost soils, the new Gelisol order is shown to be a significant improvement on the previous soil taxonomy. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Agr & For Exp Stn, Palmer, AK 99645 USA. USDA, NRCS, NSSC, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RP Ping, CL (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Agr & For Exp Stn, 533 E Fireweed St, Palmer, AK 99645 USA. EM pfclp@uaa.alaska.edu NR 43 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 7 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1629 EP 1639 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 153MG UT WOS:000077836400021 ER PT J AU Unger, PW Jones, OR McClenagan, JD Stewart, BA AF Unger, PW Jones, OR McClenagan, JD Stewart, BA TI Aggregation of soil cropped to dryland wheat and grain sorghum SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; ORGANIC-MATTER; NO-TILLAGE; CONVENTIONAL-TILLAGE; WATER; STABILITY; ROTATION; SYSTEMS; CARBON; CONSERVATION AB Successful and sustainable semiarid dryland cropping depends on effective soil water storage and erosion control, which are influenced by surface soil aggregate size and stability. We hypothesized longterm tillage and cropping system treatments affect water-stable aggregate size distribution, aggregate water stability, and dry soil aggregation. A study on a Torrertic Paleustoll from 1982 to 1994 at Bushland, TX, involved tillage methods (no-tillage, NT; stubble mulch tillage, SRIT) and cropping systems for dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production. In 1994, mean percentages of >4-mm water-stable aggregates at 0 to 2 cm were 3.5 with NT and 1.0 with SMT in wheat, sorghum, fallow, rotation phase, or crop comparison plots. Mean percentages of <0.25-mm aggregates were 49.0 with NT and 37.8 with SMT. More small aggregates with NT help explain why infiltration was 90% greater with SMT than with NT during fallow after sorghum and 26% greater with SMT during fallow after wheat in a similar study on the same soil when surface coverage by residues was limited (25% with SMT, 57% with NT for sorghum; 73% with SMT, 86% with NT for wheat). Aggregate sizes differed due to cropping system, rotation phase, and crop, but aggregate water stability and dry aggregation differences generally were nonsignificant. Both NT and SMT are deemed suitable for dryland crops under conditions as in this study because neither resulted in unfavorable soil conditions or major yield differences. C1 ARS, USDA, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. W Texas A&M Univ, Dryland Agr Inst, Canyon, TX 79016 USA. RP Unger, PW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 38 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1659 EP 1666 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 153MG UT WOS:000077836400025 ER PT J AU Sojka, RE Lentz, RD Westermann, DT AF Sojka, RE Lentz, RD Westermann, DT TI Water and erosion management with multiple applications of polyacrylamide in furrow irrigation SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INFILTRATION; QUALITY; POTATO; RUNOFF; YIELD AB Polyacrylamide (PAM) in furrow irrigation water eliminates 94% of runoff sediment. Higher infiltration (15-50%) can result in upper-field overirrigation. We hypothesized that PAM would lengthen advance time, but that interactions with now rate and wheel-track (WT) furrows would occur, influencing erosion and infiltration with potential for improved water management. A 2-yr study conducted on 1.5% slope Portneuf soil (Durinodic Xeric Haplocaleid) was irrigated with 10 g m(-3) PAM in advancing 23 L min(-1) furrow streams (reduced to 19 L min(-1) after advance) (PAM treatment, P) or without PAM (control, C). Initial inflows in 1994 were 23 L min(-1) (normal flow rate, N) or 45 L min(-1) (high flow rate, H) with or without PAM. The application of PAM at 23 L min(-1) (PN) increased 2-yr mean advance time 33% and reduced runoff soil loss 88% compared with controls (CN), Polyacrylamide applied at 45 L min(-1) (PH) reduced advance time 8% and soil loss 75% compared with CN, whereas untreated 45 L min(-1) inflows (CH) cut advance time 42% but raised soil loss 158%, The CH and PH raised infiltration 11 and 35% more than CN respectively. Polyacrylamide halted erosion in all furrows, but in WT furrows had no effect on advance time and little infiltration effect after two or three irrigations. This is mainly attributed to erosion and deposition increasing control-furrow wetted perimeters; accumulated PAM may also slightly affect seal conductivity. Polyacrylamide raised aggregate stability from 54 to 80% in 1993 and from 63 to 84% in 1994. In 1993, PAM reduced soil strength in furrows from 1.7 to 1.1 Mpa. C1 ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83301 USA. RP Sojka, RE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793N-3600E, Kimberly, ID 83301 USA. NR 35 TC 71 Z9 98 U1 5 U2 7 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1672 EP 1680 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 153MG UT WOS:000077836400027 ER PT J AU Aase, JK Bjorneberg, DL Sojka, RE AF Aase, JK Bjorneberg, DL Sojka, RE TI Sprinkler irrigation runoff and erosion control with polyacrylamide - Laboratory tests SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FURROW EROSION; SOIL CONDITIONERS; WATER-CONTENT; INFILTRATION; POLYMERS; ENERGY; AMENDMENTS; RAINFALL; COHESION; TIME AB Many semiarid and arid soils are prone to irrigation-induced erosion. Polyacrylamide (PAM) greatly reduces erosion from furrow irrigation. We hypothesized that PARI applied via sprinklers will provide erosion control and benefit water infiltration and aggregate stability. Screened (6.4 mm) Rad silt loam (coarse silty, mixed, superactive mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocambid) was placed in 1.5 by 1.2 by 0.2 m steel boxes with 2.4% slope. An oscillating nozzle, 3 m above the soil, produced a median drop size of 1.2 mm diameter. We applied 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 kg ha(-1) PAM in 20 mm of water in the first irrigation, followed by two 20-mm water-only irrigations. In a second test, we applied 0, 2, and 4 kg ha(-1) PAM in 8 mm of water in the first irrigation, followed by two 20-mm water-only irrigations. Two kilograms per hectare PAM in the first 20-mm irrigation reduced runoff 70% and soil loss 75% compared to control. Polyacrylamide in 8 mm of water was less effective. Polyacrylamide in the 20-mm irrigation did not affect tension infiltration; PAM in the 8-mm irrigation doubled tension infiltration following the third irrigation. Wet aggregate stability following the first irrigation was greater in all PAM treatments than on the check. With 2 kg ha(-1) PAM in the 20-mm irrigation, it was 55%; in 8 mm, 77%. Polyacrylamide applied in the first irrigation at low rates effectively reduced runoff and erosion. Erosion was more effectively controlled than runoff. C1 ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Aase, JK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 36 TC 52 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1681 EP 1687 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 153MG UT WOS:000077836400028 ER PT J AU Trojan, MD Linden, DR AF Trojan, MD Linden, DR TI Macroporosity and hydraulic properties of earthworm-affected soils as influenced by tillage and residue management SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INFILTRATION; MOVEMENT; WATER; CONDUCTIVITY AB Macropores affect infiltration of water and solutes in soil. A field study was conducted to determine the effect of tillage-residue management on earthworm development of macropore structure and the infiltration properties of a silt loam soil cropped in continuous corn. Tillage treatments included rototilled and nontilled soils, with or without residues, and innoculated with earthworms, Infiltration properties were measured with an instantaneous infiltration test of a 1.61 cm pulse of 0.5% methylene blue solution and by measuring steady-state infiltration rates at +5, 0, -3, and -12 cm pressures. There were no significant tillage-residue effects on steady-state infiltration rates, The time required to reach steady state was 930 and 1020 s in treatments with residues, compared to 180 and 415 s in treatments without residue, Dye solution infiltrated in 22 and 217 s in no-till and tillage-with-residue treatments, respectively, compared to >544 s in the remaining treatments. Estimates of effective porosity calculated using infiltration data and by counting stained macropores with depth were 0.85 and 1.3% in no-till and 0.99 and 0.29% in tillage-with-residue treatments, respectively. In no-till treatments, large quantities of dye solution, unaccounted for by steady-state measurements, infiltrated rapidly and were stored in deep, surface-connected earthworm macropores, In tillage-with residue treatments, infiltration of dye solution, unaccounted for by macropore stained count measurements, occurred along partially incorporated residue pieces, Measurements of infiltration properties should include measurements of early infiltration and storage in macropore systems (ponded tests) and of steady-state infiltration into the soil matrix (tension infiltrometry) once the macropore system has filled with water. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Soil & Water Management Unit, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. RP Linden, DR (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Soil & Water Management Unit, Dept Soil Water & Climate, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 20 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 9 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1687 EP 1692 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 153MG UT WOS:000077836400029 ER PT J AU Rhoton, FE Lindbo, DL Romkens, MJM AF Rhoton, FE Lindbo, DL Romkens, MJM TI Iron oxides erodibility interactions for soils of the Memphis catena SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY; ROW SIDESLOPES; B-HORIZONS; AGGREGATION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; IDENTIFICATION; PARTICLES; EROSION AB In the Memphis catena, the well-drained Memphis (fine silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Hapludalfs) is more erodible than the moderately well-drained Loring (fine silty, mixed, active, thermic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs) and Grenada (fine silty, mixed, active, thermic Glossic Fragiudalfs). We hypothesized that soil wetness and Fe oxide status affects the erodibility of these soils. Samples (<2 mm) of A- and B-horizons, collected from representative pedons at five locations, were characterized for standard physical and chemical properties. Simulated rainfall was applied (64 mm h(-1)) to additional samples (<8 mm) in a rainfall simulator pan that had a 0.6 m x 0.6 m test area. Water dispersible clay (WDC) and soil loss averaged 7.2% and 9.21 Mg ha(-1) for Memphis, 6.8% and 8.85 Mg ha(-1) for Loring, and 6.1% and 8.71 Mg ha(-1) for Grenada. Sediment Fe-0, Fe-d, and Fe-0/Fe-d ratios were about 0.80, 1.5, and 0.50 times that of the soil, respectively. Correlation coefficients (r) for WDC and soil loss vs. Fe oxide variables exceeded 0.90 in some horizons, whereas, organic C (OC) and % clay were generally <0.60. However, OC vs. % sediment <53 mu m had r values of 0.87 compared to 0.59 for some Fe oxide variables. Regression models derived for WDC and soil loss had Fe oxide parameters as principal variables in the best fit models and coefficients of determination that ranged from 0.208 to 0.922 (significant at P less than or equal to 0.01). Results suggest that Fe oxides are more important than OC and clay content for determining the erodibility of these soils, particularly Fe-0/Fe-d ratios which are negatively correlated with WDC and soil loss. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Vernon G James Res & Extens Ctr, Plymouth, NC 27962 USA. RP Rhoton, FE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 28 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1693 EP 1703 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 153MG UT WOS:000077836400030 ER PT J AU Gascho, GJ Wauchope, RD Davis, JG Truman, CC Dowler, CC Hook, JE Sumner, HR Johnson, AW AF Gascho, GJ Wauchope, RD Davis, JG Truman, CC Dowler, CC Hook, JE Sumner, HR Johnson, AW TI Nitrate-nitrogen, soluble, and bioavailable phosphorus runoff from simulated rainfall after fertilizer application SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CONVENTIONAL-TILLAGE; SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; SURFACE RUNOFF; LOSSES; WATER; CORN; TRANSPORT; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; SEDIMENT AB Runoff from crop land can enhance eutrophication of fresh water and hypoxia in sea water. We simulated rain at 25 mm hr(-1) for 2 hr, 8 d prior and 1, 14, 29, 49 and 108 d after fertilization and planting of corn (Zea mays L.). Experimental sites received 50 kg N, 45 kg P, and 125 kg K ha(-1) as granulated fertilizer broadcast and incorporated to a depth of 150 mm. An additional 118 kg N ha(-1) was surface-banded as solution fertilizer at Day 28, which was Id prior to the Day 29 rain. The study was conducted for 2 yr on a Tifton loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults) with a slope of 4.5%, on micro- (5.57 m(2)) and meso-scale (622 m(2)) plots. Runoff was equal for the two scales of plots. There were greater runoff losses of soluble-P from meso- (1.4 kg ha(-1)) than from micro-plots (1.0 kg ha(-1)). Nitrate-N losses averaged 2.7 kg ha(-1) and bioavailable-P losses were 2.3 kg ha(-1). Greatest NO3-N and soluble-P losses occurred the day after application of the solid fertilizer, whereas bioavailable-P Loss was greatest at Day 14 and 29. No increase in NO3-N losses was found 1 d after the application of urea ammonium nitrate solution, possibly indicating that liquid fertilizers are not as susceptible to runoff losses as solid fertilizers. Results of this study should encourage the use of small plots, thereby saving research time and expense and provide data useful for estimating losses at similar sites. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, USDA, Nematodes Weeds & Crops Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, USDA, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, USDA, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Gascho, GJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. EM gascho@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu RI Davis, Jessica/C-1903-2013 NR 35 TC 46 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 62 IS 6 BP 1711 EP 1718 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 153MG UT WOS:000077836400032 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI Development and use of biopesticides: Implications of government policy and consumers' preferences SO TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE LA English DT Article AB Biopesticides developed and used in the future will emerge against the backdrop of the environmental effects associated with the use of conventional pesticides and government policies designed to control these effects. In the final analysis, farmers' choices on pesticides will be influenced by the prevailing costs and benefits of conventional pesticides and their alternatives including biopesticides. The outlook for pesticide use is complicated, though some directions can be perceived. There are a number of factors that will serve potentially to impact pesticide use which in turn will affect the development of biopesticides. These include pesticide regulation, the FAIR Act, the crops planted, the management of ecologically based systems, and consumer demand for "green" products. Published 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA, NRCS, RID, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, RID, Rm 6243, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-1625 J9 TECHNOL FORECAST SOC JI Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 59 IS 3 BP 291 EP 304 DI 10.1016/S0040-1625(98)00028-6 PG 14 WC Business; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA 129YA UT WOS:000076490600005 ER PT J AU El Mogahzy, Y Broughton, R Guo, H Taylor, RA AF El Mogahzy, Y Broughton, R Guo, H Taylor, RA TI Evaluating staple fiber processing propensity Part I: Processing propensity of cotton fibers SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB In this study, we present a novel approach to simulate and characterize the behavior of fibers during processing using a modified version of the familiar rotor ring system. With this modification, we attempt to create an area approximately resembling the carding zone and measure the energy required to shear the fibers in this area. We then use the energy readings to provide an index of fiber processing propensity. Such an index is believed to be a function of combined fiber cohesion and fiber resiliency. In addition to the rotor ring, we present corresponding results from other independent techniques such as NIR wax analysis and sliver cohesion. The most important finding of this part of the study is that deterioration in the quality of yarns and fabrics should not be rationalized only on the basis of standard fiber properties (such as length, fineness, and strength) and that measures of processing propensity, wax content, and surface cohesion provide a complete picture of fiber processibility and its impact on end product quality. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Text Engn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA ARS, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. RP El Mogahzy, Y (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Text Engn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 68 IS 11 BP 835 EP 840 DI 10.1177/004051759806801108 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 132UW UT WOS:000076649600008 ER PT J AU Matthews, BF MacDonald, MH Gebhardt, JS Devine, TE AF Matthews, BF MacDonald, MH Gebhardt, JS Devine, TE TI Molecular markers residing close to the Rhg4 locus conferring resistance to soybean cyst nematode race 3 on linkage group A of soybean SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE soybean cyst nematode resistance; molecular markers; polymerase chain reaction ID HETERODERA-GLYCINES; EXPRESSION; ENZYME AB The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) clone pBLT65 is a 450-nt soybean cDNA encoding a portion of the bifunctional enzyme aspartukinase-homoserine dehydrogenase (AK-HSDH). pBLT65 maps within 3.5 cM of the i locus, conferring a pigmented seed coat, on linkage group A, hence, it is closely linked to the Rhg(4) locus conferring resistance to race 3 of the soybean cyst nematode. From this useful RFLP we developed a PCR reaction yielding polymorphic bands for use in marker-assisted breeding programs to select progeny containing the Rhg(4) allele. The polymorphic bands were sequenced to determine the cause of the polymorphisms. Using primers 548 and 563, PCR amplification of DNA from the soybean cultivar Peking (Rhg(4)) yielded three DNA fragments, la (1160 bp), Ib (1146 bp) and 3 (996 bp). Amplification of DNA from the cultivar Kent (rhg(4)) yielded DNA fragments 2 (1020 bp), 3 (996 bp) and 4 (960 bp). Fragments la, Ib, 2 and 4 were also polymorphic between the soybean lines PI 290136 and BARC-2(Rj(4)). A segregating population of 80 F-2 and F-3 plants derived from the cross PI 290136 x BARC-2 (Rj(4)) was used to confirm the map position of the PCR polymorphisms near the i locus, and hence the Rhg(4) locus on linkage group A. The nucleotide sequences of fragments Ib, 3 and 4 were determined. Large and small deletions in the intronic region were responsible for the size differences of the different fragments, whereas the exon was well conserved. C1 USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Weed Sci Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Matthews, BF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM bmatthew@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 24 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 97 IS 7 BP 1047 EP 1052 DI 10.1007/s001220050990 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 147AB UT WOS:000077465100006 ER PT J AU Abeydeera, LR Johnson, LA Welch, GR Wang, WH Boquest, AC Cantley, TC Rieke, A Day, BN AF Abeydeera, LR Johnson, LA Welch, GR Wang, WH Boquest, AC Cantley, TC Rieke, A Day, BN TI Birth of piglets preselected for gender following in vitro fertilization of in vitro matured pig oocytes by X and Y chromosome bearing spermatozoa sorted by high speed flow cytometry SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pig oocytes; in vitro maturation; in vitro fertilization; gender sorted semen ID TRIS-BUFFERED MEDIUM; SEX PRESELECTION; IN-VITRO; SPERM; DNA; INSEMINATION; SEPARATION; SWINE AB The present study examined the ability,to establish pregnancies after transfer of pig embryos derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF) of in vitro matured (IVM) oocytes by X and Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa sorted by flow cytometry. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were cultured in BSA-free NCSU-23 medium containing porcine follicular fluid (10%), cysteine (0.1 mg/mL), epidermal growth factor (10 ng/mL), LH (0.5 mu g/mL) and FSH (0.5 mu g/mL) for 22 h, then the oocytes were cultured without hormonal supplements for an additional 22 h. Boar semen was collected and prepared by flow cytometry sorting of X and Y chromosome bearing spermatozoa. After IVM, cumulus-free oocytes were co-incubated with sorted X or Y spermatozoa (2 x 10(4)/mL) for 6 to 7 h in modified Tris-buffered medium containing 2.5 mM caffeine and 0.4% BSA. After IVF, putative embryos were transferred to NCSU-23 medium containing 0.4% BSA for culture. A portion of the oocytes was fixed 12 h after IVF, the remainder were cultured up to 96 h. At 96 h after IVF, 8-cell to morula stage embryos (n = 30 to 35) from each gender were surgically transferred to the uterus of recipient gilts. Insemination of IVM pig oocytes with X- or Y-bearing sperm cells did not influence the rate of penetration (67 vs 80%), polyspermy (40 us 53%), male pronuclear formation (95 vs 96%), or mean number of spermatozoa per oocyte (1.6 vs 1.6), respectively. Furthermore, no difference was observed between cleavage rates at 48 h after IVF (X, 49 vs Y, 45%). Transfer of embryos derived from X-bearing spermatozoa to 18 recipients resulted in 5 pregnancies and delivery of 23 females and 1 male piglet. Similarly, transfer of embryos derived from Y-bearing sperm cells to 10 recipients resulted in 3 pregnancies, with 9 male piglets delivered. The results show that X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa sorted using USDA sperm sexing technology can be successfully used in an IVM-IVF system to obtain piglets of a predetermined sex. (C) 1998 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Abeydeera, LR (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 19 TC 68 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD NOV PY 1998 VL 50 IS 7 BP 981 EP 988 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00201-5 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 146ZK UT WOS:000077463600001 PM 10734417 ER PT J AU Bakst, MR Gliedt, D Akuffo, V Potts, W Gupta, SK AF Bakst, MR Gliedt, D Akuffo, V Potts, W Gupta, SK TI Effects of isolation and culture of turkey primary follicular oocytes on morphology and germinal vesicle integrity SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE turkey; IVM; oocytes; morphology; germinal vesicle ID LIQUID-NITROGEN; CELLS; CHICKEN; PRESERVATION; GENES AB A novel approach to the production of transgenic poultry is to use primary follicular oocytes (PFOs). However, fundamental information regarding the impact of isolation and culture procedures on PFO integrity is lacking. This study describes the isolation and culture of PFOs from mature turkeys and the effects of these procedures on PFO morphology and germinal vesicle (GV) integrity. To isolate PFOs, ovarian cortex was incubated in trypsin-EDTA alone or further incubated in collagenase plus hyaluronidase (CH). About 200 to 500 PFOs, ranging in size from less than 100 mu m in diameter to 1,000 mu m, were recovered from each ovary. The culture of PFOs less than 100 mu m in diameter for 4 h resulted in blebbing of the oolemma followed by extrusion of ooplasm. Primary follicular oocytes 100 to 250 mu m in diameter survived culture for 24 h whereas larger PFOs survived for up to 7 d. Those PFOs with intact granulosa cell investments survived longer than those fully or partially denuded of granulosa cells with CH. Co-culture of PFOs (100 to 250 mu m in diameter) on a monolayer of granulosa cells derived from mature, yellow-yolk follicles augmented PFO survival rates. The rate of GV breakdown was not influenced by the isolation or culture of the PFO. These data provide the basis for developing procedures for the in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization of isolated PFOs. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Stat Consulting Serv Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bakst, MR (reprint author), ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD NOV PY 1998 VL 50 IS 7 BP 1121 EP 1130 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00213-1 PG 10 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 146ZK UT WOS:000077463600013 PM 10734429 ER PT J AU Hetrick, NJ Brusven, MA Meehan, WR Bjornn, TC AF Hetrick, NJ Brusven, MA Meehan, WR Bjornn, TC TI Changes in solar input, water temperature, periphyton accumulation, and allochthonous input and storage after canopy removal along two small salmon streams in southeast Alaska SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; RIPARIAN CANOPY; COASTAL STREAMS; BUFFER STRIPS; ENERGY-FLOW; OREGON; MACROINVERTEBRATES; COMMUNITIES AB Changes in solar radiation, water temperature, periphyton accumulation, and allochthonous inputs and storage were measured after we removed patches of deciduous, second-growth riparian vegetation bordering two small streams in southeast Alaska that produce coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. Solar radiation and leaf litter input were measured at the water surface at random locations dispersed through six alternating closed- and open-canopy stream sections. Water temperature, periphyton, and stored organic samples were collected near the downstream end of each section. Solar radiation intensity was measured with digital daylight integrators and pyronometers, periphyton biomass and chlorophyll a were measured on red clay tile substrates, allochthonous input was measured with leaf litter baskets, and benthic organic matter was measured with a Hess sampler. Average intensity of solar radiation that reached the water surface of open-canopy sections was significantly higher than in closed-canopy sections of two streams measured during daylight hours in summer 1988 and of one stream measured day and night in summer 1989. Average daily water temperature was similar in the two canopy types in summer 1988, but was higher in open- than in closed-canopy sections in 1989. Accumulation of periphyton biomass was significantly higher in open- than in closed-canopy sections of the two streams studied in the summer of 1988 and of the one stream sampled in 1989. accrual of periphyton biomass on tiles placed in the stream for 30-d colonization periods during the: summer months of 1989 was also significantly higher in the open than closed sections. Accumulation of chlorophyll a was significantly higher in the open- than in closed-canopy sections of the two streams in 1988 but did not differ significantly between canopy types in 1989. Thirty-day accrual of chlorophyll a was greater in open- than in closed-canopy sections of the one stream studied in 1989. Allochthonous input to the streams decreased after canopy removal, but the amount of organic material stored in the substrate did not differ significantly between open- and closed-canopy sections. Weather was predominantly overcast and rainy in summer 1988 and mostly sunny with infrequent rain in 1989. We speculate that advective heat transfer and high stream discharge from frequent rains moderated the effect of canopy removal and increased solar radiation on water temperatures in open-canopy stream sections in 1988. In 1989. solar radiation was a significant factor in regulating water temperature, especially when streamflows were low. Using a model, we predicted that water temperatures would change little in a 160-m open-canopy reach of Eleven Creek during any weather condition when hows were high. With low flows. however, stream temperatures in open sections of Eleven Creek were predicted to exceed the optimum for growth of juvenile coho salmon in about 20 m during clear sunny weather and in about 50 m when cloudy and overcast. C1 Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Bjornn, TC (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 64 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 4 U2 15 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 127 IS 6 BP 859 EP 875 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0859:CISIWT>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 169BX UT WOS:000078728600001 ER PT J AU Hetrick, NJ Brusven, MA Bjornn, TC Keith, RM Meehan, WR AF Hetrick, NJ Brusven, MA Bjornn, TC Keith, RM Meehan, WR TI Effects of canopy removal on invertebrates and diet of juvenile coho salmon in a small stream in southeast Alaska SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; RIPARIAN CANOPY; COASTAL STREAMS; BUFFER STRIPS; OREGON; PERIPHYTON; DENSITY; HABITAT; GROWTH AB We assessed changes in availability and consumption of invertebrates by juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in a small stream in southeast Alaska where patches of dense second-growth riparian vegetation bordering the stream had been removed. Benthic invertebrate populations were assessed during summer 1988 and 1989 with a Hess sampler, aerial invertebrates were sampled during summer 1989 with wire-mesh sticky traps hung just above the water surface and with floating clear-plastic pan traps. Invertebrate drift was assessed during summer 1989 with nets placed at the downstream end of closed- and open-canopy stream sections. Diets of age-0 and age-1 coho salmon were sampled by Bushing stomach contents of fish collected from closed- and open-canopy stream sections. Abundance and biomass of benthic invertebrates were larger in open- than in closed-canopy stream sections and were primarily dipterans, ephemeropterans. and plecopterans. More insects were caught on sticky traps in open than in closed sections on two of four dates sampled, and composition of the catch was primarily dipterans (74% in both closed- and open-canopy sections). Catch rates of invertebrates in the pan traps were significantly higher in closed than in open sections on 12 July and were greater in open than in closed sections on 11 August. No significant canopy effect was detected with regard to dry weight of insects captured in pan traps. Composition of the pan-trap catches was primarily dipterans in both closed and open sections (65% and 72%). Abundance of invertebrates in the drift was significantly higher in closed sections than in open sections on two of four dares sampled: dry weight of invertebrate drift did not differ significantly between canopy types. Dry weight of stomach contents of age-0 and age-1 coho salmon was greater for fish sampled in closed- than open-canopy sections on one of four dares sampled: no significant canopy effect was detected for the other three dates sampled. Aerial insects were more abundant in drift and in diets of age-0 and age-1 coho salmon in closed- than in open-canopy sections. Diet of age-0 coho salmon in both closed and open sections and diet of age-1 fish in closed sections overlapped significantly with composition of the drift. Diet of age-1 coho salmon in open sections, however, did not overlap significantly with drift, an indication of selectivity in feeding behavior. Based on higher abundance of aerial invertebrates above the water surface and increased standing crop of benthic invertebrates that we observed in open- versus closed-canopy sections of Eleven Creek, it appears that canopy removal has the potential to increase the carrying capacity of juvenile coho salmon in streams where populations are food limited. C1 Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Bjornn, TC (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 34 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 127 IS 6 BP 876 EP 888 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0876:EOCROI>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 169BX UT WOS:000078728600002 ER PT J AU Keith, RM Bjornn, TC Meehan, WR Hetrick, NJ Brusven, MA AF Keith, RM Bjornn, TC Meehan, WR Hetrick, NJ Brusven, MA TI Response of juvenile salmonids to riparian and instream cover modifications in small streams flowing through second-growth forests of southeast Alaska SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COHO SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; YOUNG SALMONIDS; BUFFER STRIPS; DOLLY VARDEN; HABITAT USE; ECOSYSTEMS; POPULATION; PREDATORS AB We manipulated the canopy of second-growth red alder Alnus rubra and instream cover to assess the effects on abundance of juvenile salmonids in small streams of Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska, in 1988 and 1989. Sections of red alder canopy were removed to compare responses of salmonids to open- and closed-canopy sections. At the start of the study, all potential instream cover was removed from the study pools. Alder brush bundles were then placed in half the pools to test the response of juvenile salmonids to the addition of instream cover. Abundance of age-0 coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch decreased in both open- and closed-canopy sections during both summers, but abundance decreased at a higher rate in closed-canopy sections. More age-0 Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma were found in open-canopy sections than in closed-canopy during both summers. Numbers of age-1 and older coho salmon and Dolly Varden were relatively constant during both summers, and there was no significant difference in abundance detected between open- and closed-canopy sections. Abundance of age-0 coho salmon decreased in pools with and without additional instream cover during both summers. Abundance of age-1 and older coho salmon and age-0 Dolly Varden did not differ significantly in pools with or without added cover during either summer. Abundance of age-1 and older Dolly Varden was higher in pools with added instream cover than in pools without cover during both summers. Age-0 coho salmon decreased in abundance throughout the summer in both years. Emigration was measured in 1989 and accounted for most of the decrease in abundance. Age-0 coho salmon emigrants were significantly smaller than age-0 coho salmon that remained in the stream. C1 Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Bjornn, TC (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. EM bjornn@uidaho.edu NR 58 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 127 IS 6 BP 889 EP 907 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0889:ROJSTR>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 169BX UT WOS:000078728600003 ER PT J AU Zorn, SA Margenau, TL Diana, JS Edwards, CJ AF Zorn, SA Margenau, TL Diana, JS Edwards, CJ TI The influence of spawning habitat on natural reproduction of muskellunge in Wisconsin SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Many of Wisconsin's native populations of muskellunge Esox masquinongy exhibit declining reproductive success and failing natural recruitment. As a result, self-sustaining populations of muskellunge are diminishing. This study focused on spawning habitat factors that influence egg development and survival and, consequently, the reproductive success of muskellunge. Muskellunge spawning habitat characteristics in lakes with self-sustaining populations were compared with spawning habitat characteristics in lakes that were once self-sustaining but are now maintained by stocking. The hatching success of artificially fertilized eggs was assessed under natural lake conditions. Spawning sites were typically marshy areas in water less than 1 m deep. Characteristics of the spawning habitat influenced successful reproduction. Spawning areas in stocked lakes had low dissolved oxygen (DO; 1.2-5.4 mg/L) at the substrate-water interface, whereas self-sustaining lakes had more variable DO (0.5-9.6 mg/L) with some microhabitats having high DO. Organic carbon content, texture of spawning substrate, and water temperature at the substrate did not differ between self-sustaining lakes and lakes supported by stocking. Fallen logs, stumps, and other wood in spawning areas may increase egg survival. Muskellunge egg survival over natural substrate was low (0.0-1.3%), even in lakes with self-sustaining populations. Col lections of eggs and observations of fry indicated that major mortality occurred after egg deposition but before fry reached nursery habitats several weeks after hatching. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Spooner, WI 54801 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, USDA, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Diana, JS (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 43 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 127 IS 6 BP 995 EP 1005 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0995:TIOSHO>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 169BX UT WOS:000078728600011 ER PT J AU Byler, RK Anthony, WS AF Byler, RK Anthony, WS TI Application of a resistance moisture meter to HVI strength measurements SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE cotton; moisture content; measurement; resistance; strength ID COTTON AB A series of four studies were conducted with the assistance of two U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service offices to determine the range of fiber moisture encountered in cotton classing and to examine the potential of using on-line moisture readings to assist with fiber strength readings. These studies showed that the meter could be used with the existing high volume instrument (HVI) cotton classing equipment and that the measured moisture content (m.c.) correlated with the HVI strength, as it should. The first study, conducted at the Memphis Quality Control Section, demonstrated the usefulness of the resistance moisture meter and showed a strong relationship between measured m.c. and HVI strength. The second study was conducted at the Greenwood, Mississippi, Classing Office (CO) during the regular classing season to determine if the meter could operate under CO production conditions and determine the range of moisture contents which must be measured. The meter functioning well during the classing season. The measured m.c. of cotton samples was found to have a greater range than expected during classing and was directly proportional to the HVI strength. Ninety-four percent of the samples were within the range of 6.3% to 7.6% wet basis (w.b.) but the entire observed range was 5.8% to 10.0% w.b. The third study was conducted at the Greenwood, CO on samples prepared at the U.S. Cotton Ginning Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Stoneville, Mississippi, and ginned under several moisture treatments. Ginning machines and post-ginning moisture treatment affected the fiber m.c. relatively little, but a significant reduction in strength was attributed to ginning at m.c. below 7% w.b. The fourth study was conducted at the Greenwood, CO where samples were subjected to nonstandard moisture conditions and then HVI classed. This study showed that even when the m.c. variation measured by the experimental meter was low (0.3%) there was a measurable effect on HVI strength. All four studies resulted in a significant correlation between the measured m.c. and the measured HVI strength showing that the resistance moisture meter is a promising addition to the HVI classing line. C1 ARS, US Cotton Ginning Lab, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Byler, RK (reprint author), ARS, US Cotton Ginning Lab, USDA, POB 256, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1577 EP 1582 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 152FT UT WOS:000077766100001 ER PT J AU Bargeron, JD AF Bargeron, JD TI Cotton elongation measurement using high volume instruments SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE cotton; elongation measurement; textiles AB Fiber elongation is an important physical property of textile fibers. Elongation determinations were initially performed on individual fibers. This is no longer practical. Individual cotton fibers vary considerably in character and the testing of single fibers is very time consuming. Current testing methods use a bundle of fibers. The bundle elongation test used by the High Volume Instruments has been dependent upon calibration cottons of 'known' elongation. This article presents a method that utilizes the mechanics of the breaking mechanism and a mechanical reference to determine the elongation of a cotton bundle. C1 ARS, USDA, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. RP Bargeron, JD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cotton Qual Res Stn, POB 792, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1583 EP 1587 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 152FT UT WOS:000077766100002 ER PT J AU Smith, LA Williford, JR AF Smith, LA Williford, JR TI Comparison of profile modification to traditional tillage for cotton production on Tunica clay SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE cotton; clay soils; soil profile; soil structure; tillage modification ID DEEP TILLAGE AB A field study was established in the fall of 1993 on Tunica clay soil to evaluate the response of cotton to profile modification tillage relative to more conventional types of tillage for clay soil. Ten treatments were replicated four times using plots 15 m wide x 30.5 m long in a wide-bed controlled-traffic production system. Annual tillage treatments included bedding, disking, chiseling, subsoiling, and profile modification to depths of 25 cm, 50 cm, and 76 cm. Treatments to evaluate the residual effects of tillage were also included for the 25 cm, 50 cm and 76 cm depths of profile modification. Results indicated that soil profile modification generally increased plant height, vegetative dry mass and seed cotton yield compared to conventional tillage practices. In the modified profile treatments, crop response increased as depth of modification increased. The residual effect of soil profile modification at the 76 cm depth was as effective in increasing seed cotton yield as annual profile modification after three years. Soil profile modification produced a positive response in cotton production but the time required to perform the tillage was excessive. C1 ARS, USDA, Applicat & Prod Res Unit, Jamie Whitten Delta States Res Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Smith, LA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Applicat & Prod Res Unit, Jamie Whitten Delta States Res Ctr, POB 36, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1611 EP 1615 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 152FT UT WOS:000077766100005 ER PT J AU Barker, GL Laird, JW AF Barker, GL Laird, JW TI Drying rates for acid-delinted cottonseed SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE cotton; processing; moisture control; temperature ID EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE-CONTENT; LINT MOISTURE; REGAIN RATES; TEMPERATURE AB Moisture control during the harvesting, storage, and processing phases of cotton production is essential for producing a quality product. This reports describes the moisture absorption and desorption rates for acid-delinted cottonseed. Absorption values are shown for temperatures of 20 degrees C and 35 degrees C and desorption values for temperatures ranging from 20 degrees C to 130 degrees C (68-266 degrees F). The desorption (drying) moisture data were plotted against time and found to be exponential in nature and are modeled reasonably well by the theoretical falling rate (exponential decay) function. Nonlinear regression analysis was used to fit the value of the coefficients in the theoretical falling rate equation to the experimental data. Temperature significantly affected the coefficient containing the diffusivity parameters in the drying equations. A generalized solution of the falling rate drying equation, suitable for engineering calculations, was developed as a function of absolute temperature. Results indicate that moisture absorption by cottonseed occurs in two phases. The first absorption phase appears to be physical in nature and similar to the curves of other biological materials. The second phase, which shows an increased moisture absorption rate after a leveling off period, may indicate increased metabolic activity. C1 ARS, USDA, Cotton Prod & Proc Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. RP Barker, GL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cotton Prod & Proc Res Unit, Route 3,Box 215, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. EM gbarker@mail.csrl.ars.usda.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1617 EP 1622 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 152FT UT WOS:000077766100006 ER PT J AU Chandler, DG Walter, MF AF Chandler, DG Walter, MF TI Runoff responses among common land uses in the uplands of Matalom, Leyte, Philippines SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE tropical; hydrology; runoff; upland; interflow; contour-hedgerow ID NUMBER AB Changing tropical hydrologic regimes have been attributed to conversion from tropical forest to agricultural use and are a threat to many tropical upland ecosystems. A series of experiments were conducted in headwater catchments of Matalom, Leyte, Phillipines, to quantify the effect on the near-surface hydrology of land uses common to the steep slopes and thin, calcareous soils. Overland and subsurface runoff were collected to compare the surface hydrologic response of forested, tilled, slash/mulch, and pasture catchments. The forest site demonstrated the lowest annual runoff response, at less than 3% of rainfall, and the highest rainfall threshold which initiated runoff. Conversely, the pasture site demonstrated the greatest annual runoff response (76%) with the lowest thresholds. A pasture with contour-hedgerows demonstrated the greater infiltration than the pasture without this conservation practice, generating runoff at 31% of annual rainfall. The plowed and slash/mulch sites had similar annual runoff responses, at 17% and 13% of rainfall, although the predominant flow pathway differed between these sites. Surface runoff accounted for the majority of runoff at the plowed and pasture-fallow sites; whereas, interflow provided the largest contribution to runoff at the slash/mulch and forest sites. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Chandler, DG (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, 213 Smith Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Chandler, David/E-4543-2013 OI Chandler, David/0000-0002-8662-2892 NR 22 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1635 EP 1641 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 152FT UT WOS:000077766100008 ER PT J AU Prueger, JH Sauer, TJ Hatfield, JL AF Prueger, JH Sauer, TJ Hatfield, JL TI Turbulence flux estimates of sensible and latent heat near shelterbelts during low wind conditions SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article ID WHEAT AB A study was conducted to evaluate sensible and latent heat fluxes near shelterbelts under low wind conditions using eddy correlation. The study site was located at the Agricultural Meteorological Research Center in Mead, Nebraska during the summer of 1995. A wheat stubble and alfalfa field surrounded by a shelterbelt 12 m in height were instrumented with surface energy balance systems using eddy correlation that were located in the windward and leeward side of the shelterbelts for both fields. Estimates of sensible and latent heat fluxes were compared for the windward and leeward sides of the shelterbelt for both surfaces. Daily sensible heat fluxes tended to be larger in the open location relative to the sheltered while latent heat fluxes tended to be higher behind the shelterbelt. Overall surface energy balance closure during the study averaged 0.85 indicating reliable consistent estimates of turbulence flux using eddy correlation near shelterbelts. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Arkansas, Biomass Res Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Prueger, JH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM prueger@nstl.gov NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1643 EP 1650 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 152FT UT WOS:000077766100009 ER PT J AU Bjorneberg, DL AF Bjorneberg, DL TI Temperature, concentration, and pumping effects on PAM viscosity SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE polyacrylamide; viscosity; temperature; pumping; irrigation; erosion ID FURROW EROSION; INFILTRATION; POLYMERS; POLYACRYLAMIDE; IRRIGATIONS AB As polyacrylamide (PAM) use in irrigated agriculture increases, new methods are being sought to accurately and automatically apply PAM with irrigation water. PAM is also beginning to be used in sprinkler irrigation. However, little information is available about flow characteristics of PAM solutions. This study was conducted to investigate temperature, concentration and pumping effects on viscosity of two agricultural PAM formulations: a dry powder and an inverse oil emulsion. Flow tests, using solutions prepared from the dry powder PAM, showed that viscosity decreased as flow rate increased for concentrations greater than 400 ppm. Thus, accurately predicting PAM viscosity at concentrations greater than 400 ppm is difficult because viscosity varies not only with concentration and temperature, but with flow conditions. Flow rate changes due to temperature fluctuations, however, should be minimal for the oil emulsion PAM over typical temperature ranges occurring under field conditions if tubing diameter is greater than 10 mm and tubing length is less than 1 m, which should be adequate for all surface irrigation applications. The two PAM products tested had similar viscosity relationships with temperature and concentration. PAM viscosity for solutions with concentrations < 24 ppm only increased about 5% relative to water for each 10 ppm increase in PAM concentration. Pumping a 2400 ppm PAM solution just once through a centrifugal pump reduced viscosity 15 to 20%; pumping five times reduced viscosity approximately 50%. The viscosity reduction is thought to result from breading or shearing the PAM molecules, reducing its effectiveness to stabilize the soil surface and reduce soil erosion . C1 ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Bjorneberg, DL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1651 EP 1655 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 152FT UT WOS:000077766100010 ER PT J AU Stone, KC Hunt, PG Humenik, FJ Johnson, MH AF Stone, KC Hunt, PG Humenik, FJ Johnson, MH TI Impact of swine waste application on ground and stream water quality in an eastern coastal plain watershed SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE water quality; nitrate; nonpoint source pollution; swine waste AB Nonpoint source pollution from agriculture has been a major concern, particularly where intensive agricultural operations exist near environmentally sensitive waters. To address these concerns, a water quality project was initiated in Duplin County, North Carolina, in the 2044-ha Herrings Marsh Run water-shed. A swine farm within this monitored watershed expanded its operation from 3,300 to more than 14,000 animals. Groundwater nitrate-N increased significantly in three of the seven wells located adjacent to the spray field and in the adjoining riparian zone. Stream nitrate-N concentrations have increased after the expansion of the swine operation in the colder months, but concentrations have remained approximately the same during the warmer months. Stream ammonia-N mean concentrations after expansion have increased as well as the frequency and magnitude of ammonia-IV concentration spikes. Ortho-phosphate concentrations in the stream water have been relatively consistent over the study period. The riparian zone is reducing the impact of spray field groundwater nitrate concentrations and ammonia loadings in an adjacent stream. C1 ARS, USDA, Florence, SC 29502 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Stone, KC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29502 USA. EM stone@florence.ars.usda.gov NR 12 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1665 EP 1670 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 152FT UT WOS:000077766100012 ER PT J AU Fang, Q Haque, E Spillman, CK Reddy, PV Steele, JL AF Fang, Q Haque, E Spillman, CK Reddy, PV Steele, JL TI Energy requirements for size reduction of wheat using a roller mill SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE wheat; wheat hardness; grinding; roller mill; energy AB An experimental two-roll mill was developed and instrumented for computerized data acquisition. Milling tests were performed on three classes of wheat. Included in the study were six independent variables each with three levels, namely, class of wheat, moisture content, feed rate, fast roll speed, roll speed differential, and roll gap. Two covariates, single kernel hardness and single kernel weight, were also included in the statistical analysis. Prediction models were constructed for five dependent variables (fast roll power, slow roll power, net power, energy per unit mass and specific energy). The prediction models fitted the experimental data well (r(2) = 0.88 similar to 0.95). The power and energy requirements for size reduction of wheat were highly correlated with the single kernel characteristics of wheat. Feed rate affected fast roll power; slow roll power and net power significantly. Roll gap had a significant effect on roller mill grinding. Additional milling tests were conducted by randomly selecting independent variables and covariates to verify the robustness and validity of the prediction models. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. ARS, US Grain Mkt Res Lab, USDA, Manhattan, KS USA. RP Spillman, CK (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, 147 Seaton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1713 EP 1720 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 152FT UT WOS:000077766100018 ER PT J AU Fuchs, M Klas, FE McFerson, JR Gonsalves, D AF Fuchs, M Klas, FE McFerson, JR Gonsalves, D TI Transgenic melon and squash expressing coat protein genes of aphid-borne viruses do not assist the spread of an aphid non-transmissible strain of cucumber mosaic virus in the field SO TRANSGENIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE pathogen-derived resistance; cucumber mosaic virus; environmental safety issues; virus-vector specificity; heterologous encapsidation; recombination; aphid-mediated virus spread; field experiments; risk assessment ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS; TOBACCO PLANTS; CMV STRAINS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; RECOMBINANT VIRUSES; RESISTANCE GENES; SATELLITE RNA; WHITE LEAF; RT-PCR AB Transgenic melon and squash containing the coat protein (CP) gene of the aphid transmissible strain WL of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) were grown under field conditions to determine if they would assist the spread of the aphid non-transmissible strain C of CMV, possibly through heterologous encapsidation and recombination. Transgenic melon were susceptible to CMV strain C whereas transgenic squash were resistant although the latter occasionally developed chlorotic blotches on lower leaves. Transgenic squash line ZW-20, one of the parents of commercialized cultivar Freedom II, which expresses the CP genes of the aphid transmissible strains FL of zucchini yellow mosaic (ZYMV) and watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV 2) potyviruses was also tested. Line ZW-20 is resistant to ZYMV and WMV 2 but is susceptible to CMV. Field experiments conducted over two consecutive years showed that aphid-vectored spread of CMV strain C did not occur from any of the CMV strain C-challenge inoculated transgenic plants to any of the uninoculated CMV-susceptible non-transgenic plants. Although CMV was detected in 3% (22/764) of the uninoculated plants, several assays including ELISA, RT-PCR-RFLP, identification of CP amino acid at position 168, and aphid transmission tests demonstrated that these CMV isolates were distinct from strain C. Instead, they were non-targeted CMV isolates that came from outside the field plots. This is the first report on field experiments designed to determine the potential of transgenic plants expressing CP genes for triggering changes in virus-vector specificity. Our results indicate that transgenic plants expressing CP genes of aphid transmissible strains of CMV, ZYMV, and WMV 2 are unlikely to mediate the spread of aphid non-transmissible strains of CMV. This finding is of practical relevance because transgenic crops expressing the three CP genes are targeted for commercial release, and because CMV is economically important, has a wide host range, and is widespread worldwide. C1 Cornell Univ, New York State Agr Expt Stn, Dept Plant Pathol, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. RP Gonsalves, D (reprint author), Cornell Univ, New York State Agr Expt Stn, Dept Plant Pathol, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. NR 60 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0962-8819 J9 TRANSGENIC RES JI Transgenic Res. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 7 IS 6 BP 449 EP 462 DI 10.1023/A:1008828500686 PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 187RF UT WOS:000079800000006 ER PT J AU Scagel, CF Linderman, RG AF Scagel, CF Linderman, RG TI Influence of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculation on growth and root IAA concentrations of transplanted conifers SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ectomycorrhizae; ethylene; roots; seedling survival ID MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; PINE; SEEDLINGS; CYTOKININS; SUBSTANCES; AUXINS AB We determined whether in vitro plant growth regulator production by mycorrhizal fungi is correlated with conifer seedling growth and root IAA concentrations. Container-grown seedlings of interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) were inoculated at seeding with ectomycorrhizal fungi having a high, moderate or low capacity to produce either IAA or ethylene in vitro. Inoculated seedlings were grown for one season in the nursery, harvested in November, cold stored over winter and then transplanted to either a nursery field or a forest site in the spring. Seedling morphology and endogenous IAA in roots were measured immediately after cold storage and again six and 12 months after transplanting. Morphological responses to inoculation varied among different mycorrhizal fungi. Free IAA concentration of roots was increased in some inoculation treatments for all conifer species. In seedlings transplanted to a nursery field, in vitro ethylene-producing capacity of the ectomycorrhizal fungi was highly correlated with more morphological features than in vitro IAA-producing capacity. Both IAA- and ethylene-producing capacity were significantly correlated with more morphological features in seedlings transplanted to a forest site than in seedings transplanted to a nursery field. One year after transplanting, only in vitro IAA-producing capacity was correlated with endogenous IAA concentration of roots of the inoculated seedlings. We conclude that growth responses of conifer seedlings can be partially influenced by IAA and ethylene produced by ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Scagel, CF (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 48 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 18 IS 11 BP 739 EP 747 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 128JQ UT WOS:000076403000003 ER PT J AU Kelsey, RG Joseph, G Gerson, EA AF Kelsey, RG Joseph, G Gerson, EA TI Ethanol synthesis, nitrogen, carbohydrates, and growth in tissues from nitrogen fertilized Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. seedlings SO TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION LA English DT Article DE Pseudotsuga menziesii; Pinus ponderosa; anoxia; hypoxia; anaerobic respiration ID ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION; ROOT-TIPS; PLANTS; LEAVES; STEMS; TREES; METABOLISM; TOLERANCE; SURVIVAL AB Seedlings of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France, and ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., were grown in a controlled environment and fertilized with nutrient solutions containing 150 ppm (+N), or 0 ppm nitrogen (-N). These treatments greatly altered seedling growth, and the concentrations of N and carbohydrates in their tissues. Metabolically active tissues, such as roots, incubated with a limited supply of O-2 became hypoxic faster and synthesized more ethanol than less active tissues, such as needles. All tissues that were incubated for 4 h in N-2 synthesized ethanol. Needles incubated in N-2 and light had much lower quantities of ethanol than needles in N-2 and dark, suggesting that O-2 from photosynthetsis limited internal anoxia. Most tissues from +N seedlings synthesized greater quantities of ethanol in N-2 anoxia than tissues from -N seedlings, probably because they were able to produce more enzymes with a greater availability of N. However, this increase in ethanol synthesis between N treatments was most pronounced in the phloem. Ethanol and soluble sugar concentrations were negatively related in needles and positively related in roots of N+ seedlings, but not -N seedlings. Starch concentrations had no effect on the amount of ethanol produced by any tissue. Regardless of N treatments, all tissues from ponderosa pine produced more N-2-induced ethanol than Douglas-fir, in part be cause its tissues contained different concentrations of soluble sugars and N as a consequence of phenological differences between the species. However, ponderosa pine tissues may also maintain greater quantities of anaerobic enzymes, or their isozymes than Douglas-fir. C1 ARS, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kelsey, RG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM kelseyr@fsl.orst.edu NR 43 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0931-1890 J9 TREES-STRUCT FUNCT JI Trees-Struct. Funct. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 13 IS 2 BP 103 EP 111 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 146TF UT WOS:000077446200007 ER PT J AU Seal, BS AF Seal, BS TI Matrix protein gene nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence demonstrate that the first US avian pneumovirus isolate is distinct from European strains SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE turkey rhinotracheitis virus; matrix protein; mononegavirales; viral evolution; avian pathogen; emerging diseases; veterinary virology ID TURKEY RHINOTRACHEITIS VIRUS; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; MESSENGER-RNA; ANTIGENIC DIFFERENTIATION; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN; RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; ORDER DIFFERENT; CHICKENS AB Avian pneumovirus (APV) is the etiological agent of turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT). Outbreaks of TRT first occurred in the US during May, 1996 and continued through June, 1997. This is the first report of these virus types in the US that was previously considered exotic to the US and Canada. The US isolate, APV/CO, was replicated in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and poly-A RNA from APV/CO infected CEF cells was purified for cDNA synthesis. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify nucleotide sequences coding for the matrix (M) protein gene. Although the type A and B European APV M genes share 75% identity in their coding sequences, they have only 60% identity with the US APV:CO M protein gene. Predicted M proteins of European APV type A and B isolates share 89% identity in their amino acid sequence. However, the predicted hi protein of APV/CO has only 78% identity with APV type A and 77% identity with APV type B protein sequences. Phylogenetically the US APV/CO isolate separates as a unique virus relative to European APV type A and B strains that cluster together. Sequence information for the APV/CO M protein gene and predicted amino acids of the M protein confirm the unique nature of this isolate compared to its European counterparts. This correlates with the inability to serologically detect the US APV/CO isolate using diagnostics based on European viruses. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Seal, BS (reprint author), ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 58 TC 95 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 58 IS 1-2 BP 45 EP 52 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(98)00098-7 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 151UL UT WOS:000077739000005 PM 9879761 ER PT J AU Lei, TW Nearing, MA Haghighi, K Bralts, VF AF Lei, TW Nearing, MA Haghighi, K Bralts, VF TI Rill erosion and morphological evolution: A simulation model SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID OVERLAND-FLOW; WATER EROSION; SOIL-EROSION; PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES; DETACHMENT; TECHNOLOGY; TURBULENT; PLANE AB A mathematical model is advanced to simulate dynamically and spatially varied shallow water flow and soil detachment, transport, and deposition in rills. The model mimics the dynamic process of rill evolution, including variable rates of sediment redistribution along the bed and changes in local bed morphology. The sediment source term in the model uses a point scale, probabilistic relationship based on turbulent flow mechanics and a recently developed sediment transport relationship for rills based on stream power. The interdependent feedback loops between channel bed morphology, local flow hydraulics, and local scour and deposition, within the framework of the full hydrodynamic equations with inertial terms, constitute a mathematical model with the capacity to represent spatial variability and temporal evolution of the rill. Finite elements were applied to numerically solve the hydrodynamic and sediment continuity equations. A series of laboratory flume experiments were performed to evaluate the model. Initial bed slopes were 3, 5, and 7% with step increases of water inflow rates of 7.6, 11.4, and 15.2 L min(-1). The soil material used in the flume was a kaolinitic, sandy-clay loam. The rill model equations were solved for increasingly complex cases of spatial and temporal variabilities. The model followed measured patterns of morphological changes as the rill evolved, which suggests that the feedback loops in the model between erosion, bed morphological changes, and hydraulics were adequate to capture the essence of rill evolution. C1 ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, USDA, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Lei, TW (reprint author), ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, USDA, 1196 Soil Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 38 TC 57 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 34 IS 11 BP 3157 EP 3168 DI 10.1029/98WR02162 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 132WA UT WOS:000076652600034 ER PT J AU Seefeldt, SS Zemetra, R Young, FL Jones, SS AF Seefeldt, SS Zemetra, R Young, FL Jones, SS TI Production of herbicide-resistant jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) x wheat (Triticum aestivum) hybrids in the field by natural hybridization SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE imazamox; birdsrape mustard, Brassica campestris L. BRSRA; jointed goatgrass, Aegilops cylindrica Host AEGCY; canola, Brassica napus L; winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L; herbicide-resistant crops; gene flow BRSRA; AEGCY AB Imazamox-resistant hybrids resulted from a cross between jointed goatgrass and an imazamox-resistant wheat (cv. FS-4 IR wheat). Two imazamox-resistant hybrids were discovered in a research plot where FS-4 IR wheat seed had been replanted from the harvest of an imazamox efficacy study conducted the year before at a different location. These hybrid plants survived imazamox applied at 0.053 and 0.063 kg ai ha(-1) in the field and produced seven viable seeds (BC1). This seed germinated, and chromosomes were counted from the roots (2N number ranged from 39 to 54). In the greenhouse, six of the seven plants survived an application of 0.072 kg ai ha(-1) imazamox, which confirmed that the resistance trait had been passed to these progeny. A large amount of phenotypic variation was observed in the mature BC1 plants. a genetic description of the movement of the resistant gene is proposed based on the case of the gene being located on the D and the A or B genomes. Management strategies to reduce the occurrence of herbicide-resistant hybrids are presented. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Seefeldt, SS (reprint author), Ruakura Agr Res Ctr, AgRes, Hamilton, New Zealand. NR 9 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 46 IS 6 BP 632 EP 634 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 159KN UT WOS:000078171700002 ER PT J AU Bailey, BA Hebbar, KP Strem, M Lumsden, RD Darlington, LC Connick, WJ Daigle, DJ AF Bailey, BA Hebbar, KP Strem, M Lumsden, RD Darlington, LC Connick, WJ Daigle, DJ TI Formulations of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. erythroxyli for biocontrol of Erythroxylum coca var. coca SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend : Fr. f.sp erythroxyli; coca, Erythroxylum coca var. coca; ecology; mycoherbicide ID F SP. ERYTHROXYLI; GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS; DAMPING-OFF; SOIL; PROLIFERATION; TRICHODERMA; SOLANI; GROWTH AB Formulations of Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend:Fr. f.sp. erythroxyli isolate EN-4, pathogenic to Erythroxylum coca var, coca (coca) were evaluated in greenhouse and field studies to determine their relative ability to enhance pathogen populations in the soil or cause disease in coca. The formulations rice-alginate prill, Pesta, and CG were most thoroughly tested and are products of three formulation processes. The formulations were applied in the greenhouse and field at 33.6 kg ha(-1). Ail the formulations tested enhanced the population of EN-4 in the soil during greenhouse (> 6 wk) and field (> 7 mo) experiments. EN-4 was present in the upper 1 cm of formulation-treated soil at > 200-fold higher populations than established below a depth of 7 to 10 cm in both greenhouse and field experiments. This population distribution was maintained throughout the 7-mo sampling period for field experiments. The enhanced soil populations of EN-4 were associated with an increase in root colonization by the pathogen EN-4 in the field 5 to 7 mo after treatment. The formulated F. oxysporum began to have a significant effect on plant death 100 to 200 d after application in two of three field experiments, based on repeated measures analysis. The various formulations rested tended to establish similar pathogen populations in soil and subsequently caused similar levels of disease. The primary factors influencing formulation performance may be environmental, since inoculum production is dependent on sporulation of the formulation, which, although rapid, may continue over several weeks subsequent to application. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Bailey, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 5 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 46 IS 6 BP 682 EP 689 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 159KN UT WOS:000078171700012 ER PT J AU Johnson, WC Mullinix, BG AF Johnson, WC Mullinix, BG TI Stale seedbed weed control in cucumber SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bentazon; clomazone; ethalfluralin; glyphosate; halosulfuron; Florida pusley, Richardia scabra L. RCHSC; smallflower morningglory, Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. IAQTA; yellow nutsedge; Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES; cucumber, Cucumis sativus L.; cultural weed control; integrated weed management; RCHSC; IAQTA; CYPES ID GLYCINE-MAX; SOIL; MANAGEMENT; EMERGENCE; SOYBEANS; DECLINE; TILLAGE AB Field studies were conducted from 1995 to 1997 near Tifton, GA, to determine the benefits of stale seedbed weed control in cucumber. Three stale seedbed management systems-(1) power till stale seedbeds twice (2 x), (2) glyphosate application immediately after planting, and (3) combination system of stale seedbeds power tilled once 2 wk prior to planting followed by glyphosate application immediately after planting cucumber-were evaluated as main plots. Subplots were weed management systems after planting cucumber: intensive, basic, and cultivation alone. Weed densities were generally greater in 1996 and 1997 than in 1995. Yellow nutsedge was the overall predominant species in 1995 (46 plants m(-2)), with Florida pusley being the predominant species in 1996 and 1997, at 80 and 124 plants m(-2), respectively. Generally, stale seedbeds shallow tilled 2 x had fewer weeds and greater cucumber yields than stale seedbeds treated with glyphosate. Glyphosate did not adequately control emerged Florida pusley on stale seedbeds, resulting in reduced cucumber yield. Clomazone preemergence and bentazon/halosulfuron postemergence were used for broadleaf weed control in the intensive weed management: system. These herbicides injured cucumber plants, delayed maturity, and reduced yield. Based on our results, stale seedbeds shallow tilled 2 x can be integrated into cucumber production and provide effective cultural weed control. Furthermore, these systems will replace the need for potentially injurious herbicides. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Johnson, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 46 IS 6 BP 698 EP 702 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 159KN UT WOS:000078171700014 ER PT J AU Miranda, JL Ordovas, JM Jimenez, FP AF Miranda, JL Ordovas, JM Jimenez, FP TI Interaction between genes and diet as a determinant of the plasma levels of cholesterol SO MEDICINA CLINICA LA Spanish DT Review ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-B-GENE; A-I GENE; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; E POLYMORPHISM; PROMOTER REGION; E PHENOTYPE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; LIPID RESPONSE; SERUM-LIPIDS C1 Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Cordoba 14004, Spain. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Jimenez, FP (reprint author), Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Ave Menendez Pidal S-N, Cordoba 14004, Spain. EM mdipejif@cod.servicom.es NR 75 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER DOYMA SL PI BARCELONA PA TRAVESERA DE GARCIA, 17-21, BARCELONA, 08021, SPAIN SN 0025-7753 J9 MED CLIN-BARCELONA JI Med. Clin. PD OCT 31 PY 1998 VL 111 IS 14 BP 546 EP 551 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 139RR UT WOS:000077043700007 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, PE Goulding, KWT Brown, JR Grace, PR Janzen, HH Korschens, M AF Rasmussen, PE Goulding, KWT Brown, JR Grace, PR Janzen, HH Korschens, M TI Agroecosystem - Long-term agroecosystem experiments: Assessing agricultural sustainability and global change SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SOIL ACIDIFICATION; GRASSLAND; TILLAGE; CARBON AB Long-term agroecosystem experiments can be defined as large-scale field experiments more than 20 years old that study crop production, nutrient cycling, and environmental impacts of agriculture. They provide a resource for evaluating biological, biogeochemical, and environmental dimensions of agricultural sustainability; for predicting future global changes; and for validating model competence and performance. A systematic assessment is needed to determine the merits of all known experiments and to identify any that may exist in tropical and subtropical environments. The establishment of an international network to coordinate data collection and link sites would facilitate more precise prediction of agroecosystem sustainability and future global change. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. AFRC, Inst Arable Crops Res, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England. Univ Missouri, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. CIMMYT, Int Maize & Wheat Improvement Ctr, Mexico City 06600, DF, Mexico. UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, D-06246 Bad Lauchstadt, Germany. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada. RP Rasmussen, PE (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. EM paul.rasmussen@orst.edu RI Grace, Peter/F-3743-2012; zhong, honglin/C-2633-2012; Goulding, Keith/B-2635-2012 OI Goulding, Keith/0000-0002-6465-1465 NR 60 TC 176 Z9 202 U1 14 U2 61 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 30 PY 1998 VL 282 IS 5390 BP 893 EP 896 DI 10.1126/science.282.5390.893 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 134DH UT WOS:000076727300036 ER PT J AU Martin, KR Meydani, M AF Martin, KR Meydani, M TI Lycopene is the most effective carotenoid for reducing human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) expression of adhesion molecules and adhesion to monocytes. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 98 IS 17 SU S MA 619 BP 120 EP 121 PG 2 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 131UV UT WOS:000076594400661 ER PT J AU Perez-Jimenez, F Lopez-Miranda, J Pinillos, D Velasco, MJ Castro, P Ostos, MA Bravo, D Blanco-Molina, A Jimenez-Pereperez, J Ordovas, JM Mayer, J AF Perez-Jimenez, F Lopez-Miranda, J Pinillos, D Velasco, MJ Castro, P Ostos, MA Bravo, D Blanco-Molina, A Jimenez-Pereperez, J Ordovas, JM Mayer, J TI Effects of High-MUFA and low fat diets on insulin resistance in young healthy subjects. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hosp Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 98 IS 17 SU S MA 1003 BP 193 EP 194 PG 2 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 131UV UT WOS:000076594401041 ER PT J AU Saltzman, E Das, SK Greenberg, AS Dallal, GE Schaefer, EJ Roberts, SB Lichtenstein, AH AF Saltzman, E Das, SK Greenberg, AS Dallal, GE Schaefer, EJ Roberts, SB Lichtenstein, AH TI Effects of hypocaloric diet containing oats on blood pressure and cholesterol concentrations SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, JM Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 98 IS 17 SU S MA 1000 BP 193 EP 193 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 131UV UT WOS:000076594404562 ER PT J AU Schaefer, EJ Welty, FK Hugh, P Barrett, R Dolnikowski, GG Mayer, J Jenner, JL Lichtenstein, AH AF Schaefer, EJ Welty, FK Hugh, P Barrett, R Dolnikowski, GG Mayer, J Jenner, JL Lichtenstein, AH TI Effects of an NCEP step 2 diet on apolipoprotein B-48 and B-100 metabolism in humans SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract AB To examine the effects of dietary saturated fat (<7%) and cholesterol (<200 mg/day) restriction on apolipoprotein (apo) B-48 and apo B-100 metabolism, we carried out primed-constant infusions (IV) with deuterated leucine in the fed state in 20 middle aged and elderly normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic men and women at the end of two 6-week diet periods in which all food and drink were provided isocalorically. The baseline diet contained 35% fat, 14% saturated fat, and 150 mg of cholesterol/1000 calories, whereas in the Step 2 diet, these parameters were 28%, 5%, and 51 mg/1000 cal. The baseline pool size (PS) of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) apoB-48 (17 mg) decreased by 10% with diet (ns), due to a 43% decrease in secretion rate (SR) (p = 0.013), offset by a 22% decrease in fractional catabolism rate (FCR). TRL apoB-100 PS (272 mg) decreased 19% (p = 0.05) due to a 21% decrease in SR (p = 0.032) with no change in FCR. IDL apoB-100 PS (67.4 mg) decreased 12% (p = 0.030) due to a 28% increase in FCR, offset by an increase in SR (ns) while LDL apoB-100 PS(3325 mg) decreased by 17% (p =.0003) due a 36% increase in FCR (p = 0.002) offset by a 16% increase in SR (p = 0.09) associated with a significant increase in the conversion of the TRL apoB-100 to LDL apoB-100 (p = 0.001). These data indicate that the Step 2 diet resulted in decreased TRL apoB-48 and apoB-100 secretion, increased TRL apoB-100 conversion to IDL and LDL, and enhanced IDL and LDL apoB-100 fractional catabolism. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, JM Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 98 IS 17 SU S MA 999 BP 193 EP 193 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 131UV UT WOS:000076594401038 ER PT J AU Haider, AW Roubenoff, R Silbershatz, H D'Agostino, R Levy, D O'Donnell, CJ AF Haider, AW Roubenoff, R Silbershatz, H D'Agostino, R Levy, D O'Donnell, CJ TI Inflammation, cytokine production and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the elderly: The Framingham heart study SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NHLBI, Frmaingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 98 IS 17 SU S MA 1076 BP 207 EP 208 PG 2 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 131UV UT WOS:000076594401113 ER PT J AU Welty, FK Lichtenstein, AH Doinikowski, GG Barrett, PHR Schaefer, EJ AF Welty, FK Lichtenstein, AH Doinikowski, GG Barrett, PHR Schaefer, EJ TI Effects of apolipoprotein E genotype on ApoB-48 and ApoB-100 metabolism SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 98 IS 17 SU S MA 1241 BP 239 EP 239 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 131UV UT WOS:000076594401278 ER PT J AU Millar, JS Lichtenstein, AH Dalnikowski, GG Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ AF Millar, JS Lichtenstein, AH Dalnikowski, GG Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ TI Apo E and Apo B100 kinetics in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their role in LDL production. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 98 IS 17 SU S MA 1599 BP 305 EP 306 PG 2 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 131UV UT WOS:000076594401629 ER PT J AU Couture, P Cupples, AL Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Couture, P Cupples, AL Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI Association of the C-480T polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene with variations in lipoprotein subclass profiles: The Framingham offspring study SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 98 IS 17 SU S MA 2800 BP 533 EP 533 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 131UV UT WOS:000076594402823 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM Nelson, SM Schaefer, EJ AF Lichtenstein, AH Ausman, LM Nelson, SM Schaefer, EJ TI Dietary palm oil has an adverse effect on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, JM USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 98 IS 17 SU S MA 3076 BP 584 EP 584 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 131UV UT WOS:000076594403095 ER PT J AU McNamara, JR Shah, PK Tayler, TD Schaefer, EJ AF McNamara, JR Shah, PK Tayler, TD Schaefer, EJ TI Postprandial response of remnant-like particles in coronary heart disease patients and controls SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 98 IS 17 SU S MA 3077 BP 584 EP 584 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 131UV UT WOS:000076594403096 ER PT J AU Ordovas, JM Otvos, JD Martinez, A Najera, G Wilson, PWF Cupples, AL McNamara, JR Schaefer, EJ AF Ordovas, JM Otvos, JD Martinez, A Najera, G Wilson, PWF Cupples, AL McNamara, JR Schaefer, EJ TI Association of a common variant of the CETP gene (TaqIB) with lipoprotein subfractions: The Framingham Offspring Study SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 98 IS 17 SU S MA 3872 BP 738 EP 738 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 131UV UT WOS:000076594403887 ER PT J AU Ordovas, JM McNamara, JR Otvos, JD Wilson, PWF Cupples, AL Lahoz, C Osgoo, D Schaefer, EJ AF Ordovas, JM McNamara, JR Otvos, JD Wilson, PWF Cupples, AL Lahoz, C Osgoo, D Schaefer, EJ TI Association between APOE alleles, remnant lipoproteins and VLDL subclass phenotypes in the Framingham Offspring Study SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer HNRCA, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 98 IS 17 SU S MA 4140 BP 790 EP 790 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 131UV UT WOS:000076594404150 ER PT J AU Gao, F Yates, SR AF Gao, F Yates, SR TI Laboratory study of closed and dynamic flux chambers: Experimental results and implications for field application SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE; SOIL; EMISSIONS; VOLATILIZATION; TEMPERATURE; SURFACE; DESIGN AB Flux chambers are useful and convenient tools for measuring gas emissions at soil and water surfaces in agricultural, ecological, environmental, and engineering studies. In this experiment, a closed chamber and a dynamic chamber were tested to study their general behavior and to identify factors affecting flux measurement. The experiment was designed and conducted on the basis of a previous study where the behavior of these flux chambers was simulated using mathematical models. Emission of, a volatile solvent (CH,CI,) from a constant source was measured at the surface of a soil layer by both closed and dynamic chambers. Measurements from the closed chamber tests show that the average flux calculated over a placement time (t(i) - t(0)) by a linear model is smaller than the initial flux at t(0) = 0 but greater than the temporal flux at t(i) - t(i-1). The results from the dynamic chamber tests indicate that the steady-state flux may underestimate the actual flux when the chamber is operating at low airflow rates but overestimate the actual flux at high airflow rates. The underestimate at a low airflow rate is probably due to a depression on the diffusive flux at the enclosed soil surface, while the overestimate is due to a pressure deficit present within the chamber headspace that induces an advective flux from the covered soil matrix. The vacuum system operating the dynamic chamber in this experiment was found to be a predominant source of the pressure deficit. The air permeability of soil matrix and its surface condition are demonstrated to be important factors that determine how significant the effect of the pressure deficit is. In general, the experimental results agree with the simulation results reported previously. When using closed chambers, it is recommended that appropriate nonlinear models be used to calculate flux. When using dynamic chambers, which are more desirable, relatively high airflow rates should be employed and the pressure deficit within the chamber headspace should be measured and minimized. C1 Delaware Dept Nat Resources & Environm Control, Air Qual Management Sect, Dover, DE 19901 USA. USDA, Phys & Pesticide Unit, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Delaware Dept Nat Resources & Environm Control, Air Qual Management Sect, Dover, DE 19901 USA. EM fgao@dnrec.state.de.us NR 26 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D20 BP 26115 EP 26125 DI 10.1029/98JD01346 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 132BH UT WOS:000076609600019 ER PT J AU Gao, F Yates, SR AF Gao, F Yates, SR TI Simulation of enclosure-based methods for measuring gas emissions from soil to the atmosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CHAMBER MEASUREMENTS; METHYL-BROMIDE; FIELD; FLUX; EXCHANGE; METHANE; SURFACE; DESIGN AB Enclosure-based methods (i.e., flux chambers) have been widely used in agricultural, ecological, geophysical, and engineering studies to estimate gas exchanges at the soil-atmosphere and the water-atmosphere interfaces. In this study, the flux chambers are analyzed using diffusion theory and mass balance principle. Mathematical models are developed to simulate the general behavior of both dosed and dynamic chambers. Simulation for the closed chamber behavior shows that the flux from the enclosed soil matrix into the chamber decreases with time after chamber placement. This indicates that application of a simple linear model to calculate flux may underestimate the real flux, even though the concentration data obtained from the chamber headspace shows a relatively linear increase with respect to time. It is recommended that nonlinear models be considered whenever possible for calculating flux for closed chambers. Simulations of dynamic chambers show that (1) these chambers can reach a steady state rapidly after placement and (2) the proper measurement of flux depends on both chamber operational conditions and soil permeability to air. A dynamic chamber may underestimate the actual flux when operating on low permeable soils. On soils with high air permeability a dynamic chamber may give an underestimate of the actual flux when operating at low airflow rate but an overestimate when the airflow rate is high. Theoretically, both closed and dynamic chambers may produce accurate flux estimates if they operate under ideal conditions and appropriated models are used in flux calculations. In practice, however, a dynamic chamber should be more desirable. C1 Delaware Dept Nat Resources, Air Qual Management Sect, Dover, DE 19901 USA. USDA, Phys & Pesticide Unit, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Delaware Dept Nat Resources, Air Qual Management Sect, Dover, DE 19901 USA. EM fgao@dnrec.state.de.us NR 35 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 103 IS D20 BP 26127 EP 26136 DI 10.1029/98JD01345 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 132BH UT WOS:000076609600020 ER PT J AU Jung, HJG Ni, WT AF Jung, HJG Ni, WT TI Lignification of plant cell walls: Impact of genetic manipulation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Editorial Material ID CINNAMYL ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; NICOTIANA-TABACUM; LIGNIN CONTENT; DOWN-REGULATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; EXPRESSION; MUTANT; LIGASE C1 USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Jung, HJG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 26 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 22 BP 12742 EP 12743 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.22.12742 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 134RT UT WOS:000076757300003 PM 9788981 ER PT J AU Ralph, J Hatfield, RD Piquemal, J Yahiaoui, N Pean, M Lapierre, C Boudet, AM AF Ralph, J Hatfield, RD Piquemal, J Yahiaoui, N Pean, M Lapierre, C Boudet, AM TI NMR characterization of altered lignins extracted from tobacco plants down-regulated for lignification enzymes cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE monolignol; genetic modification; antisense RNA; coniferyl alcohol; feruloyl-CoA ID CELL-SUSPENSION-CULTURES; NICOTIANA-TABACUM; TYRAMINE HYDROXYCINNAMOYLTRANSFERASE; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; REDUCED LIGNIN; CROSS-LINKS; EXPRESSION; GENE; PURIFICATION; BIOSYNTHESIS AB Homologous antisense constructs were used to down-regulate tobacco cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) and cinnamoyl-Coa reductase (CCR; EC 1.2.1.44) activities in the lignin monomer biosynthetic pathway. CCR converts activated cinnamic acids (hydroxycinnamoyl-SCoAs) to cinnamaldehydes; cinnamaldehydes are then reduced to cinnamyl alcohols by CAD. The transformations caused the incorporation of nontraditional components into the extractable tobacco lignins, as evidenced by NMR. Isolated lignin of antisense-CAD tobacco contained fewer coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol-derived units that were compensated for by elevated levels of benzaldehydes and cinnamaldehydes. Products from radical coupling of cinnamaldehydes, particularly sinapaldehyde, which were barely discernible in normal tobacco, were major components of the antisense-CAD tobacco lignin. Lignin content was reduced in antisense-CCR tobacco, which displayed a markedly reduced vigor. That lignin contained fewer coniferyl alcohol-derived units and significant levels of tyramine ferulate, Tyramine ferulate is a sink for the anticipated build-up of feruloyl-SCoA, and may be up-regulated in response to a deficit of coniferyl alcohol. Although it is not yet clear whether the modified lignins are true structural components of the cell wall, the findings provide further indications of the metabolic plasticity of plant lignification, An ability to produce lignin from alternative monomers would open new avenues for manipulation of lignin by genetic biotechnologies. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Toulouse 3, Ctr Biol & Physiol Vegetale, CNRS 5546, Unite Mixte Rech, F-31062 Toulouse, France. Dept Ecophysiol Vegetale & Microbiol, Commissariat Energie Atom, F-31062 St Paul Durance, France. INRA, Chim Biol Lab, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France. RP Ralph, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 48 TC 129 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 22 BP 12803 EP 12808 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.22.12803 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 134RT UT WOS:000076757300017 PM 9788995 ER PT J AU Ananiev, EV Phillips, RL Rines, HW AF Ananiev, EV Phillips, RL Rines, HW TI Chromosome-specific molecular organization of maize (Zea mays L.) centromeric regions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; REPETITIVE DNA; B-CHROMOSOME; PHYSICAL MAP; GENOME; SEQUENCES; RETROELEMENT AB A set of oat-maize chromosome addition lines with individual maize (Zea mays L.) chromosomes present in plants with a complete oat (Avena sativa L.) chromosome complement provides a unique opportunity to analyze the organization of centromeric regions of each maize chromosome. A DNA sequence, MCS1a, described previously as a maize centromere-associated sequence, was used as a probe to isolate cosmid clones from a genomic library made of DNA purified from a maize chromosome 9 addition line. Analysis of six cosmid clones containing centromeric DNA segments revealed a complex organization. The MCS1a sequence was found to comprise a portion of the long terminal repeats of a retrotransposon-like repeated element, termed CentA. Two of the six cosmid clones contained regions composed of a newly identified family of tandem repeats, termed CentC, Copies of CentA and tandem arrays of CentC are interspersed with other repetitive elements, including the previously identified maize retroelements Huck and Prem2, Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that CentC and CentA elements are limited to the centromeric region of each maize chromosome. The retroelements Huck and Prem2 are dispersed along all maize chromosomes, although Huck elements are present in an increased concentration around centromeric regions. Significant variation in the size of the blocks of CentC and in the copy number of CentA elements, as well as restriction fragment length variations,were detected within the centromeric region of each maize chromosome studied. The different proportions and arrangements of these elements and likely others provide each centromeric region with a unique overall structure. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Inst Plant Mol Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Phillips, RL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 29 TC 196 Z9 217 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 22 BP 13073 EP 13078 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.22.13073 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 134RT UT WOS:000076757300065 PM 9789043 ER PT J AU Bagley, PJ Selhub, J AF Bagley, PJ Selhub, J TI A common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene is associated with an accumulation of formylated tetrahydrofolates in red blood cells SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; RISK FACTOR; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; COLORECTAL-CANCER; 677C->T MUTATION; VASCULAR-DISEASE; SPINA-BIFIDA; FOLATE; POLYMORPHISM; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA AB A common mutation (C677T) in the gene encoding for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) (5-methyltetrahydrofolate: (acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.99.5), a key regulatory enzyme in one-carbon metabolism, results in a thermolabile variant of the MTHFR enzyme with reduced activity in vitro. In the present study we used a chromatographic method for folate analysis to test the hypothesis that this mutation would be associated with altered distribution of red blood cell (RBC) folates. An alteration was found as manifested by the presence of formylated tetrahydrofolate polyglutamates in addition to methylated derivatives in the RBCs from homozygous mutant individuals. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamates were the only folate form found in RBCs from individuals with the wild-type genotype. Existence of formylated folates in RBCs only from individuals with the thermolabile MTHFR is consistent with the hypothesis that there is in vivo impairment in the activity of the thermolabile variant of MTHFR and that this impairment results in an altered distribution of RBC folates. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Bagley, PJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Bagley, Pamela/N-1906-2015 OI Bagley, Pamela/0000-0002-1214-7814 NR 27 TC 278 Z9 283 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 27 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 22 BP 13217 EP 13220 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.22.13217 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 134RT UT WOS:000076757300090 PM 9789068 ER PT J AU Foster, JL Chang, ATC Hall, DK Wergin, WP Erbe, EF Barton, J AF Foster, JL Chang, ATC Hall, DK Wergin, WP Erbe, EF Barton, J TI Carbon dioxide crystals: An examination of their size, shape, and scattering properties at 37 GHz and comparisons with water ice (snow) measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID DISCRETE-DIPOLE APPROXIMATION; SOUTH POLAR-CAP; DRY SNOW; MARS; CO2; TEMPERATURES; EMISSIVITY; MODEL AB On Earth, the temperature regime is such that water is generally fairly close to its freezing point, and thus relatively small differences in climate affect how much snow and ice are present and whether or not the snow covering will be seasonal or last from one year to the next. On Mars, as on Earth, the presence of ice also plays a role in large-scale climate processes and it is important in controlling the abundance of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and water vapor. Passive microwave radiometry has been used to derive snow extent and snow depth on Earth, where scattering by snow (H(2)O) crystals is the dominant effect on the microwave radiation emanating from the ground and emerging from the snowpack. Microwave remote sensing may also prove to be useful for assessing the coverage and thickness of the frozen H(2)O and CO(2) on Mars, but more exact information is needed on how both H(2)O crystals and frozen CO(2) crystals scatter and absorb passive microwave radiation. In this study, CO(2) crystals have been produced in a laboratory cold chamber with temperature conditions similar to those found on the polar caps of Mars, and detailed three-dimensional images of their size and shape have been made with a low-temperature scanning electron microscope. Unlike the much larger H(2)O snow crystals found on Earth, which typically range in size between 0.1 mm and 1.0 mm (radius), CO(2) crystals are differently shaped and considerably smaller. Bipyramid crystals (base to base four-sided pyramids) are commonly observed, some as small as 1.0 mu m. A discrete dipole model was employed to calculate the passive microwave radiation scattered and absorbed by crystals of various sizes and shapes. Modeling results indicate that the shape of the crystal, whether for frozen CO(2) or H(2)O, is of-little consequence in affecting extinction efficiency. However, owing to their smaller size, frozen CO(2) crystals are more emissive than the H(2)O crystals in the 37 GHz region of the microwave spectrum. For the larger sizes of the modeled crystals, scattering dominates over absorption since the particles approach the size of the wavelength. The scattering values are 2 orders of magnitude larger than absorption for the 900 mu m size snow particles. For CO(2) crystals of 3.0 mu m in size,absorption is 7 orders of magnitude greater than scattering. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. ARS, Nematol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20770 USA. Gen Sci Corp, Laurel, MD 20707 USA. RP Foster, JL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jfoster@glacier.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Hall, Dorothy/D-5562-2012 NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD OCT 25 PY 1998 VL 103 IS E11 BP 25839 EP 25850 DI 10.1029/98JE02493 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 168VD UT WOS:000078713100009 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Moser, G AF Hamir, AN Moser, G TI Immunohistopathological findings in an adult llama with listeriosis SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Article C1 Univ Penn, New Bolton Ctr, Lab Large Anim Pathol, Kennett Square, PA 19348 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD OCT 24 PY 1998 VL 143 IS 17 BP 477 EP 479 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 136XG UT WOS:000076883900013 PM 9829307 ER PT J AU Lin, JT McKeon, TA Woodruff, CL Singleton, JA AF Lin, JT McKeon, TA Woodruff, CL Singleton, JA TI Separation of synthetic phosphatidylcholine molecular species by high-performance liquid chromatography on a C-8 column SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE phosphatidylcholine; fatty acids AB A C-8 high-performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the separation of molecular species of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) was developed. This method uses a linear gradient of 90-100% methanol containing ammonium hydroxide as ion suppressor and is suitable for metabolic studies using both UV detection at 205 nm and radioactivity how detection. The elution order of a given PC is inversely related to the polarity of its fatty acid constituents. For acyl chains with lower polarity, elution time increases as follows: ricinoleic acid 0.10), GnRH-R (p > 0.08), and calmodulin (p > 0.10) genes was similar in the two groups of boars. Additionally, expression of the FSH beta gene was correlated positively with pituitary and plasma FSH concentrations (r = 0.69 and 0.88, respectively; p < 0.05). These results support the hypothesis that activin B is partially responsible for elevated FSH concentrations in boars. Furthermore, the expression difference of the calmodulin gene observed previously between Meishan and White Composite boars represents a breed difference unrelated to FSH. C1 ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Minneapolis Med Res Fdn, Endocrine Res Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55404 USA. Hennepin Cty Med Ctr, Dept Med, Minneapolis, MN 55404 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Med, Minneapolis, MN 55404 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Neurosci & Cell Biol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Ford, JJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,State Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 39 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 59 IS 4 BP 978 EP 982 DI 10.1095/biolreprod59.4.978 PG 5 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 124NF UT WOS:000076188100034 PM 9746751 ER PT J AU Reshetilov, AN Lobanov, AV Morozova, NO Gordon, SH Greene, RV Leathers, TD AF Reshetilov, AN Lobanov, AV Morozova, NO Gordon, SH Greene, RV Leathers, TD TI Detection of ethanol in a two-component glucose/ethanol mixture using a nonselective microbial sensor and a glucose enzyme electrode SO BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE amperometric microbial sensor; ethanol; Gluconobacter oxydans; glucose; multivariate calibration and analysis ID ALDOSE DEHYDROGENASE; XYLOSE; ARRAYS; SNO2 AB Chemometric theory was applied to a microbial sensor for determinations of ethanol in the presence of glucose. Microbial sensors, consisting of Gluconobacter oxydans cells immobilized on Clark-type amperometric oxygen electrodes, exhibited good sensitivity but low selectivity toward ethanol and glucose. An Eksan-G commercial glucose analyzer was used as a second sensor for multivariate calibration and analyses. Microbial sensors exhibited nearly complete additivity for total glucose plus ethanol concentrations from 0.0 to 0.6 mM. Within this linear range, chemometric analyses provided estimates of ethanol concentration with measurement errors of less than 8%. Multivariate calibration thus is a promising approach to enhance the usefulness of microbial sensors. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Biopolymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Biochem & Physiol Microorganisms, Pushchino 142292, Moscow Region, Russia. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Dept Phys, Chair Biophys, Moscow 119899, Russia. Pushchino State Univ, Chair Biotechnol & Environm Protect, Pushchino 142292, Moscow Region, Russia. RP Leathers, TD (reprint author), ARS, Biopolymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 16 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PI OXFORD PA OXFORD FULFILLMENT CENTRE THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-5663 J9 BIOSENS BIOELECTRON JI Biosens. Bioelectron. PD OCT 1 PY 1998 VL 13 IS 7-8 BP 787 EP 793 DI 10.1016/S0956-5663(98)00043-8 PG 7 WC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 136CT UT WOS:000076841100007 PM 9828373 ER PT J AU Reshetilov, AN Efremov, DA Iliasov, PV Boronin, AM Kukushskin, NI Greene, RV Leathers, TD AF Reshetilov, AN Efremov, DA Iliasov, PV Boronin, AM Kukushskin, NI Greene, RV Leathers, TD TI Effects of high oxygen concentrations on microbial biosensor signals. Hyperoxygenation by means of perfluorodecalin SO BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE hyperoxygenation; perfluorocarbons; perfluorodecalin; microbial sensor ID XYLOSE; CELLS AB Amperometric biosensors register oxygen depletion in response to analyte catabolism, and thus are limited by the availability of dissolved oxygen. Microbial sensors containing immobilized cells of Gluconobacter oxydans were hyperoxygenated to 400% of control levels and the effects on sensor responses to glucose were determined. Oxygenated perfluorodecalin (a completely fluorinated organic substance) was as effective in hyperoxygenation as direct sparging with O-2, increasing sensor base medium oxygen concentrations from 9.3 to 37 mg/l. Hyperoxygenation enhanced maximal biosensor response amplitudes, particularly at high cell loading densities. Maximal response rates were also improved, although less dramatically. Results suggest that hyperoxygenation may be a new general approach for modulating biosensor responses. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Biopolymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Biochem & Physiol Microorganisms, Pushchino 142292, Moscow Region, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Theoret & Expt Biophys, Pushchino 142292, Moscow Region, Russia. RP Leathers, TD (reprint author), ARS, Biopolymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RI Iliasov, Pavel/D-8956-2015 OI Iliasov, Pavel/0000-0002-1532-0272 NR 10 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PI OXFORD PA OXFORD FULFILLMENT CENTRE THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-5663 J9 BIOSENS BIOELECTRON JI Biosens. Bioelectron. PD OCT 1 PY 1998 VL 13 IS 7-8 BP 795 EP 799 DI 10.1016/S0956-5663(98)00044-X PG 5 WC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biophysics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 136CT UT WOS:000076841100008 PM 9828374 ER PT J AU Daigle, DJ Connick, WJ Boyette, CD Jackson, MA Dorner, JW AF Daigle, DJ Connick, WJ Boyette, CD Jackson, MA Dorner, JW TI Solid-state fermentation plus extrusion to make biopesticide granules SO BIOTECHNOLOGY TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID SESBANIA SESBANIA-EXALTATA; COLLETOTRICHUM-TRUNCATUM; AFLATOXIN AB Five fungal biocontrol agents useful in agriculture were grown on rice flour in plastic bags. The flour, infested with Colletotrichum truncatum, an Alternaria sp., Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, or atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, was mixed with wheat flour, kaolin, and water and extruded into granules. The inoculum survived extrusion and fluid bed drying at 50 degrees C 3-92 times better than inoculum produced in liquid fermentation. Depending on the agent, the high level of flour infestation permitted a 1:9 to 1:1600 dilution to yield the 1x10(6) cfu/g in the final product which is usually needed for biocontrol efficacy. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70126 USA. ARS, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. ARS, NCAUR, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. ARS, NPRL, USDA, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. RP Daigle, DJ (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70126 USA. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0951-208X J9 BIOTECHNOL TECH JI Biotechnol. Tech. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 12 IS 10 BP 715 EP 719 DI 10.1023/A:1008872819909 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 145YP UT WOS:000077400100001 ER PT J AU Lee, IM Ko, WH AF Lee, IM Ko, WH TI Phytoplasmas are not associated with quick decline of macadamia trees in Hawaii SO BOTANICAL BULLETIN OF ACADEMIA SINICA LA English DT Article DE Macadamia integrifolia; Nectria rugulosa; phytoplasma; quick decline; Xylaria arbuscula ID MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS AB Association of phytoplasma with quick decline of macadamia trees in Hawaii was reevaluated. Twenty samples were collected from symptomatic and symptomless trees of the two susceptible cultivars cv. 333, and cv. 344 grown at Keaau and Kaiwiki on the island of Hawaii. Ultrasensitive nested-PCR assays using two universal primer pairs failed to detect phytoplasmas in all samples tested, contradicting the recent reports that phytoplasma may play a role in macadamia decline or quick decline. In contrast, infection of trunks by two fungal pathogens, Nectria rugulosa and Xylaria arbuscula were consistently associated with declining but not healthy macadamia trees, supporting the previous suggestion that sudden death of macadamia trees is primarily caused by girdling of trunks resulting from infection by fungal pathogens. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Beaumont Agr Res Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ko, WH (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Beaumont Agr Res Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACAD SINICA INST BOTANY PI TAIPEI PA NANKANG, TAIPEI 11529, TAIWAN SN 0006-8063 J9 BOT BULL ACAD SINICA JI Bot. Bul. Acad. Sin. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 39 IS 4 BP 251 EP 254 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 141LW UT WOS:000077146300006 ER PT J AU Lowe, NM Woodhouse, LR King, JC AF Lowe, NM Woodhouse, LR King, JC TI A comparison of the short-term kinetics of zinc metabolism in women during fasting and following a breakfast meal SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE zinc; postprandial metabolism; kinetics ID STABLE-ISOTOPE ZN-70; PLASMA ZINC; DIURNAL-VARIATION; HUMANS; CALCIUM; MODEL; IRON AB The physiological importance and mechanism of the postprandial fall in plasma Zn concentration is not well understood. In order to gain further information on this apparent redistribution of plasma Zn, a stable isotope, Zn-70, was used to study the effect of a breakfast meal on plasma Zn kinetics. Nine women participated in two trials, a fasting trial and a breakfast-meal trial; five of the women participated in a third trial in which the energy content of the breakfast meal was doubled. At each trial, 0.1 mg of Zn-70 was infused intravenously, and the plasma disappearance of the isotope was analysed using a two-compartment model of Zn kinetics. Plasma Zn concentration fell significantly following the two trials in which the subjects were given meals, reaching low points that were 13 and 19 %, respectively, below concentrations at comparable times during the fasting trial. Kinetic analysis revealed that after the doubled breakfast meal there was a significant fall (P < 0.007) in the size of the most rapidly turning over Zn pool (pool (a)) from 2.90 (SE 0.13) mg in the fasting state to 2.47 (SE 0.14) mg postprandially. The fractional turnover rate of pool (a) to other extravascular Zn pools, i.e. outside the two-compartment system, was also significantly elevated after the doubled breakfast meal (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the decline in plasma Zn concentration following a meal is due to a redistribution of Zn from the plasma to other more slowly turning over extravascular pools that may be involved in the assimilation and metabolism of fuels following food intake. C1 ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nutr Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Lowe, NM (reprint author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Med, Duncan Bldg,Daulby St, Liverpool L69 3GA, Merseyside, England. RI Lowe, Nicola/B-5472-2013 OI Lowe, Nicola/0000-0002-6934-2768 NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-1145 J9 BRIT J NUTR JI Br. J. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 80 IS 4 BP 363 EP 370 DI 10.1079/096582198388319 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 138FW UT WOS:000076961800007 PM 9924278 ER PT J AU Hanley, TA Barnard, JC AF Hanley, TA Barnard, JC TI Red Alder, Alnus rubra, as a potential mitigating factor for wildlife habitat following clearcut logging in southeastern Alaska SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Red Alder; Alnus rubra; Sitka Spruce; Picea sitchensis; Western Hemlock; Tsuga heterophylla; secondary succession; understory; biomass; forests ID WESTERN HEMLOCK FORESTS; BLACK-TAILED DEER; SITKA SPRUCE AB Within-stand variation in understory species composition and biomass was studied in 16 even-aged stands of mixed Red Alder - Sitka Spruce - Western Hemlock (Alnus rubra - Picea sitchensis - Tsuga heterophylla) forest. The sites were upland sires, and the stands were 28-39 years old. We compared understory within three categories of microsite types: Red Alder-dominated, conifer-dominated, and mixed alder-conifer. Biomass of forbs and ferns differed significantly (P < 0.05) between microsite types, being greatest in alder microsites, least in conifer microsites, and intermediate in mixed alder-conifer microsites for all of the following: Circaea alpina, Galium triflorum, Tiarella trifoliata, Viola glabella, Athyrium flix-femina, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Thelypteris phegopteris, total forbs, total ferns, and total herbs. Shrub biomass also was greatest in alder microsites but was least in mixed microsites and intermediate in conifer microsites (P < 0.05 for Rubus spetabilis leaves and total shrub leaves). The greater shrub biomass in conifer than mixed microsites resulted from several large parches of poor tree regeneration within 7 of the 16 stands; the other 9 stands had very low understory biomass in their conifer microsites, which is consistent with published studies of understory dynamics in even-aged stands of the region. The results illustrate two important conclusions regarding current understanding of secondary succession following clearcutting in southeastern Alaska: (1) inclusion of Red Alder in the regenerating stand may result in much greater understory biomass than occurs in pure conifer stands; and (2) extrapolation of data from small, uniform, fully-stocked research stands to the landscape level may underestimate understory biomass from poorly stocked parches. Both conclusions have important implications for wildlife habitat in terms of understory vegetation for food and cover. The potential of Red Alder as a mitigating factor for wildlife habitat following clearcutting in the region needs additional study of disturbance-site-understory interactions. Our results, however, indicate that an understory-exclusionary stage of secondary succession is not necessarily the only successional pathway following clearcutting, in southeastern Alaska. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Hanley, TA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 2770 Sherwood Lane 2-A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 1998 VL 112 IS 4 BP 647 EP 652 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 186MF UT WOS:000079733000008 ER PT J AU Trummer, LM Hennon, PE Hansen, EM Muir, PS AF Trummer, LM Hennon, PE Hansen, EM Muir, PS TI Modeling the incidence and severity of hemlock dwarf mistletoe in 110-year-old wind-disturbed forests in Southeast Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN HEMLOCK; TREES; SPRUCE; STANDS AB A model was developed to predict the severity of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium tsugense (Rosendahl) G.N. Jones) in western hemlock trees (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) that developed within forests of Southeast Alaska that experienced near-catastrophic windthrow in the late 1800s. The model suggests that the degree of dwarf mistletoe severity on western hemlock trees was significantly and positively correlated with levels of dwarf mistletoe infection and basal area (m(2)/ha) in large and small residual trees that survived the wind disturbance. No significant relationships were found between severity level and any other factors, including site productivity, density of coexisting Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), or slope. The model demonstrates the overriding importance of infected residual trees to predict future severity of dwarf mistletoe; greater size and infection level of residual trees results in greater dwarf mistletoe levels on regenerating hemlock crop trees. The model, derived from 76 plots on Kuiu Island, was tested in 18 plots on Chichagof Island, providing a preliminary validation. Slower rates of dwarf mistletoe spread and intensification in forests of southeastern Alaska, as compared with similar coastal forests south of Alaska, provide an opportunity for managers to manipulate the parasite to desired levels in managed forests. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Hlth Management & Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. RP Trummer, LM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 3301 C St,Suite 522, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. NR 39 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 28 IS 10 BP 1501 EP 1508 DI 10.1139/cjfr-28-10-1501 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 157JH UT WOS:000078057400008 ER PT J AU Kurtzman, CP Robnett, CJ AF Kurtzman, CP Robnett, CJ TI Three new insect-associated species of the yeast genus Candida SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASCOMYCETOUS YEASTS; SACCHAROMYCES; SCHWANNIOMYCES; DEBARYOMYCES; DIVERGENCE; SEQUENCES; PICHIA AB Three new species of Candida are described that were determined to be genetically isolated from all other currently accepted ascomycetous yeasts based on their sequence divergence in the species-variable D1/D2 domain of large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA. One of the species was isolated from an ambrosia beetle, whereas the other two were from the frass of wood-boring beetle larvae. The new species and their type strains are the following: Candida ontarioensis NRRL YB-1246 (CBS 8502), Candida tammaniensis NRRL Y-8257 (CBS 8504), and Candida trypodendroni NRRL Y-6488 (CBS 8505). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kurtzman, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 44 IS 10 BP 965 EP 973 DI 10.1139/cjm-44-10-965 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 157WP UT WOS:000078084900008 PM 9933915 ER PT J AU Bail, DP Knott, DR Zale, J AF Bail, DP Knott, DR Zale, J TI The transfer of leaf rust resistance from Triticum timopheevii to durum and bread wheat and the location of one gene ore chromosome 1A SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Triticum timopheevii; leaf rust resistance; durum wheat; bread wheat ID HEXAPLOID WHEAT; INHERITANCE AB Triticurn timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. is noted for its resistance to diseases including leaf and stem rust of wheat. Only one gene (Lr18) for leaf rust resistance has been transferred from T. timopheevii to bread wheat. The objectives of this work were to study the inheritance of leaf rust resistance in five accessions of T. timopheevii and to transfer genes for resistance into durum and bread wheats. A diallel set of crosses was made among five T. timopheevii accessions that gave a fleck infection type with an isolate of leaf rust race CBB. None of the Fa populations of the 10 crosses segregated for resistance, indicating that the five accessions all had at least one gene for resistance in common. Several accessions were crossed and backcrossed twice to durum and to bread wheat. At least three genes for leaf rust resistance were transferred to durum wheal: and one to bread wheat. The gene transferred to bread wheat and one of those transferred to durum wheat conditioned good resistance to a set of 10 diverse races of leaf rust. Resistance conditioned by all three genes was dominant in durum wheat but the one gene was recessive in bread wheat. Monosomic analysis of the bread wheat line showed that the gene is on chromosome 1A. It should be useful in breeding for leaf rust resistance in both durum and bread wheat. C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Crop Sci & Plant Ecol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. ARS, USDA, SP Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. RP Knott, DR (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Crop Sci & Plant Ecol, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGR INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA SUITE 907 151 SLATER ST, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-4220 J9 CAN J PLANT SCI JI Can. J. Plant Sci. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 78 IS 4 BP 683 EP 687 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 149PE UT WOS:000077613400030 ER PT J AU Solano, GI Bautista, E Molitor, TW Segales, J Pijoan, C AF Solano, GI Bautista, E Molitor, TW Segales, J Pijoan, C TI Effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection on the clearance of Haemophilus parasuis by porcine alveolar macrophages SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE LA English DT Article ID PATHOGENESIS; SWINE AB Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in young piglets is frequently associated with secondary infection due to various pathogens, especially those of the respiratory tract. One of the most important mechanisms in respiratory diseases is related to the alteration of function of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), The objective of this study was to determine how PRRS virus infection affects the capabilities of PAMs in the phagocytosis and destruction of Haemophilus parasuis, Phagocytosis percentages were determined in vitro and ex vivo, after collected PAMs were directly exposed to the virus or if PAMs were collected from piglets previously infected with PRRSV, In vitro experiments demonstrated that H. parasuis uptake by PAMs is only increased in the early stages of PRRSV infection (2 h post-infection), In contrast, in the ex vivo experiments it was shown that PAMs from PRRSV-infected piglets do not seem to change in their phagocytic rate until the later stages of infection, Together with a decrease in the phagocytic rate, a marked decrease in the functional ability of PAMs to kill bacteria was observed 7 d post-infection. It is hypothesized that when animals are exposed to PRRSV, there is a marked decrease in the functional ability of PAMs to kill bacteria through the release of superoxide anion, indicating a possible negative effect of the virus, at least at the macrophage level. C1 Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. UAB, Fac Vet, UD Anat Patol, Bellaterra, Spain. ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Pijoan, C (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Rm 385,Anim Sci Vet Med Bldg,1988 Fitch Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Segales, Joaquim/A-4933-2011 NR 12 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU CANADIAN VET MED ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERLY ALLEN-MCGILL, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1R 7K1, CANADA SN 0830-9000 J9 CAN J VET RES JI Can. J. Vet. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. Vet. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 251 EP 256 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 129QL UT WOS:000076474400003 PM 9798089 ER EF