FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Meola, S Meola, R Barhoumi, R Miles, JM Burghardt, RC AF Meola, S Meola, R Barhoumi, R Miles, JM Burghardt, RC TI Laser cytometric analysis of permethrin toxicity in insect and mammalian epithelial cells SO TOXIC SUBSTANCE MECHANISMS LA English DT Article ID PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES; INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION; CELLULAR GLUTATHIONE; BRAIN SYNAPTOSOMES; RAT; ASSAY; CARCINOGENICITY; FENVALERATE; MECHANISMS; INHIBITION AB Insect epithelial cell Lines derived from Anopheles gambiae and Aedes albopictus mosquito larvae and a clonal rat liver cell line (Clone 9) were exposed to the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. There is ample evidence that permethrin acts primarily on nerve cells by modulating voltage-activated sodium channels, but little is known of its possible effects on nonexcitable cells. In this study, endpoints of cellular injury in epithelial cell lines were evaluated by laser cytometry. Kinetic analyses of intracellular glutathione, intracellular Ca2+ content, reactive oxygen species production mitochondrial and plasma membrane potentials, intracellular pH, and gap junctional intercellular communication:on were performed. The permethrin concentrations that resulted in. 50% inhibition. of cell proliferation at 72 h (IC50) for Anopheles gambiae and Aedes albopictus cells were 15 nM and 300 nM respectively. The rat Clone 9 cells did not shout any growth inhibition when treated with permethrin even at the highest concentration used (10 mu M). Anopheles gambiae cells treated at the IC50 concentration for 1 h at room temperature exhibited changes only in the plasma membrane potential values, indicating toxin-induced sustained depolarization. C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,VERU,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET ANAT & PUBL HLTH,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLL VET MED,IMAGE ANAL LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. OI Burghardt, Robert/0000-0003-1021-8444 NR 34 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 1076-9188 J9 TOX SUBST MECH JI Tox. Subst. Mech. PD JUL-SEP PY 1997 VL 16 IS 3 BP 237 EP 249 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA XF286 UT WOS:A1997XF28600004 ER PT J AU Way, TR Kishimoto, T Burt, EC Bailey, AC AF Way, TR Kishimoto, T Burt, EC Bailey, AC TI Tractor tire aspect ratio effects on soil stresses and rut depths SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil compaction; soil dynamics; tires; dynamic load; inflation pressure; tractive efficiency; tractive performance; net traction; soil-wheel interaction; sensors AB A 580/70R38 tractor drive tire with an aspect ratio of 0.756 and a 650/75R32 tire with an aspect ratio of 0.804 were operated at two dynamic loads and two inflation pressures on a sandy loam and a clay loam with loose soil above a hardpan. Soil stresses were determined just above the hardpan beneath the centerlines and edges of the tires. Rut depths were measured at the centerline and edge of each tire track. The octahedral shear stress and rut depth were nor significantly different for the tires. The peak octahedral normal stress was not significantly different for the two tires when the dynamic loan was 17.2 kN, but was significantly greater for the 650/75R32 tire when the dynamic load was 30.9 kN, Soil stresses and rut depths increased with increasing dynamic load at constant inflation pressure, and with increasing inflation pressure at constant dynamic lend. Net traction and tractive efficiency decreased with increasing inflation pressure at constant dynamic load. At constant inflation pressure, tractive efficiency increased with increasing dynamic load. In comparisons of the centerline and edge locations, soil stresses were significantly less beneath the edges than the centerlines of the tires. Ratios of the mean stress beneath the centerline To the mean beneath the edge for four combinations of dynamic load and inflation pressure ranged from, 2.18 to 3.77 for the peak octahedral normal stress and 1.76 to 3.18 for the corresponding octahedral shear stress. Ratios of the rut depth at the centerline to the edge ranged from 1.04 to 1.49. In summary, for these two tires with their slightly different aspect ratios, no fundamental differences were found that would clearly indicate that one tire was better than the other. C1 OBIHIRO UNIV AGR & VET MED,FAC AGR & VET MED,DEPT AGROENVIRONM SCI,OBIHIRO,HOKKAIDO 080,JAPAN. RP Way, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NSDL,POB 3439,AUBURN,AL 36831, USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 871 EP 881 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA XW213 UT WOS:A1997XW21300002 ER PT J AU Colvin, TS Jaynes, DB Karlen, DL Laird, DA Ambuel, JR AF Colvin, TS Jaynes, DB Karlen, DL Laird, DA Ambuel, JR TI Yield variability within a central Iowa field SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE precision farming; GPS; site-specific farming; yield variability; corn; soybean; soil quality; CAD ID SOILS AB Technologies to support precision farming (PF) began to emerge in 1989 when the Global Positioning System (GPS) became available to a limited extent and was tested as a means for locating farm equipment within fields. Substantial PF technology is available with rapidly decreasing costs and increasing capabilities. However, one major class of information that is missing is a method for determining how much material to apply or what action to take as a result of a specific condition at any position within a field Developing this information will require knowing the spatial and temporal variability of plant response and will most likely be obtained by measuring yield variability. This field study was designed to quantify yield variability within a 16 ha field which has had consistent practices for several years. Crop yields showed a coefficient of variation ranging from near 12% in 1989 and 1992 to over 30% in 1990 and 1993. Rankings of the long-term relative yield for 224 locations were not stable even after 6 years when recalculated each year Many PF scenarios are based on the assumption of a stable yield pattern within a field but only a few points in this field have exhibited such a pattern, Perhaps stable patterns will eventually emerge, but the time frame for this to occur may be quire long. Overall, this study suggests that implementation of PF practices within the Clarion-Nicollet-Webster soil association area will reveal both difficulties and opportunities. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR & BIOSYST ENGN,AMES,IA 50011. RP Colvin, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 23 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 883 EP 889 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA XW213 UT WOS:A1997XW21300003 ER PT J AU Barker, GL Laird, JW AF Barker, GL Laird, JW TI Effect of temperature on the drying rate of gin run cotton seed SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE cotton; moisture content; temperature; drying; cotton seed; processing; models ID EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE-CONTENT; LINT MOISTURE; REGAIN RATES; COMPONENTS AB Moisture control during the harvesting, storage, and processing phases of cotton production is essential for producing a quality product. Basic information relating environmental parameters to equilibrium moisture content and the moisture transfer rates for cotton and its component parts will lead to a better understanding of the processes involved and design and control criteria for cotton conditioning equipment. This report depicts the moisture desorption rates for gin run cotton seed. Absorption values are shown for temperatures of 20 and 35 degrees C and desorption values for temperatures ranging from 20 to 130 degrees C (68-266 degrees F). The desorption (drying) moisture data were plotted against rime and found to be exponential in nature. Nonlinear I egression analysis was used to fit the value of the coefficients in the theoretical falling rate equation to the experimental data. The desorption (drying) data fit the theoretical falling rate (exponential decay) function reasonably well, especially at temperatures above 100 degrees C. Temperature significantly affected the coefficient containing the diffusivity parameter in the nonlinear equations. A generalized solution of the falling rate equation was developed as a function of absolute temperature, which should be suitable for engineering calculations. Results indicate that moisture absorption by cotton seed undergoes two absorption phases. The first absorption phase appears to be physical in nature and approximates the curves of other biological materials. The second phase, which shows an increased moisture absorption rate after a leveling off period, may indicate increased metabolic activity. RP Barker, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS,CPPRU,RT 3,BOX 215,LUBBOCK,TX 79401, USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 891 EP 896 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA XW213 UT WOS:A1997XW21300004 ER PT J AU Ascough, JC Baffaut, C Nearing, MA Liu, BY AF Ascough, JC Baffaut, C Nearing, MA Liu, BY TI The WEPP watershed model .1. Hydrology and erosion SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE WEPT; soil erosion; watersheds; modeling; water quality; erosion models ID INFILTRATION; RAIN AB The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) watershed scale model is a continuous simulation tool that extends the capability of the WEPP hillslope model to provide erosion prediction technology for small cropland and rangeland watersheds. The model is based on fundamentals of erosion theory, soil and plant science, channel flow hydraulics, and rainfall-runoff relationships, and contains hillslopes, channels, and impoundments as the primary components. The hillslope and channel components can be further divided into hydrology and erosion components. Channel infiltration is calculated by a Green-Ampt Mein-Larson infiltration equation. A continuous channel water balance is maintained, including calculation of evapotranspiration, soil wafer percolation, canopy rainfall interception, and surface depressional storage. The channel peak runoff rate is calculated using either a modified Rational equation or the equation used in the CREAMS model. Flow depth and hydraulic shear stress along the channel are computed by regression equations based on a numerical solution of the steady state spatially varied flow equations. Detachment, transport, and deposition within constructed channels or concentrated flow gullies are calculated by a steady state solution to the sediment continuity equation. The impoundment component routes runoff and sediment through several types of impoundment structures, including farm ponds, culverts, filter fences, and check darns. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the model conceptual framework and structure. In addition, detailed mathematical representations of the processes simulated by the channel hydrology and erosion components are presented. The processes simulated by The impoundment component are not described in this article, but it does include impoundment effects on watershed model channel peak discharge and time of concentration calculations. C1 USDA ARS,MWA,NATL SOIL EROS RES LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. RP Ascough, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,NPA,GPSRU,301 S HOWES,POB E,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 43 TC 76 Z9 81 U1 6 U2 27 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 921 EP 933 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA XW213 UT WOS:A1997XW21300007 ER PT J AU Baffaut, C Nearing, MA Ascough, JC Liu, B AF Baffaut, C Nearing, MA Ascough, JC Liu, B TI The WEPP watershed model .2. Sensitivity analysis and discretization on small watersheds SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE WEPP; sensitivity analysis; discretization; runoff; erosion; modeling; hydrology ID EROSION MODEL AB The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) watershed scale model was developed by the USDA for purposes of erosion assessment and conservation planning. The purpose of this study was to verify that the watershed model behaves rationally and consistently over a range of discretization structures and channel parameter inputs for applications to small watersheds. Effects of watershed discretization were evaluated for selected events within a one-year continuous simulation by comparing results for two watersheds under various discretization schemes, Impacts of channel input parameters were assessed by comparing the value of a linear sensitivity coefficient for user-specified parameters. Hillslope length, Manning's coefficients, and channel slope were found to be key parameters in the prediction of watershed sediment yields. Erodibility and critical shear stress were found to be important for events where channel scour was active, and the results were sensitive to the hydraulic conductivity for events with small runoff and small sediment contributions from hillslopes. Improvements in the WEPP model are suggested where limitations were observed. C1 PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,MWA,NSERL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. USDA ARS,GREAT PLAINS SYST RES UNIT,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. NR 18 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 935 EP 943 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA XW213 UT WOS:A1997XW21300008 ER PT J AU Liu, BY Nearing, MA Baffaut, C Ascough, JC AF Liu, BY Nearing, MA Baffaut, C Ascough, JC TI The WEPP watershed model .3. Comparisons to measured data from small watersheds SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE hydrology; modeling; runoff; soil erosion; watersheds; WEPP ID EFFECTIVE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITIES; SOIL-EROSION MODEL; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; RANGELAND APPLICATIONS; CURVE NUMBERS; PARAMETERS; RUNOFF; CROPS AB The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) watershed scale model was developer! by the USDA for purposes of erosion assessment and conservation planning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the WEPP watershed model applicability and prediction accuracy for small watersheds (0.34-5.14 ha) under different climate, topography, soil, and management regimes. No calibration was conducted to obtain the results. Only default model parameters were used. Data from 15 watersheds in six U.S. locations were compared To runoff and sediment yield estimates using WEPP95. The r(2) values between measured and predicted total runoff and sediment yield for the 15 watersheds were 0.86 and 0.91, respectively. The r(2) between measured and predicted event data for individual watersheds ranged from 0.01 to 0.85 for runoff and from 0.02 to 0.90 for sediment. Cumulative frequency distributions for predicted values of event runoff and sediment matched those for measured values with some exceptions. Improvements in the WEPP model are suggested where limitations were observed. C1 USDA ARS,NSERL,MWA,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. USDA ARS,GREAT PLAINS SYST RES UNIT,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. NR 26 TC 43 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 945 EP 952 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA XW213 UT WOS:A1997XW21300009 ER PT J AU Camp, CR Bauer, PJ Hunt, PG AF Camp, CR Bauer, PJ Hunt, PG TI Subsurface drip irrigation lateral spacing and management for cotton in the southeastern Coastal Plain SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE lateral spacing; fiber quality; tensiometers; nitrate; crop growth model ID NITROGEN; MATURITY; YIELD AB The cost of drip irrigation can be reduced by using both wider lateral spacings and the same laterals for multiple years, as with subsurface placement. Multiple, low-rate fertilizer and water applications may reduce N fertilizer needs by improving efficiency and limiting the potential for leaching. The combination of these technologies may make drip irrigation of cotton profitable. Four years of continuous cotton and two years of cotton rotated with peanut were evaluated. Two subsurface drip irrigation lateral spacings (every row, 1 m, and alternate furrow, 2 m) and three sidedress-nitrogen methods (STD, single application of 112 kg/ha; INC, 112 kg/ha in five equal applications; and GOS, applications determined by GOSSYM/COMAX) were evaluated for cotton during 1991-1994. Two of the sidedress-nitrogen methods (STD and GOS) were evaluated for a rainfall-only treatment Lint yields did not differ between the lateral spacings in any year Yields for irrigated treatments were 16 and 65% greater than rainfall-only yields in 1992 and 1993, respectively. The GOSSYM/COMAX-managed nitrogen treatment received 30% less nitrogen fertilizer than other treatments, but had similar lint yield. Several fiber physical properties were affected by irrigation and nitrogen, but these effects were small and inconsistent. For continuous cotton, or cotton rotated with peanut, the wider lateral spacing is preferred to the every-row spacing because of its lower initial cost (a:bout 30%). The combination of lower system cost, longer system life, and lower N-fertilizer requirements could make subsurface drip irrigation of cotton profitable for southeastern Coastal Plain soils, and reduce the potential for ground water contamination. RP Camp, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS,COASTAL PLAINS SOIL WATER & PLANT RES CTR,2611 W LUCAS ST,FLORENCE,SC 29501, USA. NR 21 TC 42 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 993 EP 999 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA XW213 UT WOS:A1997XW21300015 ER PT J AU Camp, CR Sadler, EJ Busscher, WJ AF Camp, CR Sadler, EJ Busscher, WJ TI A comparison of uniformity measures for drip irrigation systems SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE drip/trickle/micro irrigation; emitter flow; Uniformity coefficient; emitter plugging; simulation; distribution uniformity AB Three drip irrigation systems were installed in 1984, two with laterals on the soil surface and one with laterals about 0.30 m below the soil surface. These systems were used to apply irrigation water and nutrients to several experiments from 1985 to 1992. Emitter plugging, system uniformity, and overall performance were evaluated for both surface and subsurface systems using several methods, and the results were compared To those obtained for unused tubing that had been saved from the original lot. Emitter uniformity values calculated for the unused laterals by the traditional and ASAE EP458 methods were similar bur differences between parameter values calculated by the Two methods were greater for the used laterals, especially in the subsurface system. All uniformity values were lower for the subsurface system, primarily because of plugged emitters. Uniformity values calculated by the EP458 method (randomly selected emitters) indicate lower emitter uniformity for the used laterals in the subsurface system, but these values were not as low as those calculated using all emitters on three laterals for that system. These values indicate that the EP458 method may not always reflect true system uniformity, probably because of the small sample size and existence of completely plugged emitters. Correction of emitter flow rates for temporal pressure variation among test times improved uniformity parameter values slightly. Uniformity values predicted by design/evaluation models were similar for both surface and subsurface systems, and generally indicate better system uniformity than values calculated from emitter flow measurements. The models were unable to predict reliable uniformity values for systems because of their inability to handle emitter plugging. Based on these results, it appears that both traditional and ASAE EP458 methods can be used to evaluate drip irrigation systems, but the EP458 method generally indicates lower uniformity and should be used carefully for systems where completely plugged emitters may exist. When emitter plugging occurs, the accuracy of predictions by either method will depend primarily upon the number of emitters measured and the extent of plugging. Entry of soil particles into this eight-year-old subsurface system during construction and/or repair operations probably caused the observed emitter plugging, which emphasizes the need for exercising great care in installation and maintenance of subsurface systems ifa long system life (10-15 years) is expected. RP Camp, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS,COASTAL PLAINS SOIL WATER & PLANT RES CTR,2611 W LUCAS ST,FLORENCE,SC 29501, USA. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1013 EP 1020 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA XW213 UT WOS:A1997XW21300017 ER PT J AU Schmidt, GM Smajstrla, AG Zazueta, FS AF Schmidt, GM Smajstrla, AG Zazueta, FS TI Long-term variability of monthly total precipitation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE precipitation; probability distribution; long-term trend; stochastic weather generator; GCM; model validation ID MODELS AB A methodology was developed to quantify long-term temporal variability of monthly total precipitation. Ninety-three years of data from four weather stations on the Florida peninsula were used. This peninsula, covered by a single 8 degrees x 10 degrees grid of the NASA/GISS atmospheric GCM, is a transitional climatological region, influenced on a seasonal basis by mid-latitude continental fronts, convective thunderstorms and tropical disturbances. Traditional statistical descriptors suggested that the distribution of monthly total precipitation was highly non-Gaussian. A gamma probability density function was successfully fit to the historical data and used to investigate the possible presence of long-term trends. These findings suggested that the distribution of monthly total precipitation rather than the mean and standard deviation, should be used in weather and climate model development and validation. This methodology also may be applicable to sub-grid scale spatial variability of monthly precipitation. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT AGR & BIOL ENGN,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1029 EP 1039 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA XW213 UT WOS:A1997XW21300019 ER PT J AU Lowrance, R Vellidis, G Wauchope, RD Gay, P Bosch, DD AF Lowrance, R Vellidis, G Wauchope, RD Gay, P Bosch, DD TI Herbicide transport in a managed riparian forest buffer system SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE herbicides; pesticides; runoff; riparian forests; grass buffer strips ID ATRAZINE; ALACHLOR AB The effect of a riparian forest buffer system (RFBS) on transport of two herbicides, atrazine and alachlor, was studied during 1992-1994. Herbicides were applied to an upland corn crop in March of each year The buffer system was managed based on USDA recommendations and averaged 50 m in width. The system included a grass buffer strip immediately adjacent to the field (Zone 3); a managed pine forest downslope from the grass buffer (Zone 2); and a narrow hardwood forest containing the stream channel system (Zone I). After the first year of the study, the managed forest was clear-cut in 1/3 and thinned in 1/3 of Zone 2. The other 1/3 of Zone 2 was left as mature for est. Most of the herbicide transport in surface runoff occurred before 30 June with about 25 cm of cumulative rainfall after herbicide application. During this period of higher herbicide transport, atrazine and alachlor concentrations averaging 34.1 mu g L-1 and 9.1 mu g L-1 at the field edge, respectively, were reduced to 1 mu g L-1 or less as runoff neared the stream. There were generally no differences among the mature forest and the two treatment areas (clear-cut and thinned) for either concentration or load in surface runoff Using precipitation data collected on site, the effects of dilution versus other concentration reduction factors (infiltration, adsorption) was estimated for surface runoff. Concentration reduction was greatest per meter of flow length in the grass buffer adjacent to the field. There was only minor transport of herbicides through the buffer system in shallow groundwater and little difference between the Zone 2 treatment areas. In 1992 and 1993, herbicide concentrations in shallow groundwater in the RFBS and at the edge-of-field were generally at or below detection limits. In 1994, well concentrations of both herbicides increased, probably in response to infiltration of surface runoff containing high herbicide concentrations. Average herbicide concentrations were at or below detection limits in groundwater near the stream for most of 1994. Keywords. Herbicides, Pesticides, Runoff Riparian forests, Grass buffer,strips. C1 UNIV GEORGIA, COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN, TIFTON, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, NEMATODES WEEDS & CROPS RES UNIT, TIFTON, GA 31793 USA. RP Lowrance, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE WATERSHED RES LAB, POB 946, TIFTON, GA 31793 USA. NR 21 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1047 EP 1057 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA XW213 UT WOS:A1997XW21300021 ER PT J AU Rajeshwar, B Bender, DA Bray, DE McDonald, KA AF Rajeshwar, B Bender, DA Bray, DE McDonald, KA TI An ultrasonic technique for predicting tensile strength of Southern Pine lumber SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE lumber grades; ultrasound; southern pine AB The goal of this research was to develop nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technology to enhance mechanical stress rating of lumber An ultrasonic NDE technique was developed that is sensitive to grain angle and edge knots in lumber - two primary determinants of lumber strength. The presence of edge knots increased the acoustic wave travel rime and selectively attenuated the higher frequency ultrasonic energy. NDE measurements and tension tests were performed on 200 pieces of nominal 50 x 150 mm Southern Pine lumber Statistical models were developed from localized stress wave indices to predict lumber tensile strength. The ultrasonic method compared favorably with other NDE methods, including static modulus of elasticity (MOE), impact stress wave MOE and transverse vibration MOE. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT MECH ENGN,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. US FOREST SERV,MADISON,WI. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1153 EP 1159 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA XW213 UT WOS:A1997XW21300035 ER PT J AU Li, ZJ Jarret, RL Demski, JW AF Li, ZJ Jarret, RL Demski, JW TI Engineered resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus in transgenic peanut expressing the viral nucleocapsid gene SO TRANSGENIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE peanut; engineered virus resistance; tomato spotted wilt virus; transformation; nucleocapsid; gene expression ID PLANTS; INFECTION; EPIDEMICS; PROTEIN; TOBACCO; RNA; DNA AB The nucleocapsid gene of tomato spotted wilt virus Hawaiian L isolate in a sense orientation, and the GUS and NPTII marker genes, were introduced into peanut (Arachis hypogaea cv. New Mexico Valencia A) using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Modifications to a previously defined transformation protocol reduced the time required for production of transformed peanut plants. Transgenes were stably integrated into the peanut genome and transmitted to progeny. RNA expression and production of nucleocapsid protein in transgenic peanut were observed. Progeny of transgenic peanut plants expressing the nucleocapsid gene showed a 10- to IS-day delay in symptom development after mechanical inoculations with the donor isolate of tomato spotted wilt virus. All transgenic plants were protected from systemic tomato spotted wilt virus infection. Inoculated non-transformed control plants and plants transformed with a gene cassette not containing the nucleocapsid gene became systemically infected and displayed typical tomato spotted wilt virus symptoms. These results demonstrate that protection against tomato spotted wilt virus can be achieved in transgenic peanut plants by expression of the sense RNA of the tomato spotted wilt virus nucleocapsid gene. C1 ARS,USDA,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,GEORGIA EXPT STN,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. NR 20 TC 30 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0962-8819 J9 TRANSGENIC RES JI Transgenic Res. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 6 IS 4 BP 297 EP 305 DI 10.1023/A:1018462729127 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA XK534 UT WOS:A1997XK53400006 ER PT J AU Wisniewski, M Sauter, J Fuchigami, L Stepien, V AF Wisniewski, M Sauter, J Fuchigami, L Stepien, V TI Effects of near-lethal heat stress on bud break, heat-shock proteins and ubiquitin in dormant poplar (Populus nigra Charkowiensis x P-nigra incrassata) SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bud dormancy; ecodormancy; endodormancy; near-lethal stress; woody; plants ID RED-OSIER DOGWOOD; PERSICA L BATSCH; COLD-HARDINESS; TEMPERATURE STRESS; PLANTS; PEACH; CHLAMYDOMONAS; POLYPEPTIDES; ACCLIMATION; DEGRADATION AB We assessed the effects of near-lethal heat stress on bud break, heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and ubiquitin in hybrid poplar (Populus nigra (L.) Charkowiensis x P. nigra (L.) incrassata). Shoots, with 10-15 buds each, were collected from September to March and exposed to temperatures between 20 and 60 degrees C for 2 h. Shoots were then placed in a greenhouse at 18-22 degrees C with supplemental light and cumulative bud break was recorded over a 4-week period. Samples of bud tissues were collected during and up to 96 h after heat treatment for protein analysis. De novo synthesis of proteins was monitored by exposing excised buds to [S-35]-methionine for 3 h before, during, or after heat treatment. Heat treatments of 40-45 degrees C resulted in both a release from endodormancy and a decrease in thermal units needed for bud break during ecodormancy. The response to near-lethal heat stress was complex and was affected by intrinsic thermal sensitivity. Heat treatments were least effective during August and became progressively more effective as endodormancy progressed. In the later stages of ecodormancy, a heat treatment of 45 degrees C either inhibited bud break or killed the buds. Although temperatures of 42.5 to 45 degrees C inhibited incorporation of [S-35]-methionine into proteins for at least 48 h, several HSPs were synthesized in response to temperatures of 40-45 degrees C. Immunoblots indicated that one of the heat-induced proteins was immunologically related to HSP70. Increases in free and conjugated forms of ubiquitin were also observed in response to heat treatment. Production of HSPs and ubiquitin, however, was not consistently associated with the heat treatments that induced the highest percent age of bud break. The roles of heat-induced protein degradation, HSPs, and ubiquitin in overcoming dormancy by near-lethal heat stress are discussed. C1 CHRISTIAN ALBRECHTS UNIV KIEL,INST BOT,D-24098 KIEL,GERMANY. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Wisniewski, M (reprint author), ARS,USDA,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 38 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 17 IS 7 BP 453 EP 460 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XK345 UT WOS:A1997XK34500005 ER PT J AU Zhang, JW Feng, Z Cregg, BM Schumann, CM AF Zhang, JW Feng, Z Cregg, BM Schumann, CM TI Carbon isotopic composition, gas exchange, and growth of three populations of ponderosa pine differing in drought tolerance SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon isotope ratio; net photosynthesis; Pinus ponderosa; relative growth rate; stomatal conductance; water-use efficiency; xylem pressure potential ID WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; NEEDLE MORPHOLOGY; GREAT-BASIN; PLANTS; DISCRIMINATION; GENOTYPES AB Effects of water supply on gas exchange, carbon isotopic composition, and relative growth rate were compared among seedlings from three populations of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) grown in a controlled environment chamber. The three populations were chosen to represent high, moderate and low drought tolerance. There was no indication that drought tolerance was related to high water-use efficiency. Populations differed (P < 0.05) in relative growth rate (RGR), but did not differ (P > 0.10) in gas exchange variables or carbon isotope ratio (delta(13)C). Well-watered seedlings had significantly higher RGR, xylem pressure potential (Psi(xpp)), net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance to water vapor (g), and lower delta(13)C and instantaneous water-use efficiency than water-stressed seedlings. With decreasing Psi(xpp), A decreased linearly, whereas g decreased exponentially. Seedlings of the highly drought-tolerant population were more sensitive to water availability than seedlings from the other populations; they used water quickly when water was available, but closed their stomata in response to water stress. We conclude that, in ponderosa pine, the drought avoidance mechanism is more important for survival and growth in arid and semiarid environments than the efficient use of water. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,NATL AGROFORESTRY CTR,ROCKY MT RES STN,USDA,FOREST SERV,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP Zhang, JW (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT FORESTRY FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,E CAMPUS,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 34 TC 79 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 21 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 17 IS 7 BP 461 EP 466 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XK345 UT WOS:A1997XK34500006 ER PT J AU McDonald, PM Fiddler, GO AF McDonald, PM Fiddler, GO TI Vegetation trends in a young ponderosa pine plantation treated by manual release and mulching SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE cost; manual release; mulches; northern California; plant community dynamics; pine seedlings AB On an above-average site in northern California, a complex plant community was treated by manual release in 2- and 5-foot radii, one and three times. Mulching with a small (3-foot square) paper ! asphalt mulch and a control were additional treatments. Results for a 10-year period are presented for shrubs, a subshrub (whipplea), ferns, forbs, and grasses. No single category of competing vegetation dominated during the study, and competition to planted ponderosa pines was from all vegetation combined. In spite of large amounts of competing vegetation, the pines dominated in all trials, especially if the treated area was large and the treatment was often. Ponderosa pine seedlings in plots grubbed to a 5-foot radius three times had statistically larger diameters and heights than counterparts in almost all other treatments. The cost of applying this treatment was $402 per acre, the highest of all treatments, but reasonable compared to similar application in other plant communities. Much information on density, foliar cover, and height of each category of vegetation is presented, which in turn portrays changes in a developing plant community in a young ponderosa pine plantation. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Silviculture Lab, Redding, CA 96001 USA. RP McDonald, PM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Silviculture Lab, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU USDA FOREST SERVICE PI BERKELEY PA PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STN PO BOX 245, BERKELEY, CA 94701-0245 USA SN 0363-5988 J9 USDA FOR SERV PSW R JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Southwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD JUL PY 1997 IS 234 BP 1 EP + PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZF913 UT WOS:000072945800001 ER PT J AU Kelley, LC Mahaffey, EA Bounous, DI Antczak, DF Brooks, RL AF Kelley, LC Mahaffey, EA Bounous, DI Antczak, DF Brooks, RL TI Detection of equine and bovine T- and B-lymphocytes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bovine; cluster of differentiation; equine; immunohistochemistry; leukocyte antigens; Western blotting ID NON-HODGKINS LYMPHOMAS; INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; LEUKOCYTE ANTIGENS; CELL; MARKER; B29; REACTIVITY; PROTEINS; SUBSETS AB Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of equine and bovine lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and Peyer's patches were incubated with monoclonal antibodies to B-lymphocyte markers BLA.36, B29, and mb-1 and T-lymphocyte markers CD3 and CD5. The monoclonal antibody BLA.36 reacted with 80-90% of lymphocytes in the germinal centers and mantle zones of follicles in lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patches. In addition, 90% of lymphocytes in the marginal zone of the spleen, and variable numbers of lymphocytes within lymph node medullary cords were immunopositive for BLA.36. Antibodies to B29 and mb-1 produced similar staining patterns as BLA.36 with fewer positive cells in the germinal centers and medullary cords. BLA.36, B29, and mb-1 reacted with 30-50% of lymphocytes in the medulla of the thymus and with 5-10% of lymphocytes in the cortex. CD3 and CD5 reacted with 90% of lymphocytes in the paracortex and parafollicular zones of lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patches; 40-50% of lymphocytes in the medullary cords of lymph nodes, and scattered positive cells within follicles. Anti-CD3 antibody reacted with 95% of lymphocytes in the splenic red pulp, but antibodies directed against CD5 reacted only faintly with approximately 5-10% of lymphocytes in the red pulp. CD3 and CD5 reacted with 50-60% of cells in the medulla of the thymus and with 40-80% of lymphocytes in the thymic cortex. The biochemical characterization of the antibodies by Western blotting against lysates of equine and bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells confirmed that antibodies to BLA.36, mb-1, B29, CD3, and CD5 detected molecules of the same approximate molecular mass as found on lymphoid cells of human beings and rats. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET PATHOL,ATHENS,GA 30604. CORNELL UNIV,J A BAKER INST,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP Kelley, LC (reprint author), USDA,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,DIV PATHOL,EASTERN LAB,POB 6085,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 28 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 57 IS 3-4 BP 187 EP 200 PG 14 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA XP004 UT WOS:A1997XP00400004 PM 9261958 ER PT J AU Burke, EJ Gurney, RJ Simmonds, LP Jackson, TJ AF Burke, EJ Gurney, RJ Simmonds, LP Jackson, TJ TI Calibrating a soil water and energy budget model with remotely sensed data to obtain quantitative information about the soil SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE EMISSION; MOISTURE; PARAMETERS AB A soil water energy and transpiration model (SWEAT) coupled with a microwave emission model (MICRO-SWEAT) was used to predict the microwave brightness temperature of both bare and corn plots during a drying cycle. The predicted microwave brightness temperatures compared favorably to measurements made with an L band (21 cm, 1.4 GHz) passive microwave radiometer. In addition, SWEAT successfully modeled time series of soil water content and soil temperature. The modeled brightness temperature for the bare soil was most sensitive to the parameters describing the soil water retention and conductivity characteristics. These were predicted by varying each parameter in turn until there was a minimum between the measured and modeled brightness temperature. The predicted parameters were in agreement with the measured values to within the experimental error. The microwave brightness temperatures estimated for the corn soil were sensitive to the vegetation parameters as well as to the soil hydraulic properties. C1 UNIV READING,ENVIRONM SYST SCI CTR,READING RG6 2DW,BERKS,ENGLAND. UNIV READING,DEPT SOIL SCI,READING RG6 2DW,BERKS,ENGLAND. USDA ARS,HYDROL SCI LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Burke, EJ (reprint author), INST HYDROL,WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB,OXON,ENGLAND. NR 23 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 33 IS 7 BP 1689 EP 1697 DI 10.1029/97WR01000 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XG958 UT WOS:A1997XG95800015 ER PT J AU Ferreira, JFS Smeda, RJ Duke, SO AF Ferreira, JFS Smeda, RJ Duke, SO TI Control of coca plants (Erythroxylum coca and E-novogranatense) with glyphosate SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine; coca, Erythroxylum coca var coca Lam and E-novogranatense var. novogranatense (Morris) Hieron; erythroxylaceae; illicit crops; narcotic plants ID LEAVES; WAXES AB Glyphosate applied at rates of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.1, 2.2, 3.4, 4.5, 6.7, 9.0, and 13.4 kg ai ha(-1) was evaluated for the control of greenhouse-grown Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and E. coca var. coca plants. Glyphosate reduced live weight of both species, 6 wk after treatment, at rates as low as 0.6 kg ha(-1), but was more effective in reducing live weight and regrowth on E. novogranatense than E. coca. Glyphosate at 1.1 kg ha(-1) killed 100% of E. novogranatense plants 5 mo after treatment. Glyphosate rates of 2.2 kg ha(-1) and higher reduced regrowth of E. coca plants 65 to 100%, independent of leaf age at time of spraying. Control of regrowth persisted For over 17 mo after treatment, with 37% of E. coca plants dying at rates of 13.4 kg ha(-1) between 6 mo and 1 yr after treatment. Glyphosate, applied up to 6.7 kg ha(-1), had no significant effect on regrowth of E. coca when plants were defoliated 24 h before treatment. Glyphosate at 2.2 kg ha(-1) effectively killed E. novogranatense plants and reduced leaf production of E. coca plants. RP Ferreira, JFS (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,SO WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 45 IS 4 BP 551 EP 556 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XM804 UT WOS:A1997XM80400015 ER PT J AU Szmedra, P AF Szmedra, P TI Banning 2,4-D and the phenoxy herbicides: potential economic impact SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE 2,4-D, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid; alfalfa, Medicago sativa L; barley, Hordeum vulgare L; peanut, Arachis lrypogaea L; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench; wheat, Triticum aestivum L; economic impact assessment; pesticide regulatory action; producer and consumer surplus; social welfare measures AB In response to concern by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) about the health effects of farmworker exposure to 2,4-D and the phenoxy class of herbicides, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) initiated a benefits assessment. in 1993 to determine the economic implications of a complete ban of these materials in agricultural and nonagricultural uses. About 55 million pounds of phenoxy herbicides are used annually in the United States, with 2,4-D comprising 86% of total use or about 47 million pounds of acid equivalent. The severest economic effects would be felt in major field crop applications and in alfalfa forage uses. The total loss of phenoxy herbicides in field crop applications could result in net societal losses, which combine producer and consumer effects of yield, cost, and price changes, approaching $1.2 billion. Greatest yield losses averaged over total planted acres under a total phenoxy herbicide loss scenario would be seen in peanut (13%), alfalfa (5.2%), barley (3.8%), sorghum (2.4%), and wheat (2.2%). Producers of orchard, vineyard, soft fruit, and nut crops could incur losses of $105 million. The estimated aggregate economic impact of losing phenoxy herbicides in the applications included in this paper is a loss of $1.3 billion. These estimates describe the yield and financial impacts of the initial production year after a cancellation. Subsequent years' losses and financial impacts would be less as farmers and markets adjust to the new production situation. C1 ECON RES SERV,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Szmedra, P (reprint author), UNIV S PACIFIC,DEPT ECON,SUVA,FIJI. NR 10 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 45 IS 4 BP 592 EP 598 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XM804 UT WOS:A1997XM80400022 ER PT J AU Richard, EP AF Richard, EP TI Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) control in fallow sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) fields SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atrazine, 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; glyphosate,N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine; metribuzin, 4-amino-6-(1-1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one; pendimethalin, N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3-4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine; sulfometuron, 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid; terbacil, 5-chloro-3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione; trifluralin, 2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine; johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. #(3) SORHA; sugarcane, interspecific hybrids of Saccharum 'CP 65-357' and 'CP 70-321'; allelopathy; glyphosate; metribuzin; pendimethalin; sulfometuron; terbacil; trifluralin; SACOF; SORHA ID ASULAM AB Soil-and foliar-applied herbicide treatments were evaluated for the control of seedling johnsongrass in the interim between row formation and the planting of fallowed sugarcane fields approximately 90 d later. Soil-surface applications of metribuzin at 1,680 g ai/ha, pendimethalin plus atrazine each at 2,240 g ai/ha, terbacil at 1,680 g ai/ha, and sulfometuron at 35 and 70 g ai/ha and an incorporated application of trifluralin at 2,240 g ai/ha followed by a surface application of atrazine at 2,240 g/ha did not consistently control seedling johnsongrass until the crop was planted. Rhizome johnsongrass populations originating from seedling johnsongrass that escaped the fallow treatments were lowest in the newly planted crop when sulfometuron at 140 to 280 g/ha was applied to the soil surface and when glyphosate was applied POST at 2,240 g ai/ha, particularly as a sequential treatment alone or as a spot treatment at 2% by volume following applications of metribuzin, terbacil, and pendimethalin or trifluralin with atrazine. Sugarcane shoot populations in the fall after planting and sugar yields at the end of the crop's first growing season were highest where fallow treatments minimized johnsongrass development. These treatments also provided broad spectrum control of other seedling weeds, the residues of which influenced crop development. RP Richard, EP (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUGARCANE RES UNIT,POB 470,HOUMA,LA 70361, USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1997 VL 11 IS 3 BP 410 EP 416 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XY341 UT WOS:A1997XY34100002 ER PT J AU Wauchope, RD Sumner, HR Dowler, CC AF Wauchope, RD Sumner, HR Dowler, CC TI A measurement of the total mass of spray and irrigation mixtures intercepted by small whole plants SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chlorpyrifos, O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)phosphorothioate); corn (Zea mays L. 'Deltapine G-4543'); cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. 'Georgia King'); chemigation; spray deposition; spray efficiency; spray adjuvant; spray volume; leaf area index; plant habit ID SPRINKLER-IRRIGATION; RETENTION; DRIFT; FATE; CHLORPYRIFOS; EFFICIENCY; DEPOSITION; RECOVERY; FOLIAGE AB A plant-weighing procedure was used to measure the total mass of spray mixture intercepted by small whole corn and cotton plants, Mixtures of water and water plus crop oil concentrate or spreader-sticker were applied at spray volumes of 280 to 28,000 L/ha. The plants were weighed before and after passing under the spray and leaf areas, and shoot fresh and dry weights for each plant were measured. Spray deposition increased with spray volumes but not proportionally, Corn plants were larger than cotton plants and retained more spray per plant; however, cotton retained more spray per unit leaf area. The two adjuvants had similar effects on deposition, tending to increase it in coin and decrease it in cotton. RP Wauchope, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NEMATODES WEEDS & CROPS RES UNIT,TIFTON,GA 31794, USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1997 VL 11 IS 3 BP 466 EP 472 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XY341 UT WOS:A1997XY34100009 ER PT J AU Buhler, DD AF Buhler, DD TI Effects of tillage and light environment on emergence of 13 annual weeds SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #(3)CHEAL; Pennsylvania smartweed, Polygonum pensylvanicum L. # POLPY; dark tillage; photodormancy; weed ecology; weed population dynamics; CHEAL; POLPY ID ALTERNATING TEMPERATURE; CHENOPODIUM-ALBUM; SEED-GERMINATION; SOIL; NITRATE; DORMANCY; SENSITIVITY; INDUCTION AB Seeds of many plant species require a brief exposure to light to induce germination, Modifying the light environment during soil tillage may alter weed emergence in agricultural systems, The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of secondary tillage conducted during daylight and at night on the emergence of 13 summer annual weed species under the same soil and environmental conditions, Annual grass and large-seeded broadleaf species showed Little response to light environment during tillage, However, emergence was often less when no tillage was conducted than with any tillage by light environment combination. Emergence of small-seeded broadleaf species often was lower when tillage was conducted during darkness than with tillage during the light. Reductions varied by experiment and species and ranged from 70% for common Lambsquarters to less than 30% for Pennsylvania smartweed. Large variations in response also occurred within species. RP Buhler, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 29 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 10 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1997 VL 11 IS 3 BP 496 EP 501 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XY341 UT WOS:A1997XY34100014 ER PT J AU Willits, S AF Willits, S TI Research relevance SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP Willits, S (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,USDA,PORTLAND,OR 97208, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 1997 VL 29 IS 3 BP 209 EP 209 PG 1 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA XG750 UT WOS:A1997XG75000001 ER PT J AU Wollenweber, E Buchmann, SL AF Wollenweber, E Buchmann, SL TI Feral honey bees in the Sonoran Desert: Propolis sources other than poplars (Populus spp.) SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID BRAZILIAN PROPOLIS; ORIGIN; CONSTITUENTS; BENZOFURANS; FLAVONOIDS; CHROMENES; ENCELIA; EXUDATE AB In Central Europe and other temperate regions the lipophilic bee hive product propolis normally originates from the bud exudate of poplar trees that is collected by the bees. Based on bee observations, various other sources have been discussed in particular for tropical regions, but in only few cases the origin has been proved by analytical methods. We have analyzed propolis samples from managed honey-bees as well as from feral bee colonies in the Sonoran Desert. Propolis collected in hives out of flight reach of poplars contained flavonoid aglycones and other phenolics that point to specific plants as the source of propolis in this area, namely Ambrosin deltoidea and Encelia farinosa. C1 ARS,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR,USDA,TUCSON,AZ 85719. RP Wollenweber, E (reprint author), TH DARMSTADT,INST BOT,SCHNITTSPAHNSTR 3,D-64287 DARMSTADT,GERMANY. NR 25 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 3 PU VERLAG Z NATURFORSCH PI TUBINGEN PA POSTFACH 2645, W-7400 TUBINGEN, GERMANY SN 0939-5075 J9 Z NATURFORSCH C JI Z.Naturforsch.(C) PD JUL-AUG PY 1997 VL 52 IS 7-8 BP 530 EP 535 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA XU370 UT WOS:A1997XU37000017 ER PT J AU Kiefer, JW Fenn, ME AF Kiefer, JW Fenn, ME TI Using vector analysis to assess nitrogen status of ponderosa and Jeffrey pine along deposition gradients in forests of southern California SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE fertilizer response; nitrogen deposition; nitrogen status; vector analysis; nitrogen saturation ID SAN-BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; AIR-POLLUTION; GROWTH; FERTILIZATION; AVAILABILITY; ECOSYSTEMS; SEEDLINGS AB The N status of the dominant pine species (Pinus ponderosa Laws. and P. jeffreyi Crev. & Balf) was determined at three plots in the San Gabriel Mountains and four plots in the San Bernardino Mountains. Research plots were located along two N deposition gradients. Tree N status was evaluated based on vector analysis of the foliar response to fertilization with ammonium nitrate. Fertilizer was applied at a rate of 500 kg N ha(-1) in the spring, and foliage was harvested and analyzed for dry mass, total N concentration and N content (needle mass x N concentration) at the end of the growing season. Unfertilized companion trees located in the vicinity of the fertilized toes served as controls. Vector analysis for Camp Paivika (CP), the westernmost site in the San Bernardino Mountains with the greatest N deposition, supported previous data suggesting that N is not growth limiting, and that available N is in excess of biotic demand. Results were inconclusive from Strawberry Peak (SP), another high-pollution site, albeit with lower N deposition than CP. Foliar N concentration at SP decreased with fertilization, possibly as a result of N dilution owing to foliar biomass increase. At two low-pollution sites on the eastern end of the San Bernardino Mountains, and at three mixed-conifer sites in the San Gabriel Mountains, vector analysis indicated that N was growth limiting. These results tentatively support the hypothesis that chronic N deposition greater than approximately 25 kg ha(-1) year(-1) in the transverse ranges of southern California has alleviated N deficiency and induced N saturation, whereas N deposition of 6-11kgha(-1) year(-1) has not. At Kratka (KR), a site in the San Gabriel Mountains with bulk throughfall deposition of approximately 11 kg N ha(-1) year(-1), P. jeffreyi trees were N-deficient based on vector analysis of foliar response to N fertilization. Although relatively high total N levels and NO3-:NH4+ ratios, and low C:N ratios in soil indicated that site N status may be improving at KR, soil N availability is still insufficient to satisfy N demand in Jeffrey pine. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC SW RES STN,FOREST FIRE LAB,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507. NR 44 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 30 PY 1997 VL 94 IS 1-3 BP 47 EP 59 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03983-7 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XG675 UT WOS:A1997XG67500005 ER PT J AU Moeur, M AF Moeur, M TI Spatial models of competition and gap dynamics in old-growth Tsuga heterophylla Thuja plicata forests SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE spatial pattern analysis; Ripley's K statistic; nearest-neighbor statistic; point process models ID TREES AB Stem-mapped plots in old-growth forests of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata) in northern Idaho, USA were analyzed using Ripley's K(d) function, nearest-neighbor function, and influence zone analyses. A conceptual model of old-growth forest development was formulated from the spatial pattern analyses, to guide the development of a mathematical model. In the conceptual model, cohorts of seedlings begin life established in clusters associated with canopy gaps created by the deaths of overstory trees. Then, as the trees within clusters increase in size, they begin to compete with their immediate neighbors. Density-dependent mortality thins the clusters and increases the distance between neighboring trees. Over time, this self-thinning behavior tends to drive stand spatial patterns from aggregation towards regular spacing as trees get larger or increase in competitive status. Preliminary results from a dynamic point process model are presented. The approach simulates the regeneration of seedlings in gaps and the dynamic spatial patterns resulting from competitive interactions between neighboring trees as a sequence of point processes. Main features of the model are stochastic assignment of gapmaker trees, a Poisson cluster process for regeneration establishment, and a progressive simple inhibition process for competition between neighboring trees. The model produces spatial patterns for regeneration and adult trees consistent with the conceptual model and with patterns observed in the field data. Refinements designed to improve model realism are discussed. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Moeur, M (reprint author), USDA FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,1221 S MAIN ST,MOSCOW,ID 83843, USA. NR 11 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 4 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 30 PY 1997 VL 94 IS 1-3 BP 175 EP 186 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03976-X PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XG675 UT WOS:A1997XG67500015 ER PT J AU Simkovic, I Laszlo, JA AF Simkovic, I Laszlo, JA TI Preparation of ion exchangers from bagasse by crosslinking with epichlorohydrin-NH4OH or epichlorohydrin-imidazole SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE lignocellulose; chemical modification; anion exchange; crosslinking; dye binding ID AMMONIUM GROUPS; DYE-BINDING; MEAL AB Sugar cane bagasse was crosslinked with epichlorohydrin in the presence of NH4OH or imidazole. The obtained water-insoluble products were characterized in terms of yield, anion-exchange capacity, packed volume, and dye-binding properties. Yields were highest using a 3 : 1 epichlorohydrin to NH4OH molar ratio, producing weak anion exchangers. The weak anion exchangers had low dye-binding capacities compared to their total anion-exchange capacities. A 2 : 1 epichlorohydrin-to-imidazole molar ratio proved best for making strong anion exchangers from bagasse. The strong anion exchangers had dye-binding capacities comparable to their anion-exchange capacities, indicating that they might be useful for removing anionic dyes from wastewater. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 ARS,USDA,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOMAT PROC RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. SLOVAK ACAD SCI,INST CHEM,BRATISLAVA 84238,SLOVAKIA. NR 15 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD JUN 27 PY 1997 VL 64 IS 13 BP 2561 EP 2566 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970627)64:13<2561::AID-APP9>3.0.CO;2-B PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA XA655 UT WOS:A1997XA65500009 ER PT J AU Abidi, SL Mounts, TL AF Abidi, SL Mounts, TL TI Reversed-phase separations of nitrogenous phospholipids on an octadecanoyl poly(vinyl alcohol) phase SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 87th Annual Meeting of American-Oil-Chemists-Society CY APR 28-MAY 01, 1996 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Oil Chem Soc DE stationary phases, LC; octadecanoyl poly(vinyl alcohol) stationary phase; phospholipids; phosphatidylcholine; phosphatidylethanolamine; sphingomyelin; lipids ID HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID; CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE AB Molecular species of nitrogenous phospholipids (PLs) phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), PE-derivatives and sphingomyelin (SP) were separated on an octadecanoyl poly(vinyl alcohol) (ODPVA) column by reversed-phase HPLC with UV and evaporative tight scattering detection (ELSD). Mobile phases employed variable proportions of acetonitrile, methanol and water. HPLC-UV of the polar Lipids yielded components with peak intensities somewhat different from those obtained by HPLC-ELSD despite discernible similarity in the peak profiles observed in the two detection systems. Incorporation of ammonium hydroxide in mobile phases resulted in a decrease in analyte retention. The mobile phase basicity effect on capacity factors of PE species was significantly greater than that of PC counterparts. The new ODPVA HPLC-ELSD technique was applied to the analysis of PC and PE molecular species in vegetable oils. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Abidi, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUN 27 PY 1997 VL 773 IS 1-2 BP 93 EP 101 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00239-2 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA XJ881 UT WOS:A1997XJ88100009 PM 9228794 ER PT J AU Kenyon, EM Hughes, MF Levander, OA AF Kenyon, EM Hughes, MF Levander, OA TI Influence of dietary selenium on the disposition of arsenate in the female B6C3F(1) mouse SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE; VOLATILE SELENIUM; MICE; RATS; METHYLATION; DEFICIENCY; INHIBITION; TRIVALENT; EXPOSURE; LIVER AB Interactions between arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) at the metabolic level are multifaceted and complex. These interactions are of practical significance because populations in various parts of the world are simultaneously exposed to inorganic As in drinking water and Se mainly in the diet at varying levels. The primary goal of this study was to investigate whether differing dietary Se status would alter the profile of urinary metabolites or their time course for elimination after exposure to arsenate [As(V)]. Weanling female B6C3F(1) mice were maintained for 28 d on either a control diet of powdered rodent meal sufficient in Se (A, 0.2 ppm) or Torula yeast-based (TYB) diets deficient (B, 0.02 ppm Se), sufficient (C, 0.2 ppm Se), or excessive (D, 2.0 ppm Se) in Se; mice then received by oral gavage 5 mg (As)/kg as sodium [As-73] arsenate. The time course for elimination of total arsenic and metabolites in urine was measured over a 48-h period, and total arsenic was determined in feces and tissues at 48 h. Mice on the Se excess diet excreted a significantly higher percentage of urinary As as inorganic As, with a significantly decreased ratio of organic to inorganic As compared to Se-sufficient mice, suggesting that As methylation was decreased. Mice on the Se-deficient diet appeared to eliminate As(V), arsenite, and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in urine more slowly than Se-sufficient mice; however, further studies are required to confirm this finding. Mice on the Se-sufficient meal diet (A) excreted significantly less (by percent) arsenate-derived radioactivity in urine and more in feces compared to mice on the Se-sufficient TYB diet (C), with total elimination being similar for both groups. This indicates that mice on the meal diet absorbed significantly less As(V) than mice on the NE diet, and this may be due to more fiber or ''bulk'' in the meal diet. This finding emphasizes the importance of considering dietary composition when interpreting and comparing As disposition studies. Overall this study provides suggestive evidence that dietary Se status alters As metabolism and disposition. This indicates that dietary Se status may be an issue that should be considered in the design and interpretation of epidemiologic studies. C1 USDA, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, NUTR REQUIREMENTS & FUNCT LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP Kenyon, EM (reprint author), US EPA, NHEERL, ETD, PKB, MD-74, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 35 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD JUN 27 PY 1997 VL 51 IS 3 BP 279 EP 299 DI 10.1080/009841097160078 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA XC084 UT WOS:A1997XC08400006 PM 9183383 ER PT J AU Ferreira, F Kenne, L Cotta, MA Stack, RJ AF Ferreira, F Kenne, L Cotta, MA Stack, RJ TI Structural studies of the extracellular polysaccharide from Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens strain CF3 SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens; bacterial polysaccharide; (1-carboxyethyl)-galactose; (1-carboxyethyl)-glucose; L-altrose ID LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; IDENTIFICATION AB The structure of the Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens strain CF3 capsular polysaccharide has been investigated mainly by sugar and methylation analyses, Smith degradation, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The results indicate that the polysaccharide is composed of pentasaccharide repeating units having the following structure: [GRAPHICS] (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI,DEPT CHEM,S-75007 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. FAC QUIM MONTEVIDEO,CATEDRA FARMACOGNOSIA & PROD NAT,MONTEVIDEO,URUGUAY. USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. GLYCOMED INC,ALAMEDA,CA 94501. OI Cotta, Michael/0000-0003-4565-7754 NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD JUN 20 PY 1997 VL 301 IS 3-4 BP 193 EP 203 DI 10.1016/S0008-6215(97)00097-9 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA XH466 UT WOS:A1997XH46600009 PM 9232840 ER PT J AU Rahman, MM GuardPetter, J Asokan, K Carlson, RW AF Rahman, MM GuardPetter, J Asokan, K Carlson, RW TI The structure of the capsular polysaccharide from a swarming strain of pathogenic Proteus vulgaris SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Proteus vulgaris; capsular polysaccharide; lipopolysaccharide ID POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; CAPILLARY GLC; MIRABILIS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; MONOSACCHARIDES; CONFIGURATION; SPECTROSCOPY; MIGRATION; SPECTRA AB The structure was determined for the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) isolated from a swarming strain of Proteus vulgaris, CP2-96, which was obtained from the spleen of an infected mouse. The CPS was extracted from the cell pellet by hot water, precipitated with ethanol, and further purified by gel-permeation chromatography. The structure was established by glycosyl composition and linkage analyses, and by NMR spectroscopy. The sequence of the glycosyl residues was determined by a NOESY experiment. The CPS is composed of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure: [GRAPHICS] (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATE RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30602. USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD JUN 20 PY 1997 VL 301 IS 3-4 BP 213 EP 220 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA XH466 UT WOS:A1997XH46600011 PM 9232841 ER PT J AU Russell, RM AF Russell, RM TI Nutrition SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article RP Russell, RM (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 18 PY 1997 VL 277 IS 23 BP 1876 EP 1878 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA XD544 UT WOS:A1997XD54400031 PM 9185812 ER PT J AU Perera, OP Shirk, PD AF Perera, OP Shirk, PD TI Two new D-E-A-D box genes expressed in ovaries of the moth, Plodia interpunctello. SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ARS,USDA,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD JUN 15 PY 1997 VL 186 IS 2 BP A252 EP A252 PG 1 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA XH774 UT WOS:A1997XH77400356 ER PT J AU Brown, S GonzalesChernaco, K Denell, M Denell, R Beeman, R AF Brown, S GonzalesChernaco, K Denell, M Denell, R Beeman, R TI Anterior homeotic mutations in tribolium contradict the Drosophila paradigm SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. USDA GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD JUN 15 PY 1997 VL 186 IS 2 BP B107 EP B107 PG 1 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA XH774 UT WOS:A1997XH77400490 ER PT J AU Dyby, SD Silhacek, DL AF Dyby, SD Silhacek, DL TI F-actin reorganization occurs during mid-embryogenesis in Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) when embryos are treated by fenoxycarb, a juvenile hormone agonist SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,USDA,GAINESVILLE,FL 32608. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD JUN 15 PY 1997 VL 186 IS 2 BP B119 EP B119 PG 1 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA XH774 UT WOS:A1997XH77400502 ER PT J AU Hollingsworth, J Kaplan, B AF Hollingsworth, J Kaplan, B TI Federal agencies collaborate to control dangerous new Salmonella strain SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Hollingsworth, J (reprint author), USDA,FSIS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 15 PY 1997 VL 210 IS 12 BP 1712 EP 1716 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XD355 UT WOS:A1997XD35500002 PM 9187717 ER PT J AU Shimoni, Y Blechl, AE Anderson, OD Galili, G AF Shimoni, Y Blechl, AE Anderson, OD Galili, G TI A recombinant protein of two high molecular weight glutenins alters gluten polymer formation in transgenic wheat SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; STORAGE PROTEINS; SUBUNITS; ENDOSPERM; REVEALS; ELASTIN; GENES AB Wheat high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) are the most important determinants of its superiority for making leavened bread, Following synthesis, these proteins are sequestered into the endoplasmic reticulum and assemble into extremely large elastic polymers, linked by noncovalent and intermolecular disulfide bonds. To study the structural requirements for the assembly of HMW-GS, we have expressed in transgenic wheat a recombinant protein between two cognate x- and y-type subunits, In contrast to the natural polymerized x- and y-type HMW-GS, a significant amount of the recombinant subunit remained monomeric, Nonreducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, coupled with limited proteolysis, showed that the monomeric form of the recombinant subunit contained an unusual intramolecular disulfide bond, linking an N-terminal cysteine to the single C-terminal cysteine residue, In addition, sucrose gradient analysis revealed that this intramolecular disulfide bond impeded the ability of the recombinant subunit to assemble into polymers. Despite of its altered assembly, a notable amount of the overexpressed recombinant subunit was also present in glutenin polymers, Moreover, its presence significantly altered the subunit composition of the polymer, Our results show that it is possible to modify gluten assembly and properties by expressing recombinant HMW-GS in transgenic wheat, and have a major implication for the improvement of wheat breadmaking quality. C1 WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT PLANT GENET,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL. USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 26 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD JUN 13 PY 1997 VL 272 IS 24 BP 15488 EP 15495 DI 10.1074/jbc.272.24.15488 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA XE034 UT WOS:A1997XE03400065 PM 9182582 ER PT J AU King, JW SahleDemessie, E Temelli, F Teel, JA AF King, JW SahleDemessie, E Temelli, F Teel, JA TI Thermal gradient fractionation of glyceride mixtures under super-critical fluid conditions SO JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS LA English DT Article DE column; fractionation; glycerides; supercritical fluids ID SUPERCRITICAL CARBON-DIOXIDE; MILK-FAT; EXTRACTION; OIL; CO2 AB Supercritical CO2 was used to fractionate a mixture of monoacylglycerols (MAGs), diacylgylcerols (DAGs) and triacylglycerols (TAGs) using an eight-foot packed column which was kept under thermal gradient conditions and operated semi-continuously. Fractionation of the glyceride mixtures was affected by both their solubility in CO2 and respective vapor pressure enhancement. The feed material used, approximating a feed stream used in the industrial enrichment of MAGs, was composed of 48.7 wt.% MAG, 46.3 wt.% DAG and 5 wt.% TAG, having main acyl chain compositions of 6 wt.% C16:0, 23 wt.% C18:0 and 59 wt.% C18:1. The resultant top product from the fractionation column had MAG concentrations as high as 90 wt.% and no TAG, which is comparable to that produced by molecular distillation. The effects of pressure, temperature gradient, CO2 flow rate and feed composition on the separation efficiency and yields were investigated. Increasing the column pressure from 172 to 344 bar or the density of CO2 from 420 to 720 kg m(-3) increased the yield of the top product. However, with those increases, the supercritical fluid became less selective, with the MAG concentration decreasing from 84 to 56 wt.%. At 207 bar, a linear temperature gradient varying from 65 to 95 degrees C gave the best selectivity when compared to other temperature gradient schemes. Increasing the CO2 flux from 1.8 to 10.3 g min(-1) cm(-2) resulted in little change in the MAG concentration, but the top-product yield decreased from 14.4 to 2.3 g kg(-1) CO2. As the MAG concentration in the feed mixture increased from 48.7 to 63 wt.%, the MAG concentration in the top product (at 207 bar and 65-95 degrees C) increased from 79.4 to 86 wt.%. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT AGR FOOD & NUTR SCI,EDMONTON,AB T6G 2P5,CANADA. RP King, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FOOD QUAL & SAFETY RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. OI Temelli, Feral/0000-0002-0379-8535 NR 36 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0896-8446 J9 J SUPERCRIT FLUID JI J. Supercrit. Fluids PD JUN 13 PY 1997 VL 10 IS 2 BP 127 EP 137 DI 10.1016/S0896-8446(97)00007-7 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA XT741 UT WOS:A1997XT74100007 ER PT J AU MacGregor, JT Wehr, CM Hiatt, RA Peters, B Tucker, JD Langlois, RG Jacob, RA Jensen, RH Yager, JW Shigenaga, MK Frei, B Eynon, BP Ames, BN AF MacGregor, JT Wehr, CM Hiatt, RA Peters, B Tucker, JD Langlois, RG Jacob, RA Jensen, RH Yager, JW Shigenaga, MK Frei, B Eynon, BP Ames, BN TI 'Spontaneous' genetic damage in man: Evaluation of interindividual variability, relationship among markers of damage, and influence of nutritional status SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE micronucleus; folate deficiency; micronucleated erythrocyte; B-12 deficiency; chromosome damage; genetic damage; nutritional deficiency; human risk ID MICRONUCLEATED ERYTHROCYTES; SISTER CHROMATIDS; HUMANS AB The 'spontaneous' frequency of genetic damage (normal background) and the possible relationship of this damage to nutritional variables in humans were investigated in 22 subjects using several indices of genetic damage. The subjects were chosen, out of 122 initially analyzed, for being at the extremes of the highest and lowest values of one index of genetic damage, the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood. This index reflects chromosomal damage and loss in bone marrow erythropoietic cells. The assay for micronuclei is convenient but is restricted to splenectomized individuals because the human spleen removes micronucleated cells. The initial 122 subjects were splenectomized, but all were normal and healthy at the time of this study and none had a previous history of neoplastic disease. Factors investigated were stability of micronucleus frequency as a function of time, correlations among multiple markers of genetic damage, and influence on damage indices of nutritional variables, including blood levels of folate, B-12 and antioxidant vitamins. Among different individuals, the range of values was 10-fold or more in the erythrocyte micronucleus, glycophorin A, plasma ascorbate and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (oxo(8)dG) assays, was approximately 6-fold in the lymphocyte micronucleus assay, and was 2-fold in the lymphocyte sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay. Red blood cell folate and plasma folate, B-12 and alpha-tocopherol values varied by up to 10-fold among individuals. Micronucleus frequencies in erythrocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes ranged from < 0.3 to 16.9/1000 in mature red blood cells, < 1 to 33/1000 in reticulocytes, and 2.5 to 15/1000 in binucleate lymphocytes. Frequencies of glycophorin A variant erythrocytes ranged from 5.6 to 77.3 x 10(6) N/0 cells and 3.2 to 16.2 x 10(6) N/N cells, and oxo(8)dG excretion varied from 32 to 397 pmol/kg/day. Although a wide range of values was observed in each genetic endpoint, the extreme values for various endpoints of genetic damage were not observed in the same individuals. The frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes varied over time within individuals and indicated that individuals with the highest levels of damage exhibit greater variability than those with lower levels. In some subjects, frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes changed dramatically over an interval of 2-3 years: four subjects with initial micronucleated reticulocyte frequencies of 20.4, 5.9, 6.4 and 33/1000 changed to 2.5, 20.5, 18.5 and 12/1000, respectively. Among more than 150 individuals we have studied, including the 64 individuals studied by Everson et al. [(1988) J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 80, 525-529] and Smith et al. [(1990) Cancer Res., 50, 5049-5054], the seven individuals with the highest observed frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes all had exceptionally low values of plasma folate, red cell folate, or plasma B-12, suggesting that folate and B-12 status are the major determinants of the types of damage that lead to spontaneous micronucleus formation in erythrocytic cells. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DIV BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. KAISER PERMANENTE MED CARE PROGRAM,DIV RES,OAKLAND,CA 94611. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,BIOL & BIOTECHNOL RES PROGRAM,LIVERMORE,CA 94551. USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DIV MOL CYTOMETRY,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94103. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SCH PUBL HLTH,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP MacGregor, JT (reprint author), SRI INT,333 RAVENSWOOD AVE,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA39910]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ESO1896] NR 17 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD JUN 9 PY 1997 VL 377 IS 1 BP 125 EP 135 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(97)00070-5 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA XG852 UT WOS:A1997XG85200016 PM 9219587 ER PT J AU Kuo, TM Lowell, CA Smith, PT AF Kuo, TM Lowell, CA Smith, PT TI Changes in soluble carbohydrates and enzymic activities in maturing soybean seed tissues SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soybean seeds; embryo; seed coat; galactinol synthase; raffinose saccharides; invertase; sucrose synthase ID DESICCATION TOLERANCE; GALACTINOL SYNTHASE; INVERTASE ACTIVITY; SUCROSE; METABOLISM; SUGARS; ACCUMULATION; PURIFICATION; PATHWAY; LEAVES AB Enzyme activities were compared with the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in seed coats, cotyledons and embryonic axes of field-grown soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Williams 82) seeds during seed maturation to examine the function of each seed tissue in non-structural carbohydrate metabolism. The vascularized seed coat was comparatively high in monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) which corresponded to greater acid invertase activity per gram dry weight than cotyledons and axes. The embryo (cotyledon + embryonic axis) was high in oligosaccharide content, and contained greater mean activity levels of sucrose synthase, alkaline invertase, galactinol synthase and a-galactosidase than the seed coat. There was little difference in the sucrose-phosphate synthase activity among these three tissues. The accumulation of raffinose saccharides (raffinose and stachyose) increased rapidly in the embryo during seed maturation. Activities of alkaline invertase, sucrose synthase, galactinol synthase, a-galactosidase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, malate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were highest in embryonic axes. Initial maturation of soybean seeds may be distinguished developmentally by the yellowing of embryonic axes at 40-45 days after flowering. This change was found to coincide with increases in sucrose synthase and galactinol synthase activities, and with the initiation of a rapid accumulation of raffinose saccharides in the embryonic axis. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 CENT STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,WILBERFORCE,OH 45384. NIAID,IMMUNOL LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP Kuo, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,OIL CHEM RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 35 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD JUN 9 PY 1997 VL 125 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA XC790 UT WOS:A1997XC79000001 ER PT J AU Bosch, DD Davis, FM AF Bosch, DD Davis, FM TI Methods for calculating flow from observed or simulated hydraulic head SO ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE flownets; numerical methods; gradients; Darcian flow; groundwater flow AB A computer program has been developed to calculate hydraulic and topographic gradients for two-dimensional surfaces. Flow rates are calculated for saturated and unsaturated conditions based upon application of Darcy's law and the exponential hydraulic conductivity equation. The central difference and Horn methods were incorporated into the program to evaluate the gradient of the total hydraulic head between grid points. The FLOWNET program can be applied to evaluate flow in saturated and unsaturated porous media based upon observed pressure head data. In addition, the program can be used to evaluate slope direction and magnitude from topographic elevation data. Heterogeneity and anisotropy can be incorporated into the analysis by inputting variable saturated hydraulic conductivity and a variable alpha exponent in the exponential hydraulic conductivity function. FLOWNET was developed to analyze how paths and magnitudes in porous media. Example problems illustrate the applicability of the program for building a better understanding of hydraulic processes. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Limited. RP Bosch, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE WATERSHED RES LAB,POB 946,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0965-9978 J9 ADV ENG SOFTW JI Adv. Eng. Softw. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 28 IS 4 BP 267 EP 272 DI 10.1016/S0965-9978(97)00004-5 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Engineering GA WY325 UT WOS:A1997WY32500008 ER PT J AU Hartman, WJ Seyoum, E VillalobosMolina, R Joseph, JA Prior, RL AF Hartman, WJ Seyoum, E VillalobosMolina, R Joseph, JA Prior, RL TI Responses of circulating urea cycle and branched-chain amino acids to feeding in adult and aged Fischer-344 rats SO AGING-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE aged; arginine; blood amino acids; branched-chain amino acids; rat ID DIETARY ARGININE DEFICIENCY; PORTAL-DRAINED VISCERA; FOOD-DEPRIVED RATS; ELDERLY MEN; PLASMA; YOUNG; METABOLISM; FLUX; THREONINE; LIVER AB Amino acid concentrations in plasma and blood were compared between adult (6 months) and aged (22 months) male rats in fed and food-deprived (fasted) states. Since feeding is known to elevate plasma amino acids, rats were sampled after food had been freely available to them and after food was withheld for 20 hours. Fourteen amino acids increased (8 to 74%) in blood and plasma in fed rats compared to food-deprived rats. Blood concentrations of four amino acids (cystine, aspartate, threonine, and phosphoserine) were increased in aged compared to adult rats, while tyrosine was 10% lower. The interaction between fed state and age was significant for the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) as they increased 23% in the blood and plasma of fed compared to food-deprived adult rats; however BCAA were not affected by feeding state in the aged rats. Plasma arginine concentration was 12% lower (p<0.001) and citrulline was 20% higher (p<0.005) in aged compared to adult rats, and consequently the citrulline:arginine ratio was elevated by 36% in aged rats. Our results demonstrate that, although the total arginine in whole blood is not altered or is increased with aging, less of the arginine is transported in the plasma of aged compared to adult rats. Furthermore, these results indicate altered metabolism of the urea cycle amino acids and BCAA with aging in the rat. (C) 1997, Editrice Kurtis. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU EDITRICE KURTIS S R L PI MILANO PA VIA LUIGI ZOJA, 30-20153 MILANO, ITALY SN 0394-9532 J9 AGING-CLIN EXP RES JI Aging-Clin. Exp. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 9 IS 3 BP 198 EP 206 PG 9 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA XJ045 UT WOS:A1997XJ04500007 PM 9258379 ER PT J AU Grantz, DA Zhang, XJ Massman, WJ Delany, A Pederson, JR AF Grantz, DA Zhang, XJ Massman, WJ Delany, A Pederson, JR TI Ozone deposition to a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) field: stomatal and surface wetness effects during the California Ozone Deposition Experiment SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; DRY DEPOSITION; DECIDUOUS FOREST; PLANT CANOPIES; LEAF; YIELD; CONDUCTANCE; RESISTANCE; MODEL; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Removal of tropospheric ozone from polluted airbasins by deposition to vegetation may be an important determinant of regional air quality. The physiological and physical processes that determine the magnitude of deposition, and the relative contributions of uptake by photosynthetic tissues versus ozone destruction on plant and soil surfaces, are not well understood. The California Ozone Deposition Experiment (CODE) demonstrated substantial deposition of ozone to several vegetated surfaces in the San Joaquin Valley. Using data collected during CODE, we examine the roles of stomatal conductance and leaf wetness from dew in mediating ozone deposition to an extensive field of irrigated cotton. Stomatal conductance, photon flux density, leaf area index (L), leaf wetness, ozone deposition, and canopy photon extinction coefficient (K) were measured. Single leaf measurements were scaled to canopy values of stomatal conductance to ozone (g(c)). Deposition velocity (V-d) and surface conductance (g(surf)) were strongly positively correlated with g(c). Under dry canopy conditions g(c) < g(surf) indicating a significant residual conductance of a non-stomatal pathway for ozone deposition (g(r)), possibly reflecting reaction of O-3 with nitric oxide emitted from fertilized soil. Dewfall reduced ozone deposition and eliminated g(r). However, g(r) may actually have been increased by dew in amphistomatous cotton, as it was in hypostomatous grape during CODE. If so, canopy wetness reduced the stomatal pathway (g(c)) by occlusion of adaxial pores sufficiently to offset both the nitric oxide titration and the true wetness enhancement of g(r). We conclude that ozone deposition to cotton is largely controlled by stomatal responses, Stomatal responses may readily be modelled, potentially providing sufficient information to infer ozone deposition, In contrast to the case for hypostomatous grape, ozone uptake (particularly by the stomatal pathway) is reduced by leaf surface wetness in amphistomatous cotton. Alternative models of single leaf stomatal conductance and expected errors of +/- 20% in model parameters did not affect these conclusions. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,KEARNEY AGR CTR,STATEWIDE AIR POLLUT RES CTR,PARLIER,CA 93648. US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,USDA,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,ATMOSPHER TECHNOL DIV,BOULDER,CO 80307. CALIF ENVIRONM PROTECT AGCY,AIR RESOURCES BOARD,TECH SUPPORT DIV,SACRAMENTO,CA 95812. RP Grantz, DA (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,KEARNEY AGR CTR,DEPT BOT & PLANT SCI,9240 S RIVERBEND AVE,PARLIER,CA 93648, USA. NR 45 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 85 IS 1-2 BP 19 EP 31 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(96)02396-9 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XN782 UT WOS:A1997XN78200002 ER PT J AU Loper, GM AF Loper, GM TI Over-winter losses of feral honey bee colonies in southern Arizona 1992-1997 SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP Loper, GM (reprint author), ARS,USDA,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 1 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 137 IS 6 BP 446 EP 446 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XC791 UT WOS:A1997XC79100015 ER PT J AU Bruce, WA Needham, GR Potts, WJE AF Bruce, WA Needham, GR Potts, WJE TI The effects of temperature and water vapor activity on water loss by Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BALANCE; INSECTS AB The effect of temperature and relative humidity on the water mass (and survival) of adult female Varroa jacobsoni was studied. This hemolymph-feeding ectoparasite of the honey bee, Apis spp. was exposed to three temperatures (20, 30, 34 degrees C) and five water vapor activities of 0, 0.60, 0.75, 0.85, 0.97 a(v) (water vapor activity (a(v)) is equal to % RH/100). Water loss was greatest at a high temperature and low a(V). Time to reach 50% mass at Oa(v), which is a reflection of whole body water loss, was 16+/-1.8, 5+/-0.4, and 5+/-0.5 hs at 20,30, and 34 degrees C, respectively. At 0.97a(V) for each significant temperature, we saw a 2-4 fold increase in time to lose 50% body mass. The most interesting observation was the impact of having mites at 0.85 versus 0.97a(v) (20 degrees C), where time to reach 50% increased from 35+/-3.9 to 123+/-22 hs. These results suggest a contribution by metabolic and/or active water vapor uptake. The values at 0.60, 0.75, and 0.85 a(v) were statistically similar at 20 and 30 degrees C. At each level of a(v), significantly faster moisture loss occurred at 30 and 34 degrees C than at 20 degrees C, but they (30 and 34 degrees C) were not significantly different from each other. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,ACAROL LAB,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. USDA,STAT CONSULTING SERV,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Bruce, WA (reprint author), ARS,USDA,BEE RES LAB,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BLDG 476,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 137 IS 6 BP 461 EP 463 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XC791 UT WOS:A1997XC79100021 ER PT J AU Pereira, TNS Lersten, NR Palmer, RG AF Pereira, TNS Lersten, NR Palmer, RG TI Genetic and cytological analyses of a partial-female-sterile mutant (PS-1) in soybean (Glycine max; Leguminosae) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE double fertilization; embryo abortion; endosperm; female sterility; genetics; Glycine max; Leguminosae; pollen viability ID OVULE DEVELOPMENT; ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENTATION; UNSTABLE MUTATION; EMBRYO SAC; L MERR; MAIZE; MICROSPOROGENESIS; MEGAGAMETOGENESIS; FERTILIZATION; INHERITANCE AB Soybean partial-female-sterile mutant 1 (PS-1) was recovered from a gene-tagging study. The objectives were to study the inheritance, linkage, allelism, and certain aspects of the reproductive biology of the PS-1 mutant. For inheritance and linkage tests, PS-1 was crossed to flower color mutant Harosoy-w(4) and to chlorophyll-deficient mutant CD-1, also recovered from the gene-tagging study. For allelism tests, reciprocal crosses were made with PS-1 and three other partial-sterile mutants (PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4) recovered from the same gene-tagging study. The PS-1 mutant is inherited in a 3:1 ratio and is a single recessive gene. Linkage results indicated that the gene for partial sterility in PS-1 is not linked either to the w(4) locus or to the CD-1 locus. Allelism tests showed that the gene in PS-1 is nonallelic to the gene in PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4. Investigations of developing and mature pollen indicated no differences in morphology, stainability, or fluorescence between normal and partial-sterile genotypes. The PS-1 mutant is completely male fertile. Confocal scanning laser microscopy was used to determine that early embryo abortion in PS-1 is due indirectly to abnormal migration of the fused polar nucleus, which prevented it from being fertilized. Subsequent absence of endosperm development leads directly to abortion of the proembryo. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL GENET,AMES,IA 50011. RP Pereira, TNS (reprint author), ARS,FCR,USDA,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 52 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 84 IS 6 BP 781 EP 791 DI 10.2307/2445814 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XG441 UT WOS:A1997XG44100007 PM 21708630 ER PT J AU Behall, KM Howe, JC AF Behall, KM Howe, JC TI Breath-hydrogen production and amylose content of the diet SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE amylose; breath hydrogen; hyperinsulinemia; men; amylopectin; resistant starch; fiber ID RESISTANT STARCH; METABOLIC VARIABLES; AMYLOPECTIN STARCH; FIBER; FERMENTATION; VOLUNTEERS; LIPIDS AB Recommendations to increase dietary intakes of starch and fiber in the United States may result in increased intake of resistant starch, High-amylose starch appears to resist digestion in vitro. To investigate the in vivo effect of high-amylose starch, diets containing 70% amylose or amylopectin cornstarches were fed for 14 wk each in a crossover design to 24 men [10 control, 14 hyperinsulinemic (HI)]. Fasting breath samples and periodic postingestion samples were analyzed for hydrogen during weeks 12 (nibbling tolerance test) and 14 (acute tolerance test) of each phase. Overall breath hydrogen was significantly higher after the amylose tolerance tests (nibbling, P < 0.0005; and acute, P < 0.0006). Control subjects, regardless of body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)), appeared to adapt to the high-amylose starch diet. Fasting breath hydrogen was significantly higher at week 12 but not at week 14 in HI subjects with a low BMI(< 25) consuming amylose than in other subjects. Breath hydrogen of the HI subjects with a moderate (between 25 and 27.8) or high (> 27.8) BMI increased from week 12 to week 14. The HI subjects with a high BMI averaged lower breath-hydrogen expiration than other HI subjects. After 3 d of excess energy intake, breath hydrogen after amylose was still significantly greater than after amylopectin (P < 0.019); fasting breath hydrogen of the control subjects after amylose more closely resembled that of the HI subjects. HI subjects with a high BMI may be more efficient at digesting all starch, therefore decreasing the amount available for colonic digestion. This may be a factor contributing to their greater body weight. RP Behall, KM (reprint author), USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB, BLDG 308, BARC-E, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1783 EP 1789 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XB663 UT WOS:A1997XB66300011 PM 9174473 ER PT J AU Wood, RJ Zheng, JJ AF Wood, RJ Zheng, JJ TI High dietary calcium intakes reduce zinc absorption and balance in humans SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE optimal calcium intake; mineral-mineral interactions; elderly; postmenopausal women; zinc bioavailability; endogenous fecal zinc; breath hydrogen ID POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; STABLE ISOTOPE; CIRCULATING CONCENTRATION; ELDERLY PEOPLE; BONE LOSS; COPPER; IRON; SUPPLEMENTATION; BIOAVAILABILITY; RETENTION AB Optimal calcium intakes of 37.5 mmol (1500 mg)/d have been proposed for elderly people. We investigated the effects of calcium supplementation on zinc absorption and balance in 18 relatively healthy, postmenopausal women aged 59-86 y. All subjects received a standardized basal diet of typical foods supplying 269 mu mol (17.6 mg) Zn/d and 22.2 mmol (890 mg) Ca/d during the 36-d study. In two of three experimental periods, an additional 11.7 mmol (468 mg) Ca/d as either milk or an inorganic calcium phosphate supplement was provided. Net zinc absorption and zinc balance were significantly reduced by approximate to 2 mg/d during both high-calcium treatments. In a second study, conducted in a separate group of men and women aged 21-69 y, a whole-gut lavage, zinc-absorption test was used to investigate the acute effect of a 15-mmol CaCO3 (600 mg Ca) supplement, with and without extra zinc, on zinc absorption from a single test meal supplying 111.7 mu mol (7.3 mg) Zn. Zinc absorption was reduced significantly by 50% when the calcium supplement was given with the meal. Inclusion of an extra 119.3 mu mol (7.8 mg) Zn as part of a calcium supplement offset the detrimental effect of calcium on zinc absorption. Our findings suggest that high-calcium diets can reduce net zinc absorption and balance and may increase the zinc requirement in adult humans. RP Wood, RJ (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA HNRCA,MINERAL BIOAVAILABIL LAB,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 34 TC 76 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1803 EP 1809 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XB663 UT WOS:A1997XB66300014 PM 9174476 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ AF Ellis, KJ TI Visceral fat mass in childhood: A potential early marker for increased risk of cardiovascular disease SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Ellis, KJ (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1887 EP 1888 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XB663 UT WOS:A1997XB66300026 PM 9174488 ER PT J AU Santos, MS Meydani, SN AF Santos, MS Meydani, SN TI Jeng et al paper a disappointment SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID VITAMIN-E RP Santos, MS (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,NUTR IMMUNOL LAB,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1899 EP 1901 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XB663 UT WOS:A1997XB66300034 PM 9174494 ER PT J AU Stuff, JE Wong, WW AF Stuff, JE Wong, WW TI Epidemiological implications of energy intake, physical activity, and cardiovascular fitness measured in controlled studies. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1997 VL 145 IS 11 SU S BP 93 EP 93 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA XA896 UT WOS:A1997XA89600092 ER PT J AU Krall, EA DawsonHughes, B Hannan, MT Wilson, PWF Kiel, DP AF Krall, EA DawsonHughes, B Hannan, MT Wilson, PWF Kiel, DP TI Postmenopausal estrogen replacement and tooth retention SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BONE-MINERAL DENSITY; SKELETAL BONE; SUBGINGIVAL PLAQUE; ELDERLY WOMEN; OSTEOPOROSIS; THERAPY; OLDER; POPULATION; PREVENTION; FEMALES AB PURPOSE TO determine if estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is associated with improved tooth retention and lower risk of edentulism (no natural teeth remaining) in a cohort of elderly women. PATIENTS AND METHODS Subjects were 488 women, aged 72 to 95, who participated in the 23rd examination cycle (1994 to 1995) of the Framingham Heart Study, a population-based study begun in 1948. The number of teeth remaining and their location were recorded by a trained observer. History and duration of ERT were obtained from records kept since cycle 10 (1960 to 1963). Third molars were excluded from all analyses. RESULTS Women who ever used ERT were younger than nonusers by 1 year (80 +/- 4 years, n = 184, versus 81 +/- 4 years, n = 304, P = 0.019). Estrogen users had more teeth remaining than nonusers (12.5 +/- 0.8 versus 10.7 +/- 0.8 versus 10.7 +/- 0.6 teeth, P = 0.046, mean +/- SE) after controlling for age, smoking status, and education. Duration of estrogen use was an independent predictor of the number of teeth remaining (P = 0.015) such that each 4.2-year interval of use was associated with an increased mean retention of 1 tooth. Long-term estrogen users (more than 8 years, n = 48) had an average of 3.6 more teeth than women who never used estrogen (14.3 +/- 1.5 versus 10.7 +/- 0.6 teeth, P <0.02). The association with duration of use was present among different types of teeth (incisors, canines, and premolars) but less strong for molars. The odds of being edentulous were reduced by 6% for each 1-year increase in duration of estrogen use (odds ratio = 0.94, P = 0.038, 95% confidence interval = 0.90 to 0.99). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ERT protects against tooth loss and reduces the risk of edentulism. The associations of estrogen use and tooth retention are evident for all but the molars. (C) 1997 by Excerpta Medica, Inc. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,CALCIUM & BONE METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,HEBREW REHABIL CTR AGED,BOSTON,MA. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DIV AGING,BOSTON,MA. NHLBI,BOSTON,MA. FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,BOSTON,MA. BOSTON UNIV,GOLDMAN SCH DENT MED,DEPT HLTH POLICY & HLTH SERV RES,BOSTON,MA 02215. OI Hannan, Marian/0000-0002-9586-6928; Kiel, Douglas/0000-0001-8474-0310 NR 30 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 1 PU EXCERPTA MEDICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 245 WEST 17TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011 SN 0002-9343 J9 AM J MED JI Am. J. Med. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 102 IS 6 BP 536 EP 542 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA XG446 UT WOS:A1997XG44600007 PM 9217668 ER PT J AU Hsu, HW Butte, NF Wong, WW Moon, JK Ellis, KJ Klein, PD Moise, KJ AF Hsu, HW Butte, NF Wong, WW Moon, JK Ellis, KJ Klein, PD Moise, KJ TI Oxidative metabolism in insulin-treated gestational diabetes mellitus SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE substrate utilization; leucine; glucose; Hiolein; oxidation ID FREE FATTY-ACID; PREGNANT-WOMEN; INDIRECT CALORIMETRY; GLUCOSE-METABOLISM; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; MACROSOMIA; EXPRESSION; HUMANS; LIPIDS; FETUS AB To investigate whether protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism was normalized in insulin-treated gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), eight Hispanic women with GDM and eight healthy controls were studied at 32-36 wk of gestation and 6 wk postpartum. Net substrate utilization was measured using room respiration calorimetry. Exogenous substrate oxidation was determined by C-13 recovered in breath CO2 from C-13-labeled leucine, glucose, and Hiolein. Women with GDM had higher 24-h oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, total energy expenditure, and basal metabolic rates than controls due to larger body mass. Adjusted for weight or fat-free mass, total energy expenditure, basal metabolic rate, and basal and 24-h whole body net protein, carbohydrate, and fat utilization did not differ between insulin-treated GDM subjects and controls in pregnancy or postpartum. Oxidation of [C-13]leucine and [C-13]glucose did not differ by group or pregnancy status. Recovery of exogenously administered [C-13]Hiolein, a biosynthetic triglyceride, as breath (CO2)-C-13 was significantly lower in the GDM group antepartum and postpartum (P = 0.02), indicating lower oxidation of exogenous triglycerides in GDM. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, DEPT PEDIAT, USDA ARS, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 272 IS 6 BP E1099 EP E1107 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA XF786 UT WOS:A1997XF78600022 PM 9227457 ER PT J AU DiCarlo, AL Paape, MJ Hellman, J Lilius, EM AF DiCarlo, AL Paape, MJ Hellman, J Lilius, EM TI Purification and characterization of bovine complement component C3 and its cleavage products SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; 3RD COMPONENT; FACTOR-H; FACTOR-I; IDENTIFICATION; DEGRADATION; NUCLEOTIDE; ALIGNMENT; FRAGMENTS; PROTEINS AB Objective-To purify complement component C3 from bovine serum, characterize and analyze NH2-terminal amino acid sequences from its various cleavage products, and do cross-species homology comparisons. Animals-2 healthy lactating Holstein cows, and 2 healthy adult female New Zealand White rabbits. Procedure-Bovine C3 was isolated from serum, and was cleaved to C3b. The resulting protein was analyzed to determine apparent molecular mass of resulting protein segments, Bands were electroblotted onto a membrane and excised, then NH2-terminal amino acid sequences were determined. Results-The C3 preparation consisted of 6 segments, with molecular mass of 30, 40 (2 bands, a and b), 70, 75, and 115 kd. Via sequence comparisons, the 115-kd band was identified as the alpha chain; the 75-kd segment was determined to be the NH2-terminal portion of alpha chain; the 70-kd piece was identified as the intact beta chain; and the two 40-kd bands are believed to be located at the C-terminal portion of the alpha chain, at the cleavage site that yields C3f. The 30-kd band is the NH2-terminal portion of the alpha chain (minus the C3a segment). Sequence analysis of each band revealed a high degree of homology with human, rat, mouse, and horse C3, Polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits yielded sera that reacted to the purified sample in manner similar to that of commercially available antibodies. Conclusions-The purified preparation contained intact C3, C3b, and the degradation products iC3b and C3c, which had high sequence homology with those of other species, The C3a and C3d, and C3g segments of the protein were not detected and may have been lost during the purification, lyophilization, or transfer steps. Structure and cleavage characteristics of bovine C3 can be used to better understand immune responses to bacterial pathogens in the mammary gland. C1 USDA ARS,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV TURKU,DEPT BIOCHEM,SF-20500 TURKU,FINLAND. TURKU CTR BIOTECHNOL,SF-20521 TURKU,FINLAND. RP DiCarlo, AL (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742, USA. NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 58 IS 6 BP 585 EP 589 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XD125 UT WOS:A1997XD12500006 PM 9185962 ER PT J AU Myers, MJ Farrell, DE EvockClover, CM McDonald, MW Steele, NC AF Myers, MJ Farrell, DE EvockClover, CM McDonald, MW Steele, NC TI Effect of growth hormone or chromium picolinate on swine metabolism and inflammatory cytokine production after endotoxin challenge exposure SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; RECOMBINANT BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN; PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; FACTOR-ALPHA; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; SUPPLEMENTAL CHROMIUM; PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; TNF-ALPHA; IN-VIVO AB Objective-To determine whether recombinant porcine somatotropin (PST) or chromium picolinate (CrP) affected cytokine production and metabolism in swine after endotoxin challenge exposure. Animals-20 Poland China x Landrace pigs, 5/group. Procedure-Pigs were given CrP-supplemented feed at body weight of 20 kg; PST treatment began at 60 kg, and both treatments continued through body weight of 90 kg, At 90 kg, pigs were challenge exposed with 20 mu g of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/kg of body weight. Blood samples were obtained at various times through 24 hours after LPS challenge exposure. Results-in all pigs not given PST, glucose concentration decreased 2 to 4 hours after LPS. In PST-treated pigs, blood glucose concentration was decreased at 6 to 8 hours after LPS. Plasma insulin concentration paralleled changes in glucose concentration. Nonesterified fatty acid concentration was high 2 to 24 hours after IFS in pigs not given PST and at 6 to 24 h in PST-treated pigs. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was high at 6 to 24 hours after LPS in pigs not given PST. The urea nitrogen values in PST-treated pigs were lower at ail times. Serum aspartate transaminase activity was high 6 to 24 hours after LPS in pigs not given PST, whereas PST treatment prevented the increase in this enzyme activity. In untreated (PST) pigs, plasma bilirubin (total and direct) concentrations were high 4 to 8 hours after LPS and returned to normal at 24 hours. The PST- and CrP-treated pigs maintained normal plasma bilirubin concentrations. interleukin 6 activity was unaffected by CrP and PST treatments. Treatment with CrP and PST decreased the tumor necrosis factor alpha response to IFS, compared with that in control pigs. Conclusions-PST, and to a lesser extent CrP, provide protection against the adverse metabolic effects of LPS-induced septic shock. C1 USDA ARS,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. US FDA,CTR VET MED,LAUREL,MD 20708. NR 51 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 58 IS 6 BP 594 EP 600 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XD125 UT WOS:A1997XD12500008 PM 9185964 ER PT J AU Lehmkuhl, HD Cutlip, RC Meehan, JT DeBey, BM AF Lehmkuhl, HD Cutlip, RC Meehan, JT DeBey, BM TI Pathogenesis of infection induced by an adenovirus isolated from a goat SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Objective-To determine the pathogenic potential of an adenovirus isolated from a goat. Animals-14 colostrum-deprived, isolation-reared goal kids approximately 3 weeks old. Procedure-Kids were inoculated with either cell culture fluid containing adenovirus (n = 10) or uninfected cell culture fluid (n = 4): 2 mi transtracheally and 1 ml/nostril. Clinical signs of disease and rectal temperature were recorded daily; nasal secretion and fecal specimens were collected daily. Control kids were necropsied, 2/d, on postinoculation days (PID) 5 and 10, Virus-inoculated kids were necropsied on PID 3, 5, 7, 10, and 28. After necropsy, lung, liver, kidney, and brain specimens were aseptically collected for virus isolation attempts. Tracheal fluid was collected on sterile cotton swabs. Turbinate, trachea, lung, mediastinal lymph node, liver, kidney, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, mesenteric lymph node, colon, and brain specimens were collected for histologic evaluation. Results-Kids developed mild-to-moderate clinical respiratory tract infection. Virus was recovered consistently from nasal secretion and sporadically from fecal specimens. Grossly, there were multiple areas of atelectasis and hyperemia, principally in the cranioventral portion of the lungs. Microscopically, there was detachment and sloughing of foci of epithelial cells of the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. In kids necropsied late in the disease, these changes were accompanied by hyperplasia of type-it epithelial cells. Viral inclusions were not an obvious feature, but a few cells contained probable inclusions. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-The caprine adenovirus reported here is capable of inducing respiratory tract disease and lesions in the lungs of young kids. RP Lehmkuhl, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,RESP & NEUROL DIS RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 58 IS 6 BP 608 EP 611 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XD125 UT WOS:A1997XD12500010 PM 9185966 ER PT J AU Ashwell, MS Rexroad, CE Miller, RH VanRaden, PM Da, Y AF Ashwell, MS Rexroad, CE Miller, RH VanRaden, PM Da, Y TI Detection of loci affecting milk production and health traits in an elite US Holstein population using microsatellite markers SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE dairy cattle; microsatellite markers; milk production; quantitative trait loci; somatic cell score ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; DAIRY-CATTLE; QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD AB Quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting health and milk production traits were studied in seven large half-sib US Holstein families by using the granddaughter design. Genotyping for 16 markers was completed and marker allele differences within and pooled-across families were analysed. Potential QTL were identified for somatic cell score (SCS), fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield and protein percentage. Three markers (BM203, BM4505 and BM2078) were associated with significant effects for different traits and, after further analysis, may be useful in marker-assisted selection in specific families. Comparisons between these data and previously identified QTL support the location of a QTL for milk yield and protein yield on chromosome 21. C1 USDA ARS,ANIM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Ashwell, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS,GENE EVALUAT MAPPING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 26 TC 61 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 28 IS 3 BP 216 EP 222 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1997.00115.x PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA XL440 UT WOS:A1997XL44000008 ER PT J AU Rohrer, GA Alexander, LJ Beattie, CW Wilkie, P Flickinger, GH Schook, LB Paszek, AA Andersson, L Mariani, P Marklund, L Fredholm, M Hoyheim, B Archibald, AL Nielsen, VH Milan, D Groenen, MAM AF Rohrer, GA Alexander, LJ Beattie, CW Wilkie, P Flickinger, GH Schook, LB Paszek, AA Andersson, L Mariani, P Marklund, L Fredholm, M Hoyheim, B Archibald, AL Nielsen, VH Milan, D Groenen, MAM TI A consensus linkage map for swine chromosome 7 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE consensus; map; pig; SSC7 ID POLYMORPHIC MICROSATELLITE LOCI; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; PORCINE GENOME; SINE-PCR; PIG; ASSIGNMENT; SLA; GENES; MARKERS AB The First International Workshop on Swine Chromosome 7 (SSC7) was held in Minnesuing, Wisconsin, USA on 21-24 September 1995. The objective was to develop a comprehensive linkage map for porcine chromosome 7 by combining genotypic data from four swine reference populations. Contributions of genotypic data were made from the US Meat Animal Research Center, the University of Minnesota, the PiGMaP consortium and the Scandinavian consortium. Primers for selected sequence tagged site markers, to be genotyped across the reference populations, were exchanged to integrate individual maps of SSC7. Eighty-six loci were genotyped; these loci represented microsatellite, minisatellite, single-strand conformation polymorphism, restriction fragment length polymorphism, erythrocyte antigen and protein polymorphisms. Eighteen genes were mapped, including 12 markers within class I, class II and class III regions (four markers in each class) of the swine major histocompatibility complex. Forty-two markers were either genotyped on more than one population or were included in a haplotype system and used to develop skeletal linkage maps that spanned 147.6, 212.7 and 179.5 cM for the male, female and sex-average maps, respectively. A comprehensive linkage map was developed incorporating those markers with more than 30 informative meioses. The comprehensive map was slightly longer than the skeletal map, at 153.3, 215.3 and 183.8 cM, respectively, with only three intervals greater than 10 cM. These results significantly improve the genetic resolution of the porcine chromosome 7 map and represent an accurate approach for the merging of genetic maps produced in different reference populations. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI,DEPT ANIM BREEDING & GENET,S-75124 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. ROYAL VET & AGR UNIV,DEPT ANIM PROD & ANIM HLTH,DK-1870 FREDERIKSBERG C,DENMARK. NORWEGIAN COLL VET MED,DEPT BIOCHEM PHYSIOL & NUTR,N-0033 OSLO,NORWAY. ROSLIN INST,ROSLIN EH25 9PS,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND. NATL INST ANIM SCI,DEPT ANIM PHYSIOL,FOULUM,DENMARK. INRA,LAB GENET CELLULAIRE,F-31326 CASTANET TOLOSAN,FRANCE. AGR UNIV WAGENINGEN,DEPT ANIM BREEDING,NL-6709 PG WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. RP Rohrer, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Groenen, Martien/D-8408-2012; OI Groenen, Martien/0000-0003-0484-4545; Schook, Lawrence/0000-0002-6580-8364 NR 47 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 28 IS 3 BP 223 EP 229 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1997.00116.x PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA XL440 UT WOS:A1997XL44000009 ER PT J AU Benkel, BF Grunder, AA Burke, D deLeon, FAP AF Benkel, BF Grunder, AA Burke, D deLeon, FAP TI A diagnostic assay for the endogenous ALV-type provirus ev-B3 of broiler chicken SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID LINKAGE RP Benkel, BF (reprint author), USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 28 IS 3 BP 238 EP 239 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA XL440 UT WOS:A1997XL44000014 ER PT J AU Bouwer, H AF Bouwer, H TI Role of groundwater recharge and water reuse in integrated water management SO ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID RAPID INFILTRATION; WASTEWATER; PROJECT AB Because of global population and water developments and the need for integrated water resources management with sustainable solutions, interest in artificial recharge with normal water and sewage effluent continues to increase. Issues discussed in this paper include global water aspects, recharge with infiltration basins, environmentally friendly infiltration systems, soil-aquifer treatment of sewage effluent, potable use of water from aquifers recharged with sewage effluent, sustainability, nitrogen removal, pretreatment of sewage effluent, disinfection, disinfection byproducts, well recharge, vadose zone wells, seepage trenches, and constructed aquifers used as intermittent sand filters. RP Bouwer, H (reprint author), USDA ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,4331 E BROADWAY RD,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU KING FAHD UNIV PETROLEUM MINERALS PI DHAHRAN PA C/O UNIV, DHAHRAN 31261, SAUDI ARABIA SN 0377-9211 J9 ARAB J SCI ENG JI Arab. J. Sci. Eng. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 22 IS 1C BP 123 EP 131 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA XT552 UT WOS:A1997XT55200010 ER PT J AU Campos, H LopezMiranda, J Rodriguez, C Albajar, M Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Campos, H LopezMiranda, J Rodriguez, C Albajar, M Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI Urbanization elicits a more atherogenic lipoprotein profile in carriers of the apolipoprotein A-IV-2 allele than in A-IV-1 homozygotes SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gene polymorphism; LDL particle size; dietary intake; smoking; cholesterol ID A-IV POLYMORPHISM; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; PARTICLE-SIZE; CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; GENETIC-POLYMORPHISM; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; COSTA-RICA; FRAMINGHAM AB Coronary heart disease (CHD) is increasing in developing countries, particularly in urban areas. The impact of urbanization and apolipoprotein (ape) A-IV genetic polymorphism on plasma lipoproteins was studied in 222 men and 236 women from rural and urban Costa Rica. The apoA-IV allele frequencies were 0.937 for apoA-IV-1 and 0.062 for apoA-IV-2. Significant interactions between the apoA-IV polymorphism and area of residence (rural versus urban) were detected for HDL cholesterol (P=.003). apoA-I (P=.05), LDL particle size (P=.01), and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio (P=.005). Urban compared with rural carriers of the apoA-IV-2 allele had significantly lower plasma HDL cholesterol (0.95 versus 1.17 mmol/L) and apoA-I (980 versus 1140 mg/L), a significantly higher LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio (3.35 versus 2.39), and significantly smaller LDL particles (258 versus 263 Angstrom). In contrast, no significant rural-urban differences for these parameters were found in apoA-IV-1 homozygotes. Regardless of their apoA-IV phenotype, urban residents consumed more saturated fat (P=.02) and smoked more cigarettes per day (P=.03) than rural residents. A significant interaction between saturated fat intake and apoA-IV phenotype was found for HDL cholesterol (P<.0003) and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio (P<.003). Increased saturated fat intake (13.6% versus 8.6% of calories) was significantly associated with 6%, higher HDL cholesterol and no change (0.7%) in LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio in apoA-IV-1 homozygotes and with 19% lower HDL cholesterol and 37% higher LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio among carriers of the apoA-IV-2 allele. Smokers (greater than or equal to 1 cigarette per day) had significantly lower HDL cholesterol (P<.005) and apoA-I (P<.01) concentrations than nonsmokers (<1 cigarette per day), particularly among carriers of the apoA-IV-2 allele (-19% and -13%) compared with apoA-IV-1 (-4% for both). After taking these lifestyle characteristics into account, the areas of residence by phenotype interactions for plasma lipoprotein concentrations were no longer statistically significant. Lifestyles associated with an urban environment. such as increased smoking and saturated fat intake, elicit a more adverse plasma lipoprotein profile among Costa Rican carriers of the apoA-IV-2 allele than in apoA-IV-1 homozygotes. Therefore, under the conditions studied, persons with the apoA-IV-2 allele may be more susceptible to CHD. C1 TUFTS UNIV,LIPID METAB LAB,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,USDA,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Campos, H (reprint author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT NUTR,665 HUNTINGTON AVE,ROOM 353A,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL49086] NR 37 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1074 EP 1081 PG 8 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA XF781 UT WOS:A1997XF78100010 PM 9194757 ER PT J AU Lefohn, AS Jackson, W Shadwick, DS Knudsen, HP AF Lefohn, AS Jackson, W Shadwick, DS Knudsen, HP TI Effect of surface ozone exposures on vegetation grown in the Southern Appalachian Mountains: Identification of possible areas of concern SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ozone exposure; W126 cumulative exposure index; Palmer hydrologic index; kriging; vegetation; seedlings; trees; sensitive species ID PROTECT VEGETATION; AMBIENT OZONE; LOBLOLLY PINES; BLACK-CHERRY; RESPONSES; SEEDLINGS; INDEXES; TREES; SENSITIVITY; STANDARDS AB The results described in this paper are derived from an analysis, for the 8-yr period 1983-1990, that combined experimental exposure-response effects data for deciduous and coniferous seedlings and/or trees with characterized O-3 ambient exposure data for a local area and soil moisture to identify areas that may be at risk in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Results from seedling and tree experiments operated in open-top chambers were used to characterize O-3 exposure regimes that resulted in growth loss under controlled conditions. Available O-3 monitoring data were characterized for the states of Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, West Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia, using the W126 biologically based cumulative exposure index. As a part of the analysis, both the occurrences of hourly average O-3 concentrations greater than or equal to 0.10 ppm and the soil moisture conditions in the geographic area were considered. Combining exposure information with moisture availability and experimental exposure-response data, the extreme northern and southern portions of the Southern Appalachian area were identified as having the greatest potential for possible vegetation effects. The study was based mostly on results from individual tree seedlings grown in chambers and pots and additional research is needed to identify what differences in effects might be observed if exposures were similar to those experienced in forests. Furthermore, we recommend future investigations to verify the location and presence of specific vegetation species and amounts and whether actual growth losses occurred in those areas of concern that have been identified in this study. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,ASHEVILLE,NC 28802. MANTECH ENVIRONM TECHNOL INC,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. UNIV MONTANA,MONTANA TECH,BUTTE,MT 59707. RP Lefohn, AS (reprint author), ASL & ASSOCIATES,111 N LAST CHANCE GULCH,HELENA,MT 59601, USA. NR 54 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 31 IS 11 BP 1695 EP 1708 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00258-0 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA WR161 UT WOS:A1997WR16100011 ER PT J AU Santamour, FS Lundgren, LN AF Santamour, FS Lundgren, LN TI Rhododendrin in Betula: A reappraisal SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arylbutanoid; Betula; Betulaceae; birch; rhododendrol; rhododendrin ID INNER BARK; GLYCOSIDES AB Rhododendrin was found in the inner baric of many Betula (birch) species, and it was naturally hydrolyzed to rhododendrol when trees or branches were under drought stress. Rhododendrol may act as a stimulant to oviposition by the bronze birch borer. Therefore, the development, by selection and breeding, of improved white-barked, borer-resistant trees should emphasize those species or individuals found to produce little or no rhododendrin. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI,DEPT CHEM,S-75007 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. RP Santamour, FS (reprint author), USDA ARS,US NATL ARBORETUM,WASHINGTON,DC 20002, USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 25 IS 4 BP 335 EP 341 DI 10.1016/S0305-1978(97)83745-3 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA XH831 UT WOS:A1997XH83100007 ER PT J AU Nemec, S AF Nemec, S TI Longevity of microbial biocontrol agents in a planting mix amended with Glomus intraradices SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Trichoderma; Bacillus; Serratia; Streptomyces; Pseudomonas ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; FUSARIUM CROWN; ROOT-ROT; TRICHODERMA-HARZIANUM; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; GROWTH; TOMATO; INOCULATION; PSEUDOMONAS; SOIL AB Commercial sources of the biological control agents Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harzianum and Streptomyces griseoviridis and experimental single isolates of Serratia plymuthica, a Pseudomonas fluorescens parent and its lacZY mutant were evaluated for their survival and compatibility with the mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices, in a commercial planting mix. The control treatments were the unamended mix and mix amended with G. intraradices alone. All were applied to 128-cell Speedling styrofoam flats and planted with the tomato cultivar 'Sunny'. At four to five intervals during the growing period (6.5-8 weeks), each organism was quantified by dilution plating and G. intraradices infection (%) was determined at the end of each test. The number of Trichoderma isolates increased slightly within 2 weeks after application and then stabilized through the end of the test. Serratia and Streptomyces isolates declined throughout the test from about 7.75 log(10) colony-forming units (CFU) g(-1) to numbers at the end (6.2 log(10) CFU g-l) similar to the controls. Bacillus isolates declined about 1 log(10) CFU g(-1) in the first week but then stabilized. G, intraradices had no influence on numbers of these four genera. The Pseudomonas parent and its lacZY mutant declined about 1 log(10) CFU g(-1) during the test with the mutant yielding higher CFU for each sampling period. Propagules of both Pseudomonas isolates were greater when mixed with G. intraradices than when alone. In these experiments, Bacillus and Trichoderma were the best survivors in a mix for potential use as biocontrol agents for tomato transplants. RP Nemec, S (reprint author), USDA ARS,2199 S ROCK RD,FT PIERCE,FL 34945, USA. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 7 IS 2 BP 183 EP 192 DI 10.1080/09583159730884 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA XP815 UT WOS:A1997XP81500002 ER PT J AU Vora, RS AF Vora, RS TI Developing programs to monitor ecosystem health and effectiveness of management practices on Lakes States National Forests, USA SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Review DE monitoring; inventory; ecosystem health; ecosystem integrity; indicators ID CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; NORTHERN WISCONSIN; BIRD POPULATIONS; INDICATORS; BIODIVERSITY; COMMUNITIES; LANDSCAPES; INTEGRITY; HABITAT; TRENDS AB Assessing accomplishment of management objectives related to ecosystem health requires monitoring key indicators, including ecological processes and components of biological diversity. For these purposes, a monitoring plan was developed on the Chequamegon National Forest. It was refined by use of public workshops and technical consultation, and later adjusted based on practicality and additional inventory needs. To date, monitoring has focused on plants and birds, including long-term baseline monitoring in both managed forest and more natural areas. Monitoring is done at both the national forest and the ranger district levels, a forest subunit, the latter usually focusing on specific projects rather than forest-wide ecosystem health concerns. Examples from the Laurentian ranger district of the Superior National Forest are provided. Future assessments will require qualitative, quantitative and spatial analyses of community, ecosystem, habitat and population trends and patterns, and management effects. An institutionalized program that focuses on key ecosystem components at various scales, and that involves concerned publics and many partners: will be necessary to provide feedback to refine forest management. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Vora, RS (reprint author), USDA, US FOREST SERV, 318 FORESTRY RD, AURORA, MN 55705 USA. NR 142 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 80 IS 3 BP 289 EP 302 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00042-0 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WX075 UT WOS:A1997WX07500007 ER PT J AU Duan, JJ Purcell, MF Messing, RH AF Duan, JJ Purcell, MF Messing, RH TI Ovipositional responses of three opiine fruit fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to gall-forming tephritids (Diptera: Tephritidae) SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Tephritidae; Braconidae; Opiinae; fruit flies; nontarget effects; oviposition; biological control ID DIACHASMIMORPHA-LONGICAUDATA HYMENOPTERA; HOST LOCATION; ATTACK; HAWAII; SIZE AB In the laboratory, we evaluated ovipositional responses of three insectary-reared opiine parasitoids Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron), Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), and Psyttalia fletcheri (Sivilstri) to galls formed by three nontarget tephritids Eutreta xanthochaeta Aldrich, Procecidochares alani Stekyskal, and Phaeogramma lortnocoibon Asquith. Individual gravid females of the three parasitoids were released onto stems of each gall fly's host plant containing single galls that contained late instar flies, and the parasitoids' oviposition responses were recorded. Although the galls formed by the three nontarget tephritids had similar color (green), shape (spheroid), and size (7-11 mm), responses of the three opiine parasitoids to the galls varied with parasitoid as well as fly species. Thirty-eight and 26% of gravid D. tryoni and D. longicaudata, respectively, probed in E. xanthochaeta galls, which resulted in 28 and 20% of the resident larvae receiving parasitoid eggs. Few (<3%) P. fletcheri probed E. xanthochaeta galls, and no resident larvae received parasitoid eggs. All three species of parasitoids lacked ovipositional response to P. alani and P. lortnocoibon galls; thus, no fly larvae of these two tephritids received any parasitoid eggs. Both D. tryoni and D. longicaudata probed significantly more frequently and for significantly longer periods in lantana stem galls than in nongalled stems. These results indicate that both D. tryoni and D. longicaudata have the ability to recognize E. xanthochaeta galls as potential host microhabitats and fly larvae as hosts. The relevance of these findings to the potential nontarget impacts of opiine fruit fly parasitoids is discussed. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,HILO,HI 96720. RP Duan, JJ (reprint author), UNIV HAWAII,DEPT ENTOMOL,KAUAI AGR RES CTR,7370-A KUAMOO RD,KAUAI,HI 96746, USA. NR 44 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1997 VL 9 IS 2 BP 81 EP 88 DI 10.1006/bcon.1997.0526 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA XF218 UT WOS:A1997XF21800002 ER PT J AU Grodowitz, MJ Center, TD Freedman, JE AF Grodowitz, MJ Center, TD Freedman, JE TI A physiological age-grading system for Neochetina eichhorniae (Warner) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE water hyacinth; Neochetina; age grading; reproduction; biocontrol ID WATERHYACINTH; LOUISIANA; DYNAMICS AB Neochetina eichhorniae has a meroistic reproductive system composed of a pair of ovaries each subdivided into two tube-like ovarioles, The ovarioles consist of two main regions, the distal germarium and the proximal vitellarium. The vitellarium houses the developing follicles, which mature sequentially. The two ovarioles in each pair connect proximally via the lateral oviducts. The paired ovaries join one another via the common oviduct, Ovarian development involves two distinct phases: a nulliparous (meaning ''no eggs'') phase and a parous (meaning ''with eggs'') phase. Each phase undergoes three sequential stages, named N1, N2, and N3 and P1, P2, and P3 for the nulliparous and parous categories, respectively. The degree of maturity of the proximate follicles and the extent of follicular differentiation distinguish the nulliparous stages. The quantity and quality of follicular relies (and, by association, the number of egg ovulations) distinguishes the parous phases, The overall condition of the ovaries can be characterized from the number of developing follicles in the ovarioles as well as the integrity of the follicular cellular material, Samples from field populations in Texas revealed distinct seasonal changes in physiological age structure and condition of the reproductive system, This physiological age-grading system can be an important tool for assessing age structure and relative reproductive health of N. eichhorniae populations or other weed biological control agents with similar reproductive systems. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS,AQUAT PLANT CONTROL RES UNIT,FT LAUDERDALE,FL 33314. RP Grodowitz, MJ (reprint author), USA,ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPT STN,3909 HALLS FERRY RD,VICKSBURG,MS 39180, USA. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1997 VL 9 IS 2 BP 89 EP 105 DI 10.1006/bcon.1997.0525 PG 17 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA XF218 UT WOS:A1997XF21800003 ER PT J AU Hagler, JR Naranjo, SE AF Hagler, JR Naranjo, SE TI Measuring the sensitivity of an indirect predator gut content ELISA: Detectability of prey remains in relation to predator species, temperature, time, and meal size SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE gut content analysis; predation; ELISA; monoclonal antibody; Geocoris punctipes; Orius insidiosus; Hippodamia convergens; Pectinophora gossypiella ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; POLYPHAGOUS PREDATORS; CARABID PREDATORS; DIGESTION RATE; HELIOTHIS-ZEA; DECAY-RATES; ANTIGEN; LEPIDOPTERA; ASSAY; HEMIPTERA AB The gut contents of three species of insect predators that were fed either a variable or a fixed number of pink bollworm eggs but held at variable time and temperature regimes were assayed by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The sensitivity and efficacy of the monoclonal antibody-based ELISA was dependent on the predator species examined, Small predators were more immunoresponsive to the ELISA than large predators. Furthermore, the assay sensitivity was dependent on the number of prey consumed, elapsed time after feeding, and temperature at which the predators were held, The smaller predator species retained recognizable traces of prey remains for longer periods than larger predator species. The ELISA efficacy decreased with increasing ambient temperature, A series of regression equations have been developed to estimate the median detection interval of prey in a predator's gat that takes into account the predator species examined, the quantity of prey consumed, and ambient after-meal temperature. (C) 1997 Academic Press. RP Hagler, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, WESTERN COTTON RES LAB, 4135 E BROADWAY RD, PHOENIX, AZ 85040 USA. NR 40 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 20 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1997 VL 9 IS 2 BP 112 EP 119 DI 10.1006/bcon.1997.0521 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA XF218 UT WOS:A1997XF21800005 ER PT J AU Hagler, JR Naranjo, SE Erickson, ML Machtley, SA Wright, SF AF Hagler, JR Naranjo, SE Erickson, ML Machtley, SA Wright, SF TI Immunological examinations of species variability in predator gut content assays: Effect of predator:prey protein ratio on immunoassay sensitivity SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE predation; gut content analysis; ELISA; pink bollworm; monoclonal antibody ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; POLYPHAGOUS PREDATORS; IMMUNODOT ASSAY; DIGESTION RATE; ELISA; PREY; ANTIGEN; LEPIDOPTERA; HEMIPTERA; DECAY AB In qualitative predator gut content immunoassays, sensitivity of an immunoassay is important far determining whether a predator contains a targeted prey antigen, If the immunoassay employed is insensitive, the probability of obtaining a false-negative reaction is high, The sensitivity of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed to detect pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), egg(s) in whole body homogenized predators varied in efficacy between species, Specifically, the indirect ELISA was more effective at detecting egg antigen in small predators than In large predators, In this study, we examined the effect that the predator prey protein ratio has on the sensitivity of an indirect ELISA. Our results suggest that when assaying whole body homogenized predators, care must be taken not to overload an ELISA microplate. with nontarget (predator) proteins. Predator samples should be diluted to less than 125 mu g of total protein per sample, Any protein concentration above 125 mu g per ELISA microplate well will likely result in an ELISA false-negative reaction, In another experiment, we compared the efficacy of an indirect ELISA with a dot blot immunoassay. Adults of Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccineliidae) that had eaten one pink bollworm egg were homogenized in variable dilutions of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and each sample was analyzed for pink bollworm egg antigen using both immunoassays. The dot blot immunoassay was more reliable than the indirect; ELISA for detecting minute traces of egg antigen in the samples. Generally, the volume of PBS that the H. convergens were homogenized in had little effect on the qualitative outcome of the dot blot, However, the indirect. ELISA was more effective when H. convergens was homogenized in a larger volume of PBS, This suggests that the efficacy of an indirect ELISA can be improved for large, protein-rich predators by grinding them in a larger volume of PBS, thus minimizing the total protein in a given sample. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 UNIV ARIZONA, CTR INSECT SCI, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA. RP Hagler, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, WESTERN COTTON RES LAB, 4135 E BROADWAY RD, PHOENIX, AZ 85040 USA. NR 28 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1997 VL 9 IS 2 BP 120 EP 128 DI 10.1006/bcon.1997.0522 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA XF218 UT WOS:A1997XF21800006 ER PT J AU Garrett, WM Guthrie, HD AF Garrett, WM Guthrie, HD TI Steroidogenic enzyme expression during preovulatory follicle maturation in pigs SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; GRANULOSA-CELLS; 3-BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE; ATRETIC FOLLICLES; DNA FRAGMENTATION; ANTIBODY KI-67; ATRESIA; PROGESTERONE; APOPTOSIS; PROLIFERATION AB During preovulatory maturation, follicles destined to ovulate exhibit a marked increase in steroidogenesis, while nonovulatory, steroidogenically inactive follicles are lost by atresia. The purpose of this study was to assess the expression of the steroidogenic enzymes cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450(arom)), cytochrome P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase (P450(c17)), and 3 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD) and that of the tell proliferation-associated nuclear antigen Ki-67 by immunohistochemistry in both nonatretic and atretic follicles developed during altrenogest-synchronized preovulatory maturation. Fifteen cyclic gilts were slaughtered on Days 1, 3, 5 (n = 3 per day), and 7 (n = 6) following the withdrawal of altrenogest. Staining intensity was assigned a numeric value and was related to follicle size and day following altrenogest withdrawal. Follicle atresia was assessed by the extent of in situ 3' end-labeling of DNA in apoptotic cells. The overall incidence of atresia was 41%, 17%, and 7% in small (< 3 mm), medium (3-5 mm), and large (> 5 mm) follicles, respectively. Expression of granulosa cell P450(arom), Ki-67 antigen, and thecal P450(c17), was significantly less (p < 0.001) in atretic compared to nonatretic follicles. Thecal 3 beta HSD was expressed predominantly in medium and large nonatretic follicles; expression was nondetectable in 88% of small follicles irrespective of follicle health. Ki-67 expression in granulosa cells was greater in small and medium nonatretic than in large nonatretic follicles (p < 0.005). In large presumptive ovulatory follicles, P450(arom) was maximally expressed on Days 3 and 5 and decreased on Day 7 (p < 0.005), while P450(c17) was unchanged between Days 3 and 7. In contrast, 3 beta HSD increased linearly between Days 3 and 7 (p < 0.005). Staining intensities of P450(arom), P450(c17), and 3 beta HSD were correlated with each other and with follicular fluid concentrations of the steroids estradiol, androstenedione, and progesterone, whose production they catalyzed. These data show that selection of ovulatory follicles is associated with a low incidence of apoptosis, a reduction in cell proliferation, maintenance of high levels of P450(arom), and increased expression of 3 beta HSD to provide substrate for androgen and estrogen production. During the period of development investigated in this study, changes in follicular steroid production in vivo are explained in large measure by changes in steroidogenic enzyme expression. C1 USDA ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 31 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 56 IS 6 BP 1424 EP 1431 DI 10.1095/biolreprod56.6.1424 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA XA167 UT WOS:A1997XA16700009 PM 9166694 ER PT J AU Fry, WE Goodwin, SB AF Fry, WE Goodwin, SB TI Resurgence of the Irish potato famine fungus SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS POPULATIONS; GENOTYPIC DIVERSITY; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; UNITED-STATES; RESISTANCE; METALAXYL; MIGRATION; NORTHERN; OOSPORES; STRAINS C1 PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Fry, WE (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,334 PLANT SCI BLDG,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 61 TC 205 Z9 229 U1 2 U2 45 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUN PY 1997 VL 47 IS 6 BP 363 EP 371 DI 10.2307/1313151 PG 9 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA XA453 UT WOS:A1997XA45300006 ER PT J AU Stommel, JR Panta, GR Levi, A Rowland, LJ AF Stommel, JR Panta, GR Levi, A Rowland, LJ TI Effects of gelatin and BSA on the amplification reaction for generating RAPD SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID DNA-POLYMERASE; WOODY-PLANTS; MARKERS C1 UNIV GEORGIA,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Stommel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,VEGETABLE LAB,BARC W,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BLDG 010A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD JUN PY 1997 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1064 EP 1066 PG 17 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA XD570 UT WOS:A1997XD57000011 PM 9187752 ER PT J AU Pan, YB Burner, DM Ehrlich, KC Grisham, MP Wei, Q AF Pan, YB Burner, DM Ehrlich, KC Grisham, MP Wei, Q TI Analysis of primer-derived, nonspecific amplification products in RAPD-PCR SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID DNA; POLYMORPHISMS; POLYMERASE; MARKERS C1 FFS,NEW ORLEANS,LA. RP Pan, YB (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,SUGARCANE RES UNIT,POB 470,HOUMA,LA 70361, USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD JUN PY 1997 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1071 EP & PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA XD570 UT WOS:A1997XD57000013 PM 9187754 ER PT J AU Massman, WJ AF Massman, WJ TI An analytical one-dimensional model of momentum transfer by vegetation of arbitrary structure SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE momentum transfer by vegetation; vegetation roughness length; vegetation displacement height; variable foliage distribution ID PLANT CANOPIES; ROUGHNESS; DRAG AB An analytical one-dimensional model of momentum transfer by vegetation with variable foliage distribution, sheltering and drag coefficient is developed. The model relies on a simple parameterization of the ratio of the above-canopy friction velocity, u*, to the wind speed at the top of the canopy, u(h), to predict vegetation roughness length (z(0)) and displacement height (d) as functions of canopy height (h) and drag area index. Model predictions of d/h and z(0)/h compare very favorably with observed values. A model sensitivity analysis suggests that sheltering effects for momentum transfer tend to make canopies with non-uniform foliage distribution resemble canopies with more uniform foliage distribution and that any influence wind speed has on d/h and z(0)/h is more likely to be related to the influence that wind speed may have on u*/u(h) rather than the influence wind speed may have on the foliage drag coefficient. Model results indicate that z(0)/h and d/h are sensitive to uncertainties in the numerical values of the model parameters, foliage density and distribution, sheltering effects and variations in drag coefficient within the canopy. In addition z(0)/h is also shown to be sensitive to the presence or absence of the roughness sublayer. Given the simplicity of the model it is suggested that it may be of use for land surface parameterizations in large scale models. RP Massman, WJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,240 W PROSPECT,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 18 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 2 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 83 IS 3 BP 407 EP 421 DI 10.1023/A:1000234813011 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XH608 UT WOS:A1997XH60800003 ER PT J AU Rader, RB AF Rader, RB TI A functional classification of the drift: traits that influence invertebrate availability to salmonids SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID MAYFLY SPECIES EPHEMEROPTERA; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS; MOUNTAIN STREAM; BROWN TROUT; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; CUTTHROAT TROUT; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; PREDACEOUS STONEFLIES; AQUATIC INSECTS; LIFE-HISTORIES AB Twelve categories/traits were used to classify and rank aquatic invertebrates based on their propensity to drift and importance as a food resource for salmonids. Invertebrate availability was based on their (i) propensity to intentionally drift, (ii) likelihood of being accidentally dislodged by the current, (iii) drift distance, (iv) adult drift, (v) benthic exposure, (vi) body size, and (vii) abundance. This study represents the first attempt to characterize the intentional drift propensity of stream invertebrates. A ranking procedure separated invertebrates into Baetis and three groups decreasing in availability. Predicted ranks were significantly correlated with the actual rank of invertebrates in trout guts taken in three separate studies conducted in the central Rocky Mountains, suggesting that this procedure can effectively rank invertebrates based on their availability as a food resource for salmonids. A cluster analysis separated the 95 taxa into four drift guilds and six availability groups. This study provides criteria for determining when alterations in invertebrate community composition will affect food resources for higher trophic levels by causing a decline in the most available taxa. This research also supports previous findings that floods are important in maintaining invertebrates that represent an important food resource for salmonids. RP Rader, RB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,222 S 22ND ST,LARAMIE,WY 82070, USA. NR 141 TC 128 Z9 132 U1 1 U2 22 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 54 IS 6 BP 1211 EP 1234 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-6-1211 PG 24 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XR889 UT WOS:A1997XR88900002 ER PT J AU Wipfli, MS AF Wipfli, MS TI Terrestrial invertebrates as salmonid prey and nitrogen sources in streams: contrasting old-growth and young-growth riparian forests in southeastern Alaska, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE COHO SALMON; NEW-ZEALAND; AQUATIC INSECTS; BROWN TROUT; LEAF LITTER; CLEAR-CUT; FOOD; ECOSYSTEMS; RAINBOW; LEAVES AB Terrestrial-derived invertebrate (TI) inputs into streams and predation on them by salmonids (40-180 mm fork length) were measured in six coastal Alaska stream reaches from April through October 1993-1994; riparian habitat of three stream reaches contained conifer-dominated old-growth (no timber harvesting) and three were alder-dominated young-growth (31 years postclearcutting). Data from pan-traps placed on stream surfaces showed that TI biomass and nitrogen inputs averaged up to 66 and 6 mg.m(-2).day(-1), respectively, with no significant difference between habitats. Stomach contents from coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), cutthroat trout (O. clarki), and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) revealed that TI and aquatic-derived invertebrates (AI) were equally important prey. Additionally, salmonids from young-growth systems ingested a greater TI proportion than those from old-growth systems. There were trends but no significant differences between habitats of TI and AI biomass ingested; however, statistical power was <0.30. These results showed that TI were important juvenile salmonid prey and that a riparian overstory with more alder and denser shrub understory may increase their abundance. Riparian vegetation management will likely have important consequences on trophic levels supporting predators, including but not limited to fishes. RP Wipfli, MS (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,2770 SHERWOOD LANE,JUNEAU,AK 99801, USA. NR 72 TC 153 Z9 157 U1 5 U2 41 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 54 IS 6 BP 1259 EP 1269 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-6-1259 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XR889 UT WOS:A1997XR88900006 ER PT J AU Valentine, HT Gregoire, TG Burkhart, HE Hollinger, DY AF Valentine, HT Gregoire, TG Burkhart, HE Hollinger, DY TI A stand-level modes of carbon allocation and growth, calibrated for loblolly pine SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID EVEN-AGED STANDS; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; INDIVIDUAL TREES; DRY-MATTER; FOREST; DYNAMICS; FOLIAGE; TAEDA; CO2 AB A stand-level model of carbon allocation and growth (Pipestem) is formulated as a set of differential equations that contain explicit parametrizations of annual rates of (i) production of photosynthate, (ii) dry-matter production, constructive respiration, and maintenance respiration of foliage, feeder roots, and live wood, (iii) foliage and feeder-root turnover, and (iv) loss of woody tissue to crown rise and self-thinning. The allocation of carbon is consistent with pipe-model theory. The model describes temporal changes in the carbon balance, the production, loss, and standing crop of dry matter, the stem density, and stand summary variables including stand basal area, average height, and average crown length. Pipestem is linked to a steady-state, carbon-flux model in order to gauge the effects, on stand growth, of weather and other environmental factors that operate on short temporal scales. Analyses of the linked model, with parameter values set for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), indicate that rates of production and loss of dry matter become more sensitive to environmental influences as a stand ages and the consumption of carbon substrate for maintenance respiration increases. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. RP Valentine, HT (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,POB 640,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. RI Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012 NR 43 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 27 IS 6 BP 817 EP 830 DI 10.1139/cjfr-27-6-817 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XR084 UT WOS:A1997XR08400003 ER PT J AU Larsen, DR Metzger, MA Johnson, PS AF Larsen, DR Metzger, MA Johnson, PS TI Oak regeneration and overstory density in the Missouri Ozarks SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB Reducing overstory density is a commonly recommended method of increasing the regeneration potential of oak (Quercus) forests. However, recommendations seldom specify the probable increase in density or the size of reproduction associated with a given residual overstory density. This paper presents logistic regression models that describe this relation for a forest in the Ozark Highlands of Missouri that has been managed for 40 years by the single-tree selection system. In general, density of oak reproduction of a given size increases with decreasing residual stand basal area. However, the corresponding increase in the reproduction density at all levels of overstory density indicates low predictability of individual stands. The models nevertheless describe the average trend in the highly stochastic regeneration process. They also suggest that stand densities must be kept low (e.g., basal areas <14 m(2).ha(-1)) to sustain the requisite recruitment of reproduction into the overstory under the single-tree selection method. C1 JACKSON CTY PK & RECREAT,BLUE SPRINGS,MO 64015. US FOREST SERV,USDA,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP Larsen, DR (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,SCH NAT RESOURCES,1-30 AGR BLDG,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 23 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 27 IS 6 BP 869 EP 875 DI 10.1139/cjfr-27-6-869 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XR084 UT WOS:A1997XR08400008 ER PT J AU Baldwin, VC Peterson, KD Burkhart, HE Amateis, RL Dougherty, PM AF Baldwin, VC Peterson, KD Burkhart, HE Amateis, RL Dougherty, PM TI Equations for estimating loblolly pine branch and foliage weight and surface area distributions SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS; STAND; DYNAMICS; CANOPY; TREES AB Equations to predict foliage weight and surface area, and their vertical and horizontal distributions, within the crowns of unthinned lablolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees are presented. A right-truncated Weibull function was used for describing vertical foliage distributions. This function ensures that all of the foliage located between the tree tip and the foliage base is included. Foliage distribution prediction is based on actual two-dimensional foliage location. It is shown that the average time of full foliage, and hence average foliage weight or surface area prediction, is highly variable for loblolly pine and subject to considerable error. To help account for the old and new foliage differences during the approximate time of ''full leaf,'' the prediction equations for new and old foliage weight and surface area include a day-of-year term. New equations to predict branch weight, surface area, and the vertical distributions of branch biomass and surface area were also developed, The vertical distributions of branch biomass and surface area are described with logarithmic equations constrained to equal zero when relative crown depth is equal to zero, and to equal one when relative crown depth is one. RP Baldwin, VC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO RES STN,2500 SHREVEPORT HIGHWAY,PINEVILLE,LA 71360, USA. NR 28 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 27 IS 6 BP 918 EP 927 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XR084 UT WOS:A1997XR08400014 ER PT J AU Krutovskii, KV Vollmer, SS Sorensen, FC Adams, WT Strauss, SH AF Krutovskii, KV Vollmer, SS Sorensen, FC Adams, WT Strauss, SH TI Effects of megagametophyte removal on DNA yield and early seedling growth in coastal Douglas-fir SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNAS; RAPD MARKERS AB Stratified seeds of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var, menziesii) were germinated, sown in soil, and seed coats and megagametophytes were removed at various stages of early seedling development. Yield and quality of DNA extracted from the megagametophytes were related to several morphological trails of the seedlings after 2 months of growth in a controlled environment chamber. Regression and analysis of variance demonstrated nonlinear associations between stage of megagamelophyte removal and seedling size traits, DNA yield and quality, and RNA presence. Megagametophyte removal when cotyledons had extended one-quarter of their length (about 4 mm) outside the seed coat (our stage 4) resulted in sufficient DNA for construction of saturated PCR-(polymerase chain reaction) based genome maps and had little effect on seedling development. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US FOREST SERV,USDA,FORESTRY SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NI VAVILOV GEN GENET RES INST,LAB POPULAT GENET,MOSCOW 117809,RUSSIA. RI Krutovsky, Konstantin/A-5419-2012 OI Krutovsky, Konstantin/0000-0002-8819-7084 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 27 IS 6 BP 964 EP 968 DI 10.1139/cjfr-27-6-964 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XR084 UT WOS:A1997XR08400022 ER PT J AU Kaiser, WJ AF Kaiser, WJ TI Inter- and intranational spread of ascochyta pathogens of chickpea, faba bean, and lentil SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYTOPATHOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID DIDYMELLA-RABIEI; STRAW; TELEOMORPH; SURVIVAL; FUNGI; SEEDS AB Ascochyta blights of chickpea, faba bean, and lentil are caused by Ascochyta rabiei, A. fabae, and A. fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, all of which are important seedborne pathogens. Infected seed is important in the long-distance spread and survival of these pathogens. In the last 20-25 years, there has been a steady increase in the exchange of germplasm of cool season food legumes between countries. Seed transmission has been responsible for the introduction of the ascochyta blight pathogens of chickpea, faba bean, and lentil into, and for dissemination within, many countries worldwide. The teleomorphic (sexual) states of the blight pathogens of chickpea, faba bean, and lentil belong to the genus Didymella. These fungi are heterothallic, requiring the pairing of two compatible mating types for successful sexual reproduction. Movement of infected seed of these three crops not only leads to the introduction of virulent pathotypes, but may lead to the distribution of compatible mating types, thus allowing the development of the teleomorph in nature. Storage of chickpea, faba bean, and lentil seed at temperatures of 4 degrees to -18 degrees C in germplasm repositories not only prolongs the longevity of the seed but also of the associated seedborne ascochyta pathogens. RP Kaiser, WJ (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,WESTERN REG PLANT INTRO STN,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 58 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 3 U2 7 PU CANADIAN PHYTOPATHOL SOC PI GUELPH PA DEPT ENVIRON BIOL/UNIV GUELPH CAN. J PLANT PATHOL. DR. ROBERT HALL, GUELPH ON N1G 2W1, CANADA SN 0706-0661 J9 CAN J PLANT PATHOL JI Can. J. Plant Pathol.-Rev. Can. Phytopathol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 19 IS 2 BP 215 EP 224 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XQ988 UT WOS:A1997XQ98800017 ER PT J AU Ben-Shalom, N Conway, WS Gross, KC Sams, CE Pinto, R AF Ben-Shalom, N Conway, WS Gross, KC Sams, CE Pinto, R TI Differential degradation of apple cell walls in vitro by enzyme extracts from Botrytis cinerea and Glomerella cingulata SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article ID COLLETOTRICHUM-LINDEMUTHIANUM; FRUIT; PROTEIN AB Growth and associated glycosidase enzyme production and activity of Botrytis cinerea and Glomerella cingulata were compared in vitro using apple cell walls as a carbon source. In liquid culture, the growth of the two pathogens was similar. Both fungi produced alpha-L-arabinosidase but beta-D-galactosidase activity was higher in B. cinerea. In vitro degradation of apple cell walls by enzyme extracts from liquid cultures of G. cingulata was greater than for B. cinerea. After 24h of incubation, the G. cingulata extract solubilized 69% of the total cell wall neutral sugar and 78% of the total uronic acid, while the B. cinerea extract solubilized only 43% of the neutral sugar and 37% of the uronic-acid-containing wall polymers. The neutral sugar composition of the residue remaining after degradation (the products left after the activity of the respective fungal enzymes) differed between the two fungi. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Food Sci, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Prod Qual & Dev Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Ben-Shalom, N (reprint author), Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Food Sci, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD JUN-JUL PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2-3 BP 109 EP 113 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(97)00030-1 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA YN110 UT WOS:000071134100003 ER PT J AU Lane, RH Nelsen, TE Seibert, SE AF Lane, RH Nelsen, TE Seibert, SE TI Water hydration capacity of rolled oat products: Collaborative study AACC method 88-10 SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article AB Water hydration capacity data submitted by 10 participating laboratories was determined to be homogeneous among laboratories and within classes of oat products (whole rolled oats, instant oats, quick oats, and oat bran) utilized in the collaborative study. Results indicated that hydration capacities increased with decreasing granulation of rolled oat products. Method performance parameters obtained in this investigation were indicative of gravimetric analyses of this type with greater variability associated with rolled oat products of finer granulation. Within laboratory (RSDr) and among laboratory (RSDR) repeatabilities of 2.23 and 4.92, respectively, were determined for whole rolled oats. Reproducibility values (R) ranged from 7.4% for whale rolled oats to 21.9% for oat bran and instant oats, which were analyzed as Youden pairs. Corresponding repeatability values (r) ranged from 3.4% for whole rolled oats to 13.4% for instant oats. C1 ARS,USDA,MIDWEST AREA,PEORIA,IL 61604. RALSTON FOODS,CEDAR RAPIDS,IA 52402. RP Lane, RH (reprint author), UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT HUMAN NUTR & HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT,206A DOSTER HALL,TUSCALOOSA,AL 35487, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD JUN PY 1997 VL 42 IS 6 BP 482 EP 484 PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA XD401 UT WOS:A1997XD40100027 ER PT J AU Isensee, AR Sadeghi, AM AF Isensee, AR Sadeghi, AM TI Interactions of tillage and rainfall on atrazine leaching under field and laboratory conditions SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; SOIL CORES; MACROPORES; MOVEMENT; INFILTRATION; WATER AB Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate effects of tillage reversal and rainfall on C-14-atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) leaching patterns. Twelve intact soil cores (16 cm dia x 20 cm deep) were collected from 8-yr no-till (NT) fields. Half the cores were tilled (5 cm deep) prior to C-14-atrazine treatment (2.7 mg core(-1)) to all cores. All cores received two rains (27 mm rain in 1.5 h, one day after application followed, two days later, by a 17 mm rain in 2.5 h) and leachate was collected and analyzed for atrazine. These rains simulated the timing, amount and duration of natural rainfall events from a tillage reversal field study. During the first high intensity rainfall event, a pulse (2.1 mu g L-1) of atrazine leached through tilled cores while leaching rate was linear and decreased (1.25 to 0.9 mu g L-1) through un-tilled cores. Leaching rate was linear for both the tilled and un-tilled cores during the second rain. Less atrazine was left in the surface 5 cm of tilled soil than un-tilled after the two rains. Results confirmed field observations and suggested that when tillage is reversed on well structured soils, pesticide leaching may increase relative to un-tilled soil but these effects are probably confuted to the first rain events after application only. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Isensee, AR (reprint author), USDA ARS,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BLDG 001,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUN PY 1997 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2715 EP 2723 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00091-X PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XD920 UT WOS:A1997XD92000018 ER PT J AU Seman, L DeLuca, C Wilson, PWF Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ AF Seman, L DeLuca, C Wilson, PWF Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ TI Plasma lipoprotein (a) cholesterol, normal ranges and relationship to coronary heart disease: Results from the Framingham Offspring Study. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 43 SU 6 BP 746 EP 746 PN 2 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA XD363 UT WOS:A1997XD36300745 ER PT J AU Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM DeLuca, C DAgostino, RB Wolf, PA TaddeiPeters, W Butman, RJ Silberman, SR Wilson, PWF AF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM DeLuca, C DAgostino, RB Wolf, PA TaddeiPeters, W Butman, RJ Silberman, SR Wilson, PWF TI Lipoprotein (a), coronary heart disease, and carotid artery atherosclerosis in the Framingham heart study. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. BOSTON UNIV,DEPT MATH,BOSTON,MA 02215. BOSTON UNIV,DEPT NEUROL,BOSTON,MA 02215. PERIMMUNE INC,ROCKVILLE,MD. FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 43 SU 6 BP 747 EP 747 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA XD363 UT WOS:A1997XD36300746 ER PT J AU Foster, DN Proudman, JA Harmon, SA Foster, LK AF Foster, DN Proudman, JA Harmon, SA Foster, LK TI Baculovirus-mediated expression of chicken growth hormone SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE recombinant chicken growth hormone; baculovirus; expression; radioreceptor assay ID INFECTED INSECT CELLS; GROWING DOMESTIC-FOWL; CGH CHARGE VARIANTS; ALPHA-SUBUNIT; VECTOR; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; IDENTIFICATION; ENDOCRINE; RESPONSES; INJECTION AB A full-length chicken growth hormone (cGH) cDNA was placed downstream from the Autograph californica nuclear polyhedron virus, AcNPV, polyhedron gene promoter and expressed in Sf9 insect cells. Secreted recombinant cGH levels averaged 2-10 mu g/ml from day 5-10 postinfection. The recombinant cGH analyzed by SDS-PAGE gels and Western blotting consisted of a doublet with M-r of 26.5 and 23.5 kDa. Analysis by 2-D electrophoresis of partially-purified recombinant cGH and purified native cGH revealed similar immunoreactive charge isoforms and M-r variants. The recombinant hormone was biologically active in a homologous radioreceptor assay. The results show that cGH expressed in insect cells is biologically and immunologically active, and that a variety of isoforms are secreted which exhibit size and charge properties similar to those of pituitary-derived cGH. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ANIM SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT MICROBIOL & MOL GENET,IRVINE,CA 92717. NR 46 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 117 IS 2 BP 233 EP 239 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(97)00046-1 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA XF876 UT WOS:A1997XF87600011 PM 9226883 ER PT J AU Nelson, DR Walker, GP Buckner, JS Fatland, CL AF Nelson, DR Walker, GP Buckner, JS Fatland, CL TI Composition of the wax particles and surface wax of adult whiteflies: Aleuroplatus coronata, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Aleurotithius timberlakei, Dialeurodes citri, Dialeurodes citrifolii, and Parabemisia myricae SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE long-chain aldehydes; long-chain alcohols; wax esters; fatty acids; fatty alcohols; cuticular surface lipids; hydrocarbons ID TRIALEURODES-VAPORARIORUM; BEMISIA-TABACI; HOMOPTERA; LARVA AB The external lipids produced by adult whiteflies consisted of ''wax'' particles adhering to body hairs and of surface lipids, largely wax esters. The wax particles of each species were composed of a mixture of long chain aldehydes and long chain alcohols of the same carbon numbers, the major chain lengths being C30, C32, or C34. C34 was the dominant chain length in Aleurothrixus floccocus, Dialeurodes citri, Dialeurodes citrifolii, and Parabemisia myricae, C30 in Aleuroplatus coronata, and C32 in Aleurotithius timberlakei. The major wax esters in the cuticular surface lipids were C40 and C42 in A. timberlakei, C42 in A, coronta, C42 and C44 in A. floccosus, D. citri, and D. citrifolii, C44 in P. myricae and Aleyrodes singularis, and C46 in Aleurodicus dugesii. Other chain lengths occurred in lower proportions. Hydrocarbons, largely n-alkanes, were minor components of the surface lipids. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT ENTOMOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. RP Nelson, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,STATE UNIV STN,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 117 IS 2 BP 241 EP 251 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(97)00047-3 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA XF876 UT WOS:A1997XF87600012 ER PT J AU Stevens, MG Olsen, SC Palmer, MV Cheville, NF AF Stevens, MG Olsen, SC Palmer, MV Cheville, NF TI Brucella abortus strain RB51: A new brucellosis vaccine for cattle SO COMPENDIUM ON CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR THE PRACTICING VETERINARIAN LA English DT Article ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; BISON BISON-BISON; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; LYMPHOCYTE-PROLIFERATION; GAMMA-INTERFERON; MUTANT STRAINS; MICE; BRUCELLA-ABORTUS-2308; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; PROTECTION AB For the last 50 years, the Brucella abortus strain 19 (S19) vaccine has been the only brucellosis vaccine approved for use in cattle in the United States. Vaccination with S19 combined with detection and slaughter of cattle that are infected with field strains of B. abortus have been critical elements of the Brucellosis Eradication Program since its initiation in 1954. Cattle in 37 states are now free of bovine brucellosis, and it is projected that the disease will be eradicated by 1998. Identification of cattle infected with brucellosis can be complicated because the S19 vaccine induces antibody responses on brucellosis serologic tests that cannot be differentiated from responses of cattle infected with field strains of Brucella. The B. abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) vaccine has recently been introduced (in 1996) and is anticipated to replace the S19 vaccine. The SRB51 vaccine induces protective immunity that is similar to that obtained following S19 vaccination but does not induce antibody responses that interfere with the serologic diagnosis of brucellosis. This article reviews the immunology and pathology of the SRB51 vaccine as well as its efficacy in preventing brucellosis in cattle and other animals. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. RP Stevens, MG (reprint author), USDA ARS,ZOONOT DIS RES UNIT,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 75 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU VETERINARY LEARNING SYSTEMS PI TRENTON PA 425 PHILLIPS BLVD #100, TRENTON, NJ 08618 SN 0193-1903 J9 COMP CONT EDUC PRACT JI Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 19 IS 6 BP 766 EP & PG 21 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XH782 UT WOS:A1997XH78200010 ER PT J AU Hwang, H Park, B Nguyen, M Chen, YR AF Hwang, H Park, B Nguyen, M Chen, YR TI Hybrid image processing for robust extraction of lean tissue on beef cut surfaces SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Review DE beef cut; lean tissue; automatic contour generation; image segmentation; neural network AB A hybrid image processing system which automatically distinguishes lean tissues in the image of a complex beef cut surface and generates the lean tissue contour has been developed. Because of the inhomogeneous distribution and fuzzy pattern of fat and lean tissues on the beef cut, conventional image segmentation and contour generation algorithms suffer from a heavy computing requirement, algorithm complexity and poor robustness. The proposed system utilizes an artificial neural network to enhance the robustness of processing. The system is composed of pre-network, network, and post-network processing stages. At the pre-network stage, gray level images of beef cuts were segmented and resized to be adequate to the network input. Features such as fat and bone were enhanced and the enhanced input image was converted to a grid pattern image, whose grid was formed as 4 x 4 pixel size. At the network stage, the normalized gray value of each grid image was taken as the network input. The pre-trained network generated the grid image output of the isolated lean tissue. A sequence of post-network processing was conducted to obtain the detailed contour of the lean tissue. A training scheme of the network and the separating performance were presented and analyzed. The developed hybrid system showed the feasibility of the human-like robust object segmentation and contour generation for the complex, fuzzy and irregular image. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, INST NAT RESOURCES, INSTRUMENTAT & SENSING LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. SUNGKYUNKWAN UNIV, COLL LIFE SCI & NAT RESOURCES, DEPT BIOMECHATRON ENGN, SUWON 440746, SOUTH KOREA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 17 IS 3 BP 281 EP 294 DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(97)01321-5 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA XC336 UT WOS:A1997XC33600002 ER PT J AU Anders, AD Dearborn, DC Faaborg, J Thompson, FR AF Anders, AD Dearborn, DC Faaborg, J Thompson, FR TI Juvenile survival in a population of neotropical migrant birds SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLORIDA SCRUB JAYS; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; OVERWINTER SURVIVAL; ARTIFICIAL NESTS; MIGRATORY BIRDS; PREDATION; MORTALITY; SUCCESS; RATES; DISPERSAL AB Determination of population productivity of Neotropical migrant birds and assessment of breeding habitat quality have been based on population densities and nesting success. Data on juvenile survival improve our estimates of population productivity, provide information on factors during the post-fledging period that affect this productivity and, with comparative data, enable us to better assess breeding habitat quality. We present the first estimate of post-fledging juvenile survival in a population of Neotropical migrant birds. We studied post-fledging survival in a population of Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) in southern Missouri, (U.S.) an area hypothesized to contain source populations. Nesting success during our study period was 0.266, and individual survival within the nest was 0.245. Post-fledging survival during the first 8 weeks after fledging was 0.423. Survival varied significantly between post-fledging weekly age classes, with survival of weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 through 8 being 0.716, 0.930, 0.637, and 1.00, respectively. Probability of prediction varied by weekly age class and may have been related to behaviors occurring at different stages. Post-fledging survival was not correlated with nestling mass and did not change throughout the course of the breeding season. Analysis of the source/sink status of the population based on our estimates of nesting success and post-fledging survival indicates that young were being produced below replacement levels during our study period. Large-scale management decisions should take into account potential fluctuations in the productivity of Neotropical migrant populations over time. Data on post-fledging juvenile survival are needed from other populations of Neotropical migrant birds to more accurately assess differential productivity between populations and better assess breeding habitat quality. C1 UNIV MISSOURI, US FOREST SERV, N CENT FOREST EXPT STN, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 USA. UNIV MISSOURI, DIV BIOL SCI, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 USA. NR 56 TC 182 Z9 183 U1 3 U2 55 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 11 IS 3 BP 698 EP 707 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95526.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XD394 UT WOS:A1997XD39400017 ER PT J AU Hogmire, HW Peterson, DL AF Hogmire, HW Peterson, DL TI Pest control on dwarf apples with a tunnel sprayer SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE sprayer; tunnel; apples; pest control; pesticide AB A tunnel sprayer equipped with either two opposing pairs of Curtec(R) cross-flow fans, or two sets of three opposing Proptec(R) fans, was evaluated for pest and disease control on three dwarf apple cultivars, and compared to a conventional airblast sprayer, in a full-season (12 application) spray programme. Spray systems were evaluated in 20 comparisons of pest and disease control for each of two experiments. Curtec(R) and Proptec(R) fans provided control that was equal or superior to the airblast sprayer in 85% of insect and disease comparisons. There were no differences in performance between the Curtec(R) and Proptec(R) fans in 65% of comparisons; the Curtec(R) was superior in 15% of comparisons, while the Proptec(R) was superior in 20% of comparisons. Curtec(R) spray volume (187 or 700 l/ha) did not effect performance in 60% of comparisons; however, the 700 l/ha volume provided superior control in six out of eight comparisons where performance differed. Pest and disease control with the tunnel sprayer (Curtec(R) fans) travelling at 8 km/h was equal to or better than that at 4.8 km/h in 80% of comparisons. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. RP Hogmire, HW (reprint author), W VIRGINIA UNIV,EXPT FARM,DIV PLANT & SOIL SCI,POB 609,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 16 IS 4 BP 365 EP 369 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(96)00111-1 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XQ817 UT WOS:A1997XQ81700009 ER PT J AU Meinersmann, RJ Hiett, KL Tarplay, A AF Meinersmann, RJ Hiett, KL Tarplay, A TI Cloning of an outer membrane protein gene from Campylobacter jejuni SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COLONIZATION; SEQUENCE; OPERON; COLI AB An antigen in the outer membrane protein (OMP) fraction of Campylobacter jejuni was identified and characterized. Western blot analysis demonstrated antigenic differences in this protein between two congenic C. jejuni strains. Strain A74/C, which colonizes chickens, expressed the antigen at 34 kDA, while strain A74/O, which poorly colonizes chickens, expressed the antigen at 32 and 34 kDa. A genomic library was constructed in lambda gt11 with DNA from A74/O and screened with antibody raised against C. jejuni OMPs. A clone that possessed a 1.3-kb insert and expressed and immunoreactive protein fused to beta-galactosidase was isolated and purified. DNA sequence analysis revealed the insert contained one open reading frame 864 bases long. The deduced amino acid sequence demonstrated 56.3% similarity with Bacillus steorothelmophilus glnH, a glutamine-binding protein, and 54.0% similarity with C. jejuni PEB1, a putative colonization adhesin. Southern hybridization, Northern hybridization, and DNA sequence analyses of the congenic colonizing and noncolonizing strains of C. jejuni failed to distinguish the two strains and revealed only one copy of the gene. Post-translational modification may be an alternate explanation for the antigenic differences seen between the two strains. RP Meinersmann, RJ (reprint author), USDA,ARS,POULTRY MICROBIOL RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 34 IS 6 BP 360 EP 366 DI 10.1007/s002849900196 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XA214 UT WOS:A1997XA21400005 PM 9142743 ER PT J AU Wyckoff, HA Chow, J Whitehead, TR Cotta, MA AF Wyckoff, HA Chow, J Whitehead, TR Cotta, MA TI Cloning, sequence, and expression of the L-(+) lactate dehydrogenase of Streptococcus bovis SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRUCTOSE-1,6-DIPHOSPHATE-DEPENDENT L-(+)-LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; LACTOCOCCUS-LACTIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; INTRACELLULAR PH; GENE; DNA; MUTANS; ACID; BACTEREMIA AB The ldh gene encoding the fructose-1,6-diphosphate-dependent L-(+) lactate dehydrogenase from the ruminal bacterium Streptococcus bovis was cloned and sequenced. A genomic library of S. bovis JB1 DNA was constructed in lambda ZAP LT and screened by use of a heterologous probe derived from the cloned Streptococcus mutans ldh gene. Several clones were isolated that contained a common 2.9-kb fragment as determined by restriction analysis. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a 987-bp open reading frame with extensive homology to Streptococcus thermophilus and S. mutans ldh nucleic acid and amino acid sequences. Expression of the cloned S. bovis ldh gene in Escherichia coli was confirmed by the ability to complement the ldh mutation of E. coli FMJ39, by using an in-gel activity screen and by enzymatic assay. increased LDH activity was observed in S. bovis JB1 containing the cloned ldh genes on a multicopy plasmid. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009; OI Cotta, Michael/0000-0003-4565-7754 NR 41 TC 22 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 34 IS 6 BP 367 EP 373 DI 10.1007/s002849900197 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XA214 UT WOS:A1997XA21400006 PM 9142744 ER PT J AU Chaney, RL Malik, M Li, YM Brown, SL Brewer, EP Angle, JS Baker, AJM AF Chaney, RL Malik, M Li, YM Brown, SL Brewer, EP Angle, JS Baker, AJM TI Phytoremediation of soil metals SO CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID TRANSGENIC TOBACCO PLANTS; VULGARIS MOENCH GARCKE; THLASPI-CAERULESCENS J; CONTAMINATED SOILS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; BINDING PEPTIDES; C-PRESL; CADMIUM; PHYTOCHELATINS; ZINC AB The phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils offers a low-cost method for soil remediation and some extracted metals may be recycled for value. Both the phytoextraction of metals and the phytovolatilization of Se or Hg by plants offer great promise for commercial development. Natural metal hyperaccumulator phenotype is much more important than high-yield ability when using plants to remove metals from contaminated soils. The hypertolerance of metals is the key plant characteristic required for hyperaccumulation; vacuolar compartmentalization appears to be the source of hypertolerance of natural hyperaccumulator plants. Alternatively, soil Pb and Cr6+ may be inactivated in the soil by plants and soil amendments (phytostabilization). Little molecular understanding of plant activities critical to phytoremediation has been achieved, but recent progress in characterizing Fe, Cd and Zn uptake by Arabidopsis and yeast mutants indicates strategies for developing transgenic improved phytoremediation cultivars for commercial use. (C) Current Biology Ltd. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT NAT RESOURCES & LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. UNIV SHEFFIELD,DEPT ANIM & PLANT SCI,SHEFFIELD S10 2UO,S YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND. RP Chaney, RL (reprint author), ARS,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,BLDG 007,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 63 TC 586 Z9 784 U1 38 U2 322 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 34-42 CLEVELAND STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND W1P 6LB SN 0958-1669 J9 CURR OPIN BIOTECH JI Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 8 IS 3 BP 279 EP 284 DI 10.1016/S0958-1669(97)80004-3 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA XD395 UT WOS:A1997XD39500004 PM 9206007 ER PT J AU Olsen, AR Schreuder, HT AF Olsen, AR Schreuder, HT TI Perspectives on large-scale natural resource surveys when cause-effect is a potential issue SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE cause-effect; forest; Forest Health Monitoring (FHM); Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA); monitoring design; National Resource Inventory (NRI); natural resource surveys; rangeland; status; trends ID PROGRAM AB Our objective is to present a perspective on large-scale natural resource monitoring when cause-effect is a potential issue. We believe that the approach of designing a survey to meet traditional commodity production and resource state descriptive objectives is too restrictive and unnecessarily limits the ability to investigate cause-effect issues. We only consider terrestrial natural resources, focusing on forests and rangeland. A large institutionalized programme is required to establish cause-effect relationships when monitoring terrestrial resources. This is justified based on the growing concerns about our natural resources. A long-term Vision of a desirable future terrestrial monitoring system, realizing that it is not clear yet what key variables should be measured, will increase the chances that decisions on current designs will ultimately lead to better systems in the future. We propose a pronounced shift in the designs applied to forest and range, specifically, the National Resources Inventory (NRI), the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA), and the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) programmes. The designs must not only address simple status and trends estimation but also give emphasis to identifying interesting changes occurring in the sampled populations thus facilitating identification and establishment of possible cause-effect relationships. We propose an integrated design consisting of a large-scale, long-term ongoing survey as the core design accompanied by supplemental experimental design studies or analytic survey. Continuous inventory involving annual measurement of a subset of the sample from selected populations should be implemented: inventorying a population every five years (as with NRI) or every ten years (as with FIA) is insufficient. FHM, FIA, and NRI should collect a subset of variables in common. Complementarity of data collected would make it more likely to identify promising cause-effect relationships for a wider range of resource variables. At this stage we recommend focusing an the mortality of trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses as the key indicator of forest and range health. Mortality is objectively measurable and can often be detected by remote sensing. When possible, follow-up observational studies to document cause-effect relationships should be limited to public lands because of concern of infringing on the personal rights of landowners. This may not be possible if unrepresentative populations result because of this. If studies are designed properly, we could achieve our objectives yet tie such studies to current natural resource inventory systems. C1 US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,USDA,FT COLLINS,CO. RP Olsen, AR (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. NR 31 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 4 IS 2 BP 167 EP 180 DI 10.1023/A:1018522428238 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA XD843 UT WOS:A1997XD84300006 ER PT J AU Lee, EH Pausch, RC Rowland, RA Mulchi, CL Rudorff, BFT AF Lee, EH Pausch, RC Rowland, RA Mulchi, CL Rudorff, BFT TI Responses of field-grown soybean (cv. Essex) to elevated SO2 under two atmospheric CO2 concentrations SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE soybean (Glycine max L.); SO2; CO2; biomass; climate changes; grain yield; photosynthesis; plant growth ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; AIR-POLLUTANTS; CROP RESPONSES; SPRUCE TREES; GLYCINE-MAX; PLANTS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; FUMIGATION; ENRICHMENT AB The objective of this research was to determine the effects of elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) on field-grown soybean. Soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. 'Essex') were grown a full-season in open-top field chambers exposed to either ambient (350 mu l L-1) or elevated CO2 (500 mu l L-1) levels under two levels of SO2 (0.00 and 0.12 mu l L-1). Enriched CO2, with or without SO2 treatments, significantly increased net photosynthesis rates, leaf area index (LAI; in R4 growth stage) and leaf dry weight, but did not significantly affect stomatal resistance, transpiration rates, leaf area, plant height, total biomass or grain yield. Elevated SO2 treatments significantly decreased photosynthesis and LAI during pod fill stages, but did not significantly affect stomatal resistance, transpiration, total biomass, plant height or grain yield. Sulfur dioxide inhibited growth and development (i.e., LAI) during canopy coverage before any effects on photosynthesis were detected. The interactive effects of CO2 and SO2 treatments on the gas exchange parameters were significant during pod fill, where high SO2 reduced photosynthesis at ambient CO2 but not under elevated CO2. Leaf area index values were likewise reduced by SO2 exposure under ambient CO2 during late flowering and pod fill stages. Thus, enriched CO2 under high SO2 exposure partially compensated for the negative impact of SO2 stress on PS and LAI during the pod fill stages. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP Lee, EH (reprint author), USDA ARS,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 39 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 2-3 BP 85 EP 93 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(96)01055-6 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YC684 UT WOS:A1997YC68400002 ER PT J AU Muzika, RM Twery, MJ AF Muzika, RM Twery, MJ TI Early-season activity and habitat characteristics of terricolous spider families (Araneae) in an Appalachian oak-mixed hardwood forest SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Araneae; ground-dwelling spiders; family abundance; spider sex ratios; juveniles ID ORGYIA-PSEUDOTSUGATA LEPIDOPTERA; FIR TUSSOCK MOTH; LITTER SPIDER; LYMANTRIIDAE; POPULATIONS; LARVAE; SALTICIDAE; DENSITIES; PREDATORS; BUDWORM AB Spiders of 24 families were collected by pitfall traps in an oak-mixed hardwood forest in northcentral West Virginia during an 11-wk period in early summer of 1989-1992. All trapped individuals were identified at least to the family level. Quantitative vegetation data allowed assessment of spider habitat associations on a finer spatial scale than previously reported. The Lycosidae dominated each year despite great annual variation in abundance for each family. Percentage of fern coverage on a plot basis was related inversely to abundance of Thomisidae and Gnaphosidae, but related positively to abundance of Linyphiidae, a reflection of the strategies of the families. There was a strong positive correspondence between abundance of the Thomisidae and percentage of oak basal area in the overstory. Pitfall-trap catches were biased slightly toward capture of male spiders average sex ratio (male:female) for hunting-spider families over the 4 yrs was 8.1:1, and for web-spinners was 2.5:1. Abundance of juvenile spiders (over all families) varied temporally and was related inversely to total abundance. RP Muzika, RM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,180 CANFIELD ST,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505, USA. NR 62 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 26 IS 3 BP 497 EP 506 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XJ229 UT WOS:A1997XJ22900004 ER PT J AU Mason, RR Jennings, DT Paul, HG Wickman, BE AF Mason, RR Jennings, DT Paul, HG Wickman, BE TI Patterns of spider (Araneae) abundance during an outbreak of western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Choristoneura occidentalis; Araneae; arboreal spiders; species diversity; population density; natural enemies ID ORGYIA-PSEUDOTSUGATA LEPIDOPTERA; FIR TUSSOCK MOTH; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; LIVING SPIDERS; LYMANTRIIDAE; POPULATIONS; PREDATORS; DIVERSITY; DENSITIES; FORESTS AB Spiders are acknowledged predators on all life stages of western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, yet little is known about their communities in budworm infested forests. Systematic samples of arboreal spiders were taken from the mid-crowns of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii variety glauca (Beissner) France, and grand fir, Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindley, for 3 consecutive years during a budworm outbreak. Densities over the 3-yr period averaged 5.6 spiders and 288.0 fourth-instar budworms per square meter of branch area. Spider densities were significantly higher on Douglas-fir (7.8/m(2)) than on grand fir (4.6/m(2)); however, species composition of spiders was similar on both tree species. Overall densities of spiders did not differ significantly over the 3 yr. All sampled spiders were classified by family, but because of large numbers of juveniles only 20% could be identified to species. Nonetheless, 13 families and at least 26 species were represented in die samples. Relative abundance of both families and species followed a typical logarithmic-series distribution in which a relatively few taxa accounted for most of the individuals sampled. Total number of spiders sampled was about evenly divided between web-spinning (47.3%) and hunting (52.7%) guilds; however, there were almost twice as many web-spinning species as hunting species. Species-diversity indices also were consistently higher each year for web-spinners than for hunters. The salticid species Pelegrina aeneola (= Metaphidippus aeneolus) (Curtis), a well-known predator of defoliating insects, was clearly dominant each year and accounted for almost half of all hunting spiders. The results offer a convenient marker for comparison with the relative structure of arboreal spider communities in other forest ecosystems. C1 US FOREST SERV, NE FOREST EXPT STN, USDA, MORGANTOWN, WV 26505 USA. US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, USDA, BEND, OR 97702 USA. RP Mason, RR (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, USDA, LA GRANDE, OR 97850 USA. NR 55 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 26 IS 3 BP 507 EP 518 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XJ229 UT WOS:A1997XJ22900005 ER PT J AU Puterka, GJ AF Puterka, GJ TI Intraspecific variation in pear psylla (Psyllidae: Homoptera) nymphal survival and development on resistant and susceptible pear SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pear psylla; host resistance; intraspecific variation ID PYRICOLA FOERSTER HOMOPTERA; REGIONAL RESISTANCE; PYRUS GERMPLASM; VIRULENCE; GREENBUG AB Five pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster, isolates from geographically distinct regions of the United States were examined on 6 pear cultivars to determine the extent of intraspecific variation in certain biological parameters, and if host resistance-breaking isolates existed. Newborn nymphs from isolates originating from Michigan, New York, Oregon, Washington, and West Virginia were transferred onto susceptible 'Bartlett' and resistant 'Krupen Burnusus', NY10352, 'Obican Vodenac', 'Mednik', and 'Zelinka' pear Adult body weights, nymphal survival, and the age structure of the psylla populations were recorded over a 29-d period on each cultivar. Survival and age structure were significantly influenced by cultivar. Lack of significant differences among psylla isolates, and in the strain-by-cultivar interaction suggested that there were no host-dependent differences In survival or development. All of the resistant cultivars, except Obican Vodenac, exhibited moderate to high levels of antibiosis. Obican Vodenac was previously considered resistant, but it was found to be as susceptible as Bartlett to the psylla isolates. The age structures of the psylla isolates were composed mainly of earlier instars on resistant cultivars, although some individuals developed normally to adulthood its if they were on a susceptible host. The vigorous and healthy condition of some adults that were reared from resistant cultivars implies that pear psylla may have the potential to adapt significantly to host resistance. A population age structure index was developed to characterize the degree of antibiosis in pear cultivars. The index significantly correlated with nymphal survival, indicating that these parameters are related. The formula for calculating population age structure index is presented in detail. RP Puterka, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 26 IS 3 BP 552 EP 558 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XJ229 UT WOS:A1997XJ22900010 ER PT J AU Cohen, AC Tang, R AF Cohen, AC Tang, R TI Relative prey weight influences handling time and biomass extraction in Sinea confusa and Zelus renardii (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sinea confusa; Zelus renardii; extraction rate; feeding time ID FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; PARTIAL CONSUMPTION; PREDATOR; DIGESTION; NOTONECTA; SIZE AB The influence of relative predator-prey weight ratios in feeding behavior was investigated in females of 2 species of reduviids, Sinea confusa Caudell and Zelus renardii Kolenati. Using 10-140 mg moth larvae, Heliothis virescens (F.) as prey (presented in 7 weight groups), we measured handling time and extracted biomass of prey over a wide range of predator-prey weight ratios (0.3-4.5:1). Handling time decreased exponentially and extracted biomass increased linearly as predator-prey weight ratios increased. At predator-prey ratios that were approximate to 1:1, handling time was approximate to 100 min for both species. Extracted biomass increased linearly with increases in prey weight, but these increases were not proportional to either increases in prey weights or handling times concomitant with increasing prey weights. Rate of consumption averaged approximate to 110 mu g/min for both species. Relative consumption rate was significantly higher for S. confusa than it was for Z. renardii. We propose the concept of the major investor strategy for predators that can use extra-oral digestion to utilize relatively large prey. Major investors, as seen here, invest large amounts of time and materials in each large prey item, and they must, in rum, extract a substantial nutrient reward from each prey before abandoning it to attack a new prey. Therefore, with large prey, major investors would not conform to functional response kinetics. RP Cohen, AC (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,4135 E BROADWAY RD,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 30 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 26 IS 3 BP 559 EP 565 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XJ229 UT WOS:A1997XJ22900011 ER PT J AU Rogers, CE Marti, OG AF Rogers, CE Marti, OG TI Once-mated beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Effects of age at mating on fecundity, fertility, and longevity SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Spodoptera exigua; Noctuidonema guyanense; Nematoda; Acugutturidae; bionomics ID EGG-PRODUCTION AB We studied the effects of age at mating on reproductive parameters for once-mated beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), moths in the laboratory The age of moths at mating significantly influenced the transfer of spermatophores by virgin males and the receipt of spermatophores by virgin females. Female age at mating significantly affected fecundity, fertility, and longevity Two days after emergence was the optimum mating age for females to achieve their maximum reproductive potential. However, females laying the greatest number of eggs lived the fewest number of days. Male age at mating significantly influenced the fecundity and fertility of their mate and their own longevity. Females mating with 2-d-old males laid the most eggs and had the highest fertility males mating on day 2 after emergence lived significantly fewer days than males that mated on day 1 or on days 10 or 11. To document the effects of an adult mortality factor on S. exigua reproductive potential, the age at which moths mate must be standardized. RP Rogers, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB 748,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 17 TC 17 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 26 IS 3 BP 585 EP 590 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XJ229 UT WOS:A1997XJ22900015 ER PT J AU Stapel, JO Cortesero, AM De Moraes, CM Tumlinson, JH Lewis, WJ AF Stapel, JO Cortesero, AM De Moraes, CM Tumlinson, JH Lewis, WJ TI Extrafloral nectar, honeydew, and sucrose effects on searching behavior and efficiency of Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in cotton SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Microplitis croceipes; cotton extrafloral nectaries; searching behavior; parasitism; host; food ID PHYSIOLOGICAL-STATE; APHID HONEYDEW; FOOD SOURCES; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; HOST; ICHNEUMONIDAE; LONGEVITY; FECUNDITY AB The influence of extrafloral nectar, sucrose, or whitefly honeydew on host- and food-searching behavior of Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) females was investigated. Retention time, parasitization rate, time allocation to host damaged leaves and time interval between subsequent host attacks were compared in different cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., patch treatments containing Heliocooerpa tea (Boddie) hosts. Parasitoids that were starved for 2 d before release to patches with either sucrose or extrafloral nectar showed longer retention times and higher rates of parasitization than those not able to feed. The presence of food in the patch increased the time allocated to damaged leaves, but did not reduce the time interval between most attacks. Parasitoids that fed in patches with honeydew showed a similar performance to parasitoids in patches without any food, probably as a result of the relatively low quantity and quality of this food source for M. croceipes. The initial and subsequent detectability of different food sources was also investigated. More parasitoids found extrafloral nectar than sucrose in a first release. However, in a subsequent release, nectar and sucrose were found equally fast. Therefore, parasitoids showed an innate attraction to extrafloral nectar, whereas learning may have influenced orientation to sucrose. The importance and use of cotton extrafloral nectar as food source for adult parasitoids and the means of using extrafloral nectar as part of a pest management strategy in biological control are discussed. RP Stapel, JO (reprint author), USDA ARS, INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB, TIFTON, GA 31793 USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 40 TC 92 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 15 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 26 IS 3 BP 617 EP 623 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XJ229 UT WOS:A1997XJ22900018 ER PT J AU DiezGonzalez, F Russell, JB AF DiezGonzalez, F Russell, JB TI Effects of carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and acetate on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and K-12: Uncoupling versus anion accumulation SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Escherichia coli O157:H7; uncoupling; acetate; intracellular pH; potassium ID LOW PH AB Non-growing cells of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and K-12 that were incubated anaerobically in sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 consumed glucose at a rate of approximately 8 mu mol.(mg protein)(-1).h(-1) and had intracellular pK values of 7.3 and 7.5, respectively. The uncoupler, carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), caused a marked decrease in intracellular pH, ATP and potassium of both strains. Low concentrations of CCCP stimulated glucose consumption rate, but higher concentrations were inhibitory. Acetate also caused a decrease in intracellular pH, but it never caused a large decrease in glucose consumption rate. Acetate decreased the intracellular ATP of E. coli K-12, but it had no effect on the ATP of OI57:H7. Acetate had no effect on the intracellular potassium of E. coli O157:H7, and acetate-treated K-12 cells had even more potassium than untreated controls. Based on these results, acetate and CCCP appear to have different effects on E. coli. The comparison of E. coli O157:H7 and K-12 indicated that intracellular pH, acetate accumulation and intracellular potassium were related. E, coli K-12 maintained a higher intracellular pH than O157:H7, accumulated more acetate and had a greater intracellular potassium. C1 CORNELL UNIV, MICROBIOL SECT, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. CORNELL UNIV, USDA ARS, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 7 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0378-1097 EI 1574-6968 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 1997 VL 151 IS 1 BP 71 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S0378-1097(97)00140-7 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XE872 UT WOS:A1997XE87200010 PM 9198284 ER PT J AU Sivinski, J AF Sivinski, J TI The role of the naturalist in entomology and a defense of ''curiosities'' SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Editorial Material RP Sivinski, J (reprint author), ARS,USDA,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 80 IS 2 BP 119 EP 120 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XE180 UT WOS:A1997XE18000001 ER PT J AU Sivinski, J AF Sivinski, J TI Ornaments in the Diptera SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE sexual selection; territoriality; female mate choice; arms races ID STALK-EYED FLY; COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL SELECTION; FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY; EVOLUTION; CHOICE; FLIES; DIOPSIDAE; EMPIDIDAE; ALLOMETRY AB Occasionally, flies bear sexually dimorphic structures (ornaments) that are used, or are presumed to be used, in courtships or in aggressive interactions with sexual rivals. These are reviewed, beginning with projections from the head, continuing through elaborations of the legs and finishing with gigantism of the genitalia. Several functions for ornaments are considered, including advertisement of genetic properties, subversion of female mate choice and ''runaway' sexual selection. Neither the type of ornament nor the degree of elaboration necessarily indicates which of the above processes is responsible for a particular ornament. Resource distribution and the resulting possibilities for resource defense and mate choice explain the occurrence of ornaments in some species. The phyletic distribution of ornaments may reflect foraging behaviors and the type of substrates upon which courtships occur. RP Sivinski, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL, GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 USA. NR 105 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 80 IS 2 BP 142 EP 164 DI 10.2307/3495551 PG 23 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XE180 UT WOS:A1997XE18000004 ER PT J AU Miller, GL Stoetzel, MB AF Miller, GL Stoetzel, MB TI Aphids associated with chrysanthemums in the United States SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE aphididae; aphids; chrysanthemum; taxonomic keys AB A key to 15 aphid species known to colonize cultivated and native chrysanthemums in the United States is provided; each species is described and characteristic structures are illustrated. A brief summary of taxonomic characters, cultivated and wild hosts, and distribution within the United States and throughout the world are also given for each species. RP Miller, GL (reprint author), ARS,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 80 IS 2 BP 218 EP 239 DI 10.2307/3495555 PG 22 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XE180 UT WOS:A1997XE18000008 ER PT J AU Hallman, GJ Zhang, QH AF Hallman, GJ Zhang, QH TI Inhibition of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) development by pulsed electric field SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE pupariation; Mexican fruit fly; Anastrepha ludens ID FLIES AB Pulsed electric field (PEF) has been studied as a means to inactivate microorganisms in liquid prepared foods to prolong shelf life and prevent food poisoning. PEF is thought to inactivate microbes by permeabilizing the cell membrane and has less adverse effects on nutritional quality and flavor of the food than traditional thermal pasteurization or sterilization methods. The goal of quarantine treatments are similar to the goal of food pasteurization in that any quarantined insects present in the commodity must be prevented from reproducing using techniques which are not significantly detrimental to the quality of the commodity. Traditional quarantine treatments include fumigation, heat, cold, and ionizing irradiation. PEF was applied to Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), eggs and feeding third instars. The treatment disintegrated some of the eggs. Percentage egg hatch was progressively reduced to a minimum of 2.9% as voltage was increased to a maximum of 9.2 kV/cm(2) delivered in ten 50 mu s pulses. Nevertheless, no first instars treated as eggs with greater than or equal to 5.0 kV (ten 50 mu s pulses) survived to the third instar. PEF did not kill third instars immediately; however, they displayed a variety of pathological symptoms including sluggishness, elongated, larviform, and partial pupariation, and development of necrotic spots throughout the body. No third instars treated with > 2.0 kV survived to the adult stable. Therefore, PEF has been shown to control insects, although considerable entomological and engineering work would be needed before a PEF-based treatment might become practical. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP Hallman, GJ (reprint author), ARS,USDA,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 8 U2 13 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 80 IS 2 BP 239 EP 248 DI 10.2307/3495556 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XE180 UT WOS:A1997XE18000009 ER PT J AU Cherry, RH Klein, MG AF Cherry, RH Klein, MG TI Mortality induced by Bacillus popilliae in Cyclocephala parallela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) held under simulated field temperatures SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE white grubs; milky disease; sugarcane pests; natural infection ID FLORIDA SUGARCANE FIELDS; WHITE GRUBS COLEOPTERA; POPULATIONS; DISEASE; HIRTA AB The bacterium, Bacillus popilliae Dutky, causes milky disease in numerous species of scarabs around the world. Bacillus popilliae induced mortality in naturally infected grubs (third instars) of Cyclocephala parallela Casey was measured when held under simulated field temperatures. Our data show that visual examination in the field underestimates the percentage of grubs actually infected by B. popilliae. 5.6 to 8.2 times as many milky disease infected grubs died during the first 60 days of incubation under simulated field temperatures than did uninfected grubs. These data show that the widely used prevalence value underestimates the total mortality which this bacterium ultimately causes to C. parallela. C1 ARS,USDA,APPLICAT TECHNOL RES UNIT,WOOSTER,OH 44691. RP Cherry, RH (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,EVERGLADES RES & EDUC CTR,POB 8003,BELLE GLADE,FL 33430, USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 80 IS 2 BP 261 EP 265 DI 10.2307/3495559 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XE180 UT WOS:A1997XE18000012 ER PT J AU Epsky, ND Dueben, BD Heath, RR Lauzon, CR Prokopy, RJ AF Epsky, ND Dueben, BD Heath, RR Lauzon, CR Prokopy, RJ TI Attraction of Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae) to volatiles from avian fecal material SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Caribbean fruit fly; attractants; ammonia; avian fecal material ID CARIBBEAN FRUIT-FLY; FLIES DIPTERA; LUDENS; FOOD AB Flight tunnel bioassays confirmed attraction of female Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), to volatiles from aqueous solutions of avian fecal material and methanol extracts of avian fecal material. Attraction was highest to freshly prepared and 72-h-old solutions of crude material. In direct comparisons between aqueous solutions of crude material and weight-equivalent amounts of methanol extract, more females were captured in response to volatiles fr om elude material in tests of (0-, 24- and 72-h-old solutions. Ammonia release rate was greater. From the crude material than from the methanol extract in teats of 0-, 24- and 48-h-old solutions, The greatest amount (+/- sd) of ammonia was released from freshly prepared aqueous solutions of crude material (777 +/- 250 mu g/h from 75 mg of crude material) but dropped within 24 h (288 +/- 96 mu g/h from 75 mg of crude material) and then stayed close to that level. The greatest amount of ammonia released from methanol extracts was obtained from freshly prepared solutions (229 +/- 70 mu g/h from 75 mg crude material weight equivalent), also dropped within 24 h (98 +/- 12 mu g/h from 75 mg crude material weight equivalent) and then stayed fairly constant. Numbers of flies captured by either solution were directly correlated with ammonia release within the first 48 h of testing only indicating that ammonia was partially ol wholly responsible for attraction to the crude material during the first 48 h of testing. An increase in capture of females by volatiles from avian fecal material after 72 h in aqueous solution, which was observed in all tests, indicates that some chemical(s), other than ammonia, remain to be identified that are involved in fruit fly attraction. C1 USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT ENTOMOL,AMHERST,MA 01003. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 80 IS 2 BP 270 EP 277 DI 10.2307/3495561 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XE180 UT WOS:A1997XE18000014 ER PT J AU Shapiro, JP Hall, DG Niedz, RP AF Shapiro, JP Hall, DG Niedz, RP TI Mortality of the larval root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in simulated flooding SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE citrus root weevil; drowning; sugarcane; statistical modeling ID FLORIDA AB Larvae of the weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus L. can cause substantial damage to sugarcane and citrus. To test the feasibility of managing Diaprepes populations by flooding canefields for extended periods of time,larval mortalities were recorded after submerging larvae under water in soil filled trays at temperatures from 18 to 27 degrees C for up to 5 weeks. Mean mortality exceeded 90% by 3 weeks of submergence at 24 and 27 degrees C and after 5 weeks at 21 degrees C, but was only 46% after 5 weeks at 18 degrees C. A model was derived by multiple regression analysis, describing the response of mortality to time and temperature. The model accounted for 84% of the variation in larval mortality. Levels of O-2 and pH were monitored in selected trays during the experiment; only pH correlated significantly with larval mortality but contributed only 20% of total variation. C1 US SUGAR CORP,CLEWISTON,FL 33440. RP Shapiro, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 80 IS 2 BP 277 EP 285 DI 10.2307/3495562 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XE180 UT WOS:A1997XE18000015 ER PT J AU Cardoza, YJ Epsky, ND Heath, RR AF Cardoza, YJ Epsky, ND Heath, RR TI Biology and development of Lespesia aletiae (Diptera: Tachinidae) in two Lepidopteran species in the laboratory SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE tachinid fly; parasitoid; biocontrol; Lepidoptera host; rearing ID LARVAL DEVELOPMENT; IMMATURE STAGES; HOST; PARASITOIDS; NOCTUIDAE; BORER AB The tachinid Lespesia aletiae (Riley) was obtained from parasitized larvae of Syntomeida epilais (Walker), which is an arctiid pest of oleander, Nerium oleander (L.). Development of L. aletiae in fifth and sixth instars of S. epilais and of a noctuid, the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) was determined in laboratory studies. Female L. aletiae flies lived an average of approximately 24 d, 14 days longer than males, and were observed to oviposit membranous eggs directly on the host body. First instars cut their way out of the egg and into the host within 2 min of oviposition. The percent of successful parasitism in laboratory assays ranged from 36% in fifth instar S. epilais to 65% in sixth instar fall armyworms. Puparial size was found to increase with increasing host instar and to decrease with increasing number of maggots per host. The time between exposure to parasitoids and host death was longer in fifth than sixth instars of the same host, and was significantly longer in fifth instar S. epilais than in any other combination of host instar and species tested. The parasitoid puparial stage was approximately one day longer for females than it was for males. Both the fifth and sixth instars of the fall armyworm and S. epilais were suitable for the parasitoid's development, however, parasitism levels and parasitoid survival were higher in fall armyworms. C1 USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 80 IS 2 BP 289 EP 300 DI 10.2307/3495564 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XE180 UT WOS:A1997XE18000017 ER PT J AU Taylor, SL Eller, FJ King, JW AF Taylor, SL Eller, FJ King, JW TI A comparison of oil and fat content in oilseeds and ground beef - using supercritical fluid extraction and related analytical techniques SO FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE supercritical fluid extraction; oilseed; ground beef; gas chromatography; lipid analysis ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE EXTRACTION; ACID METHYL-ESTERS; TRIGLYCERIDES; METHANOLYSIS AB A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been applied for the determination of total fat content of five different oilseed matrices (soybeans, sunflower, safflower, cottonseed and rapeseed) and ground beef samples containing approximately 10, 20 and 30% fat by weight. Lipid content was determined using both gravimetric analysis as well as the sum of all fatty acids, expressed as triglycerides, from the gas chromatography (GC) profiles of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The latter analysis is required by the Nutritional Labeling and Education Act of 1990 which redefined the determination of fat for nutritional labeling purposes. The oilseed results are compared to data from a collaborative study by the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) and the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (AOAC). The collaborative study data were determined by both AOCS Official Methods and by SFE. All of our data yielded higher oil recoveries than the collaborative study data obtained via AOCS official methods and SFE with neat carbon dioxide (CO2). However, our results are in excellent agreement with the collaborative study data obtained by SFE with ethanol-modified CO2 and the Federation of Oil, Seeds and Fats Association International method. The ground beef results are compared to previously published reports from our laboratory. They show that fat determination using CC-FAME analysis is equivalent to the gravimetric analysis results and has the additional benefit that different types of fat (i.e. saturated and monounsaturated) can also be determined in addition to total fat. Hence, the results from this study advocate the use of SFE as a suitable replacement for traditional organic solvent extraction in the determination of fat/oil content in agriculturally-derived products. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Taylor, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 23 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9969 J9 FOOD RES INT JI Food Res. Int. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 30 IS 5 BP 365 EP 370 DI 10.1016/S0963-9969(97)00060-4 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA YX085 UT WOS:000072004900009 ER PT J AU Somkuti, GA Holsinger, VH AF Somkuti, GA Holsinger, VH TI Microbial technologies in the production of low-lactose dairy foods SO FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE lactose; dairy products; beta-galactosidase; maldigestion ID BACILLUS-SUBTILIS KL88; BETA-D-GALACTOSIDASE; STREPTOCOCCUS-THERMOPHILUS; LACTOBACILLUS-ACIDOPHILUS; LACTASE ACTIVITY; FERMENTED MILK; PURIFICATION; HYDROLYSIS; HUMANS; WHEY AB Low-lactose milk products with 70% or more of the lactose hydrolysed by food grade p-galactosidase enzymes of yeasts or fungi have become widely accepted for alleviating the symptoms of lactose maldigestion. This condition limits the intake of nutritious dairy foods by large segments of the world's population. Alternative approaches recently proposed for dealing with lactose maldigestion include the supplementation of milk with dormant dairy cultures, treatment of milk with sonicated or permeabilized cultures as food-grade sources of beta-galactosidase and the use of cold-active enzymes to hydrolyse lactose in milk under refrigerated storage conditions. RP Somkuti, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 53 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU CHAPMAN & HALL PI NEW YORK PA JOURNALS DEPT, 115 FIFTH AVE, 4TH FL, NEW YORK, NY 10003 SN 1082-0132 J9 FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT JI Food Sci. Technol. Int. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 3 IS 3 BP 163 EP 169 DI 10.1177/108201329700300302 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XF132 UT WOS:A1997XF13200002 ER PT J AU Baldwin, EA Nisperos, MO Hagenmaier, RD Baker, RA AF Baldwin, EA Nisperos, MO Hagenmaier, RD Baker, RA TI Use of lipids in coatings for food products SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EDIBLE COATINGS; GAS-EXCHANGE; CITRUS-FRUIT; STORAGE; WAX; WATER; PERMEABILITY; EMULSIONS; QUALITY; APPLES C1 PASTA SPECIALTIES PTY LTD,BAYSWATER,VIC 3124,AUSTRALIA. RP Baldwin, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CITRUS & SUBTROP PROD LAB,POB 1909,WINTER HAVEN,FL 33883, USA. NR 34 TC 87 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 7 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 51 IS 6 BP 56 EP & PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA XD907 UT WOS:A1997XD90700023 ER PT J AU Knoepp, JD Swank, WT AF Knoepp, JD Swank, WT TI Long-term effects of commercial sawlog harvest on soil cation concentrations SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE forest management; soil chemistry; nutrient availability ID WHOLE-TREE; LOBLOLLY-PINE; FOREST; DECOMPOSITION; DEPLETION; CHEMISTRY; LOSSES; STREAM AB There is increasing concern about the effects of nutrient removal associated with various forest harvesting practices on long-term site productivity. We measured exchangeable soil cation concentration responses to a commercial clearcut sawlog harvest in mixed hardwoods on a 59-ha watershed in the southern Appalachians. Soils were sampled 17 months prior to, and periodically for 17 years after, harvest. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K, increased significantly in the 0-10-cm soil layer for 3 years following harvest compared to pre-treatment levels. Concentrations of Mg and K were still significantly above pre-treatment levels 17-20 years following harvest. Calcium concentrations did not change significantly at the 10-30 cm depth, but both Mg and K showed significantly higher concentrations in some post-treatment years. Soils in the adjacent reference watershed showed no significant changes in soil cation concentrations over the same 17-year period. Results indicate that sawlog harvest using cable-yarding techniques on these sites does not adversely impact soil cation concentrations. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Knoepp, JD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO RES STN,COWEETA HYDROL LAB,3160 COWEETA LAB ROAD OTTO,OTTO,NC 28763, USA. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 1 PY 1997 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03946-1 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XG247 UT WOS:A1997XG24700001 ER PT J AU Chojnacky, DC AF Chojnacky, DC TI Modeling diameter growth for pinyon and juniper trees in dryland forests SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE individual-tree model; tree-rings; Pinus edulis; Juniperus monosperma; Juniperus scopulorum; Juniperus deppeana; Juniperus osteosperma ID CONIFERS AB An individual-tree model has been developed to estimate diameter growth of pinyon and juniper trees in dryland forests throughout New Mexico, USA. The model was built from radial growth data on 917 trees sampled from 82 plots. Individual-tree growth can be predicted from measurements of tree diameter at the root collar, from the number of basal stems per tree, and from past 10-year diameter growth of the median-sized stem in the stand of interest. Model development is patterned after growth and yield models for temperate forests in the western United States. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA,INTERMT RES STN,US FOREST SERV,OGDEN,UT 84401. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 1 PY 1997 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 21 EP 31 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03948-5 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XG247 UT WOS:A1997XG24700003 ER PT J AU Hornbeck, JW Bailey, SW Buso, DC Shanley, JB AF Hornbeck, JW Bailey, SW Buso, DC Shanley, JB TI Streamwater chemistry and nutrient budgets for forested watersheds in New England: Variability and management implications SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE atmospheric deposition; forest harvest; nitrogen; cation depletion ID EASTERN-UNITED-STATES; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; SURFACE WATERS; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; ALUMINUM; ECOSYSTEMS; PRECIPITATION; NITROGEN; CALCIUM; BROOK AB Chemistry of precipitation and streamwater and resulting input-output budgets for nutrient ions were determined concurrently for three years on three upland, forested watersheds located within an 80km radius in central New England. Chemistry of precipitation and inputs of nutrients via wet deposition were similar among the three watersheds and were generally typical of central New England. In contrast, chemistry and nutrient outputs in streamwater varied dramatically between watersheds, with chemistries ranging from acidic to alkaline. Comparisons with data reported for 159 other upland, forested watersheds in central New England show that our study watersheds span the regional range likely to be encountered in stream chemistry. The regional variability stems in part from past natural disturbances such as wildfire, and variations in source of soil parent material. An approach is presented for predicting the important influence of glacial till on stream chemistry, including acid-base relationships, aluminum content, and nutrient outputs. Knowledge of streamwater chemistry and controlling factors can serve as an index of how terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems will respond to forest management activities and atmospheric deposition. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 INST ECOSYST STUDIES,MILLBROOK,NY 12545. US GEOL SURVEY,MONTPELIER,VT 05601. RP Hornbeck, JW (reprint author), USDA,US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,POB 640,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. OI Bailey, Scott/0000-0002-9160-156X NR 58 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 1 PY 1997 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 73 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03937-0 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XG247 UT WOS:A1997XG24700008 ER PT J AU McNabb, KL Miller, MS Lockaby, BG Stokes, BJ Clawson, RG Stanturf, JA Silva, JNM AF McNabb, KL Miller, MS Lockaby, BG Stokes, BJ Clawson, RG Stanturf, JA Silva, JNM TI Selection harvests in Amazonian rainforests: Long-term impacts on soil properties SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Amazon; harvesting; rainforest; soil ID RAIN-FOREST; NITROGEN; AVAILABILITY; DYNAMICS AB Surface soil properties were compared among disturbance classes associated with a single-tree selection harvest study installed in 1979 in the Brazilian Amazon. Response variables included pH, total N, total organic C, extractable P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, and bulk density. In general, concentrations of all elements displayed residual effects 16 years after harvests with N, P, K, and C being inversely related to disturbance intensity while Ca and Mg levels as well as pH were directly related. Elemental contents exhibited fewer residual effects except in the cases of Ca and Mg contents which generally increased with disturbance intensity. Higher intensity disturbance classes were associated with increased bulk density. Soil impacts apparent after 16 years suggest a combination of direct effects of harvests (e.g. as in the case of bulk density) combined with indirect influences of the ecophysiology of the Cecropia sp. which dominate disturbed areas. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 AUBURN UNIV,SCH FORESTRY,AUBURN,AL 36849. AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,AUBURN,AL 36849. US FOREST SERV,ENGN UNIT,AUBURN,AL 36849. US FOREST SERV,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. EMPRESA BRASILEIRA PESQUISA AGROPECUARIA,BELEM,PARA,BRAZIL. RI Stanturf, John/B-2889-2010 OI Stanturf, John/0000-0002-6828-9459 NR 25 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 1 PY 1997 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 153 EP 160 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03921-7 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XG247 UT WOS:A1997XG24700013 ER PT J AU Falk, B AF Falk, B TI Opportunities for the woodwaste resource SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP Falk, B (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 4 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 47 IS 6 BP 17 EP 22 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA XD636 UT WOS:A1997XD63600010 ER PT J AU Schmoldt, DL Winn, MF Araman, PA AF Schmoldt, DL Winn, MF Araman, PA TI Wood utilization research dissemination on the World Wide Web: A case study SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Because many research products are informational rather than tangible, emerging information technologies, such as the multi-media format of the World Wide Web, provide an open and easily accessible mechanism for transferring research to user groups. We have found steady, increasing use of our Web site over the first 6-1/2 months of operation; almost one-third of the Web pages accessed were publication abstract pages. By comparing subject areas of reprints requested and abstract pages viewed with the number of reprints requested, we can infer how well our research products are meeting our clientele's needs. RP Schmoldt, DL (reprint author), VIRGINIA TECH,BROOKS FOREST PROD CTR,US FOREST SERV,USDA,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 47 IS 6 BP 25 EP 31 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA XD636 UT WOS:A1997XD63600011 ER PT J AU Luppold, W AF Luppold, W TI Storm water discharge regulations affecting the Eastern forest products industry SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Storm water runoff or discharge is a major source of water pollution. In an effort to reduce this pollution, the Federal Clean Water Act was amended in 1987 to establish a compressive framework for the development of state and federal storm discharge permits. This paper 1) examines the evolution, costs, and requirements of these permits for wood products industries; 2) contrasts specific permit requirements for sawmills versus chromium copper arsenic treating facilities in the Eastern United States; and 3) examines how forest industry trade associations have reacted to the implementation of these regulations. The analysis is based on permits and other documentation obtained for state and federal agencies. These items were analyzed using an identical set of questions. Examination of the resulting data found considerable variation in permit cost and requirements. While some states have extremely low-cost permitting processes, other states have expensive processes. Further, there was considerable variation in monitoring requirements between states. The variations in monitoring requirements appear to be the result of different priorities and varying levels of human and financial resources and the continual evolution of federal regulations. Industry associations have worked with governmental agencies in establishing permit requirements but have been frustrated with the confusion and uncertainty that occurred during the development of federal guidelines. RP Luppold, W (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,NE FOREST EXPT STA,241 MERCER SPRINGS RD,PRINCETON,WV 24740, USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 47 IS 6 BP 32 EP 38 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA XD636 UT WOS:A1997XD63600012 ER PT J AU Aruna, PB Laarman, JG Araman, P Cubbage, FW AF Aruna, PB Laarman, JG Araman, P Cubbage, FW TI An analysis of wood pellets for export: A case study of Sweden as an importer SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB North America is a major producer of wood pellets, and the principal market for them is domestic residential wood heating. To date, the export market for wood pellets is small. On the other hand, several developments are occurring that may be increasing the foreign demand for biomass fuels. A few North American companies are considering Sweden as a potential export market for wood pellets. Sweden heavily taxes fossil fuels, and plans to phase out nuclear power in the near future. This in addition to various other factors explains Sweden's use of wood pellets as an energy source. This paper briefly reviews the prospects and constraints for this international trade in wood pellets. Many factors favor North American exports, although an important constraint is that the United States does not adhere to international product standards for trade in biomass fuels. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,BROOKS FOREST PROD CTR,SE FOREST EXPT STA,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. RP Aruna, PB (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,BOX8002,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 47 IS 6 BP 49 EP 52 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA XD636 UT WOS:A1997XD63600014 ER PT J AU Anderson, RB Wiedenbeck, JK Ross, RJ AF Anderson, RB Wiedenbeck, JK Ross, RJ TI Nondestructive evaluation for detection of honeycomb in the sawmill: An economic analysis SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RED OAK LUMBER AB The technical feasibility of using ultrasonics-based nondestructive evaluation (NDE) for detecting non-visible defects such as honeycomb and closed surface checks has been established. The economic feasibility of using ultrasonics-based NDE in the sawmill is established in this study of red oak scanning. Three different-sized sawmill configurations for processing dry lumber through an ultrasonic NDE scanner are analyzed. Sensitivity analyses show that a decrease in revenues or a decrease in capacity utilization has the greatest impact on the potential profitability of the investment. Results indicate that the economic benefits of scanning red oak lumber to identify the occurrence of honeycomb or closed surface checks will, in the majority of cases, outweigh the cost of implementing this new technology in the sawmill. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,USDA,MADISON,WI 53705. US FOREST SERV,USDA,FORESTRY SCI LAB,PRINCETON,WV. RP Anderson, RB (reprint author), W VIRGINIA UNIV,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506, USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 47 IS 6 BP 53 EP 59 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA XD636 UT WOS:A1997XD63600015 ER PT J AU Wengert, G Bois, P AF Wengert, G Bois, P TI Evaluation of electric moisture meters on kiln-dried lumber SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The secondary wood industry is becoming more concerned about the moisture content (MC) of the lumber they are using. Electric portable moisture meters are often used to check MCs. This study examined the accuracy of three commonly used meters by measuring the MC with the meters and comparing the readings to the ovendry MC. All meters performed quite well, with the readings seldom being more than 2 percent MC different from the ovendry MC. C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,US FOREST SERV,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Wengert, G (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT FORESTRY,1630 LINDEN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 47 IS 6 BP 60 EP 62 PG 3 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA XD636 UT WOS:A1997XD63600016 ER PT J AU Chen, PYS Puettmann, ME Williams, LH Stokke, DD AF Chen, PYS Puettmann, ME Williams, LH Stokke, DD TI Treatment of 8/4 hardwood lumber with borate preservatives SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The minimum diffusion storage time required for adequate diffusion penetration of borate, the effects of borate formulation and wood species on initial loading and subsequent borate diffusibility, and the relationship between wood liquid permeability and borate diffusibility were studied. Packets of thirty-five 2 by 4 studs sawn from yellow-poplar, red oak, white ash, and white oak were dip-treated for 1 minute in Diffusol(R) and Tim-Bor(R) solutions. Treated packets were wrapped in plastic covers and stored for diffusion under a shed and sampled after 20 hours, and 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Results indicated that more than 8 weeks of diffusion storage are needed for an adequate borate penetration for all four species. Diffusol reaches a higher core boric acid equivalent than Tim-Bor for a given diffusion time. Diffuse-porous wood treated better than ring-porous wood, and borate penetration into these samples was more closely related to radial permeability than longitudinal permeability. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, KAUFERT LAB, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. US FOREST SERV, USDA, SO FOREST EXPT STA, FORESTRY SCI LAB, GULFPORT, MS 39505 USA. IOWA STATE UNIV, NEFES, US FOREST SERV, USDA, AMES, IA 50011 USA. RP Chen, PYS (reprint author), SO ILLINOIS UNIV, US FOREST SERV, USDA, N CENT FOREST EXPT STA, FORESTRY SCI LAB, CARBONDALE, IL 62901 USA. NR 12 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 47 IS 6 BP 63 EP 68 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA XD636 UT WOS:A1997XD63600017 ER PT J AU Winandy, JE AF Winandy, JE TI Effects of fire retardant retention, borate buffers, and redrying temperature after treatment on thermal-induced degradation SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WOOD AB All wood products are prone to strength loss from extended exposure to temperatures above 65 degrees C (150 degrees F). The higher the temperature, the less time required to produce a given reduction in strength. In the United States, problems with fire-retardant-treated plywood roof sheathing and roof-truss lumber have occurred in the field; thermal degradation has occurred in as few as 2 to 5 years after installation. Before the thermal-induced degradation of treated wood can be fully modeled, we must more completely determine the relationships of treatment processing factors, mixtures of chemical components, post-treatment (redrying) temperature, and in-service moisture to performance, and relate the results to in-service temperature-induced strength degradation. In the study reported here, Variation in redrying temperature from 49 degrees C (120 degrees F) to 88 degrees C (190 degrees F) had little effect on the magnitude or rate of subsequent thermal degradation when the treated plywood was exposed at 65 degrees C (150 degrees F) for up to 290 days. The addition of borate-based buffers to fire-retardant-treatment chemicals was found to significantly mitigate thermal degradation. Finally, the results imply that the combined effects of phosphate retention and accumulated thermal exposure (from both redrying and in-service high temperatures) are additive and cumulative. RP Winandy, JE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,USDA,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 21 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 47 IS 6 BP 79 EP 86 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA XD636 UT WOS:A1997XD63600020 ER PT J AU Stout, WL Daily, MR Nickeson, TL Svendsen, RL Thompson, GP AF Stout, WL Daily, MR Nickeson, TL Svendsen, RL Thompson, GP TI Agricultural uses of alkaline fluidized bed combustion ash: Case studies SO FUEL LA English DT Article DE ash utilization; fluidized bed combustion; agriculture AB Successful programmes were developed by Ahlstrom Development Ash Corporation and Air Products and Chemicals for using fluidized bed combustion ash as a substitute for agricultural lime on dairy farms in northern New York state and on fruit and nut crops in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The companies developed these programmes by utilizing the methodology developed through USDA-ARS research and working closely with agricultural consultants and regulatory agencies to ensure that the ash applications were both agronomically and environmentally sound. C1 TRIAD ENERGY,MODESTO,CA 95353. AHLSTROM DEV ASH CORP,MANASSAS,VA 22110. AIR PROD & CHEM INC,ALLENTOWN,PA 18104. RP Stout, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 1 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-2361 J9 FUEL JI Fuel PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 8 BP 767 EP 769 DI 10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00001-X PG 3 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA XF389 UT WOS:A1997XF38900013 ER PT J AU Clark, RB Zeto, SK Ritchey, KD Baligar, VC AF Clark, RB Zeto, SK Ritchey, KD Baligar, VC TI Growth of forages on acid soil amended with flue gas desulfurization by-products SO FUEL LA English DT Article DE FGD by-products; soil amendment; plant growth ID GYPSUM AB To assess beneficial or detrimental plant growth effects when flue gas desulfurization by-products (FGD-BPs) are applied to acid soil, experiments were conducted in a greenhouse to determine growth of forages (orchardgrass, tall fescue, switchgrass, eastern gamagrass, white clover and alfalfa) on an acid pH 4.6 soil with different levels of three FGD-BPs and chemical-grade calcium carbonate (limestone), calcium sulfate and calcium sulfite. The FGD-BPs tested were high-CaSO4, high-CaSO4 enriched with Mg, and high-CaSO3. Maximum total plant dry matter (DM) was obtained when similar to 25% of high-CaSO4 FGD-BP or similar to 2.5% of high-CaSO4 FGD-BP + Mg was incorporated into soil mixes; DM decreased at higher levels of addition. High-CaSO3 FGD-BP benefited growth of all species when added at levels up to similar to 3.0% in soil mixes. Beneficial plant responses were higher for the high-CaSO4 FGD-BPs than for the high-CaSO3 FGD-BP. Maximum beneficial plant responses for limestone were at similar to 0.25-0.50% and for CaSO4 at 50-75% in soil mixes, which were comparable with the high-CaSO4 FGD-BP and high-CaSO4 FGD-BP + Mg responses. Chemical-grade CaSO3 gave no beneficial growth effects on any of the plant species. The FGD-BPs used in this study benefited forage growth when added at appropriate levels. RP Clark, RB (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,POB 400,BEAVER,WV 25813, USA. NR 12 TC 15 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0016-2361 J9 FUEL JI Fuel PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 8 BP 771 EP 775 DI 10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00004-5 PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA XF389 UT WOS:A1997XF38900014 ER PT J AU Burner, DM Pan, YB Webster, RD AF Burner, DM Pan, YB Webster, RD TI Genetic diversity of North American and Old World Saccharum assessed by RAPD analysis SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Erianthus; genetic distance; genomic RAPD-PCR; germplasm evaluation; sugarcane; taxonomy ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; ORYZA-SATIVA L; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; SUGARCANE; ANDROPOGONEAE; RELATIVES; RFLP; IDENTIFICATION; RESISTANCE; MARKERS AB Saccharum (= Erianthus) native to North America is an untapped germplasm for genetic improvement of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). There are five species and two varieties native to North America: S. alopecuroideum, S. baldwinii, S. brevibarbe vars. brevibarbe and contortum, S. coarctatum, and S. giganteum. There are three cytotypes of S. giganteum (2n = 30, 60, 90), and they overlap in gross morphology. Our objectives were to compare genetic diversity of North American and Old World members of Saccharum. Bulked DNA for five North American species, three Old World Erianthus spp. sect. Ripidium clones, and five sugarcane cultivars was tested by PCR with 13 RAPD primers. A total of 283 repeatable RAPD bands was scored for the nine taxa. Genetic distance coefficients ranged from 0.365 to 0.767 indicating substantial diversity among taxa. Taxa were assigned to one of three duster groups: 1) S. baldwinii, S. brevibarbe var. contortum, S. coarctatum, and S. giganteum 2n = 90; 2) S. giganteum 2n = 30 and 2n = 60, S. alopecuroideum, and sugarcane cultivars; and 3) Old World Erianthus spp. The RAPD analysis indicated that sugarcane was genetically more similar to North American Saccharum than it was to Old World Erianthus. This was unexpected given that North American Saccharum is geographically, cytologically, morphologically, and possibly reproductively isolated from Old World Erianthus and sugarcane. The data support the taxonomic separation of cytotypes of S. giganteum. C1 USDA ARS,S CENT FAMILY FARMS RES,BOONEVILLE,AR 72927. RP Burner, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUGARCANE RES UNIT,POB 470,HOUMA,LA 70361, USA. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 44 IS 3 BP 235 EP 240 DI 10.1023/A:1008631731506 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XA842 UT WOS:A1997XA84200005 ER PT J AU Staub, JE Box, J Meglic, V Horejsi, TF McCreight, JD AF Staub, JE Box, J Meglic, V Horejsi, TF McCreight, JD TI Comparison of isozyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA data for determining intraspecific variation in Cucumis SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE African horned cucumber; cluster analysis; cucumber; Cucumis melo; Cucumis metuliferus; Cucumis sativus; genetic distance; genetic markers; isozymes; melon; muskmelon; RAPDs ID STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; GENETIC DIVERSITY; SATIVUS L; MARKERS; LOCI; AMPLIFICATION; RAPD AB Variation at isozyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) loci in eight cucumber and seven melon cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introductions were used to determine the utility of these markers for assessing genetic variation among populations of each species. Although dendrograms derived from cluster analyses using species' variation at marker loci were dissimilar, these disparities were consistent with differences in the pedigrees and/or other information (e.g., morphological) known about each accession and species. Empirical estimations of variances associated with each marker type in the cucumber and melon accessions examined indicate that, per band, lower coefficients of variation can be attained in the estimation of genetic difference when using RAPDs compared to isozymes. The disparity between the marker analyses made may be related to the amount of genome coverage characteristic of a particular marker system in a species and its efficiency in sampling variation in a population. C1 USDA ARS,CROP IMPROVEMENT & PROTECT UNIT,SALINAS,CA 93905. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,DEPT HORT,VEGETABLE CROPS UNIT,1575 LINDEN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 67 TC 50 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 44 IS 3 BP 257 EP 269 DI 10.1023/A:1008639616331 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XA842 UT WOS:A1997XA84200008 ER PT J AU Pereira, TNS Ilarslan, H Palmer, RG AF Pereira, TNS Ilarslan, H Palmer, RG TI Genetic and cytological analyses of three lethal ovule mutants in soybean (Glycine max; Leguminosae) SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE partially sterile; gene tagging; ovule abortion; soybean ID EMBRYO SAC DEVELOPMENT; ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENTATION; UNSTABLE MUTATION; UPLAND COTTON; SYSTEM; ABORTION; MAIZE AB Soybean partially sterile mutants 2, 3, and 4 (PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4), recovered from a gene-tagging experiment, were studied to clarify their inheritance, linkage, allelism, and reproductive biology. The PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4 mutants were maintained as heterozygotes and upon self-pollination segregated 1 fertile : 1 partially-sterile. For inheritance and linkage tests, all three PS mutants were crossed to flower color mutant Harosoy-w4 and to chlorophyll-deficient (CD) mutants CD-1 and CD-5, also recovered from the tagging study. For allelism tests, reciprocal crosses were made among the three partially sterile mutants. Linkage results indicated that the gene for partial sterility in the PS-2,PS-3, and PS-4 mutants was not linked either to the w4 locus or to the genes for chlorophyll deficiency. Studies of pollen development, pollen viability, and pollen-tube germination indicated no difference between normal and partially sterile genotypes. Linkage and allelism tests indicated that the gene in the three partially sterile mutants was not transmitted through the female when they were used as a female parent. A study of megagametogenesis indicated that the ovules from partially sterile plants had normal embryo sac development. Ovule abortion was due to failure of fertilization. C1 USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ZOOL GENET,AMES,IA 50011. RI Pereira, Tamara/K-1836-2016 OI Pereira, Tamara/0000-0002-9678-7877 NR 50 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD JUN PY 1997 VL 40 IS 3 BP 273 EP 285 DI 10.1139/g97-039 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA XF125 UT WOS:A1997XF12500001 PM 18464828 ER PT J AU Olufowote, JO Xu, YB Chen, XL Park, WD Beachell, HM Dilday, RH Goto, M McCouch, SR AF Olufowote, JO Xu, YB Chen, XL Park, WD Beachell, HM Dilday, RH Goto, M McCouch, SR TI Comparative evaluation of within-cultivar variation of rice (Oryza sativa L) using microsatellite and RFLP markers SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE genetic variation; RFLP; microsatellite markers; simple sequence length polymorphism; SSLP; rice ID DNA POLYMORPHISMS; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; LINKAGE MAPS; DIVERSITY; GENOMES AB The objective of this study was to determine an efficient way of detecting within-cultivar variation in rice varieties obtained from national and international germplasm collections, Seventy-one rice cultivars were evaluated for within-cultivar variation using a combination of phenotypic, RFLP, and mitrosatellite or simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP). Variation between individuals within an accession and between duplicate accessions within a cultivar was detected even in cultivars that had been purified by phenotypic evaluation. Landrace cultivars were more heterogeneous and displayed a larger number of both RFLP and SSLP alleles than did modem cultivars. Microsatellite markers detected a greater number of alleles and were able to discriminate between even closely related individuals more efficiently than RFLPs. Some microsatellite markers were more informative than others for assessing genetic diversity. Single markers revealed 5.6-61.1% of the total variation detected by the 10 SSLP markers. Some marker combinations were complementary, providing more information than others. Several combinations of 4 SSLP markers detected as much as 94% of the total within-cultivar variation detected by the 10 SSLP markers. These results suggest that the use of four well-chosen microsatellites would be an efficient method for evaluating the heterogeneity of rice accessions. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT BREEDING & BIOMETRY,ITHACA,NY 14853. TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RICETEC INC,ALVIN,TX 77512. USDA ARS,STUTTGART,AR 72160. NR 31 TC 112 Z9 136 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD JUN PY 1997 VL 40 IS 3 BP 370 EP 378 DI 10.1139/g97-050 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA XF125 UT WOS:A1997XF12500012 PM 9202415 ER PT J AU Kianian, SF Wu, BC Fox, SL Rines, HW Phillips, RL AF Kianian, SF Wu, BC Fox, SL Rines, HW Phillips, RL TI Aneuploid marker assignment in hexaploid oat with the C genome as a reference for determining remnant homoeology SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE oat; aneuploids; syntenic associations; homoeology; C genome ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; AVENA-SATIVA L; NUCLEOLAR ACTIVITY; BANDED KARYOTYPES; TRITICUM-TAUSCHII; CULTIVATED OAT; LINKAGE MAP; CHROMOSOMES; IDENTIFICATION; MONOSOMICS AB Nullisomic lines of hexaploid oat Avena sativa L. (2n = 6r - 2 = 40, AACCDD) cultivar Sun II were used to assign 134 DNA sequences to 10 chromosome-associated syntenic groups. A limited set of ditelosomic lines allowed localization of subsets of these sequences to six chromosome arms. Advantages of using such aneuploids in mapping are in the assignment of gene families, monomorphic RFLP sequences, and oat linkage groups to chromosomes. The published hexaploid oat RFLP linkage may has 38 linkage groups. 17 more than expected on the basis of the haploid chromosome number. Using nullisomics, eight linkage groups were assigned to due physical chromosomes; using ditelosomics, three of these linkage groups were assigned to their respective chromosome arms. The A- and D-genome chromosome sets of oat are indistinguishable from each other based on different staining and genomic in situ hybridization techniques, while C-genome chromosomes are distinct. Because chromosomal rearrangements such as translocations and inversions have played an important role in the evolution of hexaploid oat, the distinction of C-genome chromosomes can be used to determine remnant homoeologous segments that exist in the other two genomes, Among the 10 syntenic groups identified, six chromosomes showed sequence homoeology believed to represent segmental homoeologous regions, Owing to various evolutionary forces, segmental homoeology instead of whole chromosome homoeology appears to best describe the genome organization in hexaploid oat. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,PLANT MOL GENET INST,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 48 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD JUN PY 1997 VL 40 IS 3 BP 386 EP 396 DI 10.1139/g97-052 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA XF125 UT WOS:A1997XF12500014 PM 9202416 ER PT J AU Mays, MD Bogardi, I Bardossy, A AF Mays, MD Bogardi, I Bardossy, A TI Fuzzy logic and risk-based soil interpretations SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Fuzzy Sets in Soil Science CY OCT 30, 1995 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Int Soc Soil Sci, Pedometr Working Grp, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Div S5 DE soil interpretation; risk; fuzzy logic; map unit ID CLASSIFICATION AB Fuzzy set logic is used to express the risk in soil interpretation ratings. Uncertainty inherent in the definition of estimated sets of properties used to characterize a given map unit is described with the help of fuzzy sets. Threshold levels of soil properties (where no adverse consequences can be expected) are used to formulate a continuum for assessment. Different types of adverse consequences may be considered. Here we describe economic, noneconomic private, and non-economic social consequences. The relative consequences are functions of the deviation between the estimated and threshold soil properties characterizing a given rating. We assumed that the consequence functions estimated by an expert group are exact. The methodology can be extended to uncertain consequence functions and is applied to soil suitability ratings in four map units in Saunders County, Nebraska. The integrated risk index calculated with the methodology can help to select a cost-effective solution to management considerations. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,LINCOLN,NE 68508. UNIV STUTTGART,DEPT HYDROL,D-7000 STUTTGART,GERMANY. RP Mays, MD (reprint author), USDA,NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV,NATL SOIL SURVEY CTR,LINCOLN,NE 68508, USA. RI Bardossy, Andras/A-1160-2009 NR 22 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD JUN PY 1997 VL 77 IS 2-4 BP 299 EP 315 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00027-X PG 17 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XF914 UT WOS:A1997XF91400012 ER PT J AU Mayeux, HS Johnson, HB Polley, HW Malone, SR AF Mayeux, HS Johnson, HB Polley, HW Malone, SR TI Yield of wheat across a subambient carbon dioxide gradient SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE drought; historical increase in yield; Seri M82; water use efficiency; Yaqui 54; yield components ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; INCREASING CO2; DRY-MATTER; GROWTH; ENRICHMENT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ALLOCATION; EXCHANGE; RECORD; BP AB Yields and yield components of two cultivars of day-neutral spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were assessed along a gradient of daytime carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations from about 200 to near 350 mu mol CO2 (mol air)(-1) in a 38 m-long controlled environment chamber. The range in CO2 concentration studied approximates that of Earth's atmosphere since the last ice age. This 75% rise in CO2 concentration increased grain yields more than 200% under well-watered conditions and by 80-150% when wheat was grown without additions of water during the last half of the 100-day growing season. The 27% increase in CO2 from the pre-industrial level of 150 years ago (275 mu mol mol(-1)) to near the current concentration (350 mu mol mol(-1)) increased grain yields of 'Yaqui 54' and 'Seri M82' spring wheats by 55% and 53%, respectively, under well-watered conditions. Yield increased because of greater numbers of grains per spike, rather than heavier grains or numbers of spikes per plant. Water use increased little with CO2 concentration, resulting in improved water use efficiency as CO2 rose. Data suggest that rising CO2 concentration contributed to the substantial increase in average wheat yields in the U.S. during recent decades. C1 USDA ARS, GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB, TEMPLE, TX 76502 USA. UNIV W ALABAMA, DEPT BIOL, LIVINGSTON, AL 35470 USA. NR 38 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1354-1013 EI 1365-2486 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 3 IS 3 BP 269 EP 278 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1997.00074.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XF048 UT WOS:A1997XF04800011 ER PT J AU Vaughn, JL Fan, F AF Vaughn, JL Fan, F TI Differential requirements of two insect cell lines for growth in serum-free medium SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Article DE Spodoptera; Lymantria; gypsy moth; lipids; hydrolysates; virus; Autographa californica; nuclear polyhedrosis AB The development of a serum-free medium that supports the growth of cells from a Spodoptera frugiperda and a Lymantria dispar cell Line is reported. A yeast hydrolysate provided the E-vitamin complex, and a combination of a meat hydrolysate and tryptose provided most of the free amino acids required for cell growth. Supplemental cystine and methionine were required to achieve maximum cell growth. The serum or serum replacements used in earlier formulations were replaced with commercial lipid preparations and increased levels of iron salts. Although the cell growth cycle had a somewhat extended lag phase and the population doubling time of the S. frugiperda cells was longer than on serum-containing medium, the saturation densities were much higher. Spodoptera cells grown in this medium replicated the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus well, producing 8.71 x 10(6) TCID50 extracellular virus and 4.4 x 10(8) polyhedra/ml culture. The specific activity of the polyhedra was somewhat less than that of polyhedra produced in insects. RP Vaughn, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST PLANT SCI,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 6 BP 479 EP 482 PG 4 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA XF925 UT WOS:A1997XF92500014 PM 9201517 ER PT J AU Valaitis, AP Mazza, A Brousseau, R Masson, L AF Valaitis, AP Mazza, A Brousseau, R Masson, L TI Interaction analyses of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxins with two aminopeptidases from gypsy moth midgut brush border membranes SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aminopeptidase; Bacillus thuringiensis; surface plasmon resonance; crystal proteins; kinetics ID INSECTICIDAL CRYSTAL PROTEINS; SURFACE-PLASMON RESONANCE; CRYIA(C) DELTA-ENDOTOXIN; PLANAR LIPID BILAYERS; BINDING-SITES; PLUTELLA-XYLOSTELLA; SELECTIVE CHANNELS; MANDUCA-SEXTA; LARVAL MIDGUT; BOMBYX-MORI AB A 100 kDa aminopeptidase N isolated from Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) larval midgut brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) has previously been reported to function as a surface binding protein for the entomocidal protein toxin Cry1Ac from Bacillus thuringiensis (Valaitis et al., 1995; Lee et al., 1996), Fractionation of detergent-solubilized, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-digested BBMV membrane proteins by ion-exchange chromatography revealed two distinct peaks of aminopeptidase activity from which two proteins, APN-1 and APN-2, were purified, Western blot immunoanalysis revealed that the previously reported 100 kDa APN (APN-1 in this study) was antigenically distinct from the newly identified 105 kDa APN-2. Both ligand blots and Cry1Ac-Sepharose affinity chromatography revealed that only APN-1 was able to bind Cry1Ac, The narrow specificity and kinetic binding characteristics of APN-1 for Cry1Ac were determined using a surface plasmon resonance-based optical biosensor, APN-1 from the gypsy moth possessed a single Cry1Ac toxin-binding site and did not interact with either Cry1Aa or Cry1Ab. The association and dissociation rate constants of Cry1Ac and APN-1 were determined to be 7.2 x 10(4)Ms(-1) and 2.3 x 10(-3)s(-1) respectively, with an apparent affinity constant of 3.2 x 10(-8)M, Toxin binding to APN-1 was directly inhibited with N-acetylgalactosamine, suggesting that this aminosugar forms an integral part of the binding site. The absence of recognition of all Cry toxins by APN-2 suggests that either APN-2 recognizes an untested subclass of Cry toxins, or alternatively, not all APN molecules in larval midguts serve to function as toxin-binding proteins. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA,BIOTECHNOL RES INST,MONTREAL,PQ H4P 2R2,CANADA. RP Valaitis, AP (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPT STN,359 MAIN RD,DELAWARE,OH 43015, USA. NR 43 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 27 IS 6 BP 529 EP 539 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(97)00028-3 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA XV976 UT WOS:A1997XV97600007 ER PT J AU Mardaus, MC Buckner, JS AF Mardaus, MC Buckner, JS TI Identification and characterization of novel short-chain acid esters as surface lipid components of Heliothis virescens pupae. Effects of sorbic acid in the diet SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tobacco budworm; (E,E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid; capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry; proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ID MANDUCA-SEXTA PUPAE; WAX SECRETION; DIAPAUSE; APHID AB Two previously unreported lipid classes were characterized which are present on the cuticular surface of laboratory-reared tobacco budworm, (Heliothis virescens Fabricius) pupae only when the mold and yeast inhibitor, (E,E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid (sorbic acid) is added to the larval diet, One lipid fraction was identified as esters of sorbic acid and C-26, C-24, C-28, C-22 and C-30 primary alcohols (listed in descending order of abundance), The second, less polar lipid fraction was shown to consist of esters of 4-hexenoic acid and the same C-22-C-30 even-chain primary alcohols, The two lipid classes were identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatographic retention times, capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CGC-MS), and proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopy, Results of the same analyses on synthetic compounds, long-chain alkanyl esters of 2-, 3- and 4-hexenoic acids and 2,4-hexadienoic acid, are also presented. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,STATE UNIV STN,FARGO,ND 58105. NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 27 IS 6 BP 551 EP 561 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(97)00030-1 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA XV976 UT WOS:A1997XV97600009 ER PT J AU Motil, KJ Kertz, B Thotathuchery, M AF Motil, KJ Kertz, B Thotathuchery, M TI Lactational performance of adolescent mothers shows preliminary differences from that of adult women SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Article DE lactation; breast-feeding; adolescent; milk composition; lactational behavior; human milk ID MATERNAL GROWTH; UNITED-STATES; PREGNANCY; INFANTS; MILK; POPULATION; DURATION AB Purpose: The purposes of this study were to characterize milk production, milk composition, and the lactational behavior of adolescent mothers, and to compare their lactational performance with that of adult females. Methods: Twenty-two lactating mothers, 11 adolescents and 11 adults, were studied at 6-week intervals between 6 and 24 weeks postpartum. Milk production was determined by the test-weighing procedure. Milk nutrient composition was determined by standard chemical analyses. Frequency and duration of nursing and the use of supplemental formula and complementary foods were recorded. Results: The amount of milk adolescents produced at 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks postpartum ranged from 37-54% less (P < .05) than that of the adults and resulted in a 45% weaning rate at 18 weeks postpartum in the younger group. Milk nutrient concentrations were not significantly different between groups, with the exception of significantly higher sodium concentrations during early lactation in the adolescents' milk. Lactational behavior differed significantly between the adolescent and adult groups; however, with the exception of the lower frequency of daytime nursing and the tendency toward the early introduction of supplemental formula in the adolescent group, these behavioral differences were the result of the racial and ethnic differences between the two groups. The differences in lactational behavior did not contribute to the differences in milk production between the adolescents and adult mothers. Conclusions: This preliminary study suggests that milk production was reduced in adolescent mothers compared with adult females. Although behavioral strategies that increase the frequency of daytime nursing and reduce the frequency of supplemental feedings may enhance the milk production of adolescent mothers, other biological factors may account for their poorer lactational performance. (C) Society for Adolescent Medicine, 1997. C1 TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP Motil, KJ (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD JUN PY 1997 VL 20 IS 6 BP 442 EP 449 DI 10.1016/S1054-139X(97)00036-0 PG 8 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA XA687 UT WOS:A1997XA68700007 PM 9178081 ER PT J AU Mauldin, RE Goodall, MJ Volz, SA Griffin, DL Petty, EJ Johnston, JJ AF Mauldin, RE Goodall, MJ Volz, SA Griffin, DL Petty, EJ Johnston, JJ TI Zinc phosphide residue determination in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE zinc phosphide; phosphine; residues; Medicago sativa; alfalfa; gas chromatography flame photometric detection ID HAZARDS AB An analytical method for the determination of zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) residues in alfalfa ranging from 10 mu g g(-1) to 100 mg g(-1) is described. Using a suspension of Zn3P2 in propylene glycol, Zn3P2 standards were prepared and midharvest alfalfa and dried hay control samples fortified to assess method recovery. Addition of 1% phosphoric acid to Zn3P2-containing samples produced phosphine (PH3) gas for headspace gas chromatography/flame photometric detection analysis. Response linearity was assessed for (8.9 x 10(-5))-0.027 mu g of Zn3P2 mL(-1) headspace (r(2) = 0.9914) and 0.027-2.02 mu g of Zn3P2 mL(-1) headspace (r(2) = 0.9998) concentration ranges. Analyte recovery exceeded 81% for Zn3P2 fortification levels ranging from 0.010 to 100 mu g g(-1), and the method limit of detection was 2.1 x 10(-3) mu g g(-1) in midharvest alfalfa and 3.9 x 10(-3) mu g g(-1) in dried hay. RP Mauldin, RE (reprint author), USDA,NATL WILDLIFE RES CTR,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,3350 EASTBROOK DR,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2107 EP 2111 DI 10.1021/jf960689k PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XF143 UT WOS:A1997XF14300024 ER PT J AU Hackney, M Springfield, J Steele, M Elmore, D AF Hackney, M Springfield, J Steele, M Elmore, D TI Utilization of a palladium-coated platform and a methane/argon purge gas mixture in the determination of silicon by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE silicon; ETAAS; alternative purge gas; Pd-coated L'vov platform ID JOHNSONGRASS SORGHUM-HALEPENSE; MORPHOLOGY; MODIFIERS AB An electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric procedure to improve the analytical performance of determination of silicon in an aqueous matrix is discussed. The method employs a Pd sputter-coated L'vov platform and an argon/methane purge gas mixture. The use of this combination improved peak sharpness, precision, and calibration accuracy. RSD values were consistently under 5% and the linear dynamic range obtained using this procedure extended from 5 to 100 ng/mL. Calibration curves consistently had correlation coefficients above 0.999 and exhibited a detection limit of 1.1 ng/mL. The characteristic mass achieved during analysis averaged 35 pg/0.0044 A-s. C1 DELTA STATE UNIV,DEPT PHYS SCI,CLEVELAND,MS 38733. USDA ARS,APPLICAT & PROD TECHNOL RES UNIT,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2166 EP 2169 DI 10.1021/jf9608736 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XF143 UT WOS:A1997XF14300035 ER PT J AU Wu, YV Rosati, RR Brown, PB AF Wu, YV Rosati, RR Brown, PB TI Use of corn-derived ethanol coproducts and synthetic lysine and tryptophan for growth of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE tilapia; corn gluten meal; corn gluten feed; corn distillers' grains with solubles; synthetic amino acids; weight gain; feed conversion ratio; protein efficiency ratio ID PROTEIN; DIETS AB Corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, and corn distillers' grains with solubles, the coproducts from ethanol fermentation of corn, were incorporated in tilapia diets with 32 and 28% protein. The diets were balanced in amino acid composition by addition of soy flour and/or synthetic lysine and tryptophan. The diets were fed to tilapia fry of average initial weight of 0.5 g in aquaria for 8 weeks. Weight gain expressed as percentage increase after 56 days were best (P < 0.05) for a 28% protein diet with 67% corn gluten feed and 26% soy flour, a 32% protein diet with 54% corn gluten feed and 39% soy flour, and the control diet with 32% protein. Weight gain was positively correlated with protein content, lysine/protein, and protein/energy. Fish fed 32% protein diets exhibited the same feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio (P > 0.05) as the control 32% protein diet. Fish fed 28% protein diet with 82% corn distillers' grains with solubles and synthetic lysine and tryptophan and 28% protein diet with 67% corn gluten feed and 26% soy flour also resulted in the same feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio (P > 0.05) as the control diet. Fish fed the remaining two 28% protein diets exhibited higher feed conversion ratio and lower protein efficiency ratio (P < 0.05) than fish fed the control diet. It appears the 28% protein diet with 67% corn gluten feed and 26% soy flour is adequate for tilapia fry based on weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio. C1 ILLINOIS STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR,NORMAL,IL 61790. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY & NAT RESOURCES,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Wu, YV (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 11 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2174 EP 2177 DI 10.1021/jf960880u PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XF143 UT WOS:A1997XF14300037 ER PT J AU Flores, M Grimm, CC Toldra, F Spanier, AM AF Flores, M Grimm, CC Toldra, F Spanier, AM TI Correlations of sensory and volatile compounds of Spanish ''Serrano'' dry-cured ham as a function of two processing times SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dry-cured ham; ripening; volatile compound; pork flavor; aged flavor ID COOKED BEEF; IBERIAN HAM; MEAT FLAVOR; COMPONENTS AB Spanish ''Serrano'' dry-cured hams were processed under traditional practices which included two different length of the ripening-drying stage dry-curing methods. Dry-cured hams typically have high production cost because of the length of the ripening-drying stage which makes the product less competitive. In order to study the generation of dry-cured ham flavor the volatile components were investigated. Sensory properties were analyzed by GC/olfactometry and descriptive sensory techniques. The relationship of the volatile components with sensory descriptors was examined by factor analysis and resulted in a solution composed of four factors defined as ''pork'', ''cured'', ''pleasant'', and ''off-flavor''. The short ripening process was characterized by aldehydes, such as hexanal and S-methyl butanal, alcohol (1-penten-3-ol), and dimethyl disulfide, that gave an olfactory sensation of fresh-cured pork flavor. The ''pleasant'' aroma in the short process had already been developed and was defined by ketones, esters, pyrazines, and aromatic hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the longer ripening-drying procedure produced an increase in ''pork'', ''cured'' and ''off-flavor'' that masked the ''pleasant'' aroma. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124. CSIC,INST AGROQUIM & TECNOL ALIMENTOS,BURJASSOT,SPAIN. RI Flores, Monica/H-2857-2012; Toldra, Fidel/I-9758-2014 OI Flores, Monica/0000-0002-4228-9899; Toldra, Fidel/0000-0002-9843-0193 NR 41 TC 146 Z9 185 U1 4 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2178 EP 2186 DI 10.1021/jf960862c PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XF143 UT WOS:A1997XF14300038 ER PT J AU Malundo, TMM Baldwin, EA Moshonas, MG Baker, RA Shewfelt, RL AF Malundo, TMM Baldwin, EA Moshonas, MG Baker, RA Shewfelt, RL TI Method for the rapid headspace analysis of mango (Mangifera indica L) homogenate volatile constituents and factors affecting quantitative results SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE flavor; gelation; hydrocarbons; terpenes ID FLAVOR COMPONENTS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; TOMATO CULTIVARS; ALPHONSO MANGO; AFRICAN MANGO; ORANGE JUICES; AROMA; FRESH; FRUIT; FLORIDA AB A rapid GC method was developed to analyze the headspace composition of cultivar Kent, Keitt, and Tommy Atkins mango homogenates. Factors affecting quantitative results were also studied. Of the 13 volatile compounds identified, 9 were terpene hydrocarbons: alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, 3-carene, myrcene, limonene, p-cymene, terpinolene, alpha-copaene, and caryophyllene. Volatile concentrations were quantified using peak height calibration curves (peak height vs concentration). Linear relationships were derived for all compounds except caryophyllene. Rate of peak height increase was slower at caryophyllene levels <2 ppm than at those greater than or equal to 2 ppm. Volatile levels increased as homogenate was diluted with up to 56% water. Addition of CaCl2 during blending, to inhibit degradative enzymes, induced gelation, which resulted in decreased volatile concentrations in the headspace. Sonicating gelled homogenate resulted :in partial liquefaction and an increase in headspace volatiles. These results indicate that significant interactions between mango pulp and volatile compounds occur and, depending on sample preparation method, can affect quantitative results. C1 USDA ARS,S ATLANTIC AREA,US CITRUS & SUBTROP PROD LAB,WINTER HAVEN,FL 33881. US DISTILLED PROD,PRINCETON,MN 55371. UNIV GEORGIA,EXPT STN,CTR FOOD SAFETY & QUALITY ENHANCEMENT,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. NR 49 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2187 EP 2194 DI 10.1021/jf960569c PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XF143 UT WOS:A1997XF14300039 ER PT J AU Mayland, HF Flath, RA Shewmaker, GE AF Mayland, HF Flath, RA Shewmaker, GE TI Volatiles from fresh and air-dried vegetative tissues of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb): Relationship to cattle preference SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Festuca arundinacea; headspace; aroma; preference; palatability; cattle ID POSSIBLE INSECT ATTRACTANTS; LEAVES; CONSTITUENTS; PALATABILITY; COMPONENTS; RED AB Volatiles from fresh and air-dried forage of eight tall fescue cultivars were collected on Tenax-TA adsorbent and then examined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and GC/flame ionization detector chromatography (GG/FID). Fifty of 52 compounds emitted from fresh forage and 99 of 103 emitted from hay were identified. The same compounds were common to all cultivars, and quantitative differences, within fresh forage or hay, were not dramatic. Fresh forage yielded 12-32 mu g/L of volatiles, while dry forage yielded 0.18-0.47 mu g/L. (Z)-S-Hexenyl acetate made up 82% of total emissions from fresh forage but only 0.24% from hay. Green-leaf odor compounds made up 11% in fresh forage and 6% in hay. Previously determined grazing preferences by cattle were related positively to 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and negatively to (Z)-3-hexenyl propionate and acetic acid, which together made up <0.2% of volatiles from fresh forage. C1 USDA ARS,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Mayland, HF (reprint author), USDA ARS,3793 N 3600 E,KIMBERLY,ID 83341, USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2204 EP 2210 DI 10.1021/jf9701796 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XF143 UT WOS:A1997XF14300042 ER PT J AU Tsai, LS Wilson, R Randall, V AF Tsai, LS Wilson, R Randall, V TI Mutagenicity of poultry chiller water treated with either chlorine dioxide or chlorine SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE poultry chiller water; chlorine dioxide; chlorine; hypochlorite; ames mutagenicity; mutagens; microbiology; bacteria ID BROILER CARCASSES AB U.S. Department of Agriculture regulation of poultry processing requires the eviscerated warm carcasses to be quickly chilled to ensure microbiological safety and wholesomeness of the products. This is achieved by immersing carcasses in icy water for about 1 h. In addition, chlorine is widely used to control the microbial population in poultry chiller water (PCW), and until 1996 it was the only approved disinfectant. Recently, chlorine dixoide has also been approved the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. Department of Agriculture as a disinfectant in PCW. Its potential mutagenicity was investigated using the Ames mutagenesis assay with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 100 without S-9 mix, the protocol formerly demonstrated to be senstive to chlorine-treated PCW. Chlorine dioxide was found to impart negligible mutagenicity to PCW when tested at 4 times the level required for disinfection. RP Tsai, LS (reprint author), USDA ARS, WESTERN REG RES CTR, 800 BUCHANAN ST, ALBANY, CA 94710 USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2267 EP 2272 DI 10.1021/jf960926j PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XF143 UT WOS:A1997XF14300052 ER PT J AU Rice, CP Chernyak, SM McConnell, LL AF Rice, CP Chernyak, SM McConnell, LL TI Henry's law constants for pesticides measured as a function of temperature and salinity SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Henry's law constants; air-water partitioning; chlorpyrifos; trifluralin; endosulfan; methyl parathion; 2,4-D; metolachlor ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; AIR-WATER; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; SEAWATER; EXCHANGE; HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; POLLUTANTS; DEPENDENCE; HEADSPACE; LAKES AB A wetted wall column device was used to determine air-water distribution coefficients [Henry's law constants (HLCs)] for pesticides: chlorpyrifos, trifluralin, endosulfans I and II, methyl parathion, metolachlor, and 2,4-D. The measured HLCs were all significantly higher than values calculated from published vapor pressure and solubilities except those for technical endosulfan and 2,4-D. With 2,4-D, however, the HLC was higher under acidic conditions. The effects of temperature and salinity were investigated using chlorpyrifos, trifluralin, and endosulfan I. Simulated seawater increased the HLCs from 1.5 to 2.4 times, which suggests a salting out effect. Natural water HLC values that were determined on Chesapeake Bay and Bering/Chukchi Sea water samples of microlayer and subsurface water were all lower than predicted values even after correction for temperature and salinity. Therefore, some as yet undefined factors in the aqueous phase appear to be responsible for these lowered HLCs. There was generally a linear increase in the log HLC versus increase in temperature for all of the pesticides in both distilled water and salt water except for trifluralin, which was curvilinear in simulated seawater. C1 NATL BIOL SERV,GREAT LAKES SCI CTR,US DEPT INTERIOR,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. RP Rice, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST NAT RESOURCES,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 NR 33 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2291 EP 2298 DI 10.1021/jf960834u PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XF143 UT WOS:A1997XF14300056 ER PT J AU Snook, ME Johnson, AW Severson, RF Teng, Q White, RA Sisson, VA Jackson, DM AF Snook, ME Johnson, AW Severson, RF Teng, Q White, RA Sisson, VA Jackson, DM TI Hydroxygeranyllinalool glycosides from tobacco exhibit antibiosis activity in the tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (F)] SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Nicotiana; Heliothis virescens (F); antibiosis; 16-hydroxygeranyllinalool glycosides; diterpene glycosides ID MULTIPLE QUANTUM NMR; SPECTROSCOPY; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; COMPONENTS; VOLATILES; FEMALES; LEAVES; HOST AB Leaves of Tobacco Introduction TI-165 were found to be resistant to tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (F.)] attack. HPLC profiles of leaf extracts showed that TI-165 had relatively high levels of two components (A and B) that were absent in susceptible varieties. Compounds A and B were isolated from TI-165 by a combination of preparative C-18, silicic acid column, and centrifugal thin-layer chromatography. They were identified as diterpene glycosides: compound A, 16-hydroxy-geranyllinalyl-3-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-4)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside-16-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside; compound B, 16-hydroxygeranyllinalyl-3-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->4)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside-16-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->6)]-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->4)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (hydroxygeranyllinalool glycosides). Budworm bioassays with whole tobacco leaves and purified mixtures of A and B showed significant correlation between larval weights and levels of A and B. HPLC analyses of freeze-dried leaves of 68 Nicotiana species indicated that 26 species had high levels of diterpene glycosides identical to or related to A and B. C1 CLEMSON UNIV,PEE DEE RES & EDUC CTR,FLORENCE,SC 29501. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CHEM,ATHENS,GA 30602. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,OXFORD,NC 27565. ARS,US VEGETABLE LAB,USDA,CHARLESTON,SC 29414. RP Snook, ME (reprint author), ARS,USDA,RUSSELL RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 26 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2299 EP 2308 DI 10.1021/jf960748u PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XF143 UT WOS:A1997XF14300057 ER PT J AU Desjardins, AE McCormick, SP Plaisted, RL Brodie, BB AF Desjardins, AE McCormick, SP Plaisted, RL Brodie, BB TI Association between solavetivone production and resistance to Globodera rostochiensis in potato SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Solanum tuberosum; potato breeding; sesquiterpenes; Globodera rostochiensis ID GENE CONFERRING RESISTANCE; IDENTIFICATION; NEMATODE; RISHITIN AB High ratios of solavetivone to total sesquiterpenes were previously associated with derivation from a Bolivian accession of potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena CPC1673) that also confers the H1 gene for resistance to Globodera rostochiensis (golden nematode). To test the relationship between solavetivone production and nematode resistance, the inheritance of these traits was determined using four crosses among potato clones that are nematode-susceptible homozygotes or nematode-resistant heterozygotes. Progeny from each cross were screened for tuber sesquiterpene production after treatment with arachidonic acid and for nematode resistance by counting individual cysts on roots of plants inoculated in the greenhouse. Nematode resistance exhibited dominant, single-gene segregation. A wide range of sesquiterpene levels and ratios of solavetivone to total sesquiterpenes was recovered among the progeny, indicating that these are complex traits. There was no correlation between sesquiterpene levels and nematode resistance, but ratios of solavetivone to total sesquiterpenes of nematode-susceptible and nematode-resistant progeny were significantly different in all four crosses (p < 0.01 by t tests of least-squares means). These data indicate that a gene or genes that control solavetivone accumulation are located on potato chromosome V close to the H1 locus for resistance to G. rostochiensis. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT BREEDING,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ARS,USDA,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2322 EP 2326 DI 10.1021/jf960830p PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XF143 UT WOS:A1997XF14300060 ER PT J AU Lee, CJ DeMilo, AB Moreno, DS Mangan, RL AF Lee, CJ DeMilo, AB Moreno, DS Mangan, RL TI Identification of the volatile components of E802 Mazoferm steepwater, a condensed fermented corn extractive highly attractive to the Mexican fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha ludens; food bait; attractant; E802 Mazoferm steepwater; volatiles; headspace analysis; lure ID PROTEIN INSECT BAITS; AMMONIA; FLIES AB A dynamic headspace analysis was performed on the volatile components of E802 Mazoferm steepwater, a condensed fermented corn extractive, that is highly attractive in laboratory and field tests to adult Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew). Chemical characterization was accomplished by capillary GC and GC/MS methods. A total of 19 compounds were identified, and these were comprised of 6 alcohols, 5 esters, 3 aldehydes, 2 lactones, an alkyl furan, an acid, and a trisulfide. When E802 Mazoferm steepwater was analyzed at pH 3.9, the five most abundant compounds in the volatiles (in descending order) were 3-methyl-1-butanol (43.9%), ethyl lactate (23.7%), ethanol (15.4%), 2-methyl-1-propanol (12.8%), and ethyl acetate(0.71%). At pH 8.0, the same five compounds were again the most abundant. Except for a reversal in order for the first two compounds, the order was the same: ethyl lactate (37.3%), 3-methyl-1-butanol (32.5%), ethanol (14.2%), 2-methyl-1-propanol (10.4%), and ethyl acetate (3.09%). C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST PLANT SCI,INSECT CHEM ECOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,WESLACO,TX 78596. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2327 EP 2331 DI 10.1021/jf960632y PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XF143 UT WOS:A1997XF14300061 ER PT J AU Harnly, JM Smith, CMM Wichems, DN Ivaldi, JC Lundberg, PL Radziuk, B AF Harnly, JM Smith, CMM Wichems, DN Ivaldi, JC Lundberg, PL Radziuk, B TI Use of a segmented array charge coupled device detector for continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace atomization SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE segmented array; charge coupled device; continuum source; atomic absorption spectrometry; graphite furnace atomisation ID LINEAR PHOTODIODE-ARRAY; ICP-OES AB A commercially available echelle spectrometer with a segmented array charge coupled detector (SCD) was used with a xenon are lamp and graphite furnace atomizer for continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry (CS-AAS), Approximately 67% of the spectral wavelengths corresponding to the resonance transitions used for routine AAS determinations were available on the SCD, As many as eight elements were determined simultaneously with a read frequency of 50 Hz for each array, The high luminosity of the echelle and the high quantum efficiency SCD provided photoelectron levels that ranged from equivalent to 7 times higher than those previously measured by CS-AAS using a linear photodiode array (LPDA) detector, The low read noise of the SCD resulted in the absorbance measurements being limited by the photon shot noise of the continuum source, Detection limits were obtained that ranged from equivalent to a factor of 3 better than those previously obtained for CS-AAS and from a factor of 2 worse to a factor of 10 better than those for conventional, line source AAS, Sensitivities, as determined by intrinsic mass (mass necessary for an absorbance of 0.0044 pm s), were similar to those measured previously with an LPDA, The high resolution of the echelle allowed detailed inspection of the spectra surrounding the wavelength of the elements determined, Data were displayed using contour absorbance plots, Molecular peaks were observed within the spectral window of the sub-arrays fbr As (193.7 nm) and Se (196.0 nm), These peaks were spectrally and temporally resolved from the analyte peaks and disappeared in the presence of a Pd chemical modifier, A low sensitivity Pd line was identified that was 15 pm from the Se line, The Pd and Se peaks were resolved using a spectral bandwidth of 3 pm per pixel. C1 PERKIN ELMER CORP,NORWALK,CT 06859. BODENSEEWERK PERKIN ELMER & CO GMBH,D-88647 UBERLINGEN,GERMANY. RP Harnly, JM (reprint author), ARS,USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BLDG 161,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 12 IS 6 BP 617 EP 627 DI 10.1039/a608440k PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA XH156 UT WOS:A1997XH15600005 ER PT J AU Rathje, TA Rohrer, GA Johnson, RK AF Rathje, TA Rohrer, GA Johnson, RK TI Evidence for quantitative trait loci affecting ovulation rate in pigs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic markers; pigs; ovulation rate; litter size ID PORCINE GENOME; LINKAGE MAPS; LITTER SIZE; MARKERS; MODEL; SWINE AB Fifty-five microsatellite markers were scored in an F-2 population of pigs (n = 114 females) developed at the University of Nebraska. The population was produced by crossing a line previously selected for 10 generations using an index of ovulation rate and embryonal survival and a line selected at random. The lines were from a common base population and differed by 6.7 ovulations and 3.1 fetuses at 50 d of gestation. Ovulation rate and number of fully formed and mummified pigs were recorded for each female. Data were analyzed with regression models that included random animal effects. Likelihood-ratio tests were used to test for quantitative trait loci (QTL) effects by deviating the log-likelihood for the full model that included additive and dominance QTL effects from the log-likelihood for the reduced model that did not contain QTL effects. A QTL for ovulation rate was found on chromosome 8 (P <.001) with an additive effect of 3.07 ovulations. Other evidence of potential QTL affecting ovulation rate was found on chromosomes 4 (P <.10), 13, and 15 (P <.05). Effects on chromosomes 4, 13, and 15 were not significant for an experiment-wise threshold value of P <.001. No significant QTL for litter size or number of mummified pigs were found. Additional data are needed to confirm the location and the effect of QTL found for ovulation rate before markers associated with them can be used in marker-assisted selection. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ANIM SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68583. ARS,USDA,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. NR 24 TC 89 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1486 EP 1494 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XC332 UT WOS:A1997XC33200008 PM 9250508 ER PT J AU Rule, DC MacNeil, MD Short, RE AF Rule, DC MacNeil, MD Short, RE TI Influence of sire growth potential, time on feed, and growing-finishing strategy on cholesterol and fatty acids of the ground carcass and longissimus muscle of beef steers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; cholesterol; fatty acids; sires; nutrition; maturity ID ADIPOSE-TISSUE; BREED TYPE; PLASMA; LIPIDS; CANOLA; DIET AB The purpose of this study was to determine how diverse beef cattle production systems affect fatty acids and cholesterol of meat. Crossbred cows were bred by AI to high (H) or moderate (M) growth rate potential bulls to produce spring- or fall-born calves. Steer calves from these matings were placed on finishing diets at three ages. Spring-born steers were started at 6 or 18 mo of age (A6 and A18), and fall-born calves were started at 12 mo of age (A12). Slaughter times were 0, 90, 180, and 270 d for A6; 68, 136, and 204 d for A12; and 0, 45, 90, and 135 d for A18. Four steers of each type were slaughtered in each of 2 yr for each sire type x time on feed x slaughter group. Fatty acids and cholesterol of ground carcass and longissimus muscle (LM) were determined by GLC. Carcass fat increased faster in M than in H steers (P <.01). Ground carcass cholesterol was greater for M steers (P =.06) than for H steers because of the greater fat content in the M ground carcass. No differences in LM cholesterol were observed for sire growth potential or time on feed. Fatty acid differences in ground carcass with time on feed were due primarily to decreases in 18:0 and increases in 18:1. The LM saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids changed little with time on feed, but total saturates were greater for M steers (44.5%) than for H steers (42.8%) (P =.02). A18 steers of H sires had the greatest (P =.04) ratio of 18:0 plus unsaturates to 14:0 plus 16:0 (most hypocholesterolemic). We conclude that cholesterol in lean muscle is not altered by the sire growth potential x time on feed x growing-finishing strategy imposed, and that lean beef from steers sired by H bulls and backgrounded before finishing may produce meat with the healthiest lipid composition. C1 ARS,USDA,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,MILES CITY,MT 59301. RP Rule, DC (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ANIM SCI,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 33 TC 76 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1525 EP 1533 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XC332 UT WOS:A1997XC33200013 PM 9250513 ER PT J AU Solomon, MB Long, JB Eastridge, JS AF Solomon, MB Long, JB Eastridge, JS TI The hydrodyne: A new process to improve beef tenderness SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tenderizing; tenderness; beef AB The organoleptic trait most affecting consumer acceptance of beef is tenderness. The Hydrodyne process uses a small amount of explosive to generate a shock wave in water. The shock wave passes through (in fractions of a millisecond) objects in the water that are an acoustic match with water. Four beef muscles (longissimus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus) exposed to either 50, 75, or 100 g of explosives were significantly tenderized compared with controls. As much as a 72% reduction in shear force was observed for the longissimus muscle using 100 g of explosives. Reductions in shear force with magnitudes of 30 to 59% improvements were observed for the other three muscle types. Results suggest that tenderizing beef with the Hydrodyne process presents a potentially novel opportunity in the way the meat industry can tenderize meat. C1 HYDRODYNE INC,SAN JUAN,PR 00936. RP Solomon, MB (reprint author), ARS,MEAT SCI RES LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1534 EP 1537 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XC332 UT WOS:A1997XC33200014 PM 9250514 ER PT J AU Hall, JB Staigmiller, RB Short, RE Bellows, RA MacNeil, MD Bellows, SE AF Hall, JB Staigmiller, RB Short, RE Bellows, RA MacNeil, MD Bellows, SE TI Effect of age and pattern of gain on induction of puberty with a progestin in beef heifers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE heifers; puberty; induction; progestogens; LH; ovaries ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SECRETION; ESTROUS SYNCHRONY; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL; NORGESTOMET; COWS; FSH AB Crossbred heifers (n = 75) fed for rapid (R; .82 kg/d) or slow-then-rapid (SR; .41 kg/d for 90 d then .82 kg/d) postweaning gain were used to examine the effects of age or pattern of gain on induction of puberty by a progestin. At 9.5, 11.0, and 12.5 mo of age, 12 prepuberal heifers from each growth treatment received progestin (a 6-mg Norgestomet implant for 10 d) or control treatments. Induction of puberty, LH secretory profiles, and ovarian follicular characteristics were assessed in Norgestomet-treated and control heifers. Body weights of R heifers were greater (P < .01) than those of SR heifers at all ages. At 12.5 mo, more Norgestomet-treated heifers exhibited a puberal estrus within 5 d after implant removal compared with controls (82% vs 9%, respectively), but Norgestomet did not induce puberty at 9.5 or 11 mo of age (progestin x age, P < .05) in heifers of either gain pattern. Norgestomet increased (P < .01) LH pulse frequency at all ages, whereas Norgestomet increased only mean LH concentrations at 12.5 mo of age (progestin x age, P < .03). Norgestomet treatment altered (P < .01) ovarian follicular characteristics at all ages. Gain pattern did not affect (P > .1) LH secretory profiles, ovarian characteristics, or induction of puberty by Norgestomet. We conclude that progestins induce puberty by hastening the normal cascade of endocrine and ovarian events associated with spontaneous puberty. Furthermore, age, but not pattern of gain, seems to be the critical factor influencing the efficacy of progestins to induce puberty in heifers. C1 ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,USDA,MILES CITY,MT 59301. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 20 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1606 EP 1611 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XC332 UT WOS:A1997XC33200024 PM 9250524 ER PT J AU Buntinx, SE Pond, KR Fisher, DS Burns, JC AF Buntinx, SE Pond, KR Fisher, DS Burns, JC TI The utilization of multidimensional scaling to identify forage characteristics associated with preference in sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forage; feeding preferences; voluntary intake; sheep; statistical analysis ID CROWNVETCH AB Forage preference is difficult to assess but is likely an important factor in determining DM intake. In two experiments, six sheep (wethers, Exp. 1; ewes, Exp. 2) were used to obtain preference ratings on nine hays (Exp. 1) or nine fresh forages (Exp. 2). The statistical procedure of multidimensional scaling was used to develop orthogonal dimensions to account for the observed variation in preference for hays and fresh forages. This analysis produced three dimensions that accounted for 54% of the variation in mean 3-d preference for hays (Exp. 1). The three dimensions were subsequently associated by regression analysis with seven compositional variables. These were IVDMD and concentrations of monosaccharides, short-chain polysaccharides (SCP), and disaccharides in dimension 1 (R-2 = .99); acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA) concentration, monosaccharide and SCP concentrations, and masticate NDF in dimension 2 (R-2 = .99); and disaccharide and starch concentrations in dimension 3 (R-2 = .65). Three dimensions accounting for 51% of the variation in fresh forage preference were found and related to four variables by regression analysis. These were disaccharide concentration and median particle size in dimension 1 (R-2 = .76) and starch and monosaccharide + disaccharide concentrations in dimension 3 (R-2 = .97). No physicochemical variables analyzed in this study were found to be significantly associated with the coordinates for the forages in dimension 2. Multidimensional scaling accounted for more than half the observed variation in animal preference ana, in all but one case, these dimensions could be associated with physicochemical characteristics of the forages. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,INTERDEPT NUTR PROGRAM,RALEIGH,NC 27695. ARS,USDA,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1641 EP 1650 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XC332 UT WOS:A1997XC33200028 PM 9250528 ER PT J AU Dhiman, TR Satter, LD AF Dhiman, TR Satter, LD TI Effect of ruminally degraded protein on protein available at the intestine assessed using blood amino acid concentrations SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cows; rumen; protein; amino acids; milk; carbohydrates ID DAIRY-COWS; DIET AB The effect of increasing amounts of ruminally degraded protein on protein available at the intestine was studied using the concentration of blood plasma branched-chain amino acids as an indicator of protein flow to the small intestine. Five ruminally cannulated cows in midlactation were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design experiment and were fed a diet containing 20% alfalfa silage, 40% corn silage, 30% shelled, coarsely ground corn, and 8% soybean meal (DM basis). Each experimental period was 17 d. Each period contained subperiods: 1 (5 d), 2 (5 d), and 3 (7 d). In addition to the basal diet, cows were given casein infusions of 0, .5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 kg/d. During subperiod 1, the full amount of casein was infused into the abomasum (A100); in subperiod 2, 10% of each casein level was infused into the abomasum (A10); and, during subperiod 3, the full amount of casein was infused into the rumen (R100). The concentration of branched-chain amino acids (Ile, Leu, and Val) in blood plasma increased as amounts of casein infused into the abomasum increased to the full amount. There was no increase in branched-chain amino acids when the same amount of casein was infused into the rumen, suggesting that ruminally degraded protein was adequate in the basal diet and the increased supply of degraded protein from ruminally infused casein did not increase the now of protein to the small intestine. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT DAIRY SCI,ARS,USDA,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1674 EP 1680 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XC332 UT WOS:A1997XC33200032 PM 9250532 ER PT J AU Cotta, MA Whitehead, TR Rasmussen, MA AF Cotta, MA Whitehead, TR Rasmussen, MA TI Survival of the recombinant Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron strain BTX in in vitro rumen incubations SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONSECUTIVE BATCH CULTURE; RUMINICOLA XYLANASE GENE; RUMINAL BACTERIA; BUTYRIVIBRIO-FIBRISOLVENS; HETEROLOGOUS EXPRESSION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; FERMENTATION; MICROBIOLOGY; ACIDS; MICROORGANISMS AB The survival of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron strain BTX under rumen-simulating conditions was studied. Strain BTX is a recombinant variant of strain 5482 engineered for the production of high levels of xylanase, an enzyme important in the degradation of hemicellulose. Strain BTX was not inhibited by compounds present in rumen fluid and it grew well in media containing rumen fluid (up to 75%) or high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (total concentration, 100 mmol l(-1)). The ability of strain BTX to compete with other microorganisms under rumen-like conditions was studied in in vitro incubations of rumen contents. These experiments employed a consecutive batch culture (CBC) system consisting of alfalfa suspended in a rumen fluid buffer inoculated with blended rumen contents and maintained by transfers (10%, v/v) at 48 h intervals. CBC cultures contained a diversity of microbial morphotypes and accumulated fermentation products in rumen-like proportions. When added alone, the numbers of BTX cells were maintained for only a few hours, and then declined precipitously until undetectable after 48 h. If CBC cultures were also supplemented with chondroitin sulphate (a mucopolysaccharide used by Bnct, thetaiotaomicron), strain BTX grew and the pattern of its population generally followed that of the total population of ruminal bacteria in these cultures. When transferred into fresh CBC cultures containing chondroitin sulphate, BTX was again able to grow and increase in numbers, but to a diminished degree. Although BTX was able to survive and maintain itself in chondroitin sulphate supplemented cultures, this was at a very low level (10(5) ml(-1)). The potential for manipulation of rumen function by inoculation with recombinant bacteria is discussed. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. RP Cotta, MA (reprint author), USDA,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009; Rasmussen, Mark/N-9509-2014; OI Cotta, Michael/0000-0003-4565-7754 NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 82 IS 6 BP 743 EP 750 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00152.x PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA XF092 UT WOS:A1997XF09200011 PM 9202440 ER PT J AU Hinton, A Hume, ME AF Hinton, A Hume, ME TI Research note: In vitro inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes growth by veillonellae cultures grown on tartrate media SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Veillonellae cultures were grown on agar media supplemented with tartrate and examined for inhibitor effects on the growth of Listeria ia monocytogenes. Veillonellae cultures grown on media supplemented with 0 or 50 mmol l(-1) of tartrate did not inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes; however, veillonellae grown on media supplemented with 100, 150 or 200 mmol l(-1) of tartrate did inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes. The inhibition of the growth of L. monocytogenes by the veillonellae was correlated with the increased production of acetate and propionate from tartrate bi veillonellae and with the reduction of the pH of the media by L. monocytogenes. C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX. RP Hinton, A (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,DEPT BOT & MICROBIOL,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 82 IS 6 BP 780 EP 782 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00156.x PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA XF092 UT WOS:A1997XF09200016 PM 9202444 ER PT J AU Young, LL AF Young, LL TI Effect of post-chill deboning on tenderness of broiler breast fillets SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE deboning; poultry; shear values; tenderness; Warner-Bratzler ID ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION AB Because of consumer demand for consistency in product texture, food manufacturers are demanding that variations in the texture of meat ingredients be minimized. While aging carcasses for 2 to 3 hr post-chill before deboning reduced average fillet toughness, food manufacturers report that some fillets remained unacceptably tough for some applications. This study examines the effects of post-chill aging time on the toughness of breast fillets. RP Young, LL (reprint author), USDA ARS,POULTRY PROC & MEAT QUAL RES UNIT,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 6 IS 2 BP 174 EP 179 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XK899 UT WOS:A1997XK89900008 ER PT J AU Russell, SM Cox, NA Bailey, JS AF Russell, SM Cox, NA Bailey, JS TI Microbiological methods for sampling poultry processing plant equipment SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bacterial contamination; processing equipment; sampling procedures ID RAPID ESTIMATION; MEAT AB This paper describes several microbiological sampling methods that may be used for determining the cleanliness of poultry processing plant equipment, including surface swabbing, agar contact, hygiene contact slides, dry medium film, impedance, and ATP bioluminescence. Advantages and disadvantages associated with each method are mentioned. This article will be helpful to anyone faced with the task of microbiologically monitoring poultry processing equipment after sanitation. C1 USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. RP Russell, SM (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT POULTRY SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 6 IS 2 BP 229 EP 233 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XK899 UT WOS:A1997XK89900017 ER PT J AU Russell, SM Cox, NA Bailey, JS AF Russell, SM Cox, NA Bailey, JS TI Sampling poultry carcasses and parts to determine bacterial levels SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bacterial analyses; broiler carcasses; Salmonella methodology ID BROILER CARCASSES; SALMONELLAE; RINSE AB The method used to determine the microbiological quality of fresh poultry is extremely important. Some sampling methods are suitable for estimating general populations of bacteria without destroying product integrity, while other methods are appropriate for detecting the presence of pathogens that may be on the carcass in low numbers. This paper describes in detail the commonly used methods for sampling fresh poultry and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of each method. C1 USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. RP Russell, SM (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT POULTRY SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 6 IS 2 BP 234 EP 237 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XK899 UT WOS:A1997XK89900018 ER PT J AU Barrow, JR AF Barrow, JR TI Natural asexual reproduction in fourwing saltbush Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE remediation; restoration; revegetation; reclamation; sex expression ID SEX EXPRESSION AB Native populations of fourwing saltbush, Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt., are generally naturally seeded. Two populations were found in New Mexico that are asexually propagated by underground stems. The ratios of female to male plants in asexually produced populations differed from naturally seeded populations. This trait appears to be under genetic control and would be valuable in improving fourwing saltbush for revegetation of rangelands. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. RP Barrow, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,DEPT 3JER,BOX 30003,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003, USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 36 IS 2 BP 267 EP 270 DI 10.1006/jare.1996.0206 PG 4 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XA598 UT WOS:A1997XA59800007 ER PT J AU Prokopy, RJ Phillips, TW Vargas, RI Jang, EB AF Prokopy, RJ Phillips, TW Vargas, RI Jang, EB TI Defining sources of coffee plant odor attractive to Ceratitis capitata flies SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coffee; Ceratitis capitata; odor; attractant ID MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY; HOST FRUIT; TEPHRITIDAE; DIPTERA AB We evaluated attraction of released mature laboratory-cultured Mediterranean fruit flies to different sources of coffee plant odor placed in potted nonfruiting guava trees in outdoor field cages. Volatiles from crushed medium or dark red fruit of Coffea arabica cv. arabica plants were significantly more attractive than volatiles from cut leaves or stems of such plants, volatiles from less-ripe crushed C. arabica fruit, and volatiles from crushed red fruit of C. racemosa, C. canephora, or C. dewevari. Volatiles from C. arabica cv. arabica crushed red fruit were equally attractive as volatiles from crushed red fruit of C. congensis or C. arabica cv. mundo, cv. bourbon, cv. kents or cv. catura. Volatiles from as little as 2 g of crushed red C. arabica fruit (= 1 fruit) were as attractive as volatiles from 32 g of such fruit, demonstrating sensitivity of the bioassay approach used to a small amount of source material. Odor of C. arabica red fruit refrigerated for 1-10 days after picking was significantly more attractive than odor of fresh-picked fruit, while odor of a 24-hr water extract of intact red C. arabica fruit was significantly more attractive than odor of 24-hr extracts of such fruit with methanol, methylene chloride, or hexane or 1- or 6-hr extracts with water. Extraction studies suggested that at least some of the volatiles of red coffee fruit attractive to medflies may be polar water-soluble molecules. In our final test, volatiles from crushed red C. arabica fruit trapped on Super Q and eluted with methylene chloride proved just as attractive as volatiles emanating directly from crushed fruit of the same type. Together, our findings define optimal source material and effective handling procedures of source material for future identification of volatile components of coffee fruit attractive to medflies. C1 USDA,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE LAB,HILO,HI 96720. RP Prokopy, RJ (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT ENTOMOL,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 5 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 23 IS 6 BP 1577 EP 1587 DI 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006423.53109.15 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XJ853 UT WOS:A1997XJ85300007 ER PT J AU Cortesero, AM De Moraes, CM Stapel, JO Tumlinson, JH Lewis, WJ AF Cortesero, AM De Moraes, CM Stapel, JO Tumlinson, JH Lewis, WJ TI Comparisons and contrasts in host-foraging strategies of two larval parasitoids with different degrees of host specificity SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hymenoptera; Braconidae; Microplitis croceipes; Cotesia marginiventris; Gossypium hirsutum; volatile chemicals; systemic; generalist; specialist; host location; wind tunnel ID MICROPLITIS-CROCEIPES CRESSON; RAPAE-BRASSICACEAE CRUCIFERAE; NATURAL ENEMY ASSOCIATION; AIRBORNE SEMIOCHEMICALS; TRITROPHIC SYSTEM; CHEMICAL SIGNALS; PLANT VOLATILES; FLIGHT BEHAVIOR; DAMAGED PLANTS; HERBIVORE AB In theory, the degree of specificity of the signals a parasitoid species needs to successfully locate its host correlates with its level of specialization. We examined this question by comparing the foraging strategies of two parasitoids that differ in their host ranges. In wind-tunnel experiments, we investigated how systemically released herbivore-induced volatiles were used by the generalist parasitoid, Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) and the specialist, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson). We determined the relative influence of these volatiles as compared to other signals emitted in the host orientation of the two parasitoids. Both the generalist and the specialist parasitoid strongly preferred Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) leaf-induced systemic plants over undamaged plants when no other information was available. When wasps were given a choice between leaf-induced and undamaged plants carrying other plant- or host-related materials, the responses differed for the two species. C. marginiventris appeared to cue primarily on recent damage volatiles, whereas M. croceipes appeared to cue primarily on host frass volatiles. However, recent damage on previously leaf-induced plants, was strongly preferred to recent damage on plants previously damaged by both species. When plants were induced at the squares by Helicoverpa tea (Boddie), only M. croceipes exhibited a preference for these plants over undamaged plants. The adaptive significance of the behaviors as related to dietary specializations of the parasitoids is discussed. C1 UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT ENTOMOL, ATHENS, GA 30605 USA. USDA ARS, INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB, GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 USA. RP Cortesero, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB, TIFTON, GA 31793 USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 41 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 16 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 23 IS 6 BP 1589 EP 1606 DI 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006424.41365.0d PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XJ853 UT WOS:A1997XJ85300008 ER PT J AU Pensabene, JW Fiddler, W Parks, OW AF Pensabene, JW Fiddler, W Parks, OW TI Isolation of sulfonamides from whole egg by supercritical fluid extraction SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DRUG RESIDUES; MEAT; MILK; NITROSAMINES; TISSUE; FOODS RP Pensabene, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 35 IS 6 BP 270 EP 274 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA XB848 UT WOS:A1997XB84800004 ER PT J AU Contreras, A Paape, MJ DiCarlo, AL Miller, RH Rainard, P AF Contreras, A Paape, MJ DiCarlo, AL Miller, RH Rainard, P TI Evaluation of selected antibiotic residue screening tests for milk from individual goats SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dairy goats; antibiotic residue; screening tests; somatic cell count ID SOMATIC-CELL COUNTS; MASTITIS; INFECTION; COULTER AB Because somatic cell counts (SCC) of caprine milk are higher than SCC of bovine milk, the performance of antibiotic residue tests for screening bovine milk was investigated for caprine milk. Eighty-five does that were free of antibiotic usage for at least 30 d and that were free of clinical mastitis were sampled at three milkings during a 37-d period. At each sampling, foremilk was collected for bacteriological analysis, and composite bucket milk samples were collected for antibiotic testing and SCC. Day of lactation, parity, 305-d mature equivalent milk yield, and SCC averaged 221 d (57 to 577 d), 2.3 lactations (one to nine lactations), 1160 kg (623 to 1750 kg), and 2.2 x 10(6)/ml (0.3 to 30.7 x 10(6)/ml), respectively. The mean Dairy Herd Improvement Association test day milk yield for the month of sample collection was 3 kg (1.4 to 6.4 kg). Intramammary infections were present in 54% of the goats and in 36% of the udder halves. Assays included positive (5 and 10 ppb of penicillin-G and 50 ppb of ceftiofur) and negative controls that had been prepared in caprine milk and controls supplied by the manufacturers. One false-negative outcome and one false-positive outcome were recorded. For one sampling day, a positive linear relationship existed between SCC and the results of one test, and a quadratic relationship existed between SCC and the results of another test. The antibiotic residue screening tests for milk from individual goats adequately identified milk that was free of antibiotic. These tests are therefore recommended for use with caprine milk. C1 USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. INRA,CTR RECH TOURS,PATHOL INFECT & IMMUNOL LAB,F-37380 NOUZILLY,FRANCE. RP Contreras, A (reprint author), UNIV MURCIA,FAC VET,MURCIA 30071,SPAIN. NR 21 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 80 IS 6 BP 1113 EP 1118 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XF123 UT WOS:A1997XF12300011 PM 9201581 ER PT J AU Chan, SC Huber, JT Chen, KH Simas, JM Wu, Z AF Chan, SC Huber, JT Chen, KH Simas, JM Wu, Z TI Effects of ruminally inert fat and evaporative cooling on dairy cows in hot environmental temperatures SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fat; heat stress; cooling; dairy cows ID SUPPLEMENTAL FAT; HOLSTEIN COWS; HEAT-STRESS; PERFORMANCE; LACTATION; DIGESTION; FECES AB Under hot summer conditions of Tucson, Arizona, 24 Holstein cows ((X) over bar = 80 d of lactation) were assigned for 56 d to four treatments in a randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were 1) medium [4.6% of dry matter (DM)] versus high (7.4% of DM) amounts of dietary fat and 2) corral shade only versus shade equipped with evaporative cooling. The high fat diet contained 3% prilled fatty acids. The efficiency of the conversion of feed to milk tended to be better for cows fed prilled fat than for cows fed medium dietary fat, but other lactation measurements were unaffected. Cows with access to evaporative cooling had greater milk yields than did cows with access to shade only. Frilled fatty acids did not depress the percentage of milk protein, but reduced short- and medium-chain fatty acids (C-6:0 to C-14:0) in milk fat and increased palmitic acid. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter, elude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and starch were unaffected by amount of fat or by cooling method, but prilled fatty acids tended to decrease apparent digestibility of fatty acids. No differences were observed among treatments in respiration rates or rectal temperatures. When rectal temperatures were determined, cows were crowded, which probably negated detection of an effect of evaporative cooling. Evaporative cooling increased milk yield of cows in hot weather, but the addition of 3% fatty acids did not increase yield, and no interactions were observed. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT ANIM SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. USDA,FORAGE RES LAB,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 29 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 80 IS 6 BP 1172 EP 1178 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XF123 UT WOS:A1997XF12300018 PM 9201588 ER PT J AU Bautista, RC Harris, EJ AF Bautista, RC Harris, EJ TI Effects of multiparasitism on the parasitization behavior and progeny development of oriental fruit fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tephritid fruit flies; opiine parasitoids; parasitoid competition; multiparasitism ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; TEPHRITIDAE; DIPTERA; HAWAII; HOST; ABUNDANCE; KAUAI AB Multiparasitism (the same fruit fly hosts are parasitized by different parasitoids) of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera (=Dacus) dorsalis (Hendel), had differential effects on the progeny development of the egg parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonam) and the larval parasitoids Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) and Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri). In addition, contact with previously parasitized hosts had varying effects on oviposition behavior of D. longicaudata and P. incisi. Progeny of each of the 3 species successfully developed in multiparasitized hosts. However, effect of multiparasitism was more costly to survival and emergence of d. longicaudata than to B. arisanus or P. incisi. Competition for the same hosts between D. longicaudata and P. incisi resulted in disproportionately large numbers of progeny by either species depending on which parasitoid the host larvae were exposed to first. Naive females of D. longicaudata and P. incisi oviposited in healthy and parasitized fruit fly larvae. However, oviposition by D. longicaudata was more restrained toward larval hosts that were parasitized initially by B. arisanus, P. incisi, or both. Our results provided a basis for better understanding of the consequences of multispecies releases of fruit fly parasitoids. RP Bautista, RC (reprint author), ARS,USDA,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,2727 WOODLAWN DR,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 90 IS 3 BP 757 EP 764 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XF371 UT WOS:A1997XF37100006 ER PT J AU Zettler, JL Leesch, JG Gill, GF Mackey, BE AF Zettler, JL Leesch, JG Gill, GF Mackey, BE TI Toxicity of carbonyl sulfide to stored product insects SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lepidoptera; Coleoptera; fumigant; dried fruits and nuts; postharvest; pest control ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; PESTICIDE APPLICATORS; PHOSPHINE RESISTANCE; COLEOPTERA; PEANUTS AB In laboratory tests, carbonyl sulfide was toxic to 5 species of stored-product insects. At the LCF50, the most susceptible insects in order of decreasing susceptibility were larval navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker); adult sawtooth grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); adult driedfruit beetle, Carpophilus hemipterus (L.); adult cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.); and adult confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal. Posttreatment end-point mortality was immediate for L, serricorne adults (1 d) but was delayed for O. surinamensis adults (2 d) and C, hemipterus and T. confusum adults (3 d). Susceptibilities of life stages of T. confusum, the most tolerant species of those tested, varied. The egg and pupal stages were least susceptible, requiring concentration times time products of 1,008 and 750 mg/liter/h, respectively, for a LC99.9 during a 24-h exposure period. oared on pest toxicity, carbonyl sulfide has potential far use as a fumigant of dried fruits and. nuts. RP Zettler, JL (reprint author), ARS,USDA,HORT CROPS RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 92737, USA. NR 24 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 90 IS 3 BP 832 EP 836 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XF371 UT WOS:A1997XF37100015 ER PT J AU Elden, TC McCaslin, M AF Elden, TC McCaslin, M TI Potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) resistance in perennial glandular-haired alfalfa clones SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Empoasca fabae; plant resistance; pubescence; Medicago sativa ID MULTIPLE PEST RESISTANCE; MEDICAGO; REGISTRATION; GERMPLASM; TRICHOMES AB Perennial glandular-haired alfalfa (Medicago) species and hybrids have been implicated with resistance to the potato leafhopper. Empoasca fabae (Harris). However, the development of potato leafhopper resistant alfalfa germplasm using the glandular hair trait has met with limited success. The objectives of this study were to quantitate and determine the association of glandular hairs with potato leafhopper resistance in 19 selected clones from an alfalfa population developed for improved vigor and disease and potato leafhopper resistance. The density of glandular hairs on the leaf midveins, petioles, and stems were measure. Selected clones were screened in a laboratory no-choice test for resistance to adult potato leafhopper feeding damage, survival, and oviposition. Differences in glandular hair densities among clones were highly significant for all plant parts measured. As the plants aged, glandular hair density among plants within clones increased and density variation decreased. significant variation was observed among clones for all the potato leafhopper resistance variables measured. percentage of adult mortality ranged from 13 to 96 and nymphal populations ranged from 0 to 33. Associations between glandular hair densities on petioles and stems with all the potato leafhopper resistance variables were significantly correlated but the correlations were not strong. Stem glandular hair density had the highest associations with the potato leafhopper resistant variables. The presence of a glandular hair exudate and physical entrapment of potato leafhopper nymphs or adults were not observed in the clones used in this study. Results of this study suggest that the glandular hairs present on the selected clones used in this study are associated with a compound that is toxic or repellent to the potato leafhopper. This study also demonstrates that the glandular hair trait is potentially useful in developing potato leafhopper resistant cultivars. RP Elden, TC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,BLDG 470A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 30 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 90 IS 3 BP 842 EP 847 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XF371 UT WOS:A1997XF37100017 ER PT J AU Champ, PA Bishop, RC Brown, TC McCollum, DW AF Champ, PA Bishop, RC Brown, TC McCollum, DW TI Using donation mechanisms to value nonuse benefits from public goods SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID CONTINGENT VALUATION AB This paper discusses an experiment in which the value for an unfamiliar environmental good, whose total value has a large nonuse component, is verified using a revealed-preference method. As we were unable to observe preferences via an incentive compatible mechanism, we collected voluntary contributions toward the provision of the good. We make a case for interpreting these contributions as a ''theoretical lower bound'' on the value of the public good and estimate the lower bound. We also investigate whether we can use contingent donation data to estimate such lower bounds on values. We used a follow-up to the contingent donation question about the respondent's level of certainty with respect to her response to the contingent donation question. The results of this study suggest that use of the follow-up certainty question to differentiate respondents who would actually donate from those who would not is a promising approach to estimating a lower bound to Hicksian surplus measures. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT AGR & APPL ECON,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Champ, PA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,USDA,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 15 TC 239 Z9 244 U1 2 U2 20 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0095-0696 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 2 BP 151 EP 162 DI 10.1006/jeem.1997.0988 PG 12 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XE285 UT WOS:A1997XE28500003 ER PT J AU Maluf, MP Saab, IN Wurtzel, ET Sachs, MM AF Maluf, MP Saab, IN Wurtzel, ET Sachs, MM TI The viviparous12 maize mutant is deficient in abscisic acid, carotenoids, and chlorophyll synthesis SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; viviparous mutant; ABA; carotenoids; chlorophyll synthesis ID GENE-EXPRESSION; EM GENE; BIOSYNTHESIS; EMBRYO; LOCUS; SEEDLINGS; SEQUENCE; TISSUES; ABA AB The carotenoid/viviparous maize (Zea mays L.) mutant vp12 is a single locus mutation that results in lemon-coloured endosperms, viviparous embryos and albino seedlings. This work presents the first molecular and biochemical analysis of vp12. Levels of ABA were measured during embryo development and also in isolated organs under water deficit stress. ABA levels were lower in developing embryos of mutants than in non-mutant siblings at all stages analysed, In addition, under water deficit, mutant organs accumulated less ABA than corresponding non-mutant sibling organs, Furthermore, immature mutant embryos accumulated transcripts for several ABA or water deficit-responsive genes, Em, glb1, glb2, rab17, and vp1. These results indicated that vp12 is deficient in ABA accumulation, but not in the ABA signal transduction pathway, Analysis of carotenoid extracts showed that mutant endosperms accumulated lower amounts of coloured precursors than non-mutant endosperms, The expression of key enzymes in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway was also analysed in vp12 endosperms. Western analysis indicated that phytoene synthase (PSY) was present at equal levels in normal and mutant endosperms. In addition, phytoene desaturase (PDS) transcript levels were similar in non-mutant and mutant tissues, Transcripts for geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS), on the other hand, accumulated at lower levels in mutant endosperms than in non-mutant ones, However, Southern analysis of genomic DNA from normal and mutant tissues indicated that the gene encoding GGPPS is unlikely to be directly affected in vp12. Finally, vp12 seedlings grown under dim-light conditions produced white leaves, showing that vp12 is deficient in chlorophyll as well as carotenoid synthesis. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. AGR RES SERV,USDA,PLANT PHYSIOL & GENET RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. CUNY HERBERT H LEHMAN COLL,DEPT BIOL SCI,BRONX,NY 10468. NR 44 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 48 IS 311 BP 1259 EP 1268 DI 10.1093/jxb/48.6.1259 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XP928 UT WOS:A1997XP92800012 ER PT J AU Linz, GM Bergman, DL Blixt, DC McMurl, C AF Linz, GM Bergman, DL Blixt, DC McMurl, C TI Response of American Coots and Soras to herbicide-induced vegetation changes in wetlands SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INVERTEBRATES; MARSH AB The effects of herbicide-induced changes in wetland vegetation (largely cattails, Typha spp.) on densities of American Coots (Fulica americana) and Soras (Porzana carolina) were assessed in northeastern North Dakota. In 1990 and 1991, 17 cattail-dominated wetlands were randomly assigned to 0% (reference wetlands), 50%, 70%, or 90% spray coverages with glyphosate-based herbicide. American Coot densities were lower in the reference wetlands than in the glyphosate-treated wetlands during one (P = 0.09) and two years post-treatment (P = 0.04). Numbers of American Coots were positively correlated with coverages of water and dead vegetation, but were negatively correlated with coverage of live vegetation (Ps < 0.1). One year post-treatment, reference wetlands harbored more Soras than did the treated wetlands (P = 0.08) but Sora numbers were similar among treatments two years post-treatment. Sora numbers were positively correlated with coverage of live vegetation (P < 0.1). Our results suggest that managers should strive to create a mosiac of open water, live emergent vegetation, and floating mars of dead vegetation to maximize wetland use by American Coot and Sora populations. C1 N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,FARGO,ND 58105. RP Linz, GM (reprint author), USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,GREAT PLAINS FIELD STN,BISMARCK,ND 58504, USA. RI Bergman, David/C-6874-2015 OI Bergman, David/0000-0002-6757-643X NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 68 IS 3 BP 450 EP 457 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XN790 UT WOS:A1997XN79000015 ER PT J AU Franzreb, KE AF Franzreb, KE TI Success of intensive management of a critically imperiled population of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers in South Carolina SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAVITIES; SELECTION; AGE AB By late 1985, the population of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, had declined to a low of four individuals. Because of extensive timber harvesting prior to the 1950s, the older live pine trees that Red-cockaded Woodpeckers require for cavity construction were limited. We monitored the response of the population to intensive habitat enhancement that included construction of artificial cavities, control of cavity competitors, and removal of the hardwood mid-story to improve nesting habitat quality. Translocations of Red-cockaded 'Woodpeckers from on-site and donor populations were undertaken to enhance the number of breeding pairs, the overall population size, and to minimize potential adverse genetic consequences of a small population size. From 1986-1995, we carried out 54 translocations, installed 305 artificial cavities, and removed 2304 southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) (a cavity competitor). Concomitant intensive population monitoring revealed that the number of breeding pairs of woodpeckers increased from 1 to 19 and the overall population size grew from 4 to 99 individuals, reflecting the highly focused habitat restoration effort. Intensive management has been successful in rehabilitating this critically small population of endangered birds. RP Franzreb, KE (reprint author), CLEMSON UNIV, DEPT FOREST RESOURCES, SO RES STN, FOREST SERV, USDA, CLEMSON, SC 29634 USA. NR 41 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 68 IS 3 BP 458 EP 470 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XN790 UT WOS:A1997XN79000016 ER PT J AU Cutter, CN Dorsa, WJ Siragusa, GR AF Cutter, CN Dorsa, WJ Siragusa, GR TI Parameters affecting the efficacy of spray washes against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and fecal contamination on beef SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE beef; acetic acid; E-coli O157:H7; decontamination ID CARCASS DECONTAMINATION SYSTEMS; SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS; ACETIC-ACID; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ANIMAL CARCASSES; SURFACES; SUSCEPTIBILITY; TEMPERATURE; PATHOGENS; BACTERIA AB A series of progressive experiments was conducted with a model carcass washer using tap water and 2% acetic acid sprays to determine if tissue type, inoculation menstruum, bacterial level, or spray temperature affect removal of bacteria from beef carcass tissue during spray washing. For the first experiment, prerigor (15 min postexsanguination), postrigor (24 h postexsanguination), or postrigor frozen (-20 degrees, 7 days), thawed, lean beef carcass tissue (BCT) was inoculated with bovine feces and subjected to spray washing (15 s, 56 degrees) with water or acetic acid. Spray washing with either compound resulted in bacterial populations that were similar for prerigor and postrigor BCT; however, remaining bacterial populations from spray-treated postrigor, frozen BCT were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) less than for the other two tissue types. For the second experiment, prerigor, lean BCT was inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 suspended in bovine feces or physiological cal saline and spray washed (15 s, 56 degrees) with water or acetic acid. Bacterial populations were reduced to similar levels with acid sprays, regardless of menstruum. For the third experiment, E. coli O157:H7 in feces was used to contaminate prerigor lean BCT to obtain different initial bacterial levels (7, 5, 3, and 1 log CFU/cm(2)). Spray washes (15 s, 56 degrees) with acetic acid reduced the level of the pathogen to 2.51 and 0.30 log CFU/cm(2) when initial bacterial levels were 7 and 5 log CFU/cm(2), and to undetectable levels when initial bacterial levels were 3 and 1 log CFU/cm(2). In a fourth experiment, water or acetic acid (15 s), ranging from 30 to 70 degrees was applied to beef tissue contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 in feces. Remaining bacterial populations were not different between the water treatments or between the acid treatments at any temperature. While variables such as bacterial level and inoculation menstruum may affect the efficacy of spray washing with organic acids, these results indicate that tissue type or spray temperature do not. RP Cutter, CN (reprint author), USDA ARS, ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR, POB 166, CLAY CTR, NE 68933 USA. NR 26 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X EI 1944-9097 J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 60 IS 6 BP 614 EP 618 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA XE592 UT WOS:A1997XE59200002 ER PT J AU Dorsa, WJ Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR AF Dorsa, WJ Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR TI Effects of acetic acid, lactic acid and trisodium phosphate on the microflora of refrigerated beef carcass surface tissue inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria innocua, and Clostridium sporogenes SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE beef; organic acids; trisodium phosphate; Escherichia coli O157:H7; Listeria innocua; Clostridium sporogenes ID DECONTAMINATION SYSTEMS; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ANIMAL CARCASSES; MONOCYTOGENES; REDUCTION; PATHOGENS; GROWTH; PH AB The microbial profiles of inoculated beef carcass tissue (BCT) were monitored during prolonged refrigerated vacuum-packaged storage following antimicrobial treatment. An industrial spray wash cabinet was used to deliver water (W), 1.5 and 3.0 degrees lactic (LA) or acetic (AA) acid, or 12% trisodium phosphate (TSP) washes. Fresh unaltered bovine feces spiked with antibiotic-resistant strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria innocua, and Clostridium sporogenes were used to inoculate BCT prior to all treatments. The effect of treatments on bacterial populations was tracked by monitoring levels of specific-antibiotic-resistant (marked) bacteria along with mesophilic aerobic bacteria (APC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and pseudomonads for up to 21 days of storage at 5 degrees. Initial APC levels of approximately 5.6 log CFU/cm(2) were reduced by 1.3 to 2.0 log CFU/cm(2) by LA, AA, and TSP treatments. Marked bacteria were reduced to <1.3 log CFU/cm(2), remaining that way throughout the 21-day storage. TSP treatments were not different in effectiveness from acids for controlling growth of E. coli O157:H7 and C. sporogenes, but were less effective for APC, L. innocua, or LAB. The aerobic bacteria, L. innocua, and LAB had counts greater than or equal to 7 log CFU/cm(2) by 7 days in all but one case and by 14 days all had counts >7 log CFU/cm(2) on the untreated controls and water-washed samples. Treatments generally added a degree of safety regarding the foodborne pathogens and pathogen models used for the present study when beef tissue was stored up to 21 days and in no case did the treatments appear to offer any competitive advantage to select microorganisms on BCT. RP Dorsa, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 27 TC 78 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 60 IS 6 BP 619 EP 624 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA XE592 UT WOS:A1997XE59200003 ER PT J AU Taylor, SL King, JW Greer, JI Richard, JL AF Taylor, SL King, JW Greer, JI Richard, JL TI Supercritical fluid extraction of aflatoxin M-1 from beef liver SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE supercritical-fluid extraction; aflatoxin M-1; beef; liver; organic modifier ID FOODS AB Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and a pressurized-fluid-extraction process were applied for the removal of aflatoxin M-1 from beef liver samples. Various pressures, temperatures, quantity of supercritical carbon dioxide, and organic modifiers were investigated to optimize the extraction methods. Organic modifier was found to be essential for quantitative recovery of aflatoxin hll. Extracts were cleaned up by solid-phase extraction and were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection of the trifluoroacetic acid derivative. Solvent-modified carbon dioxide SFE achieved recoveries comparable to an AOAC-approved method involving organic solvent extraction SFE allowed the traditional amounts of sample and organic solvent to be reduced. Also, the supercritical-fluid extraction permitted the use of carbon dioxide modified with acetonitrile: methanol (2:1) to replace methylene chloride as the organic solvent for the extraction step. C1 USDA ARS,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Taylor, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD QUAL & SAFETY RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 60 IS 6 BP 698 EP 700 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA XE592 UT WOS:A1997XE59200018 ER PT J AU Lachowski, H Hardwick, P Griffith, R Parsons, A Warbington, R AF Lachowski, H Hardwick, P Griffith, R Parsons, A Warbington, R TI Faster, better data for burned watersheds needing emergency rehab SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 USDA,FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW REG,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. ELDORADO NATL FOREST,PLACERVILLE,CA. RP Lachowski, H (reprint author), USDA,REMOTE SENSING APPL CTR,FOREST SERV,2222 WEST,2300 SOUTH,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84119, USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 95 IS 6 BP 4 EP 8 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XC703 UT WOS:A1997XC70300004 ER PT J AU Johnston, JJ Weigel, DR Randolph, JC AF Johnston, JJ Weigel, DR Randolph, JC TI Satellite remote sensing: An inexpensive tool for pine plantation management SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 USDA,FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,BEDFORD,IN. RP Johnston, JJ (reprint author), INDIANA UNIV,SCH PUBL & ENVIRONM AFFAIRS,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405, USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 95 IS 6 BP 16 EP 20 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XC703 UT WOS:A1997XC70300006 ER PT J AU Cooper, CM Smiley, PC Wigginton, JD Knight, SS Kallies, KW AF Cooper, CM Smiley, PC Wigginton, JD Knight, SS Kallies, KW TI Vertebrate use of habitats created by installation of field-scale erosion control structures SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Installation of field-scale erosion control structures or drop pipes is a common method for controling knickpoint gully erosion in fields adjacent to incised streams. These structures transfer runoff water from field level to stream level through a metal drain pipe. The shape of the gully side collection basin at the pipe inlet allows small terrestrial and wetland habitats to develop with associated shallow pools that may be permanently or seasonally flooded. This study evaluated vertebrate use of habitats created by the installation of drop pipes. Four different habitats were categorized based on water depth and surrounding vegetation. Category 1 habitat has the smallest temporary pool, least vegetative structure, and is a terrestrial habitat. Categories consecutively increase to Category 4 which has the deepest pool, most vegetative structure, and is a wetland habitat. Study sites were surveyed for the five major vertebrate classes. Mean species richness and percentage capture abundance for all vertebrate classes increased from Category 1 habitats to Category 3 or 4 habitats. In all drop pipe habitat categories, amphibians had the highest percent capture abundance, fish were second, birds were third, mammals were fourth, and reptiles had the lowest percent capture abundance. RP Cooper, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,POB 1157,OXFORD,MS 38655, USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 12 IS 2 BP 199 EP 207 DI 10.1080/02705060.1997.9663527 PG 9 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA WZ073 UT WOS:A1997WZ07300004 ER PT J AU Hu, Y Feldstein, PA Hammond, J Hammond, RW Bottino, PJ Owens, RA AF Hu, Y Feldstein, PA Hammond, J Hammond, RW Bottino, PJ Owens, RA TI Destabilization of potato spindle tuber viroid by mutations in the left terminal loop SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSGENIC PLANTS; INVITRO MUTAGENESIS; SYMPTOM EXPRESSION; CDNA CLONES; RNA; REPLICATION; INFECTIVITY; PATHOGENICITY; ANTISENSE; REVEALS AB Infectivity studies with highly infectious RNA inocula generated by ribozyme cleavage were used to compare the biological properties of three apparently nonviable mutants of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). One of these mutants (PSTVd-P) contains three nucleotide substitutions in the left terminal loop, and mechanical inoculation of tomato seedlings with RNA transcripts at levels equivalent to 10(3)-10(5) times the ID50 for PSTVd-Intermediate failed to result in systemic infection. Viable progeny containing a spontaneous C --> G change at position 4 could, however, be recovered from transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants that constitutively expressed PSTVd-P RNA. The initial mutations in PSTVd-P led to an overall weakening of its native structure in vitro, and the precisely-full-length molecule released by ribozyme cleavage in vivo was also unstable. Even RT-PCR analysis failed to reveal detectable amounts of circularized PSTVd-P among the RNAs isolated from uninfected plants. Predicted stabilizing effects of a spontaneous mutation at position 4 suggest that the appearance of viable progeny was dependent on a combination of events: errors by host RNA polymerase II during transcription of the mutant transgene coupled with a strong selective pressure against alterations in the native structure of PSTVd. C1 USDA ARS,MOL PLANT PATHOL LAB,INST PLANT SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT PLANT BIOL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,US NATL ARBORETUM,FLORAL & NURSERY PLANTS RES UNIT,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 35 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 78 BP 1199 EP 1206 PN 6 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA XD484 UT WOS:A1997XD48400001 PM 9191908 ER PT J AU Querci, M Owens, RA Bartolini, I Lazarte, V Salazar, LF AF Querci, M Owens, RA Bartolini, I Lazarte, V Salazar, LF TI Evidence for heterologous encapsidation of potato spindle tuber viroid in particles of potato leafroll virus SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RNA AB The aphid Myzus persicae (Suit.) was shown to transmit potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) to potato clone DTO-33 from source plants doubly infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and PSTVd. Transmission was of the persistent type and did not occur when the insects were allowed to feed on singly infected plants. Only low levels of PSTVd were associated with purified PLRV virions, but its resistance to digestion with micrococcal nuclease indicates that the viroid RNA is encapsidated within the PLRV particles. Epidemiological surveys carried out at three locations in China revealed a strong correlation between PSTVd infection and the presence of PLRV, suggesting that PLRV can facilitate PSTVd spread under field conditions. C1 USDA ARS,MOL PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Querci, M (reprint author), INT POTATO CTR,MOL VIROL LAB,POB 1558,LIMA,PERU. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 78 BP 1207 EP 1211 PN 6 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA XD484 UT WOS:A1997XD48400002 PM 9191909 ER PT J AU Allen, CR Rice, KG Wojcik, DP Percival, HF AF Allen, CR Rice, KG Wojcik, DP Percival, HF TI Effect of red imported fire ant envenomization on neonatal American alligators SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN BOBWHITE; SIZE; TEXAS C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT WILDLIFE ECOL & CONSERVAT,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP Allen, CR (reprint author), US GEOL SURVEY,FLORIDA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 29 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ATHENS PA OHIO UNIV, DEPT ZOOLOGY, ATHENS, OH 45701 SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 31 IS 2 BP 318 EP 321 DI 10.2307/1565408 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YJ611 UT WOS:A1997YJ61100025 ER PT J AU Garbrecht, J Martz, LW AF Garbrecht, J Martz, LW TI The assignment of drainage direction over flat surfaces in raster digital elevation models SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID AUTOMATED RECOGNITION; VALLEY LINES; NETWORKS; AREAS; FLOW AB Drainage direction assignment over Bat surfaces in raster Digital Elevation Models (DEM) has been a stubborn problem for DEM processing methods. A new approach that improves upon current methods of Bat surface treatment is presented, The approach is based on the recognition that in natural landscapes drainage is generally away from higher and towards lower terrain, To produce such a drainage, DEM elevations of a flat surface are modified to impose two gradients: one away from higher terrain, and one towards lower terrain. Subsequent processing of the DEM produces a drainage pattern over the flat surface that is topographically consistent and exhibits Row convergence properties, The proposed approach is not restricted by the shape of the flat surface, the number of outlets on its edge, or the complexity of the surrounding topography. A comparison with the drainage pattern of an established method that displays the 'parallel flow' problem shows significant improvements in producing realistic drainage patterns. The proposed approach extends automated DEM processing to digital landscapes for which existing methods cannot provide adequate flow directions over flat surfaces to conduct a drainage analysis. The necessary algorithmic details for implementation of the approach are provided. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV SASKATCHEWAN,DEPT GEOG,SASKATOON,SK S7N 0W0,CANADA. RP Garbrecht, J (reprint author), ARS,USDA,GRAZINGLANDS RES LAB,7207 W CHEYENNE ST,EL RENO,OK 73036, USA. NR 11 TC 148 Z9 179 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 193 IS 1-4 BP 204 EP 213 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03138-1 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XH918 UT WOS:A1997XH91800011 ER PT J AU Feldlaufer, MF Hartfelder, K AF Feldlaufer, MF Hartfelder, K TI Relationship of the neutral sterols and ecdysteroids of the parasitic mite, Varroa jacobsoni to those of the honey bee, Apis mellifera SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Varroa; Apis mellifera; dietary sterols; ecdysteroids ID OCTOSPINOSUS REICH HYMENOPTERA; MAKISTERONE-A; IDENTIFICATION; 20-HYDROXYECDYSONE; FORMICIDAE; METABOLISM; ECDYSONE; ATTINI; PUPA AB The neutral sterols of the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni were compared with Apis mellifera carnica drone pupae. Analysis by GLC-mass spectrometry indicated mite sterols were reflective of the sterol composition of the drones; 24-methylenecholesterol was the major sterol in both species, with lesser amounts of sitosterol and isofucosterol. Cholesterol accounted for less than 1% of the total sterols. Ecdysteroid analyses indicated drones contained primarily makisterone A. In addition to makisterone A, mites contained ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone, which accounted for over 66% of the ecdysteroid detected. These results indicate that while V. jacobsoni are apparently unable to convert dietary sterols to cholesterol, they are able to produce significant amount of C-27 ecdysteroids in a low cholesterol environment. C1 UNIV TUBINGEN,INST ZOOL,LS ENTWICKLUNGSPHYSIOL,D-72076 TUBINGEN,GERMANY. RP Feldlaufer, MF (reprint author), USDA ARS,BEE RES LAB,INST PLANT SCI,BARC E,BLDG 476,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Hartfelder, Klaus/A-4293-2009 OI Hartfelder, Klaus/0000-0001-7981-8427 NR 33 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 43 IS 6 BP 541 EP 545 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(97)00005-X PG 5 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA XA735 UT WOS:A1997XA73500005 ER PT J AU Abbas, HK Duke, SO Shier, WT Badria, FA Ocamb, CM Woodward, RP Xie, W Mirocha, CJ AF Abbas, HK Duke, SO Shier, WT Badria, FA Ocamb, CM Woodward, RP Xie, W Mirocha, CJ TI Comparison of ceramide synthase inhibitors with other phytotoxins produced by Fusarium species SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Rocky Mountain Regional ACS Meeting CY JUN, 1996 CL LAKEWOOD, CO SP ACS Rocky Mtd Reg ID F-SP-LYCOPERSICI; SPHINGANINE N-ACYLTRANSFERASE; ALTERNARIA-ALTERNATA; AAL-TOXIN; FUMONISIN B-1; SPHINGOLIPID BIOSYNTHESIS; SPORORMIELLA-AUSTRALIS; MONILIFORME; JIMSONWEED; PLANTS AB Fumonisin B-1 (FB1), a phytotoxic secondary metabolite of Fusarium spp., was originally described as a mammalian toxin. Its mode of action in animals and plants is inhibition of ceramide synthase, an enzyme involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis. AAL-toxin, a structurally related long-chain alkylamine produced by Alternaria alternata, is phytotoxic to susceptible plants including <(asc)under bar>/<(asc)under bar> tomatoes, jimsonweed, and black nightshade. More recently, australifungin, a structurally unrelated compound produced by Sporormiella australis, was also shown to inhibit ceramide synthase. We observed a phytotoxicological course with australifungin that was different than that of fumonisin or AAL-toxin. AAL-toxin is a potential lead compound for the development of a novel bioherbicide because no currently available herbicide uses inhibition of ceramide synthase as its mechanism of action. With the objective of developing safe and effective herbicides, we tested analogs of FB1 and AAL-toxin in a program aimed at discovering compounds that retain phytotoxicity but have reduced or no mammalian toxicity. We also observed phytotoxicity in other Fusarium spp. secondary metabolites including moniliformin, fusaric acid, gibberellic acid, and 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT MED CHEM,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. US FOREST SERV,USDA,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. ARS,USDA,SO WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. NR 71 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU ALAKEN, INC PI FT COLLINS PA 305 W MAGNOLIA ST, STE 196, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 SN 1058-8108 J9 J NAT TOXINS JI J. Nat. Toxins PD JUN PY 1997 VL 6 IS 2 BP 163 EP 181 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA XE934 UT WOS:A1997XE93400002 ER PT J AU Fleming, MW Boyd, P AF Fleming, MW Boyd, P TI Maintenance of dispersed reproductive cells from male and female Ascaris suum SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ascaris suum; cultivation; nematode; parasite; reproduction AB In vitro cultivation of tissues and cells provides ail experimental methodology to define and manipulate physiological mechanisms that are not possible with in vivo techniques. Tissues from the germinative-growth zones of adult Ascaris suum gonads were excised and minced, and then enzymatically dispersed and transferred to an artificial, perienteric fluid-fetal calf-serum-medium complex. Cells were maintained in a viable state for 8 days, with medium replacement every; 48 hours. During this period, morphological changes in the gonadal cells included decreased size, dedifferentiation, and degeneration. Two indices of metabolism, evolution of (CO2)-C-14 from radiolabelled glucose and reduction of the tetrazolium salt MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium), decreased by approximately 50% and 60%, respectively. The in vitro procedures developed provide the first opportunity to examine specific cellular functions of nematode reproductive tissues over an extended period of time. RP Fleming, MW (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 29 IS 2 BP 168 EP 172 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA XK893 UT WOS:A1997XK89300005 PM 19274146 ER PT J AU Schroeder, WJ Sieburth, PJ AF Schroeder, WJ Sieburth, PJ TI Impact of surfactants on control of the root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus larvae with Steinernema riobravis SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioassay; biological control; citrus; Diaprepes abbreviatus; entomopathogenic nematode; nematode; organosilicone; Steinernema riobravis; Steinernematidae; surfactant ID ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES; ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES; CARPOCAPSAE; COMPATIBILITY; CURCULIONIDAE; RHABDITIDA; PESTICIDES; COLEOPTERA; CITRUS AB A filter paper bioassay was developed for testing the efficacy of nematodes and other agents for control of Diaprepes abbreviatus larvae. Surfactants, with and without Steinernema riobravis, were screened first in the filter paper bioassay and then in a potted citrus seedling study. The results of the two assays were in agreement on the relative merits of the compounds tested. Surfactants increased larval mortality at 4 days for the filter paper bioassay and 1 week for the potted plant bioassay. At 8 days for the filter paper bioassay and 2 weeks for the potted plant bioassay, nematodes alone were equal to treatments of nematodes plus surfactants. C1 FLORIDA STATE DEPT AGR,DIV PLANT IND,BUR BUDWOOD REGISTRAT,WINTER HAVEN,FL 33881. RP Schroeder, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 29 IS 2 BP 216 EP 219 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA XK893 UT WOS:A1997XK89300011 PM 19274152 ER PT J AU Watkins, BA Shen, CL McMurtry, JP Xu, H Bain, SD Allen, KGD Seifert, MF AF Watkins, BA Shen, CL McMurtry, JP Xu, H Bain, SD Allen, KGD Seifert, MF TI Dietary lipids modulate bone prostaglandin E-2 production, insulin-like growth factor-I concentration and formation rate in chicks SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE lipids; bone; prostaglandin E-2; insulin-like growth factor-I; chicks ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; FATTY-ACIDS; IGF-I; STIMULATION; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; RESORPTION; CARTILAGE; CALVARIAE AB This study examined the effects of dietary fat on the fatty acid composition of liver and bone, and on the concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in liver and bone, as well as the relationship of these factors to bone metabolism. Day-old male broiler chicks were given a semipurified diet containing one of four lipid sources: soybean oil (SBO), butter + corn oil (BC), margarine + corn oil (MAC), or menhaden oil + corn oil (MEC) at 70 g/kg of the diet. At 21 and 42 d of age, chicks fed MEC had the highest concentration of (n-3) fatty acids [20:5(n-3), 22:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3)] in polar and neutral lipids of cortical bone but the lowest amount of 20:4(n-6) in polar lipids. Diets containing t-18:1 fatty acids (MAC and BC) resulted in t18:1 accumulation in bone and liver. Bone IGF-I concentration increased from 21 to 42 d in chicks given the SBO and BC diets. Tibial periosteal bone formation rate (BFR) was higher in chicks given BC compared with those consuming SBO and MEC at 21 d. The higher BFR and concentrations of hexosamine in serum and IGF-I in cartilage, but lower 20:4(n-6) content in bone polar lipids in chicks given BC compared with those given SBO suggest that BC optimized bone formation by altering the production of bone growth factors. A second study confirmed that dietary butter fat lowered ex vivo prostaglandin E-2 production and increased trabecular BFR in chick tibia. These studies showed that dietary fat altered BFR perhaps by controlling the production of local regulatory factors in bone. C1 USDA,GROWTH BIOL LAB,LIVESTOCK & POULTRY INST,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. ZYMOGENET INC,SEATTLE,WA 98105. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. INDIANA UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT ANAT,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. RP Watkins, BA (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,LIPID CHEM & METAB LAB,SMITH HALL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 31 TC 120 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 127 IS 6 BP 1084 EP 1091 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XD108 UT WOS:A1997XD10800005 PM 9187621 ER PT J AU Guenther, PM Kott, PS Carriquiry, AL AF Guenther, PM Kott, PS Carriquiry, AL TI Development of an approach for estimating usual nutrient intake distributions at the population level SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE dietary assessment; dietary fat; folate; vitamin A; humans ID DIETARY; RECORDS AB Assessment of the dietary intake of a population must consider the large within-person variation in daily intakes. A 1986 report by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), commissioned by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), marked an important milestone in the history of this issue. Since that time, USDA has been working cooperatively with statisticians at Iowa State University (ISU), who have further developed the measurement error model approach proposed by NAS. The method developed by the ISU statisticians Can be used to estimate usual dietary intake distributions for a population but not for specific individuals. It is based on the assumption that an individual can more accurately recall and describe the foods eaten yesterday than foods eaten at an earlier time. The method requires as few as two independent days of nutrient intake information or three consecutive days for at least a subsample of the individuals. It removes biases of subsequent reporting days compared with the first day, and temporal effects such as day-of-the-week and seasonal effects can be easily removed. The method developed at ISU is described conceptually and applied to data collected in the 1989-91 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals to estimate the proportion of men and women age 20 y and older having ''usual'' (long-run average) intakes below 30% of energy from fat, below the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances for vitamin A and folate, and above 1000 mu g for folate. These results were compared with the results from the distributions of 1-d intakes and of 3-d mean intakes to demonstrate the effect of within-person variation and asymmetry on usual nutrient intakes in a population. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,RIVERDALE,MD 20737. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT STAT,AMES,IA 50011. USDA,NATL AGR STAT SERV,FAIRFAX,VA 22030. NR 30 TC 118 Z9 129 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 127 IS 6 BP 1106 EP 1112 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XD108 UT WOS:A1997XD10800008 PM 9187624 ER PT J AU Nakagawa, K Kang, SD Park, DK Handelman, GJ Miyazawa, T AF Nakagawa, K Kang, SD Park, DK Handelman, GJ Miyazawa, T TI Inhibition by beta-carotene and astaxanthin of NADPH-dependent microsomal phospholipid peroxidation SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE AND VITAMINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antioxidant; astaxanthin; beta-carotene; lipid peroxidation; microsomes ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RADICAL-INITIATED PEROXIDATION; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE HYDROPEROXIDE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION; CHEMILUMINESCENCE; ANTIOXIDANT; BRAIN AB To evaluate the antioxidant effects of beta-carotene and astaxanthin, rat liver microsomes were exposed to a mixture of chelated iron (Fe3+/ADP) and NADPH. The carotenoids (190 pmol/mg protein) were incorporated into some of these microsomal membranes, and phospholipid hydroperoxides (PLOOH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TEARS) and endogenous alpha-tocopherol content were measured over time after the initiation of oxidant stress, In control microsomes, oxidant stress led to accumulation of 1,865 (+/-371) pmol PLOOH/mg protein during the initial 10-min peroxidation reaction, followed by a more gradual increase during the subsequent 20-min of reaction. PLOOH accumulation during the initial 10-min reaction period was reduced to 588 (+/-169) pmol/mg protein with beta-carotene present and 800 (+/-288) pmol/mg protein with astaxanthin present. During the following 20-min of incubation, PLOOH levels declined in the carotenoid-supplemented microsomes but continued to increase at a slower rate in control preparations. TEARS did not show such large accumulation as observed in PLOOH during the initial 10-min incubation in any microsomal sample. The presence of carotenoids in the microsomal membrane partially inhibited the loss of alpha-tocopherol, especially during the later phase of oxidant stress. When lipid peroxidation is generated by membrane-bound cyt-P450, the specific measurement of PLOOH clearly demonstrates that the presence of carotenoids provides antioxidant protection. C1 TOHOKU UNIV, DEPT APPL BIOL CHEM, SENDAI, MIYAGI 981, JAPAN. KONKUK UNIV, DEPT BIOCHEM, CHOONG JOO 380, SOUTH KOREA. TUFTS UNIV, USDA, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. NR 35 TC 24 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTER ACADEMIC PUBL JAPAN PI TOKYO PA 2-4-16 YAYOI, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0032, JAPAN SN 0301-4800 J9 J NUTR SCI VITAMINOL JI J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 43 IS 3 BP 345 EP 355 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XK157 UT WOS:A1997XK15700006 PM 9268922 ER PT J AU Endo, BY Trpis, M AF Endo, BY Trpis, M TI Ultrastructure of infective larvae (L3) of Onchocerca volvulus (Nematoda: Filarioidea) developed in Simulium yahense in Liberia SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE; ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; HETERODERA-GLYCINES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SYSTEM; STAGE AB Third-stage infective larvae of Onchocerca volvulus were examined to elucidate the ultrastructure and the interrelations of the stoma, esophagus, intestine, and nervous system. The alimentary canal involves a cuticularized stoma with a triradiate lumen that is continuous with a similar triradiate lumen in the muscular region of the esophagus. The lumen wall may be laterally appressed or opened into a stellate form in the glandular region. Posteriad from the esophagointestinal valve, the cylindroid lumen becomes partially occluded with microvilli formed by the evaginations of the apical membranes of the intestinal epithelium, Cross sections, through this region reveal that groups of 5 radiating epithelial cells are joined near the lumen surface by junctional complexes. The alimentary canal terminates via a rectal valve and channel supported by somatic and neural cells. The central nervous system consists of a nerve ring that surrounds the muscular region of the esophagus. Related neurons support chemoreceptors and tactoreceptors of sensilla and the extensive coelomyarian and meromyarian somatic muscles. Extensive accumulations of glycogen rosettes are present in many of the muscle and hypodermal cells. C1 USDA ARS, INST PLANT SCI, NEMATOL LAB, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 83 IS 3 BP 344 EP 362 DI 10.2307/3284394 PG 19 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA XE772 UT WOS:A1997XE77200002 PM 9194812 ER PT J AU Waters, WR Palmer, MV Ackermann, MR Harp, JA AF Waters, WR Palmer, MV Ackermann, MR Harp, JA TI Accelerated inflammatory bowel disease of TCR-alpha-deficient mice persistently infected with Cryptosporidium parvum SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MUTANT MICE; T-CELLS; GENES AB TCR-alpha-deficient mice spontaneously develop inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) at 8-9 mo old. This study characterizes an accelerated form of IBD induced by Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Cryptosporidium parvum-infected TCR-alpha-deficient mice developed IBD as early as 4 wk old when challenged at 1 wk old. The lesions of this accelerated IBD resembled the lesions of spontaneous IBD in TCR-alpha-deficient mice and consisted of a mononuclear cell infiltrate within the intestinal lamina propria and an increased proliferation of enterocytes. The mononuclear cells within the lamina propria consisted of B cells and gamma delta T cells. The distal ileum, cecum, and colon were grossly thickened due to a hyperplastic mucosa and edematous submucosa. The mechanism by which C. parvum infection accelerates development of LED is presently unclear. RP Waters, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 83 IS 3 BP 460 EP 464 DI 10.2307/3284410 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA XE772 UT WOS:A1997XE77200018 PM 9194827 ER PT J AU Garner, MM Barr, BC Packham, AE Marsh, AE BurekHuntington, KA Wilson, RK Dubey, JP AF Garner, MM Barr, BC Packham, AE Marsh, AE BurekHuntington, KA Wilson, RK Dubey, JP TI Fatal hepatic sarcocystosis in two polar bears (Ursus maritimus) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Fatal hepatic sarcocystosis was diagnosed in 2 polar bears from a zoo in Anchorage, Alaska. Gross lesions were icterus and systemic petechiae. Marked microscopic lesions were detected only in the liver and included severe random necrotizing hepatitis with hemorrhage. Only asexual stages of an apicomplexan parasite were detected within hepatocytes, and rare extracellular zoites were seen in foci of necrosis. The parasite divided by endopolygeny, and occasionally merozoites formed rosettes around a central residual body. Ultrastructural features of the merozoites included a conoid and low numbers of micronemes at the apical pole, centrally located nuclei, and absence of rhoptries. The parasites failed to react with anti-Neospora sp., anti-Toxoplasma gondii, or anti-Sarcocystis neurona sera. The microscopic and ultrastructural morphology of the parasite are most compatible with an apicomplexan protozoan of the genus Sarcocystis. The life cycle of this parasite in bears is not known. C1 PHOENIX CENT LAB VETERINARIANS,EVERETT,WA 98204. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,CALIF VET DIAGNOST LAB,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,DEPT PATHOL MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. PET SHOP,ANCHORAGE,AK 99515. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. ALASKA VET PATHOL SERV,EAGLE RIVER,AK 99577. NR 13 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 83 IS 3 BP 523 EP 526 DI 10.2307/3284422 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA XE772 UT WOS:A1997XE77200030 ER PT J AU Wouda, W Dubey, JP Jenkins, MC AF Wouda, W Dubey, JP Jenkins, MC TI Serological diagnosis of bovine fetal neosporosis SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS; DAIRY-CATTLE; ABORTION; CANINUM AB TO evaluate the efficacy of fetal serology in the diagnosis of bovine neosporosis abortion, sera from 48 fetuses with immunohistochemically confirmed neosporosis and 42 fetuses without demonstrable Neospora caninum were examined in the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Fetal sera were diluted 2-fold starling at a 1:25 dilution. Antibodies to N, caninum were detected in 31 of 48 (65%) fetuses with confirmed neosporosis; the IFAT antibody titers were 1:25 (5 fetuses), 1:50 (17 fetuses), 1:200 (6 fetuses), and greater than or equal to 1:800 (3 fetuses). Neospora caninum antibodies were found in 3 of 42 fetuses without demonstrable protozoa; in all 3 cases, a high titer was found suggesting undiagnosed congenital neosporosis. A recombinant antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was not useful for the detection of fetal antibodies to N. caninum. C1 USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Wouda, W (reprint author), GEZONDHEIDSDIENST DIEREN,LOCATIE DRACHTEN,POSTBUS 361,NL-9200 AJ DRACHTEN,NETHERLANDS. NR 19 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 83 IS 3 BP 545 EP 547 DI 10.2307/3284431 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA XE772 UT WOS:A1997XE77200039 PM 9194848 ER PT J AU Dugan, FM Roberts, RG AF Dugan, FM Roberts, RG TI Pre-harvest fungal colonization affects storage life of Bing cherry fruit SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SWEET CHERRY; DECAY AB Treatment of sweet cherry (Prunus avium cv. Bing) trees with either two mildewcide cover sprays or multiple (18) applications of topical and systemic fungicides produced cherry fruit that were either highly colonized or relatively uncolonized by fungi, respectively. Fruit from the multiple application treatment had a storage life of up to 8 weeks (7 weeks at 1-4 degrees C plus 1 week at simulated retail temperatures of 20-21 degrees C), whereas the commercially-managed fruits (two mildewcides) were extensively colonized by fungi and extensively decayed when stored under the same conditions. Stringent post-harvest disinfection did not significantly reduce postharvest decay, and only slightly reduced isolation frequency of fungi. The data obtained in this study suggest that the degree of preharvest fungal colonization is a primary determinant of the percentage of post-harvest decay, and that pre-harvest colonization can potentially be addressed by pre- and post-harvest management practices. C1 USDA ARS, TREE FRUIT RES LAB, WENATCHEE, WA 98801 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 145 IS 5-6 BP 225 EP 230 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1997.tb00390.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XT953 UT WOS:A1997XT95300005 ER PT J AU Truong, VD Walter, WM Hamann, DD AF Truong, VD Walter, WM Hamann, DD TI Relationship between instrumental and sensory parameters of cooked sweetpotato texture SO JOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES LA English DT Article ID SWEET-POTATO PUREE; CULTIVARS; FOODS AB This study compared two instrumental methods, namely uniaxial compression and texture profile analysis (TPA), with sensory evaluation in describing the textural properties of cooked sweetpotatoes. The steamed cooked samples (1.35 x 2.2 cm cylinder) of four cultivars and six selections were subjected to a trained texture profile panel for sensory ratings and the two instrumental methods for determination of the mechanical properties. Factor analysis indicated that the 15 sensory variables were grouped into 3 main factors, namely moistness-firmness (factor 1), particles (factor 2), and fiber (factor 3). Among the instrumental parameters, shear stress of compression and fracturability, hardness, and gumminess of TPA correlated highly (R = 0.73-0.95) with both the mouthfeel and mechanical-type sensory notes. These parameters of the two instrumental methods were linearly related (R-2 greater than or equal to 0.95) and could be converted from one to another with a high degree of reliability. Regression equations based on shear stress significantly explained (R-2 = 0. 71-0.91) eight of the sensory notes. These instrumental parameters can be good predictors of cooked sweetpotato texture. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,N CAROLINA AGR RES SERV,DEPT FOOD SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 40 TC 36 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 9 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0022-4901 J9 J TEXTURE STUD JI J. Texture Stud. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 28 IS 2 BP 163 EP 185 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4603.1997.tb00109.x PG 23 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA XE498 UT WOS:A1997XE49800003 ER PT J AU Davidson, MH Maki, KC Kalkowski, J Schaefer, EJ Torri, SA Drennan, KB AF Davidson, MH Maki, KC Kalkowski, J Schaefer, EJ Torri, SA Drennan, KB TI Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on serum lipoproteins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE hyperlipidemia; docosahexaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acids ID FATTY-ACIDS; CHOLESTEROL; TRIGLYCERIDES; DISEASE; LIPIDS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; PLASMA AB Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of daily dietary supplementation with 1.25 g or 2.5 g of docosahexaenoic (DHA), in the absence of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), on serum lipids and lipoproteins in persons with combined hyperlipidemia (CHL) [serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) 130 to 220 mg/dL and triglycerides 150 to 400 mg/dL]. Methods: After a 6-week dietary stabilization period, subjects entered a 4-week single-blind placebo (vegetable oil) run-in phase. Those with adequate compliance during the run-in were randomized into one of three parallel groups (placebo, 1.25, or 2.5 g/day DHA) for 6 weeks of treatment. Supplements were administered in a triglyceride form contained in gelatin capsules. Primary outcome measurements were plasma phospholipid DHA content, serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-C and non-HDL-C. Results: The DHA content of plasma phospholipids increased dramatically (2 to 3 fold) in a dose-dependent manner. Significant (p < 0.05) changes were observed in serum triglycerides (17 to 21% reduction) and HDL-C (6% increase) which were of similar magnitude in both DHA groups. Non-HDL-C [+1.6 (NS) and +5.7% (p < 0.04)] and LDL-C [+9.3% (NS) and +13.6% (p < 0.001)] increased in the DHA treatment groups. All lipid effects reached an apparent steady state within the first 3 weeks of treatment. Conclusion: Dietary DHA, in the absence of EPA, can affect lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. The desirable triglyceride and HDL-C changes were present at a dose which did not significantly increase non-HDL-C or LDL-C. These preliminary findings suggest that dietary supplementation with 1.25 g DHA/day, provided in a triglyceride form, may be an effective tool to aid in the management of hypertriglyceridemia. C1 CHICAGO CTR CLIN RES,CHICAGO,IL 60610. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 21 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 16 IS 3 BP 236 EP 243 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XB707 UT WOS:A1997XB70700009 PM 9176830 ER PT J AU Penland, JG Sandstead, HH Alcock, NW Dayal, HH Chen, XC Li, JS Zhao, FJ Yang, JJ AF Penland, JG Sandstead, HH Alcock, NW Dayal, HH Chen, XC Li, JS Zhao, FJ Yang, JJ TI A preliminary report: Effects of zinc and micronutrient repletion on growth and neuropsychological function of urban Chinese children SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Annual Meeting of the American-College-of-Nutrition CY SEP-OCT -, 1996 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Amer Coll Nutr DE zinc; growth; behavior; cognition; neuromotor; child ID DIETARY ZINC; DEFICIENCY; SUPPLEMENTS; ANOREXIA; HAIR AB Objective: Zinc is essential for growth and cognition of experimental animals. Past research found zinc repletion improved growth of stunted Chinese children. Therefore we measured effects of zinc repletion on growth and neuropsychological functions of children. Design: Double-blind randomized controlled treatment trial. Setting: Elementary schools in low income districts of Chongqing, Qingdao and Shanghai. Subjects: Three hundred-seventy-two 6 to 9 year old first graders. Interventions: Treatments were 20 mg zinc, 20 mg zinc with micronutrients, or micronutrients alone. The micronutrient mixture was based on guidelines of the US NAS/NRC. Treatments were assigned to classrooms of 40 or more children each, and administered by teachers 6 days per week for 10 weeks. Measures of Outcome: Changes in knee height and neuropsychological functions. Results: Zinc alone had the least effect on growth while zinc with micronutrients had the largest effect; micronutrients alone had an intermediate effect. Zinc-containing treatments improved neuropsychological functions, but micronutrients alone had little effect. Conclusions: The findings confirm the essentiality of zinc for growth of children, and show, for the first time, the essentiality of zinc for neuropsychological functions of children. In addition, the need for repletion of other potentially limiting nutrients in studies examining the effects of specific nutrients on growth and neuropsychological functions was confirmed. C1 UNIV TEXAS, MED BRANCH, DEPT PREVENT MED & COMMUNITY HLTH, GALVESTON, TX 77555 USA. USDA ARS, GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, GRAND FORKS, ND 58202 USA. CHINESE ACAD PREVENT MED, INST NUTR & FOOD HYG, BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA. QINGDAO MED COLL, DEPT NUTR, SHANDONG, PEOPLES R CHINA. Second Mil Med Univ, DEPT PUBL HLTH, SHANGHAI, PEOPLES R CHINA. THIRD MIL MED UNIV, DEPT NUTR & FOOD HYG, CHONGQING, SICHUAN, PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 35 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0731-5724 EI 1541-1087 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 16 IS 3 BP 268 EP 272 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XB707 UT WOS:A1997XB70700013 PM 9176834 ER PT J AU Anderson, RA Bryden, NA Polansky, MM AF Anderson, RA Bryden, NA Polansky, MM TI Lack of toxicity of chromium chloride and chromium picolinate in rats SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE chromium; picolinic acid; liver; kidney; toxicity; tissue chromium ID GROWING-FINISHING PIGS; EXCRETION; DIETS AB Objective: To evaluate the safety of chromium (Cr) as a nutrient supplement. Several recent studies have reported beneficial effects of supplemental Cr at levels higher than the upper limit of the suggested intake for Cr. Trivalent Cr is considered relatively nontoxic but some recent unconfirmed studies have questioned its toxicity. We evaluated the toxicity of Cr chloride and a more bioavailable form of trivalent Cr, Cr tripicolinate. Methods: Harlan Sprague Dawley rats (4 weeks of age) were fed a stock diet to which was added 0, 5, 25, 50 or 100 mg of Cr per kg of diet as chloride or picolinate. Fasting blood samples were taken at 11 and 17 weeks and animals sacrificed at 24 weeks of age. Lack of toxicity was demonstrated by blood and histological measurements. Chromium incorporation into tissues was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in body weight, organ weights or blood variables among all the groups tested at 11, 17 and 24 weeks. Blood variables measured were glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen, lactic acid dehydrogenase, transaminases, total protein and creatinine. Histological evaluation of the liver and kidney of control and animals fed 100 mg/kg Cr as Cr chloride or picolinate also did not show any detectable differences. Liver and kidney Cr concentrations increased linearly for both the Cr chloride and picolinate fed animals. Conclusions: These data demonstrate a lack of toxicity of trivalent Cr, at levels that are on a per kg basis, several thousand times the upper limit of the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake for humans. Animals consuming the picolinate supplemented diets had several-fold higher Cr concentrations in both the liver and kidney than those fed Cr chloride. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BARC E,BHNRC,NRFL,CNS,BLDG 307,RM 224,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 27 TC 132 Z9 137 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 16 IS 3 BP 273 EP 279 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XB707 UT WOS:A1997XB70700014 PM 9176835 ER PT J AU Klevay, LM AF Klevay, LM TI And so spake Goldberger in 1916: Pellagra is not infectious! SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Letter RP Klevay, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 16 IS 3 BP 290 EP 292 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XB707 UT WOS:A1997XB70700017 PM 9176838 ER PT J AU Xue, RD Barnard, DR AF Xue, RD Barnard, DR TI Duel patterns of pupation, emergence, and oviposition in a laboratory population of Aedes albopictus SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB There was no apparent daily pattern of pupation in Aedes albopictus in the laboratory [14:10 h (L:D); lights on: 0600 h, lights off: 2000 h], but diel patterns of emergence and oviposition were influenced by mosquito body size. Emergence rate was highest in large-bodied male mosquitoes at 1600 h and in small males at 1000 h but was lowest in large and small males, respectively, at 2400 h and 0200 h. Peak emergence of females was at 1600 h, regardless of body size; lowest emergence was at 0400 h. Half of all ovipositions by large females in their first gonotrophic cycle (GC1) were at 2000 and 2200 h but at 1800 to 2000 h in the second gonotrophic cycle (GC2). In small females, oviposition in GC1 and GC2 was highest at 1800 and 1600 h, respectively, and lowest at 0400 h. Half of all ovipositions in small females were at 1600 to 1800 h. RP Xue, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 13 IS 2 BP 205 EP 207 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XM716 UT WOS:A1997XM71600017 PM 9249663 ER PT J AU Jackson, MA King, JW List, GR Neff, WE AF Jackson, MA King, JW List, GR Neff, WE TI Lipase-catalyzed randomization of fats and oils in flowing supercritical carbon dioxide SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE dropping point; enzyme; lipase; palm olein; randomization; solid fat content; supercritical carbon dioxide ID PALM OLEIN; INTERESTERIFICATION; TRIGLYCERIDES; TRANSESTERIFICATION; BUTTER AB Enzymes can frequently impart more selectivity to a reaction than chemical catalysts. In addition, the use of enzymes can reduce side reactions and simplify post-reaction separation problems. in combination with an environmentally benign and safe medium, such as supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), enzymatic catalysis makes supercritical fluids extremely attractive to the food industry. In this study, randomization of fats and oils was accomplished with an immobilized lipase in flowing SC-CO2. Triglycerides, adsorbed onto Celite, are solubilized in CO2 and carried over 1-10 g immobilized lipase derived from Candida antarctica. The degree of randomization and rate of triglyceride throughput could be controlled by CO2 pressure and flow rate and quantity of enzyme used. The dropping points and solid fat indices of the resulting randomized oils were compared to oils that were randomized by conventional methods with sodium methoxide. Reversed-phase high-performance chromatography with flame-ionization detection was used to quantitate changes in triglyceride composition of various substrates, such as palm olein and high-stearate soybean oil. The resultant randomized oil mixtures have properties, e.g., solid fat index, that make them potential candidates for incorporation into traditional margarine formulations. C1 USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, FOOD QUAL & SAFETY RES, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 30 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 635 EP 639 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0195-9 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XE733 UT WOS:A1997XE73300002 ER PT J AU Onwulata, CI Goldberg, N AF Onwulata, CI Goldberg, N TI Design of a single-stage mechanical fat separator SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE butter oil; design; DSC; fat separation; fractionation; hard fractions; laboratory scale; lard; melt profile; tallow ID MILK-FAT; FRACTIONATION AB Thermal fractionation of highly saturated fats can address the current nutritional concerns related to the amount, type, and saturated-fat level of lipids in foods. Separation of fats into different melting fractions allows for tailoring natural fats into functional and nutritional groups, while also allowing for the use of the less desirable fractions in nonfood applications. The single-stage laboratory-scale separator described herein separates fats into two gross melting fractions, termed high and low. The latter fractions can be further separated by adjusting the cooling zone temperatures, resulting in secondary fractions with different melt patterns. Thermal analysis of the hard fractions shows a 10-15 degrees C shift to a higher melting point. RP Onwulata, CI (reprint author), USDA ARS,ERRC,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 679 EP 683 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0200-3 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XE733 UT WOS:A1997XE73300007 ER PT J AU Frykman, HB Isbell, TA AF Frykman, HB Isbell, TA TI Enrichment of lesquerolic and auricolic acids from hydrolyzed Lesquerella fendleri and L-gordonii oil by crystallization SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE auricolic acid; buffer; crystallization; hydroxy fatty acids; lesquerella; lesquerolic acid; pH ID FATTY-ACIDS; SEED AB Lesquerolic and auricolic acids were obtained from hydrolyzed lesquerella oil by a low-temperature crystallization procedure. The lesquerolic and auricolic fatty acid fraction was enriched from 55-59% to 85-99% with high yields (94%). Washing the free fatty acids with pH 6.0 buffer provided reproducible crystallizations of those hydroxy fatty acids. In contrast, when hydrolyzed oil from Lesquerella fendleri was not buffer-washed, there was, in most cases, no separation of hydroxy fatty acids by crystallization. This crystallization procedure is suitable for a large-scale separation process of the hydroxy fatty acids from nonhydroxy fatty acids obtained from hydrolyzed lesquerella oil. RP Frykman, HB (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,NEW CROPS RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 699 EP 702 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0203-0 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XE733 UT WOS:A1997XE73300010 ER PT J AU Erhan, SZ Bagby, MO Nelsen, TC AF Erhan, SZ Bagby, MO Nelsen, TC TI Drying properties of metathesized soybean oil SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE coating; drier; drying; heat polymerized oil; ink; linseed oil; metathesis; paint; soybean oil; viscosity ID UNSATURATED FATTY ESTERS; INK VEHICLES AB Soybean oil was metathesized with the standard homogenous metathesis catalyst, which consisted of tungsten hexachloride (WCl6) and tetramethyl tin (Me4Sn) in chlorobenzene as solvent. The reactions were terminated at different time intervals. Soybean ail was mixed with metathesized soybean oil in the presence of cobalt-drier to evaluate drying properties. Five weight percentage (% w) of metathesized oil was found to be all that was needed to decrease the drying time of soybean oil from 312 to 182 min. Drying times for heat-polymerized soybean oil with Gardner-Holdt viscosity of Z(1)-Z(2) and Z(3)-Z(4) were 71 and 75 min, respectively. In both cases, 5% weight metathesized soybean oil in the blend gave the best results for reducing drying time to 67 and 69 min, respectively. RP Erhan, SZ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,OIL CHEM RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 14 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 703 EP 706 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0204-z PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XE733 UT WOS:A1997XE73300011 ER PT J AU Erhan, SZ Bagby, MO Nelsen, TC AF Erhan, SZ Bagby, MO Nelsen, TC TI Statistical evaluation of biodegradation of news ink vehicles and ink formulations SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE biodegradation; ink vehicle; news ink; statistical; vehicle soybean oil AB Soybean oil, commercial news ink vehicles - consisting of either soy or mineral oil and petroleum resins - and United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) 100% modified soy oil-based. vehicles were subjected to biodegradation. Soybean oil and each vehicle were inoculated with monocultures and a mixed culture of Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium citrinum, and Mucor racemosus. Fermentations were allowed to proceed for 5, 12, and 25 d. Results show that, in 25 d, soy oil was degraded the most, followed by the USDA's ink vehicles (USDA I-III), Newspaper Association of America's (NAA) hybrid soy oil-based and commercial mineral oil-based vehicles. Some differences were found in the abilities of the cultures to degrade the different inks. Color did not appear to affect the degradation rate in soy oil, the USDA inks, or the NAA ink but was a factor in the commercial ink. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 707 EP 712 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0205-y PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XE733 UT WOS:A1997XE73300012 ER PT J AU Frykman, HB Isbell, TA AF Frykman, HB Isbell, TA TI Synthesis of 6-hydroxy delta-lactones and 5,6-dihydroxy eicosanoic/docosanoic acids from meadowfoam fatty acids via a lipase-mediated self-epoxidation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE 5,6-13,14-diepoxydocosanoic acid; dihydroxy eicosanoic acid; 5,13-docosadienoic acid; delta-eicosanolactone; 5-eicosenoic acid; epoxidation; 5,6-epoxyeicosanoic acid; formic acid; hydrogen peroxide; 6-hydroxy-delta-lactones; lactonization; lipase; performic acid; sulfuric acid AB Meadowfoam fatty acids were reacted with hydrogen peroxide in a lipase-catalyzed autocatalytic system, forming a mixture of 5,6-epoxyeicosanoic, 13,14-epoxydocosanoic, 5,6-epoxydocosanoic, and 5,6-13,14-diepoxydocosanoic acids in 98% yield. The 5,6-epoxy acids were cyclized to g-hydroxy delta-eicosanoic/docosanoic lactones by sulfuric acid catalysis in high yield (99%). 5,6-Dihydroxy acids could be obtained from 6-hydroxy delta-lactones by a simple alkaline work-up procedure. Meadowfoam fatty acids were converted (77% yield) in a one-pot reaction to 6-hydroxy delta-lactones by in situ performic acid epoxidation and subsequent addition of sulfuric acid. RP Frykman, HB (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,NEW CROPS RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 719 EP 722 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0207-9 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XE733 UT WOS:A1997XE73300014 ER PT J AU Abbott, TP Phillips, BS Butterfield, RO Isbell, TA Kleiman, R AF Abbott, TP Phillips, BS Butterfield, RO Isbell, TA Kleiman, R TI On-line chemical database for new crop seeds SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE composition; database; germplasm; Internet; oilseed; triglyceride AB Since the 1950s, a database of the chemical composition of seeds, collected throughout the world, has been generated at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research. Information contained in the database is primarily selected chemical and physical properties of seed oils. Over more than 38 years, 15,738 accessions of 7,924 species of 2,339 genera from 225 families were collected and analyzed. This database is now accessible on the Internet at http://www.ncaur.usda.gov/nc/ncdb/search.html.ssi. This paper gives an overview of the database, describes the information available, and illustrates how to do searches. RP Abbott, TP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,NEW CROPS RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 4 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 723 EP 726 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0208-8 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XE733 UT WOS:A1997XE73300015 ER PT J AU Wan, PJ Hurley, TW Guy, JD Berner, DL AF Wan, PJ Hurley, TW Guy, JD Berner, DL TI Comparison of visual and automated colorimeters - An international collaborative study SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE automated colorimeter; canola; corn; cottonseed; Lovibond; palm; peanut; soy; sunflower oil; tallow; visual color; Wesson method AB Color as a fundamental quality of edible oils has been determined primarily by visual comparison methods for many decades. The automatic colorimeters introduced recently made it possible to replace the manually operated Visual color instrument, which requires experience to master and is often subject to operator variabilities. A previous study with an automatic colorimeter, Colourscan, to measure the colors of refined and refined bleached cottonseed oils showed good agreement (r(2) = 0.99) with visual color measurements by means of the Lovibond-AOCS Color Scale. The current work is to establish a broad-scale correlation between the automated colorimeter and visual color measurements. In this international effort, factory-processed refined and refined, bleached, deodorized (RED) canola, corn, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower and soybean oils, as well as refined palm olein, RED palm oil, and washed, dried, filtered and deodorized tallow were used. A total of 14 laboratories from the United States and Canada, and 16 laboratories from 12 countries outside of North America, participated in this collaborative study. The results of this study, with statistical analyses, are reported. C1 LOUANA FOODS,OPELOUSAS,LA. AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC,CHAMPAIGN,IL. RP Wan, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124, USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 6 BP 731 EP 738 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0210-1 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XE733 UT WOS:A1997XE73300017 ER PT J AU Bolstad, PV Swank, WT AF Bolstad, PV Swank, WT TI Cumulative impacts of landuse on water quality in a southern Appalachian watershed SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE water quality; cumulative effects; North Carolina; mountain; US; stormflow; baseflow; GIS ID RIPARIAN FOREST; LANDSCAPE AB Water quality variables were sampled over 109 weeks along Coweeta Creek, a fifth-order stream located in the Appalachian mountains of western North Carolina. The purpose of this study was to observe any changes in water quality, over a range of flow conditions, with concomitant downstream changes in the mix of landuses. Variables sampled include pH, HCO32-, conductivity, NO3--N, NH4+-N, PO43--P, Cl-,Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, SiO2, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total and fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcus. Landcover/landuse was interpreted from 1:20,000 aerial photographs and entered in a GIS, along with information on total and paved road length, building location and density, catchment boundaries, hydrography, and slope. Linear regressions were performed to relate basin and near-stream landscape variables to water quality. Consistent, cumulative, downstream changes in water quality variables were observed along Coweeta Creek, concomitant with downstream human caused changes in landuse. Furthermore, larger downstream changes in water quality variables were observed during stormflow when compared to baseflow, suggesting cumulative impacts due to landscape alteration under study conditions were much greater during storm events. Although most water quality regulations, legislation, and sampling are promulgated for baseflow conditions, this work indicates they should also consider the cumulative impacts of physical, chemical, and biological water quality during stormflow. C1 US FOREST SERV,COWEETA HYDROL LAB,PROJECT DEADER,OTTO,NC 28763. RP Bolstad, PV (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,1530 N CLEVELAND AVE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 34 TC 104 Z9 109 U1 9 U2 41 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 3 BP 519 EP 533 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03529.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XD799 UT WOS:A1997XD79900002 ER PT J AU Clayton, JL Megahan, WF AF Clayton, JL Megahan, WF TI Natural erosion rates and their prediction in the Idaho batholith SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE erosion; granitic soil; soil erodibility; storm erosivity; forest soils; undisturbed rates of erosion; watershed management AB Natural rates of surface erosion on forested granitic soils in central Idaho were measured in 40 m(2) bordered erosion plots over a period of four years. In addition, we measured a variety of site variables, son properties, and summer rainstorm intensities in order to relate erosion rates to site attributes. Median winter erosion rates are approximately twice summer period rates, however mean summer rates are nearly twice winter rates because of infrequent high erosion caused by summer rainstorms. Regression equation models and regression tree models were constructed to explore relationships between erosion and factors that control erosion rates. Ground cover is the single factor that has the greatest influence on erosion rates during both summer and winter periods. Rainstorm intensity (erosivity index) strongly influences summer erosion rates, even on soils with high ground cover percentages. Few summer storms were of sufficient duration and intensity to cause rilling on the plots, and the data set was too small to elucidate differences in rib vs. interrill erosion. The regression tree models are relatively less biased than the regression equations developed, and explained 70 and 84 percent of the variability in summer and winter erosion rates, respectively. C1 NATL COUNCIL PAPER IND AIR & STREAM IMPROVEMENT IN, PORT TOWNSEND, WA 98368 USA. RP Clayton, JL (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, INTERMT RES STN, USDA, 316 E MYRTLE ST, BOISE, ID 83702 USA. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 3 BP 689 EP 703 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03542.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XD799 UT WOS:A1997XD79900015 ER PT J AU Sealey, WM Lim, C Klesius, PH AF Sealey, WM Lim, C Klesius, PH TI Influence of the dietary level of iron from iron methionine and iron sulfate on immune response and resistance of channel catfish to Edwardsiella ictaluri SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PUNCTATUS RAFINESQUE; DEFICIENCY; DISEASE AB Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings were fed purified diets supplemented with iron at levels of 0, 20, 60, and 180 mg/kg from iron sulfate (FeS) or 5, 10, 20, 60, and 180 mg/kg from iron methionine (FeM) in triplicate tanks for 8 wk. Fish were then divided into two groups and subjected to different assays to measure disease resistance and individual immune functions. Representative fish from each dietary treatment were challenged by bacterial immersion with virulent Edwardsiella ictaluri, and mortality due to enteric septicemia was recorded, Other fish were immunised with 0.2-mL formalin-killed E. ictaluri and boosted 21 d post-immunization. Antibody response was determined by FAST-ELISA. Chemiluminescent and chemotaxis assays were performed using peritoneal macrophages. Supplementation of the diet with various levels of iron from FeS or FeM did not significantly affect antibody production. Chemotactic migration by macrophages was depressed in iron-deficient fish and a level of 60 mg/kg from either FeS or FeM provided the highest chemotactic indexes, A deficiency of dietary iron was found to increase mortality of channel catfish due to enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). However, more studies should be conducted to better understand the effects of sources and levels of dietary iron on immune responses and disease resistance in channel catfish. C1 USDA ARS,FISH DIS & PARASITES RES LAB,AUBURN,AL 36831. NR 28 TC 23 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 28 IS 2 BP 142 EP 149 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00849.x PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA XG418 UT WOS:A1997XG41800003 ER PT J AU Schneider, WL Greene, AE Allison, RF AF Schneider, WL Greene, AE Allison, RF TI The carboxy-terminal two-thirds of the cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus capsid protein is incapable of virion formation yet supports systemic movement SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BROME MOSAIC-VIRUS; COAT PROTEIN; INVITRO TRANSCRIPTION; DELETION MUTANTS; RNA; REPLICATION; INFECTION; GENES; CDNA; RECOMBINATION AB Previous investigations into recombination in co pea chlorotic mottle bromovirus (CCMV) resulted in the recovery of an unusual recombinant virus, 3-57, which caused a symptomless infection of cowpeas but formed no detectable virions. Sequence analysis of cDNA clones derived from 3-57 determined that mutations near the 5' terminus of the capsid protein gene introduced an early translational termination codon. Further mutations introduced a new in-frame start codon that allowed translation of the 3' two-thirds of the capsid protein gene. Based on the mutations observed in 3-57, wild-type CCMV clones were modified to determine if the carboxyl two-thirds of the capsid protein functions independently of the complete protein in long-distance movement. Analysis of these mutants determined that while virion formation is not required for systemic infection, the carboxy-terminal two thirds of the capsid protein is both required and sufficient for systemic movement of viral RNA. This indicates that the CCMV capsid protein is multifunctional, with a distinct long-distance movement function in addition to its role in virion formation. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,GENET PROGRAM,E LANSING,MI 48824. PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 71 IS 6 BP 4862 EP 4865 PG 4 WC Virology SC Virology GA WZ571 UT WOS:A1997WZ57100084 PM 9151887 ER PT J AU Gregory, CR Harmon, BG Latimer, KS Hafner, S Campagnoli, RP McManamon, RM Steffens, WL AF Gregory, CR Harmon, BG Latimer, KS Hafner, S Campagnoli, RP McManamon, RM Steffens, WL TI Malignant chromatophoroma in a canebrake rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus atricaudatus) SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE chromatophoroma; immunohistochemistry; pteridine; rattlesnake; Crotalus horridus atricaudatus; tumor; ultrastructure AB An adult female canebrake rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus atricaudatus) at Zoo Atlanta (Atlanta, Georgia, USA) had a subcutaneous mass on the left lateral abdomen. Microscopically, the tumor contained a pleomorphic population of cells with abundant intracytoplasmic brown to gold nonrefractile pigment (chromatophores), large stellate cells resembling neurons, and small stellate cells whose cytoplasmic processes formed a fibrillar matrix. The pigment stained black with the Fontana-Masson technique and was positive with the periodic acid-Schiff technique (prior to and after diastase treatment). Neuron-specific enolase was detected in the large stellate cells using an immunohistochemical staining technique. In addition, glial fibrillary acidic and S-100 proteins were detected in the chromatophores with immunohistochemical staining. The smaller stellate cells were strongly S-100 positive. Ultrastructurally, chromatophores contained intracytoplasmic structures composed of concentric lamellar membranes bordered by a triple-layer outer membrane. The morphology of these structures was compatible with pterinosomes. Three fluorescent pigments were isolated from the neoplasm by one-dimensional chromatography and characterized by spectrophotometry and spectrofluorometry. C1 USDA ARS,ATHENS,GA 30605. ZOO ATLANTA,ATLANTA,GA 30315. RP Gregory, CR (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOL,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 28 IS 2 BP 198 EP 203 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XT403 UT WOS:A1997XT40300012 PM 9279411 ER PT J AU LopezCorrales, NL Sonstegard, TS Smith, TPL Beattie, CW AF LopezCorrales, NL Sonstegard, TS Smith, TPL Beattie, CW TI Physical assignment of glucagon and nebulin in cattle, sheep, and goat SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID HYBRIDIZATION; FILAMENTS; LOCI RP LopezCorrales, NL (reprint author), ARS,USDA,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,SPUR 18D,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD JUN PY 1997 VL 8 IS 6 BP 428 EP 429 DI 10.1007/s003359900461 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA XB343 UT WOS:A1997XB34300010 PM 9166588 ER PT J AU Crandall, DL Hausman, GJ Kral, JG AF Crandall, DL Hausman, GJ Kral, JG TI A review of the microcirculation of adipose tissue: Anatomic, metabolic and angiogenic perspectives SO MICROCIRCULATION-LONDON LA English DT Review ID MICROVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED PIG FETUSES; ADIPOCYTE PRECURSOR CELLS; IN-SITU MICRODIALYSIS; GROWTH-FACTOR-ALPHA; BLOOD-FLOW; ANGIOTENSIN-II; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; FAT-CELLS; NONSHIVERING THERMOGENESIS AB Adipose tissue microcirculation is unique within the vascular system because of a capacity for this tissue to grow throughout most of adult life. A review of the microcirculation of adipose tissue has included a historical review of the early studies. which served a a foundation for later investigations on this topic, including basic hemodynamic measurements in mammalian adipose tissue. The various methods for measuring blood flow in white and brown adipose tissue are discussed with respect to studies of transport of substrates involved in adipose tissue metabolism. The role of innervation and vascular adrenergic receptors and the effects of diet and exercise on adipose tissue blood flow are also included. An in-depth analysis of the development of adipose tissue microvasculature indicates that angiogenesis often precedes adipogenesis. The clinical effects of hemodynamic adaptations to adipose tissue expansion are discussed in view of an epidemic increase in the prevalence of obesity and its co-morbidities. The recent discovery of sites of nuclear regulation of adipocyte differentiation, together with the identification of growth factors in adipose tissue, is an indication of the progress that is being made in the further understanding of molecular and cellular events that affect adipose tissue growth and, ultimately, adipose tissue microcirculation. C1 USDA ARS, RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR, ATHENS, GA 30613 USA. SUNY HLTH SCI CTR, DEPT SURG, BROOKLYN, NY 11203 USA. RP Crandall, DL (reprint author), WYETH AYERST RES, DEPT VASC BIOL, CN 8000, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 USA. NR 152 TC 336 Z9 350 U1 0 U2 14 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 1073-9688 J9 MICROCIRCULATION-LON JI Microcirculation-London PD JUN PY 1997 VL 4 IS 2 BP 211 EP 232 DI 10.3109/10739689709146786 PG 22 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA XT216 UT WOS:A1997XT21600001 PM 9219215 ER PT J AU Harmon, KM Ransom, GM Wesley, IV AF Harmon, KM Ransom, GM Wesley, IV TI Differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by polymerase chain reaction SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES LA English DT Article DE Campylobacter jejuni; Campylobacter coli; thermotolerant Campylobacter; multiplex PCR ID GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; CHICKEN PRODUCTS; INFECTION; ASSAY AB A multiplex PCR assay was developed using two primer sets for the identification and differentiation of Campylobacter coil and Campylobacter jejuni. Primer Set I amplifies a 460-bp fragment present in C. coil and C. jejuni. Set II amplifies a 160-bp target unique to C. jejuni. When the assay was performed on reference strains, amplification of C. coil yielded only the 460-bp fragment. Amplification of C. jejuni generated both the 160- and 460-bp fragments. Campylobacter field strains (n=85) isolated from raw poultry were identified by PCR and by conventional biochemical methods. Species determination by the two methods agreed for 83 of the 85 isolates examined. By PCR, 23 were identified as C. coil and 62 as C. jejuni. One isolate was unidentifiable by biochemical testing. The PCR assay identified this isolate as C. coil. in addition, one strain which was identified as C. coli by biochemical testing was determined to be C. jejuni by PCR. The PCR assay offers an alternative to traditional biochemical typing methods for the identification and differentiation of C. coil and C. jejuni isolated from poultry. it is accurate, simple to perform, and can be completed within 8 h. (C) 1997 U.S. Government. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ENTER DIS & FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. USDA,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,DIV MICROBIOL,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 26 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0890-8508 J9 MOL CELL PROBE JI Mol. Cell. Probes PD JUN PY 1997 VL 11 IS 3 BP 195 EP 200 DI 10.1006/mcpr.1997.0104 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA XJ255 UT WOS:A1997XJ25500004 PM 9232618 ER PT J AU Sidhu, H Enatska, L Ogden, S Williams, WN Allison, MJ Peck, AB AF Sidhu, H Enatska, L Ogden, S Williams, WN Allison, MJ Peck, AB TI Evaluating children in the Ukraine for colonization with the intestinal bacterium Oxalobacter formigenes, using a polymerase chain reaction-based detection system SO MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS LA English DT Article DE polymerase chain reaction; hyperoxaluria; oxalic acid; oxc gene ID OXALATE DEGRADATION; DNA; HUMANS; ASSAY AB Background: Oxalobacter formigenes is a recently discovered anaerobic bacterium residing in the gastrointestinal tracts of most vertebrates, including humans, Evidence suggests that this bacterium plays an important symbiotic relationship with its hosts by regulating oxalic acid homeostasis. Oxalic acid is a ubiquitous toxic by-product of metabolism associated with numerous pathologic conditions, including hyperoxaluria, cardiac myopathy and conductance disorders, kidney stones, and even death. Despite the potential importance of O. formigenes in several major health disorders, the difficulty in culturing, isolating, and identifying this fastidious anaerobe has limited research of its disease associations, Because O. formigenes must use two unique enzymes to catabolize oxalic acid, this bacterium appeared to be a suitable model for DNA-based identification, thereby circumventing the labor-intensive procedures currently used. Methods and Results: In this study, genus-and group-specific oligonucleotide sequences were designed corresponding to homologous regions residing in the ore gene that enodes for oxalyl-coenzyme A decarboxylase. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)based amplification of the 5' end of this gene directly from genomic DNA isolated from various strains of O. formigenes was used to show that the genus-and group-specific oligonucleotide probes could identify and subgroup the bacterium. Field testing of this PCR-based detection system with 100 fecal cultures collected from children aged 0-12 years demonstrated the ease and efficacy with which O. formigenes can now be identified. Furthermore, these latter data provide a profile for the natural colonization of a human population with this intestinal bacterium. Conclusions: Development and use of this PCR-based detection system permit the rapid identification and classification of the gut-associated bacterium O, formigenes, thereby circumventing the need for the more labor-intensive and lengthy method currently used. The first field test of this detection system indicates that humans apparently do not become colonized with O. formigenes until they begin crawling about in the environment. Furthermore, studies investigating the association between several disorders leg, kidney stones, irritable bowel syndrome, and hyperoxaluria) and the absence of the bacterium from the gut will now prove far easier. C1 UNIV FLORIDA, CRANIOFACIAL CTR, GAINESVILLE, FL USA. IXION BIOTECHNOL, ALACHUA, FL USA. UNIV FLORIDA, COLL DENT, DEPT ORAL BIOL, GAINESVILLE, FL 32610 USA. USDA, NATL ANIM DIS CTR, AMES, IA USA. RP Sidhu, H (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA, COLL MED, DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED, JHMHC POB 100275, GAINESVILLE, FL 32610 USA. NR 28 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 5 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE INC MEDICAL PUBLISHERS PI PHILADELPHIA PA CURTIS CENTER, INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 1084-8592 J9 MOL DIAGN JI Mol. Diagn. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 2 IS 2 BP 89 EP 97 DI 10.1016/S1084-8592(97)80015-X PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA XW606 UT WOS:A1997XW60600001 ER PT J AU Cotty, PJ AF Cotty, PJ TI Aflatoxin-producing potential of communities of Aspergillus section Flavi from cotton producing areas in the United States SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; ATOXIGENIC STRAIN; PARASITICUS; SCLEROTIA; FIELD; SOIL AB Communities of Aspergillus section Flavi resident in soils planted with cotton were compared among several areas in the southern United States. incidence of A. flavus and A. tamarii differed among areas. A. flavus incidence increased with temperature and decreased with latitude. Less than 1% of isolates were A, nomius or A. parasiticus. A. flavus isolates were assigned to either the S or L strains on the basis of sclerotial morphology. S strain isolates produced numerous small (< 400 mu m) sclerotia; L strain isolates produced fewer, larger sclerotia. The S strain of A. flavus was found in all areas. Aflatoxin-producing potential of A. flavus differed among areas and was correlated with S strain incidence. L strain isolates produced only 33% as much anatoxin B-1 as S strain isolates. No S strain isolate produced both anatoxin B-1 and aflatoxin G(1). Correlations indicated that L strain toxigenicity but not S strain toxigenicity varied geographically. While toxigenicities of most isolates were stable through single conidial transfer, 28% of isolates expressed altered levels of toxigenicity after transfer. The observed differences among communities may reflect geographic isolation and/or adaptation and may cause different vulnerabilities to anatoxin contamination among crops planted in diverse locations. RP Cotty, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, SO REG RES CTR, POB 19687, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70179 USA. NR 36 TC 111 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 101 BP 698 EP 704 DI 10.1017/S0953756296003139 PN 6 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA XH005 UT WOS:A1997XH00500010 ER PT J AU Larsen, MJ Smith, JE McKay, D AF Larsen, MJ Smith, JE McKay, D TI On Piloderma bicolor and the closely related P-byssinum, P-croceum, and P-fallax SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article AB We confirm an earlier conclusion that two species of mycorrhizal fungi, Piloderma bicolor and P. byssinum, are distinct and that the name P. bicolor has been correctly applied in North America. We also conclude that P. fallax is the most appropriate name for what has been called P. bicolor and P. croceum. Descriptions of the two species are supplemented with line drawings and photomicrographs. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,USDA,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Larsen, MJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,USDA,1221 S MAIN ST,MOSCOW,ID 83843, USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD JUN-AUG PY 1997 VL 63 BP 1 EP 8 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA XL465 UT WOS:A1997XL46500001 ER PT J AU Nagahashi, G Douds, DD AF Nagahashi, G Douds, DD TI Appressorium formation by AM fungi on isolated cell walls of carrot roots SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE cell walls (purified); appressorium formation; host; non-host ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AB Cell walls were isolated and purified from Ri T-DNb-transformed carrot roots to determine whether arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi need a signal from the host root in order to form appressoria. Large cell-wall pieces mere generated by the Parr nitrogen bomb technique. Purified cell walls were sterilized and inoculated with single spores of Gigaspora gigantea (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe and Gigaspora margarita Pecker & Hall using an in vitro culture technique. Appressoria only formed on epidermal cell walls isolated from host roots (Daucus carota L.) but did not form on epidermal cell wails isolated from non-host roots (Beta vulgaris L.). Although appressoria formed on host-cell walls, penetration hyphae did not fully develop. The results of this study indicate that appressorium formation by these AM fungi is a contact recognition event that does not require a signal secreted from the host root or the presence of intact host cells. RP Nagahashi, G (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 13 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 136 IS 2 BP 299 EP 304 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00739.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XJ603 UT WOS:A1997XJ60300013 ER PT J AU Simard, SW Perry, DA Smith, JE Molina, R AF Simard, SW Perry, DA Smith, JE Molina, R TI Effects of soil trenching on occurrence of ectomycorrhizas on Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings grown in mature forests of Betula papyrifera and Pseudotsuga menziesii SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE ectomycorrhizas; soil trenching; photosynthesis; Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir); Betula papyrifera (paper birch) ID DOUGLAS-FIR SEEDLINGS; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; CLEAR-CUTS; COMPETITION; SURVIVAL; PLANTS; SPECIFICITY; RHIZOPOGON; BIOLOGY; CULTURE AB Seedlings of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France were grown for six-16 months in untrenched and trenched treatments in three 90-120-yr-old mixed forests dominated by Betula papyrifera Marsh. and P. menziesii in the southern interior of British Columbia. Each forest was characterized by mesic conditions and low light intensity (PAR < 200 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) in the understorey. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of overstorey tree roots on (i) ectomycorrhizal fungal composition, richness and diversity, and (ii) photosynthesis and growth of understorey P. menziesii seedlings. Seventeen ectomycorrhizal morphotypes were recognized on seedlings in the untrenched treatment, and nine in the trenched treatment over the three sites. Six types occurred in both treatments, of which on average Rhizopogon vinicolor Smith type was 20 times more abundant and Thelephora type six times less abundant in the untrenched as in the trenched treatment. Of types that formed strands or rhizomorphs, eight occurred in the untrenched treatment, where they occupied on average 23% of root tips, and only four occurred in the trenched treatment over 4% of the root tips. Mean richness, diversity, and evenness of ectomycorrhizal associates per seedling were approx. twice as great in the untrenched as in the trenched treatment. Net photosynthetic rate of P. menziesii seedlings was greater in the untrenched than in the trenched treatment in July and August, but not in September 1994. Height, diameter and biomass of seedlings did not differ between treatments, but height:diameter ratio was greater in the untrenched treatment at time of harvest. The effect of trenching on seedling performance was attributed mainly to differences in ectomycorrhizal colonization patterns because trenching had no significant effect on soil nutrient concentrations (total C, total N, NH4-N, available N, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg, exchangeable K), C:N ratio, soil pH or light availability. Nor was there a significant difference in soil water in August, when seedlings in untrenched plots had higher net photosynthetic rates than those in trenched plots. Results suggest that influence of overstorey trees and pattern of ectomycorrhizal formation are important to P. menziesii seedling performance in deeply shaded forest environments. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, FORESTRY SCI LAB, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, FORESTRY SCI LAB, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP BRITISH COLUMBIA MINIST FORESTS, RES STN, 515 COLUMBIA ST, KAMLOOPS, BC V2C 2T7, CANADA. NR 40 TC 76 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0028-646X EI 1469-8137 J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 136 IS 2 BP 327 EP 340 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00731.x PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XJ603 UT WOS:A1997XJ60300016 ER PT J AU Benito, P House, W Miller, D AF Benito, P House, W Miller, D TI Influence of meal frequency on iron absorption as assessed by hemoglobin repletion in rats SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE meal frequency; iron absorption; hemoglobin repletion; rats ID ASCORBIC-ACID; BIOAVAILABILITY; STORES; WEIGHT AB The effects of short periods of fasting, characteristic of a human eating pattern consisting of one, two, or four meals daily, on iron absorption were investigated in anemic rats by hemoglobin repletion assay. Sixty weanling rats were fed a low-iron diet (8 mg Fe/kg diet) for 13 days. The anemic rats were then fed ferrous sulfate- or ferric phosphate-fortified diets (35 mg Fe/kg diet) for 11 days under three feeding regimens: one, two, or four meals daily. Hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (hemoglobin iron gain/Fe intake) was the indicator of iron absorption. Greater hemoglobin regeneration efficiency was found in rats fed a FeSO4 diet with four (82.5 +/- 4.8%) or two (78.8 +/- 4.1%) meals daily than those pair-fed one (63.4 +/- 3.4%) meal daily. No significant difference among the groups fed one, two, or four meals of the FePO4 diet was observed. Both iron source and meal frequency significantly affected iron absorption-but the interaction effect was not significant. We conclude under the conditions of this study that periods of fasting as long as 24 hours in the context of a diet do not enhance iron absorption and that feeding patterns are a factor to consider in iron bioavailability determinations. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,DIV NUTR SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1025 EP 1033 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(97)00066-3 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA WW156 UT WOS:A1997WW15600009 ER PT J AU Hanley, TA AF Hanley, TA TI A nutritional view of understanding and complexity in the problem of diet selection by deer (Cervidae) SO OIKOS LA English DT Review ID BLACK-TAILED DEER; MOOSE ALCES-ALCES; ODOCOILEUS-HEMIONUS-HEMIONUS; CARBON-NUTRIENT BALANCE; CERVUS-ELAPHUS-NELSONI; EUROPEAN ROE DEER; RED DEER; GENERALIST HERBIVORE; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; MULE DEER AB I review recent developments in the theory of diet selection by deer with a focus on the diet selection problem at the level of individual food items. Much progress has been made in quantitatively predicting forage nutritional value, effects of plant tannins, and the handling-time costs of forage ingestion and rumen passage. Much progress also has been made in quantifying allometric relations between deer, their nutritional adaptations, and their food requirements. A much greater appreciation has been gained for the complexity of food resources and the heterogeneity of natural environments. More work is needed, however, in all of the above and also in quantitative predictions of the effects of nontannin plant allelochemicals, deer rumen function and passage rate, and interrelations between factors. The diet selection problem is highly complex primarily because of interactions between constraints and objectives and enormous heterogeneity of food resources. The efficiency and variation of learned behavior are additional complications. I conclude that although optimal foraging theory is a useful paradigm for studying the mechanistic processes of the diet selection problem, its fundamental assumptions are Very tenuous. Quantitative prediction of a range of potentially ''good'' solutions is more reasonable than that of an ''optimal'' solution. The theory of diet selection by deer must be broader than optimal foraging theory alone. RP Hanley, TA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,POB 20909,JUNEAU,AK 99802, USA. NR 125 TC 100 Z9 105 U1 7 U2 36 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD JUN PY 1997 VL 79 IS 2 BP 209 EP 218 DI 10.2307/3546006 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WZ103 UT WOS:A1997WZ10300001 ER PT J AU Trier, TM Mattson, WJ AF Trier, TM Mattson, WJ TI Needle mining by the spruce budworm provides sustenance in the midst of privation SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE; MANAGEMENT; HERBIVORY; NITROGEN; FOLIAGE; QUALITY AB Nitrogen (N) content and mass of sections of whole needles and mined needles created by spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, feeding on balsam fir, Abies balsamea, and white spruce, Picea glauca, were measured, permitting estimation of the N content of budworm-eaten tissues. Whole-needle N concentration was 47-95% greater than that of the hollowed-out needles. N concentration of consumed tissue was 27-43% higher than that of whole needles. Relying on whole-leaf N concentrations to gauge the quality of food mined by insects will underestimate it. An electron micrograph of a typical cross section of mined white spruce needles shows that the insect can avoid needle terpenoids by mining around resin ducts. Results suggest that early-instar budworms discovered a behavioral solution for exploiting an abundant but usually suboptimal food - i.e., accessing the most N-rich tissues sandwiched between resin ducts and the low-N hull. Moreover, needle mining allows the hush-feeding budworm to emerge very early in the spring before buds open to begin their growth. This positions them to be strategically poised (among the earliest arrivals) to exploit the highly ephemeral, N-rich tissues that occur during early shoot elongation. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,PESTICIDE RES CTR,E LANSING,MI 48824. RP Trier, TM (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,FOREST SERV,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. NR 21 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD JUN PY 1997 VL 79 IS 2 BP 241 EP 246 DI 10.2307/3546009 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WZ103 UT WOS:A1997WZ10300004 ER PT J AU Linhart, SB Baer, GM Torres, JMB Engeman, RM Collins, EF Meslin, FX Schumacher, CL Taweel, AH Wlodkowski, JC AF Linhart, SB Baer, GM Torres, JMB Engeman, RM Collins, EF Meslin, FX Schumacher, CL Taweel, AH Wlodkowski, JC TI Acceptance of candidate baits by domestic dogs for delivery of oral rabies vaccines SO ONDERSTEPOORT JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE baits; domestic dogs; oral vaccine; rabies ID CANINE RABIES; 4 BAITS; VACCINATION; FORMULATION; MEXICO AB Protocols for evaluating oral rabies vaccine baits for domestic dogs were field tested in central Mexico, after which dog-food manufacturers and suppliers to the pet-food industry were advised as to potential ingredients for use in prototype dog baits. Bait-preference trials in which confined dogs were used were then undertaken, followed by field tests of free-ranging farmer-owned dogs in three towns in the Nile River Delta region of Egypt. Both confined and free-ranging dogs showed strong preferences for certain baits or bait coatings (poultry, beef tallow, cheese, egg and a proprietary product). Fish-meal polymer baits, widely used for wildlife species, were less preferred. In Egypt, a commercial dog-food-meal bait coated with beef tallow and dry cheese was consumed at a rate approaching that of a chicken-head bait. The percentage baits that were actually eaten after they had been offered to dogs, ranged from 71-96% for household dogs tested in Mexico, 65-91% for confined dogs (beagles and mixed breeds) tested in the United States, and 32-88% for farmer-owned dogs tested in Egypt. C1 COORDINATED PUBL HLTH SERV,OFF ZOONOSES CONTROL,PUEBLA,MEXICO. US ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,USDA ARS,DENVER,CO 80225. MINIST HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,MEXICO CITY,DF,MEXICO. WHO,DIV COMMUNICABLE DIS,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. VIRBAC LABS,CARROS,FRANCE. MINIST AGR,VET PUBL HLTH & ZOONOSES DEPT,GEN ORG VET SERV,DOKKI,EGYPT. SA CV,LABS BAER,MEXICO CITY 16140,DF,MEXICO. RP Linhart, SB (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,SE COOPERAT WILDLIFE DIS STUDY,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ONDERSTEPOORT VETERINARY INST, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL PI ONDERSTEPOORT PA PRIVATE BAG X5, ONDERSTEPOORT 0110, SOUTH AFRICA SN 0030-2465 J9 ONDERSTEPOORT J VET JI Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 64 IS 2 BP 115 EP 124 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XZ274 UT WOS:A1997XZ27400003 PM 9352560 ER PT J AU Omata, Y Taka, A Terada, K Koyama, T Kanda, M Saito, A Dubey, JP AF Omata, Y Taka, A Terada, K Koyama, T Kanda, M Saito, A Dubey, JP TI Isolation of coccidian enteroepithelial stages of Toxoplasma gondii from the intestinal mucosa of cats by Percoll density-gradient centrifugation SO PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; SPOROZOITES; OOCYSTS; EIMERIA; PURIFICATION AB A method for isolation of enteroepithelial stages of Toxoplasma gondii from the intestinal mucosa of experimentally infected cats was developed using Percoll density-gradient centrifugation. Gamonts and merozoites were obtained essentially free of host-cell debris. A recovery rate of nearly 30% of the parasites in the original preparations was obtained by this method. Merozoites were separated from gamonts by filtration through a 3-mu m polycarbonate filter. C1 SHIONOGI & CO LTD, SHIONOGI RES LABS, ABURAHI LABS, SHIGA 52034, JAPAN. ARS, INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI, PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP Omata, Y (reprint author), OBIHIRO UNIV AGR & VET MED, DEP VET PHYSIOL, OBIHIRO, HOKKAIDO 080, JAPAN. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0044-3255 J9 PARASITOL RES JI Parasitol. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 83 IS 6 BP 574 EP 577 DI 10.1007/s004360050300 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA XF030 UT WOS:A1997XF03000009 PM 9211509 ER PT J AU Isman, MB Jeffs, LB Elliger, CA Miyake, T Matsumura, F AF Isman, MB Jeffs, LB Elliger, CA Miyake, T Matsumura, F TI Petuniolides, natural insecticides from Petunia parodii, are antagonists of GABA(a) receptors SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Petuniolide C, an ergostane-type steroidal insecticide isolated from Petunia parodii, caused immediate uncoordinated activity and salivation in fourth instar nymphs of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, when injected into the hemocoel at doses as low as 0.5 mu g insect(-1). The LD50 for petuniolide C via injection in locust nymphs (14.1 mu g insect(-1)) is nearly identical to that for the convulsant, picrotoxinin (14.0 mu g insect(-1)), a known inhibitor of the GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-mediated chloride ionophore. Petuniolide C and picrotoxinin in combination had an additive effect on locust mortality. Following topical administration, petuniolide C caused knockdown and mortality in a cyclodiene-susceptible strain of the German cockroach, Blatella germanica, bur significantly reduced effects in a cyclodiene-resistant strain. Using an in vitro rat brain synaptic membrane preparation, both petuniolide C and a natural analog, petuniolide D, were shown to be weak Ligands of the GABA(a) receptor. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Plant Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Isman, MB (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Plant Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. OI Isman, Murray/0000-0002-3285-1315 NR 8 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 58 IS 2 BP 103 EP 107 DI 10.1006/pest.1997.2298 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA YV320 UT WOS:000071811400002 ER PT J AU Bacanamwo, M Harper, JE AF Bacanamwo, M Harper, JE TI The feedback mechanism of nitrate inhibition of nitrogenase activity in soybean may involve asparagine and/or products of its metabolism SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE amino acid; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; feedback regulation; Glycine max; nitrogenase; nodulation; soybean ID ACETYLENE-REDUCTION ASSAY; RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI; GRAFTING EXPERIMENTS; GENE-EXPRESSION; WHITE CLOVER; ROOT-NODULES; N-2 FIXATION; AMINO-ACIDS; CV FJORD; TRANSPORT AB A feedback mechanism which involves sensing of change in phloem N concentration has been proposed to control nodulation and dinitrogen fixation in the presence of external combined N. Whether this control is in response to a change in total N or in some specific signal compound(s) is not known. In the present study we reevaluated the hypothesis that control of nodulation and N,fixation involves sensing of change in tissue N composition and attempted to identify potential signal molecule(s) involved. Two soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) genotypes (Williams 82 and NOD1-3) differing in nodule number and tolerance to nitrate were germinated in sand trays. Seven-day-old seedlings were inoculated with a solution of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and grown for 28 days in growth chambers, using a hydroponic system with limited N supply to promote nodulation. Half of 28-day-old plants were treated with 15 mM NO3-, then control and treated plants were sampled at the onset of nitrogenase inhibition (24 h following NO3- treatment) for evaluation of nitrogenase activity and tissue concentration of total N and of each individual free amino acid. Phenylisothiocyanate- (PITC) amino acid derivatives were separated and quantified using HPLC. The decline in nitrogenase activity following the short-term nitrate treatment was associated with a dramatic asparagine concentration increase in the shoot and an increase in nodule aspartate and glutamate in both genotypes. Asparagine concentration in the shoot increased 35 times from a barely detectable level of 95 to 3327 nmol g(-1) fresh weight in Williams 82, and more than tripled from 509 to 1753 nmol g(-1) fresh weight in NOD1-3. Increase in levels of free Asn and in total free amino acids in the shoot following the short-term nitrate treatment was more pronounced in Williams 82 than in its partially nitrate-tolerant mutant NOD1-3. These results indicate that the feedback control of nodule activity may involve sensing changes in shoot asparagine levels and/or products of its metabolism (aspartate and glutamate) in the nodule. These results also indicate that partial-nitrate tolerance of nodulation in the hypernodulated NOD1-3 mutant is associated with a lesser change in tissue N following nitrate treatment. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA ARS,PLANT PHYSIOL & GENET RES UNIT,EDWARD R MADIGAN LAB 331,URBANA,IL 61801. DEPT AGRON,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72704. NR 43 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 11 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 100 IS 2 BP 371 EP 377 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1997.1000220.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XF124 UT WOS:A1997XF12400020 ER PT J AU Marentes, E Shelp, BJ Vanderpool, RA Spiers, GA AF Marentes, E Shelp, BJ Vanderpool, RA Spiers, GA TI Retranslocation of boron in broccoli and lupin during early reproductive growth SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE boron; Brassica oleracea; broccoli; lupin; Lupinus albus; mobility; phloem; retranslocation; xylem ID OLERACEA VAR ITALICA; PLANTS; NITROGEN; B-10; SPECTROMETRY; NUTRITION; MOVEMENT; MOBILITY; LEAVES; FOLIAR AB The objective of the present study was to determine if boron (B) retranslocation depends on plant-B status and external-B supply. The stable B-10 isotope was supplied to the root system of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck cv. Commander) and lupin (Lupinus albus L. cv. Ultra) plants to provide a quantitative picture of B distribution during early reproductive development. Regardless of the B regime (i.e. continuous supply with luxury, sufficient or deficient B; transfer at inflorescence emergence from either a luxury- or sufficient-B supply to a deficient one) and whether LOB was acquired before or during inflorescence development, a significant proportion of the B recovered in broccoli florets and lupin fruit was LOB enriched. B acquired during inflorescence development was an important source of B for reproductive structures, but the relative importance of B acquired before and after inflorescence emergence appeared to be species dependent. The occurrence of B retranslocation was not dependent upon the induction of B deficiency. The concentrations of B in phloem exudates (0.38 to 0.03 mM) were 4- to 23-fold those in xylem sap, and more similar to the concentrations in the reproductive structures (0.86 to 0.07 mM) than those in source leaves (2.4 to 0.19 mM). The decreasing acropetal gradient of tissue-B concentrations with luxury-B supply declined dramatically or was reversed in plants grown with sufficient or deficient B. The data are consistent with B being a phloem-mobile element, and suggest that newly acquired B is particularly important during the early reproductive growth of plants. C1 UNIV GUELPH,DEPT HORT SCI,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. USDA ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. UNIV GUELPH,DEPT LAND RESOURCE SCI,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. RI Khan, Raza/D-2130-2011 NR 37 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 100 IS 2 BP 389 EP 399 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1997.1000222.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XF124 UT WOS:A1997XF12400022 ER PT J AU Whitaker, BD Klein, JD Conway, WS Sams, CE AF Whitaker, BD Klein, JD Conway, WS Sams, CE TI Influence of prestorage heat and calcium treatments on lipid metabolism in 'Golden Delicious' apples SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Malus domestica; Rosaceae; calcium; heat; lipids; membranes; postharvest; quality; storage ID GRANNY SMITH APPLES; BELL PEPPER FRUIT; POSTHARVEST CALCIUM; RIPENING APPLES; QUALITY; INFILTRATION; MEMBRANE; DECAY; TEMPERATURE; PROTECTION AB Heating 'Golden Delicious' apples for 4 days at 38 degrees and/or pressure infiltrating the fruit with a CaCl2 solution after harvest, maintains firmness and reduces decay during storage. The possibility that these beneficial effects involve changes in membrane lipid metabolism was investigated. Lipids of hypodermal cortical tissue were analyzed after O, 1, 2 or 4 days at 38 degrees and after storage (15 weeks at 0 degrees plus 1 week at 20 degrees) of fruit that were untreated (Ctl), heated 4 days at 38 degrees (HT), infiltrated with 2% CaCl2 (Ca) or heated then infiltrated (HT + Ca) before storage. Overall, effects of HT were much more pronounced than those of Ca and effects of HT + Ca were intermediate between those of HT or Ca alone. An initial phase of membrane damage induced by heating indicated by glycerolipid loss over the first 1-2 days, could explain why HT for less than 3-4 days has an adverse effect on post-storage quality. HT effects on plastids, including accelerated chlorophyll and monogalactolipid loss, as well as carotenoid accumulation, are likely to cause the distinct yellowing of the fruit. HT-induced reductions in steryl glycosides and cerebrosides prior to storage similar to those that occurred in Ctl and Ca fruit during storage, and the phospholipid (PL) content of HT fruit after storage was close to that of Ctl fruit at harvest. Also, the ratio of linoleate to oleate in PL was much higher in HT and HT + Ca than in Ctl fruit at the end of storage. One or more of these effects of HT on membrane lipids could be involved in the ultimate benefits to fruit quality. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 AGR RES ORG,VOLCANI CTR,IL-50250 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901. RP Whitaker, BD (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BARC W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUN PY 1997 VL 45 IS 3 BP 465 EP 472 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00878-3 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA XC794 UT WOS:A1997XC79400004 ER PT J AU Mazzola, M AF Mazzola, M TI Identification and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia spp. isolated from apple roots and orchard soils SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANASTOMOSIS GROUPS; BINUCLEATE RHIZOCTONIA; SOLANI; SENSITIVITY; EYESPOT; WHEAT AB Rhizoctonia spp. were isolated from the roots of apple trees and associated soil collected in orchards located near Moxee, Quincy, East Wenatchee, and Wenatchee, WA. The anastomosis groups (AGs) of Rhizoctonia spp. isolated from apple were determined by hyphal anastomosis with tester strains on 2% water agar and, where warranted, sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region and restriction analysis of an amplified fragment from the 28S ribosomal RNA gene were used to corroborate these identifications. The dominant AG of R. solani isolated from the Moxee and East Wenatchee orchards were AG 5 and AG 6, respectively. Binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. were recovered from apple roots at three of four orchards surveyed and included isolates of AG-A, -G, -I, -J, and -Q. In artificial inoculations, isolates of R. solani AG 5 and AG 6 caused extensive root rot and death of 2- to 20-week-old apple transplants, providing evidence that isolates of R. solani AG 6 can be highly virulent and do not merely exist as saprophytes. The effect of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. on growth of apple seedlings was isolate-dependent and ranged from growth enhancement to severe root rot. R. solani AG 5 and AG 6 were isolated from stunted trees, but not healthy trees, in an orchard near Moxee,WA, that exhibited severe symptoms of apple replant disease, suggesting that R. solani may have a role in this disease complex. RP Mazzola, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,TREE FRUIT RES LAB,1104 N WESTERN AVE,WENATCHEE,WA 98801, USA. NR 33 TC 53 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 1997 VL 87 IS 6 BP 582 EP 587 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.6.582 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN270 UT WOS:A1997XN27000002 PM 18945073 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, F Pfender, WF AF Rodriguez, F Pfender, WF TI Antibiosis and antagonism of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa and Drechslera poae by Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 in vitro and in planta SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; BLACK ROOT-ROT; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; DAMPING-OFF; METABOLITE PRODUCTION; ENTEROBACTER-CLOACAE; DOLLAR SPOT; BIOCONTROL; DISEASE; 2,4-DIACETYLPHLOROGLUCINOL AB Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Pf-5, which produces several antifungal metabolites, including the antibiotics pyoluteorin, pyrrolnitrin, and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, was res ted for its ability to inhibit Sclerotinia homoeocarpa (causal agent of dollar spot) and Drechslera poae (causal agent of 'melting-out') in vitro and in turfgrass; Tn5 mutants with altered antibiotic production also were tested. Inhibition in vitro differed with the medium used, but both fungi generally were inhibited by Pf-5. In most cases, a mutant deficient in pyoluteorin but not pyrrolnitrin or 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol was as inhibitory as Pf-5, whereas a pyrrolnitrin deficient mutant was less inhibitory than Pf-5 in most fungus/medium combinations. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of culture extracts showed that bacterial genotype and nutrition have an interactive effect on antibiotic production, such that conditions causing an increase in one antibiotic may increase or decrease another. The purported deficiencies for the pyrrolnitrin- and pyoluteorin-deficient mutants were confirmed. In S. homoeocarpa-infested grass clippings incubated in a moist chamber, Pf-5 reduced mycelial growth, whereas the pyrrolnitrin-deficient mutant did not and the pyoluteorin-deficient mutant was intermediate. In greenhouse experiments, Pf-5 reduced dollar spot disease incidence in bentgrass and bluegrass when sprayed over inoculated turf. In grass clippings infested with D. poae and incubated in a moist chamber under favorable conditions for spore production, Pf-5 did not reduce significantly the number of spores produced compared with the nontreated control. However, Pf-5 reduced melting-out disease incidence and severity in bluegrass inoculated with spores of D. poae under greenhouse conditions. C1 ARS,USDA,NFTSRC,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RI Iriarte, Fanny /I-3684-2012 NR 32 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 1997 VL 87 IS 6 BP 614 EP 621 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.6.614 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN270 UT WOS:A1997XN27000008 PM 18945079 ER PT J AU Goldberg, S AF Goldberg, S TI Reactions of boron with soils SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Boron in Soils and Plants (BORON97) CY SEP 07-11, 1997 CL CHIANG MAI, THAILAND ID OXIDE-WATER INTERFACE; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION INTERFACE; COMPOSTED ORGANIC-MATTER; CLAY-MINERALS; ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS; SURFACE-IONIZATION; IONIC-STRENGTH; COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION; PHOSPHATE ADSORPTION; LANGMUIR EQUATION AB Boron is an essential micronutrient for plants, but the range between deficient and toxic B concentration is smaller than for any other nutrient element. Plants respond directly to the activity of B in soil solution and only indirectly to B adsorbed on soil constituents. Soil factors affecting availability of B to plants are: pH, texture, moisture, temperature, organic matter and clay mineralogy. Boron adsorbing surfaces in soils are: aluminium and iron oxides, magnesium hydroxide, clay minerals, calcium carbonate, and organic matter. Boron adsorption reactions can be described empirically using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation, the Freundlich adsorption isotherm equation, and the phenomenological Keren model. Chemical models such as the constant capacitance model, the triple layer model, and the Stern VSC-VSP model can describe B adsorption over changing conditions of solution pH and B concentration. Boron desorption reactions often exhibit hysteresis. The rate of B desorption can be described using the first order rate equation, the Elovich reaction rate equation, and the power function equation. RP Goldberg, S (reprint author), USDA,US SALIN LAB,450 W BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 113 TC 212 Z9 224 U1 3 U2 27 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUN PY 1997 VL 193 IS 1-2 BP 35 EP 48 DI 10.1023/A:1004203723343 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XW632 UT WOS:A1997XW63200005 ER PT J AU Nable, RO Banuelos, GS Paull, JG AF Nable, RO Banuelos, GS Paull, JG TI Boron toxicity SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Boron in Soils and Plants (BORON97) CY SEP 07-11, 1997 CL CHIANG MAI, THAILAND ID PISUM-SATIVUM L; WHEAT TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; PULVERIZED FUEL ASH; SOIL BORON; FLY-ASH; COMBUSTION RESIDUES; GENETIC-VARIATION; IRRIGATION WATER; BARLEY GENOTYPES; SALINE DRAINAGE AB Whilst of lesser prevalence than B deficient soils, B-rich soils are important, causing B toxicity in the field and decreased crop yields in different regions of the world. The highest naturally occurring concentrations of soil B are in soils derived from marine evaporites and marine argillaceous sediment. In addition, various anthropogenic sources of excess B may increase soil B to levels toxic for plants. The most important source is irrigation water, but others include wastes from surface mining, fly ash, and industrial chemicals. Ameliorating high-B soils is extremely difficult. A commonly used method of reclaiming high B soils is to extensively leach with low B water. Though used successfully, leaching may not be a permanent solution and causes difficulties with the disposal of the leachates. Other amelioration methods include the use of soil amendments (e.g. lime, gypsum) and the planting of plant genotypes that are tolerant of high external B concentrations. Although there are various methods available to determine the levels of B in soils, soil analysis can provide little more than a general risk assessment for B toxicity. Similarly, diagnosing B toxicity in plants, either by visible symptoms or tissue analysis has limited applicability. Thus at present, neither soil nor plant analysis can be recommended to precisely predict the growth of plants on high soil B. Recent physiological and genetic studies have provided some understanding of genetic variation in the response of plants to high concentrations of B. Moreover, these studies have facilitated the breeding of tolerant genotypes for cultivation on high B soils. Considerable genetic variation in response to high B has been identified in a wide range of plant species, most of which share a similar tolerance mechanism - reduced uptake of B in both shoots and roots. The tolerance mechanism appears to be under the control of several major additive genes, and specific chromosomal locations have been identified for the genes in some species. Considerable success has been achieved in breeding for tolerance to B toxicity, a process that is greatly aided by the ease with which genotypic variation for this characteristic can be assessed and the range of methods available to screen breeding populations. C1 ARS, WATER MANAGEMENT RES LAB, USDA, FRESNO, CA 93727 USA. UNIV ADELAIDE, DEPT PLANT SCI, GLEN OSMOND, SA 5064, AUSTRALIA. RP Nable, RO (reprint author), CSIRO, LAND & WATER, PMB, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA. NR 155 TC 391 Z9 413 U1 4 U2 65 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUN PY 1997 VL 193 IS 1-2 BP 181 EP 198 DI 10.1023/A:1004272227886 PG 18 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XW632 UT WOS:A1997XW63200014 ER PT J AU Nielsen, FH AF Nielsen, FH TI Boron in human and animal nutrition SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Boron in Soils and Plants (BORON97) CY SEP 07-11, 1997 CL CHIANG MAI, THAILAND ID DIETARY BORON; MINERAL METABOLISM; MASS SPECTROMETRY; BRAIN-FUNCTION; BORIC-ACID; RATS; MAGNESIUM; PLANTS; CHICK AB This review describes the findings from human and animal studies indicating that B is a dynamic trace element which, in physiological amounts, can affect the metabolism or utilisation of numerous other substances involved in life processes including macrominerals, energy substrates such as triglycerides and glucose, nitrogen containing substances such as amino acids and proteins, reactive oxygen species, and estrogen. Through these effects, B can affect the function or composition of several body systems, including the brain, skeleton and immune system, generally in a beneficial fashion. Moreover, homeostatic mechanisms apparently exist for B because it is rapidly excreted in the urine, does not accumulate in tissues, and is maintained in a relatively narrow range of concentrations in blood of healthy individuals. Thus, even though B has not been conclusively established as essential because a biochemical function for it has not been identified, its beneficial actions suggest that an intake of over 1 mg day(-1) (but probably not more than 13 mg day(-1)) is desirable; diets low in fruits, vegetables, legumes and nuts may not provide this amount of B. Boron may be of more practical nutritional importance than currently acknowledged. RP Nielsen, FH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, POB 9034, UNIV STN, GRAND FORKS, ND 58202 USA. NR 57 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 3 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X EI 1573-5036 J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUN PY 1997 VL 193 IS 1-2 BP 199 EP 208 DI 10.1023/A:1004276311956 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XW632 UT WOS:A1997XW63200015 ER PT J AU Quail, PH AF Quail, PH TI An emerging molecular map of the phytochromes SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE functional domains; histidine kinase; photosensory perception; phytochromes; signal transduction; structural domains; structure-function relationships; two-component systems ID AVENA-SATIVA L; INDUCED CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGES; BACTERIAL SENSOR PROTEINS; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; TERMINAL-DOMAIN; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; 124-KILODALTON PHYTOCHROME; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; REGULATORY ACTIVITY; ARABIDOPSIS AB Molecular mapping studies and sequence comparisons are providing provocative new insights into regions of the phytochrome polypeptide important to the functional activities of the photoreceptor. The NH2-terminal structural domain contains the determinants for photoperception, and for the differences in photosensory specificity and photolability between phyA and phyB, However, a contiguous COOH-terminal domain is also required for the transfer of perceived informational signals downstream to transduction pathway components and for PfrA-specific degradation to proceed, The COOH-terminal domains of phyA and phyB are functionally interchangeable in these processes and a core sequence at the proximal end of this domain contains determinants necessary for signal transfer from both phyA and phyB, suggesting a common biochemical mechanism of signal transfer for the two photoreceptors, Striking sequence similarity between the NH2-terminal domain of a Synechocystis protein, ORF SLR0473, and the phytochromes indicates that the cyanobacteria contain phytochrome-related photoreceptors. The COOH-terminal domains of ORF SLR0473 and the phytochromes are also related to one another and both show sequence similarities to the sensor histidine kinases, These data raise the possibility that the cyanobacteria have a functional photoregulated histidine kinase signalling system and that the plant phytochromes represent remnants of that system. C1 USDA ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT & MICROBIAL BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 60 TC 110 Z9 119 U1 3 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 20 IS 6 BP 657 EP 665 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-108.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XG773 UT WOS:A1997XG77300002 ER PT J AU Hashmi, G Huettel, R Meyer, R Krusberg, L Hammerschlag, F AF Hashmi, G Huettel, R Meyer, R Krusberg, L Hammerschlag, F TI RAPD analysis of somaclonal variants derived from embryo callus cultures of peach SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; somaclonal variation ID POLYMORPHIC DNA RAPD; TISSUE-CULTURES; MARKERS; PLANTS; INVITRO; CULTIVARS AB Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] regenerants from cv 'Sunhigh' embryo no. 156, regenerants obtained from cv 'Redhaven' embryo no. 30, and two peach cultivars 'Sunhigh' and 'Redhaven', were screened for polymorphic RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers with up to 60 IO-mer primers. Although 35 primers produced results with scoreable bands, only 10 of the primers revealed polymorphism for regenerants of embryo no.156 and cv 'Sunhigh', and 1 revealed a low level of polymorphism for regenerants of embryo no. 30 and cv 'Redhaven'. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using RAPD markers to identify somaclonal variants of peach and provides evidence for the existence of genetic differences among these variants. C1 USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, FRUIT LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, PLANT MOL BIOL LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, NEMATOL LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT BOT, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. NR 26 TC 77 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD JUN PY 1997 VL 16 IS 9 BP 624 EP 627 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XG114 UT WOS:A1997XG11400007 ER PT J AU Munkvold, GP Desjardins, AE AF Munkvold, GP Desjardins, AE TI Fumonisins in maize - Can we reduce their occurrence? SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; CONTAMINATED CORN; KERNEL INFECTION; AAL-TOXIN; POPULATIONS; TOXICITY; MYCOTOXINS; RESISTANCE C1 USDA,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL. RP Munkvold, GP (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 66 TC 258 Z9 281 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 81 IS 6 BP 556 EP 565 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.6.556 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN284 UT WOS:A1997XN28400001 ER PT J AU Hussien, T Bowden, RL Gill, BS Marshall, DS AF Hussien, T Bowden, RL Gill, BS Marshall, DS TI Performance of four new leaf rust resistance genes transferred to common wheat from Aegilops tauschii and Triticum monococcum SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE alien germplasm; durability; Triticum aestivum; T-tauschii ID PUCCINIA-RECONDITA; POWDERY MILDEW AB The objective of this study was to test the performance of four new wheat leaf rust resistance genes previously transferred from wild relatives of common wheat. Leaf rust resistance gene Lr43, in wheat germplasm line KS92WGRC16, was originally from Aegilops tauschii. A second resistance gene, in line KS92WGRC23, was transferred from Triticum monococcum var. monococcum. Two other genes, in lines KS93U3 and KS96WGRC34, were obtained from I: monococcum var. boeoticum. In greenhouse tests, the typical low infection types produced by these lines were fleck (;), immune (0), fleck with chlorosis (;C), and heterogeneous (X-) for KS92WGRC16, KS92WGRC23, KS96WGRC34, and KS93U3, respectively. In field tests in Kansas and Texas, KS92WGRC23 and KS92WGRC16 were highly resistant. KS93U3 was moderately resistant in Kansas but moderately resistant to moderately susceptible in Texas. KS96WGRC34 was moderately resistant in Kansas but moderately resistant to susceptible in Texas. Greenhouse adult-plant tests with race PBJL of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici indicated that KS92WGRC16, KS92WGRC23, and KS96WGRC34 were highly resistant, but KS93U3 gave a moderately resistant reaction. Growth-chamber studies in different environments (12, 16, 20, and 24 degrees C) showed slight temperature effects on the expression of resistance in KS96WGRC34 but not in the other lines. Tests with nine races of P. recondita f. sp. tritici indicated that only KS92WGRC16 was resistant to all the races. Races PNML and PNMQ were virulent on KS92WGRC23, and race TFGL was virulent on both KS93U3 and KS96WGRC34. The genes in the four germplasm lines should be used in combination with other resistance genes to prolong their usefulness. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, MANHATTAN, KS 66506 USA. TEXAS A&M UNIV, RES & EXTENS CTR, DALLAS, TX 75252 USA. RI Bowden, Robert/E-3268-2013 OI Bowden, Robert/0000-0001-9419-6574 NR 26 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 81 IS 6 BP 582 EP 586 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.6.582 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN284 UT WOS:A1997XN28400005 ER PT J AU Kuhlman, EG Amerson, HV Jordan, AP Pepper, WD AF Kuhlman, EG Amerson, HV Jordan, AP Pepper, WD TI Inoculum density and expression of major gene resistance to fusiform rust disease in loblolly pine SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Cronartium quercuum f sp fusiforme; Pinus taeda ID F-SP FUSIFORME; FAMILIES; VIRULENCE AB Inoculum densities of 25 x 10(3) to 200 x 10(3) per mi of basidiospores from single aeciospore isolates avirulent or virulent to the Fr1 (fusiform resistance-1) gene were used to inoculate a control-pollinated loblolly pine family heterozygous for this gene. With two avirulent isolates, the regression curve of gall frequency 9 months after inoculation went from 26 to 50% as inoculum density increased to 100 x 10(3) spores. The regression curve flattened at higher inoculum densities. With two virulent isolates, gall frequency increased from 47% to a plateau at 97% as spore density increased. A double-blind dement of the study correlated the occurrence of the genetic marker (RAPD marker J(7-)485A) for Fr1 resistance in haploid megagametophyte tissue and the presence or absence of galls on seedlings after artificial inoculations. With avirulent isolates at the two higher densities of 100 x 10(3) and 200 x 10(3), marker presence-absence and phenotypic assessments of gall presence-absence agreed for 95% of the seedlings. At the 50 x 10(3) level, marker-phenotype agreed for 86% of the seedlings. The increased marker-phenotype association resulted from a reduction or elimination of disease escapes as Fr1 resistance remained stable even at higher spore densities. The double-blind study indicates that resistant individuals can be identified from the megagametophyte tissue of germinating seedlings. With virulent isolates, marker and disease phenotype did not correlate, even at the lowest inoculum density. The virulent isolates appear to be homozygous for virulence because infection of marker-positive resistant seedlings equaled or exceeded that of marker-negative susceptible seedlings at the lowest inoculum density. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Kuhlman, EG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 36 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 81 IS 6 BP 597 EP 600 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.6.597 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN284 UT WOS:A1997XN28400008 ER PT J AU Elson, MK Schisler, DA Bothast, RJ AF Elson, MK Schisler, DA Bothast, RJ TI Selection of microorganisms for biological control of silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani) of potato tubers SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Few management strategies exist for silver scurf, an important postharvest disease of potatoes. In this study, the microbiota of 47 agricultural soils and 7 tuber samples was screened for biological control agents of silver scurf. Soil or periderm samples were transferred to separate samples of gamma irradiation-sterilized field soil enriched with potato periderm. After incubation, the samples were assayed for biological suppressiveness to silver scud using a whole-tuber/infested soil assay. Over 430 isolates of bacteria, yeasts, and actinomycetes were recovered from tubers and soil associated with the 12 most suppressive soil samples. Thirteen strains were selected for further study on three different strains of Helminthosporium solani, including one that was resistant to thiabendazole. Microbial strains that significantly inhibited H. solani (P less than or equal to 0.05) in at least one experiment were identified as Pseudomonas putida (PM1), Nocardia globerula (S244), and Xanthomonas campestris (P76). Colonization studies with rifampicin-resistant strains of putative biological control agents revealed that long-term colonization of the tuber surface was not necessary to reduce disease symptoms. Highly variable levels of conidiophore production prevented selection of the single most suppressive strain. Possible sources of variability in biological control are discussed, including physiological age of the tuber, tuber infection in the field, and uneven free moisture in the storage. RP Elson, MK (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 23 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 81 IS 6 BP 647 EP 652 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.6.647 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN284 UT WOS:A1997XN28400018 ER PT J AU Abney, TS Melgar, JC Richards, TL Scott, DH Grogan, J Young, J AF Abney, TS Melgar, JC Richards, TL Scott, DH Grogan, J Young, J TI New races of Phytophthora sojae with Rps1-d virulence SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Hypocotyl inoculations of differential soybean (Glycine mar) cultivars were used to identify seven new physiologic races of Phytophthora sojae (syn. P. megasperma f. sp. glycinea). Five of the new races were virulent on soybeans with the Rps1-d allele, while four of the new races were virulent on soybeans with the Rps1-k allele. The Rps1-k and Rps1-d alleles provide resistance to a majority of the previously described races that cause Phytophthora root and stem rot. The seven new races were assigned race numbers 33, 34, 41, 42, 43, 44, and 45 since race numbers 35 through 40 were assigned to other new races recently identified in Ohio, California, Arkansas, and Iowa. The new races identified in this study constituted 14% of the 1993 isolates evaluated from 27 counties in central and northern Indiana. Races 1 and 3 were the most prevalent, representing 31 and 26% of the P. sojae isolates identified in 1993. Races 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 28, and 29 each constituted 2 to 6% of the 1993 isolates. Other races identified among the 1993. isolates included races 19, 21, 25, and 30. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. PURDUE UNIV,CROP PROD & PATHOL UNIT,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Abney, TS (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,CROP PROD & PATHOL UNIT,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 12 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 81 IS 6 BP 653 EP 655 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.6.653 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN284 UT WOS:A1997XN28400019 ER PT J AU Bruton, BD Miller, ME AF Bruton, BD Miller, ME TI Occurrence of vine decline diseases of muskmelon in Guatemala. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,TEXAS AGR EXPT STN,WESLACO,TX 78596. RP Bruton, BD (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,LANE,OK 74555, USA. NR 2 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 81 IS 6 BP 694 EP 694 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.6.694A PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN284 UT WOS:A1997XN28400032 ER PT J AU Bruton, BD Miller, ME AF Bruton, BD Miller, ME TI Occurrence of vine decline diseases of melons in Honduras. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,TEXAS AGR EXPT STN,WESLACO,TX 78596. RP Bruton, BD (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,LANE,OK 74555, USA. NR 2 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 81 IS 6 BP 696 EP 696 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.6.696C PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN284 UT WOS:A1997XN28400041 ER PT J AU Devlin, PF Somers, DE Quail, PH Whitelam, GC AF Devlin, PF Somers, DE Quail, PH Whitelam, GC TI The Brassica rapa elongated internode (EIN) gene encodes phytochrome B SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Brassica rapa; ein; photomorphogenic mutant; PHYB; phytochrome ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; MUTANT LACKS; LIGHT; DEFICIENT; EXPRESSION; FAMILY; BIOSYNTHESIS; SEQUENCES; TOMATO AB The elongated internode (ein) mutation of Brassica rapa leads to a deficiency in immunochemically detectable phytochrome B. Molecular analysis of the PHYB gene from ein indicates a deletion in the flanking DNA 5' of the ATG start codon, which could interfere either with PHYB transcription or processing of the PHYB transcript. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and inverse PCR fragments generated from the PHYB gene of wild-type and ein seedlings demonstrate the deletion to be 500 bp in length. Seedlings of heterozygote, EIN/ein, contain about 50% of the level of immunochemically detectable phytochrome B of equivalent wild-type EIN/EIN seedlings. Etiolated seedlings of EIN/ein show a responsiveness to red light almost intermediate between that of ein/ein and EIN/EIN homozygotes. Furthermore, whereas the ein/ein homozygote is poorly responsive to low red/far-red ratio light, the presence of one functional allele of EIN in the tion response intermediate between that of the homozygotes EIN/EIN and ein/ein in these light conditions. The partial dominance of ein indicates a close relationship between phytochrome B level and phenotype. C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CELL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, USDA, CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS, ALBANY, CA 94710 USA. RP Devlin, PF (reprint author), UNIV LEICESTER, DEPT BOT, UNIV RD, LEICESTER LE1 7RH, LEICS, ENGLAND. RI Somers, David/A-9209-2010 NR 29 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 34 IS 3 BP 537 EP 547 DI 10.1023/A:1005880414931 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA XK290 UT WOS:A1997XK29000016 PM 9225864 ER PT J AU CraftsBrandner, SJ vandeLoo, FJ Salvucci, ME AF CraftsBrandner, SJ vandeLoo, FJ Salvucci, ME TI The two forms of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase differ in sensitivity to elevated temperature SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBULOSEBISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; OXYGENASE ACTIVASE; RUBISCO ACTIVASE; EXPRESSION; SPINACH; PROTEIN; HYDROLYSIS; BINDING; ATPASE; BARLEY AB Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase often consists of two polypeptides that arise from alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. In this study recombinant versions of the spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) 45- and 41-kD forms of activase were analyzed for their response to temperature. The temperature optimum for ATP hydrolysis by the 45-kD form was 45 degrees C, approximately 13 degrees C higher than the 41-kD form. When the two forms were mixed, the temperature response of the hybrid enzyme was similar to the 45-kD form. In the absence of adenine nucleotide, preincubation of either activase form at temperatures above 25 degrees C inactivated ATPase activity. Adenosine 5'-(gamma-thio)triphosphate, but not ADP, significantly enhanced the thermostability of the 45-kD form but was much less effective for the 41-kD form. Intrinsic fluorescence showed that the adenosine 5'-(gamma-thio)triphosphate-induced subunit aggregation was lost at a much lower temperature for the 41-kD than for the 45-kD form. However, the two activase forms were equally susceptible to limited proteolysis after heat treatment. The results indicate that (a) the 45-kD form is more thermostable than, and confers increased thermal stability to, the 41-kD form, and (b) a loss of subunit interactions, rather than enzyme denaturation, appears to be the initial cause of temperature inactivation of activase. RP CraftsBrandner, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 27 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 114 IS 2 BP 439 EP 444 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XE156 UT WOS:A1997XE15600007 ER PT J AU Roy, S Watada, AE Wergin, WP AF Roy, S Watada, AE Wergin, WP TI Characterization of the cell wall microdomain surrounding plasmodesmata in apple fruit SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PECTIN METHYL ESTERASE; TOMATO FRUIT; ULTRASTRUCTURAL-CHANGES; PLANT-CELLS; POLYAMINES; POLYGALACTURONASE; ESTERIFICATION; TRANSMISSION; MICROSCOPY; CELLULOSE AB In fleshy fruits ripening is generally associated with a loss in tissue firmness resulting from depolymerization of wall components and separation of adjacent cells. In the regions of the wall that contain plasmodesmata, the usual sequences of ripening events, i.e. depolymerization of the middle lamellae and splitting of the walls, are not observed. In the present study we attempted to characterize in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit the structural microdomain of the cell wall that surrounds the plasmodesmata by in mure visualization of the cell wall components. Anionic sites of galacturonic acids were labeled with cationic gold. Low-esterified homogalacturonans were labeled with the monoclonal antibody JIM 5. In addition, a polyclonal antibody directed toward beta(1 --> 3)-glucopyranose was used to target callose in situ. The results indicated that the plasmodesmata-wall complexes were surrounded by a pectic microdomain. This domain was composed of low-esterified homogalacturonans that were not involved in calcium cross-bridging but were probably surrounded by a cationic environment. These structural features may result in the prevention of normal cell wall separation in regions containing plasmodesmata. However, observations by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy suggested that splitting of these walls ruptured the plasmodesmata and ultimately resulted in the spatial separation of adjacent cells. C1 USDA ARS,ELECTRON MICROSCOPY LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Roy, S (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 51 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 114 IS 2 BP 539 EP 547 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XE156 UT WOS:A1997XE15600018 ER PT J AU Lilley, RM Portis, AR AF Lilley, RM Portis, AR TI ATP hydrolysis activity and polymerization state of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase activase - Do the effects of Mg2+, K+, and activase concentrations indicate a functional similarity to actin? SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBULOSE-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; RUBISCO ACTIVASE; BINDING PROTEINS; 1,5-BISPHOSPHATE; SPINACH; CHLOROPLASTS; PURIFICATION; EXPRESSION; DOMAIN; LEAVES AB The ATPase activity and fluorescence of ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) activase were determined over a range of MgCl2, KCl, and activase concentrations. Both salts promoted ADP release from ATP and intrinsic fluorescence enhancement by adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio] triphosphate, but Mg2+ was about 10 times more effective than K+. ATPase and fluorescence enhancement both increased from zero to saturation within the same Mg2+ and K+ concentration ranges. At saturating concentrations (5 mM Mg2+ and 22 mM K+), the specific activity of ATPase (turnover time, about 1 s) and specific intrinsic fluorescence enhancement were maximal and unaffected by activase concentration above 1 mu M activase; below 1 mu M activase, both decreased sharply. These responses are remarkably similar to the behavior of actin. Intrinsic fluorescence enhancement of Rubisco activase reflects the extent of polymerization, showing that the smaller oligomer or monomer present in low-salt and activase concentrations is inactive in ATP hydrolysis. However, quenching of 1-anilinonapthaline-8-sulfonate fluorescence revealed that ADP and adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio] triphosphate bind equally well to activase at low- and high-salt concentrations. This is consistent with an actin-like mechanism requiring a dynamic equilibrium between monomer and oligomers for ATP hydrolysis. The specific activation rate of substrate-bound decarbamylated Rubisco decreased at activase concentrations below 1 mu M. This suggests that a large oligomeric form of activase, rather than a monomer, interacts with Rubisco when performing the release of bound ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate from the inactive enzyme. C1 USDA ARS,PHOTOSYNTHESIS RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Lilley, RM (reprint author), UNIV WOLLONGONG,DEPT BIOL SCI,NORTHFIELDS AVE,WOLLONGONG,NSW 2522,AUSTRALIA. RI Lilley, Ross/B-8127-2008 OI Lilley, Ross/0000-0002-4292-4629 NR 35 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 114 IS 2 BP 605 EP 613 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XE156 UT WOS:A1997XE15600026 ER PT J AU Smith, H Xu, Y Quail, PH AF Smith, H Xu, Y Quail, PH TI Antagonistic but complementary actions of phytochromes A and B allow optimum seedling de-etiolation SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FAR-RED RATIO; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; HYPOCOTYL GROWTH; LIGHT QUALITY; WILD-TYPE; ARABIDOPSIS; PERCEPTION; MUTANTS; RESPONSES; DEFICIENT AB Using dichromatic radiation, we show that the actions of phytochromes A and B (phyA and phyB) in Arabidopsis thaliana are antagonistic in mediating red and far-red radiation effects on seedling de-etiolation and yet act in a complementary manner to regulate de-etiolation, irrespective of spectral composition. At row phytochrome photoequilibria inhibition of hypocotyl extension was strong, because of the action of a far-red high-irradiance response mediated by phyA. At high phytochrome photoequilibria inhibition of hypocotyl extension was also strong, because of the action of phyB. At intermediate photoequilibria hypocotyl inhibition was less strong. In their natural environment, this dual action will strongly retard hypocotyl growth and promote cotyledon opening and expansion both in open daylight and under dense vegetation. Overlapping action by phyA and phyB will substantially promote de-etiolation in sparse vegetation. The antagonistic and complementary actions of phyA and phyB, therefore, allow the optimum regulation of seedling growth after emergence from the soil. C1 USDA,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Smith, H (reprint author), UNIV LEICESTER,DEPT BOT,UNIV RD,LEICESTER LE1 7RH,LEICS,ENGLAND. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM47475] NR 26 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 114 IS 2 BP 637 EP 641 DI 10.1104/pp.114.2.637 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XE156 UT WOS:A1997XE15600030 PM 9193095 ER PT J AU Clemons, CM Giacomin, AJ Koutsky, JA AF Clemons, CM Giacomin, AJ Koutsky, JA TI Dynamic fracture toughness of polypropylene reinforced with cellulose fiber SO POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Polymer Characterization (POLYCHAR-4) CY JAN, 1996 CL UNIV N TEXAS, DENTON, TX HO UNIV N TEXAS ID IMPACT; COMPOSITES; BEHAVIOR AB To better understand mechanisms of fracture under impact loading in cellulose-reinforced polypropylene, dynamic fracture analysis was performed based on linear elastic fracture mechanics. Dynamic critical energy release rates and dynamic critical stress intensity factors were deduced from instrumented Charpy impact test measurements. Dynamic fracture toughness increased with cellulose content. However, the assumption of linear elasticity began to break down for cellulose fiber contents exceeding 40% by weight. Scanning electron microscopy showed considerable fiber curl in the composites, especially at low fiber contents; at high fiber contents, composites developed a three-layer structure. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT MECH ENGN,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,RHEOL RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT CHEM ENGN,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Clemons, CM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,USDA,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. OI Giacomin, Jeffrey/0000-0002-3561-0349 NR 10 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06804-0403 SN 0032-3888 J9 POLYM ENG SCI JI Polym. Eng. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1012 EP 1018 DI 10.1002/pen.11746 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA XG325 UT WOS:A1997XG32500012 ER PT J AU Bayyari, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC AF Bayyari, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC TI Variation in toe-web response of turkey poults to phytohemagglutinin-P and their resistance to Escherichia coli challenge SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE turkey osteomyelitis complex; hypersensitivity; Escherichia coli; air sacculitis; pericarditis ID NEWCASTLE-DISEASE VIRUS; SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES; GENETIC-VARIATION; PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA; GROWTH DEPRESSION; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; BROILER-CHICKENS; SKIN-TEST; SELECTION; HYPERSENSITIVITY AB One thousand 5-wk-old male turkeys from each of two commercial strains (A and B) were grouped into low, medium, and high responders based on the cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) response obtained 24 h after toe-web inoculation with 100 mu g of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P). The CBH response for Strain A was higher than strain B (P = 0.00001) and ranged from 0 to 1.95 mm, with a mean of 0.66, whereas the CBH response for Strain B ranged from 0 to 1.67 mm with a mean of 0.38. At 6 wk of age, 36 birds from each of the six response groups were inoculated into the left thoracic air sac with 1.5 x 10(7) cfu of an early log phase broth culture of Escherichia coli. Samples of 5 or 10 birds were necropsied from each of the six groups at 7, 14, 28, and 42 d postinfection (PI). Birds were scored for air-sacculitis/pericarditis (AS) and turkey osteomyelitis complex (TOC). Overall mortality of birds inoculated with E. coli was 31%. There were no mortalities in unchallenged controls. Strain A had significantly higher Week 1 mortality, marginally higher overall mortality (P = 0.1), and higher AS scores than Strain B. There were no TOC lesions detected until 7 d PI, after which all mortalities had TOC lesions in multiple sites. The differences in CBH response within each strain were not clearly correlated to E. coli susceptibility. However, these data suggest that air sac inoculation of E. coli can provide a useful model for the study of TOC. The greater incidence of disease in Strain A indicates that an enhanced inflammatory response may increase susceptibility to E. coli septicemia. RP Bayyari, GR (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS,USDA ARS,POULTRY PROD & PROD SAFETY RES,POULTRY SCI CTR,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701, USA. NR 38 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 791 EP 797 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XC563 UT WOS:A1997XC56300001 PM 9181609 ER PT J AU Gast, RK Porter, RE Holt, PS AF Gast, RK Porter, RE Holt, PS TI Assessing the sensitivity of egg yolk antibody testing for detecting Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella enteritidis; chicken; eggs; antibodies ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SEROLOGICAL DETECTION; FLOCKS; IDENTIFICATION; OUTBREAKS; CHICKENS; POULTRY; ELISA AB The identification of infected commercial poultry flocks has become a pivotal component of efforts to reduce the incidence of egg-associated transmission of Salmonella enteritidis to humans. To assess the sensitivity with which testing for specific antibodies in egg yolks can be applied to detect S. enteritidis infection in laying chickens, groups of hens were orally inoculated with either 10(3), 10(5), or 10(7) cfu of a phage type 13a strain of S. enteritidis. Eggs from these hens were collected for 4 wk after inoculation and yolk samples were tested for antibodies to S. enteritidis flagella by ELISA. All hens that were inoculated with 10(7) cfu of S. enteritidis were detected as infected by the egg yolk ELISA when eggs were tested individually, as were up to 66 and 35% of hens inoculated with 10(5) or 10(3) cfu, respectively. Even when yolks from infected hens were diluted 1:10 in yolk from uninfected hens, specific antibodies could still be found in eggs from 31% of hens given 10(7) cfu of S. enteritidis and 13% of hens given 10(3) cfu. These results demonstrate that egg yolk antibody testing can provide a highly sensitive indication of prior exposure to S. enteritidis, and should accordingly be useful for verifying the effectiveness of programs designed to reduce the incidence of S. enteritidis infection in poultry. C1 PURDUE UNIV,ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Gast, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,934 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 20 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 798 EP 801 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XC563 UT WOS:A1997XC56300002 PM 9181610 ER PT J AU Augustine, PC McNaughton, JL Virtanen, E Rosi, L AF Augustine, PC McNaughton, JL Virtanen, E Rosi, L TI Effect of betaine on the growth performance of chicks inoculated with mixed cultures of avian Eimeria species and on invasion and development of Eimeria tenella and Eimeria acervulina in vitro and in vivo SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE betaine; coccidiosis; growth performance; chicken; parasite development ID GLYCINE BETAINE; ANTIBODIES AB At 7 d postinoculation (DPI) with a mixed culture of avian Eimeria species, 21-d-old chicks maintained in batteries and floor pens on a diet containing 0.15% (3 lb/ton) betaine plus 66 ppm (60 g/ton) salinomycin were significantly heavier and had significantly lower feed conversion ratios and mortality than chicks fed diets containing 0.15% betaine or 66 ppm salinomycin alone, or the control diet. At 31 DPI, when the chicks were 45 d old, the differences between the diet groups were not as great as at 7 DPI. In vitro, except at high concentrations, betaine was nontoxic to sporozoites of Eimeria tenella or Eimeria acervulina and had little effect on their invasion and development in cultured cells. In vivo, invasion by E. tenella and E. acervulina sporozoites was significantly reduced in all chicks fed diets containing betaine or salinomycin compared with that in control chicks. There was a significant interaction between betaine and salinomycin that impacted on invasion by both species. Overall development of E. tenella did not appear to be adversely affected by addition of betaine to diets containing salinomycin. Conversely, development of E. acervulina was reduced in chicks fed diets containing 0.075% (1.5 lb/ton) betaine plus 66 ppm salinomycin as compared with that in chicks fed salinomycin alone. C1 FINNSUGAR BIOPROD,HELSINKI,FINLAND. PARC INST INC,EASTON,MD 21601. RP Augustine, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 802 EP 809 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XC563 UT WOS:A1997XC56300003 PM 9181611 ER PT J AU Allen, PC AF Allen, PC TI Nitric oxide production during Eimeria tenella infections in chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Eimeria tenella; chicken; nitric oxide; inflammatory reaction ID ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; SYNTHASE; AMINOGUANIDINE; EXPRESSION; NITRATE AB The objective of this study was to gather evidence for production of nitric oxide (NO) during a primary infection with the protozoan parasite Eimeria tenella, which carries out its life cycle in the ceca of chickens. Relationships of plasma levels of NO2- + NO3-, stable metabolites of NO, with parasite dose and with time after infection were examined, as well as effects of administration of aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Inoculation with 5 x 10(4) and 1 x 10(6) but not 1 x 10(3) oocysts per chick caused significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) increases in micromolar concentrations of plasma NO3- + NO3- when measured at 7 d postinoculation (PI). In chickens inoculated with 5 x 10(4) oocysts, significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) increases in plasma NO2- + NO3- were seen at 5 and 7 but not 3 d PI. Daily intraperitoneal administration of 1.25 mg per chick aminoguanidine during the period of infection did not lower the increases in plasma NO2- + NO3- seen at 5 and 7 d PI, and did not affect the degree of colonization of the cecal tissue by the parasite. However, administration of aminoguanidine did alter the gross appearance of the ceca, which were less swollen and filled with blood at 5 and 7 d PI as compared with ceca from untreated chickens. Hemorrhage is a major pathological manifestation of E. tenella infections, associated with the disruption of the cecal mucosa by the developing parasite. The results of this experiment are consistent with the hypothesis that an aminoguanidine-inhibitable NO synthase, perhaps in the vascular endothelium of the cecal blood vessels, may contribute to hemorrhage by causing vasodilation. RP Allen, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 19 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 810 EP 813 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XC563 UT WOS:A1997XC56300004 PM 9181612 ER PT J AU Allen, PC AF Allen, PC TI Production of free radical species during Eimeria maxima infections in chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE poultry; coccidiosis; superoxide; nitric oxide ID NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; L-ARGININE; PHAGOCYTIC-CELLS; IN-VIVO; MACROPHAGES; SUPEROXIDE; INHIBITION; NITRATE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AB Five experiments were conducted to investigate the production of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O-2(-)) during infections of chickens with the coccidial parasite, Eimeria maxima, in order to assess the importance of these free radical species in the pathogenesis of the infections. Nitric oxide production was estimated by analyzing NO2- + NO3-, stable metabolites of NO, in the plasma and intestinal mucosa. The potential for O-2(-) production was estimated from activities of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in mucosal homogenates. Levels of NO2- + NO3- reached maximum values at about 6 d postinoculation, a time when mucosal damage was high and oocysts were being shed. The activity of NADPH oxidase in infected mucosa was also increased. Thus, at that time, there was a potential for oxidative destruction of mucosal tissue from these free radicals and their reaction products. Levels of NO2- + NO3- did not increase in a stepwise manner with increasing infective dose, suggesting that production of NO may be regulated post-transcriptionally by other factors elaborated by the immune response to infection, or may be controlled by substrate limitations. A comparison of two E. maxima strains indicated that the virulence of a strain was not directly related to NO production. Increased production of O-2(-) due to increased NADPH oxidase activity during infection may cause a reduction in levels of carotenoid pigments that is unrelated to malabsorption. RP Allen, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 47 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 814 EP 821 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XC563 UT WOS:A1997XC56300005 PM 9181613 ER PT J AU Allen, PC Danforth, H Levander, OA AF Allen, PC Danforth, H Levander, OA TI Interaction of dietary flaxseed with coccidia infections in chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE poultry; coccidiosis; n-3 fatty acids; flaxseed; oxidative stress ID PLASMA NITRITE INCREASES; EIMERIA; NITRATE; EGGS AB Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of diets containing n-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) from whole as well as ground flaxseed on the performance of broilers during coccidia infections. Diets were fed from 1 d of age through 3 wk of age. Chickens were infected with coccidia at 2 wk of age and the effects of infection assessed at 6 d postinfection. The first experiment contrasted effects of several high n-3FA-containing diets, including one supplemented with whole flaxseed, on infections with Eimeria tenella or Eimeria maxima. Infected chickens that consumed the flaxseed-supplemented diet had the lowest weight gains, but they were not significantly different from gains of infected chickens on the control diet. Diets supplemented with 5% menhaden oil or 15% flaxseed significantly reduced lesions caused by E. tenella, but had no effect on lesions caused by E. maxima. In a second experiment, diets supplemented with 5 or 10% ground flaxseed were assessed for effects on the performance of broilers infected with three dose levels (500, 5,000, or 50,000 oocysts) of E. maxima. Neither flaxseed diet protected weight gain during infection with 50,000 oocysts. However, a 5% flax diet protected weight gains in chickens infected with 500 or 5,000 oocysts. Diets supplemented with 5 or 10% ground flaxseed exacerbated lesions in chickens infected with 5,000 or 50,000 E. maxima oocysts compared to the control diet. Thus, diets containing high amounts of n-3 fatty acids do not affect the development of all Eimeria sp. in the same manner. The oxidative stress produced by these diets may more adversely affect development of E. tenella, which infects the relatively oxygen-poor ceca, whereas it does not affect development of E. maxima which parasitizes the middle portion of the small intestine. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR CTR,NUTR REQUIREMENTS & FUNCT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Allen, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 27 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 7 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 822 EP 827 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XC563 UT WOS:A1997XC56300006 PM 9181614 ER PT J AU Queen, WH Christensen, VL May, JD AF Queen, WH Christensen, VL May, JD TI Supplemental thyroid hormones and molting in turkey breeder hens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE molting; turkey; thyroid hormones; triiodothyronine; thyroxine ID PROLACTIN; GROWTH; CYCLE; SERUM AB The objective of the current study was to determine whether thyroid physiology may affect molting time in turkeys. Two trials using approximately 144 hens were conducted to elucidate thyroidal factors that limit the molting process. Thyroid hormones or a thyroid blocker (thiouracil) were given to the hens during a molt by supplementing the diet with thyroxine (T-4), triiodothyronine (T-3), or thiouracil. Supplementing with T-4 reduced the number of days to return to egg production, whereas supplementing with thiouracil or T-3 prolonged days to first egg. The observations support previous suggestions of separate functions for T-3 and T-4 during molting. As had been observed many times previously, the feeding of thiouracil delayed the molt but did not completely stop the molting process. The hens fed thiouracil returned to 50% egg production nearly 10 d after the control group, whereas T-3 prolonged the return to 50% egg production nearly 1 wk later. The data indicate the endogenous low levels of T-4, but not T-3 in modern strains of turkeys may contribute to a relatively longer molting period of turkey breeder hens induced to molt out of season. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT POULTRY SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. USDA ARS,S CENT POULTRY RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 887 EP 893 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XC563 UT WOS:A1997XC56300016 PM 9181624 ER PT J AU McMurtry, JP Brocht, DM AF McMurtry, JP Brocht, DM TI Developmental changes in embryonic and extra-embryonic insulin-like growth factor-I tissue concentrations in the turkey embryo SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE insulin-like growth factor-I; embryo; allantois; chorioallantoic membrane ID IGF-I; DOMESTIC-FOWL; CHICKEN; DIFFERENTIATION; HORMONE; CELLS; GENE; EXPRESSION; PARACRINE; AUTOCRINE AB The ontogeny of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) embryonic and extra-embryonic tissue concentrations were determined in the developing turkey embryo. At 2-d intervals, starting on Day 6 of incubation, individual tissues (n = 8 for each stage of incubation) were removed, weighed, pulverized, and extracted in 1 M acetic acid for IGF-I determination. Amniotic and allantoic fluid were collected starting on Day 8, serum on Day 12, and analyzed for IGF-I levels. Serum IGF-I levels were the lowest on Days 12 and 28 of incubation (5.9 and 9.5 ng/mL), respectively, and the highest on Day 20 (16.2 ng/mL). Allantoic and amniotic fluid IGF-I concentrations were essentially unchanged during incubation. Extra-embryonic tissue IGF-I levels increased in both the yolk sac and chorioallantoic membranes as incubation advanced with concentrations being 8- to 10-fold greater in the chorioallantois. Embryo tissue IGF-I concentrations varied greatly with regard to tissue and stage of development. Brain IGF-I levels were the highest on Day 8 and lowest on Day 26 (423 vs 35 pg/mg protein, respectively). Tissue IGF-I pattern in the heart mirrored that of brain. Liver IGF-I was low (< 40 pg/mg protein) from Day 10 to 20 and undetectable on Days 22 to 28. Muscle IGF-I levels were similar in the final days of development to those observed in early incubation. Bone IGF-I levels were highest in mid-incubation and lowest on Day 26. Peptide levels in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) tract and gizzard were dissimilar in that IGF-I was elevated in the GI tract in early incubation and declined with advancing incubation, whereas gizzard IGF-I levels peaked in late incubation. It is apparent that tissue synthesis of IGF-I is differentially regulated within a given tissue and stage of incubation during embryogenesis in the turkey embryo. RP McMurtry, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 76 IS 6 BP 894 EP 900 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XC563 UT WOS:A1997XC56300017 PM 9181625 ER PT J AU Grohmann, K Bothast, RJ AF Grohmann, K Bothast, RJ TI Saccharification of corn fibre by combined treatment with dilute sulphuric acid and enzymes SO PROCESS BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE corn fibre; cellulase; glucoamylase; fermentation; ethanol; Escherichia coli KO11 ID RECOMBINANT ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ZYMOMONAS-MOBILIS GENES; WOOD-DERIVED INHIBITORS; ETHANOL-PRODUCTION; FERMENTATION; PERFORMANCE; CELLULASE; POLYSACCHARIDES; 2,3-BUTANEDIOL; DEGRADATION AB Corn fibre is a co-product of the corn wet milling industry which is usually marketed as a low value animal feed ingredient. Approximately 4.7 x 10(6) dry tons of this material are produced annually in the United States. The fibre is composed of kernel cell wall fractions and residual starch which can all potentially be hydrolysed to a mixture of glucose, xylose, arabinose and galactose. A sequential saccharification of polysaccharides in corn fibre by a treatment with dilute sulphuric acid at 100-160 degrees C followed by partial neutralization and enzymic hydrolysis with mixed cellulase and amyloglucosidase enzymes at 45 degrees C was investigated. The sequential treatment achieved a high (approximately 85%) conversion of all polysaccharides in the corn fibre to monomeric sugars. These hydrolysates were in most cases fermentable to ethanol by the recombinant bacterium Escherichia coli KO11. C1 USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. RP Grohmann, K (reprint author), USDA, CITRUS & SUBTROP PROD LAB, 600 AVE S, NW, WINTER HAVEN, FL 33881 USA. NR 43 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-5113 J9 PROCESS BIOCHEM JI Process Biochem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 405 EP 415 DI 10.1016/S0032-9592(96)00095-7 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Chemical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering GA WY490 UT WOS:A1997WY49000007 ER PT J AU Coutinho, PM Dowd, MK Reilly, PJ AF Coutinho, PM Dowd, MK Reilly, PJ TI Automated docking of glucosyl disaccharides in the glucoamylase active site SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND GENETICS LA English DT Article DE AutoDock; cellobioside; disaccharide; docking; gentiobioside; glucoamylase; kojibioside; maltoside; nigeroside; simulated annealing; trehalose ID ASPERGILLUS-NIGER GLUCOAMYLASE; AWAMORI VAR X100; ENZYME AMYLOGLUCOSIDASE AMG; MM3 FORCE-FIELD; CONFORMATIONAL-ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; REFINED STRUCTURE; 2.2-ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; 2.4-ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY AB To better understand the molecular basis of glucomylase selectivity, low-energy conformers of glucosyl disaccharides obtained from relaxed-residue conformational mapping were flexibly docked into the glucoamylase active site using AutoDock 2.2. This procedure ensures that significant conformational space is searched and can produce bound structures comparable to those obtained by protein crystallography, alpha-linked glucosyl disaccharides except alpha,alpha-trehalose dock easily into the active site while exclusively beta-linked disaccharides do not, explaining why only the former are glucoamylase substrates. The optimized docking modes are similar at the nonreducing end of the different substrates. Individual atomic energies of intermolecular interaction allow the definite identification of key hydroxyl groups for each substrate. This approach confirmed the versatility of the second subsite of the glucoamylase active site in binding different substrates. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT CHEM ENGN,AMES,IA 50011. USDA,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. RI Coutinho, Pedro/C-4473-2008 NR 59 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PD JUN PY 1997 VL 28 IS 2 BP 162 EP 173 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA XD037 UT WOS:A1997XD03700005 PM 9188734 ER PT J AU Kurihara, N Miyamoto, J Paulson, GD Zeeh, B Skidmore, MW Hollingworth, RM Kuiper, HA AF Kurihara, N Miyamoto, J Paulson, GD Zeeh, B Skidmore, MW Hollingworth, RM Kuiper, HA TI IUPAC reports on pesticides .37. Chirality in synthetic agrochemicals: Bioactivity and safety consideration SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Excitonic Processes in Condensed Matter (EXCON 96) CY 1996 CL KURORT GOHRISCH, GERMANY SP Int Union Pure & Appl Chem, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys ID OPTICAL ISOMERS; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ENANTIOTOPIC SELECTIVITY; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; ACID; ENANTIOMERS; METABOLISM; STEREOSELECTIVITY; FENITROTHION AB Most synthetic agrochemicals with chiral structures are marketed as racemates even though the desired biological activity may be derived from only one enantiopure isomer. However some synthetic agrochemicals such as pyrethroid insecticides, aryloxypropanoate herbicides and triazole fungicides are marketed as the most biologically active enantiopure isomer. Numerous reports describing the relative biological activities, preparations and analyses of enantiopure agrochemicals are available. Some examples of how different enantiomers in racemates are selectively metabolized have also been reported. When agrochemicals have chiral structures, efforts should be made to define the mode of action, elucidate metabolic pathways and to define the human and environmental toxicity of each enantiopure isomer. If there are large differences in the biological activities of individual enantiomers in racemates, it is desirable to develop and use only the enantiopure isomer with the highest sought-after biological activities. C1 SUMITOMO CHEM CO LTD,OSAKA 541,JAPAN. ARS,USDA,FARGO,ND 58105. BASF AG,AGR RES STN,D-67114 LIMBURGERHOF,GERMANY. ZENECA AGROCHEM,BRACKNELL RG42 6EY,BERKS,ENGLAND. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,PESTICIDE RES CTR,E LANSING,MI 48824. STATE INST QUAL CONTROL AGR PROD,RIKULT DLO,WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. KYOTO UNIV,RADIOISOTOPE RES CTR,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN. RI Moreira, Eder/B-2309-2010 NR 96 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 69 IS 6 BP 1335 EP 1348 DI 10.1351/pac199769061335 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA XM969 UT WOS:A1997XM96900016 ER PT J AU Walters, C Ried, JL WalkerSimmons, MK AF Walters, C Ried, JL WalkerSimmons, MK TI Heat-soluble proteins extracted from wheat embryos have tightly bound sugars and unusual hydration properties SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Desiccation Tolerance and Sensitivity of Seeds and Vegetative Plant Tissues CY JAN 06-11, 1997 CL FRANSCHHOEK, SOUTH AFRICA SP Int Plant Genet Resources Inst (IPGRI) DE desiccation tolerance; glass; heat-soluble protein; isotherm; late embryogenesis abundant; LEA protein; sugar; sucrose; water binding ID DESICCATION TOLERANCE; ABSCISIC-ACID; MATURATION PROTEINS; STABLE PROTEINS; SEEDS; EXPRESSION; SEEDLINGS; AXES AB Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins accumulate in developing seeds prior to maturation drying and are presumed to help protect embryos from desiccation stress. The unusual solubility properties of these proteins, such as resistance to heat coagulation, have led to suggestions that they alter the hydration properties of cellular constituents. Hydration characteristics and water potential range at which wheat heat-soluble LEA proteins were expressed have been determined. Levels of heat-soluble proteins decline in germinating seeds but can be induced by dehydration (psi less than or equal to -0.5 MPa) in crown meristematic tissue that is desiccation tolerant. The heat-soluble extract from mature wheat embryos contained proteins and sugars at about a 1:1 (w/w) ratio. Only about half of the sugars could be removed by exhaustive dialysis; the rest appeared to be tightly associated with the proteins. The water sorption characteristics of undialysed and dialysed heat-soluble protein/sugar fractions were compared with other water-soluble proteins (bovine serum albumin, lysozyme or gluten) and with sucrose. At relative humidities greater than 50%, the amount of water absorbed by protein-sugar mixes was a function of the sugar content. For the same sugar content, the heat-soluble protein preparation absorbed 2-3 times more water than a lysozymes/sucrose preparation. The rate at which heat-soluble protein fractions dried was also different to desorption rates of lysozyme/sucrose mixes. While lysozyme/sucrose mixtures dried either very rapidly (within 20 min) or very slowly (about 2 months) depending on the sugar content, desorption rates of the heat soluble protein-sugar preparations were intermediate (2-10 days) and modulated by sugar concentration. Based on the presumption that the hydrophilic properties of LEA heat-soluble proteins are important to their function, it is suggested that these proteins function to control drying so that cells stay at critical water potentials for the proper time. In this respect, the heat-soluble LEA proteins do not prevent desiccation, but serve as hydration buffers. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, USDA, ARS, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. RP Walters, C (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NATL SEED STORAGE LAB, 1111 S MASON ST, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 USA. NR 33 TC 34 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 7 IS 2 BP 125 EP 134 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XH017 UT WOS:A1997XH01700008 ER PT J AU Farrant, JM Pammenter, NW Berjak, P Walters, C AF Farrant, JM Pammenter, NW Berjak, P Walters, C TI Subcellular organization and metabolic activity during the development of seeds that attain different levels of desiccation tolerance SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Desiccation Tolerance and Sensitivity of Seeds and Vegetative Plant Tissues CY JAN 06-11, 1997 CL FRANSCHHOEK, SOUTH AFRICA SP Int Plant Genet Resources Inst (IPGRI) DE desiccation tolerance; development; orthodox; recalcitrant; seed ID RECALCITRANT HOMOIOHYDROUS SEEDS; AVICENNIA-MARINA; LANDOLPHIA-KIRKII; GERMINATION; DEHYDRATION; SENSITIVITY; MATURATION; STORAGE; WATER; VIERH AB Water contents, desiccation tolerance, respiratory rates and subcellular characteristics of three contrasting seed types were studied during development. Avicennia marina (a tropical wetland species) and Aesculus hippocastanum (a temperate species) produce recalcitrant seeds and Phaseolus vulgaris produces orthodox seeds. During development, A. hippocastanum and P. vulgaris seeds showed a decline in water content and respiration rate with a concomitant increase in desiccation tolerance. These parameters did not change during the development of A. marina seeds once they had become germinable. There was a decrease in the degree of vacuolation and an increase in the deposition of insoluble reserves in A. hippocastanum and P. vulgaris seeds, while A. marina seeds remained highly vacuolated and did not accumulate insoluble reserves. Mitochondria and endomembranes degenerated during the development of A. hippocastanum and P. vulgaris seeds, but remained unchanged in A. marina seeds. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that extensive vacuolation and high metabolic rates contribute to desiccation sensitivity. However, the development of recalcitrant A. hippocastanum seeds is similar to that of orthodox P. vulgaris seeds. These data are in accord with the concept of seed recalcitrance being a consequence of truncated development. The results suggest that there may be three categories of seeds: orthodox seeds which develop desiccation tolerance, seeds which show similar development to orthodox seeds, but are shed before desiccation tolerance is well developed, and seeds which show no developmental trends giving rise to increased tolerance. C1 UNIV NATAL, DEPT BIOL, ZA-4041 DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA. UNIV CAPE TOWN, DEPT BOT, ZA-7700 RONDEBOSCH, SOUTH AFRICA. AGR RES SERV, USDA, NATL SEED STORAGE LAB, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 USA. RI Pammenter, Norman/E-9357-2010; Berjak, Patricia/E-9362-2010 NR 29 TC 54 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 10 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 7 IS 2 BP 135 EP 144 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XH017 UT WOS:A1997XH01700009 ER PT J AU Morgan, RN Alvernaz, J Arthur, L Hanna, WW OziasAkins, P AF Morgan, RN Alvernaz, J Arthur, L Hanna, WW OziasAkins, P TI Genetic characterization and floral development of female sterile and stubby head, two aposporous mutants of pearl millet SO SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE agamospermy; apomixis; apospory; floral development; mutant; Pennisetum glaucum ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; OVULE DEVELOPMENT; NUMBER AB Apomixis has never been reported in natural populations of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.], although many wild relatives of pearl miller are obligate or facultative aposporous apomicts. Four-nucleate aposporous embryo sacs are formed from somatic cells of the nucellus that do not undergo meiosis. Two mutants of pearl miller, female sterile (fs) and stubby head, have two developmental characteristics in common: a significant reduction in head length compared with the wild-type and the formation of aposporous embryo sacs. Reproductive development in fs and stubby head mutants was examined in depth because of the potential for illuminating basic cellular or developmental factors that may function to alter embryo sac development. Genetic analysis of stubby head showed that this phenotype is conferred by genes at two loci linked in coupling within 29 cM. Crosses between fs and stubby head mutants showed that, despite the similarities in phenotypes, the mutations are at different loci. The mutants differ from wild-type in their inflorescence structure from the time of initiation of spikelet primordia through terminal differentiation of the ovule. Both mutations could be categorized as meristic, since a change in inflorescence branch or organ number was common and gynoecium development varied. We speculate that heterochronic development of the floral meristem and organ initiation/specification programs may be the underlying mechanism for phenotypic changes in these mutants throughout the floral phase. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,DEPT HORT,TIFTON,GA 31793. UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,TIFTON,GA 31793. UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,USDA ARS,TIFTON,GA 31793. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0934-0882 J9 SEX PLANT REPROD JI Sex. Plant Reprod. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 10 IS 3 BP 127 EP 135 DI 10.1007/s004970050079 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology SC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology GA XN936 UT WOS:A1997XN93600001 ER PT J AU Park, KK Goetsch, AL Johnson, ZB Rossi, JE AF Park, KK Goetsch, AL Johnson, ZB Rossi, JE TI Temporal net flux pattern of nutrients across splanchnic tissues in wethers consuming different forages SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sheep; metabolism; forage; N net flux; splanchnic oxygen consumption ID WHITE CLOVER; SHEEP; BEHAVIOR; MONOCULTURES; RYEGRASS; ENERGY AB Wethers consumed alfalfa, ryegrass-wheat or bermudagrass hay three times daily (8 h feeding interval), In Experiment 1 (ad libitum intake), DE intake was 2.96, 3.29 and 2.40 Meal day(-1) (SE 0.316), and digestible N intake was 17.7, 10.2 and 5.5 g day(-1) (SE 0.99) for alfalfa, ryegrass-wheat and bermudagrass, respectively. Splanchnic oxygen consumption over an 8 h period was affected (P = 0.05) by a treatment by time post-feeding interaction because of a similar interaction (P = 0.08) in hepatic oxygen consumption. Alpha-amino N release by the portal-drained viscera was greater for alfalfa versus grasses and differed (P < 0.01) among times. Ammonia N release by the portal-drained viscera was affected by a treatment by rime interaction. In Experiment 2 (2% of BW DM intake), portal-drained viscera oxygen consumption did not differ (P > 0.10) with time post-feeding, and portal-drained viscera ammonia N release exhibited (P = 0.07) a treatment by time interaction. In conclusion, alfalfa consumed ad libitum resulted in a different temporal pattern of splanchnic bed oxygen consumption than ryegrass-wheat or bermudagrass, but it did not appear that high oxygen consumption early after feeding alfalfa impacted subsequent oxygen use. Samples should be taken throughout an 8 h feeding interval, particularly early after feeding, to assess average net flux of nutrients across splanchnic tissues over the interval with ad libitum consumption or with a moderately restricted level of feed intake. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS,DALE BUMPERS SMALL FARM RES CTR,USDA,BOONEVILLE,AR 72927. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT ANIM SCI,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 107 EP 118 DI 10.1016/S0921-4488(96)00979-0 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XH338 UT WOS:A1997XH33800002 ER PT J AU Goetsch, AL Patil, AR Wang, ZS Park, KK Galloway, DL Rossi, JE Kouakou, B AF Goetsch, AL Patil, AR Wang, ZS Park, KK Galloway, DL Rossi, JE Kouakou, B TI Net flux of nutrients across splanchnic tissues in wethers consuming bermudagrass or ryegrass-wheat hay supplemented with rumen undegradable protein SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sheep; metabolism; rumen undegradable protein; forage ID OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; CONCENTRATE DIET; BIG BLUESTEM; BEEF STEERS; WARM-SEASON; AD-LIBITUM; SHEEP; CATTLE; GRASS; DEGRADATION AB Crossbred wethers (14, 37 +/- 1.5 kg BW and 10 months old) were used in a 21-day experiment (2 x 2 factorial) to determine effects of dietary grass source (tropical vs temperate) on response to rumen undegradable protein supplementation in oxygen consumption by, and net flux of N fractions across, the portal-drained viscera and liver, Bermudagrass (B; 73.1% NDF and 6.2% CP) or ryegrass-wheat (RW; 65.9% NDF and 8.9% CP) hay was supplemented with 53 g day(-1) (DM) of soybean meal (S) or 53 g day(-1) (DM) of soybean meal plus 70 g day(-1) (DM) of a mixture of feedstuffs high in rumen undegradable protein (SR; 46.6% corn gluten, 26.7% feather and 26.7% blood meals). Digestible energy intake (9.1, 10.0, 11.3 and 12.1 MJ day(-1)) was greater (P < 0.01) for RW than for B, and N intake was 12.5, 21.5, 16.5 and 25.3 g day(-1) (SE 1.08) for B-S, B-SR, RW-S and RW-SR, respectively. Splanchnic energy use as a percentage of DE intake was less (P = 0.03) for RW vs B (21.4 vs 27.8%), Supplementation with SR increased (P = 0.04) alpha-amino N release by the portal-drained viscera (6.6, 22.0, 9.8 and 20.6 mmol h(-1)) and hepatic uptake (10.9, 25.6, 11.2 and 14.3 mmol h(-1) for B-S, B-SR, RW-S and RW-SR, respectively; SE 2.29). Supplementation with SR increased (P <0.01) hepatic urea N release (26.7, 48.4, 29.0 and 41.8 mmol h(-1)) and ammonia N uptake (17.3, 29.7, 23.3 and 26.6 mmol h(-1) for B-S, B-SR, RW-S and RW-SR, respectively) more (interaction; P = 0.09 and 0.08, respectively) with B than with RW, In conclusion, these results indicate that DE intake and splanchnic energy consumption for tropical and temperate grasses may influence metabolic fate of rumen undegradable protein N and, thus, impact potential performance benefits of supplementation. Also, unless forage intake is changed, any improvements in animal performance with rumen undegradable protein supplementation would be through increased N absorption without change in energy available to peripheral tissues, regardless of grass source, (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT ANIM SCI,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. RP Goetsch, AL (reprint author), ARS,DALE BUMPERS SMALL FARMS RES CTR,USDA,BOONEVILLE,AR 72927, USA. NR 38 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 119 EP 128 DI 10.1016/S0921-4488(96)00981-9 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XH338 UT WOS:A1997XH33800003 ER PT J AU Simunek, J vanGenuchten, MT AF Simunek, J vanGenuchten, MT TI Estimating unsaturated soil hydraulic properties from multiple tension disc infiltrometer data SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STEP OUTFLOW EXPERIMENTS; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; INVERSE METHOD; CONDUCTIVITY; TRANSPORT; MODEL; EQUATION; WATER; FLOW AB In a previous study, we showed that the cumulative infiltration rate measured with a tension disc infiltrometer at one particular tension does not provide enough information to estimate van Genuchten's soil-hydraulic parameters by numerical inversion of the Richards equation. In this paper we analyze the possibility of using cumulative infiltration rates obtained at several consecutive tensions for the purpose of estimating soil hydraulic parameters, We also investigate whether additional, easily obtainable information improves identifiability of the unknown parameters, The study is carried out using numerically generated data, The uniqueness problem was analyzed by studying the behavior of response surfaces in the optimized parameter planes, Our parameter estimation procedure combines the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear parameter optimization method with a quasi three-dimensional numerical model, HYDRUS-2D, which solves the variably-saturated flow equation, We found that the combination of multiple tension cumulative infiltration data with measured values of the initial and final water contents yielded unique solutions of the inverse problem for the unknown parameters. RP Simunek, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,450 W BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. RI Verbist, Koen/B-3029-2009; Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 31 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 23 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 162 IS 6 BP 383 EP 398 DI 10.1097/00010694-199706000-00001 PG 16 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XH323 UT WOS:A1997XH32300001 ER PT J AU Sadeghi, AM Isensee, AR AF Sadeghi, AM Isensee, AR TI Alachlor and cyanazine persistence in soil under different tillage and rainfall regimes SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; NO-TILLAGE; ATRAZINE; PESTICIDES; ADSORPTION; TRANSPORT; INTENSITY; RESIDUE; IMPACT AB Herbicide dissipation in soil has been reported extensively using soil cores/columns in the laboratory or in short-term held studies, but longterm persistence and movement under different tillage and year-to-year climatic differences have not been evaluates. We compared the persistence and movement of alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2, 6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl) acetamide] and cyanazine [2-{4-chloro-6-)ethylamino) 1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino}-2-methylpropanenitrile] in soil under no-till and conventional-till corn production plots that received equal amounts of herbicides from 1991 to 1994. Four large (two no-till and two conventional-till) field plots, established in 1986 to evaluate pesticide movement to groundwater, were used for this study. The tillage treatments for the respective field plots were reversed before the corn planting in 1993. Thus, the plots were 5- and 6-year-old no-till and conventional-till plots in 1991 and 1992, but only 1- and 2-year-old plots, respectively, in 1993 and 1994. Each year, after herbicide application, alachlor and cyanazine residues were determined at the soil surface, at time zero, and in the upper 50-cm soil profiles at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after application. For both herbicides, time zero recovery was about 90% of the amount applied. Over the 4-year period, the amount of herbicide intercepted by crop residue in the no-till plots ranged from 60 to 70% for alachlor and 43 to 55% for cyanazine. During the first 2 weeks after application, the amount of alachlor and cyanazine on crop residue decreased by an average (over 4 years) of 83 and 75%, respectively. Alachlor persisted in soil about 2 weeks longer than cyanazine, regardless of tillage practice, and overall persistence was nearly two times longer for the conventional-till than for the no-till. For all years, regardless of year-to-year rainfall differences, cyanazine leached deeper in the soil profile than alachlor under no-till, whereas the reverse was true under conventional-till. Yearly comparison of the influence of rainfall patterns on herbicide movement in soil during the first 2 weeks after application showed that the presence of macropores and more movement of water through soil do not necessarily result in more herbicide leaching. RP Sadeghi, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST NAT RESOURCES,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 162 IS 6 BP 430 EP 438 DI 10.1097/00010694-199706000-00005 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XH323 UT WOS:A1997XH32300005 ER PT J AU Unger, PW AF Unger, PW TI Management-induced aggregation and organic carbon concentrations in the surface layer of a Torrertic Paleustoll SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soil aggregation; dry aggregates; water-stable aggregates; soil organic carbon; no-tillage; stubble mulch tillage ID CULTIVATED GRASSLAND SOILS; TILLAGE SYSTEMS; NO-TILLAGE; CONVENTIONAL-TILLAGE; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; MATTER FRACTIONS; NITROGEN; STABILITY; DYNAMICS; DRYLAND AB Soil organic carbon concentrations (OCCs) decline when semiarid grasslands are brought under cultivation. As a result, soil aggregate size and stability may decline, which, with the decreases in OCC, may degrade soil quality and reduce crop yields. Effects of cropping systems, crop or field conditions, and tillage methods on dry and water-stable aggregation and OCCs in the surface layer of a Torrertic Paleustoll (Pullman clay loam) were determined. Samples were obtained from the 0-3-cm depth in plots of four dryland studies and three non-replicated field areas. Areas sampled ranged from those cropped to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) for over 20 years to grasslands converted to cropland in 1994. In general, soil aggregates were smaller and OCCs were greater with no-tillage (NT) than with stubble mulch tillage (SMT) on areas cropped for over 20 years. On areas recently converted to cropland, aggregates were larger and OCCs were greater with NT than with other tillage methods. The 0.42-0.84- and 0.84-2.0-mm dry aggregates were among those most stable when sieved in water. The results indicate practices that maintain soil OCCs at the higher levels and promote development of dry aggregates in the 0.42-2.0-mm size range are important for production sustainability of Torrertic Paleustolls such as Pullman clay loam and similar soils. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. RP Unger, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,BUSHLAND,TX 79012, USA. NR 39 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 42 IS 3 BP 185 EP 208 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(97)00003-2 PG 24 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XH518 UT WOS:A1997XH51800004 ER PT J AU Chandler, LD Sutter, GR AF Chandler, LD Sutter, GR TI High clearance sprayer methods for application of corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) semiochemical-based baits SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID INSECTICIDES; MANAGEMENT AB Application of a semiochemical-based bail to silking corn (Zea mays L.) with a high clearance sprayer effectively reduced the numbers of northern, Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence, and western, D. virgifera virgifera LeConte, corn rootworm adults during studies conducted in 1994 and 1995. Bait was applied using water volumes of 19 and 37 L/ha above canopy nozzles vs nozzles on drop lines, and nozzles on drop lines on every row vs nozzles on drop lines on alternating rows. There were no significant differences among the high clearance sprayer nozzle configurations in reducing corn rootworm beetle populations; however, nozzles on booms above the canopy were more likely to deliver discrete droplets and were less likely to break due to entanglement of the drop lines with foliage. Semiochemical insecticide-baits had minimal effects on predaceous adults of the family Coccinellidae. Seven coccinellid species were observed in the plots in 1994 and 4 species in 1995. RP Chandler, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB,2923 MEDARY AVE,BROOKINGS,SD 57006, USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 22 IS 2 BP 167 EP 178 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XG276 UT WOS:A1997XG27600002 ER PT J AU Cook, BJ Pryor, NW AF Cook, BJ Pryor, NW TI The presence of an intercalated disk-like structure in the hindgut muscles of the cockroach SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB An interfibrillar junction with many ultrastructural features of an intercalated disk was found in the circular muscle of the anterior rectum of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae (Fabricius) This junction consisted of a central region with a large amount of electron-dense material associated with the I band of the myofibrils. A zona occludens was present in the plasma membrane that extended from the region of the myofilaments to the periphery of the cells. Intercalated disks have been frequently reported in insect cardiac muscle, but this is the first recorded instance of its presence in insect non-cardiac muscle. Such interdigitated junctions appear to provide a means of adhesion between individual cells to prevent any separation during contraction. Also, gap junctions in the plasma membrane may provide an avenue for intercellular communication by ion exchange. Finally, the frequent and uniform rhythmic contractions of the muscles in the rectal valve suggest a heart-like action. RP Cook, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,VET ENTOMOL RES UNIT,2881 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 22 IS 2 BP 179 EP 187 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XG276 UT WOS:A1997XG27600003 ER PT J AU Snodgrass, GL Scott, WP AF Snodgrass, GL Scott, WP TI A conversion factor for correcting numbers of adult tarnished plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) captured with a sweep net in cotton SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID LYGUS-LINEOLARIS HETEROPTERA; ESTIMATING ABSOLUTE DENSITY; SAMPLING METHODS AB Adult tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), were sampled with a sweep net and an absolute visual sampling method during the first five weeks of fruit production in cotton at Stoneville, Mississippi during 1993 and 1994. The absolute visual sampling method captured significantly higher mean numbers of adults than were found with sweep net sampling in all sample weeks of both years. A significant regression of mean numbers of adults from absolute visual samples on mean numbers of adults in sweep net samples was obtained. This regression showed that sweep net samples underestimated numbers of adults by a correction factor of three. This is the only correction factor currently available for converting numbers of adult tarnished plant bugs captured in the sweep net to the more accurate numbers captured with an absolute sampling method. RP Snodgrass, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 22 IS 2 BP 189 EP 193 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XG276 UT WOS:A1997XG27600004 ER PT J AU Spurgeon, DW Raulston, JR Lingren, PD Shaver, TN AF Spurgeon, DW Raulston, JR Lingren, PD Shaver, TN TI Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) reproductive responses to delayed mating SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID EOREUMA-LOFTINI LEPIDOPTERA; SUGARCANE AB Adult longevity, fecundity, and fertility of Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), females mated at 0, 1, 3, and 5 d after eclosion were examined under reversed photoperiodic and thermoperiodic conditions. Mating delays of 1 to 5 d did not significantly affect longevity. One- to 5-d delays in mating reduced fecundity primarily by shortening the oviposition period; however, females did not oviposit their entire egg complement regardless of mating age. The proportion of fertile eggs was not significantly reduced by mating delays of <5 d. Fertility was reduced by mating delays of 3 or 5 d, but these reductions were > 50% only when mating was delayed for 5 d. Substantial reductions in fertility of E. loftini populations in response to synthetic pheromone applications would probably require that mating of most females be disrupted or delayed for >5 d. C1 USDA ARS,CROP INSECTS MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 22 IS 2 BP 195 EP 200 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XG276 UT WOS:A1997XG27600005 ER PT J AU Pruett, JH Kunz, SE AF Pruett, JH Kunz, SE TI A technique for the collection and rearing of late-stage 3rd-instars of Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera: Oestridae) SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID CATTLE AB An inexpensive and efficient technique for collection and rearing of late-stage, third-instar larvae of the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (Villers), is described. Yearling calves were maintained in individual stalls with expanded metal floors. Larvae exited the back tissues naturally and fell through the expanded metal floors and were collected on screens located beneath the floor. In two seasons (1994-1996), 633 late-stage, third-instar larvae were collected from a total of 29 infested calves. A total of 500 adult flies, with a male:female sex ratio of 249:247, were produced from 597 larvae placed in an incubator for adult fly production. RP Pruett, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS,KNIPLING BUSHLAND US LIVESTOCK INSECTS RES LAB,2700 FREDERICKSBURG RD,KERRVILLE,TX 78023, USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 22 IS 2 BP 201 EP 206 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XG276 UT WOS:A1997XG27600006 ER PT J AU Yong, W Finch, DM AF Yong, W Finch, DM TI Population trends of migratory landbirds along the middle Rio Grande SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID RIPARIAN BIRDS; NEST PREDATION; COUNTS AB Using standardized mist-netting capture data from the Rio Grande Nature Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico from 1985-1994, and Breeding Bird Survey data from New Mexico and United States from 1980-1994, we compared local, regional, and national population trends of landbird species that migrate along the middle Rio Grande in fall. Evaluations of relationships among population trends, migratory distance, breeding habitat use, nest type, and foraging guilds revealed that population trends of Rio Grande migrants were relatively species-specific and that population changes were unequally distributed among habitats and life history groups. The fall banding data suggested that long-distance migrants, riparian forest migrants, canopy insectivores, and open-cup nesting species declined more over the 10-year period than other groups. Similarities between population trends from banding data and trends from Breeding Bird Survey increased as we expanded the geographic coverage of the Breeding Bird Survey data from New Mexico to the entire United States. We hypothesize that riparian habitat along the middle Rio Grande functions as a funnel that constricts habitat use during migration for species whose breeding and wintering populations are spread over broader geographic areas and that local population changes detected during mass migration may thus reflect widespread and large-scale changes. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,ROCKY MT RES STN,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87106. RI Finch, Deborah/H-2876-2015 OI Finch, Deborah/0000-0001-9118-7381 NR 45 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 42 IS 2 BP 137 EP 147 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XT483 UT WOS:A1997XT48300003 ER PT J AU VanZee, JW Whitford, WG Smith, WE AF VanZee, JW Whitford, WG Smith, WE TI Mutual exclusion by dolichoderine ants on a rich food source SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article RP VanZee, JW (reprint author), NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,JORNADA EXPT RANGE,POB 30003,MSC 3JER,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003, USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 42 IS 2 BP 229 EP 231 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XT483 UT WOS:A1997XT48300016 ER PT J AU Stein, TM Greene, RV AF Stein, TM Greene, RV TI Amino acids as plasticizers for starch-based plastics SO STARCH-STARKE LA English DT Article ID POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-ACRYLIC ACID); BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS; FILMS; DEGRADATION; COMPOSITES; SUCROSE AB Amino acids of differing hydrophobicity were tested as plasticizers in starch-glycerol (4:1 weight ratio) blends and were compared to the more conventional plasticizers, urea, sucrose and ammonium chloride. In mechanical tests (tensile strength and percent elongation) on extruded ribbons containing up to 20 weight percent plasticizer, glycine and isoleucine hydrochloride were found to be extremely poor plasticizers. However, lysine behaved similarly to sucrose. Proline compared favorably to urea. Moreover, at concentrations of 23 and 29 weight percent, proline was superior to urea in its ability to increase the percent elongation of the starch-glycerol mixture. The glass transition temperature (T-g) for the standard starch-glycerol samples was 40 degrees C, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Added lysine hydrochloride, sucrose, proline and urea effected the T-g similarly. At 5 weight percent all T-g's increased, while at 20 weight percent they dropped to room temperature or below. Isoleucine, at low or high concentration, yielded a T-g of 60 degrees C, consistent with very brittle material. Biodegradation experiments were conducted on selected formulations by monitoring CO2 evolution after inoculation with Aspergillus niger. Little CO2 accumulated from the standard starch-glycerol mixture or sucrose plasticized blends, likely due to a lack of combined nitrogen. In contrast, proline and urea-plasticized blends were rapidly metabolized. RP Stein, TM (reprint author), ARS, BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, USDA, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 22 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 28 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0038-9056 J9 STARCH-STARKE JI Starch-Starke PD JUN PY 1997 VL 49 IS 6 BP 245 EP 249 DI 10.1002/star.19970490606 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA XK811 UT WOS:A1997XK81100005 ER PT J AU Fang, QQ Cho, S Regier, JC Mitter, C Matthews, M Poole, RW Friedlander, TP Zhao, SW AF Fang, QQ Cho, S Regier, JC Mitter, C Matthews, M Poole, RW Friedlander, TP Zhao, SW TI A new nuclear gene for insect phylogenetics: Dopa decarboxylase is informative of relationships within heliothinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) SO SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dopa decarboxylase; elongation factor-1 alpha; Heliothinae; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Noctuidae; nuclear gene; phylogeny ID SEQUENCES; EVOLUTION; 20-HYDROXYECDYSONE; RECONSTRUCTION; CONFIDENCE; UTILITY; LIMITS; MOTHS; TREES AB The lack of a readily accessible roster of nuclear genes informative at various taxonomic levels is a bottleneck for molecular systematics. In this report, we describe the first phylogenetic application of the sequence that encodes the enzyme dopa decarboxylase (DDC). For 14 test species within the noctuid moth subfamily Heliothinae that represent the previously best-supported groupings, a 690-bp fragment of DDC resolved relationships that are largely concordant with prior evidence from elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1 alpha), morphology, and allozymes. Although both synonymous and nonsynonymous changes occur in DDC substantially more rapidly than they do in EF-1 alpha, DDC divergences within Heliothinae are below saturation at all codon positions. Analysis of DDC and EF-1 alpha in combination resulted in increased bootstrap support for several groupings. As a first estimate of previously unresolved relationships, DDC sequences were analyzed from 16 additional heliothines, for a total of 30 heliothine species plus outgroups. Previous relationships based on DDC were generally stable with increased taxon sampling, although a two- to eightfold downweighting of codon position 3 was required for complete concordance with the 14-species result. The weighted strict consensus trees were largely resolved and were congruent with most although not all previous hypotheses based on either morphology or EF-1 alpha. The proposed phylogeny suggests that the major agricultural pest heliothines belong to a single clade, characterized by polyphagy and associated life history traits, within this largely host-specific moth subfamily. DDC holds much promise for phylogenetic analysis of Tertiary-age animal groups. C1 UNIV MARYLAND, INST BIOTECHNOL, CTR AGR BIOTECHNOL, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT ENTOMOL, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. CSIRO, DIV ENTOMOL, CANBERRA, ACT 26001, AUSTRALIA. NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST, USDA ARS, SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA. EIS INC, ROCKVILLE, MD 20850 USA. NR 37 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1063-5157 EI 1076-836X J9 SYST BIOL JI Syst. Biol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 46 IS 2 BP 269 EP 283 DI 10.2307/2413623 PG 15 WC Evolutionary Biology SC Evolutionary Biology GA XJ314 UT WOS:A1997XJ31400002 PM 11975343 ER PT J AU Akhtar, M Lentz, MJ Blanchette, RA Kirk, TK AF Akhtar, M Lentz, MJ Blanchette, RA Kirk, TK TI Corn steep liquor lowers the amount of inoculum for biopulping SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE biochemical pulping; corn; culture media; energy conservation; inoculation; mechanical properties; nutrients; Pinus taeda; refiner mechanical pulping; steeping liquors; white rot fungi ID DIFFERENT FUNGAL TREATMENTS; ASPEN CHIPS; CERIPORIOPSIS-SUBVERMISPORA; LOBLOLLY-PINE; WOOD CHIPS; STRENGTH; STRAINS AB This research examined the effectiveness of corn steep liquor in reducing the quantity of fungal inoculum during biomechanical pulping. Loblolly pine, Pinus taeda, chips were treated for two weeks with different strains of the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora on a laboratory scale. On unsupplemented chips, 3 kg/ton of inoculum on a dry weight basis of strain CZ-3 save 19% electrical energy and improved tear index by 28% compared with the control. With addition of 0.5% sterilized corn steep liquor on a dry weight basis, inoculum levels as low as 5 g/ton gave equivalent energy savings but did not improve tear index. Two strains saved 28-29% energy and improved tear index by 21-22% when amending 5 g/ton of inoculum of each strain with 0.5% sterilized corn steep liquor. Other augmentation led to 34% savings in energy and 46% improvement in tear index. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,USDA,MADISON,WI 53705. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL,USDA,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Akhtar, M (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR BIOTECHNOL,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 18 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 80 IS 6 BP 161 EP 164 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA XE831 UT WOS:A1997XE83100043 ER PT J AU Andrews, BAK TraskMorrell, BJ AF Andrews, BAK TraskMorrell, BJ TI Long term formaldehyde emissions from DMDHEU-finished cotton fabrics SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST LA English DT Article DE cotton; DMDHEU; formaldehyde release ID DYNAMIC CHAMBER TEST; DURABLE PRESS; RELEASE AB Monitoring the emission of formaldehyde has become important for the American textile industry as the formaldehyde levels in textiles are lowered to meet stringent regulatory standards on formaldehyde in air. Because there was little information available documenting the decay of the available formaldehyde with time, research was initiated to establish formaldehyde emission profiles for durable press finishes over several days. The finishes were all from commercial sources and were based on dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), either as the unmodified agent or as the methylated or glycolated derivative. In general, emission patterns were similar for all of the finishes studied; however, maximum emissions reflected the positive influence of control options used by the industry for reduction of formaldehyde. Agent modification through methylation or glycolation produced reductions in maximum emissions. Increasing the ratio of methanol to DMDHEU in methylation decreased the maximum emission. Time-weighted averages also showed the influence of control options. C1 USDA,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSN TEXT CHEM COLOR PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0040-490X J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR JI Text. Chem. Color. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 29 IS 6 BP 16 EP 19 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA XF289 UT WOS:A1997XF28900025 ER PT J AU Taylor, RA AF Taylor, RA TI Natural waxes on cotton contribute to yarn and fabric quality SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST LA English DT Article DE analytical techniques; cotton; fiber strength; natural wax; near infrared reflectance; weathering AB Natural waxes and lubricants are essential for efficient processing of cotton. To prove this assumption, fabric strength was measured on washed denim made from several cottons from different growing locations and different years. Samples containing a high level of natural waxes and lubricants (measured by Soxhlet extraction) gave the strongest yarns and fabrics. Statistical regressions showed that natural wax was a significant contributor to fabric strength. Near-infrared reflectance provided a simple method to rapidly measure wax content in bales selected for mill laydowns. C1 USDA,CLEMSON,SC. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSN TEXT CHEM COLOR PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0040-490X J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR JI Text. Chem. Color. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 29 IS 6 BP 32 EP 35 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA XF289 UT WOS:A1997XF28900029 ER PT J AU Robert, KQ Blanchard, LJ AF Robert, KQ Blanchard, LJ TI Cotton cleanability .1. Modeling fiber breakage SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB `Cotton's ability to open and release its foreign matter in response to mechanical cleaning treatments is a crucial concern for the textile processing industries. This work is part of a series in which a comprehensive approach to cotton quality in textile processing is developed. The theme is that processing quality is expressed in terms of a trade-off between reduction in foreign matter on the one hand and accumulation of fiber damage on the other. This trade-off between cleaning and damage governs the efficiency of manufacture as well as the quality of the textile product. In order to optimize the processing, it is necessary to be able to measure and interpret this tradeoff, this requires practical methods for quantifying both cleaning and damage. Since the principal overt manifestation of processing damage to cotton is fiber breakage, it is essential to have a methodology for measuring and interpreting incremental amounts of fiber breakage. This study presents a model of fiber breakage that relates the fundamental nature of breakage processes to the observable differences between the length distribution of fibers going into and coming out of a specific processing stage, such as a single machine. This technique is demonstrated with length data derived from the Peyer TexLab instrument system. C1 NEW ORLEANS PUBL SCH,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70122. RP Robert, KQ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 67 IS 6 BP 417 EP 427 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA XA482 UT WOS:A1997XA48200006 ER PT J AU Calvo, ES Wurtle, ES Shoemaker, RC AF Calvo, ES Wurtle, ES Shoemaker, RC TI Cloning, mapping, and analyses of expression of the Em-like gene family in soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr] SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Em-like gene family; soybean; cloning; characterization; mapping ID ABSCISIC-ACID; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; OSMOTIC-STRESS; PLANT EMBRYOGENESIS; SEED MATURATION; MESSENGER-RNAS; PROTEIN; MAIZE; LEA; WHEAT AB The entire Em-like Group-1 date embryogenesis abundant (Lea) gene family from soybean was cloned and characterized. The five Group-1 Lea genes (Sle1-5) were divided into two classes based on sequence identity. Sle1-4 were genetically mapped to four different linkage groups. Nucleotide sequencing indicated that Sle1, Sle2, Sle3, and Sle5 encode polypeptides differing primarily by the presence of a repeated 20-amino acid motif. Sle1 and Sle5 were shown by Northern analysis to be expressed in developing embryos weeks earlier than Sle2 and Sle3. Sle4 was shown to be a pseudogene. Maximal levels of mRNA for all functional Sle genes accumulated in maturation-phase seeds, before significant desiccation had occurred, and declined rapidly upon seed imbibition. Desiccation did not induce Sie expression in seeds or vegetative tissue. Sle expression was confined to embryo tissues and Sle mRNA accumulated at similar levels in both the embryo axis and in the cotyledons. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV, DEPT AGRON, AMES, IA 50011 USA. IOWA STATE UNIV, USDA, RRS, FCR, AMES, IA 50011 USA. IOWA STATE UNIV, DEPT BOT, AMES, IA 50011 USA. RP Calvo, ES (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV, DEPT ZOOL & GENET, AMES, IA 50011 USA. NR 46 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 94 IS 8 BP 957 EP 967 DI 10.1007/s001220050501 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA XL543 UT WOS:A1997XL54300001 ER PT J AU McKeand, SE Eriksson, G Roberds, JH AF McKeand, SE Eriksson, G Roberds, JH TI Genotype by environment interaction for index traits that combine growth and wood density in loblolly pine SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE gain; K-statistic; Pinus taeda L; selection index; stability; tree improvement ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; STABILITY; FAMILIES AB Genotype x environment interactions of individual traits have been assessed in numerous experiments with forest trees. However, since breeding programs rarely aim at the improvement of a single trait, the impact of G x E on index or composite traits must also be assessed. In a study with 12-year-old loblolly pine families in the southeastern U.S., GxE variance was of relatively little importance compared to genetic variance for wood density but was of greater significance for several growth traits. An index that combined stem volume and wood density to improve dry weight but maintain wood density constant (restricted selection index) resulted in substantially greater Gx E variance compared to either of the component traits. The interaction variance of an index trait is shown to be a function of the index coefficients and the GxE variances and covariances for its constituent traits. As a result, for some conditions it surpasses the magnitude of G x E variance for each component trait. C1 SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI,DEPT FOREST GENET,S-75007 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO FOREST EXPT STN,SAUCIER,MS 39574. RP McKeand, SE (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,TREE IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM,BOX 8002,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 94 IS 8 BP 1015 EP 1022 DI 10.1007/s001220050509 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA XL543 UT WOS:A1997XL54300009 ER PT J AU Echt, CS Nelson, CD AF Echt, CS Nelson, CD TI Linkage mapping and genome length in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE genome mapping; map length; pines; RAPD; microsatellite DNA ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNAS; GENETIC-LINKAGE; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; BLISTER RUST; SUGAR PINE; MARKERS; RAPD; PINASTER; MAPS; RESISTANCE AB Haploid linkage analysis of eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L., was carried out using mainly RAPD markers and microsatellite, or simple-sequence-repeat, markers. Ninety one loci mapped to 12 linkage groups of three or more markers. The resulting framework genome map, the first for a soft pine species, contained 69 markers. The map covered 58% of the estimated genome length of 2071 cM(K), with a 95% confidence interval of 1828-2242 cM(K). A systematic comparison of linkage data from eastern white pine, longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) and maritime pine (P. pinaster Ait.), gave genome-length estimates for all three species very close to either 2000 cM(K) or 2600 cM(H), depending on whether the Kosambi(K) or Haldane(H) map functions, respectively, were employed. Differences among previous pine genome-length estimates were attributed to the divergent criteria used in the methods of estimation, and indicate the need for the adoption of uniform criteria when performing genome-length estimates. Current data suggest that members of the two pine subgenera, which diverged during the late Mesozoic era, have highly conserved rates of recombination. C1 SO INST FOREST GENET,SO FOREST EXPT STN,SAUCIER,MS 39574. RP Echt, CS (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,5985 CTY RD K,RHINELANDER,WI 54501, USA. RI Echt, Craig/H-4684-2012 OI Echt, Craig/0000-0001-9330-4051 NR 41 TC 63 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 94 IS 8 BP 1031 EP 1037 DI 10.1007/s001220050511 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA XL543 UT WOS:A1997XL54300011 ER PT J AU Tsuda, M Tyree, MT AF Tsuda, M Tyree, MT TI Whole-plant hydraulic resistance and vulnerability segmentation in Acer saccharinum SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cavitation; embolism; evaporative flux method; high-pressure flowmeter method; petioles; roots; stems ID HIGH-PRESSURE FLOWMETER; XYLEM CAVITATION; WATER RELATIONS; BETULA-OCCIDENTALIS; QUERCUS-PETRAEA; DYNAMIC-MODEL; AIR-EMBOLISM; WOODY-PLANTS; ARCHITECTURE; TREES AB Hydraulic properties were studied in Acer saccharinum L., a riparian species that also grows well on a dry soil when transplanted. Hydraulic resistances were measured by two independent techniques: a new high-pressure flowmeter (HPFM) method and a conventional evaporative flux (EF) method. Vulnerability to cavitation was also investigated on petioles, stems and roots using a hydraulic conductivity technique. Vulnerability segmentation was found, i.e., roots, stems and petioles had different vulnerabilities to xylem dysfunction. Petioles were most vulnerable with 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity at -0.5 MPa, roots were least vulnerable (50% loss at -2.2 MPa) and stems were intermediate in vulnerability. The HPFM and the EF methods gave comparable results, except that the EF method gave a significantly higher value for resistance across petioles plus leaves. Native embolism was high enough to explain the discrepancy in resistance across petioles plus leaves between the HPFM and the EF methods, indicating that the HPFM estimates the minimum (potential) hydraulic resistance of plants. Whole-plant hydraulic resistance of A. saccharinum was low compared to resistances of other temperate species. The hydraulic characteristics of A. saccharinum were consistent with adaptation to its typical environment: low whole-plant resistance assures high transpiration rates in the presence of sufficient water, and vulnerability segmentation provides the ability to survive during droughts through shedding of expendable organs. C1 UNIV VERMONT,DEPT BOT,BURLINGTON,VT 05405. US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,BURLINGTON,VT 05402. NR 31 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 18 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 17 IS 6 BP 351 EP 357 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XC799 UT WOS:A1997XC79900001 ER PT J AU Zotz, G Tyree, MT Patino, S AF Zotz, G Tyree, MT Patino, S TI Hydraulic architecture and water relations of a flood-tolerant tropical tree, Annona glabra SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flooding; Huber value; hydraulic conductivity; leaf specific conductivity; vulnerability curve ID WOODY-PLANTS; VULNERABILITY; RESISTANCE; XYLEM; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; CONDUCTIVITY; EMBOLISM; LEAVES AB Hydraulic architecture parameters, water relation parameters and wood anatomy were studied in roots and shoots of the flood-tolerant tree Annona glabra L. on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Hydraulic conductivity, leaf specific conductivity, and Huber value were similar to the corresponding values for tree species living in non-flooded habitats. The vulnerability of stems to loss of hydraulic conductivity resulting from embolism was low (50% loss of conductivity at -3.3 MPa). The lowest leaf water potential measured in the field was about - 1.0 MPa, indicating that A, glabra has a large margin of safety from embolism, which may provide protection against rare drought events, or may be an adaptation to brackish mangrove habitats. Low absolute conductivity of roots was compensated for by an increase in the number of roots. More than two-thirds of whole-plant resistance to water now was located in the roots. C1 US FOREST SERV,BURLINGTON,VT 05402. UNIV VERMONT,DEPT BOT,BURLINGTON,VT 05405. SMITHSONIAN TROP RES INST,BALBOA,PANAMA. NR 28 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 12 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 17 IS 6 BP 359 EP 365 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XC799 UT WOS:A1997XC79900002 ER PT J AU Prior, SA Runion, GB Mitchell, RJ Rogers, HH Amthor, JS AF Prior, SA Runion, GB Mitchell, RJ Rogers, HH Amthor, JS TI Effects of atmospheric CO2 on longleaf pine: Productivity and allocation as influenced by nitrogen and water SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomass partitioning; carbon dioxide; Pinus palustris; resource limitations ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; ELEVATED CO2; LIQUIDAMBAR-STYRACIFLUA; PLANT-RESPONSES; TAEDA SEEDLINGS; ENRICHMENT; GROWTH; PHOSPHORUS; STRESS; AVAILABILITY AB Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings were exposed to two concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (365 or 720 mu mol mol(-1)) in combination with two N treatments (40 or 400 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)) and two irrigation treatments (target values of -0.5 or -1.5 MPa xylem pressure potential) in open-top chambers from March 1993 through November 1994. Irrigation treatments were imposed after seedling establishment (i.e., 19 weeks after planting). Seedlings were harvested at 4, 8, 12, and 20 months. Elevated CO2 increased biomass production only in the high-N treatment, and the relative growth enhancement was greater for the root system than for the shoot system. In water-stressed trees, elevated CO2 increased root biomass only at the final harvest. Root:shoot ratios were usually increased by both the elevated CO2 and low-N treatments. In the elevated CO2 treatment, water-stressed trees had a higher root:shoot ratio than well-watered trees as a result of a drought-induced increase in the proportion of plant biomass in roots. Well-watered seedlings consistently grew larger than water-stressed seedlings only in the high-N treatment. We conclude that available soil N was the controlling resource for the growth response to elevated CO2 in this study. Although some growth enhancement was observed in water-stressed trees in the elevated CO2 treatment, this response was contingent on available soil N. C1 AUBURN UNIV,SCH FORESTRY,AUBURN,AL 36849. JOSEPH W JONES ECOL RES CTR,NEWTON,GA 31770. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,HLTH & ECOL ASSESSMENT DIV,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,GLOBAL CLIMATE RES DIV,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. RP Prior, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL DYNAM LAB,POB 3439,AUBURN,AL 36831, USA. RI Amthor, Jeffrey/F-2696-2016 OI Amthor, Jeffrey/0000-0002-1410-6100 NR 41 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 17 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 17 IS 6 BP 397 EP 405 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XC799 UT WOS:A1997XC79900006 ER PT J AU Almeria, S Canals, A Zarlenga, DS Gasbarre, LC AF Almeria, S Canals, A Zarlenga, DS Gasbarre, LC TI Isolation and phenotypic characterization of abomasal mucosal lymphocytes in the course of a primary Ostertagia ostertagi infection an calves SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes; immunofluorescence staining; bovine ID INTESTINAL LAMINA PROPRIA; BOVINE OSTERTAGIASIS; T-CELLS; GAMMA; SUBPOPULATIONS; CATTLE; ANTIGENS; TISSUES; SPLEEN; BLOOD AB Isolation and characterization of surface marker phenotypes of abomasal intraepithelial (IEL), lamina propria (LPL) and abomasal lymph node lymphocytes (ABLN) from uninfected calves were conducted, and the dynamics of change in these populations during the course of a primary Ostertagia ostertagi infection were defined. To obtain viable IEL and LPL from the abomasal mucosa of cattle, a modified isolation method was developed. The phenotypic characterization of abomasal lymphocytes was accomplished by indirect immunofluorescence staining. In uninfected animals, numbers of T cells exceeded the number of immunoglobulin-bearing cells in IEL, LPL and ABLN. The predominant T cell type in IEL and LPL was CD8(+) cells, while the CD4(+) T cell predominated in ABLN. Levels of activated cells and T cell receptor-1 gamma delta T cells were higher in IEL and LPL compared to ABLN. Within 3 weeks of infection, the number of lymphocytes recovered from the abomasal lamina propria and the mass of the ABLN was dramatically increased when compared to uninfected animals. Laser flow cytometric analysis demonstrated increased levels of immunoglobulin-bearing cells, gamma delta T cells, and activated T cells in IEL, LPL and ABLN in the infected animals. The greatest changes in LPL and ABLN took place during the first days of infection, and these changes were apparent throughout the 28 days covered by the experiment. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Almeria, S (reprint author), USDA ARS,LPSI,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BLDG 1002,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Almeria, Sonia/N-4663-2014 OI Almeria, Sonia/0000-0002-0558-5488 NR 33 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 57 IS 1-2 BP 87 EP 98 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(96)05776-5 PG 12 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA XK294 UT WOS:A1997XK29400009 PM 9239841 ER PT J AU Andrews, CD Dubey, JP Tenter, AM Webert, DW AF Andrews, CD Dubey, JP Tenter, AM Webert, DW TI Toxoplasma gondii recombinant antigens H4 and H11: Use in ELISAs for detection of toxoplasmosis in swine SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diagnosis; protozoa; Toxoplasma gondii; immunoassay; zoonosis; recombinant proteins; ELISA; swine ID TISSUE CYSTS; PIGS; ANTIBODIES; RESPONSES; DIAGNOSIS; SERA; PORK; CATS AB Toxoplasma gondii recombinant antigens H4 and H11 were assessed for their potential for use in ELISA for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in swine. The antigens were evaluated with sera from young pigs experimentally infected with T. gondii. Results were compared with ELISAs based on a native T. gondii antigen extract. Although recombinant antigen ELISAs showed a sharp rise in response with some sera very early after infection, they were relatively non-reactive with late (chronic) infection sera. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 AGR RES SERV,USDA,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. TIERARZTLICHEN HSCH HANNOVER,INST PARASITOL,D-3000 HANNOVER,GERMANY. RP Andrews, CD (reprint author), FSIS,USDA,OPHS,RUSSELL RES CTR,DIV MICROBIOL,QUAL ASSURANCE BRANCH,POB 6085,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 70 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(96)01154-5 PG 11 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA XE375 UT WOS:A1997XE37500001 PM 9195704 ER PT J AU Perdue, ML Garcia, M Senne, D AF Perdue, ML Garcia, M Senne, D TI Virulence-associated sequence duplication at the hemagglutinin cleavage site of avian influenza viruses SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE avian influenza; hemagglutinin; highly pathogenic ID RNA; PATHOGENICITY AB Recent highly pathogenic (HP) field isolates of avian influenza (Al) virus from Mexico all possess an insertion of at least two basic amino acids (arg-lys) at the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. One HP isolate has additional information which yields a 4 amino acid insert (arg-lys-arg-lys). We present here the nucleotide sequence of the HA gene of this unique isolate and compare it to recent H5N2 and other avian influenza isolates. The complete HA nucleotide sequence of the isolate and phylogenetic relationship suggest that it was derived in direct succession from a non-pathogenic strain isolated about 1 month earlier. The unique insertion sequence is a direct duplication of part of the purine-rich region preceding the arginine codon at the HA cleavage site. This evidence along with other data in this report provide compelling support for a proposed model explaining the mechanism of spontaneous, virulence-related insertions in type A influenza viruses. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA,NATL VET SERV LABS,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,AMES,IA 50010. COMIS MEXICO ESTADOS UNIDOS PREVENC FIEBRE AFTOSA,PALO ALTO,DF,MEXICO. RP Perdue, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 28 TC 127 Z9 141 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 49 IS 2 BP 173 EP 186 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(97)01468-8 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA XG118 UT WOS:A1997XG11800008 PM 9213392 ER PT J AU Weitz, AM Grauel, WT Keller, M Veldkamp, E AF Weitz, AM Grauel, WT Keller, M Veldkamp, E TI Calibration of time domain reflectometry technique using undisturbed soil samples from humid tropical soils of volcanic origin SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WATER-CONTENT MEASUREMENT; MOISTURE; SENSITIVITY; SYSTEM; TDR AB Time domain reflectrometry (TDR) is used to measure the apparent dielectric number (K-a) in soils. We studied two soil types (Humitropept and Hapludand) of low bulk density (about 0.7 Mg m(-3) at 0.05 m to 0.8 Mg m(-3) at 0.3 m depth) and high organic matter content (about 7% at 0.05 m to 4% at 0.3 m depth). Soils are located in a humid tropical environment (average annual soil water content is 0.51 to 0.58 m(3) m(-3)). For calibration, undisturbed soil blocks, with a TDR probe installed in the center, were saturated and then allowed to dry by evaporation. Volumetric water content was calculated from measured K-a values and from gravimetric measurements. Because we used undisturbed soil samples, our calibration accounts for the natural heterogeneity in soils. We tested the suitability of various calibration functions relating K-a to soil water content for our soils. TDR technique underestimated the actual soil water content by 0.05-0.15 m(3) m(-3), when using the widely applied Topp calibration function. A three-phase mixing model with a geometry parameter, alpha = 0.47, fit our data best. We consider mixing models to be a robust approach for calibration of TDR technique on various soils. C1 US FOREST SERV,INT INST TROP FORESTRY,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,INST STUDY EARTH OCEANS & SPACE,COMPLEX SYST RES CTR,DURHAM,NH 03824. RI Veldkamp, Edzo/A-6660-2008; Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359 NR 25 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1241 EP 1249 DI 10.1029/96WR03956 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XC196 UT WOS:A1997XC19600004 ER PT J AU Jackson, TJ AF Jackson, TJ TI Soil moisture estimation using special satellite microwave/imager satellite data over a grassland region SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION INDEX; 37 GHZ; EMISSION; SSM/I; PRECIPITATION; POLARIZATION; RADIOMETERS AB The special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) is an instrument that has been a component of several satellite platforms since 1987. Although not designed for soil moisture sensing, it is possible based on theory to extract soil moisture information under some conditions. The limiting feature of the SSM/I for soil moisture-related studies is that the frequencies are quite high and are significantly affected by vegetation. However, other features of the data, such as the frequency of measurements, are very good for observing time-varying hydrologic variables such as soil moisture. There have been no quantitative evaluations of the SSM/I using observed soil moisture data. In this study, data collected in two large-scale experiments conducted over the Little Washita watershed, in Oklahoma were available for evaluating the capabilities of SSM/I data for soil moisture mapping. Physically based models were used to relate the satellite data to the ground observations. The results indicated that for this grass-dominated subhumid area a soil moisture-emissivity relationship with an error of estimate of 5.3% could be developed that incorporated the range of temperature and vegetation conditions encountered. An approach to adapting this approach for other vegetation regimes is still needed for wider application. RP Jackson, TJ (reprint author), ARS,HYDROL LAB,USDA,104 BLDG 007 BARC-W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 25 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1475 EP 1484 DI 10.1029/97WR00661 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XC196 UT WOS:A1997XC19600026 ER PT J AU Kustas, WP Norman, JM AF Kustas, WP Norman, JM TI A two-source approach for estimating turbulent fluxes using multiple angle thermal infrared observations SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SENSIBLE HEAT-FLUX; RADIOMETRIC SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; TRACK SCANNING RADIOMETER; FIELD EXPERIMENT FIFE; LEAF-AREA INDEX; ENERGY-BALANCE; CANOPY ARCHITECTURE; VAPOR TRANSFER; SOIL; EVAPORATION AB A recently developed two-source model for computing the surface energy balance with directional radiometric surface temperature observations can be simplified with the use of radiometric surface temperature observations at two substantially different view angles. Such observations have been available from the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) aboard the First European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) and therefore could be used operationally with this simplified model. Compared to the original model formulation, the new version, 2ANGLE, does not require an estimate of the fraction of ''green'' or active vegetation, f(g), and use of the Priestley-Taylor parameterization for partitioning of net radiation absorbed by the canopy into latent, LE, and sensible, H, heat in order to obtain a solution. However, if one uses the Priestley-Taylor parameterization with two radiometric observations at different view angles, then the model, 2ANGLE_PT, does not require a measurement of air temperature. The model-derived fluxes using multiple angle radiometric surface temperature observations collected during the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE), which was conducted in the tall grass; prairie in eastern Kansas during the summers of 1987 and 1989, are compared to measured surface fluxes. Differences between predicted and measured H using the 2ANGLE and 2ANGLE_PT models were generally significant (i.e., > 50%), while the original version, 1ANGLE_PT, yielded differences of 45-50%, on average. The 2ANGLE and 2ANGLE_PT model predictions of LE yielded differences of 25-40% with measured values, while the 1ANGLE_ PT model produced differences of 15-20%, on average. Using a simple technique to estimate daytime total LE from the ''instantaneous'' values with the three versions of the model resulted in differences generally between 20 and 25%. A review of studies analyzing FIFE flux measurement techniques indicates that differences in half-hourly to hourly observations of H and LE can reach 50% or greater, but typically are between 20 and 30%. Therefore the performance of the models in predicting H ranged from marginal to poor, but was generally satisfactory in estimating LE because in many cases LE was significantly larger than H. The performance of the 2ANGLE_PT model in predicting H and LE was significantly better than the 2ANGLE model, but not as good as the original 1ANGLE_PT model. A sensitivity analysis with the three models indicated that not only were the 2ANGLE_PT model predictions unaffected by a 3 K uncertainty in the estimation of air temperature using satellite data, but also showed little sensitivity to a 1.5 K uncertainty associated with deriving an atmospherically corrected surface temperature from ATSR observations. Therefore the 2ANGLE_PT model has potential for computing regional-scale LE operationally with a satellite-based sensor such as the ATSR. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT SOIL SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Kustas, WP (reprint author), ARS,HYDROL LAB,USDA,BLDG 007 BARC-W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 56 TC 91 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1495 EP 1508 DI 10.1029/97WR00704 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XC196 UT WOS:A1997XC19600028 ER PT J AU Steenburgh, WJ Mass, CF Ferguson, SA AF Steenburgh, WJ Mass, CF Ferguson, SA TI The influence of terrain-induced circulations on wintertime temperature and snow level in the Washington Cascades SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE; PRECIPITATION; FRONTOGENESIS; OROGRAPHY; SURGES; MODEL; FLOW; GAP AB This paper describes the mesoscale distribution of temperature and snow level in the Washington Cascades, During the winter months, when the Cascades separate relatively cold continental air to the east from warmer marine air to the west, easterly gap Rows draw cold air into the major mountain passes, producing snow levels that are several hundred meters lower than over nongap locations west of the Cascade crest. Rapid warming episodes occur in these passes when winds shift from easterly to westerly, resulting in dangerous avalanche conditions. Synoptic composites indicate that such warming episodes are usually associated with the passage of a frontal system and associated pressure trough. An observational and numerical modelling ease study details the mesoscale aspects of one such rapid warming event that occurred during the landfall of the January 1993 Inauguration Day cyclone. Ahead of the landfalling cyclone, synoptic-scale warm advection increased temperatures west of the Cascade crest while cold air damming held temperatures nearly steady to the east, During this period, the synoptic-scale cross-barrier pressure gradient drew cold air from eastern Washington into the mountain passes, locally lowering temperatures and snow levels. Adiabatic cooling further reduced the temperature of this cold easterly flow as it ascended into the passes, Following passage of the cyclone and the attendant occluded front, a shift in pass-level winds from easterly to westerly produced a 5 degrees C temperature rise in Snoqualmie pass in less than 1 h. The ability of the nonhydrostatic Pennsylvania State University/NCAR mesoscale model to simulate these local effects is discussed. Although the model produced a physically realistic simulation of the mesoscole distribution of wind and temperature during this event, the simulated cold dome east of the Cascades modified and eroded too quickly. Improvements in the initialization of the cold dome and representation of boundary layer and radiative processes may be needed to improve forecast skill. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI,SEATTLE,WA 98195. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,SEATTLE,WA. RP Steenburgh, WJ (reprint author), UNIV UTAH,DEPT METEOROL,819 WBB,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112, USA. NR 35 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 12 IS 2 BP 208 EP 227 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0208:TIOTIC>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XF203 UT WOS:A1997XF20300002 ER PT J AU deCalesta, DS Stout, SL AF deCalesta, DS Stout, SL TI Relative deer density and sustainability: Conceptual framework for integrating deer management with ecosystem management SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Urban Deer Symposium - Urban Deer: A Manageable Resource, at the 55th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference CY DEC 12-14, 1993 CL ST LOUIS, MO DE carrying capacity; Odocoileus virginianus; relative density; sustainability; white-tailed deer ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; PENNSYLVANIA; FORESTS C1 US FOREST SERV, NE FOREST EXPT STN, USDA, WARREN, PA USA. RP deCalesta, DS (reprint author), FORESTRY SCI LAB, POB 928, WARREN, PA 16365 USA. NR 36 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 252 EP 258 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA XU741 UT WOS:A1997XU74100007 ER PT J AU Healy, WM deCalesta, DS Stout, SL AF Healy, WM deCalesta, DS Stout, SL TI A research perspective on white-tailed deer overabundance in the northeastern United States SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Urban Deer Symposium - Urban Deer: A Manageable Resource, at the 55th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference CY DEC 12-14, 1993 CL ST LOUIS, MO DE deer; Odocoileus virginianus; overabundance; research ID EXPLICIT POPULATION-MODELS; RESOURCE COMPETITION; SAGEBRUSH GRASSLAND; MANAGEMENT; FORESTS; PENNSYLVANIA C1 US FOREST SERV, NE FOREST EXPT STN, USDA, WARREN, PA 16365 USA. RP UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, US FOREST SERV, NE FOREST EXPT STN, USDA, HOLDSWORTH HALL, AMHERST, MA 01003 USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 259 EP 263 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA XU741 UT WOS:A1997XU74100008 ER PT J AU Fagerstone, KA Clay, WH AF Fagerstone, KA Clay, WH TI Overview of USDA animal damage control efforts to manage overabundant deer SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Urban Deer Symposium - Urban Deer: A Manageable Resource, at the 55th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference CY DEC 12-14, 1993 CL ST LOUIS, MO DE ADC; deer; management ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; WILDLIFE DAMAGE; PERCEPTIONS; LOSSES C1 US ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP Fagerstone, KA (reprint author), US ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,NATL WILDLIFE RES CTR,1716 HLTH PKWY,FT COLLINS,CO 80524, USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 413 EP 417 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA XU741 UT WOS:A1997XU74100033 ER PT J AU Butfiloski, JW Hall, DI Hofman, DM Forster, DL AF Butfiloski, JW Hall, DI Hofman, DM Forster, DL TI White-tailed deer management in a coastal Georgia residential community SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Urban Deer Symposium - Urban Deer: A Manageable Resource, at the 55th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference CY DEC 12-14, 1993 CL ST LOUIS, MO DE Airrow gun; barrier island; deer control; Georgia; Odocoileus virginianus; Savannah; spotlight; suppressor C1 USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,SAVANNAH,GA 31411. UNIV GEORGIA,SCH FOREST RESOURCES,USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,ATHENS,GA 30602. GEORGIA DEPT NAT RESOURCES,GAME MANAGEMENT,SOCIAL CIRCLE,GA 30279. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 491 EP 495 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA XU741 UT WOS:A1997XU74100048 ER PT J AU Everett, RL Lehmkuhl, JF AF Everett, RL Lehmkuhl, JF TI A forum for presenting alternative viewpoints on the role of reserves in conservation biology? A reply SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; BIODIVERSITY; NORTHWEST C1 US FOREST SERV,DISTURBANCE MANAGEMENT & BIODIVERS TEAM,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,WENATCHEE,WA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 575 EP 577 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA XU741 UT WOS:A1997XU74100062 ER PT J AU King, DI Griffin, CR DeGraaf, RM AF King, DI Griffin, CR DeGraaf, RM TI Effect of clearcut borders on distribution and abundance of forest birds in northern New Hampshire SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENTATION; DYNAMICS; SUCCESS; EDGE AB We compared numbers of forest bird territories between forest edge and forest interior areas to determine whether clearcuts affect bird abundance in adjacent forest. We then simulated the distribution of territories that would be expected if birds were neither attracted to nor repelled by clearcut borders by randomly locating 100 1-ha circular ''simulated'' territories on scale maps of the study plots, with the condition that simulated territories were located entirely within mature forest. Plots were divided into successive 50-m distance classes extending from clearcut borders 300 m into forest interior, and the distribution of territories of each species among 50-m distance classes was compared with the distribution of simulated territories. Red-eyed Vireos (Vireo olivaceus) and Hermit Thrushes (Catharus guttatus) were less abundant in edge areas, but the distribution of these species did not differ from the distribution of randomly placed simulated territories. We conclude that lower abundance of forest birds in edge areas is not necessarily evidence of edge avoidance but may be merely the result of the absence of suitable habitat beyond clearcut borders. C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,US FOREST SERV,USDA,NE FOREST EXPT STN,AMHERST,MA 01003. RP King, DI (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT FORESTRY & WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 20 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 3 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 109 IS 2 BP 239 EP 245 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XC719 UT WOS:A1997XC71900006 ER PT J AU Yong, W Finch, DM AF Yong, W Finch, DM TI Migration of the Willow Flycatcher along the Middle Rio Grande SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WOOD-WARBLERS PARULINAE; FAT DEPOSITION; SPRING MIGRATION; PASSERINE BIRDS; STOPOVER; MIGRANTS; SAHARA; GULF AB We studied timing, abundance, subspecies composition, fat stores, stopover length, and habitat use of Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii) during spring and fall stopover along the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico. Spring migration started in mid-May and lasted about a month. Fall migration started in early-August and also lasted about a month. The most abundant subspecies was the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (E. t. extimus), followed by E. t. brewsteri, E. t. adastus, and E. t. traillii. Nearly half of the Willow Flycatchers captured had no observable fat. Spring flycatchers had more fat stores than fall flycatchers. Willow habitat had the highest capture rate among the habitats sampled. Willow Flycatchers caught in willow habitat had higher fat stores than those caught elsewhere. Recaptured Willow Flycatchers had an average body mass gain of 1.6%/day with a short stopover length. Most Willow Flycatchers were unable to reach their destinations in a single flight, making it necessary for them to replenish their energy stores elsewhere en route. We suggest that the riparian woodlands of the middle Rio Grande provide important refueling sites for stopover flycatchers as they migrate between their breeding and wintering grounds. RP Yong, W (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, USDA, ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN, 2205 COLUMBIA SE, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87106 USA. RI Finch, Deborah/H-2876-2015 OI Finch, Deborah/0000-0001-9118-7381 NR 43 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1997 VL 109 IS 2 BP 253 EP 268 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XC719 UT WOS:A1997XC71900008 ER PT J AU Lahoz, C Ordovas, JM AF Lahoz, C Ordovas, JM TI Apo E: Plasma lipids, ischemic heart disease and Alzheimer disease SO MEDICINA CLINICA LA Spanish DT Review ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-E POLYMORPHISM; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; HETEROZYGOUS FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; APOPROTEIN-E PHENOTYPES; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; LOVASTATIN TREATMENT; TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS; ALLELE FREQUENCY; LDL KINETICS C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 82 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU EDICIONES DOYMA S/A PI BARCELONA PA TRAV DE GRACIA 17-21, 08021 BARCELONA, SPAIN SN 0025-7753 J9 MED CLIN-BARCELONA JI Med. Clin. PD MAY 31 PY 1997 VL 109 IS 1 BP 31 EP 36 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA XD119 UT WOS:A1997XD11900008 PM 9303976 ER PT J AU James, DG Faulder, RJ Vogele, B Bartelt, RJ Moore, CJ AF James, DG Faulder, RJ Vogele, B Bartelt, RJ Moore, CJ TI Phenology of Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in stone fruit orchards as determined by pheromone trapping: Implications for prediction of crop damage SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAP BEETLES COLEOPTERA; AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; TETRAENE HYDROCARBONS; SEASONAL ABUNDANCE; HEMIPTERUS AB Traps baited with synthetic aggregation pheromone and fermenting bread dough were used to monitor seasonal incidence and abundance of the ripening fruit pests, Carpophilus hemipterus (L.), C. mutilatus Erichson and C. davidsoni Dobson in stone fruit orchards in the Leeton district of southern New South Wales during five seasons (1991-96). Adult beetles were trapped from September-May, but abundance varied considerably between years with the amount of rainfall in December-January having a major influence on population size and damage potential during the canning peach harvest Gate February-March). Below average rainfall in December-January was associated with mean trap catches of <10 beetles/trap/week in low dose pheromone traps during the harvest period in 1991/92 and 1993/94 and no reported damage to ripening fruit. Rainfall in December-January 1992/93 was more than double the average and mean trap catches ranged from 8-27 beetles/week during the harvest period with substantial damage to the peach crop. December-January rainfall was also above average in 1994/95 and 1995/96 and means of 50-300 beetles/trap/week were recorded in high dose pheromone traps during harvest periods. Carpophilus spp. caused economic damage to peach crops in both seasons. These data indicate that it may be possible to predict the likelihood of Carpophilus beetle damage to ripening stone fruit in inland areas of southern Australia, by routine pheromone-based monitoring of beetle populations and summer temperatures and rainfall. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. QUEENSLAND DEPT PRIMARY IND,ANIM RES INST,YEERONGPILLY,QLD 4105,AUSTRALIA. RP James, DG (reprint author), NSW AGR,YANCO AGR INST,YANCO,NSW 2703,AUSTRALIA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CANBERRA PA CSIRO ENTOMOLOGY GPO BOX 1700, CANBERRA 2601, AUSTRALIA SN 1326-6756 J9 AUST J ENTOMOL JI Aust. J. Entomol. PD MAY 30 PY 1997 VL 36 BP 165 EP 173 DI 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1997.tb01450.x PN 2 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XD136 UT WOS:A1997XD13600011 ER PT J AU Kaiser, MS Siev, D AF Kaiser, MS Siev, D TI Comparison of non parallel immunoassay curves resulting from mixtures of competing antigens SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Relative potency is a measure that has been used for many years to summarize the comparison of dose-response curves in parallel line bioassays. When response curves for two preparations are not parallel the traditional definition of relative potency no longer applies. We review the concept of relative potency and show that, in some situations, it can be given meaning for non-parallel curves as the ratio of biological activity in full strength assay preparations. Under an assumption that non-parallel curves result from the competition of mixtures of antigens for receptor binding sites, estimation of relative potency for non-parallel curves can be accomplished. We show that estimation of models for both parallel curve and response attenuation situations may be accomplished within the framework of generalized linear models. This estimation depends on the ability to deal with non-linear parameters appearing in the link function, and an iterative algorithm depending on direct parameter updates is outlined. The topics discussed are illustrated with the analysis of data from two immunoassays conducted with veterinary vaccines. The models developed here depend in an essential way on the assumption of response attenuation by competing antigens. Our methods may not be appropriate for non-parallel curves caused by other phenomena. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA,VET BIOL FIELD OPERAT,AMES,IA 50010. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT STAT,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,STAT LAB,AMES,IA 50011. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD MAY 30 PY 1997 VL 16 IS 10 BP 1151 EP 1166 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19970530)16:10<1151::AID-SIM525>3.0.CO;2-L PG 16 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA XB027 UT WOS:A1997XB02700006 PM 9179980 ER PT J AU Perry, KD Cahill, TA Eldred, RA Dutcher, DD Gill, TE AF Perry, KD Cahill, TA Eldred, RA Dutcher, DD Gill, TE TI Long-range transport of North African dust to the eastern United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SAHARAN DUST; TRACE-ELEMENTS; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; CLAY-MINERALS; ATLANTIC; AEROSOLS; SIZE; PRECIPITATION; ATMOSPHERE; DEPOSITION AB The long-range transport of North African dust to the Middle East, Europe, South America, and the Caribbean has been well documented during the past 25 years. With the advent of routine collection and analysis of fine aerosoIs at national parks, monuments, and wilderness areas in the continental United States, these North African dust incursions can now be tracked, characterized, and quantified across much of the eastern half of the United States. Identification of the North African source of these dust episodes is confirmed by mass distribution measurements, a characteristic Al/Ca ratio, isentropic backward air mass trajectories, and sequential plots of the spatial distribution of the dust plumes. North African dust incursions into the continental United States persist for similar to 10 days and occurred, an average, 3 times per year from 1992 to 1995. Fine soil mass usually exceeds 10 mu g m(-3) during these dust episodes and dominates local fine soil dust by an order of magnitude or more, even in the so-called ''dust bowl'' states of the central United States. Size-resolved measurements of elemental composition taken during July 1995 indicate that the mass mean diameter of the transported North African dust is < 1 mu m. The high mass scattering efficiency and abundant particle surface area associated with these submicron soil aerosols could have important consequences for both the radiative balance of the region and the chemistry of the local aerosols during summer when the long-range transport of North African dust to the United States is most common. C1 USDA ARS, WIND EROS & WATER CONSERVAT RES UNIT, LUBBOCK, TX 79401 USA. RP Perry, KD (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS, AIR QUAL GRP, CROCKER NUCL LAB, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. OI Gill, Thomas E/0000-0001-9011-4105 NR 74 TC 182 Z9 183 U1 2 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 27 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D10 BP 11225 EP 11238 DI 10.1029/97JD00260 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XB488 UT WOS:A1997XB48800017 ER PT J AU An, ZQ Zhao, Q McEvoy, J Yuan, WM Markley, JL Leong, SA AF An, ZQ Zhao, Q McEvoy, J Yuan, WM Markley, JL Leong, SA TI The second finger of Urbs1 is required for iron-mediated repression of sid1 in Ustilago maydis SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE siderophore; transcription factor; corn smut; epitope; gel shift assay ID PUTATIVE ZINC FINGER; DNA-BINDING PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GATA-1; NITROGEN REGULATORY GENE; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; NEGATIVE REGULATOR; EXPRESSION; ENCODES; DOMAIN; FAMILY AB The urbs1 gene encodes a transcriptional regulator of siderophore biosynthesis in Ustilago maydis. Biological and DNA-binding activities of the two putative zinc finger motifs of Urbs1 were studied by analyzing mutants containing altered finger domains. The mutated urbs1 alleles from three previously described N'-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) mutants were mapped and cloned by a gap-repair procedure. Sequence analyses revealed single amino acid substitutions in two of the NTG mutants. Both mutations (G-507 to D in urbs1-1 and P-491 to L in urbs1-3), which are located in the Urbs1 C-terminal finger domain, reduced DNA-binding activity by 10-fold and were sufficient to confer a urbs1-minus phenotype. The third NTG urbs1 mutant (urbs1-2) also contained a mutation in one of the conserved amino acids (P-518 to S) in the C-terminal finger domain, but this mutation alone was not sufficient to confer a urbs1-minus phenotype. A second frame shift mutation was identified in urbs1-2 and is necessary for the urbs1-minus phenotype, In an analysis of the function of the N-terminal finger of Urbs1, the conserved amino acid Arg-350 was mutated to leucine, A Urbs1 protein with this mutation complemented a urbs1 null mutant strain, By contrast, a similar mutation in the C-terminal domain abolished the ability of Urbs1 to regulate siderophore biosynthesis and greatly reduced its ability to bind target DNA. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BIOCHEM,MADISON,WI 53706. USDA ARS,PLANT DIS RESISTANCE RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. RI Leong, Sally /I-8550-2012 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM33716] NR 45 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 27 PY 1997 VL 94 IS 11 BP 5882 EP 5887 DI 10.1073/pnas.94.11.5882 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA XB711 UT WOS:A1997XB71100074 PM 9159169 ER PT J AU French, AD Dowd, MK Reilly, PJ AF French, AD Dowd, MK Reilly, PJ TI MM3 modeling of fructose ring shapes and hydrogen bonding SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium of the American-Chemical-Society on Carbohydrate Modeling CY MAR, 1995 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Amer Chem Soc DE conformational analysis; ring puckening; molecular mechanics; carbohydrate; energy surface ID BETA-D-FRUCTOSE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; TETRASACCHARIDE STACHYOSE; RELATIVE STABILITY; COUPLING-CONSTANTS; NMR ANALYSIS; FORCE-FIELD; SUCROSE; CONFORMATION AB MM3(92) was used to minimize energies in exhaustive searches of the ring shapes and orientations of exocyclic groups for four fructose tautomers (alpha-furanose, beta-furanose, alpha-pyranose and alpha-pyranose). A dielectric constant of 4.0 was used to emulate a ''general condensed phase'' environment. Calculated energies of the three major tautomers were within a range of 0.86 kcal after the correction by -5.5 kcal as done by MM3 for heats of formation for five-membered rings. The energy of the minor alpha-pyranose form was 2.5 kcal above the minimum. Tautomeric ratios from crystal structures and from DMSO as well as aqueous solutions differ depending on the environment. However, no experiment has found quite as much alpha-furanose as we predict, unlike our results on other monosaccharides where the extents of beta-anomers are slightly over-estimated, In all cases, however, the apparent error of the MM3 calculations has been less than 1.0 kcal/mol. Energy surfaces for ring puckering depict the degree of pseudorotation and rationalize the distribution of conformers of each tautomer. Numerous beta-furanose rings in crystals fit well as do the beta-pyranose rings, and our interpretation of literature NMR data requires a north-south equilibrium for alpha-furanose. Model bond lengths were compared with averaged data from precise X-ray studies of crystals containing beta-D-fructopyranose. Bonds between heavy atoms based on r(alpha) (an optional computation corresponding to distances between thermally averaged centers) ft about 25% better than the normal MM3 values that correspond to r (gas-phase electron diffraction results). The C2-O2 (anomeric) bond length was over-estimated by 0.024 Angstrom, but the mean absolute deviation of the other bonds was only 0.006 Angstrom. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds were weak in most preferred fructose models, shown by a plot of energy vs, lengths and angles of hydrogen bonds. The stabilization of sugar models with peripheral intramolecular hydrogen bonds is augmented by the lack of destabilizing dipole-dipole forces. MM3(92) (with a dielectric constant of 4.0) accommodated hydrogen bond geometries found in crystals. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT CHEM ENGN, AMES, IA 50011 USA. RP French, AD (reprint author), USDA, SO REG RES CTR, POB 19687, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70179 USA. NR 59 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1280 J9 J MOL STRUC-THEOCHEM JI Theochem-J. Mol. Struct. PD MAY 26 PY 1997 VL 395 BP 271 EP 287 DI 10.1016/S0166-1280(96)04546-0 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA XK396 UT WOS:A1997XK39600020 ER PT J AU French, AD Csizmadia, IG AF French, AD Csizmadia, IG TI Carbohydrate modeling, past, present and future SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV TORONTO, DEPT CHEM, LASH MILLER CHEM LABS, TORONTO, ON M5S 1A1, CANADA. RP French, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, SO REG RES CTR, POB 19687, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70179 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1280 J9 J MOL STRUC-THEOCHEM JI Theochem-J. Mol. Struct. PD MAY 26 PY 1997 VL 395 BP R11 EP R12 DI 10.1016/S0166-1280(97)00093-6 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA XK396 UT WOS:A1997XK39600001 ER PT J AU Edwards, MC Zhang, ZJ Weiland, JJ AF Edwards, MC Zhang, ZJ Weiland, JJ TI Oat blue dwarf marafivirus resembles the tymoviruses in sequence, genome organization, and expression strategy SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID YELLOW MOSAIC-VIRUS; STRAND RNA VIRUSES; MAIZE RAYADO FINO; FULL-LENGTH CDNA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PROTEINS; CAPILLOVIRUS; CLEAVAGE; IDENTIFICATION AB The complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of oat blue dwarf marafivirus (OBDV) were determined. The 6509 nucleotide RNA genome encodes a putative 227-kDa polyprotein (p227) with sequence motifs similar to the methyltransferase, papain-like protease, helicase, and polymerase motifs present in the nonstructural proteins of other positive strand RNA viruses. The 3' end of the open reading frame (ORF) that encodes p227 (ORF 227) also encodes the two capsid proteins: a 24-kDa capsid protein is presumably cleaved from the p227 polyprotein, whereas the 21-kDa capsid protein appears to be translated from a subgenomic RNA (sgRNA). Encoded amino acid and nucleotide sequence comparisons, as well as the OBDV genome expression strategy, show that OBDV closely resembles the tymoviruses. OBDV differs from the tymoviruses in its general biology, in its lack of a putative movement gene that overlaps the replication-associated genes, and in its fusion of the capsid gene sequences to the major ORF. OBDV also possesses a 3' poly(A) tail, as compared to the tRNA-like structures found in most tymoviral genomes. Due to the strong similarities in genome sequence and expression strategy, OBDV, and presumably the other marafiviruses, should be considered a member of the tymovirus lineage of the alpha-like plant viruses. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FARGO,ND 58105. RP Edwards, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,1307 18TH ST N,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 71 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD MAY 26 PY 1997 VL 232 IS 1 BP 217 EP 229 DI 10.1006/viro.1997.8555 PG 13 WC Virology SC Virology GA XA882 UT WOS:A1997XA88200023 PM 9185605 ER PT J AU Frenz, UW Rumpler, WV AF Frenz, UW Rumpler, WV TI Correcting heat storage in a calorimetric chamber by a two-compartment-model SO THERMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE direct calorimetry; dynamic parameter; heat dilution; two-compartment-model ID ENERGY-EXPENDITURE AB Direct calorimetry is used for investigating combustion energy of fuels, thermic properties of materials and metabolic processes. Its results, however, may be influenced by the dynamic properties of the equipment, if they are not much faster than those of the subject. When performing direct calorimetry at living beings, the dynamic properties of the system chamber-interior-subject must be taken into account. A simple model is known to correct for the dilution of metabolic gases in the chamber. Heat, however, is not simply diluted; it is stored in the chamber's interior and the subject's body too. A two-compartment-model was shown to correct heat storage effects in a furnished human calorimetric chamber. A method was established to estimate proper model parameter from alcohol combustion as calibration experiments. Heat storage resulted in 7.8 +/- 1.1% of all heat measured after extinguishing the flame. The 'wake period' lasted more than 3 h. Using the two-compartment-model this was overcorrected to -1.6 + 1.9% with the 'wake period' being less than 15 min. Humans or animals in the chamber would change the model parameter dramatically due to their large heat capacity. The corresponding parameters could not be derived from only a few calibration experiments; more work needs to be done in the future. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS,DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Frenz, UW (reprint author), GERMAN INST HUMAN NUTR,DEPT BIOCHEM & PHYSIOL NUTR,D-14558 BERGHOLZ REHBRUCK,GERMANY. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-6031 J9 THERMOCHIM ACTA JI Thermochim. Acta PD MAY 25 PY 1997 VL 292 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1016/S0040-6031(97)00035-X PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA XG339 UT WOS:A1997XG33900001 ER PT J AU Whiting, RC Buchanan, RL AF Whiting, RC Buchanan, RL TI Development of a quantitative risk assessment model for Salmonella enteritidis in pasteurized liquid eggs SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Application of Predictive Microbiology to Microbial Risk Assessment at the 2nd International Conference on Predictive Microbiology CY 1996 CL HOBART, AUSTRALIA DE models; modeling; pathogens ID EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED HENS; PHAGE TYPE-4; LAYING HENS; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; UNITED-STATES; SHELL EGGS; THERMAL-RESISTANCE; WHOLE EGG; GROWTH; YOLK AB The performance of hazard analyses and the establishment of critical limits by the food industry are both hampered by the inability to directly relate food processing operations from farm-to-table with their public health impact. Using a 'unit operations' and stochastic simulation approach, data on the frequency of pathogens in raw ingredients, predictive microbiology models for growth and inactivation (thermal and non-thermal), and dose-response models for infectivity were integrated to create a quantitative risk assessment model for a Salmonella enteritidis infection from thermally processed liquid whole eggs made into mayonnaise in the home. The risk assessment indicated pasteurization provides sufficient consumer protection from a high incidence of infected birds and from temperature abuse between the farm and the egg breakers. However scenarios showed how inadequate pasteurization temperatures and/or temperature abuse during storage leads to a hazardous product. This dynamic approach to modeling risk should aid in identification and setting critical control points and assessing the impact. of altering food formulations or processes. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Whiting, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 54 TC 103 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD MAY 20 PY 1997 VL 36 IS 2-3 BP 111 EP 125 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(97)01262-2 PG 15 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA XH813 UT WOS:A1997XH81300005 PM 9217100 ER PT J AU Osman, SF Fett, WF Irwin, P Cescutti, P Brouillette, JN OConnor, JV AF Osman, SF Fett, WF Irwin, P Cescutti, P Brouillette, JN OConnor, JV TI The structure of the exopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain H13 SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE exopolysaccharide; Pseudomonas fluorescens; structure; NMR spectroscopy ID CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE; MONOSACCHARIDES AB An acidic exopolysaccharide was isolated from P. fluorescens strain H13, The structure of the polysaccharide repeating unit was determined using chemical methods and 1D and 2D NMR techniques, The repeating unit was characterized as a trisaccharide composed of D-glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose and 4-O-acetyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-mannuronic acid. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV TRIESTE,DIPARTIMENTO BIOCHIM BIOFIS & CHIM MACROMOL,I-34127 TRIESTE,ITALY. RP Osman, SF (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD MAY 19 PY 1997 VL 300 IS 4 BP 323 EP 327 DI 10.1016/S0008-6215(97)00069-4 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA XC864 UT WOS:A1997XC86400004 PM 9210299 ER PT J AU OToole, D Li, H Miller, D Williams, WR Crawford, TB AF OToole, D Li, H Miller, D Williams, WR Crawford, TB TI Chronic and recovered cases of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in cattle SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; DEER CERVUS-NIPPON; ALCELAPHINE HERPESVIRUS-1; REACTION AMPLIFICATION; PCR DETECTION; VIRUS-DNA; RUMINANTS; HYBRIDIZATION; INFECTION AB Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is traditionally regarded as a disease with a short clinical course, low morbidity and high case fatality rate. Owing to the limitations of the assays used for laboratory diagnosis, it was difficult to characterise the clinical spectrum of sheep-associated MCF, particularly when the cattle recovered from an MCF-like clinical syndrome. Over a period of three years, 11 cattle that survived MCF for up to two-and-a-half years were identified on four premises. A clinical diagnosis of MCF was confirmed by the detection of ovine herpesvirus-2 DNA in peripheral blood leucocytes using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that detects a specific 238 base-pair fragment of viral genomic DNA. Of the 11 cattle examined, six recovered clinically with the exception of bilateral corneal oedema with stromal keratitis (four animals) and unilateral perforating keratitis (one animal). The 10 animals available for postmortem examination had disseminated subacute to chronic arteriopathy. Recovery was associated with the resolution of the acute lymphoid panarteritis that characterises the acute phase of MCF, and with the development of generalised chronic obliterative arteriosclerosis. Bilateral leucomata were due in part to the focal destruction of corneal endothelium secondary to acute endothelialitis. Formalin-fixed tissues and/or unfixed lymphoid cells from all 11 cattle were positive for sheep-associated MCF by PCR. These observations indicate that recovery and chronic disease are a significant part of the clinical spectrum of MCF and that such cases occur with some frequency in the area studied. The affected cattle remain persistently infected by the putative sheep-associated MCF gammaherpesvirus. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164. CLOUD PEAK VET SERV,WORLAND,WY 82401. HOT SPRINGS VET CLIN,THERMOPOLIS,WY 82443. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP OToole, D (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,WYOMING STATE VET LAB,1174 SNOWY RANGE RD,LARAMIE,WY 82070, USA. NR 44 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 2 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD MAY 17 PY 1997 VL 140 IS 20 BP 519 EP 524 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XA424 UT WOS:A1997XA42400009 PM 9178482 ER PT J AU Hasenauer, H Monserud, RA AF Hasenauer, H Monserud, RA TI Biased predictions for tree height increment models developed from smoothed 'data' SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE height growth modeling; stand simulation; accuracy; growth and yield; Norway spruce ID GROWTH; ERROR AB Only two basic methods exist for obtaining tree height (H) increment data: felled tree measurements and remeasured height or height increment on standing forest trees. Because the former method is expensive (but reliable), and the latter has a large measurement error relative to the actual height increment, it is difficult to obtain good height increment data. The contradictory occurrence of high coefficients of determination for height increment models that are not based on felled-tree samples can only be explained by so-called height increment 'data' that is actually predicted from some heuristic function, usually of diameter. Such smoothed 'data' are not observable, not measurable, and have much Variation removed. Use of smoothed data reduces the apparent problem of height increment modeling to a simplistic problem of using one function to estimate the smoothed predictions from another function. We illustrate this phenomenon with a controlled experiment. Using more than 7500 Norway spruce trees from the Austrian National Forest Inventory with remeasured heights (5 year interval), we built height increment models: (1) based on the difference in observed heights; (2) based on the difference in predicted heights using a heuristic function of diameter. Using the same model and input variables, the coefficient of determination was 3 times higher (0.44 vs. 0.14) using the smoothed increment 'data' than with the observed increment data. Furthermore the increment predictions based on the data sets with smoothed increment 'data' exhibited a significant overestimation. This demonstrates three things. First, that fit statistics measuring deviations about smoothed height increment data an misleading and strongly biased upward. Second, that the resulting models produce biased predictions that overestimate increment, especially for trees in an intermediate to suppressed social position in the stand. Third, that measurement errors in remeasured heights on standing trees are so large that the underlying height increment signal is nearly hidden (R-2 = 0.14). C1 US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,USDA,MOSCOW,ID 83843. AGR UNIV VIENNA,INST FOREST GROWTH RES,A-1190 VIENNA,AUSTRIA. NR 40 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAY 16 PY 1997 VL 98 IS 1 BP 13 EP 22 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(96)01933-3 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XB336 UT WOS:A1997XB33600003 ER PT J AU Sterba, H Monserud, RA AF Sterba, H Monserud, RA TI Applicability of the forest stand growth simulator PROGNAUS for the Austrian part of the Bohemian Massif SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE forest growth prediction; simulation modeling; mixed stands; Austria; Norway spruce; Scots pine ID MODELS; VALIDATION AB Our objective is to examine the applicability of the basal area increment model in the PROGNAUS forest stand growth simulator using independent permanent plot data. The simulator is designed to forecast the development of both pure even-aged and mixed-species uneven-aged stands in Austria using distance-independent individual tree methodology. The primary model is for the basal area increment (BAI), which is predicted from size (diameter, crown ratio), competition (basal area of larger trees, crown competition factor), and site descriptors. Because the model must be able to simulate the development of both uneven- and even-aged stands, site index and age are intentionally not used as predictors. Available for testing is an independent data set of 22 permanent plots in mixed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)-Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) stands in the Austrian part of the Bohemian Massif, northeastern Austria. The validation plots were remeasured for three 5-year periods between 1977 and 1992. The prediction interval (95% confidence) for the basal area increment over the full 15-year period was 62-157%, with a mean of 99% of the observed increment. A plot-specific adjustment of the model's intercept using past increment did not improve predictions for Norway spruce, but did improve predictions for Scots pine. Thus, important site-specific variation not captured by the Scots pine model can nevertheless be accounted for by using increment calibration. A time trend towards increasing underestimation of the increment was detected in the later grown th periods of the validation data. This trend agrees with a frequently reported increase in the site potential of central European stands, possibly caused by changing weather conditions, nitrogen deposition, and abandoning of litter raking. For future model development, as many growth periods as possible should be used to parameterize increment models, although even this cannot account for a long term change in the site potential. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,USDA,MOSCOW,ID 83843. AGR UNIV VIENNA,INST WALDWACHSTUMSFORSCH,A-1190 VIENNA,AUSTRIA. NR 29 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAY 16 PY 1997 VL 98 IS 1 BP 23 EP 34 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(96)01934-5 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XB336 UT WOS:A1997XB33600004 ER PT J AU Leary, RA AF Leary, RA TI Testing models of unthinned red pine plantation dynamics using a modified Bakuzis matrix of stand properties SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Bakuzis matrix; Red pine; STEMS program ID DIAMETER; RULE; LAW AB The comprehensive graphical matrix of even-aged stand property inter-dependence, first developed by E.V. Bakuzis, facilitates identification and understanding of the relationship among stand properties. Bakuzis' original matrix of eight stand properties, contained 64 cells, was symmetric, but only about 11 of the 64 relationships had shown enough regularity among species to have been named. In this paper I simplify the Bakuzis matrix by reordering the rows and columns to make a mof-e compact, lower triangular arrangement of eight rules or law-like relationships. I then demonstrate matrix use by looking for structural flaws in two models of unthinned red pine (Pinus resinosa) plantation dynamics in the Lake States (Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan) (STEMS and REDPINE), and one from Ontario (yield tables from Petawawa). Flaws were found in each source of projections. REDPINE violates the Sukachev effect, predicts trees will have larger diameters on poor sites than on good sites, and that site has a significant effect on the mean height-stem frequency relation All bi-variate relations for the Petawawa data are identical, which violates several rules. The STEMS program does the poorest job of the three methods of predicting unthinned red pine plantation stand development, primarily because site index has very little effect on any of the stand variables. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Leary, RA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,1992 FOLWELL AVE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 69 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAY 16 PY 1997 VL 98 IS 1 BP 35 EP 46 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(96)01935-7 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XB336 UT WOS:A1997XB33600005 ER PT J AU Mowrer, HT AF Mowrer, HT TI Propagating uncertainty through spatial estimation processes for old-growth subalpine forests using sequential Gaussian simulation in GIS SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE sequential Gaussian simulation; geographic information system; stochastic elements ID GEOSTATISTICS AB Based on data from 83 plot locations, the geostatistical Monte Carlo technique of sequential Gaussian simulation (s.G.s.) was used to generate 1000 independent spatially continuous representations of three variables. These were then used in a geographic information system analysis to create maps of relative uncertainty for estimated areas of potential old-growth forest conditions across a 121 hectare first-order subalpine watershed. First, identical selection criteria were applied to each of the 1000 three-layer input sets to determine areas that simultaneously satisfied three old-growth forest conditions for mean stem diameter, percent crown cover, and mean age of overstory stems. This created 1000 equally probable realizations of potential old growth for the study area. An uncertainty image for the potential old-growth forest areas was created by summing these realizations. Cells were selected from the image histogram that indicated the highest proportions of old-growth conditions. Spatially, these results followed those obtained from a similar analysis using kriging. s.G.s. is recommended as a generic spatial Monte Carlo technique that can be used to assess stochastic elements in complex integrated ecological predictions. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Mowrer, HT (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN, USDA, 240 W PROSPECT, FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA. NR 18 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAY 16 PY 1997 VL 98 IS 1 BP 73 EP 86 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(96)01938-2 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XB336 UT WOS:A1997XB33600008 ER PT J AU Erhan, SM Abbott, TP Nabetani, H Purcell, H AF Erhan, SM Abbott, TP Nabetani, H Purcell, H TI Simmondsin concentrate from defatted jojoba meal SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE Simmondsia chinensis L Schneider; simmondsin; jojoba; membrane AB A water-extract of defatted jojoba meal was filtered and concentrated from 2.6 to 23% solids on a pilot scale in a reverse osmosis concentration apparatus and then freeze-dried. The characteristics of the membrane and new concentrator were determined with both glucose and the water-extract from jojoba meal. Permeate flux was not significantly affected by the change in total flow within the controllable limits at 1, 2, 10, or 20% glucose concentration. With the total flow past the membrane maintained at 57 l/m, the permeate flux was measured at various concentrations and at different pressures across the membrane. A permeate flux fate of 2.21 x 10(-5) m/s could be maintained for glucose concentrations up to 20%. For the extract, pressure across the membrane was adjusted to maintain a permeate flux of 1.24 x 10(-5) m/s (3.8 l/min for a 5.1 m(2) surface area membrane) not exceeding the system limit of 6.9 MPa. Using this method, 193 1 of 2.6% solids jojoba extract could be concentrated to 25.3 1 of 19.7% solids in 45 min. Permeate flux decreased with time because maximum pressure could not maintain a flux rate of 1.24 x 10(-5) m/s at the higher solids concentrations. The average permeate flux over the entire experiment was 0.99 x 10(-5) m/s. Based on the pilot scale tests, 568 kg of meal were extracted and processed on industrial equipment. The process included a vacuum drum dryer coated with diatomaceous earth with spray-drying of the concentrate. A powdery solid containing 42% simmondsin and related analogues was obtained. The results of the industrial trials and recommendations for process improvements are discussed. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NATL FOOD RES INST,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. PURCELL NAT JOJOBA,AVILA BEACH,CA 93424. RP Erhan, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD MAY 16 PY 1997 VL 6 IS 2 BP 147 EP 154 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(96)00215-4 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XB593 UT WOS:A1997XB59300009 ER PT J AU Cunningham, RL Gordon, SH Felker, FC Eskins, K AF Cunningham, RL Gordon, SH Felker, FC Eskins, K TI Jet-cooked starch oil composite in polyurethane foams SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fourier transform infrared spectrometric analysis; light microscopy; polyester; scanning electron microscopy AB A new jet-cooked starch-oil composite has been blended with a polyester polyol and then reacted with isocyanate to give a polyurethane foam. Infrared spectroscopy and microscopy have been used to examine the resultant products. Infrared spectra have shown the products contain the urethane structures and Light and electron microscopy have shown the differences in the cell wall structures and networks of the foams when compared to the control foams. Inclusion of the starch-oil composite in the formulation resulted in increased viscosity of the reaction mixture as well as a more irregular cellular structure and a rougher texture of the cured foam. Larger cells were more abundant and there was more evidence of tearing during expansion. The scanning electron photomicrographs show the open-cell structure of both the control and blended foams and their reticular network, which is more uniform in the control. This examination provides insight into the foaming process and provides information to make the necessary adjustments for acquiring the desired polymeric product. Incorporation of the starch-oil composite in polyurethane foams provides a new dimension of possibilities for enhancing their physical, functional, and environmental properties. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MWA,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Cunningham, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MWA,BIOMAT PROC RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD MAY 16 PY 1997 VL 64 IS 7 BP 1355 EP 1361 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970516)64:7<1355::AID-APP15>3.0.CO;2-W PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA WU622 UT WOS:A1997WU62200015 ER PT J AU Bacanamwo, M Harper, JE AF Bacanamwo, M Harper, JE TI Response of a hypernodulating soybean mutant to increased photosynthate supply SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; hypernodulation; CO2 enrichment; light enhancement ID ACETYLENE-REDUCTION ASSAY; ROOT NODULE ACTIVITY; NITROGENASE ACTIVITY; SUPERNODULATING MUTANT; GLYCINE-MAX; WILD-TYPE; NODULATION MUTANTS; CULTIVAR ENREI; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CV BRAGG AB Growth chamber studies were conducted to determine if increased photoassimilate supply, through light enhancement and CO2 enrichment, could reverse the deleterious plant growth and enhance nodule function traits of NOD1-3, a hypernodulating mutant of Williams. Both light enhancement and CO2 enrichment increased nodule number, acetylene reduction activity plant(-1) (but not specific activity) and dry matter accumulation in all tissues in both genotypes. Total biomass and specific nitrogenase activity were always less in the mutant than in Williams 82, indicating that the inferiority of the mutant may not be reversed by enhanced photoassimilate supply. Under all growth conditions, the mutant allocated relatively more photosynthate to nodules and less photosynthate to roots, compared to the control. Despite this, the decreased growth of the mutant relative to the control was not solely attributable to excessive nodulation of the mutant, since decreased growth was observed even on uninoculated plants. It is suggested that light enhancement and CO2 enrichment may have stimulated nodulation through increased photosynthate supply, independent of the nodulation autoregulatory signal. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 ARS,USDA,PLANT PHYSIOL & GENET RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD MAY 16 PY 1997 VL 124 IS 2 BP 119 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(97)04608-6 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA XA560 UT WOS:A1997XA56000001 ER PT J AU Lim, C Ako, H Brown, CL Hahn, K AF Lim, C Ako, H Brown, CL Hahn, K TI Growth response and fatty acid composition of juvenile Penaeus vannamei fed different sources of dietary lipid SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Feeding and Nutrition in Fish: Nutrition and the Production of Fish and Shellfish CY OCT 04-07, 1993 CL HOBART, AUSTRALIA SP Univ Tasmania, Dept Aquaculture, Int Union Nutr Sci Comm DE shrimp nutrition; Penaeus vannamei; lipids; fatty acid composition ID NUTRITIONAL-REQUIREMENTS; COMPOUNDED DIETS; LINOLENIC ACIDS; CHANNEL CATFISH; PRAWN; OILS AB A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding various sources of dietary lipid on weight gain, feed conversion, survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile Penaeus vannamei. Seven semi-purified diets (35% protein and 3400 kcal of metabolizable energy kg(-1)) containing defatted, freeze-dried shrimp meal, 1.0% soybean lecithin and 0.5% cholesterol were supplemented with 6.5% of either stearic acid, coconut, safflower, corn, soybean, linseed or menhaden fish oils. Each diet was fed to shrimp (1.00 +/- 0.03 g average weight) in four replicate aquaria four times daily for 10 weeks. Weight gain, feed conversion and survival were best for shrimp fed the diet containing menhaden fish oil. Shrimp fed the linseed oil diet had the second highest weight gain, followed by shrimp on soybean oil, corn oil, stearic acid, coconut oil and safflower oil diets, respectively. Feed conversion values were a reflection of weight gain. Results of this study show that both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids are dietary essential for juvenile Penaeus vannamei, although n-3 fatty acids promoted faster growth than n-6. However, highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) had better growth-promoting effect than 18:3n-3, due probably to the limited ability of shrimp to bioconvert fatty acids to polyenoic forms of longer chain length. The fatty acid composition of the shrimp generally reflected that of the dietary lipids, especially for the diets containing unsaturated fatty acids. Shrimp fed stearic acid and coconut oil diets low in polyunsaturated fatty acids accumulated high levels of 16:1n-7 and 18:1n-9. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 HAWAII INST MARINE BIOL,USDA ARS PWA,TROP AQUACULTURE RES UNIT,KANEOHE,HI 96744. UNIV HAWAII,DEPT ENVIRONM BIOCHEM,HONOLULU,HI 96822. UNIV HAWAII,HAWAII INST MARINE BIOL,KANEOHE,HI 96722. NR 31 TC 64 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD MAY 15 PY 1997 VL 151 IS 1-4 BP 143 EP 153 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01500-1 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XH726 UT WOS:A1997XH72600014 ER PT J AU Huang, KL Simunek, J VanGenuchten, MT AF Huang, KL Simunek, J VanGenuchten, MT TI A third-order numerical scheme with upwind weighting for solving the solute transport equation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE third-order; numerical method; transport; upwind weighting ID GROUNDWATER AB Solute transport in the subsurface is generally described quantitatively with the convection-dispersion transport equation. Accurate numerical solutions of this equation are important to ensure physically realistic predictions of contaminant transport in a variety of applications. An accurate third-order in time numerical approximation of the solute transport equation was derived. The approach leads to corrections for both the dispersion coefficient and the convective velocity when used in numerical solutions of the transport equation. The developed algorithm is as extension of previous work to solute transport conditions involving transient variably saturated fluid flow and non-linear adsorption. The third-order algorithm is shown to yield very accurately solutions near sharp concentration fronts, thereby showing its ability to eliminate numerical dispersion. However, the scheme does suffer from numerical oscillations. The oscillations could be avoided by employing upwind weighting techniques in the numerical scheme. Solutions obtained with the proposed method were free of numerical oscillations and exhibited negligible numerical dispersion. Results for several examples, including those involving highly non-linear sorption and infiltration into initially dry soils, were found to be very accurate when compared to other solutions. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RP Huang, KL (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,4500 GLENWOOD DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92501, USA. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0029-5981 J9 INT J NUMER METH ENG JI Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. PD MAY 15 PY 1997 VL 40 IS 9 BP 1623 EP 1637 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0207(19970515)40:9<1623::AID-NME131>3.3.CO;2-M PG 15 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Engineering; Mathematics GA WV962 UT WOS:A1997WV96200005 ER PT J AU Reed, CA Hollingsworth, J Kaplan, B AF Reed, CA Hollingsworth, J Kaplan, B TI Hepatitis A infrequent food link, but of concern ... SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Reed, CA (reprint author), USDA,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 15 PY 1997 VL 210 IS 10 BP 1398 EP 1398 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA WY592 UT WOS:A1997WY59200010 PM 9154185 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG AF Bostom, AG TI Adjunctive drug therapy for acute myocardial infarction SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter RP Bostom, AG (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,DEPT AGR,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAY 15 PY 1997 VL 336 IS 20 BP 1455 EP 1455 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA WY577 UT WOS:A1997WY57700018 PM 9148151 ER PT J AU Oosterveld, A Grabber, JH Beldman, G Ralph, J Voragen, AGJ AF Oosterveld, A Grabber, JH Beldman, G Ralph, J Voragen, AGJ TI Formation of ferulic acid dehydrodimers through oxidative cross-linking of sugar beet pectin SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ferulic acid dehydrodimers; sugar beet; pectin; cross-linking ID CELL-WALLS; FERULOYLATED OLIGOSACCHARIDES; HAIRY FRAGMENTS; SIDE-CHAINS; PULP; IDENTIFICATION; HYDROLYSIS AB Pectins isolated from sugar beet pulp by autoclaving contained significant amounts of ferulates, 8.8% of which were ferulate dehydrodimers. The 8-8 and 8-O-4 dehydrodimers were predominant. Oxidative cross-linking with hydrogen peroxide/peroxidase lowered the amount of ferulic acid by 78%, while an increase in ferulate dehydrodimers by a factor of 4.9 was observed. The highest increase was seen for the 8-5 and 8-O-4 dehydrodimers. The concentration of total ferulates decreased by 36% after cross-linking, indicating that a part of the ferulates were converted to unidentified oxidation products, It was concluded that ferulic acid in beet pulp pectin is coupled into a variety of dehydrodimers by treatments that mediate oxidative cross-linking reactions. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 AGR UNIV WAGENINGEN, DEPT FOOD SCI, NL-6700 EV WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS. USDA ARS, US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. RI Beldman, Gerrit/A-1901-2009 NR 11 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 EI 1873-426X J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD MAY 12 PY 1997 VL 300 IS 2 BP 179 EP 181 DI 10.1016/S0008-6215(97)00041-4 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA XB923 UT WOS:A1997XB92300013 ER PT J AU Zhang, HS Fletcher, MT Avery, JW Kitching, W AF Zhang, HS Fletcher, MT Avery, JW Kitching, W TI A suite of odd and even carbon-numbered spiroacetals in Bactrocera latifrons. Synthesis and stereochemistry. SO TETRAHEDRON LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ACID AB Female abdominal tips from the pestiferous fruit-fly species, Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) provide a suite of odd and even 2-alkyl-8-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5] undecanes (alkyl = methyl, ethyl, (n)propyl, (n)butyl) which are shown by synthesis and enantioselective gas chromatography to possess the (2S, 6R, 8S) stereochemistry. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV QUEENSLAND,DEPT CHEM,BRISBANE,QLD 4072,AUSTRALIA. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT CHEM ECOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RI Fletcher, Mary/A-8469-2011 OI Fletcher, Mary/0000-0003-0189-3376 NR 8 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0040-4039 J9 TETRAHEDRON LETT JI Tetrahedron Lett. PD MAY 12 PY 1997 VL 38 IS 19 BP 3477 EP 3478 DI 10.1016/S0040-4039(97)00660-6 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA WY689 UT WOS:A1997WY68900045 ER PT J AU Campbell, NF Hubbard, LE Mazenko, RS Medina, MB AF Campbell, NF Hubbard, LE Mazenko, RS Medina, MB TI Development of a chromatographic method for the isolation and detection of hygromycin B in biological fluids SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B LA English DT Article DE hygromycin B ID AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS; TISSUES AB An affinity chromatography method was developed for the purification of hygromycin B from biological fluids. Lysozyme and alpha-lactalbumin were immobilized on an N-hydroxysuccinimide activated agarose support. Hygromycin B solubilized in water was bound by the proteins and subsequently eluted using 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.0. Hygromycin B was purified from swine plasma, bovine serum and bovine milk samples using a combination of ion-exchange chromatography for initial clean-up of spiked biological samples followed by affinity chromatography. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of the isolated hygromycin B revealed one band with the same R-F value as the hygromycin B standard. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. UNIV S ALABAMA,DEPT CHEM,MOBILE,AL 36688. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4347 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD MAY 9 PY 1997 VL 692 IS 2 BP 367 EP 374 DI 10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00004-2 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA XB520 UT WOS:A1997XB52000015 PM 9188826 ER PT J AU Alborn, HT Turlings, TCJ Jones, TH Stenhagen, G Loughrin, JH Tumlinson, JH AF Alborn, HT Turlings, TCJ Jones, TH Stenhagen, G Loughrin, JH Tumlinson, JH TI An elicitor of plant volatiles from beet armyworm oral secretion SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PARASITIC WASPS; JASMONIC ACID; CHEMICAL SIGNALS; BETA-GLUCOSIDASE; IDENTIFICATION; PHEROMONES; EMISSION; CORN AB The compound N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine (named here volicitin) was isolated from oral secretions of beet armyworm caterpillars. When applied to damaged leaves of corn seedlings, volicitin induces the seedlings to emit volatile compounds that attract parasitic wasps, natural enemies of the caterpillars. Mechanical damage of the leaves, without application of this compound, did not trigger release of the same blend of volatiles. Volicitin is a key component in a chain of chemical signals and biochemical processes that regulate tritrophic interactions among plants, insect herbivores, and natural enemies of the herbivores. C1 AGR RES SERV, CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL, USDA, GAINESVILLE, FL 32608 USA. VIRGINIA MIL INST, DEPT CHEM, LEXINGTON, VA 24450 USA. CHALMERS UNIV TECHNOL, DEPT ORGAN CHEM, S-41296 GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011; Turlings, Ted/E-8671-2012 OI Turlings, Ted/0000-0002-8315-785X NR 27 TC 511 Z9 582 U1 16 U2 119 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 9 PY 1997 VL 276 IS 5314 BP 945 EP 949 DI 10.1126/science.276.5314.945 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA WY792 UT WOS:A1997WY79200047 ER PT J AU Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO AF Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO TI Simultaneous determination of density and water content of particulate materials by microwave sensors SO ELECTRONICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE microwave measurement; moisture ID MOISTURE AB A new method is proposed for the nondestructive, simultaneous determination of density and water content of particulate materials by measuring their dielectric properties at microwave frequencies. RP Trabelsi, S (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,950 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 4 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEE-INST ELEC ENG PI HERTFORD PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE SIX HILLS WAY STEVENAGE, HERTFORD, ENGLAND SG1 2AY SN 0013-5194 J9 ELECTRON LETT JI Electron. Lett. PD MAY 8 PY 1997 VL 33 IS 10 BP 874 EP 876 DI 10.1049/el:19970613 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA WZ747 UT WOS:A1997WZ74700034 ER PT J AU Shallow, S Daily, P Rothrock, G Reingold, A Vugia, D Waterman, S Fiorentino, T Marcus, R Ryder, R Mshar, P Hadler, JL Farley, M Bardsley, M Baughman, W Koehler, J Blake, P Toomey, KE Hogan, J Deneen, V Hedberg, C Osterholm, MT Cassidy, M Townes, J Shiferaw, B Cieslak, P Hedberg, K Fleming, D AF Shallow, S Daily, P Rothrock, G Reingold, A Vugia, D Waterman, S Fiorentino, T Marcus, R Ryder, R Mshar, P Hadler, JL Farley, M Bardsley, M Baughman, W Koehler, J Blake, P Toomey, KE Hogan, J Deneen, V Hedberg, C Osterholm, MT Cassidy, M Townes, J Shiferaw, B Cieslak, P Hedberg, K Fleming, D TI Foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 258-261, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,BERKELEY,CA 94720. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,SACRAMENTO,CA 95814. YALE UNIV,SCH MED,NEW HAVEN,CT. CONNECTICUT STATE DEPT PUBL HLTH,HARTFORD,CT. ATLANTA METROPOLITAN ACT SURVEILLANCE PROJECT,ATLANTA,GA. GEORGIA DEPT HUMAN RESOURCES,DIV PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30334. MINNESOTA DEPT HLTH,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55414. OREGON DEPT HUMAN RESOURCES,STATE HLTH DIV,PORTLAND,OR. US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. USDA,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,OFF DIRECTOR,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 7 PY 1997 VL 277 IS 17 BP 1344 EP 1345 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA WW261 UT WOS:A1997WW26100007 ER PT J AU Meydani, SN Meydani, M Blumberg, JB Leka, LS Siber, G Loszewski, R Thompson, C Pedrosa, MC Diamond, RD Stollar, BD AF Meydani, SN Meydani, M Blumberg, JB Leka, LS Siber, G Loszewski, R Thompson, C Pedrosa, MC Diamond, RD Stollar, BD TI Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects - A randomized controlled trial SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CELL-MEDIATED-IMMUNITY; DELAYED-HYPERSENSITIVITY; PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE; NURSING-HOME; MORTALITY; ANTIBODY; MICE; CANCER; POPULATION; EXPRESSION AB Objective.-To determine whether long-term supplementation with vitamin E enhances in vivo, clinically relevant measures of cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. Design.-Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study. Setting and Participants.-A total of 88 free-living, healthy subjects at least 65 years of age. Intervention.-Subjects were randomly assigned to a placebo group or to groups consuming 60, 200, or 800 mg/d of vitamin E for 235 days. Main Outcome Measures.-Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin response (DTH); antibody response to hepatitis B, tetanus and diphtheria, and pneumococcal vaccines; and autoantibodies to DNA and thyroglobulin were assessed before and after supplementation. Results.-Supplementation with vitamin E for 4 months improved certain clinically relevant indexes of cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly. Subjects consuming 200 mg/d of vitamin E had a 65% increase in DTH and a 6-fold increase in antibody titer to hepatitis B compared with placebo (17% and S-fold, respectively), 60-mg/d (41% and 3-fold, respectively), and 800-mg/d (49% and 2.5-fold, respectively) groups. The 200-mg/d group also had a significant increase in antibody titer to tetanus vaccine. Subjects in the upper tertile of serum a-tocopherol (vitamin E) concentration (>48.4 mu mol/l [2.08 mg/dL]) after supplementation had higher antibody response to hepatitis B and DTH. Vitamin E supplementation had no effect on antibody titer to diphtheria and did not affect immunoglobulin levels or levels of T and B cells. No significant effect of vitamin E supplementation on autoantibody levels was observed. Conclusions.-Our results indicate that a level of vitamin E greater than currently recommended enhances certain clinically relevant in vivo indexes of T-cell-mediated function in healthy elderly persons. No adverse effects were observed with vitamin E supplementation. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,VASC BIOL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,ANTIOXIDANTS RES LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. DANA FARBER CANC INST,INFECT DIS LAB,BOSTON,MA 02115. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,DEPT GASTROENTEROL,BOSTON,MA. BOSTON UNIV HOSP,DIS PROGRAM,BOSTON,MA. TUFTS UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Meydani, SN (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,NUTR IMMUNOL LAB,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 46 TC 341 Z9 349 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 7 PY 1997 VL 277 IS 17 BP 1380 EP 1386 DI 10.1001/jama.277.17.1380 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA WW261 UT WOS:A1997WW26100028 PM 9134944 ER PT J AU Baker, B Zambryski, P Staskawicz, B DineshKumar, SP AF Baker, B Zambryski, P Staskawicz, B DineshKumar, SP TI Signaling in plant-microbe interactions SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE; HYPERSENSITIVE DISEASE RESISTANCE; VIRUS MOVEMENT PROTEIN; LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT; NF-KAPPA-B; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; SALICYLIC-ACID; CLADOSPORIUM-FULVUM; GENE-CLUSTER; INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR AB Analysis of viral and bacterial pathogenesis has revealed common themes in the ways in which plants and animals respond to pathogenic agents, Pathogenic bacteria use macromolecule delivery systems (types III and IV) to deliver microbial avirulence proteins and transfer DNA-protein complexes directly into plant cells, The molecular events that constitute critical steps of plant-pathogen interactions seem to involve ligand-receptor mechanisms for pathogen recognition and the induction of signal transduction pathways in the plant that lead to defense responses. Unraveling the molecular basis of disease resistance pathways has laid a foundation for the rational design of crop protection strategies. C1 ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,USDA,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Baker, B (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT & MICROBIAL BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. RI Baker, Barbara/L-7198-2016 OI Baker, Barbara/0000-0002-1276-971X FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM45244] NR 134 TC 666 Z9 795 U1 6 U2 78 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 2 PY 1997 VL 276 IS 5313 BP 726 EP 733 DI 10.1126/science.276.5313.726 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA WW900 UT WOS:A1997WW90000039 PM 9115193 ER PT J AU Gopinath, M Arnade, C Shane, M Roe, T AF Gopinath, M Arnade, C Shane, M Roe, T TI Agricultural competitiveness: The case of the United States and major EU countries SO AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID GROWTH AB Growth in the agricultural GDP of four major European countries is compared with US agricultural growth for the period 1974-1993. The agricultural sector's relative prices are taken into account along with economy-wide factor market adjustments. For Denmark, France, Germany and the UK, the effects of declining real prices and changes in input levels on growth in agricultural GDP are relatively small. Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth appears to be the major contributor to European agricultural GDP growth. In comparison, TFP is the major source of growth in US agricultural GDP, but its rate of growth is lower than the European countries. In contrast, the declining real prices for US agriculture had a relatively large effect on its GDP. However, in recent years, the effects of declining real prices and declining rates of growth in TFP on European agriculture are relatively large. In the longer-run, the relative competitiveness of US agriculture is largely dependent on its ability to sustain and increase growth in TFP. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA,ECON RES SERV,COMMERCIAL AGR DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20005. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT APPL ECON,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-5150 J9 AGR ECON JI Agric. Econ. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 99 EP 109 DI 10.1016/S0169-5150(97)00001-7 PG 11 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA XN535 UT WOS:A1997XN53500002 ER PT J AU Pannkuk, CD Papendick, RI Saxton, KE AF Pannkuk, CD Papendick, RI Saxton, KE TI Fallow management effects on soil water storage and wheat yields in the Pacific Northwest SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION TILLAGE; RESIDUE LOSS AB Conservation tillage practices are adopted by farmers to control soil erosion and in some cases to reduce production costs. Conventional tillage practices usually rely on extensive tillage to control weeds and conserve water. In other cases, grazing animals may be used to control weeds and utilize crop residues for animal fodder on the fallowed land. These intensive systems leave the soil surface bare and susceptible to erosion. A five-year study was conducted in the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)-fallow area of eastern Washington to evaluate the effects of tillage, weed control, and residue management on soil water storage and wheat yields. Tillage treatments were (i) conventional (early spring sweep and summer cultivation), (ii) delayed spring (late spring sweep and chemical weed control), and (iii) no-till (chemical fallow). Residue management treatments were (i) all residues removed at the beginning of the 22-mo fallow, (ii) all residues and vegetation removed after the first winter rainy season, and (iii) residues not removed. Weed control treatments were (i) weeds not controlled during the first winter rainy season but controlled thereafter and (ii) weeds controlled throughout the fallow period. Soil water storage was greater every year where crop residues were not removed, or removed after the first winter of the fallow period, compared with residue removal at the beginning of the 22-mo fellow. Weedy fallow (weeds allowed to grow during the first winter rainy season) had no effect on fellow efficiency or wheat yields compared with fallow with weed control. Wheat yields were increased in one year out of five by the retention of surface residues and in one year by tillage and, thug for the most part did not reflect differences in water storage efficiencies. Weedy fallow provided greater residue cover through erosive periods, but did not adversely affect soil water storage and wheat yields compared with fallow dth weed control. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT CROPS & SOILS, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. RP Pannkuk, CD (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOL SYST ENGN, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 89 IS 3 BP 386 EP 391 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XM753 UT WOS:A1997XM75300004 ER PT J AU Ulery, AL Ernst, FF AF Ulery, AL Ernst, FF TI Sorghum response to saline industrial cooling water applied at three growth stages SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DECIMAL CODE; SENSITIVITY; CEREALS AB Saline wastewater from industrial or agricultural sources may be an alternative irrigation supply in mid regions if effective crop and water management strategies for their use are developed. A field experiment was conducted to determine if grain yields of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] irrigated with undiluted saline wastewater from cooling towers of an electrical power generation plant can be significantly increased by applying nonsaline water at a critical growth stage. The wastewater had an average electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.67 S m(-1) and was high in CaSO4. Plot studies were conducted for 4 yr using conventional cultural practices and sprinkler irrigation on Tujunga loamy sand-sanford fine sandy loam soil (mixed, thermic Typic Xeropsamment-coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, thermic Typic Xerorthent). Highest grain yields were obtained from the nonsaline control plots and from treatments that received nonsaline water during either the vegetative or reproductive growth stages. Plant height decreased in response to salinity, and differences between treatments were apparent by 27 d after planting. Plant height and grain yield were both negatively correlated with soil salinity by the 3rd yr of the experiment. Over an extended length of time, the best treatment for maximizing yield and utilizing saline wastewater is the application of nonsaline water early in the season to germinate and establish seedlings, followed by saline water during the grain-filling stage. RP Ulery, AL (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,450 W BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 89 IS 3 BP 392 EP 396 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XM753 UT WOS:A1997XM75300005 ER PT J AU Iragavarapu, TK Randall, GW Russelle, MP AF Iragavarapu, TK Randall, GW Russelle, MP TI Yield and nitrogen uptake of rotated corn in a ridge tillage system SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LEGUME COVER CROPS; SUBSEQUENT CORN; FORAGE LEGUMES; SOIL; RESIDUE; CLOVER AB Information is scant on the response of corn (Zea mays L.) following legumes seeded with small grains in reduced tillage systems in the upper Midwest, Our objective was to determine yield and N uptake response of ridge-tilled corn planted after soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) alone, wheat with alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.), or wheat with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), compared with continuous corn. Field studies were conducted from 1991 through 1994 at two southern Minnesota locations on a poorly drained Webster clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Endoaquoll) soil. At Freeborn, corn grown in rotation with soybean yielded highest (6.8 Mg ha(-1)) in 2 of 3 yr, while continuous corn usually yielded less than corn grown after other crops. Corn grown after other crops accumulated 23 to 36 kg ha(-1) more N than continuous corn in 2 of 3 yr at all fertilizer-N rates up to 135 kg N ha(-1). At Waseca, corn grain yields and N uptake were generally similar among rotations, except that yields were 1.5 to 1.9 Mg ha(-1) lower and total N uptake was 16 to 18 kg ha(-1) less following wheat alone in 2 of 3 yr, compared with other rotations at fertilizer-N rates up to 135 kg N ha(-1). Regression analysis indicated that significant, positive, non-N-related rotation effects were present at Freeborn, but not at Waseca, where there was a negative effect of wheat alone on subsequent corn yield. The potential fertilizer-N savings due to including annual alfalfa or hairy vetch could not be calculated because the N rates used in this study were insufficient to determine the economically optimum N rate. However, neither the alfalfa nor hairy vetch provided a consistent source of available N for the subsequent corn crop in this study. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Iragavarapu, TK (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,SO EXPT STN,35838 120TH ST,WASECA,MN 56093, USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 89 IS 3 BP 397 EP 403 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XM753 UT WOS:A1997XM75300006 ER PT J AU Aiken, RM Flerchinger, GN Farahani, HJ Johnsen, KE AF Aiken, RM Flerchinger, GN Farahani, HJ Johnsen, KE TI Energy balance simulation for surface soil and residue temperatures with incomplete cover SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION CANOPIES; WATER; MODEL; HEAT; EVAPORATION; MULCH; MOISTURE; EQUATION; REGIMES; TILLAGE AB Knowledge of the effects that crop residue architecture has on exchange processes at the soil surface can extend the applicability of soil and,vater balance modules. Our objectives were to evaluate the feasibility of using a numerically reduced soil-residue energy boundary condition module, compatible with the USDA-ARS Root Zone Water Quality Model, and to compare the accuracy of calculated values against measurements. We developed a Penman-type energy balance module, PENFLUX, which solves for surface temperatures of a soil slab and a single flat residue layer, adjusting for aerodynamic resistances of standing residue stems. It provides surface boundary conditions for simulations of energy transfer in a one-dimensional soil profile. PENFLUX simplifies iterative solutions by simplifying radiation, convection, and soil heat algorithms. We collected hourly radiation data; air, soil, and residue temperatures; and wind profile data after wheat harvest on a level Nunn clay loam soil (fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic Argiustoll) (1997 soil series reclassification). Model parameterization avoided fitting model calculations to measurements, as inputs were measured at the site or referenced from literature. PENFLUX calculations exhibited a low degree of random error for dry soil and residue conditions, though systematic bins in surface soil temperature and negative bias in nighttime net irradiance reduced predictive efficiency. Error propagated from surface soil temperature probably contributes to the negative bins in net radiation. The reasonable predictive accuracy of PENFLUX for dry soil conditions demonstrates the feasibility of a numerically simplified model of soil-residue energy exchanges, and justifies further evaluation against a range of residue architectures and environmental conditions. C1 USDA ARS,NW WATERSHED RES CTR,BOISE,ID 83712. RP Aiken, RM (reprint author), USDA ARS,GREAT PLAINS SYST RES,POB E,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 59 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 89 IS 3 BP 404 EP 415 PG 12 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XM753 UT WOS:A1997XM75300007 ER PT J AU Kiniry, JR Williams, JR Vanderlip, RL Atwood, JD Reicosky, DC Mulliken, J Cox, WJ Mascagni, HJ Hollinger, SE Wiebold, WJ AF Kiniry, JR Williams, JR Vanderlip, RL Atwood, JD Reicosky, DC Mulliken, J Cox, WJ Mascagni, HJ Hollinger, SE Wiebold, WJ TI Evaluation of two maize models for nine US locations SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS ACCUMULATION; YIELD; CORN; NITROGEN; NUMBER; GROWTH AB Crop models can be evaluated based on accuracy in simulating several Sears' yields for one location or on accuracy in simulating long-term mean yields for several locations. Our objective was to see how the ALMANAC (Agricultural Land Management Alternatives with Numerical Assessment Criteria) model and a new version of CERES-Maize (Crop Environment Resource Synthesis) simulate grain yield of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.). We tested the models at one county in each of nine states: Minnesota, New York, Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Louisiana, and Texas (MN, NY, IA, IL, NE, MO, KS, LA, and TX). Simulated gain yields were compared with grain yields reported by the National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS) for 1983 to 1992. In each county we those a soil commonly used in maize production, and we used measured weather data. Mean simulated grain yield for each county was always within 5% of the mean measured gain yield for the location. Within locations, measured grain yield was regressed on simulated grain yields and tested to see if the slope was significantly different from 1.0 and if the y-intercept was significantly different from 0.0, both at the 95% confidence level. Only at MN, NY, and NE for ALMANAC and at MN, NY, and TX for CERES was slope significantly different from 1.0 or intercept significantly different from 0.0. The CVs of simulated grain yields were similar to the those of measured yields at most sites. Also, both models were appropriate for predicting an individual year's yield for most counties. Values for plant parameters, such as heat units for development and the harvest index, and values for soil parameters describing soil water-holding rapacity offer users reasonable inputs for simulating maize grain yield over a wide range of locations. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. USDA ARS,MORRIS,MN 56267. JM CROP CONSULTING,NICKERSON,NE 68044. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT SOIL CROP & ATMOSPHER SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,NW RES STN,ST JOSEPH,LA 71366. ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. UNIV MISSOURI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP Kiniry, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 36 TC 77 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 89 IS 3 BP 421 EP 426 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XM753 UT WOS:A1997XM75300009 ER PT J AU Clark, AJ Decker, AM Meisinger, JJ McIntosh, MS AF Clark, AJ Decker, AM Meisinger, JJ McIntosh, MS TI Kill date of vetch, rye, and a vetch-rye mixture .1. Cover crop and corn nitrogen SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NO-TILLAGE CORN; WATER CONSERVATION; SOIL-WATER; FERTILIZER; MANAGEMENT; GROWTH AB Spring kill date affects cover crop N content and N availability to subsequent no-till corn (Zea mays L.). This 2-yr study was conducted in 1990 and 1991 at Coastal Plain and Piedmont locations in Maryland to evaluate three cover crop kill dates, three corn planting dates, and four corn fertilizer N (FN) rates following hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and a vetch-rye mixture. No-cover checks were included for each corn planting date. Fertilizer N rates were 0 to 202 kg ha(-1) in the Piedmont and O to 270 kg ha(-1) for the Coastal Plain. The vetch-rye mixture contained as much or more N than vetch, and more N than rye within each WI date. Cover crop biomass and N content increased for each delay in Wi. In a 50-d period from late March until early May, vetch and the vetch-rye mixture accumulated about 2 kg N ha(-1) d(-1), with total topgrowth N accumulation from 144 to 203 kg ha(-1) over two locations and two years. Greatest rye N accumulation was 51 kg ha(-1). Corn N content ranged from 37 to 293 kg ha(-1), and was significantly affected by FN rate. Within FN rate, N content was greater following vetch or vetch-rye than following rye or no cover, particularly at low FN rates. Corn N content was greater if cover kill and corn planting were delayed until late April or mid-May. This was attributed to greater cover crop N production and mulching effects, and the timing of summer rainfall. Corn FN requirements were greatest following rye or no cover, intermediate following vetch-rye, and least following vetch. This demonstrates that cover crop species and kill date can be managed to conserve N with rye, supply N for the next crop with vetch, or provide both N conservation and N supply with a vetch-rye mixture. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Clark, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL AGR LIB,SUSTAINABLE AGR NETWORK,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI McIntosh, Marla/A-3441-2011 OI McIntosh, Marla/0000-0002-4169-8615 NR 25 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 8 U2 34 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 89 IS 3 BP 427 EP 434 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XM753 UT WOS:A1997XM75300010 ER PT J AU Clark, AJ Decker, AM Meisinger, JJ McIntosh, MS AF Clark, AJ Decker, AM Meisinger, JJ McIntosh, MS TI Kill date of vetch, rye, and a vetch-rye mixture .2. Soil moisture and corn yield SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NO-TILLAGE CORN; COVER CROP CONTRIBUTIONS; NITROGEN-FERTILIZER; WATER CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; GROWTH; MAIZE AB Spring cover crop kill date effects on N and water availability to subsequent no-till corn (Zea mays L.) have not been studied. This 2-yr study was conducted in 1990 and 1991 at Coastal Plain and Piedmont locations in Maryland to evaluate soil moisture and corn responses to three cover crop kill dates, three corn planting dates, and four fertilizer N (PN) rates following cover crops of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), and vetch-rye mixture. No-cover checks were included for each corn planting date. Corn yield ranged from 0.8 to 13.3 Mg ha(-1) in 1990,and from 3.9 to 12.6 Mg ha(-1) in 1991. Corn grain yield without FN was greatest following vetch or vetch-rye mixture. Late April or early May kill dates consistently resulted in greater corn yield than earlier kill dates, probably due to differences in N availability and moisture conservation. Cover crops killed late did not deplete surface soil moisture. The economic FN rate reflected N contributions and moisture conservation by each cover crop. At the Coastal Plain location, economic FN rates were 30 to 76 kg ha(-1) for corn following vetch, 65 to 193 kg ha(-1) following vetch-rye mixture, 161 to 247 kg ha(-1) following rye, and 201 kg ha(-1) following no cover crop. Similar rankings were observed for the Piedmont location, but maximum yield was lower following rye, and lower FN rates were required to attain that yield. Summer soil water conservation by cover crop residues was more important than spring moisture depletion by growing cover crops in determining final corn yield. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Clark, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ARG LIB,SUSTAINABLE AGR NETWORK,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI McIntosh, Marla/A-3441-2011 OI McIntosh, Marla/0000-0002-4169-8615 NR 24 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 4 U2 18 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 89 IS 3 BP 434 EP 441 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XM753 UT WOS:A1997XM75300011 ER PT J AU Kane, MV Steele, CC Grabau, LJ MacKown, CT Hildebrand, DF AF Kane, MV Steele, CC Grabau, LJ MacKown, CT Hildebrand, DF TI Early-maturing soybean cropping system .3. Protein and oil contents and oil composition SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; SEED OIL; PALMITIC ACID; YIELD; INHERITANCE; GENOTYPES; LINES AB Expanding production of early-maturing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivars in the southeastern USA has exposed such cultivars to a wide range of environmental conditions during seed-fill. Temperatures during this growth stage influence levels of specific fatty acids, particularly of the unsaturated fatty acids. Our objective was to evaluate the grain quality responses of early-maturing cultivars to the wide range of planting dates in the southeastern USA. Protein and oil contents, along with fatty acid profiles, were assessed for cultivars from Maturity Group (MG) 00 through IV using late April, mid-May, early June, and late June planting dates on a well-drained Maury silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) in 1990 through 1993. Across years and cultivars, delayed planting increased protein content and linolenic acid levels and reduced oil content and oleic acid levels, but had little or no influence on palmitic, stearic, or linoleic acid levels. The higher seed-fill temperatures associated with early planting were strongly correlated with increased oil content and oleic acid levels and reduced linolenic acid levels. Increasing seed-fill temperatures were closely associated with reduced linolenic acid levels for all six cultivars. However, the oleic acid response to seed-fill temperatures strongly depended on cultivar maturity. Oleic acid levels of early-maturing cultivars were much more sensitive to seed-fill temperatures than were those of later maturing cultivars. While overall effects of environment on grain quality characteristics may be relatively small, perhaps the quality of new low linolenic acid cultivars could be amplified through culture under the warmer renditions of the southeastern USA. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. ARS GRAZINGLANDS RES,USDA,EL RENO,OK 73036. NR 20 TC 37 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 89 IS 3 BP 464 EP 469 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XM753 UT WOS:A1997XM75300016 ER PT J AU Swallow, SK Talukdar, P Wear, DN AF Swallow, SK Talukdar, P Wear, DN TI Spatial and temporal specialization in forest ecosystem management under sole ownership SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE ecological economics; forest management; Hartman; ecosystem management economics ID MULTIPLE-USE FORESTRY; TIMBER AB ''Ecosystem management'' complicates forest management considerably. In this paper we extend the economic analysis of forestry to capture both the temporal and the spatial dimensions, allowing optimization of timber harvest decisions throughout an ecosystem. Dynamic programming simulations illustrate the implications for the simplest ecosystem, consisting of two forest management units. Results indicate that explicit recognition of ecological interactions, even between identical forest stands, may prescribe specialization through time and across space. Such spatial and temporal specialization leverages opportunities to provide ecosystem goods that may be foregone through reliance on ''rules of thumb'' derived from models that focus on the single stand. C1 WORLD BANK,INST ECON DEV,WASHINGTON,DC. US FOREST SERV,USDA,SE FOREST EXPT STN,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Swallow, SK (reprint author), UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT ENVIRONM & NAT RESOURCE ECON,KINGSTON,RI 02881, USA. NR 22 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 79 IS 2 BP 311 EP 326 DI 10.2307/1244132 PG 16 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA YG259 UT WOS:A1997YG25900003 ER PT J AU LataczLohmann, U VanderHamsvoort, C AF LataczLohmann, U VanderHamsvoort, C TI Auctioning conservation contracts: A theoretical analysis and an application SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE auctions; bidding for contracts; conservation contracting; cost effectiveness; information asymmetry; nonmarket goods AB Auction theory is used to analyze the potential benefits of auctions in allocating contracts for the provision of nonmarket goods in the countryside. A model of optimal bidding for conservation contracts is developed and applied to a hypothetical conservation program. Competitive bidding, compared to fixed-rate payments, can increase the cost effectiveness of conservation contracting significantly. The cost revelation mechanism inherent in the bidding process makes auctions a powerful means by which to reduce the problems of information asymmetry. Strategic bidding behavior, which may adversely affect the performance of sequential auctions, is difficult to address by means of auction design. C1 DLO,AGR ECON RES INST,DEPT SOCIOECON,THE HAGUE,NETHERLANDS. ECON RES SERV,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC. RP LataczLohmann, U (reprint author), UNIV LONDON WYE COLL,DEPT AGR ECON & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT,ASHFORD TN25 5AH,KENT,ENGLAND. NR 20 TC 141 Z9 148 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 79 IS 2 BP 407 EP 418 DI 10.2307/1244139 PG 12 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA YG259 UT WOS:A1997YG25900010 ER PT J AU Lee, H Harwood, J Somwaru, A AF Lee, H Harwood, J Somwaru, A TI Implications of disaster assistance reform for non-insured crops SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE area trigger; crop insurance; disaster payments; Noninsured Assistance Program (NAP); noninsured crops; yield distributions ID INSURANCE AB With recent crop insurance reform, disaster aid to producers of crops for which federal crop insurance was not available has changed significantly. A newly created Non-insured Assistance Program (NAP) is a standing disaster aid program for non-insured crops including most vegetables and some tree crops. To receive a payment, a farmer has to meet NAP's ''area'' triggered loss in addition to usual individual loss criteria. In this paper we examine the implications of these two-tiered criteria for NAP payments in the context of California agriculture. Our analysis indicates that the area loss requirement likely results in a sharp reduction in disaster payments for non-insured crops. C1 ECON RES SERV,FIELD CROPS BRANCH,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Lee, H (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 79 IS 2 BP 419 EP 429 DI 10.2307/1244140 PG 11 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA YG259 UT WOS:A1997YG25900011 ER PT J AU Spooner, DM Castillo, R AF Spooner, DM Castillo, R TI Reexamination of series relationships of South American wild potatoes (Solanaceae: Solanum sect Petota): Evidence from chloroplast DNA restriction site variation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE chloroplast DNA; phylogeny; potato; Solanaceae; Solanum sect Petota; systematics; taxonomy ID TUBER-BEARING SOLANUMS; ENDOSPERM BALANCE NUMBER; ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS; SPECIES BOUNDARIES; MORPHOLOGICAL DATA; ANDEAN POTATOES; 2N POLLEN; EVOLUTION; SYSTEMATICS; PHYLOGENY AB Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction enzyme site analysis was used to test hypotheses of series and superseries affiliations of 76 taxa, representing 11 of the 13 South American series (material unavailable for two series) of wild potatoes (Solanum sect. Petota) recognized in the latest classification by Hawkes. The cladistic results, combined with those from earlier cpDNA studies of 30 taxa of the Mexican and Central American species (representing eight series; ser. Conicibaccata and ser. Tuberosa have representatives in Mexico and in South America), support four main clades for 17 of the 19 series examined in sect. Petota: (1) the Mexican and Central American diploid species, exclusive of S. bulbocastanum, S. cardiophyllum, and S. verrucosum, (2) S. bulbocastanum and S. cardiophyllum (ser. Bulbocastana, ser. Pinnatisecta), (3) South American diploid species constituting all of ser. Piurana, but also members of ser. Conicibaccata, ser. Megistacroloba, ser. Tuberosa, and ser. Yungasensia, (4) all Mexican and Central American polyploid species (ser. Longipedicellata, ser. Demissa), S. verrucosum (diploid Mexican species in ser. Tuberosa), and South American diploid and polyploid members of ser. Acaulia, ser. Circaeifolia, ser. Commersoniana, ser. Conicibaccata, ser. Cuneoalata, ser. Lignicaulia, ser. Maglia, ser. Megistacroloba, ser. Tuberosa, and ser. Yungasensia. Each of these clades contains morphologically and reproductively very diverse species, and there are no evident morphological features that unite members within a clade to therefore distinguish them. These results strongly suggest a need for a reevaluation of the series and superseries classifications of sect. Petota. RP Spooner, DM (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,USDA ARS,VEGETABLE CROPS RES UNIT,1575 LINDEN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 65 TC 73 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 3 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 84 IS 5 BP 671 EP 685 DI 10.2307/2445904 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WZ795 UT WOS:A1997WZ79500012 PM 21708620 ER PT J AU Schaefer, EJ AF Schaefer, EJ TI Effects of dietary fatty acids on lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease risk: Summary SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Individual Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease CY MAR 30-31, 1995 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Int Life Sci Inst DE cardiovascular disease; lipids; lipoproteins; fatty acids; cholesterol; metabolism AB Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States and other countries. To reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, dietary saturated fat and cholesterol should be reduced. This section of the workshop included a discussion of pragmatic issues associated with translating complex scientific information on the fat and fatty acid content of foods for the public; an overview of and a theoretical framework for cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism; information on the role of cholesterol in the control of low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (from animal studies); epidemiologic studies on the association between dietary fat and fatty acids and lipids and lipoproteins; the appropriate experimental design for fatty acid studies; and clinical studies evaluating the effects of individual fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. The evidence to date indicates that the individual fatty acids elicit distinctly different physiologic effects. There is still much to be learned about the effects of individual fatty acids on lipids and lipoproteins, their metabolic fate, and the responsible biological mechanisms. RP Schaefer, EJ (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV, USDA, JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, LIPID METAB LAB, 711 WASHINGTON ST, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. NR 2 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 65 IS 5 SU S BP 1655 EP 1656 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA WW669 UT WOS:A1997WW66900010 ER PT J AU Schoene, NW AF Schoene, NW TI Design criteria: Tests used to assess platelet function SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Individual Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease CY MAR 30-31, 1995 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Int Life Sci Inst DE platelets; aggregation; thrombosis; fatty acids; diagnostic test; bleeding time; platelet aggregation; optical method ID ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; N-3 FATTY-ACIDS; NITRIC-OXIDE; LONG-TERM; ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS; DIETARY LIPIDS; BLOOD-LIPIDS; WHOLE-BLOOD; AGGREGATION; OIL AB A brief overview of platelet function tests used in the past to assess relations between dietary fatty acids and thrombogenicity reveals problems that need to be recognized and addressed before planning future studies. Implementation of new strategies that integrate new technologies with measures of two or more markers of platelet activity may be more successful in predicting the thrombotic potential of dietary fatty acids. RP Schoene, NW (reprint author), USDA, BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BLDG 308,ROOM 114, BARC-E, ARS, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 47 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 65 IS 5 SU S BP 1665 EP 1668 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA WW669 UT WOS:A1997WW66900012 ER PT J AU Davis, TA Fiorotto, ML Burrin, DG Pond, WG Nguyen, HV AF Davis, TA Fiorotto, ML Burrin, DG Pond, WG Nguyen, HV TI Intrauterine growth restriction does not alter response of protein synthesis to feeding in newborn pigs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE insulin; insulin-like growth factor I; low birth weight; small for gestational age; intrauterine growth retardation ID GESTATIONAL-AGE INFANTS; IGF-BINDING-PROTEINS; PLASMA-INSULIN; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; BIRTH-WEIGHT; FOOD-INTAKE; FETAL; MALNUTRITION; TURNOVER; PREGNANCY AB This study aimed to determine the effect of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) on the acute response of tissue protein synthesis to feeding in newborn pigs. Newborn pigs of sows fed either control or protein-restricted diets throughout gestation were designated C or IUGR, respectively Both groups were either fasted for 9 h after birth or fed hourly 30 ml colostrum/kg body wt for 2.75 h after a 6-h fast. Fractional rates of tissue protein synthesis (K-s) were measured in vivo with a flooding dose of L-[4-H-3]phenylalanine. Birth weight was reduced by 33% in IUGR pigs. IUGR had no effect on K-s in skeletal muscles, heart, liver, jejunum, or pancreas. Feeding stimulated tissue K-s similarly in C and IUGR pigs. Fasting plasma insulin concentrations and their rise with feeding were unaffected by IUGR. Plasma insulin-like growth factor I(IGF-I) concentrations were reduced by 42% in IUGR pigs and were not altered by feeding in either IUGR or C pigs. There were positive nonlinear relationships between tissue Ks and circulating concentrations of insulin. The results indicate that, in newborn pigs, tissue K-s are unaffected by IUGR, despite reduced plasma IGF-I concentrations. The efficiency with which nutrients stimulate tissue K-s is also not altered by IUGR, perhaps because the rise in plasma insulin concentrations with feeding is unaffected by IUGR. RP Davis, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT PEDIAT, 1100 BATES ST, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474] NR 33 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 272 IS 5 BP E877 EP E884 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA WZ192 UT WOS:A1997WZ19200021 PM 9176189 ER PT J AU Goldhill, J Morris, SC Maliszewski, C Urban, JF Funk, CD Finkelman, FD SheaDonohue, T AF Goldhill, J Morris, SC Maliszewski, C Urban, JF Funk, CD Finkelman, FD SheaDonohue, T TI Interleukin-4 modulates cholinergic neural control of mouse small intestinal longitudinal muscle SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE immediate hypersensitivity; inflammation; leukotriene D-4; mast cells ID STIMULATORY FACTOR-I; HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS; ANTIGEN-INDUCED CONTRACTION; TRICHINELLA-INFECTED RATS; C-KIT; ACETYLCHOLINE-RELEASE; INTERSTITIAL-CELLS; MYENTERIC PLEXUS; SMOOTH-MUSCLE; LYMPHOCYTES-T AB Interleukin-4 contributes to expulsion of certain gastrointestinal parasites and causes intestinal mucosal mastocytosis. Because mast cell-derived mediators are spasmogenic, potentially causing parasitic expulsion, we investigated the effect of interleukin-4 on smooth muscle and the mast cell and mediator dependency of this effect. BALB/c, mast cell-deficient W/W-v mice, 5-lipoxygenase-deficient mice, and their littermate controls were injected with interleukin-4-anti-interleukin-4 antibody complexes that chronically increase serum interleukin-4 levels. Mid-small intestinal segments, hung longitudinally in organ baths, were stimulated electrically or by agonists. The cholinergic response to electrical field stimulation was significantly increased by interleukin-4 treatment in BALB/c but not W/W-v mice. The enhanced cholinergic contraction was not due to increased acetylcholine responsiveness but was dependent on leukotriene D-4, since it was reversed by leukotriene D-4 receptor antagonism, and not observed in 5-lipoxygenase knock-out mice. Leukotriene D-4 responsiveness was unaffected by interleukin-4 treatment. We conclude that interleukin-4 amplifies cholinergic excitation through a mast cell and leukotriene D-4-dependent mechanism. C1 UNIFORMED SERV UNIV HLTH SCI, DEPT MED, BETHESDA, MD 20815 USA. IMMUNEX RES & DEV CORP, DEPT IMMUNOL, SEATTLE, WA 98101 USA. USDA, LIVESTOCK & POULTRY INST, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. VANDERBILT UNIV, DEPT PHARMACOL, NASHVILLE, TN 37232 USA. VANDERBILT UNIV, DEPT MED, NASHVILLE, TN 37232 USA. RI Funk, Colin/A-9518-2010 NR 32 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0193-1857 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-GASTR L JI Am. J. Physiol.-Gastroint. Liver Physiol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 272 IS 5 BP G1135 EP G1140 PG 6 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Physiology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Physiology GA WZ327 UT WOS:A1997WZ32700026 ER PT J AU Fiorotto, ML Davis, TA AF Fiorotto, ML Davis, TA TI Food intake alters muscle protein gain with little effect on Na+-K+-ATPase and myosin isoforms in suckled rats SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE undernutrition; overnutrition; thyroid hormone; insulin; fiber type; development ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE; POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT; NEONATAL RAT; SLOW MUSCLES; GROWTH; UNDERNUTRITION; TRANSITIONS; DIAPHRAGM; INSULIN; BINDING AB Biochemical maturation accompanies the rapid accretion of skeletal muscle in early life. We wished to determine whether changes in muscle protein accretion, induced by variations in food intake, altered the biochemical maturation of the soleus and the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Rat pups were suckled in litters of 4, 10, or 16 to induce differences in food intake. At 21 days of age, muscle protein and DNA were quantitated and biochemical maturation was assessed from measurement of [H-3]ouabain-binding site abundance and myosin isoform composition. Differences in food intake produced a twofold range in body and muscle weights and protein and DNA contents. Protein accretion was more sensitive to nutrient intake in the soleus than in the EDL. Serum 3-5,3'-triiodothyronine (T-3) and insulin concentrations decreased with a reduction in food intake. Total ouabain-binding sites were not altered in either muscle and were independent of muscle size. Differences in myosin isoform composition were more pronounced for the soleus than the EDL, but were relatively small in magnitude. These results demonstrate that, whereas postnatal muscle protein accretion and circulating hormone concentrations are sensitive to food intake, the biochemical maturation is resilient. The immature muscle does not exhibit the fiber type-specific responses to malnutrition typical of mature muscle. RP Fiorotto, ML (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, USDA ARS, DEPT PEDIAT, 1100 BATES ST, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474] NR 38 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0363-6119 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-REG I JI Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 272 IS 5 BP R1461 EP R1471 PG 11 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA WY626 UT WOS:A1997WY62600015 PM 9176338 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Olsen, SC Cheville, NF AF Palmer, MV Olsen, SC Cheville, NF TI Safety and immunogenicity of Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine in pregnant cattle SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID IMMUNE-RESPONSES; MUTANT STRAINS; PROLIFERATION; PROTEINS; MICE AB Objective-To determine the safety and immunogenicity of Brucella abortus strain RB51 as a vaccine in pregnant cattle. Animals-12 Polled Hereford heifers obtained from a brucellosis-free herd and bred on site at 16 months of age to a brucellosis-free bull. Procedure-Pregnant heifers were vaccinated at 6 months' gestation with 10(9) colony-forming units of B abortus strain RB51 (n = 5), 3 x 10(8) colony-forming units of B abortus strain 19 (n = 5), or sterile pyrogen-free saline solution (n = 2). Samples were periodically collected for serologic testing and lymphocyte blastogenesis assays. At full gestation, heifers were euthanatized and specimens were collected for bacteriologic culture, histologic analysis, and lymphocyte blastogenesis assay, using various antigenic stimuli. Results-None of the strain RB51- or strain 19-vaccinates aborted or had gross or microscopic lesions at necropsy that were consistent with brucellosis. Maternal blood mononuclear cells from strain RB51- and strain 19-vaccinates had proliferative responses to gamma-irradiated strain RB51 and strain 19 that were greater than responses by cells from nonvaccinated controls. In contrast, maternal superficial cervical lymph node cells from strain 19-vaccinates had proliferative responses to gamma-irradiated strain RB51 or strain 19 bacteria greater than those of cells from RB51-vaccinates and nonvaccinated controls. None of the heifers vaccinated with strain RB51 developed antibodies detected by use of the standard tube agglutination test, but all developed antibodies to strain RB51 that reacted in a dot ELISA, using irradiated strain RB51 as antigen. Conclusions-Pregnant cattle can be safely vaccinated with strain RB51 without subsequent abortion or placentitis. Furthermore, strain RB51 is immunogenic in pregnant cattle, resulting in humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, but does not interfere with serologic diagnosis of field infections. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT VET PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ZOONOT DIS RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 21 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 58 IS 5 BP 472 EP 477 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA WW546 UT WOS:A1997WW54600010 PM 9140553 ER PT J AU Love, SL Werner, BK Pavek, JJ AF Love, SL Werner, BK Pavek, JJ TI Selection for individual traits in the early generations of a potato breeding program dedicated to producing cultivars with tubers having long shape and russet skin SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Solanum tuberosum L; tuber defects; negative selection; positive selection; field; tuber shape; genotype by environment interaction ID EFFICIENCY; CHARACTERS; YIELD AB Early generation selection in a potato breeding program involves visual assessment of economic worth based on appearance. Efficiency could be improved by using individual characteristics with defined selection behavior. This study was done to define the selectability of visible traits used for selection in the early generations of potato breeding. Twenty-seven traits were evaluated through three clonal generations using two hundred clones, twenty from each of ten crosses, taken from a population created to produce cultivars with long tuber shape and russet skin. Genotype x environment interactions, heritabilities, correlation coefficients among generations and locations, and rejection pattern analysis were used to quantify the consistency of expression for each trait. The chosen traits showed a wide range of heritabilities and consistency of expression. Traits were divided into three categories: those amenable to positive selection, those appropriate for negative selection, and those which should be ignored. The study showed positive selection to be possible for degree of skin russetting, and the incidence and severity of skin defects. It showed negative selection to be appropriate for incidence of second growth, growth cracks, tuber malformations, tuber curvature, pointed ends, the incidence and severity of russet patchiness, eye depth, tuber shape, yield, tuber number, average tuber weight, and flatness. To a lesser extent, negative selection could be used to reduce eyebrow prominence, degree of eye covering, and prominence of internodes. Traits too inconsistent for use in selection in early generations included uniformity of skin russetting, uniformity of tuber shape, and uniformity of tuber size. Severity ratings for second growth, growth cracks, tuber malformations, tuber curvature, and pointed ends were inconsistent and should not be used in lieu of incidence scores for the same traits. C1 USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. ABERDEEN R&E CTR,ABERDEEN,ID 83210. RP Love, SL (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO,MOSCOW,ID 83843, USA. NR 13 TC 17 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 3 BP 199 EP 213 DI 10.1007/BF02851598 PG 15 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XG860 UT WOS:A1997XG86000005 ER PT J AU Eller, KI Lehotay, SJ AF Eller, KI Lehotay, SJ TI Evaluation of hydromatrix and magnesium sulfate drying agents for supercritical fluid extraction of multiple pesticides in produce SO ANALYST LA English DT Article DE supercritical fluid extraction; drying agents; Hydromatrix; magnesium sulfate; multiple pesticide residue analysis; food ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXTRACTION; TRAP MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; VEGETABLES; DERIVATIZATION; OPTIMIZATION; RESIDUES; FRUITS AB The simultaneous extraction of relatively polar and nonpolar pesticides has been problematic in multiresidue analysis using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide, In fruit and vegetable samples, which typically contain 80-95% water, moisture acts to increase SFE recoveries of many polar pesticides, but a drying agent should be used to control water in SFE, Hydromatrix, a prevalent drying agent, has many desirable characteristics, but it reduces recovery of certain important pesticides, such as methamidophos, acephate, and omethoate. MgSO4 has been shown previously to be applicable for the extraction of methamidophos and six other pesticides, but MgSO4 has practical disadvantages in its use, In this study, properties and SFE results with the individual drying agents and their combination were evaluated, Simultaneous recoveries for polar and nonpolar pesticides were achieved for 71 pesticides fortified in apple using a mixture of 2 + 1 + 2 MgSO4 . H2O-Hydromatrix-sample for extraction, The advantages of each drying agent were maintained by their combination, The analysis of real samples, however, showed that more study was needed to improve recoveries of nonpolar pesticides. C1 ARS,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Eller, KI (reprint author), RUSSIAN ACAD MED SCI,INST NUTR,2-14 USTINSKY PROEZD,MOSCOW 109240,RUSSIA. NR 35 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PD MAY PY 1997 VL 122 IS 5 BP 429 EP 435 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA WZ732 UT WOS:A1997WZ73200006 PM 9246808 ER PT J AU Goetsch, AL Patil, AR Wang, ZS Park, KK Galloway, DL Rossi, JE Kouakou, B AF Goetsch, AL Patil, AR Wang, ZS Park, KK Galloway, DL Rossi, JE Kouakou, B TI Net flux of nutrients across splanchnic tissues in wethers consuming grass hay with or without corn and alfalfa SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sheep; forage; splanchnic fluxes ID AD-LIBITUM; HEAT-PRODUCTION; OXYGEN; METABOLISM; STEERS; SYSTEM; ENERGY; LEVEL; DIET AB Fourteen crossbred sheep (33 kg body weight, SE = 1; 9 months of age) were used in a 21 day experiment (2 X 2 factorial) to determine if dietary substitution of grain (ground corn; C) for ryegrass-wheat hay (72% neutral detergent fiber and 9% crude protein) alters effects of legume (alfalfa hay: 60% neutral detergent fiber and 15% crude protein; A) substitution on splanchnic tissue net flux of oxygen, alpha-amino nitrogen, urea and ammonia with ad-libitum consumption. Diets were approximately 100, 75, 75 and 50% grass, 0, 25, 0 and 25% C, and 0, 0, 25 and 25% A for control, C, A and CA treatments, respectively. Dietary inclusion of corn did not affect net fluxes or change effects of alfalfa. Alfalfa substitution did not alter dry matter intake, organic matter digestibility or oxygen consumption by the portal-drained viscera, liver or splanchnic bed. However, alfalfa increased digestible nitrogen intake (P < 0.01; 6.0, 5.9, 9.8 and 10.3 g per day), hepatic release of urea nitrogen (P = 0.04; 30.6, 22.5, 38.6 and 41.4 mM h(-1)) and hepatic uptake of ammonia nitrogen (P = 0.04; 12.1, 10.7, 19.3 and 17.6 mM h(-1) for control, C, A and CA, respectively) and decreased energy expenditure as a percentage of digestible energy intake by the portal-drained viscera (P = 0.02; 10.8 versus 13.1%) and splanchnic bed (P = 0.08; 20.8 versus 23.3%). In conclusion, effects of substituting alfalfa for 25% of dietary grass, which was moderate to high in digestibility and moderate in nitro en concentration, were not influenced by substitution of corn for grass. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT ANIM SCI,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. RP Goetsch, AL (reprint author), USDA ARS,DALE BUMPERS SMALL FARMS RES CTR,6883 S STATE HIGHWAY 23,BOONEVILLE,AR 72927, USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 66 IS 1-4 BP 271 EP 282 DI 10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01096-6 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XM335 UT WOS:A1997XM33500022 ER PT J AU Henry, TJ AF Henry, TJ TI Phylogenetic analysis of family groups within the infraorder Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with emphasis on the Lygaeoidea SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Review DE Heteroptera; Pentatomomorpha; Lygaeoidea; superfamilies; families; subfamilies ID ARADID SUBFAMILIES HETEROPTERA; ARTHENEINAE; LYGAEIDAE; BIOLOGY AB Thirty-four family group taxa and 57 characters are used to analyze cladistically the heteropteran infraorder Pentatomomorpha. Recognized are the 6 superfamilies Aradoidea, Coreoidea, Idiostoloidea, Lygaeoidea, Pentatomoidea, and Pyrrhocoroidea. New superfamily associations include the transfer of the Henicocorinae to Idiostoloidea, Piesmatoidea to Lygaeoidea, and the lygaeid subfamily Psamminae to Piesmatidae. The family Lygaeidae (sensu late) is shown to be paraphyletic and is separated into 11 monophyletic family groups (Artheneidae, Blissidae, Cryptorhamphidae, Cymidae (sensu stricto), Geocoridae, Heterogastridae, Lygaeidae (sensu stricto), Ninidae, Oxycarenidae, Pachygronthidae, and Rhyparochromidae). Relationships are discussed, a revised classification is proposed, and keys to 6 superfamilies and 15 families included in Lygaeoidea are provided. RP Henry, TJ (reprint author), NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST, USDA ARS, SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB, INST PLANT SCI, MRC-168, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA. NR 131 TC 126 Z9 144 U1 5 U2 17 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 90 IS 3 BP 275 EP 301 PG 27 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XE756 UT WOS:A1997XE75600001 ER PT J AU Roehrdanz, RL AF Roehrdanz, RL TI Identification of tobacco budworm and corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) during early developmental stages by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Heliothis virescens; Helicoverpa zea; mtDNA; polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism; DNA markers; cotton pests ID HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS LEPIDOPTERA; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; HELICOVERPA-ZEA; POPULATIONS; STERILITY; SEQUENCE; DIPTERA AB The identification of immature insects is often difficult or impossible. This can cause problems in situations where species-specific control programs are used. Heliothis virescens (F.), and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) are 2 moths with somewhat overlapping host plant species. Where the 2 are found on the same crop, it can be useful to determine which species is present before the life cycle is complete and the damage is done. Early species identification also is imperative where 1 of the species has acquired insecticide resistance limiting the use of certain insecticides. Restriction enzyme cleavage of PCR-amplified segments (PCR-RFLP) of mitochondrial DNA provides an accurate method of differentiating these 2 species at any developmental stage from egg to adult. Portions of the 12S rRNA gene and the COI-COII junction both contain distinctive restriction sites. RP Roehrdanz, RL (reprint author), ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,USDA,POB 5674,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 90 IS 3 BP 329 EP 332 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XE756 UT WOS:A1997XE75600004 ER PT J AU Bhaduri, S Cottrell, B Pickard, AR AF Bhaduri, S Cottrell, B Pickard, AR TI Use of a single procedure for selective enrichment, isolation, and identification of plasmid-bearing virulent Yersinia enterocolitica of various serotypes from pork samples SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; AGGLUTINATION; CHILDREN; BINDING; CLONES; ASSAY; MEAT; O-3 AB Many selective enrichment methods for the isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from foods have been described, However, no single isolation procedure has been described for the recovery and identification of various plasmid-bearing serotypes. A single improved procedure for selective enrichment, isolation, identification, and maintenance of plasmid-bearing virulent serotypes of Y. enterocolitica from pork samples was developed, Enrichment at 12 degrees C in Trypticase soy broth containing yeast extract, bile salts, and Irgasan was found to be an efficient medium for the recovery of plasmid-bearing virulent strains of Y. enterocolitica representing O:3; O:8; O:TACOMA; O:5, O:27; and O:13 serotypes, MacConkey agar proved to be a reliable medium for the isolation of presumptive colonies, which were subsequently confirmed as plasmid-bearing virulent strains by Congo red binding and low calcium response. Further confirmation by multiplex PCR employed primers directed at the chromosomal ail and plasmid-borne virF genes, which are present only in pathogenic strains, The method was applied to pig slaughterhouse samples and was effective in isolating plasmid-bearing virulent strains of Y. enterocolitica from naturally contaminated porcine tongues. Strains isolated from ground pork and tongue expressed plasmid-associated phenotypes and mouse pathogenicity. RP Bhaduri, S (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 24 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1657 EP 1660 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA WX361 UT WOS:A1997WX36100003 PM 9143098 ER PT J AU McCormick, SP Hohn, TM AF McCormick, SP Hohn, TM TI Accumulation of trichothecenes in liquid cultures of a Fusarium sporotrichioides mutant lacking a functional trichothecene C-15 hydroxylase SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID T-2 TOXIN; BIOSYNTHESIS; GENE; METABOLITES; NRRL-3299 AB A mutant strain of Fusarium sporotrichioides NRRL 3299 produced by disruption of Tri11, a gene encoding a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase, was shown to be altered in its ability to biosynthesize T-2 toxin. This mutant strain produced four trichothecenes that were not observed in cultures of the parent strain. The compounds were identified as isotrichodermin, 8-hydroxyisotrichodermin, 8-hydroxyisotrichodermol, and 3,4,8-trihydroxytricothecene on the basis of their nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra. This is the first report of these 8-hydroxytrichothecenes as metabolites of F. sporotrichioides. The accumulation of isotrichodermin and the results of whole-cell feeding experiments with a Tri11(-) strain confirm that oxygenation of C-15 is blocked. RP McCormick, SP (reprint author), USDA ARS,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 18 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1685 EP 1688 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA WX361 UT WOS:A1997WX36100008 PM 16535589 ER PT J AU Desjardins, AE Plattner, RD Nelson, PE AF Desjardins, AE Plattner, RD Nelson, PE TI Production of fumonisin B-1 and moniliformin by Gibberella fujikuroi from rice from various geographic areas SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM SECTION LISEOLA; PROLIFERATUM; MYCOTOXINS; VARIETIES AB Gibberella fujikuroi strains isolated from rice in the United States, Asia, and other geographic areas mere tested for sexual fertility with members of mating population D and for production of fumonisin B-1 and moniliformin in culture. Of the 59 field strains tested, 32 (54%) were able to cross with tester strains of mating population D, but only a few ascospores were produced in most of these crosses, Thirty-four strains produced more than 10 mu g of fumonisin B-1 per g, hut only three strains produced more than 1000 mu g/g. Twenty-five strains produced more than 100 mu g of moniliformin per g, and 15 produced more than 1,000 mu g/g. Seven held strains produced both fumonisin B-1 and moniliformin, but none of these strains produced a high level of fumonisin B-1 (>1,000 mu g/g). However, a genetic cross between a strain that produced fumonisin B, but no moniliformin and a strain that produced moniliformin but no fumonisin B-1 yielded progeny that produced high levels of both toxins, Strains of G. fujikuroi isolated from rice infected with bakanae disease are similar to strains of mating population D isolated from maize in their ability to produce both fumonisins and moniliformin, This finding suggests a potential for contamination of rice with both fumonisins and moniliformin. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP Desjardins, AE (reprint author), NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,USDA,AGR RES SERV,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 34 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1838 EP 1842 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA WX361 UT WOS:A1997WX36100031 PM 16535599 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Farley, CA Lewis, EJ Trout, JM Graczyk, TK AF Fayer, R Farley, CA Lewis, EJ Trout, JM Graczyk, TK TI Potential role of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium parvum SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Oysters were placed in an aquarium containing artificial seawater, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were added. Oocysts were later found in the gill washings, hemocytes, and gut contents af the oysters, Hemocytes containing oocysts were intubated into four mice. C. parvum stages developed in the ileal epithelia of all of the mice, indicating that the oocysts in the hemocytes remained infective. C1 NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,COOPERAT OXFORD LAB,NOAA,OXFORD,MD 21654. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT MOL MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), ARS,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 63 IS 5 BP 2086 EP 2088 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA WX361 UT WOS:A1997WX36100071 PM 16535617 ER PT J AU Yoothong, K Moncharoen, L Vijarnson, P Eswaran, H AF Yoothong, K Moncharoen, L Vijarnson, P Eswaran, H TI Clay mineralogy of Thai soils SO APPLIED CLAY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Thai soils; kaolinite; smectite; illite; clay mineralogy AB The wide variety of soils in Thailand results of the interaction between climate, parent rocks, and physiography of the country. This is reflected in the wide variety of clay minerals. The complete country can be divided into five regions: the northern, central, north-east, south-east coast and peninsular region. The soil map of Thailand has been used to define the clay mineral provinces. From a mineralogical point of view eight clay mineral and three other assemblages can be distinguished. The clay mineral assemblages concern: kaolinite; kaolinite and illite; kaolinite and smectite; kaolinite, smectite and illite; kaolinite, illite and smectite; smectite and kaolinite; smectite, kaolinite and illite; kaolinite and gibbsite. The three other land types comprise clay-free/quartz-dominated soils, organic soils and slope complexes. Kaolinite is present in all soils. In oxisols, kaolinite is associated with gibbsite, goethite and hematite. In areas where the parent rock is mica-rich, illite is the dominant clay mineral. Smectite is the dominant clay mineral in areas where brackish water conditions prevailed during soil formation and where high amounts of dissolved ions were present. C1 DEPT LAND DEV,BANGKOK,THAILAND. USDA,SOIL CONSERVAT SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20013. NR 22 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-1317 J9 APPL CLAY SCI JI Appl. Clay Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 11 IS 5-6 BP 357 EP 371 DI 10.1016/S0169-1317(96)00033-6 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Mineralogy GA XD754 UT WOS:A1997XD75400007 ER PT J AU Yakowitz, DS Hipel, KW AF Yakowitz, DS Hipel, KW TI Multiple objective decision making for ''Lokahi'' (Balance) in environmental management SO APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTATION LA English DT Editorial Material AB Innovative advances and applications in multiple objective decision-making (MODM) contained in the upcoming set of papers published in this special issue of Applied Mathematics and Computation are summarized, assessed, and compared with regard to their usefulness for tackling complex problems in environmental management. Since many of the MODM methods and associated decision support systems used in environmental management originate from the field of operations research (OR), techniques from OR are categorized with respect to their abilities to handle multiple objectives and multiple decision makers. The applications presented in the forthcoming papers clearly demonstrate that a range of OR and other scientific methods are usually required for properly modelling, analyzing, and solving real-world environmental management problems. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1997. C1 UNIV WATERLOO,DEPT SYST DESIGN ENGN,WATERLOO,ON N2L 3G1,CANADA. UNIV WATERLOO,DEPT STAT & ACTUARIAL SCI,WATERLOO,ON N2L 3G1,CANADA. RP Yakowitz, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE WATERSHED RES LAB,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 57 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0096-3003 J9 APPL MATH COMPUT JI Appl. Math. Comput. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 83 IS 2-3 BP 97 EP 115 DI 10.1016/S0096-3003(96)00171-3 PG 19 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA WT679 UT WOS:A1997WT67900001 ER PT J AU Heilman, P Yakowitz, DS Lane, LJ AF Heilman, P Yakowitz, DS Lane, LJ TI Targeting farms to improve water quality SO APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTATION LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; MODEL AB Voluntary programs to improve the quality of surface and subsurface water affected by agriculture should target the farms that have an economic incentive to adopt management systems with water quality benefits. We propose a method that can identify such opportunities within a region by linking a field scale simulation model, a multiobjective decision model, and a pair of farm-scale constrained optimization models. The simulation model estimates the effect of alternative management systems on the quantities of pollutants leaving individual fields and on economic returns. The multiobjective decision model uses site specific economic and technical information to score and rank the alternative management systems. An optimization model is solved to select the set of management systems which are most economically advantageous to the farmer. A second, similar optimization model is solved to select the set of management systems of interest to society considering offsite water quality issues. Farms which have economic incentives to adopt management systems with water quality benefits can be identified and targeted by extension agents or policy makers. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1997. RP Heilman, P (reprint author), USDA ARS,SW WATERSHED RES CTR,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0096-3003 J9 APPL MATH COMPUT JI Appl. Math. Comput. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 83 IS 2-3 BP 173 EP 194 DI 10.1016/S0096-3003(96)00168-3 PG 22 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA WT679 UT WOS:A1997WT67900004 ER PT J AU Kim, KD Nemec, S Musson, G AF Kim, KD Nemec, S Musson, G TI Control of Phytophthora root and crown rot of bell pepper with composts and soil amendments in the greenhouse SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE compost; microbial activity; soil microflora; Phytophthora capsici; pepper; root and crown rot ID MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; TOMATO PLANTS; RESISTANCE; CAPSICI; SUPPRESSION; EXPRESSION; PATHOGENS; DISEASES; MEDIA; BARK AB Ten composts and soil amendments were evaluated in the greenhouse for control of Phytophthora root and crown rot of bell pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici. Three rates of calcium humate, calcium sulfate, chitosan, citrus pulp, citrus pulp with molasses, crab shell waste, humate, mustard residue, composted sewage sludge-yard trimming, and wood chips were incorporated into soil in pots prior to transplanting B-week-old bell pepper cultivar Early Calwonder. P. capsici zoospores (2 x 10(4)) were placed into the soil of each pot 2 weeks after transplanting. Areas under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) for disease severity and stem lesion length were determined, and final root and shoot dry weights were also evaluated. Soil populations of five microbial functional groups, and total microbial activity, measured by fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis analysis, were evaluated. Certain rates of chitosan, crab shell waste, and citrus pulp with molasses significantly reduced disease severity and/or stem lesion length, and increased root or shoot dry weights, compared with unamended controls. None of the other treatments were effective in reducing root and crown rot of bell pepper. Citrus pulp with molasses was unique in enhancing the total microbial activity and populations of certain microbial functional groups, compared with unamended controls. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS,FT PIERCE,FL 34945. UNIV FLORIDA,INDIAN RIVER RES & EDUC CTR,FT PIERCE,FL 34945. NR 32 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 5 IS 2 BP 169 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(96)00138-2 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XD915 UT WOS:A1997XD91500005 ER PT J AU Kamuru, F Albrecht, SL Allen, LH Shanmugam, KT AF Kamuru, F Albrecht, SL Allen, LH Shanmugam, KT TI Growth and accumulation of N-15 in rice inoculated with the parent and a nitrogenase-derepressed mutant strain of Anabaena variabilis SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; rice; Anabaena variabilis ID GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE; FIXATION; AMMONIA; WHEAT; SOIL AB Rice plants were grown in a temperature-controlled greenhouse in 1.2 L glass fleakers. The rooting media were inoculated with either the parent strain or a nitrogenase-derepressed mutant strain (which excreted NH4+ produced by nitrogenase) of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis and exposed to N-15(2). Dry matter and total N accumulated in the roots and shoots of plants inoculated with the mutant strain were significantly greater than from plants inoculated with the parent strain. Significantly higher levels of N-15 accumulated in the roots and shoots of plants inoculated with the mutant strain, which indicated that more fixed N was readily available for root uptake and assimilation, Roots and shoots of uninoculated plants exposed to N-15(2) had a small, consistent but nonsignificant increase in levels of N-15 compared with treatments that were exposed only to the natural atmospheric abundance of the isotope. These results show that the NH4+-excreting mutant strain of A. variabilis has the potential to increase N input for plant growth in rice production systems. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT AGRON,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT MICROBIOL & CELL SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 5 IS 2 BP 189 EP 195 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(96)00134-5 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XD915 UT WOS:A1997XD91500007 ER PT J AU Schocke, L Weimer, PJ AF Schocke, L Weimer, PJ TI Purification and characterization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from the anaerobic ruminal bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens SO ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rumen; phosphoenolpyruvate; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; CO2 fixation; Ruminococcus flavefaciens ID ANAEROBIOSPIRILLUM-SUCCINICIPRODUCENS; METAL-IONS; ENZYME; LIVER; SUCCINATE; PYRUVATE; FORMS; MN-2+; ACID; PH AB Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase was purified 42-fold with a 25% yield from cell extracts of Ruminococcus flavefaciens by ammonium sulfate precipitation, preparative isoelectric focusing, and removal of carrier ampholytes by chromatography. The enzyme had a subunit molecular mass of similar to 66.3 kDa (determined by mass spectrometry), but was retained by a filter having a 100-kDa nominal molecular mass cutoff. Optimal activity required activation of the enzyme by Mn2+ and stabilization of the nucleotide substrate by Mg2+. GDP was a more effective phosphoryl acceptor than ADP, while IDP was not utilized. Under optimal conditions the measured activity in the direction of PEP carboxylation was 17.2 mu mol min(-1) (mg enzyme)(-1). The apparent K-m values for PEP (0.3 mM) and GDP (2.0 mM) were 9- and 14-fold lower than the apparent K-m values for the substrates of the back reaction (oxaloacetate and GTP, respectively). The data are consistent with the involvement of PEP carboxykinase as the primary carboxylation enzyme in the fermentation of cellulose to succinate by this bacterium. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BACTERIOL,MADISON,WI 53706. ARS,USDA,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 33 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0302-8933 J9 ARCH MICROBIOL JI Arch. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 167 IS 5 BP 289 EP 294 DI 10.1007/s002030050446 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA WW279 UT WOS:A1997WW27900006 PM 9094226 ER PT J AU TillyKiesi, M Lichtenstein, AH Ordovas, JM Dolnikowski, G Malmstrom, R Taskinen, MR Schaefer, EJ AF TillyKiesi, M Lichtenstein, AH Ordovas, JM Dolnikowski, G Malmstrom, R Taskinen, MR Schaefer, EJ TI Subjects with ApoA-I(Lys(107)->O) exhibit enhanced fractional catabolic rate of ApoA-I in Lp(AI) and ApoA-II in Lp(AI with AII) SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apoA-I(Lys(107)->O) variant; Lp(AI with AII); kinetics; metabolism; coronary heart disease; HDL cholesterol; Lp(AI) ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; LECITHIN-CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; INVIVO METABOLISM; HDL CHOLESTEROL; LPA-I; FAMILIAL HYPOALPHALIPOPROTEINEMIA; IMMUNOAFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY; NONSENSE MUTATION AB Our purpose was to examine HDL metabolism in a Finnish kindred with a 3-bp deletion in the apolipoprotein (apo) A-I gene, resulting in a deletion of Ly(107) in the mature apoA-I. Patients with this mutation [apoA-I(Lys(107)-->0)] have reduced plasma HDL cholesterol and lipoprotein (AI with AII) [Lp(AI w AII)] concentrations, but not Lp(AI) levels, compared with unaffected family members. Using primed constant infusions of [5,5,5-H-2(3)]leucine, we determined the residence time (RT) and absolute production rate (APR) of apoA-I and apoA-II entering plasma in two subpopulations of HDL particles: [Lp(AI) and Lp(AI w AII)] in three patients heterozygous for apoA-I(Lys(107) -->0) and in seven healthy control subjects. In patients, the mean RT of apoA-I in Lp(AI) (3.7+/-1.68 days) was less than half that observed in control subjects (8.01+/-2.51 days, P<.05). The mean RT of apoA-I in Lp(AI w AII) was also lower in patients than in control subjects, but differences were not statistically significant (4.72+/-2.42 versus 6.50+/-2.19 days). The mean RT of apoA-II in Lp(AI w AII) was significantly lower in patients (5.24+/-1.65 days) than in control subjects (9.64+/-3.57 days, P<.05). The APR of apoA-I into Lp(AI) was twofold higher in patients (5.9+/-2.1 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1)) than in control subjects (2.5+/-0.9, P<.05). The APRs of apoA-I and apoA-II into Lp(AI w AII) were similar in patients and control subjects. Our results are consistent with the concept that patients heterozygous for the apoA-I(Lys(107)-->0) mutation have enhanced fractional catabolism of apoA-I and apoA-II in both HDL subspecies, especially in Lp(AI), and an increase in apoA-I production only into Lp(AI), which may be compensatory. Therefore, only their Lp(AI w AII) levels are decreased. C1 TUFTS UNIV,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,MASS SPECTROMETRY LAB,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP TillyKiesi, M (reprint author), UNIV HELSINKI,CENT HOSP,DEPT MED,HAARTMANINKATU 4,FIN-02900 HELSINKI,FINLAND. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-39326] NR 60 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 17 IS 5 BP 873 EP 880 PG 8 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA WZ649 UT WOS:A1997WZ64900010 PM 9157950 ER PT J AU Welty, FK Lichtenstein, AH Barrett, PHR Dolnikowski, GG Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ AF Welty, FK Lichtenstein, AH Barrett, PHR Dolnikowski, GG Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ TI Decreased production and increased catabolism of apolipoprotein B-100 in apolipoprotein B-67/B-100 heterozygotes SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hypobetalipoproteinemia; apolipoprotein B; kinetics; metabolism; deuterium ID LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; TRIGLYCERIDE-RICH LIPOPROTEINS; FAMILIAL HYPOBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA; HUMAN-PLASMA; B SECRETION; HEPG2 CELLS; METABOLISM; KINETICS; PROTEIN; DEGRADATION AB Apolipoprotein (apo) B-67 is a truncated form of apoB-100 due to deletion of an adenine at cDNA 9327. Heterozygotes have one allele making apoB-100; therefore, plasma apoB levels would be predicted to be at least 50% of normal. However, apoB-67 heterozygotes have total plasma apoB levels that are 24% of normal. To determine the mechanisms responsible for the lower-than-expected levels of apoB, in vivo kinetics of apoB-100 were performed in three apoB-67/apoB-100 heterozygotes and compared with those of six control subjects by using a primed-constant infusion of [5,5,5-H-2(3)]leucine in the fed state. Kinetic parameters were calculated by multicompartmental modeling of the data. The mean total apoB plasma concentration of the apoB-67 subjects was 21.8+/-6.1 mg/dL, or 24% of that of control subjects (89.6+/-24.1 mg/dL, P=.002). ApoB-67 subjects had lower mean VLDL apoB-100 production rates (3.6+/-1.2 versus 13.9+/-3.5 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1), P=.002) and lower mean transport rates of apoB-100 into LDL (3.5+/-1.4 versus 12.6+/-4.1 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1), P=.008) compared with control subjects. The transport rate into IDL was not significantly different (1.2+/-0.5 versus 6.2+/-4.0 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1), P=.07). The fractional catabolic rate of VLDL apoB-100 was significantly higher in apoB-67 subjects than in control subjects (18.1+/-8.6 versus 7.6+/-1.6 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1), P=.017). ApoB-100 IDL and LDL fractional catabolic rates were not significantly different. VLDL apoB-100 pool size in apoB-67 subjects was 11% of that of control subjects (15.8+/-7.7 versus 141.6+/-33.7 mg, P=.0004) due to a 74% lower production rate (26% of control values) and a 2.4-fold higher fractional catabolic rate. LDL apoB-100 pool size in apoB-67 subjects was 22% of that of control subjects (665.3+/-192.4 versus 2968.3+/-765.2 mg, P=.002) due primarily to a lower production rate (27% of control values). Thus, both decreased production of VLDL and LDL apoB-100 and increased catabolism of VLDL apoB-100 are responsible for the low levels of apoB-100 in apoB-67 subjects. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,CTR BIOENGN,RESOURCE FACIL KINET ANAL,SEATTLE,WA 98195. RP Welty, FK (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,LIPID METAB LAB,HNRC,JEAN MEYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. RI Barrett, Hugh/B-2745-2011; OI Barrett, Peter Hugh/0000-0003-3223-6125; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-02626, HL-39326, HL-49110] NR 37 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 17 IS 5 BP 881 EP 888 PG 8 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA WZ649 UT WOS:A1997WZ64900011 PM 9157951 ER PT J AU Lukaski, HC AF Lukaski, HC TI Validation of body composition assessment techniques in the dialysis population SO ASAIO JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; HEMODIALYSIS-PATIENTS; IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS AB Assessment of body composition remains a goal for the routine assessment of nutritional status of patients on long-term dialysis. Methods generally available for estimation of body fat in healthy individuals are limited by practicality and availability for use in this patient population. Anthropometry, which is cost effective and easy to perform, is limited by the lack of appropriate reference standards for patients on dialysis and artifact caused by hydration status. Bioelectrical impedance affords new opportunities for non-invasive assessment of fluid volume, its distribution, and body cell mass; estimation of fat-free mass and body fat can be affected by hydration status. Dual x-ray absorptiometry permits estimation of bone status and fat mass because changes in hydration status are reflected in estimates of fat-free mass. Evaluation of validity of techniques for fluid status and body composition assessment requires the use of appropriate reference methods and proper statistical procedures to examine error, not only between groups, but by individual. Use of body composition assessment methods together with biochemical measurements will enhance the nutritional assessment of end-stage renal disease patients on long-term hemodialysis. RP Lukaski, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BOX 9034 UNIV STN,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1058-2916 J9 ASAIO J JI Asaio J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 43 IS 3 BP 251 EP 255 PG 5 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Transplantation SC Engineering; Transplantation GA WY415 UT WOS:A1997WY41500027 PM 9152504 ER PT J AU Lodge, DJ AF Lodge, DJ TI Factors related to diversity of decomposer fungi in tropical forests SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Fungal Biodiversity: A British-Mycological-Society Symposium on Mycology: Past, Present and Future CY APR, 1996 CL UNIV SHEFFIELD, SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND SP Brit Mycol Soc HO UNIV SHEFFIELD DE fungal diversity; tropical forests; decomposers; anthropogenic disturbance; natural disturbance ID RAIN-FOREST; PUERTO-RICO; LITTER; BIODIVERSITY; XYLARIA AB Recent studies suggest that host-preferences are common among certain groups of tropical fungal decomposers but rare in others, and sometimes occur where we least expect them. Host preferences among microfungi and ascomycetes that decompose leaf litter are common but usually involve differences in relative frequencies more than presence/absence, so their diversity may be loosely correlated with species richness of host trees. Strong host-specificity appears to be rare among wood decomposer fungi, whereas characteristics of their substrata and habitat are very important for this group. Anthropogenic disturbance predisposed a tropical forest to subsequent hurricane damage, and the resulting direct and indirect effects on host diversity and habitat heterogeneity were reflected in the decomposer fungal community more than sixty years after the original disturbance. While species richness of dictyostelid slime molds and functional diversity of their bacterial prey increased with disturbance, the more diverse microfungi and ascomycetes were apparently negatively affected by disturbance. RP Lodge, DJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, CTR FOREST MYCOL RES, FOREST PROD LAB, USDA, POB 1377, LUQUILLO, PR 00773 USA. NR 31 TC 75 Z9 84 U1 3 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0960-3115 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV JI Biodivers. Conserv. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 6 IS 5 BP 681 EP 688 DI 10.1023/A:1018314219111 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WY247 UT WOS:A1997WY24700005 ER PT J AU Rossman, AY Farr, DF AF Rossman, AY Farr, DF TI Towards a virtual reality for plant-associated fungi in the United States and Canada SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Fungal Biodiversity: A British-Mycological-Society Symposium on Mycology: Past, Present and Future CY APR, 1996 CL UNIV SHEFFIELD, SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND SP Brit Mycol Soc HO UNIV SHEFFIELD DE biodiversity; Canada; databases; deuteromycetes; Erysiphales; Mycosphaerella; Ustilaginales ID BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION AB At present knowledge of fungal biodiversity in North America is scattered in diverse sources ranging from well-reviewed, comprehensive databases to unedited databases of reports from the literature, information on file cards, and uncomputerized reference collections. Resources available electronically were used to determine their relative importance in evaluating the plant-associated fungi known from the United States and to a lesser extent Canada. The results demonstrate that the literature provides the greatest information but that reference collections in the US National Fungus Collections contribute between 22-31 % additional data. Little overlap exists between fungi isolated as endophytes and those reported in the literature or as reference collections. Eighty to 100 % of the plant-associated fungi reported from Canada are accounted for in comprehensive resources for the United States. A comprehensive database of plant-associated fungi in Canada, the United States, and eventually Mexico would serve as a valuable resource for those making plant quarantine decisions. RP Rossman, AY (reprint author), USDA ARS,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,B011A,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 43 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0960-3115 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV JI Biodivers. Conserv. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 6 IS 5 BP 739 EP 751 DI 10.1023/A:1018322420928 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WY247 UT WOS:A1997WY24700009 ER PT J AU McCarty, GW Meisinger, JJ AF McCarty, GW Meisinger, JJ TI Effects of N fertilizer treatments on biologically active N pools in soils under plow and no tillage SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE soil quality; biomass N; active N; plow tillage; no tillage ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN; QUALITY; CARBON; CRITERIA; CORN AB Studies assessing the effects of different tillage and N fertilizer management practices on distributions and amounts of various C and N pools in soil can provide information about the influence of such management on the quality of organic matter in agricultural soils. To assess the influence of management on soil quality, we characterized the organic matter by measurements of total N, organic C, microbial biomass N and active N in the 0-20 cm profiles of soil from long-term field experiments containing plots under treatments of plow or no tillage and 0, 135, or 270 kg N ha(-1) fertilizer. Previous work had established that on the basis of the crop growth requirement of maize, these application rates of fertilizer N provide amounts of N that are deficient, sufficient, and excessive, respectively. The studies reported provide evidence that the sufficient amount of fertilizer N stimulated formation of the biologically active pools of N (biomass N and active N) in soils under no tillage treatments, but the excessive amount of fertilizer N tended to suppress these pools. The results demonstrated that these influences of excessive N fertilization were not reflected in distributions of total N or total organic C in soil profiles but became evident with the measurements of biologically active N. This suggests that such measurements can provide information related to the influence of different management practices on soil quality. C1 AGR RES SERV,USDA,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP McCarty, GW (reprint author), BELTSVILLE AREA RES CTR,BLDG 007,ROOM 223,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD MAY PY 1997 VL 24 IS 4 BP 406 EP 412 DI 10.1007/s003740050265 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XA964 UT WOS:A1997XA96400010 ER PT J AU Christenson, RK Bartol, FF Vallet, JL Wiley, AA Spencer, TE AF Christenson, RK Bartol, FF Vallet, JL Wiley, AA Spencer, TE TI Comparative study of uterine morphogenesis and protein secretion in neonatal white crossbred and Meishan gilts SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN; OVULATION RATE; OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT; PIGS; GROWTH; SWINE; BIRTH; BREEDS; AGE; PERFORMANCE AB Thirty-five crossbred and 22 Meishan contemporary gilts were necropsied on Day 1, 14, 28, 42, or 56 of age (birth = Day 0). At necropsy, a cross section of one uterine horn was fixed for histomorphometric study, and minced uterine tissue was cultured with 50 mu Ci [H-3]leucine. Secreted proteins were identified by two-dimensional PAGE, fluorography, and incorporation of radioactivity. Body weights at necropsy were similar for the two breeds and increased (p < 0.01) between Days 1 and 56 of age. Ovarian and uterine weights, as well as histomorphometric areas, were similar for the two breeds on Day 1 but increased markedly (p < 0.01) in Meishan gilts on Day 56. In gilts of both breeds, secretion of uterine proteins 1 (M-r x 10(-3)/pl; 45/6.0), 2a and 2b (doublet, 25/6.2), and 3 (20/5.5) increased in association with endometrial gland development. A fourth protein (97/4.0) was observed in gilts of both breeds but was more abundant in Meishan; a fifth protein (13/6.0) was detected only in crossbred gilts on Day 56. Although specific regulatory roles for locally produced uterine proteins remain to be defined, the increase in specific uterine proteins and breed differences in uterine protein secretion suggest that uterine proteins may influence early uterine development. C1 AUBURN UNIV,DEPT ANIM & DAIRY SCI,AUBURN,AL 36849. RP Christenson, RK (reprint author), ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,ARS,USDA,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. OI Spencer, Thomas/0000-0003-2815-766X NR 38 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 56 IS 5 BP 1112 EP 1119 DI 10.1095/biolreprod56.5.1112 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA WV691 UT WOS:A1997WV69100006 PM 9160708 ER PT J AU Ricke, SC Nisbet, DJ Maciorowski, KG AF Ricke, SC Nisbet, DJ Maciorowski, KG TI Batch culture growth response of a poultry Salmonella typhimurium isolate to ammonium salts SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Salmonella typhimurium; poultry; ammonium salts; growth inhibition ID INHIBITION; HOUSES AB High ammonium levels have often been associated with poultry waste. in this study we chose to examine the effect of ammonium salt on growth of salmonellae. A nalidixic acid, novobiocin, resistant primary poultry Salmonella typhimurium isolate was grown at 37 degrees C in bicarbonate buffered (60 mM) tryptic-soy broth containing either NH4Cl, NaCl, KCl, (NH4)(4)SO4, ammonium oxalate, ammonium acetate or NH4OH. Concentrations rested ranged from 0 to 600 mM ammonium-nitrogen and growth response was measured at 37 degrees C as batch culture maximum growth rate. NH4OH was the most inhibitory ammonium salt with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 mM ammonium-nitrogen while the other ammonium salts were much less inhibitory. Based on comparison of the inhibition constant (K-i) calculated from growth rates of bacteria grown on the respective salt, S. typhimurium was least sensitive to (NH4)(2)SO4 and most sensitive to NH4OH when compared to all other growth and salt conditions. Salmonella typhimurium was equally sensitive to nonbuffered NH4Cl, KCl and NaCl containing media. However cells that were initially exposed to ammonium oxalate, ammonium acetate or cells exposed to NH4Cl and either adapted (at least 10 transfers in the same basal medium), unadapted (less than four transfers), or grown anaerobically were more inhibited. If appears that the initial inhibition of Salmonella growth by ammonium is dependent on extracellular pH and type of ion forming the ammonium salt, but some adaptation over time to higher concentrations may also occur. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. RP Ricke, SC (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT POULTRY SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0960-8524 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 60 IS 2 BP 107 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00015-1 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA XD911 UT WOS:A1997XD91100003 ER PT J AU Zheng, YZ Wozniak, CA AF Zheng, YZ Wozniak, CA TI Adaptation of a beta-1,3-glucanase assay to microplate format SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID GENE AB A method is described for performance of a beta-1,3-glucanase assay in microplates. The adaptation to microassay format has been made possible through the availability of heat-stable microplates. Assay samples containing beta-1,3-glucanase (cell extracts) and the substrate are mixed in 96-well, autoclavable microplates. Incubation of the enzyme-substrate mixture results in the release of reducing sugars by the action of beta-1,3-glucanase. The levels of these sugars are colorimetrically quantified through the addition of ''copper reagent'' and neocuproine, incubation at 100 degrees C for 10 min and the resulting reduction of Cu++ to Cu+. A standard curve of glucose concentrations within the same plate allows for assessment of internal variance. Twenty samples can be assayed in one microplate in 1 h, compared to the 96 test tubes and 4 h needed for traditional assay methods. The net savings in reagents used with the microplate format is substantial. The measurement of optical density is performed rapidly for all of the samples, eliminating the problem of oxidization of Cu+ to Cu++ during quantification. This method represents a significant savings in time, chemicals and cost. C1 USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,FARGO,ND 58105. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,FARGO,ND 58105. NR 8 TC 12 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD MAY PY 1997 VL 22 IS 5 BP 922 EP & PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA WY262 UT WOS:A1997WY26200029 PM 9149876 ER PT J AU Goetsch, AL Patil, AR Galloway, DL Kouakou, B Wang, ZS Park, KK Rossi, JE AF Goetsch, AL Patil, AR Galloway, DL Kouakou, B Wang, ZS Park, KK Rossi, JE TI Net flux of nutrients across splanchnic tissues in wethers consuming grasses of different sources and physical forms ad libitum SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE forage; splanchnic metabolism; sheep ID HEAT-PRODUCTION; METABOLISM; ENERGY; RUMINANTS; FORAGE; ACIDS; LAMBS; LIVER; SHEEP; MASS AB Crossbred sheep (n 16, 8.5 months of age and 33 (se 0.9) kg) were used in a 21 d experiment (2x2 factorial) to determine effects on net flux of nutrients across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver of ad libitum consumption of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon; B) nu. ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)-wheat (Triticum aestivum; RW) hay, coarsely chopped (CC) or finely ground and pelleted (GP). Crude protein concentrations were 86, 81, 113 and 119 g/kg and neutral-detergent fibre concentrations were 710, 688, 654 and 672 g/kg (dry matter basis) for B-CC, B-GP, RW-CC and RW-GP respectively. Digestible energy intake (6.0, 9.6, 10.2 and 13.8 MJ/d) differed (P < 0.01) with grass source and form, and digestible N intake values were 4.4, 7.0, 8.4 and 14.1 (SEM 0.82) g/d for B-CC, B-GP, RW-CC and RW-GP diets respectively. Consumption of O-2 by the PDV (118, 165, 144 and 155 mmol/h) and splanchnic bed (196, 273, 247 and 266 mmol/h for B-CC, B-GP, RW-CC and RW-GP respectively) was greater (P=0.07) for (P than for CC. The ratio splanchnic heat energy production: digestible energy intake was greater (P=0.06) for B than for RW (0.374, 0.300, 0.278 and 0.219 for B-CC, B-GP, RW-CC and RW-GP respectively). alpha-Amino-N release by the PDV (P < 0.01; 11.6, 12.8, 23.0 and 18.7 mmol/h) and uptake by the liver (P=0.07; 15.2, 6.1, 17.0 and 19.3 mmol/h for B-CC, B-GP, RW-CC and RW-GP respectively) were greater for RW than for B. Release of NH3-N by the PDV was greater (P=0.02) for CC than for GP (12.5, 6.2, 15.7 and 8.9 mmol/h), and hepatic urea-N release differed between grass sources (P=0.03) and physical forms (P=0.07; 22.6, 12.7, 31.4 and 24.8 mmol/h for B-CC, B-GP, RW-CC and RW-GP respectively). In conclusion, decreases in forage particle size elicited by grinding and pelleting did not affect the difference between grass sources in splanchnic tissue heat energy production relative to digestible energy intake. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT ANIM SCI,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. RP Goetsch, AL (reprint author), USDA ARS,DALE BUMPERS SMALL FARM RES CTR,BOONEVILLE,AR 72927, USA. NR 36 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX10 8DE SN 0007-1145 J9 BRIT J NUTR JI Br. J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 77 IS 5 BP 769 EP 781 DI 10.1079/BJN19970074 PG 13 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA WY447 UT WOS:A1997WY44700008 PM 9175996 ER PT J AU Tappeiner, JC Huffman, D Marshall, D Spies, TA Bailey, JD AF Tappeiner, JC Huffman, D Marshall, D Spies, TA Bailey, JD TI Density, ages, and growth rates in old-growth and young-growth forests in coastal Oregon SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN CASCADE RANGE; DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; PSEUDOTSUGA FORESTS; STAND DENSITY AB We studied the ages and diameter growth rates of trees in former Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) old-growth stands on 10 sites and compared them with young-growth stands (50-70 years old, regenerated after timber harvest) in the Coast Range of western Oregon. The diameters and diameter growth rates for the first 100 years of trees in the old-gowth stands were significantly greater than those in the young-growth stands. Growth rates in the old stands were comparable with those from long-term studies of young stands in which density is about 100-120 trees/ha; often young-growth stand density is well over 500 trees/ha. Ages of targe trees in the old stands ranged from 100 to 420 years; ages in young stands varied by only about 5 to 10 years. Apparently, regeneration of old-growth stands on these sites occurred over a prolonged period, and trees grew at low density with little self-thinning; in contrast, after timber han est, young stands may develop with high density of trees with similar ages and considerable self-thinning. The results suggest that thinning may be needed in dense young stands where the management objective is to speed development of old-growth characteristics. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV, COLL FORESTRY, DEPT FOREST RESOURCES, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. US FOREST SERV, USDA, PACIFIC NW RES STN, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP Tappeiner, JC (reprint author), US DEPT INTERIOR, BRD FOREST & RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI CTR, 3200 SW JEFFERSON, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 53 TC 97 Z9 107 U1 3 U2 17 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 27 IS 5 BP 638 EP 648 DI 10.1139/cjfr-27-5-638 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XM247 UT WOS:A1997XM24700003 ER PT J AU Ingham, ER Thies, WG AF Ingham, ER Thies, WG TI Changes in rhizosphere microflora and microfauna 10 years following Douglas-fir live tree injection with chloropicrin or methylisothiocyanate SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID FUMIGANTS CHLOROPICRIN; VORLEX AB Live Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France) trees were injected in 1981 with chloropicrin or methylisothiocyanate (MITC) in an effort to control laminated root rot caused by Phellinus weirii (Murr.) Gilb. Soil samples were collected in 1991 from around structural roots 0.5, 1, and 2 m from the base of injected or noninjected trees. The activity of fungi and bacteria, total fungal and bacterial biomass, the number of protozoa (flagellates, ciliates, and amoebae), and the number and types of nematodes were evaluated, Active fungal biomass was reduced by both chemicals as compared with noninjected trees 10 years after application Both active and total bacterial biomass were also significantly lower around roots of chloropicrin- and MITC-treated trees, as were flagellate numbers. The number of bacterial-feeding nematodes was decreased around roots of chloropicrin-treated trees, while other nematode-feeding groups were not changed. The number of root-feeding, bacterial-feeding, and fungal-feeding nematodes were significantly greater around MITC-treated roots, while predatory nematode numbers were lower, than around control roots. Reduced bacterial and fungal biomass around MITC-treated trees may be the result, therefore, of increased feeding by nematodes, and thus MITC-treated trees may benefit from more rapid nutrient-cycling rates but may suffer more pest damage from root-feeding nematodes as a result of the chemical application. Since many organism groups were reduced around roots of chloropicrin- and MITC-treated trees, this suggests possible impacts related to reductions in nutrient cycling rates and production of plant-available N around these trees. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Ingham, ER (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 27 IS 5 BP 724 EP 731 DI 10.1139/cjfr-27-5-724 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XM247 UT WOS:A1997XM24700014 ER PT J AU Ritchie, MW Hann, DW AF Ritchie, MW Hann, DW TI Evaluation of individual-tree and disaggregative prediction methods for Douglas-fir stands in western Oregon (vol 27, pg 207, 1997) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Correction, Addition C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Ritchie, MW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC SW RES STN,2400 WASHINGTON AVE,REDDING,CA 96001, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 27 IS 5 BP 796 EP 796 DI 10.1139/cjfr-27-5-796 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XM247 UT WOS:A1997XM24700023 ER PT J AU Liao, CH McCallus, DE Fett, WF Kang, YG AF Liao, CH McCallus, DE Fett, WF Kang, YG TI Identification of gene loci controlling pectate lyase production and soft-rot pathogenicity in Pseudomonas marginalis SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE two-component regulators; pectate lyase; protease; levan; pyoverdin ID GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; FLUORESCENS; SYRINGAE; MUTAGENESIS; CLONING; VIRIDIFLAVA; REGULATOR AB Pseudomonas marginalis is an important postharvest pathogen capable of causing soft rot in a wide variety of harvested fruits and vegetables. Following transposon mutagenesis, we isolated two groups of P. marginalis CY091 mutants deficient in production of pectate lyase (Pel) and soft-rot pathogenicity in plants. The first group, designated Pel(-), was caused by the insertion of Tn5 into a pet structural gene, and the second group, designated LemA(-), was caused by the insertion of Tn5 into a regulatory locus corresponding to the lemA gene previously identified in other Gram-negative bacteria. The LemA(-) mutants also exhibited alteration in colony morphology and showed deficiency in production of protease (Prt). A cosmid clone pCIC carrying the P. marginalis lemA gene was isolated and characterized. pCIC was capable of restoring Pel production and soft-rot pathogenicity in LemA(-) mutants of P. marginalis and Pseudomonas viridiflava, indicating that the function of lemA gene in these two pseudomonads was similar and interchangeable. Using MudI-mediated mutagenesis, we isolated a third group of P. marginalis mutants deficient in production of Pel, Prt, and soft-rot pathogenicity. Mutants in this group (designated GacA(-1)) contained an insertion of MudI in a locus corresponding to the gacA gene of P. viridiflava. Like LemA(-) mutants, GacA(-) mutants also exhibited alteration in colony morphology and showed deficiency in production of Pel and Prt. However, GacA(-) mutants produced much lower levels of levan and fluorescent pyoverdine siderophore than the wild type and LemA(-) mutants. These results provide the first genetic evidence that P. marginalis produces a single alkaline Pel for maceration of plant tissue and demonstrate that production of Pel, Prt, levan, and pyoverdin by this bacterium is mediated by the two-component lemA/gacA gene system. C1 KOREA GINSENG & TOBACCO RES INST,SUWON EXPT STN,SUWON 440600,SOUTH KOREA. RP Liao, CH (reprint author), ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,USDA,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 32 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 43 IS 5 BP 425 EP 431 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA XB728 UT WOS:A1997XB72800004 PM 9165701 ER PT J AU BenDavid, M Hanley, TA Klein, DR Schell, DM AF BenDavid, M Hanley, TA Klein, DR Schell, DM TI Seasonal changes in diets of coastal and riverine mink: The role of spawning Pacific salmon SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; AMERICAN MINK; MUSTELA-VISON; COHO SALMON; NITROGEN; LOCOMOTION; ECOLOGY; ANIMALS; ALASKA AB Feeding niches of riverine and coastal mink (Mustela vison) in southeast Alaska differ in prey composition and abundance and diving medium during spring and summer. In autumn, however, the upstream migration of spawning Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) creates a pulse of food for mink. We hypothesized that diets of coastal and riverine mink, and therefore their stable isotope ratios (delta(13)C, delta(15)N), would differ significantly during periods when salmon were absent, but that salmon carcasses would constitute a large portion of the diet of both groups during the salmon spawning season. Stable isotope analyses of clotted blood cells from 24 live-captured mink and muscle tissue from 25 mink carcasses were used to indicate the composition of diets of individual mink in 1992 and 1993. These isotope values were then compared with stable isotope ratios of prey, using a multiple-source mixing model. Our results indicate that riverine mink depended on salmon (carcasses and fry), with little seasonal or individual variation, whereas coastal mink relied on intertidal organisms in spring and summer, with measurable (<25%) consumption of salmon carcasses when they became available in autumn. Coastal and riverine mink in southeast Alaska differ strongly in their diets in spring and summer, with both groups relying on the abundant salmon carcasses during autumn. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,JUNEAU,AK 99801. UNIV ALASKA,INST MARINE SCI,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. RP BenDavid, M (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA,ALASKA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,BIOL RESOURCES DIV,US GEOL SERV,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775, USA. NR 59 TC 92 Z9 100 U1 2 U2 29 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 75 IS 5 BP 803 EP 811 DI 10.1139/z97-102 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA XB778 UT WOS:A1997XB77800017 ER PT J AU Park, H Seib, PA Chung, OK Seitz, LM AF Park, H Seib, PA Chung, OK Seitz, LM TI Fortifying bread with each of three antioxidants SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BETA-CAROTENE AB White bread was fortified individually with fat-coated L-ascorbic acid (AsA), cold-water-dispersible (CWD) beta-carotene, and CWD all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (ToAc) at levels of 64, 5, and 100 mg, respectively, of active ingredient per 100 g of flour (14% mb). The freshly baked pup-loaves retained 76, 67, and 96% of added antioxidant, respectively. To extract ToAc quantitatively from bread or dough, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) gave better results than hexane, which indicated that ToAc was in a partially bound state. ''Protein-encased'' (PE) beta-carotene did not impart a yellow color to bread crumb and had one-fourth higher retention in fresh bread when compared to CWD beta-carotene. In leaves stored at 25 degrees C for one to seven days, AsA disappeared rapidly and PE beta-carotene disappeared slowly; CWD beta-carotene and ToAc were stable. In spite of storage loss, bread fortified with PE beta-carotene retained significantly higher levels of beta-carotene when compared to CWD beta-carotene. One serving size (one slice, 28 g) of three-day-old bread fortified with one of the three antioxidants was calculated to provide 7, 120-150, and 13-168, respectively, of the adult recommended daily allowances (RDA) for vitamins C, E, and A. When bread was fortified with both fat-coated AsA and CWD beta-carotene and stored for five days, no protecting effect on the retention of the antioxidants was found. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV, DEPT GRAIN SCI & IND, MANHATTAN, KS 66506 USA. ARS, USDA, US GRAIN MKT & PROD RES CTR, MANHATTAN, KS 66502 USA. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 3 PU AACC INTERNATIONAL PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 3 BP 202 EP 206 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.3.202 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA WZ313 UT WOS:A1997WZ31300003 ER PT J AU Park, H Seib, PA Chung, OK AF Park, H Seib, PA Chung, OK TI Fortifying bread with a mixture of wheat fiber and psyllium husk fiber plus three antioxidants SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FUNCTIONAL-PROPERTIES; BREADMAKING; PRODUCTS; DOUGH; BRAN AB A 7:3 (w/w) mixture of wheat fiber (WF) and psyllium husk fiber (PHF) was substituted for 10wt% of flour on a 14% mb, and the protein in the blend was restored to 10.3% by incorporating vital wheat gluten. After adding 0.5% sodium stearoyl 2-lactylate, the blend (100 g) was fortified with a combination of fat-coated ascorbic acid (AsA), protein-encased (PE) beta-carotene, and cold-water-dispersible (CWD) all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (ToAc) at levels of 72, 5.6, and 115 mg, respectively, of active material. Adding the fiber ingredients to the pup loaf formula increased water absorption 25% and mixing time 50% and imparted stickiness to the dough. The fiber and antioxidant bread showed a 10% reduction in loaf volume and a somewhat inferior crumb grain with an off-color caused by small, black specks on a dark gray background. The crumb of the fiber and antioxidant bread remained much softer than control bread during one to seven days of storage at room temperature. Caramel coloring masked the off-color. AsA was lost significantly faster in the fiber and antioxidant bread than in antioxidant bread; the losses of AsA were 97 and 86%, respectively, after three days at 25 degrees C. Approximately 25% of beta-carotene was lost from the fiber and antioxidant bread after three days, and 33% after seven days, but the loss of ToAc was <10%. One serving size (one slice, 28 g) of fiber and antioxidant bread was calculated to provide 2.1 g of dietary fiber, or similar to 8% of daily value, of which similar to 30% was soluble. The three-day-old slice also contained vitamin E and vitamin A (as beta-carotene) at 120-150% and 12-15%, respectively, of the adult recommended daily allowances, but with 16% fewer calories than white pan bread. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT GRAIN SCI & IND,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. ARS,USDA,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS. NR 24 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 3 BP 207 EP 211 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.3.207 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA WZ313 UT WOS:A1997WZ31300004 ER PT J AU Irving, DW Jideani, IA AF Irving, DW Jideani, IA TI Microstructure and composition of Digitaria exilis Stapf (acha): A potential crop SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PROTEINS; CEREAL; HISTOCHEMISTRY; STARCH; WHEAT AB Microstructure of the mature caryopsis of Digitaria exilis Stapf was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy and compared to chemical composition. The general structure of the caryopsis was similar to that of other grains, notably the millets. Thin bracts (the palea and lemma) and two glumes encased the caryopsis which consists of the thin, compressed layers of pericarp, testa, and cuticle surrounding the endosperm and embryonic tissues. The endosperm consisted of a single layer of aleurone cells and the starchy endosperm. The aleurone layer was thin over most of the starchy endosperm and thicker at the junction of the embryo and starchy endosperm. Aleurone cells contained lipid droplets and protein bodies, The cell contents of the starchy endosperm consisted of simple, polyhedral starch granules, lipid droplets, and protein bodies. Protein bodies were more abundant toward the periphery, and diminished toward the central portion of the starchy endosperm. Cells in certain regions of the embryo contained few, small, spherical starch granules and an abundance of protein bodies. Protein bodies containing phytic acid inclusions were located in the scutellum of the embryo. Compositional analyses revealed that the grain contained 8.2% protein, 2.1% fat, 0.48% fiber, and 1.4% ash. C1 ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIV,SCH SCI,BAUCHI,NIGERIA. RP Irving, DW (reprint author), ARS,USDA,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. OI Jideani, Afam Israel Obiefuna/0000-0002-9122-8697 NR 33 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 3 BP 224 EP 228 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.3.224 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA WZ313 UT WOS:A1997WZ31300007 ER PT J AU Bechtel, DB Wilson, JD AF Bechtel, DB Wilson, JD TI Ultrastructure of developing hard and soft red winter wheats after air- and freeze-drying and its relationship to endosperm texture SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID STARCHY ENDOSPERM; PROTEIN; FRACTURE AB A transmission electron microscopic study was conducted on air- and freeze-dried developing wheat to determine the effects of drying on the structure of the starchy endosperm. Field-grown hard red winter wheat (Karl) and soft red winter wheat (Clark) were harvested at 15, 18, 21, 23, 25, 28, and 35 days after flowering (DAF). Wheat was dried by either air-drying in the spike at 28 degrees C or freeze-drying following freezing in liquid nitrogen. Dried wheat was prepared for microscopy. Fresh samples of Karl and Clark were also harvested on the same days and prepared immediately for microscopy. The method of drying greatly affected cellular ultrastructure. The most pronounced change upon air-drying of developing samples was disappearance of individual protein bodies and conversion of the cytoplasm into a matrix-like material similar in appearance to storage protein matrix found in mature wheat endosperm. Freeze-dried wheats maintained nearly natural ultrastructure but exhibited various amounts of freeze damage. Conversion of protein bodies to a matrix was not observed in freeze-dried samples. The results suggest that hardness develops as a result of endosperm senescence rather than accumulation of particular grain components. Senescence may cause changes in the starch granule surface such that surrounding components bind tightly in hard wheats, whereas the binding is weaker in soft wheats. Therefore, the surface of starch granules might be more important than components the starch granules bind to in determining hardness. RP Bechtel, DB (reprint author), ARS,US GRAIN MKT & PROD RES CTR,USDA,1515 COLL AVE,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 3 BP 235 EP 241 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.3.235 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA WZ313 UT WOS:A1997WZ31300009 ER PT J AU Ng, KY Duvick, SA White, PJ AF Ng, KY Duvick, SA White, PJ TI Thermal properties of starch from selected maize (Zea mays L) mutants during development SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; FINE-STRUCTURE; DSC CHARACTERISTICS; NORMAL COUNTERPART; ENDOSPERM MUTANTS; SINGLE-MUTANTS; TRIPLE-MUTANTS; INBRED LINES; GELATINIZATION; BEHAVIOR AB The changes in thermal properties of maize starches during five stages of kernel maturity, (12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 days after pollination [DAP]), from three mutant genotypes, amylose extender (ae), sugary-2 (su(2)), and waxy (wx) in an OH43 background, and the OH43 genotype were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Within a genotype, DSC values of starches at 24, 30, and 36 DAP were similar to each other and often were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the values at 12 DAP, indicating possible differences in the fine structure of starch during endosperm development. For su(2) starches, the gelatinization onset temperature (T-oG) significantly decreased after 12 DAP and remained low throughout the study. The gelatinization range (R-G) had a similar pattern. For wx starches, T-oG at 18 DAP was significantly lower than at 12 DAP but tended to increase after 18 DAP. The R-G increased significantly after 12 DAP and significantly decreased after 30 DAP. Thus, thermal properties of starches during early development were different from those of their mature counterparts, and differences among the mutant genotypes and the normal starch originated from the earliest endosperm development stage studied (12 DAP). C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,CTR CROPS UTILIZAT RES,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,USDA ARS,AMES,IA 50011. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 3 BP 288 EP 292 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.3.288 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA WZ313 UT WOS:A1997WZ31300019 ER PT J AU Yokoyama, WH Hudson, CA Knuckles, BE Chiu, MCM Sayre, RN Turnlund, JR Schneeman, BO AF Yokoyama, WH Hudson, CA Knuckles, BE Chiu, MCM Sayre, RN Turnlund, JR Schneeman, BO TI Effect of barley beta-glucan in durum wheat pasta on human glycemic response SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GUAR GUM; DIETARY FIBER; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; PRODUCTS; GLUCOSE; STARCH; DIABETICS; INSULIN; PECTIN; FOODS AB High-fiber, high-carbohydrate diets, including foods with low glycemic index, have been associated with prevention and treatment of diseases such as coronary heart disease and diabetes. beta-glucan, a soluble, viscous polymer found in oat and barley endosperm cell wall was incorporated into pasta test meals. Five fasted adult subjects were fed test meals of a barley and durum wheat blend pasta containing 100 g of available carbohydrate, 30 g of total dietary fiber (TDF) and 12 g of beta-glucan, or an all durum wheat pasta containing the same amount of available carbohydrate, 5 g of TDF and negligible beta-glucan. The beta-glucan and durum wheat pasta resulted in a lower glycemic response as measured by average total area and maximum increment of the blood glucose curves. Lower insulin response to the beta-glucan and durum wheat pasta was also indicated by lower average area and increment characteristics of the insulin curves. Barley beta-glucans may be an economical and palatable ingredient for processed food products formulated to modify glycemic and insulin response. C1 USDA,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT NUTR,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Yokoyama, WH (reprint author), USDA,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 28 TC 104 Z9 110 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 74 IS 3 BP 293 EP 296 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.3.293 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA WZ313 UT WOS:A1997WZ31300020 ER PT J AU Inglett, GE AF Inglett, GE TI Development of a dietary fiber gel for calorie-reduced foods SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article ID BETA-GLUCAN; OAT-BRAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC MEN; BLOOD-PRESSURE; PLASMA-LIPIDS; CEREAL BRANS; WHEAT; METABOLISM; RESPONSES; GLUCOSE RP Inglett, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD MAY PY 1997 VL 42 IS 5 BP 382 EP 385 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA WX745 UT WOS:A1997WX74500003 ER PT J AU Jenkins, MC Wouda, W Dubey, JP AF Jenkins, MC Wouda, W Dubey, JP TI Serological response over time to recombinant Neospora caninum antigens in cattle after a Neosporosis-induced abortion SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INFECTION; CALIFORNIA; FETUSES AB Recombinant Neospora caninum tachyzoite antigens were evaluated in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for recognition by serum antibodies (Ab) from Neospora-infected cattle, Serum samples were obtained every 2 to 3 weeks for 8 to 15 months from 10 cows with histories of Neospora-associated abortion, Serum samples were also obtained from offspring of these animals and from a large number of cows that had aborted a fetus, due to infection by Neospora or other organisms, at various times during gestation, All 10 cows had positive ELISA Ab titers to both recombinant N. caninum tachyzoite antigens after abortion, during subsequent gestation, and after parturition. In three cows, there was a noticeable peak in Ab titers early in gestation, Calves born to Neospora-infected cows also had positive titers of Ab to the recombinant tachyzoite antigens, and these titers remained elevated for at least 4 months after birth, A portion of the serum immunoglobulin in calves may have been derived from colostrum of infected cows, A calf born from a seronegative mother had a positive ELISA titer only after being fed colostrum from a seropositive cow, However, precolostral titers in calves horn from Neospora-infected cows were high at birth, suggesting that the parasite was transmitted to the fetus via the placenta and induced a humoral immune response therein, The recombinant tachyzoite antigens were also useful for corroborating clinical diagnoses of Neospora-induced abortion, A significant difference (P < 0.05) between anti-recombinant antigen Ab titers in cows that aborted due to Neospora and those in cows that aborted from other causes was found. C1 LOCATIE DRACHTEN,GEZONDHEIDSDIENST DIEREN,NL-9200 AJ DRACHTEN,NETHERLANDS. RP Jenkins, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BLDG 1040,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 18 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 4 IS 3 BP 270 EP 274 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA WX249 UT WOS:A1997WX24900007 PM 9144362 ER PT J AU Fulton, RW Saliki, JT Burge, LJ dOffay, JM Bolin, SR Maes, RK Baker, JC Frey, ML AF Fulton, RW Saliki, JT Burge, LJ dOffay, JM Bolin, SR Maes, RK Baker, JC Frey, ML TI Neutralizing antibodies to type 1 and 2 bovine viral diarrhea viruses: Detection by inhibition of viral cytopathology and infectivity by immunoperoxidase assay SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; CATTLE; VACCINES; HERPESVIRUS-1; VACCINATION; SPECIFICITY; IMMUNOGENS; DISEASE; STRAINS; CALVES AB Neutralizing antibodies to type 1 and 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains were measured by a microtiter virus neutralization test (MVNT) in cell culture. Antibodies (neutralizing) were detected by inhibition of viral infectivity, by the absence of viral cytopathology for cytopathic strains, or by immunoperoxidase staining for noncytopathic strains. The immunoperoxidase-stained monolayers could be detected without the aid of light microscopy. Twenty BVDV strains were used as challenge viruses in the in vitro MVNT, including 14 type 1 and 6 type 2 strains. Representative noncytopathic and cytopathic strains of both types were used. Positive control serum samples available for diagnostic testing contained both type I and type 2 BVDV antibodies. There did not appear to be major differences in antibody titers among the respective type strains, regardless of biotype (cytopathic or noncytopathic). In a study with sera from calves receiving a modified live virus or inactivated BVDV vaccine, the calves receiving type 1 strains responded with higher antibody titers to type 1 strains than to type 2 strains. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,OKLAHOMA ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,STILLWATER,OK 74078. USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AGR RES SERV,AMES,IA 50010. USDA,NATL VET SERV LAB,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,AMES,IA 50010. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,ANIM HLTH DIAGNOST LAB,E LANSING,MI 48909. RP Fulton, RW (reprint author), OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT INFECT DIS & PHYSIOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078, USA. NR 24 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 4 IS 3 BP 380 EP 383 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA WX249 UT WOS:A1997WX24900026 PM 9144381 ER PT J AU Grant, RJ Shang, WY Whitehead, TR AF Grant, RJ Shang, WY Whitehead, TR TI Isolated septic arthritis due to Streptococcus bovis SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FBR,PEORIA,IL 61604. AO FOX MEM HOSP,ONEONTA,NY. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009 NR 5 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1021 EP 1021 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA WX257 UT WOS:A1997WX25700059 PM 9142824 ER PT J AU Preuss, HG Grojec, PL Lieberman, S Anderson, RA AF Preuss, HG Grojec, PL Lieberman, S Anderson, RA TI Effects of different chromium compounds on blood pressure and lipid peroxidation in spontaneously hypertensive rats SO CLINICAL NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Article DE chromium; blood pressure; antioxidant; TBARS ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; HUMAN-NUTRITION; DIABETIC RATS; ANTIOXIDANTS; PICOLINATE; SUPPLEMENTATION; METABOLISM; ABSORPTION; EXCRETION AB In a previous study, we found that oral chromium nicotinate overcame sucrose-induced hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Accordingly, we examined more chromium compounds to determine if others were more or less effective in regulating blood pressure (BP) of SHR. Since chromium is postulated to be an antioxidant, we also assessed the ability of different chromium compounds to alter free radical formation measured by determining thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TEARS). The control group of SHR ingested a diet low in chromium, and 5 other groups ate the same diet with various chromium compounds added at 5 ppm - chloride, acetate, nicotinic acid-glycine-cysteine-glutamic acid (NA-AA), picolinate, and nicotinate. Following this, the rats were challenged with drinking water containing 5% and 10% w/v sucrose. Except for NA-AA, all chromium compounds inhibited the sucrose-induced elevation of systolic BP; and acetate, picolinate, and nicotinate chromium compounds lowered HbA1C below control. Only chromium acetate and nicotinate significantly lowered both hepatic and renal TEARS. Chromium picolinate lowered hepatic TEARS, and chromium chloride and NA-AA lowered neither. We conclude that chromium, rather than a specific ligand, plays a major role in ameliorating sucrose-induced BP elevations and can act as an antioxidant. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Preuss, HG (reprint author), GEORGETOWN UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MED,NEPHROL HYPERTENS DIV,BLDG D,RM 371,4000 RESERVOIR RD NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20007, USA. NR 40 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 2 PU DUSTRI-VERLAG DR KARL FEISTLE PI MUNCHEN-DEISENHOFEN PA BAHNHOFSTRABE 9 POSTFACH 49, W-8024 MUNCHEN-DEISENHOFEN, GERMANY SN 0301-0430 J9 CLIN NEPHROL JI Clin. Nephrol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 47 IS 5 BP 325 EP 330 PG 6 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA WZ346 UT WOS:A1997WZ34600007 PM 9181280 ER PT J AU Weiser, JI Porth, A Mertens, D Karasov, WH AF Weiser, JI Porth, A Mertens, D Karasov, WH TI Digestion of chitin by northern bobwhites and American robins SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE insectivore; arthropod; cuticle; metabolizability; fat digestibility; Northern Bobwhite; American Robin; chitin AB Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) were acclimated to crickets, and food intake and excreta output measured. Their metabolizable energy coefficient (MEC* = 1 - energy excreted/energy ingested = 0.77) was significantly higher than that of American Robins (Turdus migratorius) that were unacclimated or fully acclimated to eating crickets. We measured apparent chitin digestibility (D-chitin = 1 - chitin excreted/chitin ingested) in both species and tested the predictions that (1) D-chitin would be higher in bobwhites than robins, and (2) D-chitin would be higher in robins after acclimation. D-chitin ranged from 0.07-0.14 with no significant difference between or within species, so both predictions were rejected. These apparent chitin digestibilities are low relative to values reported for seabirds that eat krill, and account for < 1% of the metabolizable energy in crickets. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT WILDLIFE ECOL,MADISON,WI 53706. AGR RES SERV,USDA,DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1997 VL 99 IS 2 BP 554 EP 556 DI 10.2307/1369967 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA WZ298 UT WOS:A1997WZ29800036 ER PT J AU Tobin, ME Koehler, AE Sugihara, RT AF Tobin, ME Koehler, AE Sugihara, RT TI Effects of simulated rat damage on yields of macadamia trees SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE mammal damage control; compensatory growth; integrated pest management; Macadamia integrifolia; Rattus rattus ID GROWTH AB Rattus rattus damages 5-10% of the developing macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) nut crop each year, but the impact on yields of mature nuts has not been well documented. We evaluated the effects of simulated damage on yields of mature nuts at two locations on the island of Hawaii during the 1995 crop season. We removed 10 or 30% of the developing nut clusters from 5-year-old trees at 90, 120, or 150 days post-anthesis (dpa) and evaluated yields of mature nuts at 210-215 dpa. Removal of 10% of the crop load had no measurable effect on yields of mature nuts regardless of when damage was inflicted. Yields of trees with 30% of nut clusters removed differed from the control (no nut clusters removed) only when damage was inflicted at 150 dpa. These results raise questions about the cost-effectiveness of current rodent control programs, especially during early nut development. Growers may be able to tolerate damage to 10% of their developing nuts without suffering economic losses, and may be able to sustain losses as high as 30% provided that damage is incurred before 120 dpa. Damage control efforts should focus on reducing damage after 150 dpa. However, high rat populations and damage prior to 150 dpa might indicate the need to apply measures to reduce damage later in the crop cycle. C1 USDA,DENVER NATL RES CTR,HILO,HI 96721. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 16 IS 3 BP 203 EP 208 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(96)00105-6 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA WX902 UT WOS:A1997WX90200002 ER PT J AU ManjarrezSandoval, P Carter, TE Webb, DM Burton, JW AF ManjarrezSandoval, P Carter, TE Webb, DM Burton, JW TI RFLP genetic similarity estimates and coefficient of parentage as genetic variance predictors for soybean yield SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EUROPEAN BARLEY GERMPLASM; MAIZE INBREDS; CLUSTER-ANALYSIS; CULTIVARS; DIVERSITY; PEDIGREE; WINTER; BASE AB RFLP genetic-similarity estimates (RFLP-GS) and coefficient of parentage (CP) have been used as measures of genetic similarity within crop species. However, practical application of these measures in plant breeding remains uncertain. This study was designed to probe the utility of RFLP-GS and CP in predicting genetic variance (GV) for seed yield among inbred soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines. To achieve this goal, five single seed descent populations were studied, representing a range of RFLP-GS and CP between the parents from 57 to 75% and 0.06 to 0.5, respectively. The GV for yield was estimated for each population through field evaluation of 30 inbred lines per population, in two North Carolina field locations during 1994. Both RFLP-GS and CP correctly identified the population with the highest GV; however, CP predicted GV for yield more efficiently (r(CP.RFLP-GS) = 0.91*; r(CP.GV) = -0.81*; and r(RFLP-GS.GV) = -0.58). The GV was near zero when the CP between parents was larger than 0.27 or when RFLP-GS was larger than 75%. Neither genotype x environment interaction nor low field precision were factors for the lower predictive value of RFLP-GS. Expected gains from selection agreed partially with RFLP-GS results but closely matched CP and the actual fate of populations in a USDA breeding program. These results indicated that caution should be taken in an applied soybean breeding program when crossing parents with a relationship larger than half-sib or when the RFLP-GS is larger than 75% when yield improvement is the main breeding objective. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. PIONEER HI BRED INT INC,JOHNSTON,IA 50131. NR 36 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 698 EP 703 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200002 ER PT J AU Peel, MD Carman, JG Liu, ZW Wang, RRC AF Peel, MD Carman, JG Liu, ZW Wang, RRC TI Meiotic anomalies in hybrids between wheat and apomictic Elymus rectisetus (Nees in Lehm) A Love & Conner SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CELL-WALLS; MEGASPOROGENESIS; APOMIXIS AB Four B-III hybrids (2n = 9x = 63, ABDStStYYWW) were obtained between wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) and a diplosporic and 2n-pollen-producing Elymus rectisetus (2n = 6x = 42, StStYYWW) accession, We determined whether apomeiosis and 2n pollen formation, which occur in the male parent, also occur in the Fill hybrids. Pistils mere cleared for UV microscopy of callose and recleared for cytological observations using interference contrast microscopy. Callose fluorescence from most megaspore mother cells (MMCs) was typical of sexual species. These were classified as sexual. Abnormally elongated MMCs with walls devoid of callose were observed in 4.7% of pistils collected at meiotic prophase. These traits are typical of many apomeiotic MMCs in E. rectisetus. Asynapsis followed by mitosis in pollen mother cells (PMCs) consistently preceded unreduced pollen formation in E. rectisetus. This was not observed in the Fill hybrids, though the following meiotic anomalies were observed: (i) asynapsis, aggregation of chromosomes to several poles, and multiple divisions to form four to eight unbalanced microspores, and (ii) incomplete synapsis, formation of anaphase I laggards, and a second division resulting in four unbalanced microspores with micronuclei, The wheat haplome enforced PMC meiotic pairing (albeit abnormal) among homologous E. rectisetus chromosomes and generally inhibited apomeiosis, also by enforcing meiosis. Diplospory may be caused by the expression of embryo sac signals from one genome precociously expressed with megasporogenesis signals from another. If this is correct, the successful induction of apomixis in wheat may require the transfer of alien gene cassettes that confer appropriate degrees of reproductive asynchrony. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANTS SOILS & BIOMETEOROL,LOGAN,UT 84322. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT SCI,FARGO,ND 58105. UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322. HOUSE HUNAN,LAKEVIEW CTR 100,PARKERSBURG,WV 26102. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 717 EP 723 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200005 ER PT J AU Thompson, JA Bernard, RL Nelson, RL AF Thompson, JA Bernard, RL Nelson, RL TI A third allele at the soybean dt1 locus SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DETERMINATE; INDETERMINATE; PERFORMANCE; LINES; DATE AB Two loci (Dt1 and Dt2) affect stem termination in soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.]. Both of these alleles have been backcrossed into near-isogenic lines (hereafter referred to as isolines) of the indeterminate cv. Clark (Dt1Dt1 dt2dt2). The semi-determinate isoline (Dt1Dt1 Dt2Dt2) is approximate to 75% the height of Clark and the determinate isoline (dt1dt1 dt2dt2) is approximate to 50% as tall as Clark. Recently, determinate Clark isolines have also been developed with the cv. Peking and Soysota as donor parents. These lines were similar in height to the semideterminate isoline. The objective of this research was to determine the genetic control of this new phenotype. The gene controlling the tall determinate phenotype was found to be identical in Peking and Soysota and allelic to dt1. The gene symbol dt1-t has been approved by the Soybean Genetics Committee. Several leaf and stem characters were studied in the stem termination isolines. Although dt1-tdt1-t and Dt2Dt2 phenotypes are similar in plant height, dt1-tdt1-t is more similar to dt1dt1 when considering leaf and stem traits at the top of the plant. RP Thompson, JA (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,USDA ARS,PLANT PHYSIOL & GENET RES UNIT,1101 W PEABODY DR,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 757 EP 762 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200011 ER PT J AU Hartwig, EE Kuo, TM Kenty, MM AF Hartwig, EE Kuo, TM Kenty, MM TI Seed protein and its relationship to soluble sugars in soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID REGISTRATION AB Protein meal from soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] contains the soluble sugars raffinose and stachyose. Because of these sugars, the quantity of soybean meal must be limited in rations to avoid flatulence in dogs (Canis familiaris) and digestive disturbances In baby pigs (Sus scrofa) and chicks (Gallus domesticus). Identifying soybean with a lower level of these sugars could lead to an increase in the quantity of soybean meal used in specific rations. As protein content of soybean seed is increased and oil Is reduced, the total protein + oil + seed coat is greater than in standard type soybean. The residual portion is therefore reduced, and soluble sugars could account for a part of this reduction. Twenty standard type (high-oil) soybean cultivars and breeding lines and 20 high-protein breeding lines were grown in replicated trials on Sharkey clay (very-fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Haplaquept) at Stoneville in 1991 and 1992. Seed was analysed for protein, oil, raffinose, stachyose, and sucrose. Range in protein content was from 387 to 537 g kg(-1) dry seed and oil was from 145 to 216 g kg(-1) dry seed. Range in g stachyose + raffinose kg(-1) protein was 78.3 to 133.7. The correlation between protein and stachyose + raffinose was negative but nonsignificant. The g stachyose + raffinose kg(-1) protein for the cultivar Forrest was used as a basis for comparison with the other genotypes evaluated. On this basis, the quantity of protein that might be used in a ration without changing the raffinose + stachyose level from that in Forrest ranged from 89 to 153%. C1 AMER CYANAMID CO, COLLIERVILLE, TN 38017 USA. USDA ARS, SOYBEAN RES UNIT, STONEVILLE, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, OIL CHEM RES UNIT, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 10 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 9 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 770 EP 773 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200013 ER PT J AU Montoya, CA Beaver, JS Rodriguez, R Miklas, PN GodoyLutz, G AF Montoya, CA Beaver, JS Rodriguez, R Miklas, PN GodoyLutz, G TI Heritability of resistance to web blight in five common bean populations SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COSTA-RICA AB Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in the humid tropics would benefit from the selection of cultivars with greater levels of resistance to web blight, a devastating disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. This will require screening techniques that are sensitive enough to detect moderate levels of resistance. Greenhouse experiments evaluated the effectiveness of a droplet inoculation technique for screening five F-5:6 segregating populations for resistance to web blight. Another objective was to estimate the heritability of resistance to web blight in five common bean populations. Significant differences in Lesion size were detected among Fs lines within each population. Lines with less web blight infection than the resistant parent MUS83 were observed in each population. This suggests that both parents contributed to the resistance of the progeny. Narrow sense heritability estimates for web blight reaction ranged from 0.61 to 0.79. These relatively high heritabilities suggest that selection for smaller lesion size may be effective in earlier generations when MUS83 is used as a source of resistance to web blight. Physiological resistance to web blight, as measured by lesion size by means of the droplet inoculation technique, will need to be combined with disease avoidance traits such as erect architecture to obtain effective resistance in the field. Five lines from the MUS83 x DOR483 population with smaller lesion sizes in the greenhouse had moderate to low levels of web blight infection in field experiments conducted in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. C1 UNIV PUERTO RICO,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00681. UNIV PUERTO RICO,DEPT CROP PROTECT,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00681. USDA ARS,CTR IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,PROSSER,WA 99350. CIAS,SAN JUAN MAGUANA,DOMINICAN REP. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 780 EP 783 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200015 ER PT J AU Tamulonis, JP Luzzi, BM Hussey, RS Parrott, WA Boerma, HR AF Tamulonis, JP Luzzi, BM Hussey, RS Parrott, WA Boerma, HR TI DNA markers associated with resistance to Javanese root-knot nematode in soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; GLYCINE-MAX L; MENDELIAN FACTORS; RFLP; TOMATO; CULTIVARS; GENES; CYST; SEQUENCE AB Javanese root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood) (Mj) is a pathogen of soybean [Glycine max (L). Merr.] in the southern USA. Although breeding for root-knot nematode resistance is an important objective in many plant breeding programs, progress in selection for nematode resistant lines is hampered by laborious screening procedures. The inheritance of resistance to Mj is quantitative and has a moderate to high heritability (0.48-0.76). The objectives of this study were to use restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) conditioning resistance to Mj and to determine the genomic location and the relative contribution to resistance of each QTL. Eighty-four F-2 progeny from a cross between ''CNS'' and a root-knot nematode resistant soybean plant introduction, PI230977, were used to map 86 RFLP markers and three morphological traits. The 89 markers converged on 18 linkage groups spanning a total of 1053 centimorgan (cM). Sixty-eight of the 84 F-2:3 families were assayed for Mj galling in the greenhouse. Analysis of variance and interval mapping were used to identify QTL associated with galling. Two QTL with alleles derived from PI230977 conditioning resistance to Mj were identified on two Linkage Groups (LG). Marker B212-1 on LG-F accounted for 46% of the variation in gall number, whereas A725-2 on LG-D1 accounted for 13%. The additive model best fit the data, and together the two markers accounted for 54% of the variation in gall number. Marker B212-1 is within a cluster of seven other disease resistance loci that span a 5- to 10-cM region on LG-F. C1 UNIV GUELPH,DEPT CROP SCI,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Tamulonis, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,BARC W,BLDG 011,HH-19,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 55 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 783 EP 788 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200016 ER PT J AU Li, AG Trent, A Wall, GW Kimball, BA Hou, YS Pinter, PJ Garcia, RL Hunsaker, DV Lamorte, RL AF Li, AG Trent, A Wall, GW Kimball, BA Hou, YS Pinter, PJ Garcia, RL Hunsaker, DV Lamorte, RL TI Free-air CO2 enrichment effects on rate and duration of apical development of spring wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WINTER-WHEAT; SPIKELET NUMBER; EAR DEVELOPMENT; INFLORESCENCE DEVELOPMENT; PRIMORDIUM INITIATION; TEMPERATURE; PHOTOPERIOD; YIELD; GROWTH; FIELD AB Rates and durations of individual phases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) apical development are among the most important factors that determine yield components. Because atmospheric CO2 has been increasing steadily, it is important to evaluate the effects of elevated CO2 on wheat development. This study was conducted to determine rates and durations of leaf, spikelet, and floret primordium initiation in a Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) system. Spring wheat (cv. Yecora Roja) was planted at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center. The two CO2 concentrations were 550 (elevated) and 370 (ambient) mu mol mol(-1) CO2. Individual plant samples were collected every 3 to 4 d. We dissected the main stem (MS), coleoptile tiller (T0), primary tillers (T1, T2, and T3) and secondary tillers (T00, T01, T02, T10, T11, and T12) and counted primordia. Apex primordium data were fitted to a four-piece linear-spline segmented regression model with the SAS proc NLIN. No influence of elevated CO2 (550 mu mol mol(-1)) on leaf primordium initiation of MS was detected. Nevertheless, CO2 enrichment significantly increased rates of spikelet primordium initiation of MS, T1, T2, T10, and T11, and diminished the durations of spikelet development phase of MS, T1, T2, T3, T10, and T11. Within the floret phase, CO2 enrichment significantly increased rates of floret primordium initiation of MS, T0, T1, T2, and T3, and diminished the time to the completion of floret primordium initiation of MS, T0, T1, T3, and T11. The information from this study will be utilized to predict wheat apical development and grain production in the elevated atmospheric CO2 environments of the future. C1 USDA ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,WEED SCI LAB,PULLMAN,WA 99164. LI COR INC,LINCOLN,NE 68504. RP Li, AG (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO,DEPT PLANT SOIL & ENTOMOL SCI,MOSCOW,ID 83844, USA. NR 40 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 789 EP 796 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200017 ER PT J AU Ray, JD Sinclair, TR AF Ray, JD Sinclair, TR TI Stomatal closure of maize hybrids in response to drying soil SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID 2 CORN HYBRIDS; DROUGHT RESISTANCE; WATER; GROWTH AB In studying differences among genotypes in physiological response to drying soil, it is important that the genotypes be compared at equivalent soil water contents. Unless the comparisons are made at the same soil water content, genotypic difference may only be a consequence of differences in soil water status. In this study, the objective was to compare stomatal closure among eight maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids in response to soil drying. Three greenhouse experiments were conducted in which daily transpiration and soil water content were measured by weighing each pot. Daily transpiration of stressed plants was normalized relative to that of control plants to minimize variation due to environmental effects. This daily transpiration ratio also was normalized relative to the well-watered condition to minimize variation among plants and was recorded as normalized transpiration ratio (NTR). Dairy soil water content was expressed as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). Among the eight hybrids examined, there were statistical differences in the FTSW at which the stomata began to close. In all experiments, Hybrid 3165 was consistently among the hybrids that began to close their stomata at small FTSW values; whereas, Hybrid 3737 began to close its stomata at large FTSW values. While we surveyed a small genetic base, our results indicated genotypic differences exist for stomatal responses to a drying soil. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. NR 8 TC 77 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 15 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 803 EP 807 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200019 ER PT J AU Huang, B Johnson, JW Box, JE NeSmith, DS AF Huang, B Johnson, JW Box, JE NeSmith, DS TI Root characteristics and hormone activity of wheat in response to hypoxia and ethylene SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ZEA-MAYS-L; AERENCHYMA FORMATION; SHOOT GROWTH; SOIL OXYGEN; GENOTYPES; PLANTS; RATES AB Understanding the physiological mechanisms of hypoxia tolerance is important for developing hypoxia-tolerant genotypes. This experiment investigated whether differential responses to hypoxia and ethylene exist in root characteristics, hormonal activity, and shoot growth for two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Bayles and Jackson, differing in waterlogging tolerance. Rooting characteristics, ethylene production, cellulase activity, and shoot growth were determined after application of hypoxia and various concentrations of ethylene to the rooting medium in a growth chamber. Hypoxia limited root elongation for both cultivars but enhanced production of crown roots for tolerant Jackson. Hypoxia induced root aerenchyma formation and enhanced root ethylene production for both cultivars, but the response was greater for Jackson than Bayles. Ethylene effects on root growth and aerenchyma formation were similar to those observed for hypoxia treatment. All concentrations of ethylene (0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 mu L L-1) hastened the production of crown roots for Jackson but inhibited root elongation at the highest ethylene concentration (5 mu L L-1). For sensitive Bayles, crown root production was promoted by the lowest concentration of ethylene, whereas root elongation was restricted at all levels of ethylene. Ethylene also promoted formation of aerenchyma in crown roots by increasing cellulase activity. This effect occurred earlier and was more dramatic for Jackson. The promoting effect of ethylene on aerenchyma formation was also more pronounced for newly formed than pre-existing roots. The results showed that the effects of ethylene on roots varied with cultivar and ethylene concentration. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,GEORGIA AGR EXP STN,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. UNIV GEORGIA,GEORGIA AGR EXP STN,DEPT HORT,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. USDA ARS,WATKINSVILLE,GA 30677. RP Huang, B (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT FORESTRY & RECREAT RESOURCES,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 30 TC 29 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 812 EP 818 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200021 ER PT J AU Heitholt, JJ AF Heitholt, JJ TI Floral bud removal from specific fruiting positions in cotton: Yield and fiber quality SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BOLL RETENTION; LINT YIELD; GROWTH AB Lint from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) bells produced on proximal fruiting positions (FP) is often longer and more mature than lint from distal FP sites. The objective of this research was to quantify the effects of proximal or distal floral bud removal on yield, yield distribution, yield components, and fiber properties. Cotton (cv. Deltapine 5415) was grown in the field near Stoneville, B-IS, in 1993 and 1994. From first square to late bloom, young squares (floral buds) were removed from selected positions twice weekly. The most proximal FP was designated FP1, the second most proximal FP was designated FP2, etc. The three treatments were (i) check (no removal), (ii) P1 (FP2, FP3, and greater squares removed), and (iii) P2, (FP1 and FP3 and greater squares removed). Averaged across years, a greater percentage of bells (82 vs. 68%) and larger bells (1.61 vs. 1.50 g lint holl(-1)) were found at FP1 on the P1 treatment than on the check. A greater percentage of bells (42%) were found at FP2 on the P2 treatment, than in other treatments (10-24%). Lint yield (all bells) of the check (1090 kg ha(-1)) was 11 and 28% greater than the P1 and P2 treatment, respectively. In contrast to yield, composite fiber micronaire, maturity, and wall thickness were significantly greater (5-6%) in the P1 and P2 treatments than the check treatment. Fiber length and strength were unaffected by treatment. These results suggest that cotton may not be able to achieve its full yield potential if limited to one bell per main stem node. The increases In fiber properties were small and probably not economically important. RP Heitholt, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB 345,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 826 EP 832 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200023 ER PT J AU Fairbrother, TE AF Fairbrother, TE TI Softening and loss of subterranean clover hard seed under sod and bare ground environments SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BURIAL AB Natural reseeding of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) grown with a warm-season grass in the southern USA depends on the proper softening rate of hard seed. Three experiments were each conducted over 2 yr to determine (i) the rate of seed softening, (ii) the cause of reduction in seed softening over time, and (iii) the effect of clipping management on seed softening. In all experiments, subterranean clover hard seed were placed in dacron bags and buried 1 cm deep in field plots. In Exp. 1, bags were placed In bermudagrass [(Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] sod and in bare ground in July and sampled over the summer and fall. In Exp. 2, bags were placed in soil and bare ground and replaced with separate samples at intervals of 28 d throughout the summer and fall. In Exp. 3, bags were buried in bare ground or sod that was flipped monthly to 7.5 cm or biweekly to 2 cm starting in August, September, or October. Hard seed softened more rapidly in bare ground than in sod, reaching a minimum of 15.6 and 49.0%, respectively. The softening of hard seed over 28-d intervals decreased from 75.5 and 67.1% in July to 92.6 and 93.2% in November for sod and bare ground, respectively. Fall clipping management had no effect on hard seed softening rate of subterranean clover, reaching a minimum of 64.0% hard seed averaged over all sod clipping treatments compared to 47.0% hard seed for bare ground. Results indicated that subterranean clover reseeding ability should be evaluated under the same environment as the clover is used. RP Fairbrother, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,FORAGE RES UNIT,POB 5367,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 839 EP 844 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200025 ER PT J AU Vigil, MF Anderson, RL Beard, WE AF Vigil, MF Anderson, RL Beard, WE TI Base temperature and growing-degree-hour requirements for the emergence of canola SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GERMINATION; RAPESEED; BRASSICA; GROWTH AB Spring canola (Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.) is sometimes planted when soil temperatures are below the optimum, causing farmers to have stand losses because of seed rotting in cold soil. Knowledge of the growing-degree hours (GDH) required for emergence of canola from different planting depths could help producers decide when and how deep to plant this crop. Our objectives were to quantify the base temperature (the minimum temperature required) for emergence, the number of GDH required for initial emergence of five cultivars of spring and winter canola, and to evaluate temperature x planting depth interactions of spring canola. 'Alto', 'Global', 'Tobin', 'Crystal', and 'Glacier' cultivars were planted 1 cm deep into pots of Weld silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic aridrc Paleustolls). Pots were incubated at 0, 2, 4, and 16 degrees C. Seedlings emerged were counted daily for all temperatures and twice daily during rapid emergence at 16 degrees C. Simple-linear and segmented-nonlinear-regression were used to determine base temperatures and GDH requirements for initial emergence. Calculated base temperatures were between 0.4 and 1.2 degrees C. Regardless of the constant temperature regime, emergence began between 1560 and 1940 GDH for the spring canola. Winter canola emerged at 1600 to 2800 GDH. Two cultivars (Tobin and Global) were also planted at 1-, 2-, 2.5-, 3-, and 4-cm depths and incubated at 4, 8, 12, and 16 degrees C to investigate planting depth x temperature interactions. A reduction in emergence, as a function of an interaction between temperature and planting depth, was found for Global but not Tobin at the temperatures and planting depths used in this study. A match between the accumulated heat units in early spring for a location and the GDH required for initial emergence of the spring cultivars tested can be used to determine early spring canola planting dates. This analysis indicates that severe reductions in stand are possible when canola is planted at soil temperatures that are sustained much below 8 degrees C. The heat unit approach used allows for the transfer of the relationships developed in this study to other locations. RP Vigil, MF (reprint author), USDA ARS,CENT GREAT PLAINS RES STN,POB 400,AKRON,CO 80720, USA. NR 19 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 13 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 844 EP 849 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200026 ER PT J AU Gustine, DL Sherwood, RT Huff, DR AF Gustine, DL Sherwood, RT Huff, DR TI Apospory-linked molecular markers in buffelgrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PENNISETUM; IDENTIFICATION; REPRODUCTION; POPULATIONS; INHERITANCE; POLYPLOIDS; APOMIXIS; LINKAGE; ALFALFA AB Isolation of a gene controlling apomixis would be useful to plant breeders for fixing hybrid vigor. A single gene encodes for aposporous apomixis in buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare L. Link), which is inherited in a autotetraploid fashion. Only two molecular markers linked to the gene are known: C04-600, a RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) and UGT197-144, an STS (sequence-tagged site). The objective of this study was to identify new RAPD markers linked to the apospory locus in buffelgrass and to prepare a linkage map. Sexual clone B-2s was crossed to aposporous buffelgrass cultivar Higgins and to aposporous clone B-12-9. Progeny of each cross were screened for RAPD markers by bulked segregant analysis. Seven preparations of bulked genomic DNA (equal amounts DNA from each of 10 individuals) from sexual or aposporous progeny were examined for RAPD markers. Using 500 decanucleotide primers, we found five new markers potentially linked to the apospory gene. Analysis by MAPMAKER/EXP 3.0(1) indicated markers J16-800 and M02-680 were linked to the apospory gene, as was previously established marker UGT197-144, and the three were placed on the map. Marker A20-730 was loosely linked in both crosses, marker B14-550 was unlinked in the Higgins cross, and marker N15-370 was unlinked in both crosses, and they were not placed on the map. These data provide the first map for the buffelgrass chromosome bearing the apospory gene. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP Gustine, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS,US REG PASTURE RES LAB,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CURTIN RD,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 25 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 947 EP 951 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200041 ER PT J AU Dahleen, LS AF Dahleen, LS TI Mapped clone sequences detecting differences among 28 North American barley cultivars SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; HORDEUM-VULGARE; CONSTRUCTION; QUALITY; ISOZYME; GENOME AB Genetic linkage maps of molecular markers have been developed for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to aid development of improved barley cultivars. However, crosses between genetically diverse parents used to maximize polymorphism in map construction are not appropriate for use in breeding programs for cultivar development. The objective of this study was to determine whether the amount of genetic variation detected at RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) marker loci among 28 North American spring barley cultivars was sufficient to permit molecular marker-assisted selection in North American barley breeding programs. DNA extracted from these cultivars was restriction digested with BamHI and hybridized to 100 clone sequences mapped by the North American Barley Genome Mapping Project. A diversity index (DI) was calculated for each clone sequence based on the number and frequency of RFLP patterns detected. Fifty-seven of the clones detected RFLPs among these cultivars. Twenty-nine of these were highly informative (DI>0.500) in detecting differences among the 28 cultivars. Clone sequences were identified that separated the 28 cultivars by geographic origin (Western vs. Midwestern) and by spike morphology (two-rowed vs. six-rowed. While 47% of the clone sequences detected RFLPs among the 15 Midwestern six-rowed cultivars, only 17% detected RFLPs among the currently grown cultivars Robust, Excel, Foster, and Stander. The RFLP loci that differ between these cultivars appear to be associated with quantitative trait Loci (QTL) for agronomic and malt quality traits. Molecular marker-assisted selection in malting barley breeding programs can be used to select the optimal alleles at these QTL and to incorporate qualitative traits such as disease resistance from less adapted germplasm. RP Dahleen, LS (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,POB 5677,SU STN,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 952 EP 957 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200042 ER PT J AU Williams, WP Sagers, JB Hanten, JA Davis, FM Buckley, PM AF Williams, WP Sagers, JB Hanten, JA Davis, FM Buckley, PM TI Transgenic corn evaluated for resistance to fall armyworm and Southwestern corn borer SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SUSCEPTIBLE CORN; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; INSECTICIDAL PROTEIN; GERMPLASM LINE; LEPIDOPTERA; MAIZE; REGISTRATION; NOCTUIDAE; INFESTATION; PYRALIDAE AB Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), and southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, are important pests of corn, Zea mays L., in the southern USA. Germplasm lines with moderate levels of resistance to leaf feeding by these pests have been developed and released. Techniques for transforming corn have expanded opportunities for developing corn with higher levels of resistance and additional mechanisms of resistance to various insect pests. In this investigation, transgenic corn hybrids with insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki were evaluated for resistance to fall armyworm and southwestern corn borer in field tests and laboratory bioassays. The transgenic hybrids sustained significantly less leaf feeding damage than the resistant check hybrids. Both survival and larval growth were reduced. Growth was also reduced when larvae were fed laboratory diets comprised primarily of lyophilized leaf or husk tissue. Southwestern corn borer larval survival on the transgenic corn hybrids was very low in both the field tests and laboratory bioassays. The high levels of resistance to fall armyworm and near immunity to southwestern corn borer of these transgenic corn hybrids provide the highest levels of resistance documented for fall armyworm and southwestern corn borer. C1 NORTHRUP KING CO,STANTON,MN 55018. RP Williams, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS,CORN HOST PLANT RESISTANCE RES UNIT,BOX 9555,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 23 TC 64 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 957 EP 962 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200043 ER PT J AU Franco, J Crossa, J Villasenor, J Taba, S Eberhart, SA AF Franco, J Crossa, J Villasenor, J Taba, S Eberhart, SA TI Classifying Mexican maize accessions using hierarchical and density search methods SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GERMPLASM; CLUSTERS; NUMBER AB Cluster analysis is commonly used for studying genetic diversity. Problems with hierarchical cluster analysis include how to combine different types of variables (discrete and continuous), choosing distance measurements, applying an appropriate clustering strategy, designating the optimal number of clusters, and identifying variables with significant discriminatory power. Hierarchical clustering methods are only descriptive and do not represent probabilities for classifying individuals into groups. The objectives of this study were to: (i) examine the performance of different cluster strategies based on several criteria, (ii) propose a classification method for germplasm accessions with statistical properties, and (iii) examine how the results of the proposed classification method can be applied to form core subsets. Morphologic and agronomic attributes collected for 115 Mexican maize (Zea mays L.) accessions, grouped in five races, from the Latin America Maize Project (LAMP) were subjected to the hierarchical cluster algorithms UPGMA (arithmetic mean method), Centroid, Median, and the Ward method. Two other techniques were studied, Density and the Normix (Nor) density search methods, which were both restricted to continuous variables. The Nor method was applied to groups formed ''a priori'' by means of the hierarchical methods UPGMA, Centroid, Median, and Ward and resulted in subgroups denoted as NorU, NorC, NorM, and NorW, respectively. The NorW method formed five well defined groups of accessions and was an appropriate strategy for grouping accessions into relatively homogeneous groups. Strategies UPGMA, NorU, Centroid, NorC, Median, NorM, and Density were not very effective for classifying accessions into homogeneous groups. Different subsets can be formed based on the characteristics of the five homogeneous groups formed by NorW. C1 CIMMYT,BIOMETR & STAT UNIT,MEXICO CITY 06600,DF,MEXICO. COLEGIO POSTGRAD,ISEI,PROGRAMA ESTADIST,MONTECILLO,MEXICO. CIMMYT,MAIZE GENET RESOURCES UNIT,MEXICO CITY 06600,DF,MEXICO. USDA ARS,NATL SEED STORAGE LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. OI Crossa, Jose/0000-0001-9429-5855 NR 33 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 972 EP 980 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200046 ER PT J AU vanBeuningen, LT Busch, RH AF vanBeuningen, LT Busch, RH TI Genetic diversity among north American spring wheat cultivars .3. Cluster analysis based on quantitative morphological traits SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WORLD COLLECTION; HETEROSIS; PATTERNS; CHARACTERS; PEDIGREE; CROSSES AB Quantification and classification of diversity in germplasm collections is important for both plant breeders and germplasm curators. Distance measures between collection entries can be based on morphological or biochemical marker traits, pedigree information, or quantitative morphological traits. The objectives of this study were to group spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars into clusters according to their distance as measured by quantitative morphological traits, and to assess the relationship between distance based on quantitative morphological traits and distance based on coefficients of parentage. A broad collection of 289 spring wheat cultivars from the USA, Canada, and Mexico was grown in Minnesota during 1990 and 1991 and evaluated in three environments (two field and one greenhouse). A total of 35 different quantitative morphological traits were scored in one, two, or all three environments, resulting in a data set of 56 variables. This data set was reduced to 16 significant principle components (PCs) that cumulatively explained 80% of the variance. Squared Euclidean Distances based on PC-scores were used as input for cluster analysis. All but six cultivars could be grouped into 17 major clusters. Major clusters grouped cultivars of common origin, parentage, and/or era of release. Partial agreement with the pedigree data was evident. Many clusters were recognizable across both methods from their most similar subgroups. Regression of the morphological distance on pedigree distance gave an R-2 = 0.46 (P < 0.01) when the entire range of pedigree distances was sampled systematically. Quantitative morphological data provided valuable distance measures, and the quality of such measures increased with the number of traits evaluated regardless of whether selected or unselected traits were used. Combinations of distance measures based on pedigree and morphology can provide useful measures of genetic distance, but measurement of morphological traits requires considerable resources. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, USDA ARS, PLANT SCI RES UNIT, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. VANDERHAVE RES, NL-4410 AA RILLAND, NETHERLANDS. NR 24 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 981 EP 988 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200047 ER PT J AU Osgood, RV Hanna, WW Tew, TL AF Osgood, RV Hanna, WW Tew, TL TI Hybrid seed production of pearl millet x napiergrass triploid hybrids SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FORAGE AB Pearl millet (PM), Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Dr., x napiergrass (NG), P. purpureum Schum., interspecific hybrids (PMN) have the potential to extend production of high quality forage into the late summer and fall in the USA. The objective of this study was to determine if interspecific hybrid seed could be produced on a commercial scale at Kunia, HI, and to identify production problems. Although one block yielded 1145 kg ha(-1) PMN seed in 1986, seed yields in most years averaged 300 to 600 kg ha(-1) if birds were controlled. Rain storms during November and December, when seed was maturing, reduced both seed yields and seed quality. Observations in this study indicated that PMN seed may be more successfully produced if flowering of plants is manipulated to mature seed in March in Hawaii or if produced in a tropical climate with a dry winter season. C1 ARS,USDA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31793. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 998 EP 999 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200050 ER PT J AU Wichman, DM Bruckner, PL Berg, JE Carlson, GR Stallknecht, GF Eckhoff, JL Stougaard, RN Kushnak, GD Bowman, HF Johnston, RH Tilley, KA Taylor, GA Hockett, EA McVey, DV Hatchett, JH AF Wichman, DM Bruckner, PL Berg, JE Carlson, GR Stallknecht, GF Eckhoff, JL Stougaard, RN Kushnak, GD Bowman, HF Johnston, RH Tilley, KA Taylor, GA Hockett, EA McVey, DV Hatchett, JH TI Registration of 'Erhardt' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. NO AGR RES CTR,HAVRE,MT 59501. EASTERN AGR RES CTR,SIDNEY,MT 59270. NW AGR RES CTR,KALISPELL,MT 59901. WESTERN TRIANGLE AGR RES CTR,CONRAD,MT 59425. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT GRAIN SCI & IND,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA,CEREAL RUST LAB,ST PAUL,MN 55108. CENT AGR RES CTR,MOCCASIN,MT 59462. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1004 EP 1005 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200054 ER PT J AU Bruckner, PL Eckhoff, JL Berg, JE Stallknecht, GF Carlson, GR Wichman, DM Stougaard, RN Kushnak, GD Bowman, HF Tilley, KA Taylor, GA McVey, DV AF Bruckner, PL Eckhoff, JL Berg, JE Stallknecht, GF Carlson, GR Wichman, DM Stougaard, RN Kushnak, GD Bowman, HF Tilley, KA Taylor, GA McVey, DV TI Registration of 'McGuire' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 EASTERN AGR RES CTR, SIDNEY, MT 59270 USA. CENT AGR RES CTR, MOCCASIN, MT 59462 USA. NO AGR RES CTR, HAVRE, MT 59501 USA. NW AGR RES CTR, KALISPELL, MT 59901 USA. WESTERN TRIANGLE AGR RES CTR, CONRAD, MT 59425 USA. KANSAS STATE UNIV, DEPT GRAIN SCI & IND, MANHATTAN, KS 66506 USA. UNIV MINNESOTA, USDA, CEREAL RUST LAB, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. RP Bruckner, PL (reprint author), MONTANA STATE UNIV, DEPT PLANT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI, BOZEMAN, MT 59717 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1005 EP 1006 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200055 ER PT J AU Baenziger, PS MorenoSevilla, B Peterson, CJ Shelton, DR Krall, J Baltensperger, DD Haley, SD Nelson, LA McVey, DV Watkins, JE Hatchett, JH Schmidt, JW AF Baenziger, PS MorenoSevilla, B Peterson, CJ Shelton, DR Krall, J Baltensperger, DD Haley, SD Nelson, LA McVey, DV Watkins, JE Hatchett, JH Schmidt, JW TI Registration of 'Pronghorn' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV WYOMING,RES & EXT CTR,TORRINGTON,WY 82240. S DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT SCI,BROOKINGS,SD 57007. UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP Baenziger, PS (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. RI Haley, Scott/C-1228-2013; Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1006 EP 1006 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200056 ER PT J AU Sears, RG Moffatt, JM Martin, TJ Cox, TS Bequette, RK Curran, SP Chung, OK Heer, WF Long, JH Witt, MD AF Sears, RG Moffatt, JM Martin, TJ Cox, TS Bequette, RK Curran, SP Chung, OK Heer, WF Long, JH Witt, MD TI Registration of 'Jagger' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS,HARD WINTER WHEAT QUAL LAB,GRAIN MKT RES & PROD CTR,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. KANSAS STATE UNIV,AGR RES CTR,HAYS,KS 67601. KANSAS STATE UNIV,SE AGR RES CTR,PARSONS,KS 67357. KANSAS STATE UNIV,SW RES EXT CTR,GARDEN CITY,KS 67846. AGRIPRO SEEDS INC,BERTHOUD,CO 80513. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT GRAIN SCI & IND,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP Sears, RG (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 0 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1010 EP 1010 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200063 ER PT J AU Bouton, JH Duncan, RR Gates, RN Hoveland, CS Wood, DT AF Bouton, JH Duncan, RR Gates, RN Hoveland, CS Wood, DT TI Registration of 'Jesup' tall fescue SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ENDOPHYTE C1 UNIV GEORGIA,EXPT STN,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. USDA ARS,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31793. RP Bouton, JH (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 5 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1011 EP 1012 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200066 ER PT J AU Hanna, WW Carrow, RN Powell, AJ AF Hanna, WW Carrow, RN Powell, AJ TI Registration of 'Tift 94' bermudagrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31793. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,GEORGIA AGR RES STN,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. RP Hanna, WW (reprint author), USDA ARS,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 0 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1012 EP 1012 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200067 ER PT J AU McMullen, MS Doehlert, DC Miller, JD AF McMullen, MS Doehlert, DC Miller, JD TI Registration of 'Whitestone' oat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 N DAKOTA STATE UNIV, DEPT CEREAL SCI & FOOD TECHNOL, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. RP McMullen, MS (reprint author), N DAKOTA STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1015 EP 1015 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200071 ER PT J AU McMullen, MS Doehlert, DC Miller, JD AF McMullen, MS Doehlert, DC Miller, JD TI Registration of 'Jerry' oat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 N DAKOTA STATE UNIV, DEPT CEREAL SCI & FOOD TECHNOL, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. RP McMullen, MS (reprint author), N DAKOTA STATE UNIV, DEPT PLANT SCI, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1015 EP 1016 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200072 ER PT J AU McMullen, MS Doehlert, DC Miller, JD AF McMullen, MS Doehlert, DC Miller, JD TI Registration of 'Paul' oat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FARGO,ND 58105. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT CEREAL SCI & FOOD TECHNOL,FARGO,ND 58105. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FARGO,ND 58105. RP McMullen, MS (reprint author), N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT SCI,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 1 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1016 EP 1016 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200073 ER PT J AU Hanna, WW Dobson, J Duncan, RR Thompson, D AF Hanna, WW Dobson, J Duncan, RR Thompson, D TI Registration of 'TifBlair' centipedegrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,AGR RES STN,TIFTON,GA 31793. GEORGIA MTN EXP STN,BLAIRSVILLE,GA 30512. DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,GEORGIA AGR RES STN,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. RP Hanna, WW (reprint author), USDA ARS,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 0 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1017 EP 1017 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200075 ER PT J AU Murphy, JP Navarro, RA Leath, S Murphy, CF Bowman, DT AF Murphy, JP Navarro, RA Leath, S Murphy, CF Bowman, DT TI Registration of 'Rodgers' oat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Murphy, JP (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1017 EP 1017 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200074 ER PT J AU Irvine, JE Miller, JD Legendre, BL AF Irvine, JE Miller, JD Legendre, BL TI Registration of 'TCP 87-3388' sugarcane SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS,SUGARCANE FIELD STN,CANAL POINT,FL 33483. USDA ARS,SUGARCANE RES UNIT,SRRC,HOUMA,LA 70361. RP Irvine, JE (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,RES & EXT CTR,2415 E HWY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1019 EP 1020 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200078 ER PT J AU Asay, KH Chatterton, NJ Jensen, KB Wang, RRC Johnson, DA Horton, WH Palazzo, AJ Young, SA AF Asay, KH Chatterton, NJ Jensen, KB Wang, RRC Johnson, DA Horton, WH Palazzo, AJ Young, SA TI Registration of 'CD-II' crested wheatgrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USA,COLD REG RES & ENGN LAB,HANOVER,NH 03755. UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANTS SOILS & BIOMETEOROL,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP Asay, KH (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 1 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1023 EP 1023 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200084 ER PT J AU Miklas, PN Beaver, JS Steadman, JR Silbernagel, MJ Freytag, GF AF Miklas, PN Beaver, JS Steadman, JR Silbernagel, MJ Freytag, GF TI Registration of three bean common mosaic virus-resistant navy bean germplasms SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID POTYVIRUS C1 USDA ARS,IRRIG AGR RES & EXT CTR,PROSSER,WA 99350. UNIV PUERTO RICO,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00681. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,LINCOLN,NE 68583. USDA ARS,NATL SEED STORAGE LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. RP Miklas, PN (reprint author), USDA ARS,TROP AGR RES STN,POB 70,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00681, USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1025 EP 1025 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200086 ER PT J AU Lewellen, RT AF Lewellen, RT TI Registration of 11 sugarbeet germplasm C79 lines with resistance to rhizomania SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP Lewellen, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS,AGR RES STN,CROP IMPROVEMENT & PROD RES,1636 E ALISAL ST,SALINAS,CA 93905, USA. NR 4 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1026 EP 1026 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200087 ER PT J AU Cook, CG Namken, LN Robinson, AF AF Cook, CG Namken, LN Robinson, AF TI Registration of N220-1-91, N222-1-91, N320-2-91, and N419-1-91 nematode-resistant cotton germplasm lines SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN, WESLACO, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, COTTON PATHOL RES UNIT, COLLEGE STN, TX 77845 USA. RP Cook, CG (reprint author), USDA ARS, CONSERVAT & PROD RES UNIT, 2413 E HWY 83, WESLACO, TX 78596 USA. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1028 EP 1029 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200090 ER PT J AU Cook, CG Namken, LN Scott, AW Robinson, AF AF Cook, CG Namken, LN Scott, AW Robinson, AF TI Registration of C221-91, C224-91, C300-91, and C306-91 cotton germplasm lines SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,WESLACO,TX 78596. RIO FARMS INC,MONTE ALTO,TX 78538. USDA ARS,COTTON PATHOL RES UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. RP Cook, CG (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERV & PROD RES UNIT,2413 E HWY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1029 EP 1029 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200091 ER PT J AU May, OL Howle, DS AF May, OL Howle, DS TI Registration of six germplasm lines of upland cotton: PD 93009, PD 93019, PD 93021, PD 93030, PD 93034, and PD 93057 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FIBER C1 CLEMSON UNIV, DEPT AGRON, FLORENCE, SC 29506 USA. CLEMSON UNIV, DEPT SEED CERTIFICAT, CLEMSON, SC 29634 USA. RP May, OL (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2200 POCKET RD, FLORENCE, SC 29506 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1030 EP 1031 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200093 ER PT J AU May, OL Howle, DS AF May, OL Howle, DS TI Registration of three germplasm lines of upland cotton: PD 93007, PD 93043, and PD 93046 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FIBER C1 CLEMSON UNIV, DEPT AGRON, FLORENCE, SC 29506 USA. CLEMSON UNIV, DEPT SEED CERTIFICAT, CLEMSON, SC 29634 USA. RP May, OL (reprint author), USDA ARS, FLORENCE, SC 29506 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1030 EP 1030 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200092 ER PT J AU Allan, RE AF Allan, RE TI Registration of 10 pairs of alloplasmic and euplasmic Stephens wheat germplasms SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP Allan, RE (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,WHEAT GENET QUAL PHYSIOL & DIS RES UNIT,209 JOHNSON HALL,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1033 EP 1034 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200097 ER PT J AU Barker, RE Welty, RE AF Barker, RE Welty, RE TI Registration of ORTFRR-T94 and ORTFRR-F94 tall fescue germplasm with resistance to stem rust SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP Barker, RE (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,WHEAT GENET QUAL PHYSIOL & DIS RES UNIT,209 JOHNSON HALL,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1034 EP 1035 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200098 ER PT J AU Barker, RE MuellerWarrant, GW Banowetz, GM Roush, ML Maxwell, BD Griffith, SM Radosevich, SR AF Barker, RE MuellerWarrant, GW Banowetz, GM Roush, ML Maxwell, BD Griffith, SM Radosevich, SR TI Registration of ORARHR-G93 and ORARHR-M93 Italian ryegrass germplasm with tolerance to diclofop-methyl SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. RP Barker, RE (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,NATL FORAGE SEED PROD RES CTR,3450 SW CAMPUS WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1035 EP 1035 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200099 ER PT J AU Lewellen, RT AF Lewellen, RT TI Registration of sugarbeet germplasm lines C78, C80, and C82 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP Lewellen, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS,AGR RES STN,1636 E ALISAL ST,SALINAS,CA 93905, USA. NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1037 EP 1037 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XD192 UT WOS:A1997XD19200102 ER PT J AU Luo, J Reed, BM AF Luo, J Reed, BM TI Abscisic acid-responsive protein, bovine serum albumin, and proline pretreatments improve recovery of in vitro currant shoot-tip meristems and callus cryopreserved by vitrification SO CRYOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEAT-STABLE PROTEINS; COLD-ACCLIMATION; CELLS; EMBRYOGENESIS; STABILIZATION; DESICCATION; MEMBRANE; INVITRO; BARLEY AB Improved recovery of vitrified currant (Ribes aureum Pursh and R. ciliatum Humb. & Bonpl.) meristems and callus was obtained following 2 h pretreatment in sucrose, proline, abscisic acid-responsive proteins (RABP), or bovine serum albumin (BSA). Two hours immersion in 0.4 M RIB-SM prior to vitrification greatly improved the regrowth of meristems compared to 0, 1, 3, and 4 h immersion. Two hours immersion of meristems in 5 and 10% proline dissolved in 0.4 M RIB-SM significantly improved regrowth following vitrification. Initial tests with extracts of crude RABP from wheat seeds showed that regrowth of vitrified Ribes apical meristems improved after 2 h immersion pretreatment with the highest survival at 1% RABP. RABP preparations containing equivalent proteins (1% crude or 0.2% dialyzed RABP) had similar effects on regrowth, indicating that the effect was from the proteins rather than sugars and other carbohydrates in the crude RABP extracts. Pretreatments of meristems and callus with 5 or 10% proline, 1% crude RABP, or 1% BSA in 0.4 M sucrose solutions produced similar results. Pretreated meristems resumed growth 3 days after warming and reached the maximum regrowth at 1 week, compared to 2 weeks for non-pretreatment controls. We suggest using a 1% BSA pretreatment as the most economical and available of the materials tested. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CLONAL GERMPLASM REPOSITORY,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. OI Reed, Barbara/0000-0003-0079-8473 NR 34 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0011-2240 J9 CRYOBIOLOGY JI Cryobiology PD MAY PY 1997 VL 34 IS 3 BP 240 EP 250 DI 10.1006/cryo.1997.2000 PG 11 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA WZ400 UT WOS:A1997WZ40000004 ER PT J AU Liang, P Hughes, V Fukugawa, NK AF Liang, P Hughes, V Fukugawa, NK TI Increased prevalence of mitochondrial DNA deletions in skeletal muscle of older individuals with impaired glucose tolerance - Possible marker of glycemic stress SO DIABETES LA English DT Article ID MUTATION; DAMAGE; GENE; DEAFNESS; DISEASE AB To determine the relationship between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and age-related impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), mtDNA from skeletal muscle of 19 volunteers, ages 55-75 years, with either IGT or diabetes and 17 age- and sex-matched control subjects was analyzed using a long-extension polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with a quantitative PCR. We found the common 4,977-bp deletion in 84% of the IGT/diabetes group compared with only 41% in the control group (P < 0.02). Multiple other deletions of different sizes were identified in 13 out of 19 IGT/diabetes patients (68%) compared with 2 out of 17 control subjects (12%) (P < 0.002). Because of the heterogeneity and variation in the mutations identified, me propose that these mtDNA mutations were the result rather than the cause of IGT. The increase in type and frequency of mtDNA deletions in diabetes and IGT patients may be related to oxidative damage by oxygen free radicals. These may be produced in greater amounts as a result of hyperglycemia or may be more abundant because of an abnormality in the scavenging of free radicals by antioxidants. C1 UNIV VERMONT,COLL MED,DEPT MED,BURLINGTON,VT 05405. UNIV VERMONT,COLL MED,GEN CLIN RES CTR,BURLINGTON,VT 05405. FLETCHER ALLEN HLTH CARE,BURLINGTON,VT. TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER US DEPT AGR,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00109]; NIA NIH HHS [AG00599] NR 16 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 SN 0012-1797 J9 DIABETES JI Diabetes PD MAY PY 1997 VL 46 IS 5 BP 920 EP 923 DI 10.2337/diabetes.46.5.920 PG 4 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA WW792 UT WOS:A1997WW79200029 PM 9133566 ER PT J AU Fricke, PM AlHassan, MJ Roberts, AJ Reynolds, LP Redmer, DA Ford, JJ AF Fricke, PM AlHassan, MJ Roberts, AJ Reynolds, LP Redmer, DA Ford, JJ TI Effect of gonadotropin treatment on size, number, and cell proliferation of antral follicles in cows SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR ANTIGEN PCNA; OVARIAN FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT; MARES SERUM GONADOTROPIN; ESTROUS-CYCLE; GRANULOSA-CELLS; FSH-P; SUPEROVULATORY RESPONSE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; OVULATION RATE; ROMNEY EWES AB To determine the effects of gonadotropins on the size, number, and cell proliferation of antral ovarian follicles, cows received FSH-P or vehicle beginning on Day 2 after estrus, and ovaries were collected 6, 12, 24, or 48 hr after the initiation of FSH-P treatment or 24 or 48 hr after the initiation of vehicle treatment. Ovaries also were collected from untreated cows on Day 2 after estrus (pretreatment). Before fixation, all visible antral follicles were counted and their surface diameters were recorded. Proliferating cells were immunolocalized in fixed follicles by using a specific primary antibody against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and the labeling index (LI; percentage of cells staining positively for PCNA) was determined for granulosa and thecal cells. After 48 hr of treatment, FSH-P-treated cows had fewer (P < 0.01) small antral follicles and more medium and large antral follicles (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) compared with vehicle-treated cows. Granulosa cell LI was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with follicular diameter for vehicle-treated but not for FSH-P-treated cows. Analysis of covariance using follicular diameter as a covariate to adjust to a common diameter indicated that granulosa cell LI was greater (P < 0.05) at 24 and 48 hr in FSH-P-treated than in vehicle-treated cows; conversely, thecal cell LI was greater (P < 0.01) at 48 hr in FSH-P-treated compared with vehicle-treated cows but did not differ at 24 hr. Across all groups, the LI of cells located within the antral half of the granulosa cell layer was greater (P < 0.01) than that of cells located within the basal half. In conclusion, the stimulation of follicular development by exogenous gonadotropins increased or maintained the proliferation of granulosa and thecal cells concomitant with continued follicular growth. Therefore, enhanced follicular cell proliferation may be an important mechanism by which FSH-P superinduces the growth of antral follicles in cows. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1997. C1 USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,REPROD RES UNIT,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM & RANGE SCI,FARGO,ND 58105. RI Reynolds, Lawrence/I-5267-2015; OI Reynolds, Lawrence/0000-0002-6838-7809; Fricke, Paul/0000-0002-1488-7672 NR 49 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 14 IS 3 BP 171 EP 180 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(97)00006-4 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA XA703 UT WOS:A1997XA70300004 PM 9171975 ER PT J AU Flather, CH Wilson, KR Dean, DJ McComb, WC AF Flather, CH Wilson, KR Dean, DJ McComb, WC TI Identifying gaps in conservation networks: Of indicators and uncertainty in geographic-based analyses SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biodiversity mapping and disclosure of uncertainty; cartography and error propagation; conservation network, gaps in; conservation reserves, designing of; gap analysis; indicator taxa, reliability of; landscape conservation; reserve design, role of ecological processes in; species diversity and richness; species-habitat relationships ID MAXIMIZE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; NATURE-RESERVE SELECTION; SPECIES RICHNESS; MONITORING BIODIVERSITY; HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS; STRATEGIES; MODELS; SCALE; WOODLANDS; PATTERNS AB Mapping of biodiversity elements to expose gaps in conservation networks has become a common strategy in nature-reserve design. We review a set of critical assumptions and issues that influence the interpretation and implementation of gap analysis, including: (1) the assumption that a subset of taxa can be used to indicate overall diversity patterns, and (2) the impact of uncertainty and error propagation in reserve design. We focus our review on species diversity patterns and use data from peer-reviewed literature or extant state-level databases to test specific predictions implied by these assumptions. Support for the biodiversity indicator assumption was varied. Patterns of diversity as reflected in species counts, coincidence of hot spots, and representativeness were not generally concordant among different taxa, with the degree of concordance depending on the measure of diversity used, the taxa examined, and the scale of analysis. Simulated errors in predicting the occurrence of individual species indicated that substantial differences in reserve-boundary recommendations could occur when uncertainty is incorporated into the analysis. Furthermore, focusing exclusively on vegetation and species distribution patterns in conservation planning will contribute to reserve-design uncertainty unless the processes behind the patterns are understood. To deal with these issues, reserve planners should base reserve design on the best available, albeit incomplete, data; should attempt to define those ecological circumstances when the indicator assumption is defensible; should incorporate uncertainty explicitly in mapped displays of biodiversity elements; and should simultaneously consider pattern and process in reserve-design problems. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Flather, CH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. RI Flather, Curtis/G-3577-2012 OI Flather, Curtis/0000-0002-0623-3126 NR 95 TC 156 Z9 166 U1 0 U2 30 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 7 IS 2 BP 531 EP 542 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW233 UT WOS:A1997WW23300015 ER PT J AU Shields, FD Knight, SS Cooper, CM AF Shields, FD Knight, SS Cooper, CM TI Rehabilitation of warmwater stream ecosystems following channel incision SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE stream restoration; fish; physical habitat; channel incision; erosion; streambank protection; channelization; sediment ID RESTORATION AB Presented is a case study of two streams (watershed size, 12 and 14 km(2)) damaged by channel straightening and incision. One stream was stabilized using a metal sheet piling weir and dormant willow post planting, while the other was treated with a stone weir, stone toe bank protection and willow sprout planting. Fishes and their physical habitats were monitored for 1-2 years before construction and two to three years afterward. Willow planting was not successful, so canopy, bank vegetation, and woody debris density were unchanged. Pool habitat area increased from less than 5% to more than 30% of the total aquatic area. Fish species richness and diversity were unchanged, but species composition shifted away from patterns typical of shallow, sandy runs toward Fool-dwelling types, becoming more similar to a nearby lightly-degraded reference site. Median lengths of selected centrarchids increased following rehabilitation. Physical and biological response were more persistent for the stream treated with the stone weir and bank toe protection, possibly because the stone toe produced a more uniform longitudinal distribution of cover and pool habitats than the single weir. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Shields, FD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,POB 1157,OXFORD,MS 38655, USA. NR 38 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 8 IS 2 BP 93 EP 116 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(97)81671-0 PG 24 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA XG477 UT WOS:A1997XG47700001 ER PT J AU Schimel, DS Emanuel, W Rizzo, B Smith, T Woodward, FI Fisher, H Kittel, TGF McKeown, R Painter, T Rosenbloom, N Ojima, DS Parton, WJ Kicklighter, DW McGuire, AD Melillo, JM Pan, Y Haxeltine, A Prentice, C Sitch, S Hibbard, K Nemani, R Pierce, L Running, S Borchers, J Chaney, J Neilson, R Braswell, BH AF Schimel, DS Emanuel, W Rizzo, B Smith, T Woodward, FI Fisher, H Kittel, TGF McKeown, R Painter, T Rosenbloom, N Ojima, DS Parton, WJ Kicklighter, DW McGuire, AD Melillo, JM Pan, Y Haxeltine, A Prentice, C Sitch, S Hibbard, K Nemani, R Pierce, L Running, S Borchers, J Chaney, J Neilson, R Braswell, BH TI Continental scale variability in ecosystem processes: Models, data, and the role of disturbance SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE disturbance; evapotranspiration; model comparison and validation; nitrogen mineralization; NPP; remote sensing; soil carbon ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; CONTIGUOUS UNITED-STATES; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; VEGETATION INDEX; GREAT-PLAINS; CARBON; CLIMATE; SOILS; SUCCESSION; RESPONSES AB termination of the vulnerability of ecosystems to large-scale changes in climate or atmospheric chemistry require understanding how ecosystem processes are governed at large spatial scares. A collaborative project, the Vegetation and Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP), addressed modeling of multiple resource limitation at the scale of the conterminous United States, and the responses of ecosystems to environmental change. In this paper, we evaluate the model-generated patterns of spatial variability within and between ecosystems using Century, TEM, and Biome-BGC, and the relationships between modeled water balance, nutrients, and carbon dynamics. We present evaluations of models against mapped and site-specific data. In this analysis, we compare model-generated patterns of variability in net primary productivity (NPP) and soil organic carbon (SOC) to, respectively, a satellite proxy and mapped SOC from the VEMAP soils database (derived from USDA-NRCS [Natural Resources Conservation Service] information) and also compare modeled results to site-specific data from forests and grasslands. The VEMAP models simulated spatial variability in ecosystem processes in substantially different ways, reflecting the models' differing implementations of multiple resource limitation of NPP. The models had substantially higher correlations across vegetation types compared to within vegetation types. All three models showed correlation among water use, nitrogen availability, and primary production, indicating that water and nutrient limitations of NPP were equilibrated with each other at steady state. This model result may explain a number of seemingly contradictory observations and provides a series of testable predictions. The VEMAP ecosystem models were implicitly or explicitly sensitive to disturbance in their simulation of NPP and carbon storage. Knowledge of the effects of disturbance (human and natural) and spatial data describing disturbance regimes are needed for spatial modeling of ecosystems. Improved consideration of disturbance is a key ''next step'' for spatial ecosystem models. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV, NAT RESOURCES ECOL LAB, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. UNIV VIRGINIA, DEPT ENVIRONM SCI, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 USA. UNIV SHEFFIELD, DEPT PLANT & ANIM SCI, SHEFFIELD S10 2UQ, S YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND. MARINE BIOL LAB, CTR ECOSYST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA. LUND UNIV, S-22361 LUND, SWEDEN. UNIV MONTANA, MISSOULA, MT 59812 USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, US FOREST SERV, USDA, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE, INST EARTH OCEANS & SPACE, DURHAM, NH 03824 USA. RP Schimel, DS (reprint author), NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, POB 3000, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. RI Woodward, Ian/B-7762-2008; Kittel, Timothy/F-2792-2011; Pan, Yude/F-6145-2015; Sitch, Stephen/F-8034-2015; Painter, Thomas/B-7806-2016; Braswell, Bobby/D-6411-2016; Ojima, Dennis/C-5272-2016 OI Kittel, Timothy/0000-0002-4153-1006; Sitch, Stephen/0000-0003-1821-8561; Braswell, Bobby/0000-0002-4061-9516; NR 61 TC 158 Z9 164 U1 2 U2 54 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 67 IS 2 BP 251 EP 271 DI 10.1890/0012-9615(1997)067[0251:CSVIEP]2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WX481 UT WOS:A1997WX48100006 ER PT J AU Bautista, RC Harris, EJ AF Bautista, RC Harris, EJ TI Effect of insectary rearing on host preference and oviposition behavior of the fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Diachasmimorpha longicaudata; braconidae; hymenoptera; fruit fly parasitoid; oviposition preference; host acceptance ID HYMENOPTERA; BRACONIDAE; DIPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; PARASITIZATION; RESPONSES; LOCATION; FLIES AB Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been produced in the laboratory for > 160 generations on the larvae of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), the propagation hosts raised routinely on a semi-synthetic wheat diet formulation. Choice tests using modified stinging units were conducted in the laboratory to investigate whether insectary rearing had altered the host seeking and oviposition behavior of female parasitoids. Results showed that fruit fly larvae that developed in papaya, Carica papaya L. var. 'solo', were less preferred for oviposition than fruit fly larvae that developed on wheat diet when both were exposed concurrently to naive D. longicaudata females (= females without prior oviposition experience). The substrates (pureed papaya or wheat diet) in which treatment larvae were exposed to parasitoids did not affect oviposition preference of gravid D. longicaudata for wheat diet-reared fruit fly larvae. Our study demonstrated the possibility that rearing in an insectary system may have modified the parasitization behavior of female D. longicaudata. RP Bautista, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,2727 WOODLAWN DR,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 83 IS 2 BP 213 EP 218 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1997.00174.x PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XG819 UT WOS:A1997XG81900010 ER PT J AU Wang, Z Reddy, VR Quebedeaux, B AF Wang, Z Reddy, VR Quebedeaux, B TI Growth and photosynthetic responses of soybean to short-term cold temperature SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE biomass partitioning; carbohydrate; cold injury; flowering; photosynthesis; soybean; temperature ID NIGHT TEMPERATURE; SEED GROWTH; CULTIVARS; LEAVES AB Soybean seedlings often experience short-term cold temperature during the growing season that may affect subsequent growth and production. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of short-term cold temperature on soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.'Hutcheson') growth and development, biomass partitioning, photosynthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism. The research project tested the hypothesis that short-term cold temperature delays reproductive stages, by reducing photosynthesis and altering biomass allocation. Soybean plants were grown in controlled environmental conditions at a range of day/night temperatures (23/18 degrees C, 28/23 degrees C, and 33/28 degrees C) and exposed to a cold treatment of 8 degrees C for 24 h at the V5 and RI stages. The cold treatments delayed R1 for plants grown at 28/23 degrees C, delayed R2 for plants grown at all three temperatures by up to 7 d, and prolonged the time periods between RI and R2 stages. Leaf photosynthesis in the treated plants was 81%, 75%, and 79% of controls 5 h after the treatment for plants grown at 23/18 degrees C, 28/23 degrees C, and 33/28 degrees C, respectively. A greater reduction in photosynthesis was obtained after the second cold treatment was applied at R1. Total soluble carbohydrate in leaves was reduced by the short-term cold temperature 5 h after the cold treatment. Two cycles of cold temperatures also increased the partitioning of total biomass to vegetative shoots, but decreased the partitioning to flowers and pods for all three temperatures. Our results indicate that cold temperature injury delayed soybean reproductive stages and that the delays, at least in part, resulted from decreased leaf photosynthesis, reduced photosynthate availability, and altered biomass partitioning favoring vegetative over reproductive growth. The magnitude and sensitivity of soybean to short-term cold temperatures varied and was dependent on growth temperature and developmental stage. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT HORT & LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP Wang, Z (reprint author), USDA ARS,REMOTE SENSING & MODELING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 37 IS 1 BP 13 EP 24 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(96)01033-7 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YB871 UT WOS:A1997YB87100002 ER PT J AU Lemly, AD AF Lemly, AD TI Risk assessment as an environmental management tool: Considerations for freshwater wetlands SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecological risk assessment; freshwater wetlands; environmental pollution; chemical stressors; physical stressors; biological stressors ID SUCKER XYRAUCHEN-TEXANUS; MILLTOWN RESERVOIR; RIVER; SELENIUM; MONTANA AB This paper presents a foundation for improving the risk assessment process for freshwater wetlands. Integrating wetland science, i.e., use of an ecosystem-based approach, is the key concept. Each biotic and abiotic wetland component should be identified and its contribution to ecosystem functions and societal values determined when deciding whether a stressor poses an unreasonable risk to the sustainability of a particular wetland. Understanding the major external and internal factors that regulate the operational conditions of wetlands is critical to risk characterization. Determining the linkages between these factors, and how they influence the way stressors affect wetlands, is the basis for an ecosystem approach. Adequate consideration of wetland ecology, hydrology, geomorphology, and soils can greatly reduce the level of uncertainty associated with risk assessment and lead to more effective risk management. In order to formulate effective solutions, wetland problems must be considered at watershed, landscape, and ecosystem scales. Application of an ecosystem approach can be greatly facilitated ii wetland scientists and risk assessors work together to develop a common understanding of the principles of both disciplines. RP Lemly, AD (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE SCI,US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 46 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 21 IS 3 BP 343 EP 358 DI 10.1007/s002679900034 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WU840 UT WOS:A1997WU84000005 ER PT J AU Ellefson, PV Cheng, AS Moulton, RJ AF Ellefson, PV Cheng, AS Moulton, RJ TI State forest practice regulatory programs: An approach to implementing ecosystem management on private forest lands in the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecosystem management; forestry practices; private landowners; regulatory programs; state government AB Implemented in the context of a long history of intense public debate, forestry practices applied on private forest land are regulated in some form by 38 stales. State regulatory activities can involve many agencies implementing numerous regulatory laws, a single forestry agency administering a comprehensive regulatory prog ram, or a combination of the two. Regulatory programs are designed to protect resources such as soils, water, wildlife, and scenic beauty. Program administration often involves rule promulgation, harvest plan reviews, coordination of interagency reviews, and pre- and postharvest on-site inspections. Forest practice rules usually focus on reforestation, forest roads, harvest procedures, and wildlife habitat protection. Emerging regulatory trends include growth of multiagency regulatory authority and associated jurisdictional conflicts, increased tendencies to narrowly specify standards in statutes and rules, emergence of contingent regulations, growing sensitivity to processes enabling the adoption of new forest practice technologies and an ability to address cumulative effects, interest in collaborative rule-making stemming from heightened concern over legalization of administration processes, and growing concern over the constitutional foundations for regulatory programs and the government and private sector cost of implementing such programs. C1 US FOREST SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP Ellefson, PV (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,1530 N CLEVELAND AVE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. RI Cheng, Antony/N-9538-2015 OI Cheng, Antony/0000-0002-0977-0381 NR 35 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 21 IS 3 BP 421 EP 432 DI 10.1007/s002679900039 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WU840 UT WOS:A1997WU84000010 ER PT J AU Mcconnell, LL Nelson, E Rice, CP Baker, JE Johnson, WE Harman, JA Bialek, K AF Mcconnell, LL Nelson, E Rice, CP Baker, JE Johnson, WE Harman, JA Bialek, K TI Chlorpyrifos in the air and surface water of Chesapeake Bay: Predictions of atmospheric deposition fluxes SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VOLATILIZATION; AEROSOLS; SOIL AB A 1993 survey including eight stations down the center of the Chesapeake Bay mainstem, four times during the year, resulted in detection of chlorpyrifos in 100% of air and water samples. Water concentrations were higher in March and April, coinciding with the spring flush from the Susquehanna River (1.67-0.25 ng L-1). The lowest water concentrations were found in September (0.25-0.045 ng L-1). Air concentrations were lowest in March (2-3 pg m(-3)). Air concentrations were highest in June in the southern Bay region (95 pg m(-3)). Atmospheric loadings of chlorpyrifos to the Chesapeake Bay mainstem were estimated for the four sample collection periods using fugacity-based equations. Net volatile loss of chlorpyrifos across the surface area of the Bay was predicted in March and April at 147 and 145 g day(-1), respectively, while net deposition was predicted for June and September at 85 and 56 g day(-1), respectively. A comparison of atmospheric loadings to the Bay with total load within the surface water illustrates that, during the mid to late summer, atmospheric loadings become an important contributor to the Bay chlorpyrifos budget. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,CTR ENVIRONM & ESTUARINE STUDIES,CHESAPEAKE BIOL LAB,SOLOMONS,MD 20688. RP Mcconnell, LL (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BLDG 007,ROOM 225,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Baker, Joel/A-9685-2011; McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011; Johnson, Warren/D-4149-2016 OI Baker, Joel/0000-0002-9980-7781; Johnson, Warren/0000-0002-5954-186X NR 26 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1390 EP 1398 DI 10.1021/es960614x PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW948 UT WOS:A1997WW94800035 ER PT J AU Torrents, A Anderson, BG Bilboulian, S Johnson, WE Hapeman, CJ AF Torrents, A Anderson, BG Bilboulian, S Johnson, WE Hapeman, CJ TI Atrazine photolysis: Mechanistic investigations of direct and nitrate mediated hydroxy radical processes and the influence of dissolved organic carbon from the Chesapeake Bay SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID S-TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; NATURAL-WATERS; PHOTOSENSITIZED TRANSFORMATIONS; OH-RADICALS; DEGRADATION; PHOTOOXIDATION; IDENTIFICATION; OXIDATION; CHEMICALS; ACID AB Direct and nitrate-mediated hydroxy radical photoprocesses were examined with respect to atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) transformation. Irradiation (lambda > 290 nm) of aqueous solutions of atrazine in the presence of nitrate, which generates (OH)-O-., yielded 20% of 6-amino-2-chloro-4-isopropylamino-s-triazine (CIAT), 10% of 6-amino-2-chloro-4-ethylamino-s-triazine (CEAT), 6% of 4-acetamide-2-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (CDIT), 3% of 4-acetamide-2-chloro-6-ethyiamino-s-triazine (CDET), 16% of chlorodiamino-s-triazine (CAAT), and 3% of hydroxy atrazine (DIET, 4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-2-hydroxy-s-triazine) at 87% atrazine conversion. Direct photolysis of atrazine was much slower and at 23% atrazine conversion gave rise to 14% DIET and ca. 9% of chloroalkyloxidized or chlorodealkylated compounds with the ratio of the reaction rate constants equal to 0.14 (k(direct)/k(indirect)). Results also suggest that DIET was not the product of a hydroxy radical process. The efficiency of the hydroxy radical process decreased more than 85%, with increasing DOC obtained from the surface layer of the Chesapeake Bay. However, only a slight decrease (<15%) in efficiency was observed for direct photolysis, suggesting that in the presence of surface layer DOC direct photolysis may become more important relative to the (OH)-O-. processes. C1 USDA ARS,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,INST NAT RESOURCES,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,ENVIRONM ENGN PROGRAM,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. NR 36 TC 101 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1476 EP 1482 DI 10.1021/es9607289 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW948 UT WOS:A1997WW94800048 ER PT J AU Lerch, RN Thurman, EM Kruger, EL AF Lerch, RN Thurman, EM Kruger, EL TI Mixed-mode sorption of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products to soil: A mechanism for bound residue SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; PESTICIDE-RESIDUES; HERBICIDE ATRAZINE; S-TRIAZINES; METOLACHLOR; SAMPLES AB This study tested the hypothesis that sorption of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products (HADPs: hydroxyatrazine, HA; deethylhydroxyatrazine, DEHA; and deisopropylhydroxyatrazine, DIHA) to soils occurs by mixed-mode binding resulting from two simultaneous mechanisms: (1) cation exchange and (2) hydrophobic interaction. The objective was to use liquid chromatography and soil extraction experiments to show that mixed-mode binding is the mechanism controlling HADP sorption to soils and is also a mechanism for bound residue. Overall, HADP binding to solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents occurred in the order: cation exchange much greater than octadecyl (C-18) much greater than cyanopropyl. Binding to cation exchange SPE and to a high-performance liquid chromatography octyl (C-8) column showed evidence for mixed-mode binding. Comparison of soil extracted by 0.5 M KH2PO4, pH 7.5, or 25% aqueous CH3CN showed that, for HA and DIHA, cation exchange was a more important binding mechanism to soils than hydrophobic interaction. Based on differences between several extractants, the extent of HADP mixed-mode binding to soil occurred in the following order: HA > DIHA > DEHA. Mixed-mode extraction recovered 42.8% of bound atrazine residues from aged soil, and 88% of this fraction was identified as HADPs. Thus, a significant portion of bound atrazine residues in soils is sorbed by the mixed-mode binding mechanisms. C1 US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,LAWRENCE,KS 66049. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ENTOMOL,PESTICIDE TOXICOL LAB,AMES,IA 50011. RP Lerch, RN (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST & WATER QUAL RES UNIT,269 AGR ENGN BLDG,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. RI Thurman, Earl/B-5131-2011 NR 43 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1539 EP 1546 DI 10.1021/es960811w PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW948 UT WOS:A1997WW94800057 ER PT J AU Lane, LJ Renard, KG Foster, GR Laflen, JM AF Lane, LJ Renard, KG Foster, GR Laflen, JM TI Development and application of modern soil erosion prediction technology: The USDA experience SO EURASIAN SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LOSS EQUATION AB Erosion prediction efforts are described to provide a synopsis of the USDA's experience in developing and applying soil erosion prediction technology in its research and development activities and its soil conservation programs. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is the most widely known and used of the erosion prediction equations. The Chemicals, Runoff and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems model (CREAMS) contains a sophisticated erosion component based, in part, on the USLE and on flow hydraulics and the processes of sediment detachment, transport, and deposition. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is an update of the USLE to improve erosion prediction. C1 USDA,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,OXFORD,MS 38655. PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,NATL SOIL EROS RES LAB,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Lane, LJ (reprint author), ARS,USDA,SW WATERSHED RES CTR,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 48 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 10 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA PI NEW YORK PA C/O PLENUM/CONSULTANTS BUREAU 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 1064-2293 J9 EURASIAN SOIL SCI+ JI Eurasian Soil Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 30 IS 5 BP 531 EP 540 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WZ124 UT WOS:A1997WZ12400010 ER PT J AU Nearing, MA AF Nearing, MA TI The mechanics of soil detachment by raindrops and runoff SO EURASIAN SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SURFACES; FLOW AB Soil erosion encompasses detachment, transport, and deposition of soil particles by the erosive forces of raindrops and surface flow of water. Average shear stresses of flowing water are on the order of Pa. They are much less than the shear strength of soils, which even for the case of tensile failure are on the order of kPa. This discrepancy is explained in terms of the coherent structure of turbulent flow, whereby transient shear stresses on the bed are much greater than the average flow shear stresses. A microscale probabilistic model, E = FPM, is constructed, which describes the probability P that the instantaneous shear stresses of turbulent flow, which occur at a spatial and temporal frequency F exceed the local resistant strength of the soil particles and cause a mass M to be detached. Raindrops impart dynamic, transitory stresses to the soil that are on the order of hundreds of kPa. The pressures generated upon impact of a raindrop are dependent upon the velocity of the drop and the velocities of the compressional waves that move through the two-phase soil material. Uneven pressures under the drop impact cause a crater to be formed, and lateral jetting of water across the bulge of the crater causes the soil to be detached. RP Nearing, MA (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,NATL SOIL EROS LAB,1196 SOIL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA PI NEW YORK PA C/O PLENUM/CONSULTANTS BUREAU 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 1064-2293 J9 EURASIAN SOIL SCI+ JI Eurasian Soil Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 30 IS 5 BP 552 EP 556 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WZ124 UT WOS:A1997WZ12400013 ER PT J AU Alberts, EE Ghidey, F AF Alberts, EE Ghidey, F TI Comparison of WEPP model predictions to measured erosion losses for large events SO EURASIAN SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The approach to soil conservation planning in the United States is rapidly changing, because recent advances in computer technology have made it possible for soil conservationists to use complex hydrologic and erosion models in the held setting. In 1985, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service initiated the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) to develop three erosion models (Grid, Watershed, and Hillslope) based on specific requirements and knowledge of fundamental hydrologic and erosion processes. The objective of this study was to compare runoff and erosion predictions from the WEPP Hillslope model to measured losses for eight large erosion events that occurred over a 10-year period (1983-1992) in the southern Corn Belt. Data from continuous corn (Zea mays L.) cropping using conventional seedbed preparation techniques of moldboard plowing and disking were used in the analysis. Total predicted and measured runoff losses from the eight events were 508 and 409 mm, respectively, representing a 24% overprediction. The difference of 99 mm resulted from overprediction of seven events. For six events, overprediction was less than 26%. The other event was overpredicted by 214%. Total predicted and measured erosion losses were 12.38 and 12.54 kg m(-2) respectively, representing a 1.3% underprediction. The difference of 0.16 kg m(-2) resulted from overprediction of five events and underprediction of three events. The largest measured erosion event was underpredicted by 48%, while the second largest event was overpredicted by 101%. Erosion was underpredicted by 11% for the event where runoff was overpredicted by 214%. While these results indicate that the current version of the WEPP Hillslope model is predicting erosion from large events reasonably well, more modification and validation is needed before the model is completed in early 1995. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP Alberts, EE (reprint author), ARS,CROPPING SYST & WATER QUAL RES UNIT,USDA,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA PI NEW YORK PA C/O PLENUM/CONSULTANTS BUREAU 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 1064-2293 J9 EURASIAN SOIL SCI+ JI Eurasian Soil Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 30 IS 5 BP 564 EP 568 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WZ124 UT WOS:A1997WZ12400015 ER PT J AU Bradow, JM Bauer, PJ Hinojosa, O SassenrathCole, G AF Bradow, JM Bauer, PJ Hinojosa, O SassenrathCole, G TI Quantitation of cotton fibre-quality variations arising from boll and plant growth environments SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum L; cotton; fibre; quality quantitation; length; maturity; growth environment; microirrigation ID SYSTEM AB Crop growth simulation models used to manage cultural inputs and to improve yields of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., do not address fibre quality, a major determinant of cotton fibre price and end-use. Fibre maturation simulations require rapid, reproducible methods for fibre duality quantitation at the boil or locule level. Combination of fibre quality mapping by fruiting site with quality quantitation by an electron-optical particle sizer provided replicated, reproducible data suitable for use in predictive models and quantitative studies of fibre quality variations attributable to genotype and growth environment. The efficacy and potential of this unique fusion of agronomic and textile technologies were examined through comparisons of three 1992 fibre quality database subsets from the US Southeastern Coastal Plain and Mississippi Delta. Comparisons of 'Pee Dee 3' fibre quality, on a locule-by-locule basis at positions 1 and 2 on main-stem nodes 5 through 18, revealed that fibre length, cross-sectional area, and physical maturity varied among fruiting sites. Subsurface microirrigation applied during an early-season drought increased fibre yield by 40%, significantly increased fibre fineness, and decreased fibre maturity indicators. Fibre length variations were compared between ginning methods and among nine genotypes grown in the Coastal Plain. Irrigation-related reductions in physical fibre maturity, found in the Coastal Plain, were contrasted with chronological maturities of 'DPL5415' and 'DES119' fibre harvested 21, 28, 35, 42, or 56 days post-anthesis in the Mississippi Delta. Fibre-quality mapping with particle-sizing represents a powerful, new tool for constructing fibre development simulations essential for improving cotton fibre quality and processing outcome. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS,COSTAL PLAINS SOIL WATER & PLANT CONSERVAT RES CT,FLORENCE,SC 29502. USDA ARS,CROP SIMULAT RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. RP Bradow, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1161-0301 J9 EUR J AGRON JI Eur. J. Agron. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 6 IS 3-4 BP 191 EP 204 DI 10.1016/S1161-0301(96)02047-3 PG 14 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XH903 UT WOS:A1997XH90300005 ER PT J AU Wirsam, B Hahn, A Uthus, EO Leitzmann, C AF Wirsam, B Hahn, A Uthus, EO Leitzmann, C TI Fuzzy sets and fuzzy decision making in nutrition SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE recommended dietary allowances; fuzzy logic; fuzzy sets; fuzzy decision making; optimization; nutrition education ID DIETARY FIBER; NUTRIENT AB Objective: This paper demonstrates that a nutrient intake can be described in a differentiated way and can be evaluated by employing fuzzy decision making. It also examines whether fuzzy decision making can simplify nutrition education by small individual improvements in food selection behaviour. Results: The recommendations for nutrient intakes are presented as fuzzy sets, so that the intake of each nutrient can be evaluated by an objective fuzzy value. The evaluation of the harmonic minimum allows, for the first time, that the fuzzy value of an individual nutrient can be stated as a total value. On the basis of individual nutrition assessment, fuzzy logic in connection with fuzzy decision making, allows optimization of meals considering individual food preferences. This makes it possible in nutrition counselling to improve the nutrient intake markedly with relative small changes in food choice. Conclusion: Fuzzy decision making can simplify and optimize nutrition education. C1 UNIV HANNOVER,INST FOOD SCI,HANNOVER,GERMANY. USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND. UNIV GIESSEN,INST NUTR SCI,D-35390 GIESSEN,GERMANY. RP Wirsam, B (reprint author), ALBAT & WIRSAM SOFTWARE VERTRIEBS GMBH,KONRAD ADENAUER STR 15,D-35440 LINDEN,GERMANY. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 51 IS 5 BP 286 EP 296 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600378 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA WX718 UT WOS:A1997WX71800002 PM 9152678 ER PT J AU Economos, CD Nelson, ME Fiatarone, MA Dallal, GE Heymsfield, SB Wang, J Yasumara, S Ma, R Vaswani, AN RussellAulet, M Pierson, RN AF Economos, CD Nelson, ME Fiatarone, MA Dallal, GE Heymsfield, SB Wang, J Yasumara, S Ma, R Vaswani, AN RussellAulet, M Pierson, RN TI A multi-center comparison of dual energy X-ray absorptiometers: In vivo and in vitro soft tissue measurement SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; DXA; densitometry; body composition; lean mass; fat mass ID LEAN BODY-MASS; PHOTON-ABSORPTIOMETRY; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; BONE DENSITOMETER; FAT; PRECISION; INVIVO; PERFORMANCE; DEXA; HYDRODENSITOMETRY AB Objective: To assess intra- and inter-site soft tissue variability by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Design: Cross-sectional trial. Setting: Three medical research institutions. Subjects: Five humans (in vivo) and four phantoms (in vitro), configured from two whole body phantoms with artificial skeletons and thickness overlays. Interventions: Duplicate total-body DXA scans were performed on all subjects at each institution within a 15 d period. Results: All intra-site coefficients of variation (CV) were < 0.5% for total tissue mass, but in vitro and in vivo Cvs were 7.2% and 2.3% for fat mass (FM) and 2.5% and 0.9% for lean mass (LM), respectively. Several total-body and regional FM and LM measurements were significantly different between sites (P < 0.05), with percent differences between sites ranging from 2.6-13.3% for FM and from 1.6-13.6% for LM. Site 2 was consistently lower for FM and Site 3 was consistently lower for LM. Conclusions: These results stress the need for both rigorous and standardized cross-calibration procedures for soft tissue measurement by DXA. C1 TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. ST LUKES ROOSEVELT HOSP,BODY COMPOSIT UNIT,NEW YORK,NY 10025. BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,UPTON,NY 11973. WINTHROP UNIV HOSP,OSTEOPOROSIS RES CLIN,MINEOLA,NY 11501. UNIV MICHIGAN,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. FU NIA NIH HHS [T32AG00209]; NIDDK NIH HHS [P01-DK42618] NR 47 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 2 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 51 IS 5 BP 312 EP 317 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600400 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA WX718 UT WOS:A1997WX71800006 PM 9152682 ER PT J AU Carroll, JE Bergstrom, GC Gray, SM AF Carroll, JE Bergstrom, GC Gray, SM TI Dynamics of wheat spindle streak mosaic bymovirus in winter wheat SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ELISA; fungal vector; Polymyxa graminis; virus detection; virus incidence; wheat spindle streak mosaic virus; wheat yellow mosaic virus ID POLYMYXA-GRAMINIS; NEW-YORK; VIRUS; CONFIRMATION; TRANSMISSION AB The dynamics of wheat spindle streak mosaic bymovirus in winter wheat were studied during two crop cycles in a field site with a history of high virus incidence. Individual plants of two susceptible cultivars were sampled from autumn to spring and the presence of virus antigen in roots and leaves was determined by ELISA. Virus incidence was higher in cv. Frankenmuth than in cv. Augusta. During year one, incidence of viral antigen in roots remained very low for four months after sowing, and did not reach maximum levels until the following spring. During year two, incidence of viral antigen in roots rose to maximum levels in autumn, only three months after sowing. These results strongly suggested that root infection occurred in spring as well as in autumn. In both cultivars and in both years, we detected the virus in roots one month prior to its detection in leaves, suggesting that virus moves slowly from roots into leaves. Maximum incidence of virus in leaves occurred in spring of both years, coinciding with the period of symptom development. Typical symptoms (yellow streaks, spindles, and mosaic) were observed in year two, whereas only mild mosaic was observed in year one. Virus antigen was detected in nonsymptomatic leaves from two months after sowing through crop senescence. Because antigen could be detected in roots throughout the crop cycle, and zoosporangia and cystosori of the fungal vector could be detected one and two months, respectively, after sowing, it is possible that wheat spindle streak mosaic bymovirus is acquired and/or spread by the vector during the majority of the crop cycle. C1 CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP Carroll, JE (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,334 PLANT SCI BLDG,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 103 IS 4 BP 313 EP 321 DI 10.1023/A:1008657105586 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XH900 UT WOS:A1997XH90000003 ER PT J AU Farnsworth, PN GrothVasselli, B Kumosinski, TF Singh, K AF Farnsworth, PN GrothVasselli, B Kumosinski, TF Singh, K TI Location and exposure of hydrophobic surfaces in relation to an 'open' micellar quaternary structure of alpha-crystallin SO EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH LA English DT Letter ID PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; CIRCULAR-DICHROISM; NEURAL-NETWORK; MODEL; LENS C1 UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,NEW JERSEY MED SCH,DEPT OPHTHALMOL,NEWARK,NJ 07103. USDA ARS,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. RP Farnsworth, PN (reprint author), UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,NEW JERSEY MED SCH,DEPT PHYSIOL & PHARMACOL,185 S ORANGE AVE,NEWARK,NJ 07103, USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0014-4835 J9 EXP EYE RES JI Exp. Eye Res. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 64 IS 5 BP 853 EP 855 DI 10.1006/exer.1996.0259 PG 3 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA XD248 UT WOS:A1997XD24800024 PM 9245917 ER PT J AU Serraj, R Bona, S Purcell, LC Sinclair, TR AF Serraj, R Bona, S Purcell, LC Sinclair, TR TI Nitrogen accumulation and nodule activity of field-grown 'Jackson' soybean in response to water deficits SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nitrogen fixation; drought stress; soybean; Glycine max ID FIXATION; SENSITIVITY; DROUGHT AB Substantial evidence has accumulated that N-2 fixation in soybean (Glycine max Merr.) is much more sensitive to drying soil than is leaf gas exchange and plant mass accumulation. In contrast, the soybean cultivar Jackson in controlled environments has been found to have N-2 fixation sensitivity to drying soil that is approximately equivalent to the sensitivity of leaf gas exchange. This study was undertaken to determine if Jackson behaved in a similar way under field conditions. N-2 fixation activity was measured by in situ acetylene reduction rates and N accumulation in shoots. Leaf gas exchange was measured as stomatal conductance and shoot mass accumulation. All measures in this field study indicated that N-2 fixation in Jackson decreased in response to soil drying in about the same proportion as leaf gas exchange. These results with Jackson were in contrast to those with the cultivar Biloxi in which N-2 fixation was decreased to a greater extent by drought than was leaf gas exchange. (C) Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV PADUA,FAC AGR,DIPARTIMENTO AGRON AMBIENTALE & PROD VEGETALI,PADUA,ITALY. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT AGRON,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72704. FAC SCI SEMLALIA,DEPT BIOL,MARRAKECH,MOROCCO. NR 15 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 52 IS 1-2 BP 109 EP 116 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(96)01068-4 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XN883 UT WOS:A1997XN88300010 ER PT J AU Ray, JD Samson, BK Sinclair, TR AF Ray, JD Samson, BK Sinclair, TR TI Vegetative growth and soil water extraction of two maize hybrids during water deficits SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE maize; soil-water extraction; vegetative stress; water deficits; Zea mays ID 2 CORN HYBRIDS; DROUGHT RESISTANCE; SELECTION; TRAITS AB Identification of specific physiological differences between maize hybrids tolerant and susceptible to drought would be useful to plant breeders for improving selection criteria. One approach to identifying physiological differences is to compare cultivars differing in response to water-deficits. In this study, three field experiments focused on vegetative growth were conducted to evaluate differences between two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids (Pioneer Brand Hybrids 3165 and 3192) with similar growth patterns but known to differ in their response to water deficits. The hybrids were compared under water-deficit conditions on the basis of visual ratings of stress symptoms, photosynthetic rates, leaf area index, soil-water extraction and biomass accumulation during vegetative growth. Hybrid 3165 consistently had less visible signs of stress and higher photosynthetic rates under stress than did hybrid 3192. In two of the three experiments, however, overall biomass accumulation was significantly less for hybrid 3165 compared to hybrid 3192, and there were significant differences in biomass only at early sampling dates. No significant differences in soil-water extraction were found in any of the three experiments. Nonetheless, a consistent trend observed in the soil-water extraction data indicated that hybrid 3165 plots initially had a slightly greater soil water content than hybrid 3192 plots. The differences between these two hybrids were apparently due to the slightly slower early growth of hybrid 3165 that resulted in the conservation of soil water, which in rum delayed the onset of stress effects. These results highlight the importance of comparing cultivar physiological responses to water deficits at equal soil water contents. (C) Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 52 IS 1-2 BP 135 EP 142 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(96)01066-0 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XN883 UT WOS:A1997XN88300013 ER PT J AU Dombeck, MP Williams, JE Wood, CA AF Dombeck, MP Williams, JE Wood, CA TI Watershed restoration: Social and scientific challenges for fish biologists SO FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material RP Dombeck, MP (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,POB 96090,WASHINGTON,DC 20090, USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD MAY PY 1997 VL 22 IS 5 BP 26 EP 27 PG 2 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA WW183 UT WOS:A1997WW18300005 ER PT J AU Elliott, KJ Boring, LR Swank, WT Haines, BR AF Elliott, KJ Boring, LR Swank, WT Haines, BR TI Successional changes in plant species diversity and composition after clearcutting a Southern Appalachian watershed SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE stand dynamics; herbaceous and woody flora; disturbance ID WESTERN NORTH-CAROLINA; MIXED HARDWOOD FOREST; CENTRAL NEW-YORK; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; SECONDARY SUCCESSION; HUBBARD BROOK; REGENERATION; VEGETATION; MOUNTAINS; DEFORESTATION AB Watershed 7, a southwest-facing watershed in the Coweeta Basin, western North Carolina, USA, was clearcut in 1977. Twenty-four permanent plots were inventoried in 1974 before cutting and in 1977, 1979, 1984, and 1993 after clearcutting. This study evaluates changes in species diversity during early succession after clearcutting and differences in overstory tree and ground flora response to disturbance by clearcutting and their interaction with previous disturbances and subsequent stand development, To quantify species diversity, we computed Shannon-Weaver's index of diversity (H') and Pielou's evenness index (J'). Woody species diversity remained relatively stable; however, woody species richness increased in the cove-hardwoods and hardwood-pines, but remained relatively constant in the mixed-oak hardwoods. Although revegetation was rapid, forest composition has changed through succession. Opportunistic species, such as Liriodendron tulipifera, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Acer rubrum, increased in abundance, whereas Quercus velutina, Carya spp., and e. rubra decreased. Ground flora diversity declined in the cove-hardwoods and mixed-oak hardwoods communities, but the decrease in the hardwood-pines was not significant. The abundance (g biomass m(-2)) of ground flora was much lower in 1993 than in 1984; 79% less in the cove-hardwoods, 90% less in the mixed-oak hardwoods, and 79% less in the hardwood-pines. Watershed 7 is apparently in a transition state between early and late successional species abundance. Early successional, shade-intolerant species, such as Erechtites, Solidago, Eupatorium, Panicum, and Aster, have declined, whereas late successional, shade-tolerant species, such as Viola, Galium, Sanguinaria, Uvularia, and Veratrum are not yet well established. C1 JOSEPH W JONES ECOL RES CTR,NEWTON,GA 31770. UNIV GEORGIA,SCH FOREST RESOURCES,ATHENS,GA 30602. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT BOT,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Elliott, KJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,SRS,COWEETA HYDROL LAB,OTTO,NC 28763, USA. NR 85 TC 90 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 92 IS 1-3 BP 67 EP 85 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03947-3 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XA853 UT WOS:A1997XA85300008 ER PT J AU Crawford, RH Li, CY Floyd, M AF Crawford, RH Li, CY Floyd, M TI Nitrogen fixation in root-colonized large woody residue of Oregon coastal forests SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE coarse woody residues; nitrogen fixation; forest disturbance; bacteria; fungi; harvesting ID ACETYLENE-REDUCTION; DINITROGEN FIXATION; SODIUM-CHLORIDE; DECAYED WOOD; DOUGLAS-FIR; FUNGI; LOGS; ECTOMYCORRHIZAE; ECOSYSTEMS; BACTERIA AB Coarse woody residues are conspicuous features of the forest floor in coastal Oregon forests. They provide habitats for plants, animals, and a diversity of microorganisms. Live plants are partially or completely rooted in the woody residues. This study provides baseline information on nitrogenase activities (nitrogen fixation) and populations of nitrogen-fixating organisms in root-colonized and noncolonized woody residues on forest and clearcut sites. Coarse woody residue of decay classes IV-V were sampled at three sites of Douglas-fir stands having varying amounts of understory vegetation. Nitrogen-fixation activity in woody residues was detected on all three sites. The woody residues at lower elevation sites near the coast had the least nitrogen-fixing activity and nitrogen-fixing bacterial populations. Plant colonized and noncolonized woody residues had significantly higher nitrogenase activity than the adjacent soils, but the activity between the colonized and noncolonized woody residues did not differ significantly. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. ALABAMA A&M UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,NORMAL,AL 35762. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 92 IS 1-3 BP 229 EP 234 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03923-0 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XA853 UT WOS:A1997XA85300018 ER PT J AU Feist, W AF Feist, W TI The challenges of selecting finishes for exterior wood SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,USDA,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 47 IS 5 BP 16 EP 20 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA WZ415 UT WOS:A1997WZ41500006 ER PT J AU Bennett, M Cleaves, DA AF Bennett, M Cleaves, DA TI The effects of marketing practices on stumpage returns in nonindustrial private forest timber sales in Western Oregon SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB We evaluated the effects of marketing practices on net stumpage returns in 99 timber sales by using data from a mail survey of western Oregon nonindustrial private-forest owners who harvested timber in 1991. Mostlandowners did not use the active marketing practices commonly recommended by foresters. Lower-than-average stumpage returns were associated with the use of passive marketing practices: relying on a logger to manage the sale, contacting only one or two potential buyers, paying the logger on a proceeds-split basis, and allowing the buyer to initiate the sale. The landowners' self-assessed degree of knowledge about log prices was also significantly associated with stumpage returns. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70113. RP Bennett, M (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL FORESTRY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 47 IS 5 BP 23 EP 28 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA WZ415 UT WOS:A1997WZ41500007 ER PT J AU McAlister, RH Clark, A Saucier, JR AF McAlister, RH Clark, A Saucier, JR TI The effect of age at harvest on bending and tensile properties of loblolly pine from the Coastal Plain SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LUMBER AB The effect of rotation age on strength and stiffness of lumber produced from unthinned loblolly pine stands in the Coastal Plain of Georgia was examined. Six stands representing 22-, 28-, and 40-year-old roations were sampled. A stratified random sample of trees 8 to 16 inches in diameter at breast height was selected from each stand and processed into lumber. Dimension lumber from the study was tested for strength and stiffness in both static bending and tension according to the provisions of the American Society for Testing and Materials standard method D 198. The strength and stiffness in both bending and tension generally increased with increasing rotation age. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,USDA,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 47 IS 5 BP 85 EP 88 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA WZ415 UT WOS:A1997WZ41500019 ER PT J AU Ross, RJ DeGroot, RC Nelson, WJ Lebow, PK AF Ross, RJ DeGroot, RC Nelson, WJ Lebow, PK TI The relationship between stress wave transmission characteristics and the compressive strength of biologically degraded wood SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Wood in service can be attacked by a variety of biological organisms. Such organisms feed on the constituents of wood, thereby reducing its ability to carry load and serve in an engineering capacity. This paper presents the results of a study that investigated the use of longitudinal stress wave nondestructive evaluation to assess the strength of wood members exposed to biological attack. Clear southern pine specimens were exposed to attack by wood-destroying decay fungi and termites under field conditions in southern Mississippi. The speed of stress wave transmission and attenuation characteristics of the specimens were determined using longitudinal stress wave techniques after exposure. These nondestructive parameters were then incorporated into a multivariable regression model and used to predict the parallel-to-grain compressive strength of the specimens. Excellent agreement was found between predicted and actual compressive strength values. RP Ross, RJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,USDA,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 10 TC 78 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 47 IS 5 BP 89 EP 93 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA WZ415 UT WOS:A1997WZ41500020 ER PT J AU Weise, DR Biging, GS AF Weise, DR Biging, GS TI A qualitative comparison of fire spread models incorporating wind and slope effects SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fire behavior; rate of spread ID FLAME SPREAD; FUEL BEDS AB Wind velocity and slope are two critical variables that affect wildland five rate of spread, The effects of these variables on rate of spread are often combined in rate-of-spread models using vector addition, The various methods used to combine wind and slope effects have seldom been validated or compared due to differences in the models or to lack of data. In this study, rate-of-spread predictions from the Canadian Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) system, McArthur's Mark V forest fire danger meter, the Rothermel empirical model, and the Pagni and Peterson physical model were compared with spread rates observed in a designed laboratory experiment in which wind velocity and slope were varied, Methods of combining wind and slope developed by Albini, McAlpine, and Rothermel were applied to two forms of Rothermel's model. Rothermel's model (original and modified) coupled with Albini's method and Pagni's model predictions closely reproduced the observed shape of the rate-of-spread response to wind and slope, Rothermel's method and McAlpine's method worked well in all cases except in upslope spread with opposed flow. However, Rothermel's model failed to predict a nonzero rate of spread in fuel beds with moisture contents of 35%. Possible causes of overprediction by McArthur's model and the FBP model included: (1) application of equations derived from full-scale fives to laboratory-scale fives, (2) improper selection of fuel type to represent artificial fuel beds, and (3) inaccurate estimation of wind velocity 10 m above the vegetation surface using a logarithmic profile. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI POLICY & MANAGEMENT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Weise, DR (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,USDA,4955 CANYON CREST DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 47 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 43 IS 2 BP 170 EP 180 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WY517 UT WOS:A1997WY51700002 ER PT J AU Ritchie, MW Hann, DW AF Ritchie, MW Hann, DW TI Implications of disaggregation in forest growth and yield modeling SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE stand dynamics; individual-tree models; whole-stand models; disaggregative models ID STAND TABLE PROJECTION; TREE DYNAMICS; AGGREGATION; ECOSYSTEMS; HEIGHT AB Growth and yield simulators may be characterized with regard to the aggregation structure employed, Individual-tree simulators are an example of a passive aggregation approach, Whole-stand models represent an active aggregation structure, Of particular interest is the disaggregative modeling approach, which employs elements of both individual-tree and whole-stand simulators, The apparent resolution of the disaggregative model is at the tree-level; however, the functional resolution is at the stand level. Disaggregation may be achieved with either additive or proportional allocation of growth, Additive allocation may not ensure positive individual-tree projections of growth, Either may be constrained so as to maintain symmetry between the whole-stand projection of growth and the aggregate of predicted tree growth, Traditionally, the disaggregative approach has seen the application of very simple structures for allocation of growth depending on tree dimension alone, However, the concept may be generalized to include traditional individual-tree growth equations constrained so as to act as an allocation of predicted stand growth. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Ritchie, MW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC SW RES STN,2400 WASHINGTON AVE,REDDING,CA 96001, USA. NR 47 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 43 IS 2 BP 223 EP 233 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WY517 UT WOS:A1997WY51700007 ER PT J AU Jurgensen, MF Harvey, AE Graham, RT PageDumroese, DS Tonn, JR Larsen, MJ Jain, TB AF Jurgensen, MF Harvey, AE Graham, RT PageDumroese, DS Tonn, JR Larsen, MJ Jain, TB TI Impacts of timber harvesting on soil organic matter, nitrogen, productivity, and health of Inland Northwest forests SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE mounding; mycorrhizae; nitrogen fixation; scalping; site preparation; woody residue ID SSP LATIFOLIA ECOSYSTEMS; LODGEPOLE PINE FORESTS; COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SITE PREPARATION; WESTERN MONTANA; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AB Soil organic components are important factors in the health and productivity of Inland Northwest forests, Timber harvesting and extensive site preparation (piling, windrowing, or scalping) reduces the amount of surface organic material (woody residues and forest floor layers) over large areas. Some wildfires and severe prescribed burns can have similar consequences, Such organic matter reductions can have important implications for soil chemical, biological and physical properties. A number of studies have linked substantial reduction in mycorrhizae development and tree growth to high levels of soil disturbance, or removal of organic horizons, Timber harvesting also removes a large percentage of coarse woody debris, which has unknown ramifications on soil productivity. Current woody residue guidelines in this region recommend leaving <10 to 125 Mg ha(-1) on site to replace woody materials lost during harvesting operations. Large amounts of soil nitrogen (>500 hg ha(-1)) can also be lost from timber harvesting and site preparation, especially when using prescribed flue. The time required to replace this lost nitrogen may range from <10 to >275 yr, and depends on the severity of site treatments, presence or absence of nitrogen fixing plants, and amounts of atmospheric deposition. Maintaining adequate amounts of organic matter on some forest sites in the Inland Northwest may temporarily increase the risk of wildfire or favor the activity of certain insects or disease fungi. However, carefully planned prescribed burns and mechanical site preparation can be practiced on most sites with relatively low impacts on soil organic levels, while accomplishing Vie important forest management objectives of fuel reduction, seedbed preparation, and reducing competing vegetation, Organic matter management will be the most difficult on very dry sites, with their historically low soil organic and nitrogen content, and high fire potential, The maintenance of adequate soil organic matter levels is critical for sustaining forest health and productivity under the variable moisture and temperature conditions of this region, Thus, soil organic components will become more important in the future as ecosystem management systems are developed for western forests. C1 US FOREST SERV, INTERMT RES STN, USDA, MOSCOW, ID USA. RP Jurgensen, MF (reprint author), MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV, SCH FORESTRY & WOOD PROD, HOUGHTON, MI 49931 USA. NR 220 TC 132 Z9 138 U1 4 U2 39 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 43 IS 2 BP 234 EP 251 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WY517 UT WOS:A1997WY51700008 ER PT J AU DeBell, DS Cole, TG Whitesell, CD AF DeBell, DS Cole, TG Whitesell, CD TI Growth, development, and yield in pure and mixed stands of Eucalyptus and Albizia SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Paraserianthes; stand dynamics; biomass; species mixtures; silviculture; tropical forestry ID PLANTATIONS; HAWAII AB Productivity of Eucalyptus saligna Sm, plantations is commonly limited by law levels oi available nitrogen (N), and synthetic N fertilizer applications are costly and sometimes impractical; thus, we evaluated mixed species plantings in which N is added by Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg [= Paraserianthes falcataria(L.) Nielson], Five ratios of Eucalyptus and Albizia were compared with each other, with pure Albizia, and with pure Eucalyptus fertilized periodically with N in a randomized block design on the wet Hamakua coast of the Island of Hawaii. Eucalyptus growth increased as the amount of Albizia in the stand increased from 11 to 66%, and heights and diameters oi Eucalyptus in stands containing 34% or move Albizia were equal to or larger than those in fertilized, pure stands, Total aboveground biomass, stem biomass, and stem volume per ha of mixed stands al age 10 were at least equal to yields produced in fertilized, pure Eucalyptus stands; total biomass of mixed stands with 50 or 66% Albizia was 30 and 46% greater than that Tn fertilized, pure Eucalyptus and 10 and 24% greater than that of pure Albizia. Yield of the Eucalyptus component alone in these two mixtures was at least equal to that of fertilized, pure Eucalyptus stands. Moreover, mean annual increment declined more slowly after culmination in all mixed stands than in the fertilized, pure Eucalyptus stand, Over time, the apparent benefits of mixed versus pure plantings of Eucalyptus and Albizia have increased, and al age 10 include diversity in stand structure (and habitat) as well as the improvements in Eucalyptus tree growth and stand productivity recognized at younger ages. C1 US FOREST SERV, USDA, PACIFIC SW RES STN, HONOLULU, HI 96813 USA. RP DeBell, DS (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, USDA, PACIFIC NW RES STN, 3625 93RD AVE SW, OLYMPIA, WA 98512 USA. NR 29 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 43 IS 2 BP 286 EP 298 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WY517 UT WOS:A1997WY51700012 ER PT J AU Hake, S Char, BR AF Hake, S Char, BR TI Cell-cell interactions during plant development SO GENES & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Review ID MAIZE LEAF DEVELOPMENT; TOBACCO MOSAIC-VIRUS; CONTROLLING FLOWER DEVELOPMENT; SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM; UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS; MOVEMENT PROTEIN; ANTIRRHINUM-MAJUS; ROOT EPIDERMIS; PLASMODESMAL TRANSPORT; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Hake, S (reprint author), USDA ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 115 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS PI PLAINVIEW PA 1 BUNGTOWN RD, PLAINVIEW, NY 11724 SN 0890-9369 J9 GENE DEV JI Genes Dev. PD MAY 1 PY 1997 VL 11 IS 9 BP 1087 EP 1097 DI 10.1101/gad.11.9.1087 PG 11 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA XA029 UT WOS:A1997XA02900001 PM 9159390 ER PT J AU Eswaran, H Almaraz, R vandenBerg, E Reich, P AF Eswaran, H Almaraz, R vandenBerg, E Reich, P TI An assessment of the soil resources of Africa in relation to productivity SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE Africa; land productivity; land quality; soil constraints AB Africa, with a total land mass of about 30.7 million km(2) and a population exceeding 746 million persons, has generally lagged behind in agricultural development. Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) is the poorest developing region, with 29 out of 34 countries being some of the poorest in the world. The purpose of this study is to develop a Soil Taxonomy map, based on the FAO Soil Map of the World, which together with other data, is used to make continent-level assessments of land productivity and sustainability. Prime land occupies about 9.6% of Africa and the lands with high potential occupy an area of about 6.7%. The medium- and low-potential lands, which together occupy 28.3% of the area have major constraints for low-input agriculture. Resource-poor farmers who live on these lands have high risks and, generally, the probability of agriculture failure is high to very high. The remaining about 55% of the land consists of deserts or other lands with major constraints even for low-input agriculture. The desert margins have nomadic grazing which with increasing animal population is stressing the environment. A soil quality analysis and an evaluation of sustainable production, based only on biophysical considerations, suggest the need for major investments to enhance the productivity of the soil resources of this continent. RP Eswaran, H (reprint author), USDA,NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV,INT PROGRAMS DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20013, USA. NR 25 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD MAY PY 1997 VL 77 IS 1 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00007-4 PG 18 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WY945 UT WOS:A1997WY94500001 ER PT J AU Gimenez, D Allmaras, RR Nater, EA Huggins, DR AF Gimenez, D Allmaras, RR Nater, EA Huggins, DR TI Fractal dimensions for volume and surface of interaggregate pores - Scale effects SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE pore geometry; tillage; soil aggregates; box-counting; area perimeter ID MAXIMUM-DIAMETER METHOD; POROUS-MEDIA; FRACTURED SURFACE; SOIL; PERMEABILITY; CONDUCTIVITY; TRANSPORT; ROUGHNESS; FEATURES; GEOMETRY AB Geometrical attributes of pore systems in soil have shown fractal scaling. Scaling in natural materials is inherently statistical, i.e., fractal dimensions may change with scale. While fractal dimensions characterizing pore surface roughness, D-s, or scaling of pore sizes, D-v, have been reported, seldom are both measurements made at more than one scale. We examine a scale effect on D-v and D-s values, and relationships between fractal dimensions of both properties, Natural and artificial types of soil structure were studied in a Normania soil. Natural soil structure was sampled from experiments involving: (1) three primary tillage tools, sampled immediately after tillage: and (2) three tillage systems, sampled after consolidation. Artificial soil structure was formed in columns packed with aggregate assemblies that included two single aggregate-size fractions, and two mixtures of six aggregate-size fractions (each covering two ranges) made to obtain fractal aggregate-size distributions. Block-like samples from all sources were resin-impregnated in situ and a face was cut and polished. Images of UV-illuminated faces were obtained at three magnifications and then pooled into two groups. A box-counting technique was applied to area and outline of pores to obtain Dv-box, and Ds-box, respectively; D-s was also calculated from area-perimeter relations (Ds-AP). Box-count data showed two segments; Dv-box, and Ds-box were evaluated in relation to each segment and to Ds-AP. Coefficients of determination in the relation Ds-AP vs Ds-box were relatively low, indicating discrepancies between the two methods. Fractal dimensions were not scale-invariant. Values of Ds-box for aggregate assemblies decreased with resolution, especially for single aggregate-size fractions. Values of Dv-box were more influenced by aggregate size than resolution. Both Ds-box and Dv-box varied with resolution for freshly tilled soil. For somewhat consolidated soil, variations in values of both fractal dimensions were related to tillage systems. Values of Ds-box and Dv-box were highly correlated, with linear relations depending on magnification and type of soil structure. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,SW EXPT STN,LAMBERTON,MN. RP Gimenez, D (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,HYDROL LAB,BLDG 007,RM 104,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Gimenez, Daniel/A-6193-2013 NR 42 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD MAY PY 1997 VL 77 IS 1 BP 19 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00006-2 PG 20 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WY945 UT WOS:A1997WY94500002 ER PT J AU DeanNystrom, EA Bosworth, BT Cray, WC Moon, HW AF DeanNystrom, EA Bosworth, BT Cray, WC Moon, HW TI Pathogenicity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the intestines of neonatal calves SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; GNOTOBIOTIC PIGLETS; SEROTYPE O157-H7; EFFACING LESIONS; CATTLE; STRAIN; DIARRHEA; DISEASE AB Cattle are an important reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 strains, foodborne pathogens that cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. EHEC O157:H7 strains are not pathogenic in cah es >3 weeks old. Our objective was to determine if EHEC O157:H7 strains are pathogenic in neonatal calves. Carves <36 h old inoculated with EHEC O157:H7 developed diarrhea and enterocolitis with attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions in both the large and small intestines by 18 h postinoculation. The severity of diarrhea and inflammation, and also the frequency and extent of A/E lesions, increased by 3 days postinoculation. We conclude that EHEC O157:H7 strains are pathogenic in neonatal calves. The neonatal calf model is relevant for studying the pathogenesis of EHEC O157:H7 infections in cattle. It should also be useful for identifying ways to reduce EHEC O157:H7 infections in cattle and thus reduce the risk of EHEC O157:H7 disease in humans. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. RP DeanNystrom, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ENTER DIS & FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 47 TC 138 Z9 141 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 65 IS 5 BP 1842 EP 1848 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA WW398 UT WOS:A1997WW39800039 PM 9125570 ER PT J AU Gomez, SP AF Gomez, SP TI A Drosophila melanogaster hobo-white(+) vector mediates low frequency gene transfer in D-virilis with full interspecific white(+) complementation SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE germline transformation; hobo vector; transposable elements; white-eye gene; Drosophila virilis ID HOBO TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; TRANSFORMATION; EVOLUTION; INSECTS; TAM3; FLY; AC AB Transformation of a Drosophila virilis white mutant host strain was attempted using a hobo vector containing the D. melanogaster mini-white(+) cassette (H[w(+), hawN]) and an unmodified or heat shock regulated hobo transposase helper. Two transformant lines were recovered with the unmodified helper (HFL1), one containing only the white(+) marked vector, and a sibling line containing the vector as well as an HFL1 helper integration. An approximate total transformation frequency of 1% is deduced. A high frequency of wing and eye morphology mutants were also observed, suggesting that hobo may have mobilized a related element in D. virilis. The data reaffirms a relatively low transformation vector activity for the hobo transposon in D. virilis; however, nearly full interspecific expression of the white(+) marker supports its possible function in other species as well. RP Gomez, SP (reprint author), USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,1700 SW 23RD DR,GAINESVILLE,FL 32608, USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 6 IS 2 BP 165 EP 171 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2583.1997.tb00084.x PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA XC012 UT WOS:A1997XC01200007 PM 9099580 ER PT J AU Martin, AG Danforth, HD Barta, JR Fernando, MA AF Martin, AG Danforth, HD Barta, JR Fernando, MA TI Analysis of immunological cross-protection and sensitivities to anticoccidial drugs among five geographical and temporal strains of Eimeria maxima SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cross-immunity; avian coccidiosis; drug susceptibility; field isolates; poultry; vaccination; Eimeria maxima; chickens; lesions; weight gains; parasite strains ID CHICKENS; TENELLA; IMMUNOGENICITY; COCCIDIOSIS AB Two laboratory strains (USDA strain No. 68 isolated from the eastern shore of Maryland 15 Sears ago and a University of Guelph strain isolated from an Ontario broiler house 23 years ago) and 3 recent field strains of Eimeria maxima [isolated in Maryland (MD), North Carolina (NC) and Florida (FL)] mere tested for their ability to induce cross-protective immunity and their sensitivities to a variety of anticoccidial compounds, To assess immunological cross-protection, 1-day-old chicks mere inoculated and subsequently challenged at 10 days of age, testing all possible combinations of initial inoculating (immunizing) and subsequent challenge strain, Six days post-challenge, chicks were killed and weight gains and lesion scores were determined and compared to sham inoculated and challenged, and sham challenged age-matched controls. The 2 laboratory strains and the NC strain were fully cross-protective against each other by both these measures. In contrast, the MD and FL strains induced complete protection only against the homologous strain. Reciprocally, no other strains protected chicks completely against the FL and MD strains. Drug sensitivity studies using 10 different anticoccidial formulations at prescribed drug levels showed significant differences between the 2 laboratory strains and the 3 recently isolated field strains; more recent isolates from commercial broiler houses demonstrated complete or partial resistance to a wider range of anticoccidial compounds. No correlation was seen between cross-protection and sensitivities to anticoccidials. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV GUELPH,ONTARIO VET COLL,DEPT PATHOBIOL,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W2,CANADA. OI Barta, John/0000-0001-6896-2271 NR 21 TC 63 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 27 IS 5 BP 527 EP 533 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00027-1 PG 7 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA XE087 UT WOS:A1997XE08700007 PM 9193946 ER PT J AU Hung, GC Chilton, NB Beveridge, I McDonnell, A Lichtenfels, JR Gasser, RB AF Hung, GC Chilton, NB Beveridge, I McDonnell, A Lichtenfels, JR Gasser, RB TI Molecular delineation of Cylicocyclus nassatus and C-ashworthi (Nematoda: Strongylidae) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cylicocyclus nassatus; Cylicocyclus ashworthi; ribosomal DNA; internal transcribed spacer; PCR linked RFLP; taxonomy ID INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER; RIBOSOMAL DNA-SEQUENCE AB The nucleotide sequences of the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1), 5.8S gene and second internal transcribed spacer (1TS-2) of ribosomal DNA have been determined for Cylicocyclus nassatus, C. ashworthi and C. insignis. Pairwise comparisons revealed sequence differences between the taxa ranging from 3.8 to 6.2% for the ITS-2 and 2.2-2.7% for the ITS-1. For the ITS-1, the level of the sequence difference between C. ashworthi and C. nassatus (2.2%) was equivalent to that between C. nassatus and C. insignis (2.2%), indicating that C. ashworthi and C. nassatus represent separate species. Theoretical restriction maps were constructed from the sequence data, and a polymerase chain reaction-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-linked RFLP) technique was established to unequivocally distinguish C. ashworthi from C. nassatus. (C) 1997 Australian Society for Parasitology. C1 UNIV GLASGOW,SCH VET,DEPT VET PARASITOL,GLASGOW G61 1QH,LANARK,SCOTLAND. ARS,BIOSYSTEMAT & NATL PARASITE COLLECT UNIT,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Hung, GC (reprint author), UNIV MELBOURNE,DEPT VET SCI,WERRIBEE,VIC 3030,AUSTRALIA. NR 12 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 27 IS 5 BP 601 EP 605 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(96)00192-0 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA XE087 UT WOS:A1997XE08700016 PM 9193955 ER PT J AU Friedman, M AF Friedman, M TI Chemistry, biochemistry, and dietary role of potato polyphenols. A review SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE antioxidant; blackspot; browning; browning prevention; chlorogenic acid; food quality; food safety; glycoalkaloids; health; host-plant resistance; nutrition; plant genetics; plant physiology; polyphenol oxidase; polyphenols; potatoes; gamma-radiation; Solanum tuberosum; storage ID CHLOROGENIC ACID CONTENT; CONTAINING AMINO-ACIDS; PULSED AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION; MORNING-GLORY IPOMOEA; SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; PHENOLIC-ACIDS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; SHIKIMATE PATHWAY; BLACKSPOT BRUISE AB Potatoes and other plant foods accumulate a variety of secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, protease inhibitors, and glycoalkaloids, as a protection against adverse effects of mechanical bruising, light, and injury by predators including beetles, fungi, and insects. Since these phytochemicals are consumed by insects, animals, and humans as part of their normal diet, a need exists to develop a better understanding of the role of these compounds in both the plant and the diet. To contribute to this effort, this multidisciplinary overview describes analytical and compositional aspects of phenolic compounds in potatoes; their biosynthesis, molecular genetics, and role in host-plant resistance relationships; bruising-, ferrous ion-, and heat-induced discolorations such as after-cooking blackening and blackspot formation, which affect appearance and sensory properties of potatoes; polyphenol-oxidase-catalyzed enzymatic browning reactions and their prevention by chemical and plant molecular biology techniques; and effects of baking, cooking, microwaving, light, and gamma-radiation on the stability of the major potato polyphenol, chlorogenic acid. Also covered are beneficial effects of phenolic compounds in the diet as antioxidants, antimutagens, anticarcinogens, antiglycemic, and hypocholesterolemic agents; adverse effects on protein nutritional quality; and recommendations for future research. Understanding the biochemical basis of stress-induced formation of polyphenols in plants, the chemistry of their transformations in the plant and in foods, and their functions in plant physiology, food science, nutrition, and health should stimulate interest in maximizing beneficial sensory, nutritional, and health effects of polyphenols in the diet. Such efforts should lead to better foods and improved human health. RP Friedman, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, WESTERN REG RES CTR, 800 BUCHANAN ST, ALBANY, CA 94710 USA. OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 191 TC 294 Z9 308 U1 15 U2 116 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 45 IS 5 BP 1523 EP 1540 DI 10.1021/jf960900s PG 18 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XA028 UT WOS:A1997XA02800002 ER PT J AU Friedman, M Kozukue, N Harden, LA AF Friedman, M Kozukue, N Harden, LA TI Structure of the tomato glycoalkaloid tomatidenol-3-beta-lycotetraose (dehydrotomatine) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carbohydrate analysis; dehydrotomatine; gas chromatography; glycoalkaloids; HPLC; mass spectrometry; tomatidenol; tomatidine; alpha-tomatine; tomatoes ID PULSED AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION; ALPHA-TOMATINE; POTATO GLYCOALKALOIDS; CARBOHYDRATE GROUPS; HPLC; IDENTIFICATION; HYDROLYSIS; SOLANACEAE; CHACONINE AB Experiments were carried out to establish the structure of the monosaccharides comprising the carbohydrate side chain of the tomato glycoalkaloid dehydrotomatine. This was accomplished by (a) isolating dehydrotomatine and alpha-tomatine from commercial tomatine, (b) derivatizing the monosaccharides formed on acid hydrolysis of commercial tomatine, dehydrotomatine, and cl-tomatine to alditol acetates and methylated alditol acetates, and (c) determining the structures of the galactose, glucose, and xylose derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both dehydrotomatine and alpha-tomatine have the same tetrasaccharide side chain. They differ only by the presence in dehydrotomatine of a double bond at carbon atoms 5 and 6 of ring B and its absence in alpha-tomatine. Dehydrotomatine, or tomatidenol-3 beta-lycotetraose, appears to represent a new class of glycoalkaloids in which a lycotetraose carbohydrate side chain is attached to an aglycon containing a double bond. Biosynthetic pathways leading to the formation of dehydrotomatine and a-tomatine and the significance of the results to host-plant resistance and the diet are discussed. C1 KENMEI JR COLL,DEPT HOME ECON,HIMEJI,HYOGO,JAPAN. RP Friedman, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 33 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 45 IS 5 BP 1541 EP 1547 DI 10.1021/jf960875q PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XA028 UT WOS:A1997XA02800003 ER PT J AU Parris, N Coffin, DR AF Parris, N Coffin, DR TI Composition factors affecting the water vapor permeability and tensile properties of hydrophilic zein films SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hydrophilic; film; zein; tensile properties; plasticizer; cross-linking agents; water vapor permeability ID PROTEIN-BASED FILMS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES AB Transparent unplasticized zein films were prepared in aqueous ethanol or acetone. Tensile properties indicated that films prepared in acetone were stronger but less flexible than those prepared in ethanol. Both types of films, however, were too brittle for most applications. Films containing a glycerol:poly(propylene glycol) ratio of 1:3 exhibited elongation values almost fifty times greater than glycerol-plasticized films. Incorporation of cross-linking agents inter zein films resulted in approximately a 2-3-fold increase in tensile strength values. Water vapor barrier properties were best for unplasticized zein films cross-linked with 20% polymeric dialdehyde starch. Incorporation of plasticizer into zein films resulted in an almost doubling in water vapor permeability values. RP Parris, N (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 13 TC 109 Z9 111 U1 3 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 45 IS 5 BP 1596 EP 1599 DI 10.1021/jf960809o PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XA028 UT WOS:A1997XA02800013 ER PT J AU Reeves, JB AF Reeves, JB TI Concatenation of near- and mid-infrared spectra to improve calibrations for determining forage composition SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE NIRS; mid-infrared; forage composition AB The objective of this study was to determine the usefulness of combining near- and mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectra to improve partial least squares calibrations. A set of 174 chlorite-treated feedstuffs were assayed chemically and spectroscopically for fiber, crude protein, lignin, digestibility, and lignin composition. All samples were scanned by diffuse reflectance in the near- and mid-infrared using a Fourier transform spectrometer equipped with a sample transport (to increase the amount of sample scanned) under various instrument configurations. Partial least squares analysis showed little or no improvement in calibration results by combining near- and mid-infrared spectra, although results using both regions together were at times better than those obtained using one of the two regions. In conclusion, results indicated that combining data from the near- and midinfrared spectral regions offers little or no advantage over the use of a single spectral range. RP Reeves, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,NUTRIENT CONSERVAT & METAB LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 45 IS 5 BP 1711 EP 1714 DI 10.1021/jf9604246 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XA028 UT WOS:A1997XA02800035 ER PT J AU Galletti, GC Reeves, JB Bocchini, P Muscarella, CI AF Galletti, GC Reeves, JB Bocchini, P Muscarella, CI TI Compositional differentiation of maize hybrid stovers using analytical pyrolysis and high-performance liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE maize stover; lignin; phenolic; pyrolysis; gas chromatography mass spectrometry; liquid chromatography ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ION-TRAP; LIGNIN; DIGESTIBILITY; PRODUCTS AB Pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PY/GC/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) were carried out on stover samples from ten commercial maize hybrids grown in northern Italy. The objective was to check whether the composition of the cell wall lignin and polysaccharides, as obtained by PY/GC/MS, and the phenolic acid content, as determined by HPLC-ED, were significantly different in the various hybrids. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein content were also determined. Thirty pyrolysis fragments were identified mainly deriving from polysaccharides and lignin. Vanillic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids were quantified by HPLC-ED. Analysis of variance and the Waller-Duncan test showed significant differences in all the examined parameters. Correlations were also found among NDF, PY/GC/MS lignin markers, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids and among vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, and PY/GC/MS lignin markers. C1 USDA,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,NUTRIENT CONSERVAT & METAB LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NATL RES COUNCIL,CTR STUDIO CONSERVAZ FORAGGI,I-40126 BOLOGNA,ITALY. RP Galletti, GC (reprint author), UNIV BOLOGNA,DIPARTIMENTO CHIM G CIAMICIAN,VIA SELMI 2,I-40126 BOLOGNA,ITALY. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 45 IS 5 BP 1715 EP 1719 DI 10.1021/jf960483j PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XA028 UT WOS:A1997XA02800036 ER PT J AU Guo, CJ Cao, GH Sofic, E Prior, RL AF Guo, CJ Cao, GH Sofic, E Prior, RL TI High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with coulometric array detection of electroactive components in fruits and vegetables: Relationship to oxygen radical absorbance capacity SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fruit; vegetable; antioxidant; phenolic acid; flavonoid; anthocyanin ID ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASES; ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; FLAVONOID COMPOUNDS; PHENOLIC-ACIDS; ANTIOXIDANTS; IDENTIFICATION; CONSUMPTION; BEVERAGES; MORTALITY AB An HPLC procedure utilizing reversed-phase chromatography coupled with a coulometric array detection system was developed for the characterization of overall antioxidant status in fruits and vegetables. The method was reliable and sensitive (20 pg to 1 ng detection limit) and can also be used to identify and simultaneously quantify multi-antioxidants including vitamin C, glutathione, phenolic acids, and flavonoids in fruits and vegetables. Each fruit and vegetable aqueous extract showed an unique distribution of chromatographic peaks that could serve as a ''fingerprint'' for the fruit or vegetable. A significant positive linear correlation was demonstrated in fruit and vegetable aqueous extracts between the total antioxidant activities determined by using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC(ROO).) assay and the electrochemical data generated from the coulometric array detectors. From these data, the ORAC(ROO). assay appears to be a valid and useful procedure for measuring total antioxidant activity in extracts of fruits and vegetables. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,ARS,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT NUTR SCI,STORRS,CT 06269. NR 34 TC 139 Z9 149 U1 14 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 45 IS 5 BP 1787 EP 1796 DI 10.1021/jf960786d PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XA028 UT WOS:A1997XA02800049 ER PT J AU Pierpoint, AC Hapeman, CJ Torrents, A AF Pierpoint, AC Hapeman, CJ Torrents, A TI Kinetics and mechanism of amitraz hydrolysis SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE amitraz; hydrolysis; pesticide waste; dip-vats ID XYLENE AB As a precursor to the development of effective vat management and waste disposal strategies, the kinetics and basic mechanisms of amitraz, N'-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-[[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)imino]- methyl]-N-methylmethanimidamide, hydrolysis were examined as was the effect of cosolvents and metal ions. Amitraz was readily hydrolyzed at low pH values, forming acid-stable 2,4-dimethylphenylformamide, which can be further hydrolyzed to 2,4-dimethylaniline. The hydrolysis of 2,4-dimethylphenylformamide was faster under basic conditions. Thus, the addition of lime, a management technique used to stabilize the amitraz, will enhance the hydrolysis of its degradation products to aniline. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,ENVIRONM ENGN PROGRAM,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,NAT RESOURCES INST,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 45 IS 5 BP 1937 EP 1939 DI 10.1021/jf970049x PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XA028 UT WOS:A1997XA02800074 ER PT J AU Sewalt, VJH Ni, WT Jung, HG Dixon, RA AF Sewalt, VJH Ni, WT Jung, HG Dixon, RA TI Lignin impact on fiber degradation: Increased enzymatic digestibility of genetically engineered tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) stems reduced in lignin content SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lignin; genetic engineering; digestibility; tobacco ID ACID O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; DOWN-REGULATION; CELL-WALLS; BIOSYNTHESIS; GENE; DELIGNIFICATION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; DEGRADABILITY; EXPRESSION AB Cell wall digestibility, lignin content, and lignin composition were analyzed in transgenic tobacco altered in the expression of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic enzymes caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Reduction of COMT activity by antisense technology resulted in reduced lignin content accompanied by an increased syringyl (S)/guaiacyl (G) monomer ratio, as determined by pyrolysis/GC/MS and measurement of lignin methoxyl content by wet chemistry. These results resemble those obtained by reduction of flux of lignin precursors into the phenylpropanoid pathway by PAL suppression, which results in drastically reduced lignin with sharply increased methoxyl content. Enzymatic digestibility of cell walls from stem internodes was improved in the transgenic lines and was highly negatively correlated with lignin concentration (r = -0.97). Although lignin composition was also affected, lignin concentration was the overriding factor influencing cell wall digestibility. The results provide a basis for new strategies for lignin modification to improve digestibility of forages. C1 SAMUEL ROBERTS NOBLE FDN INC, DIV PLANT BIOL, ARDMORE, OK 73402 USA. UNIV MINNESOTA, USDA ARS, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. NR 49 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 45 IS 5 BP 1977 EP 1983 DI 10.1021/jf9609690 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XA028 UT WOS:A1997XA02800082 ER PT J AU Holtzapple, CK Buckley, SA Stanker, LH AF Holtzapple, CK Buckley, SA Stanker, LH TI Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against sarafloxacin and cross-reactivity studies of related fluoroquinolones SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sarafloxacin; fluoroquinolone; ELISA; immunoassay ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; URINE; AFLATOXIN-M1; ALKALOIDS; RESIDUES; TISSUES; ELISA AB Monoclonal antibodies were developed that bind sarafloxacin, a fluoroquinolone approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use against Escherichia coli in poultry. Splenacytes from mice immunized with a bovine serum albumin-sarafloxacin conjugate were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells, and hybridomas secreting antibodies against sarafloxacin were selected and cloned. An enzyme-linked immunoassay was developed, and 50% inhibition of control values ranged from 7.3 to 48.3 ppb using sarafloxacin as the competitor. Tissue samples were spiked with sarafloxacin, and the average percent recoveries at 10, 50, and 100 ppb were 132, 78, and 81%, respectively. Monoclonal antibodies exhibiting high relative affinity for sarafloxacin were also characterized for their ability to detect five structurally related quinolones. The specificity and cross-reactivities of these antibodies are discussed in relation to three-dimensional, computer-generated molecular models of the fluoroquinolones. RP Holtzapple, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,2881 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 27 TC 52 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 45 IS 5 BP 1984 EP 1990 DI 10.1021/jf960754q PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XA028 UT WOS:A1997XA02800083 ER PT J AU Zhu, H Dexter, RW Fox, RD Reichard, DL Brazee, RD Ozkan, HE AF Zhu, H Dexter, RW Fox, RD Reichard, DL Brazee, RD Ozkan, HE TI Effects of polymer composition and viscosity on droplet size of recirculated spray solutions SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POROUS-MEDIA; ADJUVANTS; VELOCITY; DRIFT; FLOWS AB Twelve polymers used in commercial drift retardants were tested to determine shearing effect on physical properties and sprayed droplet size distributions. Shear was applied with a shear test stand which simulated agricultural sprayers. Polymers included polyethylene oxides, polyacrylamides, and a polysaccharide, with a range of molecular weights, anionicities and concentrations. Samples of solutions containing distilled water and polymer were taken after 0, 1.0, 2.3, 3.9, 6.4 and 11.4 passes through the test stand. Size distributions of samples sprayed through a hat fan nozzle were measured. Droplet sizes of all samples decreased as recirculation increased. Increasing concentration and molecular weight increased droplet sizes of unsheared spray samples for non-ionic and anionic polymers. After 2.3 recirculations, non-ionic polymer-solutions with different concentrations and molecular weights showed D-V0.5 values little greater than water alone. Shearing also reduced D-V0.5 of anionic polymer-solutions, but even after maximum shearing, D-V0.5 remained greater than water spray. Extensional viscosity (r(2) = 0.78) and screen factor, a simple method of estimating extensional viscosity, (r(2) = 0.72) were well correlated with spray D-V0.5 values for all polymer samples. Most polymer based drift retardants lose effectiveness after recirculation through agricultural sprayers: these results showed that degradation varies greatly with polymer type. (C) 1997 Silsoe Research Institute. C1 AMER CYANAMID CO,PRINCETON,NJ 08543. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,USDA ARS,APPLICAT TECHNOL RES UNIT,WOOSTER,OH 44691. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD AGR & BIOL ENGN,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP Zhu, H (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT FOOD AGR & BIOL ENGN,WOOSTER,OH 44691, USA. NR 29 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0021-8634 J9 J AGR ENG RES JI J. Agr. Eng. Res. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 67 IS 1 BP 35 EP 45 DI 10.1006/jaer.1997.0151 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA XJ435 UT WOS:A1997XJ43500004 ER PT J AU Reeves, JB Francis, BA AF Reeves, JB Francis, BA TI Pyrolysis-gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry for the analysis of forages and by-products SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis CY OCT 14-18, 1996 CL UNIV VENICE, AULA MAGNA, VENICE, ITALY HO UNIV VENICE, AULA MAGNA DE feedstuffs; PY-GC/MS; forage ID LIGNIN DETERMINATION RESIDUES; CURIE-POINT PYROLYSIS; ION-TRAP DETECTION; FIBER FRACTIONS; SODIUM-CHLORITE; BIO-POLYMER; C-13 NMR; SPECTRA; LIGNOCELLULOSICS; DIGESTIBILITY AB Forages and by-products, such as stovers and hulls, are important ruminant feedstuffs. Considerable effort is expended on composition determination, including research to better understand the relationship between composition and utilization by ruminants. Most of the procedures used are empirical in nature and make such determinations difficult at best. For example, the primary procedures used to determine a forage's potential feeding value are based on fiber determinations using extractive procedures. While it is possible to chemically analyze feedstuffs in a non-empirical fashion, the analyses required are so time consuming and extensive as to be generally impractical. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PY-GC/MS), on the other hand, is simple to carry out and generates no waste, while being capable of simultaneously providing information on the composition of many or all of the feedstuff constituents. Research has demonstrated that PY-GC/MS can provide detailed information on constituents such as lignin, tannins, carbohydrates, etc. The information provided has been shown to be useful in determining the basis for wet chemical procedures (i.e. what exactly does a procedure determine), in differentiating subtle differences in composition between varieties of the same plant species, and in comparing the overall composition of one material to another. Finally, PY-GC/MS can be a tremendous tool for the determination of forage and by-product composition which has until now been largely ignored by animal nutritionists and forage researchers. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Reeves, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,NCML,BLDG 200,RM 218,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 58 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2370 J9 J ANAL APPL PYROL JI J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis PD MAY PY 1997 VL 40-1 BP 243 EP 265 DI 10.1016/S0165-2370(97)00010-7 PG 23 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA XL738 UT WOS:A1997XL73800018 ER PT J AU Wall, RJ Hyman, P Kerr, D Pintado, B Wells, K AF Wall, RJ Hyman, P Kerr, D Pintado, B Wells, K TI Transgenic animal technology SO JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY LA English DT Review ID TRANSMISSION; CELLS C1 INST NACL INVEST AGRON,CTR INVEST & TECNOL,AREA REPROD ANIM,MADRID,SPAIN. RP Wall, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BLDG 200,RM 16,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Pintado, Belen/N-3233-2014 OI Pintado, Belen/0000-0002-8485-2520 NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANDROLOGY, INC PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS, INC PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0196-3635 J9 J ANDROL JI J. Androl. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 18 IS 3 BP 236 EP 239 PG 4 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA XF813 UT WOS:A1997XF81300002 PM 9203049 ER PT J AU RodriguezAlmeida, FA VanVleck, LD Gregory, KE AF RodriguezAlmeida, FA VanVleck, LD Gregory, KE TI Estimation of direct and maternal breed effects for prediction of expected progeny differences for birth and weaning weights in three multibreed populations SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE breeds; crossbreeding; beef cattle ID BRAHMAN BEEF-CATTLE; PREWEANING TRAITS; ANIMAL-MODEL; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; POLLED HEREFORD; GENETIC GROUPS; HETEROSIS; GROWTH; LIMOUSIN; DIALLEL AB Direct and maternal breed effects on birth and 200-d weights were estimated for nine parental breeds (Hereford [H], Angus [A], Braunvieh [B], Limousin [L], Charolais [C], Simmental [S], Gelbvieh [G], Red Poll [R], and Pinzgauer [P]) that contributed to three composite populations (MARC I = 1/4B, 1/4C, 1/4L, 1/8H, 1/8A; MARC II = 1/4G, 1/4S, 1/4H, 1/4A; and MARC III = 1/4R, 1/4P, 1/8H, 1/4A). Records from each population, the composite plus pure breeds and crosses used to create each composite, were analyzed separately. The animal model included fixed effects of contemporary group (birth year-sex-dam age), proportions of individual and maternal heterosis and breed inheritance as covariates, and random effects of additive direct genetic (a) and additive maternal genetic (m) with covariance (a,m), permanent environment, and residual. Sampling correlations among estimates of genetic fixed effects were large, especially between direct and maternal heterosis and between direct and maternal breed genetic effects for the same breed, which were close to -1. This resulted in some large estimates with opposite sign and large standard errors for direct and maternal breed genetic effects. Data from a diallel experiment with H, A, B, and R breeds, from grading up and from a top cross experiment were required to separate breed effects satisfactorily into direct and maternal genetic effects. Results indicate that estimation of direct and maternal breed effects needed to predict hybrid EPD for multibreed populations from field data may not be possible. Information from designed crossbreeding experiments will need to be incorporated in some way. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP RodriguezAlmeida, FA (reprint author), UNIV AUTONOMA CHIHUAHUA,FAC ZOOTECNIA,APDO POSTAL 4-28,CHIHUAHUA 31031,MEXICO. NR 18 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 75 IS 5 BP 1203 EP 1212 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XA566 UT WOS:A1997XA56600004 PM 9159266 ER PT J AU Gregory, KE Bennett, GL VanVleck, LD Echternkamp, SE Cundiff, LV AF Gregory, KE Bennett, GL VanVleck, LD Echternkamp, SE Cundiff, LV TI Genetic and environmental parameters for ovulation rate, twinning rate, and weight traits in a cattle population selected for twinning SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; twinning; weight; selection; genetic trend ID COMPOSITE BEEF-CATTLE; PHENOTYPIC (CO)VARIANCES; ANIMAL-MODEL; SURVIVAL AB A project was implemented in 1981 with the objective of increasing twinning rate in cattle. Daughters of foundation sires had twin calves at a frequency of from 8 to 13%, and foundation females had twin calves at an average frequency of 50%. Data were analyzed on twinning rate, ovulation rate, and weight traits. The h(2) of ovulation rate increased from .11 to .38 for a single estrous cycle to the mean of eight estrous cycles. From all data, h(2) for single observation of ovulation rate and twinning rate were .10 and .09, respectively. The r(g) between them was .75. The h(2) of weight traits ranged from .42 to .54 when weight traits were analyzed pair-wise with ovulation rate and with twinning rate. The r(g) between weight traits with ovulation rate ranged from .15 to .30 and with twinning rate ranged from .24 to .39. Phenotypic mean twinning rate increased from 1.07 to 1.29 calves per parturition for females born 1981 through 1993, and adjusted mean predicted breeding value (PBV) increased from 1.07 to 1.33 calves per parturition. Phenotypic mean ovulation. rate for fall of 1984 through fall 1994 birth groups increased from 1.11 to 1.26 per estrous cycle, and adjusted mean PBV for ovulation rate increased from 1.11 to 1.29 per estrous. cycle. Because of the high r(g) (i.e., .75) between ovulation rate and twinning rate, and because of a h(2) of .35 for ovulation rate for the mean of six estrous cycles, repeated records of ovulation rate in puberal heifers is an effective indirect selection criterion for twinning rate. The positive r(g) between growth traits and ovulation and twinning rate suggest the need for some compromise when the selection goal is increased twinning rate with no increase in growth and size. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP Gregory, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 20 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 75 IS 5 BP 1213 EP 1222 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XA566 UT WOS:A1997XA56600005 PM 9159267 ER PT J AU Burns, JC Pond, KR Fisher, DS Luginbuhl, JM AF Burns, JC Pond, KR Fisher, DS Luginbuhl, JM TI Changes in forage quality, ingestive mastication, and digesta kinetics resulting from switchgrass maturity SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE plant fiber; fiber quality; diet; particle size analysis ID NUTRITIVE-VALUE; PARTICLE-SIZE; DIGESTIBILITY; PASSAGE; CATTLE; RUMEN; PERFORMANCE; MATTER; MARKER; MODELS AB Five maturities of switchgrass hay harvested at 14-d intervals (vegetative through 20% heading) were fed to Hereford steers (297 kg) in a 5 x 5 Latin square. Relationships with switchgrass maturity were negative and quadratic (P < .05) for DMI and cubic (P < .05) for digestible DMI. Declines in apparent digestibilities of DM, ADF, and cellulose were cubic (P < .05), whereas these were quadratic (P < .05) for NDF, hemicellulose, and CP. Whole masticates from the least, mid, and most mature hays showed linear (P < .05) declines in DM concentration and IVDMD with increasing maturity, whereas NDF concentrations increased linearly (P < .05). Mean retention time of gastrointestinal DM increased linearly (P < .01) from 64 to 94 h from the least to the most mature hay, and the associated rate of passage declined linearly (P < .01) from 3.3 to 2.1% h. Sieving of masticate DM showed a reduced proportion of large particles (greater than or equal to 2.8 mm) and an increased proportion of small particles (less than or equal to .5 mm) with advancing forage maturity. More than 94% of the sieved fecal DM passed a 1.0-mm sieve, but particle sizes showed the same relationship with forage maturity as noted for masticate DM. This occurred despite the comminution from the rumination and digestive processes. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI & FOOD TECHNOL,LUBBOCK,TX 79409. RP Burns, JC (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 28 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 75 IS 5 BP 1368 EP 1379 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XA566 UT WOS:A1997XA56600025 PM 9159287 ER PT J AU Huhtanen, P Brotz, PG Satter, LD AF Huhtanen, P Brotz, PG Satter, LD TI Omasal sampling technique for assessing fermentative digestion in the forestomach of dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE omasum; digesta; digestibility markers; dairy cows; cannulas ID GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT FUNCTION; SHEEP; RUMEN; FLOW; ABOMASUM; NITROGEN; PROTEIN; PASSAGE; MARKERS; CATTLE AB A procedure allowing digesta sampling from the omasum via a ruminal cannula without repeated entry into the omasum was developed. The sampling system consisted of a device inserted into the omasum via the ruminal cannula, a tube connecting the device to the ruminal cannula, and a single compressor/vacuum pump. Eight cows given ad libitum access to a total mixed diet were used in a crossover design to evaluate the effects of the sampling system on digestive activity, animal performance, and animal behavior. Results indicated that the omasal sampling system has minimal effect on normal digestive and productive functions of high-producing dairy cows. Dry matter intake was reduced (24.0 vs 21.8 kg/d; P < .02) and seemed related more to the sampling procedures than to the device in the omasum. Observations of animal behavior indicated that cows with the sampling device were similar to control cows, although rumination and total chewing times were reduced slightly. The composition of digesta samples was biased toward an over-abundance of the liquid phase, but using a double-marker system to calculate digesta flow resulted in fairly small coefficients of variation for measurements of ruminal digestion variables. This technique may prove useful for partitioning digestion between the fermentative portion of the forestomach and the lower gastrointestinal tract. The omasal sampling procedure requires less surgical intervention than the traditional methods using abomasal or duodenal cannulas as sampling sites to study forestomach digestion and avoids potentially confounding endogenous secretions of the abomasum. RP Huhtanen, P (reprint author), ARS,USDA,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 52 TC 95 Z9 99 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 75 IS 5 BP 1380 EP 1392 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XA566 UT WOS:A1997XA56600026 PM 9159288 ER PT J AU Sharpless, KE Schiller, SB Margolis, SA Thomas, JB Iyengar, GV Colbert, JC Gills, TE Wise, SA AF Sharpless, KE Schiller, SB Margolis, SA Thomas, JB Iyengar, GV Colbert, JC Gills, TE Wise, SA TI Certification of nutrients in Standard Reference Material 1846: Infant formula SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB In 1996, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) released Standard Reference Material 1846 (Infant Formula), which can be used as a control material for assigning values to in-house control materials and for validating analytical methods for measurement of proximates, vitamins, and minerals in infant formula and similar matrixes. The SRM was manufactured by preparing a spray-dried formula base containing fat, protein, carbohydrates, and minerals and then combining that formula base with a dry-blend vitamin premix that supplied the vitamins. The Certificate of Analysis for SRM 1846 provides assigned values for concentrations of proximates (fat, protein, etc.), vitamins, and minerals for which product labeling is required by the Infant Formula Act of 1980 and by the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990. These assigned values were based on agreement of measurements by NIST and/or collaborating laboratories. Certified values are provided for vitamins A (trans), E, C, B-2, and B-6 and niacin. Noncertified values are provided for solids, ash, fat, nitrogen, protein, carbohydrate, calories, vitamin D, delta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, Vitamin B-1, vitamin B-12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, inositol, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, sodium, potassium, and chloride. Information values are provided for iodine, manganese, selenium, and vitamin K. C1 US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Sharpless, KE (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 15 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 5 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAY-JUN PY 1997 VL 80 IS 3 BP 611 EP 621 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XA023 UT WOS:A1997XA02300019 PM 9170657 ER PT J AU Buchanan, RL Golden, MH Phillips, JG AF Buchanan, RL Golden, MH Phillips, JG TI Expanded models for the non-thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID CONCENTRATION; NONTHERMAL INACTIVATION; SODIUM LACTATE; MEAT-PRODUCTS; LACTIC-ACID; PH; SURVIVAL; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; FATE AB Previously developed four-variable response surface models for describing the effects of temperature, pH/lactic acid, sodium chloride and sodium nitrite on the time to achieve a 4-log, non-thermal inactivation (t(4D)) of Listeria monocytogenes in aerobic, acidic environments were expanded to five-variable models that distinguish the effects of pH and acidulant concentration. A total of 18 new variable combinations were evaluated and the inactivation kinetics data appended onto a consolidation of two data sets from earlier studies. The consolidated data set, which included 315 inactivation curves representing 209 unique combinations of the five variables, was analysed by response surface analysis. The quadratic model without backward elimination regression was selected for further evaluation. Three additional quadratic models were generated using the concentrations of undissociated lactic and/or nitrous acids as variables in place of percentage lactic acid and sodium nitrite concentration. Comparison of predicted t(4D) values against literature values for various food systems indicated that the models provide reasonable initial estimates of the inactivation of L. monocytogenes. The models based on the concentration of undissociated lactic and nitrous acids support the hypothesis that antimicrobial activity is associated with this form of the compounds. Evaluation of several examples suggests that these models may be useful for predicting the equivalent of the compounds' 'minimal inhibitory concentrations' for accelerating inactivation under various conditions. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,N ATLANTIC AREA OFF,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. RP Buchanan, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 29 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 4 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1997 VL 82 IS 5 BP 567 EP 577 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1997.tb02865.x PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA WZ801 UT WOS:A1997WZ80100004 PM 9172398 ER EF