FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Ullah, AHJ Mullaney, EJ AF Ullah, AHJ Mullaney, EJ TI Disulfide bonds are necessary for structure and activity in Aspergillus ficuum phytase SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID OPTIMUM ACID-PHOSPHATASE; PRIMARY STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION; SUBSTRATE SELECTIVITY; NIGER FICUUM; GENE; SEQUENCE; PURIFICATION; SITE; OVEREXPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION AB The function of disulfide bonds in Aspergillus ficuum phytase was elucidated by unfolding studies, using guanidinium hydrochloride (Gu.HCl) as denaturant. Although the enzyme is totally inactivated by 0.8 M Gu.HCl, at pH 5.0, the active conformation is instantaneously restored by 0.6 M Gu.HCl, at pH 5.0. Conditions which would permit refolding of phytase are completely negated by 10 mM beta-mercaptoethanol and causes its catalytic demise at pH 7.5. Assay of free thiols using Ellman's reagent indicates that none of the thiols in the ten cysteines in phytase are free; five disulfide bonds were predicted for the enzyme. Sequence comparison of mold phytases and yeast acid phosphatases indicates four conserved cysteines. Thus, disulfide bonds play an important role in the folding of fungal phytase; any perturbation of the process of its formation causes an altered three-dimensional structure that is inconsistent with catalytic activity. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP Ullah, AHJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124, USA. NR 19 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD OCT 14 PY 1996 VL 227 IS 2 BP 311 EP 317 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1506 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA VP321 UT WOS:A1996VP32100001 PM 8878514 ER PT J AU Hampson, JW Bleam, WF AF Hampson, JW Bleam, WF TI Thermoanalytical studies of water on activated alumina, Brockmann I-V, (acid, neutral, basic) from -60 degrees to +700 degrees C SO THERMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE alumina; Brockmann; thermoanalytical; soil; oxides AB Iron and aluminum oxides, which are found in most soils, interact with soil contaminants in a manner depending on soil acidity and water content of the soil. It is important, therefore, to know how acidity and water content affect these oxides. A thermoanalytical study of activated aluminum oxides of three acidities and water concentrations corresponding to Brockmann activity I-V showed that three types of water could be detected on the aluminum oxide, namely free water, pore water, and bound water. Neutral and basic aluminum oxide apparently underwent hydration easily to form the mineral bayerite or gibbsite but acid aluminum oxide required a higher temperature and a longer reaction time for hydration. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT SOIL SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Hampson, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-6031 J9 THERMOCHIM ACTA JI Thermochim. Acta PD OCT 10 PY 1996 VL 288 IS 1-2 BP 179 EP 189 DI 10.1016/S0040-6031(96)03054-7 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA VV100 UT WOS:A1996VV10000016 ER PT J AU Yu, XC Houtman, C Atalla, RH AF Yu, XC Houtman, C Atalla, RH TI The complex of amylose and iodine SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE amylose; polyiodide; pentaiodide; triiodide; iodide; iodine ID RESONANCE RAMAN; STARCH FRACTIONS; TRIIODIDE IONS; BLUE COLOR; SPECTRA; POLYIODIDES AB The organization of polyiodide chains in the amylose-iodine complex was investigated by a Raman spectroscopy, by UV/vis, and by second-derivative UV/vis spectroscopies complemented by semiempirical calculations based on a simple structural model. The Raman spectra indicate that the primary substructures of the polyiodide chains are I-3(-) and I-5(-) sub-units. The second derivatives of the UV/vis spectra reveal four absorption peaks that can be attributed to the four polyiodide species I-9(3-), I-11(3-), I-13(3-) and I-15(3-) on the basis of AMI calculations and a polyiodide structural is model. In an amylose-iodine-iodide solution, the polyiodides within the amylose helices exist in equilibrium with iodine and iodide, Changing the iodide concentration causes changes in the relative population of the different polyiodide chains and their substructures. The change in population of the various polyiodide species is accompanied by a corresponding shift in the positions of the UV/vis absorption maxima. The Raman spectra reflect parallel changes in the population of the I-3(-) and I-5(-) subunits. The proposed polyiodide chain lengths are consistent with previously reported observations concerning changes in the color characteristics of iodine-amylose complexes with the length of the amylose molecule up to a dp between 40 and 50. (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Yu, XC (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT CHEM ENGN,1415 JOHNSON DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. RI Houtman, Carl/I-4469-2012 NR 37 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD OCT 4 PY 1996 VL 292 BP 129 EP 141 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA VK403 UT WOS:A1996VK40300012 ER PT J AU Jacobs, JM Jacobs, NJ Kuhn, CB Gorman, N Dayan, FE Duke, SO Sinclair, JF AF Jacobs, JM Jacobs, NJ Kuhn, CB Gorman, N Dayan, FE Duke, SO Sinclair, JF TI Oxidation of porphyrinogens by horseradish peroxidase and formation of a green pyrrole pigment SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID DIPHENYL ETHER HERBICIDES; UROPORPHYRINOGEN; CELLS AB When humans or plants are exposed to certain chemicals which interfere with heme biosynthetic enzymes, porphyrinogen intermediates accumulate and are oxidized to cytotoxic porphyrins. Here rye have investigated the role of peroxidases in porphyrinogen oxidation. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) rapidly oxidizes uroporphyrinogen to uroporphyrin and this is inhibited by ascorbic acid. HRP also oxidizes deuteroporphyrinogen (a synthetic porphyrin similar to protoporphyrinogen), but the yield of porphyrin is lower than with uroporphyrinogen as substrate. This low yield is in part due to a rapid, HRP-dependent conversion of deuteroporphyrin (but not uroporphyrin) to a green compound with spectral characteristics of a chlorin with a large peak at 638 nm. This reaction requires addition of a sulfhydryl reductant such as glutathione and is inhibited by ascorbic acid. These findings suggest that cellular peroxidases and ascorbic acid levels may play a role in modifying the phototoxic tetrapyrroles which accumulate in plants and humans after certain environmental exposures. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 DARTMOUTH COLL SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,HANOVER,NH 03755. DARTMOUTH COLL SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM & PHARMACOL TOXICOL,HANOVER,NH 03755. VET ADM MED CTR,WHITE RIVER JCT,VT 05009. USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES 06263] NR 14 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD OCT 3 PY 1996 VL 227 IS 1 BP 195 EP 199 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1488 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA VL840 UT WOS:A1996VL84000031 PM 8858124 ER PT J AU Lee, EK Kehrli, ME Dietz, AB Bosworth, BT Reinhardt, TA AF Lee, EK Kehrli, ME Dietz, AB Bosworth, BT Reinhardt, TA TI Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding bovine intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3) SO GENE LA English DT Article DE recombinant DNA; PCR; lymphocyte; integrin ligand; ICAM ID CELLULAR-DISTRIBUTION; COUNTER-RECEPTOR; LFA-1; ANTIGEN; LIGAND AB A cDNA encoding a putative bovine intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-3, a ligand of the leukocyte integrin LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18), was sequenced and compared with human ICAM sequences. The 1635-bp bovine sequence codes for a protein of 544 amino acids (aa). This putative bovine ICAM-3 has five immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains similar to human ICAM-1 and ICAM-3, and belongs to the Ig gene superfamily. The overall identities of the deduced aa sequence with those of human ICAM-3 and ICAM-1 are 61% and 58%, respectively. The predicted number and positions of Cys residues are all conserved between the bovine and human ICAM 3 aa sequences. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL IMMUNOL & PREVENT MED,AMES,IA 50010. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,PHYSIOPATHOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RI Dietz, Allan/H-7414-2015; Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Dietz, Allan/0000-0003-3410-9621; Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 10 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1119 J9 GENE JI Gene PD OCT 3 PY 1996 VL 174 IS 2 BP 311 EP 313 DI 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00082-0 PG 3 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA VM929 UT WOS:A1996VM92900021 PM 8890753 ER PT J AU Levy, M Fletcher, M Moody, M Cory, D Corbitt, W Borowiecki, C Gries, D Heidingsfelder, J Oglesby, A Butwin, J Ewert, D Bixler, D Barrett, B Laurie, K Muniz, E Steele, G Baldonti, A Williamson, B Layton, M Kornstein, L Griffin, E Cambridge, M Fogg, N Guzewich, J Root, T Morse, D Wagoner, J Deasey, M Miller, K AF Levy, M Fletcher, M Moody, M Cory, D Corbitt, W Borowiecki, C Gries, D Heidingsfelder, J Oglesby, A Butwin, J Ewert, D Bixler, D Barrett, B Laurie, K Muniz, E Steele, G Baldonti, A Williamson, B Layton, M Kornstein, L Griffin, E Cambridge, M Fogg, N Guzewich, J Root, T Morse, D Wagoner, J Deasey, M Miller, K TI Outbreaks of Salmonella serotype enteritidis infection associated with consumption of raw shell eggs - United States, 1994-1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 45, pg 735-742, 1996) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 VANDERBURGH CTY HLTH DEPT,EVANSVILLE,IN. INDIANA STATE DEPT HLTH,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,NEW YORK,NY. SUFFOLK CTY HLTH DEPT,HAUPPAUGE,NY. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR COMMUNICABLE DIS CONTROL,NEW YORK,NY 10013. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR LABS,NEW YORK,NY 10013. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR ENVIRONM INVEST,NEW YORK,NY 10013. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR COMMUNITY SANITAT & FOOD PROTECT,NEW YORK,NY 10013. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,WADSWORTH CTR LABS & RES,NEW YORK,NY 10013. NEW YORK STATE DEPT AGR & MARKETS,ALBANY,NY 12235. PENN DEPT HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL,HARRISBURG,PA 17108. US FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC. US FDA,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. CDC,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. PENN DEPT AGR,HARRISBURG,PA 17110. RP Levy, M (reprint author), DIST COLUMBIA COMMISS PUBL HLTH,BUR EPIDEMIOL & DIS CONTROL,WASHINGTON,DC, USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 2 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 13 BP 1017 EP & PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VK035 UT WOS:A1996VK03500004 ER PT J AU Stevens, GL Willers, JL Sequeira, RA Gerard, PD AF Stevens, GL Willers, JL Sequeira, RA Gerard, PD TI Analysis of deterministic simulation model performance using non-replicated factorial two-level experiments SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article AB The usefulness of deterministic simulation models has increased in agricultural applications. This increase must be matched with the use of analytical tools that can verify and validate their performance and help interpret their output. Values of model input variables can be selected by the analyst and are analogous to the concept of factors in conventional experiments. However, deterministic models cannot produce independent replications of selected input variables; many statistical analysis procedures cannot therefore be utilized. Consequently, this presentation describes the use of techniques applicable to the analysis of unreplicated, two-level factorial experiments. It is demonstrated that these concepts are a solution to the problem of how to evaluate deterministic simulation model performance and analyse deterministic simulation experiments. Copyright (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 UNIV MISSOURI,PORTAGEVILLE,MO. ARS,USDA,CROP SIMULAT RES UNIT,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD OCT-NOV PY 1996 VL 52 IS 2-3 BP 293 EP 315 DI 10.1016/0308-521X(96)00007-8 PG 23 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA VR220 UT WOS:A1996VR22000007 ER PT J AU Timlin, DJ Pachepsky, YA Acock, B Whisler, F AF Timlin, DJ Pachepsky, YA Acock, B Whisler, F TI Indirect estimation of soil hydraulic properties to predict soybean yield using GLYCIM SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID WATER CHARACTERISTICS; LIMITED DATA; TEXTURE; CONDUCTIVITY; PARAMETERS; MANAGEMENT AB GLYCIM, a mechanistic model of soybean (Glycine Max L.) growth and development, requires soil hydraulic parameters as input, These data are usually not readily available. The objective of this study was to compare yields calculated with measured hydraulic properties to those calculated with hydraulic properties estimated from soil texture and bulk density. We reviewed estimation methods and chose two methods to estimate a soil moisture release function and two methods to obtain saturated hydraulic conductivity. Both methods use soil texture and bulk density as predictors. Soil water retention predicted by these methods correlated well with measured soil water retention whereas the estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity was poor. Soybean yields were simulated using GLYCIM with and without irrigation for seven locations in Mississippi, USA, using seven years of weather records. Simulated yields were affected more by the method of estimating the moisture release curve than by the method of estimating saturated hydraulic conductivity. The average simulated yields from estimated properties were higher than those from measured properties because estimated water retention provided more available water. Correlation between yields simulated using measured and estimated hydraulic properties was higher under non-irrigated conditions than with irrigation. Averaging yields over years with different weather conditions greatly improved the correlations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 DUKE UNIV, DEPT BOT, DURHAM, NC 27708 USA. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV, DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI, MISSISSIPPI STATE, MS 39762 USA. RP Timlin, DJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA,SYST RES LAB,BLDG 007,RM 008, BARC W, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 51 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD OCT-NOV PY 1996 VL 52 IS 2-3 BP 331 EP 353 DI 10.1016/0308-521X(96)00001-7 PG 23 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA VR220 UT WOS:A1996VR22000009 ER PT J AU Hutmacher, RB Ayars, JE Vail, SS Bravo, AD Dettinger, D Schoneman, RA AF Hutmacher, RB Ayars, JE Vail, SS Bravo, AD Dettinger, D Schoneman, RA TI Uptake of shallow groundwater by cotton: Growth stage, groundwater salinity effects in column lysimeters SO AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE groundwater; shallow groundwater; groundwater uptake; salinity; water table; cotton; evapotranspiration ID WATER-TABLE; CROP; IRRIGATION AB A 3-year column lysimeter experiment was conducted with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to determine the influence of shallow groundwater salinity on groundwater uptake. Nonsaline (0.3 dS m(-1)) irrigation water was applied at 7-day intervals throughout the growing season, with the cotton allowed to use stored soil water and groundwater as root water uptake permitted. Groundwater salinities ranging from 0.3 dS m(-1) electrical conductivity (EC(w)) to 30.8 dS m(-1) were evaluated. Water for leaching was applied following harvest each year in amounts adequate to produce a nonsaline soil profile at the beginning of each year. Equations were developed to describe relationships between day of year, growth stage or growing degree days and shallow groundwater uptake. Groundwater contributed about 30 to 42% of seasonal total evapotranspiration (ET) in treatments with groundwater salinity less than or equal to 20 dS m(-1) but declined to 12 to 19% of total ET at higher salinity levels. RP Hutmacher, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS,WATER MANAGEMENT RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 23 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3774 J9 AGR WATER MANAGE JI Agric. Water Manage. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 205 EP 223 DI 10.1016/0378-3774(96)01246-2 PG 19 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA VT608 UT WOS:A1996VT60800004 ER PT J AU Cox, RL Abel, C Gustafson, E AF Cox, RL Abel, C Gustafson, E TI A novel use for bees: Controlled pollination of germplasm collections SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 USDA,PLANT INTRO STN,AMES,IA 50010. RP Cox, RL (reprint author), IOWA DEPT AGR & LAND STEWARDSHIP,WALLACE STATE OFF BLDG,DES MOINES,IA 50319, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 136 IS 10 BP 709 EP 712 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VM035 UT WOS:A1996VM03500011 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JO AF Schmidt, JO TI Apitherapy meeting held in the land of milk and honey SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP Schmidt, JO (reprint author), USDA ARS,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 136 IS 10 BP 722 EP 724 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VM035 UT WOS:A1996VM03500016 ER PT J AU Hung, ACF Shimanuki, H Knox, DA AF Hung, ACF Shimanuki, H Knox, DA TI The role of viruses in bee parasitic mite syndrome SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ACUTE PARALYSIS VIRUS; VARROA-JACOBSONI; HONEY BEES; COLONIES; PESTS AB A total of 191 dead adult bees collected from two colonies with bee parasitic mite syndrome (BPMS) were tested for the presence of acute paralysis virus (APV) and Kashmir bee virus (KBV) in immunodiffusion tests. About 62 % of the dead bees tested negative for APV and KBV. Nine of the APV/KBV negative samples were also negative against antisera of nine other bee viruses. No virus particles were found when another 12 negative samples were further examined under the electron microscopy. Therefore, not all dead adult bees in BPMS colony died of viral infections. RP Hung, ACF (reprint author), USDA ARS,BEE RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 17 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 7 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 136 IS 10 BP 731 EP 732 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VM035 UT WOS:A1996VM03500020 ER PT J AU Forman, MR Beecher, GR Muesing, R Lanza, E Olson, B Campbell, WS McAdam, P Raymond, E Schulman, JD Graubard, BI AF Forman, MR Beecher, GR Muesing, R Lanza, E Olson, B Campbell, WS McAdam, P Raymond, E Schulman, JD Graubard, BI TI The fluctuation of plasma carotenoid concentrations by phase of the menstrual cycle: A controlled diet study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE menstrual cycle; carotenoids; lipoproteins; controlled diet ID INDUCED NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION; BREAST-CANCER; VITAMIN-A; LIPOPROTEINS; SEPARATION; RETINOIDS AB This is the first controlled diet study to examine the fluctuation of plasma carotenoids, lipoproteins, and serum hormone concentrations by phase of the menstrual cycle. Nonsmoking, premenopausal women (n = 12) with confirmed ovulatory cycles were given a standard diet with 10 mg total carotenoids/d for two cycles under isoenergetic conditions. Blood was drawn for simultaneous measurement of carotenoids, lipoproteins, and hormones on menses days 1-2, 4-6, 11 through 1 d after the luteinizing hormone surge, and 7-8 d after the surge, representing the menses, early and late follicular, and midluteal phases, respectively. Regression modeling with adjustment for plasma cholesterol concentrations was used to compare mean individual and total plasma carotenoid concentrations by phase of the cycle. Plasma carotenoid concentrations were at their lowest at menses and significantly higher thereafter, except for a-carotene. Compared with plasma concentrations at menses, p-carotene peaked (increased by 9%, P = 0.01) in the late follicular phase. Plasma lutein/zeaxanthin and anhydrolutein concentrations were higher by 8-11% (P less than or equal to 0.006) and by 15-31% (P less than or equal to 0.02), respectively, during the last three phases. Plasma lycopene and phytofluene concentrations peaked (increased by 12%, P = 0.004; and by 21%, P = 0.006, respectively) at the midluteal phase. This cyclic fluctuation may affect the estimation of the plasma carotenoid-disease relation in studies of premenopausal women. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD. GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MED,LIPID RES CLIN LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20037. NICHHD,BETHESDA,MD 20892. GENET & IN VITRO FERTILIZAT INST,FAIRFAX,VA. RP Forman, MR (reprint author), NCI,DIV CANC PREVENT & CONTROL,CPRP,CPSB,EXECUT PLAZA N,SUITE 211,6130 EXECUT BLVD MSC 732,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. NR 32 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 64 IS 4 BP 559 EP 565 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VK569 UT WOS:A1996VK56900005 PM 8839500 ER PT J AU LussierCacan, S Xhignesse, M Piolot, A Selhub, J Davignon, J Genest, J AF LussierCacan, S Xhignesse, M Piolot, A Selhub, J Davignon, J Genest, J TI Plasma total homocysteine in healthy subjects: Sex-specific relation with biological traits SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE total homocysteine; health; folic acid; vitamin B-12; pyridoxal phosphate; creatinine ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; VASCULAR-DISEASE; PYRIDOXAL-PHOSPHATE; FOLATE; HOMOCYST(E)INE; SERUM; VITAMIN-B12; COBALAMIN; COMMON AB Fasting plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration was measured in 380 men and 204 women selected for health on the basis of clinical history, physical examination, and normal results of a biochemical profile. We sought to define tHcy reference values in healthy individuals and to determine relations between tHcy and plasma folic acid, vitamin B-12, and pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B-6) concentrations. Men had significantly higher plasma tHcy than women (9.7 +/- 4.9 compared with 7.6 +/- 4.1 mu mol/L, (x) over bar +/- SD) and lower folate concentrations (8.6 +/- 5.2 compared with 9.8 +/- 6.6 nmol/L, P < 0.05). Significant correlations were found between tHcy and uric acid, creatinine, albumin, folate, and vitamin B-12 concentrations. There was no correlation with age, body mass index, blood pressure, glucose, and total and lipoprotein lipids. When divided in quartiles of vitamin concentrations, subjects with the lowest vitamin B-12 and folate values had significantly higher tHcy concentrations than those in the other three quartiles. Interestingly, after exclusion of subjects in the lowest quartiles of folate and vitamin B-12 concentration, correlations between tHcy and vitamin concentrations were no longer observed, except for vitamin B-12 in men. Stepwise-multiple-regression analyses showed that the sex-specific influence of biological variables on tHcy concentrations was twice as important in healthy women than in healthy men. This study emphasizes the significance of sex-associated differences in the biology of homocysteine and underlines the importance of considering these in the determination of threshold values. C1 CLIN RES INST MONTREAL,CARDIOVASC GENET LAB,MONTREAL,PQ H2W 1R7,CANADA. HOP HOTEL DIEU,SERV CARDIOL,MONTREAL,PQ,CANADA. TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,VITAMIN BIOAVAILABIL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP LussierCacan, S (reprint author), CLIN RES INST MONTREAL,HYPERLIPIDEMIA & ATHEROSCLEROSIS RES GRP,110 PINE AVE W,MONTREAL,PQ H2W 1R7,CANADA. NR 36 TC 165 Z9 167 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 64 IS 4 BP 587 EP 593 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VK569 UT WOS:A1996VK56900009 PM 8839504 ER PT J AU Yeum, KJ Booth, SL Sadowski, JA Liu, C Tang, GW Krinsky, NI Russell, RM AF Yeum, KJ Booth, SL Sadowski, JA Liu, C Tang, GW Krinsky, NI Russell, RM TI Human plasma carotenoid response to the ingestion of controlled diets high in fruits and vegetables SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE plasma response; beta-carotene; cryptoxanthin; lycopene; lutein; zeaxanthin; fruit and vegetable diet; carotenoid analysis ID BETA-CAROTENE; ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION; PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; GEOMETRICAL-ISOMERS; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; HUMAN SERUM; VITAMIN-A; SUPPLEMENTATION; CANCER; FOODS AB Plasma carotenoid responses were determined in 36 healthy men and women before and after being fed controlled diets with a moderate amount of fat (26% of total energy) and a high carotenoid content (approximate to 16 mg/d) for two 15-d periods. in addition, broccoli (205 g/d) was provided either during the first or the second 15-d residency period in a crossover design. Plasma was digested with lipase and cholesterol esterase, and carotenoids were extracted and measured by using HPLC. Three oxygenated carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, and cryptoxanthin), three hydrocarbon carbon carotenoids (alpha-carotene, all-trans-beta-carotene, and 13-cis-beta-carotene), and four geometric isomers of lycopene (15-cis-, 13-cis-, 9-cis-, and all-trans-lycopene) were separated by using a C30 carotenoid column. A small unidentified peak coeluted with standard 9-cis-beta-carotene and was identified as zeta-carotene (lambda(max) = 400 nm). The concentrations of plasma lutein, cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, 13-cis-beta-carotene, all-trans-beta-carotene, and cis- and trans-lycopenes were all significantly increased (P < 0.05) on days 6-16 by the high-fruit and -vegetable diets. The provision of additional broccoli for 5 d to the bas ic high-carotenoid diet resulted in a further significant increase in the serum concentration of lutein compared with the feeding of the basic high-carotenoid diet alone. Most of the measurable carotenoids of human plasma can be increased by moderate alterations in diet within a short time, although the magnitude of the plasma response may be related to the baseline caratenoid concentrations. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BOSTON,MA 02111. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01CA49195-04A1] NR 43 TC 240 Z9 244 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 64 IS 4 BP 594 EP 602 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VK569 UT WOS:A1996VK56900010 PM 8839505 ER PT J AU Tang, GW SerfatyLacrosniere, C Camilo, ME Russell, RM AF Tang, GW SerfatyLacrosniere, C Camilo, ME Russell, RM TI Gastric acidity influences the blood response to a beta-carotene dose in humans SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE gastric acidity; beta-carotene; humans; blood response; omeprazole ID ATROPHIC GASTRITIS; SERUM RESPONSE; MEN; ABSORPTION; TRANSPORT; CANCER; BILE; PH AB The effect of gastric acidity on the blood response to a single dose of 120 mg beta-carotene in humans was investigated in 12 normal subjects (5 women, 7 men) aged 23-68 y. Omeprazole was used for 7 d to obliterate gastric acid secretion and to raise gastric pH to > 4.5. In a crossover design, six subjects were randomly assigned to take beta-carotene with omeprazole either at the beginning (day 9) or at the end (day 26) of the study. The beta-carotene response in blood was not altered by the experimental order. Results from the high-gastric-pH phase (ie, with omeprazole) were analyzed together and compared with the results from the low-gastric-pH phase (ie, without omeprazole). The increases of serum concentrations of both trans beta-carotene and cis beta-carotene 6 and 24 h after the beta-carotene dose were significantly greater at a low gastric pH (pH = 1.3 +/- 0.1, ie, without omeprazole) than those at a high gastric pH (pH = 6.4 +/- 0.3, ie, with omeprazole), P < 0.02. Similarly, 24 h after beta-carotene administration, the area under the blood beta-carotene response curve (trans plus cis beta carotene) was significantly greater at a low gastric pH (6825 +/- 760 nmol . h/L) than at a high gastric pH (3390 +/- 550 nmol . h/L), P < 0.002. In investigations of bacterial overgrowth, gelatin capsule disintegration and isomeric profiles associated with high and low pH, we could not identify factors to explain the differences observed in the blood response curves between low-gastric-pH and high-gastric-pH conditions. A suppressed blood response of beta-carotene at a high intraluminal pH may have been due to the slower movement of negatively charged micelles through the unstirred water layer and cell membrane. RP Tang, GW (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,71 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA49195-04A1] NR 19 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 64 IS 4 BP 622 EP 626 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VK569 UT WOS:A1996VK56900014 PM 8839509 ER PT J AU Kim, YI Pogribny, IP Salomon, RN Choi, SW Smith, DE James, SJ Mason, JB AF Kim, YI Pogribny, IP Salomon, RN Choi, SW Smith, DE James, SJ Mason, JB TI Exon-specific DNA hypomethylation of the p53 gene of rat colon induced by dimethyl hydrazine - Modulation by dietary folate SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COLORECTAL-CANCER; 5-METHYLCYTOSINE CONTENT; ULCERATIVE-COLITIS; METHYLATION; DYSPLASIA; RISK; DEFICIENCY; CARCINOMA; CELLS; ALCOHOL AB Folate deficiency enhances colorectal carcinogenesis in dimethylhydrazine-treated rats. Folate is an important mediator of DNA methylation, an epigenetic modification of DNA that is known to be dysregulated in the early stages of colorectal cancer, This study investigated the effect of dimethylhydrazine on DNA methylation of the colonic p53 gene and the modulation of this effect by dietary folate, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 0, 2, 8, or 40 mg of folate/kg of diet, Five weeks after diet initiation, dimethylhydrazine was injected weekly for fifteen weeks. Folate-depleted and folate-replete control animals did not receive dimethylhydrazine and were fed the 0- and 8 mg folate diets, respectively, The extent of p53 methylation was determined by a quantitative HpaII-polymerase chain reaction, In exons 6 and 7, significant p53 hypomethylation was observed in all dimethylhydrazine-treated rats relative to controls (P < 0.01), independent of dietary folate, In exon 8, significant p53 hypomethylation was observed only in the dimethylhydrazine-treated folate-depleted rats compared with controls (P = 0.038) and was effectively overcome by increasing levels of dietary folate (P = 0.008). In this model, dimethylhydrazine induces exon-specific p53 hypomethylation, In some exons, this occurs independent of dietary folate, and in others, increasing levels of dietary folate effectively override the induction of hypomethylation in a dose-responsive manner. This may be a mechanism by which increasing levels of dietary folate inhibit colorectal carcinogenesis. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,VITAMIN BIOAVAILABIL LAB,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DIV GASTROENTEROL,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DIV CLIN NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. US FDA,DIV NUTR TOXICOL,NATL CTR TOXICOL RES,JEFFERSON,AR. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02111. FU NCI NIH HHS [1UO1 CA63812-01] NR 61 TC 82 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC INVESTIGATIVE PATHOLOGY, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-3993 SN 0002-9440 J9 AM J PATHOL JI Am. J. Pathol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 149 IS 4 BP 1129 EP 1137 PG 9 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA VM314 UT WOS:A1996VM31400007 PM 8863662 ER PT J AU Belesky, DP Fedders, JM AF Belesky, DP Fedders, JM TI Does endophyte influence regrowth of tall fescue? SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Acremonium coenophialum; Festuca arundinacea; non-structural carbohydrate; relative growth rate ID ACREMONIUM-COENOPHIALUM; GROWTH; RESPONSES AB The influence of ecological and environmental factors on the response of the mutualistic symbionts Acremonium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) has received substantial attention. However, much of what is known about developmental and physiological responses has been obtained from static or mature canopies and the influence of defoliation on the symbiota has not been considered in detail. A controlled environment experiment was conducted to assess the influence of defoliation and endophyte on the regrowth and development of two tall fescue genotypes and their respective endophytes, known to differ in morphology and alkaloid production capacity. The response of endophyte infected relative to non-infected plants was evaluated for measured and calculated parameters for each defoliation. While the influence of genotype was substantial on virtually all parameters, endophyte interacted with genotype and defoliation resulting in enhanced plasticity of mutualists as a response to varying conditions. Endophyte infection influenced leaf mass depending upon genotype, while the relative benefit of endophyte on pseudostem mass was affected by defoliation Endophyte interacted with genotype to influence relative growth rate and productivity relative to nitrogen concentration when canopies were clipped, but was less important when canopies remained uncut. In some instances endophyte gave growth and size advantage to the host and did not in others. Generalities regarding symbiont response to extrinsic factors may be misleading, since responses depend upon the specific mutualism considered and conditions imposed. (C) 1996 Annals of Botany Company RP Belesky, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,POB 400,BEAVER,WV 25813, USA. NR 27 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 78 IS 4 BP 499 EP 505 DI 10.1006/anbo.1996.0147 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VM766 UT WOS:A1996VM76600013 ER PT J AU Olson, BR Forman, MR Lanza, E McAdam, PA Beecher, G Kimzey, LM Campbell, WS Raymond, EG Brentzel, SL GuttschesEbeling, B AF Olson, BR Forman, MR Lanza, E McAdam, PA Beecher, G Kimzey, LM Campbell, WS Raymond, EG Brentzel, SL GuttschesEbeling, B TI Relation between sodium balance and menstrual cycle symptoms in normal women SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PREMENSTRUAL-SYNDROME; ALDOSTERONE; PROGESTERONE; VASOPRESSIN; PREGNANCY AB Objective: To determine whether sodium balance affects expression of menstrual symptoms. Design: Prospective study of menstrual symptoms during three cycles: a baseline month (usual intake of sodium, 115 mmol/d) followed by 2 months of sodium restriction (intake of sodium, 73.0 mmol/d). Added salt was allowed during the last month, Investigators were aware of the diet sequence. Setting: Outpatient. Meals were prepared by a metabolic kitchen during the 2 months that the participants received salt-restricted diets. Participants: 13 healthy menstruant women. Measurements: Plasma sodium levels, urinary sodium excretion, and plasma renin activity were measured for five time periods during the baseline cycle and the two cycles of salt-restricted diet. Eleven women completed a questionnaire assessing somatic symptoms and sensory cravings at the same time every day during the 3-month study period. Results: Sodium restriction was associated with a mean decrease (+/- one half of the 95% CI) in plasma sodium levels of 0.9 +/- 0.9 mmol/L from a mean of 139.3 mmol/L during the baseline cycle (P = 0.018), a decrease in urinary sodium excretion of 40.3 +/- 18 mmol/d from a mean of 117 mmol/d during the baseline cycle (P = 0.001), and an increase in plasma renin activity of 0.14 +/- 0.08 ng/(L - s) from a mean of 0.28 ng/(L s) during the baseline cycle (P = 0.008). During the luteal phase of the sodium restriction cycle, significant decreases in plasma sodium levels of 1.23 +/- 0.5 mmol/L (from values of 138.8 mmol/L during the follicular phase) and increases in urinary sodium excretion of 27.2 +/- 10 mmol/d (from values of 65.5 mmol/d during the follicular phase) preceded periods when menstrual symptoms were most severe. Ratings of breast tenderness increased sixfold to eightfold in the late luteal phase (P < 0.001) and those of swelling or bloating increased twofold to threefold during early menses (P < 0.001) compared with nadir symptom ratings during each cycle. Sodium cravings increased in the luteal phase of all cycles but were not accompanied by increased sodium intake when access to added salt was allowed. Conclusions: Breast tenderness and bloating did not result from sodium retention in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. During normal and sodium-restricted diet cycles, women actually had urinary sodium loss, not retention, during the luteal phase; severity of menstrual symptoms was unchanged. C1 USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NCI,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD OCT 1 PY 1996 VL 125 IS 7 BP 564 EP 567 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VJ653 UT WOS:A1996VJ65300005 PM 8815755 ER PT J AU Gamble, GR Akin, DE Makkar, HPS Becker, K AF Gamble, GR Akin, DE Makkar, HPS Becker, K TI Biological degradation of tannins in sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneta) by the white rot fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Cyathus stercoreus analyzed by solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; RUMINAL BACTERIUM; STREPTOCOCCUS; RELAXATION AB Leaves of sericea lespedeza exhibit a high proportion of condensed tannin, resulting in poor forage quality, The white rot fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Cyathus stercoreus are known to preferentially degrade lignin in a variety of plants and were evaluated for their ability to degrade condensed tannin from sericea leaves with the aim of improving digestibility. Relative levels of condensed tannin, cutin, pectin, and cellulose were monitored as a function of fungal treatment by solid-state cross-polarization and magic angle spinning C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Total soluble phenolics, soluble tannins, and soluble and insoluble proanthocyanidin levels in fungus-treated and control samples were measured by established chemical techniques, Results indicate that both species of fungus preferentially degrade condensed tannin and that C. subvermispora is markedly superior to C. stercoreus in this capacity. C1 UNIV HOHENHEIM,CTR AGR TROP & SUBTROP,D-70593 STUTTGART,GERMANY. RP Gamble, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 31 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 62 IS 10 BP 3600 EP 3604 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VK372 UT WOS:A1996VK37200008 PM 8837414 ER PT J AU Coleman, ME Dreesen, DW Wiegert, RG AF Coleman, ME Dreesen, DW Wiegert, RG TI A simulation of microbial competition in the human colonic ecosystem SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTINUOUS-FLOW CULTURES; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; INTESTINAL MICROFLORA; NUTRIENT DIGESTION; CECAL MICROFLORA; FERMENTATION; ABSORPTION; ANTAGONISM; BACTERIA; ECOLOGY AB Many investigations of the interactions of microbial competitors in the gastrointestinal tract used continuous-flow anaerobic cultures, The simulation reported here was a deterministic 11-compartment model coded by using the C programming language and based on parameters from published in vitro studies and assumptions where data were unavailable, The resource compartments were glucose, lactose and sucrose, starch, sorbose, and serine, Six microbial competitors included indigenous nonpathogenic colonizers of the human gastrointestinal tract (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Bacteroides ovatus, Fusobacterium varium, and Enterococcus faecalis) and the potential human enteropathogen Salmonella typhimurium. Flows of carbon from the resources to the microbes were modified by resource and space controls, Partitioning of resources to the competitors that could utilize them was calculated at each iteration on the basis of availability of all resources by feeding preference functions, Resources did not accumulate during iterations of the model, The results of the computer simulation of microbial competition reproduced published experimental results, Graphical output of simulations was presented for the base case competition model and for various modifications of the model, The results were based on few measured parameters but may be useful in the design of user-friendly software to aid researchers in defining and manipulating the microbial ecology of colonic ecosystems as relates to food-borne disease. C1 UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT MARINE SCI, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT MED MICROBIOL, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. RP Coleman, ME (reprint author), USDA, FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV, 300 12TH ST SW, ROOM 306 ANNEX, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 USA. NR 51 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 62 IS 10 BP 3632 EP 3639 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VK372 UT WOS:A1996VK37200012 PM 8837418 ER PT J AU Jensen, KA Bao, WL Kawai, S Srebotnik, E Hammel, KE AF Jensen, KA Bao, WL Kawai, S Srebotnik, E Hammel, KE TI Manganese-dependent cleavage of nonphenolic lignin structures by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora in the absence of lignin peroxidase SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BASIDIOMYCETE PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; WHITE-ROT FUNGI; MODEL COMPOUNDS; DEGRADATION; OXIDATION; MINERALIZATION; SUBSTRUCTURE; MECHANISM; RADICALS; LACCASE AB Many ligninolytic fungi appear to lack lignin peroxidase (LiP), the enzyme generally thought to cleave the major, recalcitrant, nonphenolic structures in lignin, At least one such fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, is nevertheless able to degrade these nonphenolic structures, Experiments showed that wood block cultures and defined liquid medium cultures of C. subvermispora rapidly depolymerized and mineralized a C-14-labeled, polyethylene glycol-linked, high-molecular-weight beta-O-4 lignin model compound (model I) that represents the major nonphenolic structure of lignin, The fungus cleaved model I between C-alpha and C-beta to release benzylic fragments, which were shown in isotope trapping experiments to be major products of model I metabolism, The C-alpha-C-beta cleavage of beta-O-4 lignin structures to release benzylic fragments is characteristic of LiP catalysis, but assays of C. subvermispora liquid cultures that were metabolizing model I confirmed that the fungus produced no detectable LiP activity, Three results pointed, instead, to the participation of a different enzyme, manganese peroxidase (MnP), in the degradation of nonphenolic lignin structures by C, subvermispora, (i) The degradation of model I and of exhaustively methylated (nonphenolic), C-14-labeled, synthetic lignin by the fungus in liquid cultures was almost completely inhibited when the Mn concentration of the medium was decreased from 35 mu M to approximately 5 mu M. (ii) The fungus degraded model I and methylated lignin significantly faster in the presence of Tween 80, a source of unsaturated fatty acids, than it did in the presence of Tween 20, which contains only saturated fatty acids, Previous work has shown that nonphenolic lignin structures are degraded during the MnP-mediated peroxidation of unsaturated lipids. (iii) In experiments crith MnP, Mn(II), and unsaturated lipid in vitro, this system mimicked intact C. subvermispora cultures in that it cleaved nonphenolic beta-O-4 lignin model compounds between C-alpha and C-beta to release a benzylic fragment. C1 USDA, FOREST PROD LAB, INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL, MADISON, WI 53705 USA. RI Hammel, Kenneth/G-1890-2011 OI Hammel, Kenneth/0000-0002-2935-5847 NR 41 TC 90 Z9 92 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 EI 1098-5336 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 62 IS 10 BP 3679 EP 3686 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VK372 UT WOS:A1996VK37200020 PM 16535418 ER PT J AU Bogan, BW Schoenike, B Lamar, RT Cullen, D AF Bogan, BW Schoenike, B Lamar, RT Cullen, D TI Expression of lip genes during growth in soil and oxidation of anthracene by Phanerochaete chrysosporium SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIGNIN PEROXIDASE GENES; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CREOSOTE-CONTAMINATED SOIL; MANGANESE PEROXIDASE; EXTRACELLULAR PEROXIDASES; DEGRADING FUNGI; MESSENGER-RNAS; DEGRADATION; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; BIODEGRADATION AB mRNA extraction from soil and quantitation by competitive reverse transcription-PCR were combined to study the expression of the 10 known lignin peroxidase (lip) genes in anthracene-transforming soil cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Levels of extractable lipA transcript and protein (LIP H8) were well correlated, although they were separated by a 2-day lag period. The patterns of transcript abundance over time in soil-grown P. chrysosporium varied among the nine lip mRNAs detected; comparison with lip gene expression under different liquid culture conditions suggested an early phase of carbon limitation for the cultures as a whole, which was followed by a transition to nitrogen starvation. Anthracene transformation occurred throughout the 25-day course of the experiment and, therefore, likely involves mechanisms distinct from those involved in oxidation of non-LiP substrate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. C1 US FOREST SERV, FOREST PROD LAB, INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL, MADISON, WI 53705 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT CELL & MOL BIOL, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. NR 54 TC 55 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 62 IS 10 BP 3697 EP 3703 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VK372 UT WOS:A1996VK37200022 PM 8837425 ER PT J AU Anderson, RC Rasmussen, MA Allison, MJ AF Anderson, RC Rasmussen, MA Allison, MJ TI Enrichment and isolation of a nitropropanol-metabolizing bacterium from the rumen SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RUMINAL MICROORGANISMS; 3-NITROPROPANOL; ASTRAGALUS; CULTURE; NITRATE; TOXINS; ACID AB A bacterium capable of metabolizing nitropropanol, nitropropionate, and nitrate has been isolated from a mixed ruminal population enriched for enhanced rates of nitropropanol metabolism. The numbers of nitropropanol-metabolizing bacteria in mixed populations increased >10,000-fold during enrichment; the rates of nitropropanol metabolism increased 8-fold. Hydrogen and phytone were important nutrients for nitropropanol metabolism. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ENTER DIS & FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL IMMUNOL & PREVENT MED,AMES,IA 50011. RI Rasmussen, Mark/N-9509-2014 NR 23 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 62 IS 10 BP 3885 EP 3886 PG 2 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VK372 UT WOS:A1996VK37200055 PM 8837447 ER PT J AU RuttimannJohnson, C Lamar, RT AF RuttimannJohnson, C Lamar, RT TI Polymerization of pentachlorophenol and ferulic acid by fungal extracellular lignin-degrading enzymes SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BASIDIOMYCETE PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; CONTAMINATED SOIL; DEGRADATION; PEROXIDASE; PHENOLS; DEPLETION; ANILINES; BINDING; MODEL AB High-molecular-weight polymers were produced by a crude concentrated supernatant from ligninolytic Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultures in a reaction mixture containing pentachlorophenol and a humic acid precursor (ferulic acid) in the presence of a detergent and H2O2. Pure manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, and laccase were also shown to catalyze the reaction. RP US FOREST SERV, FOREST PROD LAB, USDA, INST MICROBIOL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL, 1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA. NR 36 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 EI 1098-5336 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 62 IS 10 BP 3890 EP 3893 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VK372 UT WOS:A1996VK37200057 PM 8967777 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Graczyk, TK Cranfield, MR Trout, JM AF Fayer, R Graczyk, TK Cranfield, MR Trout, JM TI Gaseous disinfection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIABILITY; MICE AB Purified oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum suspended in similar to 400 mu l of phosphate-buffered saline or deionized water in microcentrifuge tubes were exposed at 21 to 23 degrees C for 24 h to a saturated atmosphere of ammonia, carbon monoxide, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, or methyl bromide gas. Controls were exposed to air. Oocysts in each tube were then rinsed and resuspended in fresh, deionized water, and 1 million oocysts exposed to each gas were orally administered to each of three to six neonatal BALB/c mice in replicate groups. Histologic sections of ileum, cecum, and colon tissues taken from each mouse 72 h after oral administration of oocysts were examined microscopically to determine if infection had been established. All 15 mice given oocysts exposed to carbon monoxide had numerous developmental stages of cryptosporidium in all three intestinal segments. Of 10 mice given oocysts exposed to formaldehyde, 6 had a few developmental stages of cryptosporidium in the ileum. No mice given oocysts exposed to ammonia, ethylene oxide, or methyl bromide were found to be infected. These findings indicate the efficacy of these low-molecular-weight gases (ammonia, ethylene oxide, and methyl bromide) as potential disinfectants for C. parvum oocysts where soil, rooms, buildings, tools, or instruments might be contaminated. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS MED INST,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT MOL MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. BALTIMORE ZOO,DEPT MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21217. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BLDG 1040,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 10 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 62 IS 10 BP 3908 EP 3909 PG 2 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VK372 UT WOS:A1996VK37200062 PM 8837451 ER PT J AU Overby, ST Perry, HM AF Overby, ST Perry, HM TI Direct effects of prescribed fire on available nitrogen and phosphorus in an Arizona chaparral watershed SO ARID SOIL RESEARCH AND REHABILITATION LA English DT Article DE arid soil fertility change; Cercocarpus betuloides; Quercus turbinella ID SOIL-MOISTURE; MINERALIZATION; ATMOSPHERE AB The effect of prescribed fire on soil nutrients in Arizona chaparral is limited even though prescribed fire is used extensively as a management tool. Concentrations of exchangeable NH4+-N and NO3--N and extractable P were studied under two Arizona chaparral shrubs growing on a Lithic Ustorthent soil before and after a prescribed fire. The results show exchangeable NH4+-N increased from 5.19 to 48.74 mg kg(-1) and extractable P increased from 5.38 to 14.55 mg kg(-1) in the surface horizon. NH4+-N increased from 5.39 to 71.62 ntg kg(-1) under Cercocarpus betuloides and from 5.23 to 36.10 mg kg(-1) under Quercus turbinella, while extractable P increased from 5.80 to 22.62 mg kg(-1) under C. betuloides and from 5.46 to 14.58 mg kg(-1) under Q. turbinella. The difference in soil nutrient status between species after prescribed fire is due to the amount of litter accumulated and the nutrient concentration difference in the litter and standing biomass of these two species. The majority of N and P is lost owing to volatilization of litter and biomass, yet small but significant amounts of N and P are translocated down and condensed in the surface soil. The condensation of N and P along with ash deposition increased soil fertility after the prescribed fire, which is essential to the long-term productivity and sustainability of Arizona chaparral ecosystems. RP Overby, ST (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,SW FOREST SCI COMPLEX,2500 S PINE KNOLL,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 46 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0890-3069 J9 ARID SOIL RES REHAB JI Arid Soil Res. Rehabil. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 347 EP 357 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA WD425 UT WOS:A1996WD42500005 ER PT J AU Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Larson, MG Ordovas, JM AF Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Larson, MG Ordovas, JM TI Apolipoprotein E alleles and risk of coronary disease - A meta-analysis SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apolipoproteinE; coronary heart disease; meta-analysis; molecular epidemiology ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; E POLYMORPHISM; ARTERY DISEASE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; E PHENOTYPES; POPULATION; LIPIDS; MICE; MEN AB A meta-analysis was undertaken to assess the impact of apolipoprotein E (apo E) alleles (epsilon 2, epsilon 3, and epsilon 4) on coronary disease in 14 published observational studies (9 clinical coronary disease and 5 coronary angiography). In comparison with epsilon 3, the epsilon 4 allele was associated with greater odds for coronary heart disease, and summary estimates of the odds ratios (ORs) and (95% confidence intervals) for both sexes combined were OR=0.98 (0.85-1.14) for epsilon 2 and OR=1.26 (1.13-1.41) for epsilon 4. Separate analyses for men and women showed similar associations. In angiographic studies the relative odds for significant coronary artery disease among both sexes combined was OR=0.76 (0.55-1.05) for epsilon 2 and OR=1.11 (0.88-1.40) for epsilon 4. The overall impression is that epsilon 4 is associated with clinical and coronary disease and that results are similar in men and women. C1 BOSTON UNIV,FRAMINGHAM,MA. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,NUTR CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Wilson, PWF (reprint author), NHLBI,FRAMINGHAM HEART STUDY,5 THURBER ST,FRAMINGHAM,MA 01701, USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 42 TC 427 Z9 444 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 16 IS 10 BP 1250 EP 1255 PG 6 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VL771 UT WOS:A1996VL77100006 PM 8857921 ER PT J AU Augustine, PC AF Augustine, PC TI Avian Eimeria species: Effect of prior or simultaneous inoculation of one species on cellular invasion by a second species in vivo and in vitro SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE coccidia; sporozoites; immunity; invasion; potentiation of invasion ID CULTURED-CELLS; SPOROZOITES; IMMUNITY; TENELLA; BIRDS AB The effect of prior or simultaneous administration of Eimeria acervulina on cellular invasion by E. acervulina, E. tenella or E. adenoeides was examined in vivo and/or in vitro. In chickens immunized with E. acervulina oocysts, invasion by sporozoites from a challenge inoculum of E. acervulina increased slightly over invasion in naive controls, and invasion by sporozoites of E. tenella and E. adenoeides increased by factors of 1.99 and 2.26, respectively over that in controls. Conversely, simultaneous inoculation of E. acervulina along with E. tenella or E. adenoeides did not have a significant effect on invasion. Cultured baby hamster kidney cells that had been previously inoculated with E. acervulina sporozoites also supported significantly greater (by factors of 1.39 to 2.66) invasion by E. adenoeides sporozoites than did control cultures. The enhancement of invasion in vitro appeared to depend upon either the interval between the inoculation of cells with E. acervulina and E. adenoeides or the interval between the replating of the cells and their inoculation with E. adenoeides. There were no gross changes in the culture morphology between the E. acervulina-inoculated and noninoculated cultures. The data indicate that prior exposure to E. acervulina enhances invasion by other species of avian coccidia and, therefore, may exacerbate the infection produced by these species. RP Augustine, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 40 IS 4 BP 783 EP 787 DI 10.2307/1592298 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VZ336 UT WOS:A1996VZ33600005 PM 8980806 ER PT J AU Lott, BD Branton, SL May, JD AF Lott, BD Branton, SL May, JD TI The effect of photoperiod and nutrition on ascites incidence in broilers SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE ascites; broilers; dietary regimes; light restriction; photoperiod regimes ID FEED RESTRICTION; BODY-WEIGHT; CHICKENS; PERFORMANCE; AGE AB Light restriction was used to restrict growth of male broilers up to 41 days of age. Dietary energy and lysine were also investigated for their interaction with slowed growth rate. A total of 1440 male broilers was used in each of two trials. Light restriction significantly reduced body weights at 22 days (P less than or equal to 0.05) but not at 52 days. Restricting early growth by photoperiod for the 3-to-41-day period reduced deaths due to ascites. Neither dietary energy nor lysine affected mortality from ascites. These results suggest chat manipulation of photoperiod for young broilers is a useful way to limit early growth and subsequent ascites mortality. RP Lott, BD (reprint author), USDA ARS,S CENT POULTRY RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 40 IS 4 BP 788 EP 791 DI 10.2307/1592299 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VZ336 UT WOS:A1996VZ33600006 PM 8980807 ER PT J AU Gast, RK Benson, ST AF Gast, RK Benson, ST TI Intestinal colonization and organ invasion in chicks experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 and other phage types isolated from poultry in the United States SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Salmonella enteritidis; chickens; phage type 4 ID HENS; EGGS; OUTBREAKS; VIRULENCE; FLOCKS AB Phage type 4 Salmonella enteritidis strains have only recently been isolated from poultry and humans in the United States, although this phage type predominates in many other countries. The present study assessed the ability of S. enteritidis isolates of various phage types found in the United States (including phage type 4) to colonize the intestinal tract and invade to reach internal organs in experimentally infected chicks. Groups of 5-day-old single-comb white leghorn chicks were inoculated with a range of oral doses of three phage type 4 isolates and three isolates of other phage types. Although some significant differences were observed between individual S. enteritidis isolates in the frequencies at which they colonized the intestinal tracts and invaded to reach the spleens of inoculated chicks, no consistent overall pattern differentiated phage type 4 isolates from isolates of other phage types. RP Gast, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,934 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 24 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 40 IS 4 BP 853 EP 857 DI 10.2307/1592309 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VZ336 UT WOS:A1996VZ33600016 PM 8980817 ER PT J AU Kunkle, RA Rimler, RB AF Kunkle, RA Rimler, RB TI Pathology of acute Aspergillosis in turkeys SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus fumigatus; turkey; histopathology ID PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS; FUMIGATUS; POULTS; EXPOSURE AB Pathologic changes were characterized by gross examination and light microscopy after intra-air sac inoculation of 9- and 19-wk-old turkeys with Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Turkeys were euthanatized and examined at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr postinoculation (PI). Lesions were largely confined to air sac membrane and lung tissues and were similar between the two age groups. There was progressive severity of gross lesions in both organs and of microscopic lesions in lung tissue. The character and severity of histologic lesions in air sac membranes were roughly similar at 24 through 96 hr PI, but there was an increasing amount and consolidation of exudate adherent to the epithelial surface. Lesions in air sac membranes included edema, heterophil and macrophage infiltrates, granulomas, lymphohistiocytic perivasculitis, necrosis, epithelial loss, and surface exudate: Discreet granulomas containing multinucleate giant cells were present at 24 hr PI and thereafter. Lung lesions progressed from mild interstitial pneumonia to extensive effacement by multifocal coalescing granulomas, necrosis, and hemorrhage. Severe pleuritis with local extension into lung parenchyma was seen at all time points. Numbers of intralesional fungal elements seen histologically were similar between age groups and appeared to decrease in air sac membranes and increase in lung tissues from 24 to 96 hr PI. Lung tissue of the 19-wk-old turkeys contained fewer colony-forming units per gram at dme points after 24 hr PI. RP Kunkle, RA (reprint author), ARS,AVIAN & SWINE RESP DIS RES UNIT,USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 31 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 40 IS 4 BP 875 EP 886 DI 10.2307/1592312 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VZ336 UT WOS:A1996VZ33600019 PM 8980820 ER PT J AU Pruimboom, IM Rimler, RB Ackermann, MR Brogden, KA AF Pruimboom, IM Rimler, RB Ackermann, MR Brogden, KA TI Capsular hyaluronic acid-mediated adhesion of Pasteurella multocida to turkey air sac macrophages SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE adhesion; hyaluronic acid; capsule; Pasteurella multocida ID RESPIRATORY PHAGOCYTES; VIRULENCE; DEFENSE; CELLS AB Serogroup A strains of Pasteurella multocida, the major cause of fowl cholera, are resistant to phagocytosis in nonimmunized birds. Adherence studies with a capsulated strain of P. multocida (serotype A:3) and turkey air sac macrophages in culture showed that the bacteria were capable of adhering in large numbers to the macrophages but were not internalized. A noncapsulated variant of the bacteria (serotype -:3) showed little or no adherence and was not internalized. These data indicated that the adhesive properties were caused by the presence of a capsule on the bacteria. The role of capsular hyaluronic acid in adherence to macrophages was investigated. Depolymerization of the bacterial capsule with hyaluronidase increased phagocytosis by macrophage cultures, and addition of hyaluronic acid to the macrophages inhibited bacterial adherence. Additionally, exposure of macrophages to chondroitin sulfate B, an anionic polysaccharide similar to hyaluronic acid, did not affect the adhesive properties and resistance to phagocytosis of capsulated organisms. Treatment of macrophages with sodium metaperiodate or trypsin suppressed bacterial binding. Collectively, these data indicate that P. multocida adhesion to air sac macrophages, but not internalization, is mediated by capsular hyaluronic acid and suggest that recognition of this bacterial polysaccharide is a result of a specific glycoprotein receptor. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AVIAN & SWINE RESP DIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,RESP & NEUROL DIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. NR 16 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 40 IS 4 BP 887 EP 893 DI 10.2307/1592313 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VZ336 UT WOS:A1996VZ33600020 PM 8980821 ER PT J AU Woolcock, PR Moore, JD McFarland, MD Panigrahy, B AF Woolcock, PR Moore, JD McFarland, MD Panigrahy, B TI Isolation of paramyxovirus serotype 7 from ostriches (Struthio camelus) SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE ostrich; paramyxovirus serotype 7 ID AVIAN PARAMYXOVIRUSES AB Paramyxovirus serotype 7 (PMV-7) was isolated from pooled intestinal contents of two 5-month-old ostriches (Struthio camelus). The pathogenicity of the virus was comparable with lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus (PMV-1) in chicken and chicken embryo pathogenicity tests. The relationship of the virus to the observed pathology of proliferative nonsuppurative enteritis is unknown; the Campylobacter jejuni isolated was presumably the primary pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an isolation of PMV-7 from ostriches. C1 USDA,NATL VET SERV LABS,DIAGNOST VIROL LAB,AMES,IA 50010. RP Woolcock, PR (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,CALIF VET DIAGNOST LAB SYST,FRESNO BRANCH,2789 S ORANGE AVE,FRESNO,CA 93725, USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 40 IS 4 BP 945 EP 949 DI 10.2307/1592323 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VZ336 UT WOS:A1996VZ33600030 PM 8980831 ER PT J AU Miller, JD Fielder, DA Dowd, PF Norton, RA Collins, FW AF Miller, JD Fielder, DA Dowd, PF Norton, RA Collins, FW TI Isolation of 4-acetyl-benzoxazolin-2-one (4-ABOA) and diferuloylputrescine from an extract of gibberella ear rot-resistant corn that blocks mycotoxin biosynthesis, and the insect toxicity of 4-ABOA and related compounds SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 4-ABOA; diferuloylputrescine corn; allelochemical; aflatoxin; deoxynivalenol; Fusarium; Aspergillus ID HELIOTHIS-ZEA; AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION; HYDROXAMIC ACIDS; MAIZE KERNELS; FUSARIC ACID; METABOLITES; LEPIDOPTERA; LARVAE; EARWORM; CULTURE AB Bioassay-directed fractionation of an extract of a gibberella ear rot-resistant corn hybrid resulted in the isolation of a fraction that inhibited mycotoxin production. but not growth, of Fusarium culmorum. The fraction contained diferuloylputrescine and a new allelochemical 4-acetyl-benzoxazolin-2-one (4-ABOA). This report describes the isolation of the bioactive fraction and tests of the effect of 4-ABOA on 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3ADON) and aflatoxin production. In addition, data are reported on the effects of 4-ABOA and related compounds on a number of insect species and some preliminary studies on the mechanism of insect toxicity. The effect of 4-ABOA on F. culmorum and Apergillus flavus was similar. Production of toxin was reduced without a concomitant reduction of growth. A 50% inhibition of 3ADON production occurred at ca. 4 mu M and 0.12 mM for alfatoxin. 4-ABOA was slightly toxic to Spodoptera frugiperda. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,CTR FOOD & ANIM RES,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADA. RP Miller, JD (reprint author), AGR CANADA,PLANT RES CTR,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADA. NR 48 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 24 IS 7-8 BP 647 EP 658 DI 10.1016/S0305-1978(97)81208-2 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA WD697 UT WOS:A1996WD69700006 ER PT J AU Brooker, NL Mischke, CF Patterson, CD Mischke, S Bruckart, WL Lydon, J AF Brooker, NL Mischke, CF Patterson, CD Mischke, S Bruckart, WL Lydon, J TI Pathogenicity of bar-transformed Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f sp aeschynomene SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE biological control; mycoherbicide; fungal transformation; bialaphos; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f sp aeschynomene; Aeschynomene virginica; Aeschynomene indica; Aeschynomene americana; Oryza sativa; Glycine max; Pisum sativum ID MALLOW MALVA-PUSILLA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE; SELECTABLE MARKER; MYCOHERBICIDE; BIOHERBICIDE; PESTICIDES; CLONING; CLUSTER; GENES AB Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene was transformed with a gene (bar) for resistance to bialaphos (a natural herbicide) and evaluated for pathogenicity and virulence. A C.g.aeschynomene transformant (48-5b) containing the bar gene was stable and resistant to bialaphos up to a concentration of 100 mu g/ml. Plants were stem-inoculated for pathogenicity tests and foliar-sprayed for virulence tests with the wild-type or the 48-5b isolate at rates of 0 to 2.5 x 10(10) spores/m(2) with bialaphos at 0 and 0.56 kg a.i./ha, The host range of C.g.aeschynomene was not altered by the transformation, Disease severity on northern jointvetch (Aeschynomene virginica) was similar for treatments with the wild-type and transformant isolates without bialaphos, with 90% or greater disease severity occurring at 2.5 x 10(7) spores/m(2). There was no significant difference in disease severity on northern jointvetch between treatments of the transformed isolate with or without bialaphos, At 2.5 x 10(6) spores/m(2), however, the coapplication of the transformant with bialaphos resulted in a higher level of disease severity than that of the wild-type isolate without bialaphos. Disease severity on northern jointvetch from the treatment of wild-type isolate with bialaphos was significantly less than that of the transformant with bialaphos at spore concentrations of 2.5 x 10(6) to 2.5 x 10(8) sores/m(2), On Indian jointvetch (Aeschynomene indica), the coapplication of bialaphos and C.g.aeschynomene resulted in a significant synergistic effect (increase in disease severity) with the transformant and an antagonistic effect (decrease in disease severity) with the wild-type, The results demonstrate that at recommended rates of C.g.aeschynomene for the control of northern jointvetch, there is no benefit from coapplying the fungus with subleathal levels of bialaphos. However, at spore concentrations lower than that recommended, significantly greater disease development can occur when sublethal levels of bialaphos are applied with a bialaphos-resistant isolate. Furthermore, the coapplication of such a resistant isolate with sublethal levels of bialaphos can significantly extend the control range of this fungus toward Indian jointvetch. This suggests that improvements in the virulence and control range of a mycoherbicide may be realized if it were altered to endogenously produce a nonselective phytotoxin such as bialaphos. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 ARS, WEED SCI LAB, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. ARS, SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. ARS, FOREIGN DIS WEED SCI UNIT, USDA, FREDERICK, MD 21702 USA. NR 36 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 EI 1090-2112 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD OCT PY 1996 VL 7 IS 2 BP 159 EP 166 DI 10.1006/bcon.1996.0079 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA VJ900 UT WOS:A1996VJ90000004 ER PT J AU Geden, CJ AF Geden, CJ TI Modeling host attacks and progeny production of Spalangia gemina, Spalangia cameroni, and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at constant and variable temperatures SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE house fly; Musca domestica; Spalangia gemina; Spalangia cameroni; Muscidifurax raptor; Pteromalidae ID MUSCA-DOMESTICA CONTROL; STABLE FLIES DIPTERA; LAYER POULTRY HOUSES; PARASITES HYMENOPTERA; FLY DIPTERA; MUSCIDAE; MANAGEMENT; ENDIUS; RATES AB In assays at constant temperatures, Spalangia gemina Boucek, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, and Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders females killed more house fly (Musca domestica L.) pupae at 30 degrees C than at 15, 20, 25, or 35 degrees C, with attack rates for the three species of 11.2, 12.6, and 21.1 pupae killed per parasitoid per day, respectively. Progeny production followed a similar pattern, with maximum rates of 6.8, 7.5, and 9.2 progeny per day at 30 degrees C for S. gemina, S. cameroni, and M. raptor, respectively. Both Spalangia species produced proportionally fewer males at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures; sex allocation by M. raptor was relatively unaffected by temperature except for a trend to produce fewer females at 15 degrees C (29.6% females) than at higher temperatures (43-47%). The four-parameter thermodynamic model of Sharpe and DeMichele with high temperature inhibition fit the attack rate and progeny production rate data well. These models were very effective at predicting host attacks and parasitism at high, variable temperatures typical of outdoor mid summer conditions in many regions, provided that 1-h time steps were used in rate summation algorithms. Assays for long-term net rates of fly destruction revealed that S. gemina and S. cameroni would be most effective for fly control at 25 degrees C and substantially less effective at either low (15 degrees C) or high (35 degrees C) temperatures. M. raptor was equally effective at killing house fly pupae over the 15-30 degrees C range, but was significantly less effective at 35 degrees C. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP Geden, CJ (reprint author), ARS,USDA,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 36 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD OCT PY 1996 VL 7 IS 2 BP 172 EP 178 DI 10.1006/bcon.1996.0081 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA VJ900 UT WOS:A1996VJ90000006 ER PT J AU Jones, CR Samac, DA AF Jones, CR Samac, DA TI Biological control of fungi causing alfalfa seedling damping-off with a disease-suppressive strain of Streptomyces SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; Medicago sativa; damping-off; Pythium ultimum; Phytophthora medicaginis; Phytophthora root rot; biocontrol; disease-suppressive Streptomyces ID BACILLUS-CEREUS UW85; APHANOMYCES-EUTEICHES; ROOT-ROT; RESISTANCE; IDENTIFICATION; WILT; PEAS AB Biological control of alfalfa seedling diseases by a disease-suppressive strain of Streptomyces was evaluated in vitro, in controlled environments, and in the field. Streptomyces strain 93 inhibited the growth of soil-borne pathogens causing seed rot and seedling damping-off in vitro but did not affect the growth of the symbiont Rhizobium meliloti. Treating seeds of a susceptible alfalfa variety with Streptomyces spores inhibited the development of Pythium damping-off in a rolled paper towel assay. Control of Phytophthora root rot was achieved by infesting soil with Streptomyces at the time of planting under greenhouse conditions. The frequency of healthy plants increased significantly for the susceptible variety and the average disease severity index decreased significantly for both the resistant and susceptible varieties tested. Field experiments were performed in 1993 and 1994 to evaluate the effect of Streptomyces alone and in combination with the fungicide metalaxyl on disease control and plant performance. In 1993, neither treatment alone improved seedling establishment or disease control over controls. However, the combination of fungicide and Streptomyces resulted in the highest seedling survival, dry matter production, and frequency of healthy plants with no or slight symptoms of Phytophthora root rot. In the 1994 held experiment, plots receiving the combination of Streptomyces and fungicide were not significantly different from the untreated control in seedling survival or in incidence or severity of root rot. These studies indicate that a potential exists for utilizing Streptomyces to control alfalfa seedling diseases. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,USDA,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 34 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD OCT PY 1996 VL 7 IS 2 BP 196 EP 204 DI 10.1006/bcon.1996.0084 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA VJ900 UT WOS:A1996VJ90000009 ER PT J AU Filonow, AB Vishniac, HS Anderson, JA Janisiewicz, WJ AF Filonow, AB Vishniac, HS Anderson, JA Janisiewicz, WJ TI Biological control of Botrytis cinerea in apple by yeasts from various habitats and their putative mechanisms of antagonism SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE yeasts; mechanism of antagonism; gray mold; Botrytis cinerea; apple; postharvest diseases ID POSTHARVEST DISEASES; BIOCONTROL; GUILLIERMONDII; PEACH AB Twenty-eight yeasts isolated from habitats other than apple were screened for their potential to protect wounds of Golden Delicious apples during storage from gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. All isolates reduced (P < 0.05) decay severity and 23 reduced decay incidence after 7 days at 22-24 degrees C when applied at 5 x 10(6) CFU per wound 1-2 h earlier than 8 x 10(3) conidia of B. cinerea (P < 0.05). When selected isolates were tested at 5 x 10(5) CFU per wound on apples stored for 30 days at 4 degrees C, Cryptococcus humicola NRRL Y1266, Filobasidium floriforme NRRL Y7454, and Rhodosporidium toruloides NRRL Y1091, previously unreported gray mold antagonists, reduced both incidence and decay severity as well as chlorothalonil and Sporobolomyces roseus FS-43-238, a reported biocontrol agent. Experiments at 22-24 degrees C indicated that, with the exception of R. toruloides, protection generally required yeast inoculation into wounds before conidia. Nine yeasts protected wounds at 5 x 10(6) CFU per wound, whereas only three of nine were effective at 5 x 10(2) CFU per wound, a density calculated to be too low to preemptively carpet the wound, even though selected yeasts increased at least one log unit in the first 24 h following inoculation into wounds. In vitro utilization of C-14-labeled sucrose by the yeasts was greater than that by the conidia after 12-48 h incubation, supporting nutrient competition as a mechanism of antagonism. Cell-free, dilute sucrose solutions that were preincubated with effective biocontrol yeasts for 24 h significantly inhibited conidium germination; however, a solution preincubated with a sucrose-utilizing but less effective yeast did not. Results suggest that nutrient competition may have played a significant role in biocontrol, but the contribution of preemptive physical exclusion and antifungal metabolites to a complex biocontrol process cannot be dismissed. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL & MOL GENET,STILLWATER,OK 74078. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT & LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE,STILLWATER,OK 74078. ARS,USDA,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. RP Filonow, AB (reprint author), OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078, USA. NR 16 TC 76 Z9 86 U1 3 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD OCT PY 1996 VL 7 IS 2 BP 212 EP 220 DI 10.1006/bcon.1996.0086 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA VJ900 UT WOS:A1996VJ90000011 ER PT J AU Lu, C Buyer, JS Okonya, JF Miller, MJ AF Lu, C Buyer, JS Okonya, JF Miller, MJ TI Synthesis of optically pure chrysobactin and immunoassay development SO BIOMETALS LA English DT Article DE chrysobactin; Erwinia chrysanthemi; immunoassay; siderophore; synthesis ID ERWINIA-CHRYSANTHEMI; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; IRON TRANSPORT; SIDEROPHORE; BIOASSAY; PSEUDOBACTIN; SPECIFICITY; AEROBACTIN; COMPLEXES; ANALOGS AB Chrysobactin (alpha-N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-lysyl-L-serine), a siderophore that is essential for systemic virulence by plant pathogenic Erwinia chrysanthemi, was synthesized with high diastereomeric purity, Chrysobactin was prepared by coupling the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of alpha-N-(2,3-dibenzyloxybenzoyl)-epsilon-N-Cbz-D-lysine with L-serine benzyl ester followed by deprotection via hydrogenolysis. Optically pure chrysobactin was obtained with 98% overall yield, A monoclonal antibody to ferric chrysobactin was developed and characterized as IgM. The antibody reacts with chrysobactin, ferric chrysobactin and less strongly with ferric dihydroxybenzoic acid, The antibody reacts weakly with the siderophores ferrichrome, A, ferric pseudobactin and ferric rhodotorulic acid, This antibody was used in a competitive immunoassay to detect ferric chrysobactin at 10(-8) to 10(-10) mol. This immunoassay may provide a useful method for the detection of chrysobactin in plant samples. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,SOIL MICROBIAL SYST LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0966-0844 J9 BIOMETALS JI Biometals PD OCT PY 1996 VL 9 IS 4 BP 377 EP 383 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA VK141 UT WOS:A1996VK14100008 PM 8837459 ER PT J AU Rendleman, JA AF Rendleman, JA TI Influence of saccharides as inhibitors of cyclodextrin production SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ENHANCED PRODUCTION; GAMMA-CYCLODEXTRIN AB A variety of sugars and sugar derivatives were examined for the effect of their presence on conversion of maltodextrin (average degree of polymerization 22) into cyclomalto-oligosaccharides (cyclodextrins; CDs) by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase. Those saccharides having structural features known to be necessary for high efficiency as accepters in intermolecular transglycosylation behaved as strong inhibitors of cyclization. Their presence resulted in lower-than-normal yields of CDs. The basic requirement for strong inhibition by a simple sugar is a D- or L-glucopyranose structure with unsubstituted hydroxy groups at C-2, C-3, and C-4. Replacement of a hydroxy group at C-1 or C-6 with other substituents may or may not eliminate inhibitory ability, depending upon the nature of the substituent. Replacement of the hydroxymethyl group at C-5 with a hydrogen atom results in strong inhibition only when the sugar is in the L form. RP Rendleman, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 12 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 3AJ SN 0885-4513 J9 BIOTECHNOL APPL BIOC JI Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 24 BP 121 EP 127 PN 2 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA VL179 UT WOS:A1996VL17900004 ER PT J AU Rendleman, JA AF Rendleman, JA TI Enzymic conversion of malto-oligosaccharides and maltodextrin into cyclodextrin at low temperature SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PNEUMONIAE M-5 AL; GAMMA-CYCLODEXTRIN; ENZYMATIC PRODUCTION; ENHANCED PRODUCTION; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; BACILLUS; STARCH; GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE; GLUCANOTRANSFERASE AB In the presence of appropriate complexants at 5-25 degrees C, maltose, maltotriose and maltohexaose were converted by Bacillus macerans cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.19) into beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD, cyclomaltoheptaose) in yields as high as 34, 49 and 66% respectively. In the absence of a complexant, yields of CD were extremely low (<2% overall); however, yields were greatly enhanced by the presence of complexants (cyclononanone, cyclodecanone and cycloundecanone) known to be highly selective for beta-CD. Many of the complexants that enhance CD production from starch or maltodextrin failed to enhance CD production from maltose. An investigation of the influence of molecular size and geometry of alkyl alcohols and aliphatic hydrocarbons on CD production from maltodextrin at low temperature revealed that all C-2-C-14 alcohols and all C-3-C-15 hydrocarbons enhance overall CD yield. While all of the hydrocarbons were highly selective for beta-CD, the selectivity of the alcohols varied according to chain length and degree of branching, with no alcohol enhancing the yield of gamma-CD. With the exception of propan-l-ol, straight-chain alcohols with eight or fewer carbon atoms strongly favoured beta-CD production; those with more than eight carbon atoms favoured alpha-CD production. Highest yields of alpha-CD (49-53%) were obtained with C-9-C-12 alkan-l-ols. With the exception of n-butane, the use of which provided beta-CD yields as high as 59%, use of branched hydrocarbons and branched alcohols resulted in beta-CD yields (58-64%) higher than those obtained with the corresponding unbranched compounds. RP Rendleman, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0885-4513 EI 1470-8744 J9 BIOTECHNOL APPL BIOC JI Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 24 BP 129 EP 137 PN 2 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA VL179 UT WOS:A1996VL17900005 ER PT J AU Wiersema, JH AF Wiersema, JH TI Nymphaea tetragona and Nymphaea leibergii (Nymphaeaceae): Two species of diminutive water-lilies in North America SO BRITTONIA LA English DT Article DE aquatic plants; Nymphaea; typification; Nymphaeaceae AB Although all past floras of northern North America have recognized only one species of diminutive water-lily, actually two distinct species occur in the region. The circumboreal Nymphaea tetragona Georgi is largely confined to the northwestern part of the continent, extending as far east as Manitoba and occurring in the contiguous United States only in northwest Washington. A second species, N. leibergii Morong, is restricted to, but widely distributed in, northern North America, though it is absent from the extreme northwest. The two species are distinguishable from each other by several floral and foliar characters and the two species form a section, Nymphaea subg. Nymphaea sect. Chamaenymphaea, stat: nov. This is distinguished from the two other sections of subg. Nymphaea in a key, and Nymphaea subg. Nymphaea sect. Xanthantha, stat. nov., is proposed. Sect. Chamaenymphaea is described for North America, synonymy and nomenclature for both species are discussed, and a key including N. odorata Aiton is presented. A lectotype is provided for N. leibergii and the typification of N. tetragona is examined. RP Wiersema, JH (reprint author), ARS,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,USDA,BARC W,BLDG 011A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Wiersema, John/0000-0001-9383-2807 NR 52 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0007-196X J9 BRITTONIA JI Brittonia PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 48 IS 4 BP 520 EP 531 DI 10.2307/2807871 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WE787 UT WOS:A1996WE78700010 ER PT J AU Huhndorf, SM Harris, RC AF Huhndorf, SM Harris, RC TI Oletheriostrigula, a new genus for Massarina papulosa (Fungi, Ascomycetes) SO BRITTONIA LA English DT Article DE Ascomycetes; Massarina; Oletheriostrigula; Strigulaceae AB A new genus, Oletheriostrigula, is erected for Massarina papulosa. The fungus is redescribed and illustrated, additional synonymy is given, and its relationships within the Ascomycetes are discussed. RP Huhndorf, SM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0007-196X J9 BRITTONIA JI Brittonia PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 48 IS 4 BP 551 EP 555 DI 10.2307/2807875 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WE787 UT WOS:A1996WE78700014 ER PT J AU Hanley, TA AF Hanley, TA TI Small mammals of even-aged, Red Alder - Conifer forests in southeastern Alaska SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Sitka Mouse; Peromyscus sitkensis; Peromyscus keeni; Long-tailed Vole; Microtus longicaudus; Common Shrew; Sorer cinereus; Red Alder; Alnus rubra; Sitka Spruce; Picea sitchensi; Western Hemlock; Tsuga heterophylla; forest management; wildlife habitat; clearcut logging; Alaska ID SERAL STAGES; PEROMYSCUS-MANICULATUS; WESTERN HEMLOCK; SITKA SPRUCE; DEER; DEMOGRAPHY; INDICATOR; STANDS AB Densities, body weights, age and sex ratios of small mammals in three 31- to 36-year-old, even-aged, Red Alder - Sitka Spruce - Western Hemlock (Alnus rubra - Picea sitchensis - Tsuga heterophylla) stands were compared with those in adjacent old-growth Western Hemlock - Sitka Spruce stands. Mammals were censused by snap-trapping each stand with 100 traps for three consecutive nights in late May-early June and again in late July-early August. Three species of small mammals were captured: Sitka Mouse (Peromyscus sitkensis), Long-tailed Vole (Microtus longicaudus), and Common Shrew (Sor ex cinereus). Mice were more abundant than voles and shrews in both trapping periods. Significant differences (P<0.05) between even-aged and old-growth stands occurred only during the second period: density of shrews was greater in even-aged than old-growth stands; body weights of juvenile mice were greater in even-aged than old-growth stands (25.3+1.1 vs. 20.5+1.1 g); and voles were more commonly associated with alder than conifer patches within even-aged stands. Mice densities were significantly correlated with estimated total understory biomass across all stands in bath trapping periods (r(s)=0.83 in both, P<0.05, one-tailed). Results indicate that even-aged, Red Alder - conifer stands may be valuable small mammal habitat in southeastern Alaska and that Red Alder may be an especially important component of young stands. Clearcut logging that favors Red Alder might have significantly better consequences for some small mammal species than does high-lead clearcut logging that discourages alder. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,JUNEAU,AK 99802. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB PI OTTAWA PA PO BOX 35069, WESTGATE PO, OTTAWA ON K1Z 1A2, CANADA SN 0008-3550 J9 CAN FIELD NAT JI Can. Field-Nat. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 110 IS 4 BP 626 EP 629 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WW029 UT WOS:A1996WW02900007 ER PT J AU Rose, PA Lei, B Shaw, AC WalkerSimmons, MK Napper, S Quail, JW Ahrams, SR AF Rose, PA Lei, B Shaw, AC WalkerSimmons, MK Napper, S Quail, JW Ahrams, SR TI Chiral synthesis of (+)-8'-demethyl abscisic acid SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE CHIMIE LA English DT Article DE abscisic acid; phenol oxidation; yeast reduction ID BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; GENE-EXPRESSION; ANALOGS; GERMINATION; INHIBITION; OXIDATION; EMBRYOS AB An enantioselective synthesis of (+)-8'-demethyl ABA (2) is described. The chiral intermediate 7 was prepared by yeast reduction of a substituted monoprotected cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1,4-dione (9) synthesized through a phenol oxidation. The scope and limitations of the phenol oxidation is described. 8'-Demethyl ABA shows ABA-like activity in wheat embryo germination inhibition, showing that the 8'-methyl group is not essential for biological activity. C1 NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA,INST PLANT BIOTECHNOL,SASKATOON,SK S7N 0W9,CANADA. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. UNIV SASKATCHEWAN,DEPT BIOCHEM,SASKATOON,SK S7N 5E5,CANADA. UNIV SASKATCHEWAN,DEPT CHEM,SASKATOON,SK S7N 5C9,CANADA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4042 J9 CAN J CHEM JI Can. J. Chem.-Rev. Can. Chim. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 74 IS 10 BP 1836 EP 1843 DI 10.1139/v96-205 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VT645 UT WOS:A1996VT64500010 ER PT J AU Reinert, RA Shafer, SR Eason, G Schoeneberger, MM Horton, SJ AF Reinert, RA Shafer, SR Eason, G Schoeneberger, MM Horton, SJ TI Responses of loblolly pine to ozone and simulated acidic rain SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-RESPONSES; FOREST DECLINE; CENTRAL-EUROPE; TAEDA L; SEEDLINGS; FAMILIES; ECTOMYCORRHIZAE; WALDSTERBEN; EXPOSURE AB Acidic rain and ozone (O-3) may have serious consequences on the growth and development of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), a tree species of major economic importance in the southeastern United States. In two independent studies, seedlings of open-pollinated families of loblolly pine were exposed to five concentrations of O-3 (0, 80, 160, 240, or 320 nL . L(-1)) and three simulated rain acidities (pH 5.3, 4.3, or 3.3). Following 23 weeks of growth (12 weeks in charcoal-filtered air and 11 weeks of O-3 and simulated acidic rain exposures), stem height, secondary needle dry weight, top and total seedling dry weight, and root/shoot dry weight ratio all were related negatively and linearly with O-3 concentration. Stem diameter and root dry weight were also suppressed by O-3. Suppression of the growth parameters ranged from 14 to 35% for the greatest O-3 concentration. Acidity of simulated rain did not affect seedlings, nor did it affect seedling responses to O-3. Results indicate that acid rain probably has little effect on growth of loblolly pine seedlings, but O-3 can suppress growth to varying degrees depending on family. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. USDA, FOREST SERV, ROCKY MT FOREST RES STN, LINCOLN, NE 68583 USA. RP Reinert, RA (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 26 IS 10 BP 1715 EP 1723 DI 10.1139/x26-195 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VM914 UT WOS:A1996VM91400001 ER PT J AU Schier, GA AF Schier, GA TI Effect of aluminum on growth of newly germinated and 1-year old red spruce (Picea rubens) seedlings SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID TREE SEEDLINGS; TOXICITY; SENSITIVITY; EUCALYPTUS; NUTRITION; CULTURE; AL AB Effects of Al on the growth of newly germinated and I-year-old red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) seedlings were compared by growing seedlings for 13 weeks in sand irrigated with nutrient solution (pH 3.8) containing 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/L Al. Compared with controls, roots of newly germinated seedlings produced significantly less biomass across all Al levels tested and had a lower Al toxicity threshold than roots of 1-year-old seedlings. Although the mean relative effects of Al on needle and stem dry weights of the two age-classes were not significantly different, reductions in shoot biomass at low Al levels were greater in 1-year-old than in newly germinated seedlings. However, at high levels, shoots of newly germinated seedlings showed greater sensitivity to Al. Foliar concentrations of Al were significantly higher and P concentrations were significantly lower in 1-year-old than in newly germinated seedlings. RP Schier, GA (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,359 MAIN RD,DELAWARE,OH 43015, USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 26 IS 10 BP 1781 EP 1787 DI 10.1139/x26-202 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VM914 UT WOS:A1996VM91400008 ER PT J AU Rebbeck, J AF Rebbeck, J TI Chronic ozone effects on three northeastern hardwood species: Growth and biomass SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID YELLOW-POPLAR SEEDLINGS; ENVIRONMENT ALTERS RESPONSE; ELEVATED CARBON-DIOXIDE; TULIPIFERA-L SEEDLINGS; ACER-SACCHARUM MARSH; HYBRID POPULUS L; BLACK-CHERRY; PINUS-TAEDA; ACIDIC PRECIPITATION; SEASONAL PATTERNS AB The response of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) seedlings after being exposed to two seasons of ozone ranging from subambient to twice ambient (exposures ranged from 16 to 107 ppm . h in 1990 and 31 to 197 ppm . h in 1991) was studied in standard 3-m diameter open-top chambers. All three species responded differently to ozone. After one season of exposure, black cherry growth and biomass decreased with increasing ozone exposure; yellow-poplar growth and biomass increased with increasing ozone exposure; and sugar maple growth and biomass were not significantly affected by ozone. After two seasons of exposure, few to no effects from ozone were observed in either sugar maple or yellow-poplar. However, total plant and root biomass of black cherry exposed to twice ambient ozone were reduced 32 and 39%, respectively, when compared with those grown in charcoal-filtered air. Exposure-response relationships were either linear or quadratic for most of the growth and biomass parameters measured. RP Rebbeck, J (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,359 MAIN RD,DELAWARE,OH 43015, USA. NR 50 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 26 IS 10 BP 1788 EP 1798 DI 10.1139/x26-203 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VM914 UT WOS:A1996VM91400009 ER PT J AU Connor, KF Bonner, FT Vozzo, JA AF Connor, KF Bonner, FT Vozzo, JA TI Effects of desiccation on temperate recalcitrant seeds: Differential scanning calorimetry, gas chromatography, electron microscopy, and moisture studies on Quercus nigra and Quercus alba SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SOYBEAN SEEDS; STORAGE; SUGARS; TOLERANCE; MEMBRANES; LIPIDS AB Investigations into the nature of desiccation-sensitive, or recalcitant, seed behavior have as yet failed to identify exact causes of this phenomenon. Experiments with Quercus nigra L. and Quercus alba L. were conducted to examine physiological and biochemical changes brought about by seed desiccation and to determine if there were predictable changes in seed moisture content, in enthalpy (heat content) of seed moisture, in the lipid fraction, or in seed ultrastructure as viability declined. Quercus nigra intact acorn moisture contents at 50% and 5% viability were 15% and less than 14%, respectively; those of intact Q. alba at 50% and 0% viability were much higher, 32% and 22%, respectively. Generally, it was found that as the seeds of both species dried, the moisture content of the axes remained high (26-27%), even after 9 days of drying. In e. nigra acorns, there was little difference in average percent moisture lost per day among axes, proximal cotyledon tissue, and distal cotyledon tissue. Quercus alba acorns, however, lost moisture more rapidly from the axes than from the cotyledons. This was probably caused by the longitudinal splitting of the pericarp during the drying process. Lipids composed 28.4% of the dry weight of Q. nigra and 5.7% of Q. alba dry weight. Neither individual fatty acids nor total fatty acid content exhibited definite patterns of change over the course of the experiment. The most prevalent saturated fatty acid in both species was palmitic acid, and the most common unsaturated fatty acid was generally oleic acid. Electron microscopy studies of e. nigra showed cell wall trauma after 3 days of drying (moisture content 23%); by day 7, when moisture content had dropped to 15.6%, there was a definite dissolution of cytoplasmic density and a reduction of spherosome concentration. Quercus alba exhibited similar responses to drying, but cell wall integrity was maintained. Differential scanning calorimetry studies revealed strong relationships between onset and enthalpy values of all acorn tissues and percent germination as did regressions involving moisture content and seed germination. RP Connor, KF (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,FORESTRY SCI LAB,POB 928,STARKVILLE,MS 39760, USA. NR 31 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 26 IS 10 BP 1813 EP 1821 DI 10.1139/x26-206 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VM914 UT WOS:A1996VM91400012 ER PT J AU Weise, DR Biging, GS AF Weise, DR Biging, GS TI Effects of wind velocity and slope on flame properties SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID FIRES AB The combined effects of wind velocity and percent slope on flame length and angle were measured in an open-topped, tilting wind tunnel by burning fuel beds composed of vertical birch sticks and aspen excelsior. Mean flame length ranged from 0.08 to 1.69 m; 0.25 m was the maximum observed flame length for most backing fires. Flame angle ranged from -46 degrees to 50 degrees. Observed flame angle and length data were compared with predictions from several models applicable to fires on a horizontal surface. Two equations based on the Froude number underestimated flame angle for most wind and slope combinations; however, the data support theory that flame angle is a function of the square root of the Froude number. Discrepancies between data and predictions were attributed to measurement difficulties and slope effects. An equation based on Byram's convection number accounted for nearly half of the observed variation in flame angle (R(2) = 0.46). Byram's original equation relating fireline intensity to flame length overestimated flame length. New parameter estimates were derived from the data. Testing of observed fire behavior under a wider range of conditions and at field scale is recommended. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI POLICY & MANAGEMENT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Weise, DR (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,4955 CANYON CREST DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 28 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 26 IS 10 BP 1849 EP 1858 DI 10.1139/x26-210 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VM914 UT WOS:A1996VM91400016 ER PT J AU Schisler, DA Jackson, MA AF Schisler, DA Jackson, MA TI Germination of soil-incorporated microsclerotia of Colletotrichum truncatum and colonization of seedlings of the weed Sesbania exaltata SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Colletotrichum truncatum; Sesbania exaltata; bioherbicide; mycoherbicide; microsclerotia ID SCLEROTIA; INFECTION; CONIDIATION; EMULSION; DISEASE AB Microsclerotia of the bioherbicidal fungus Colletotrichum truncatum were produced in submerged culture. Seedlings of the weed Sesbania exaltata became infected when seeds were germinated in air-steam pasteurized (60 degrees C, 30 min) field soil infested with 165 microsclerotia/cm(3). Infection was first noted 3 days after planting seeds, when the pathogen was recovered from 5% of plant segments taken from within 0.5 cm of the soil,surface. By day 7, C. truncatum was recovered from 38% of stem and root segments within 0.5 cm of the soil surface, and from 60% of similar segments by day 8. Of all pathogen recovery, 66% came from segments within 0.5 cm of the soil surface and 92% of recoveries came from within 1.0 cm of the soil surface. All freshly produced microsclerotia on Nobel water agar had germinated after 24 h and conidial production from germinated microsclerotia was detected. Conidiation peaked in vitro after 2 days, with approximately 3500 conidia being produced per microsclerotium. In situ, light microscopy showed that about 40% of microsclerotia produce setae after 1 day in pasteurized potting mis. This level was virtually unchanged after, 3, and 4 days of incubation though all microsclerotia remained viable. Scanning electron microscopy determined that, in situ, microsclerotia germinated sporogenically to produce conidia and setae. Newly produced conidia germinated and formed appressoria on S. exaltata roots after 2 days when root radicles were less than 1 day old. RP Schisler, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 42 IS 10 BP 1032 EP 1038 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA VP027 UT WOS:A1996VP02700006 ER PT J AU DeBey, BM Roth, JA Brogden, KA Cutlip, RC Stevens, MG Jones, T Briggs, RE Kluge, JP AF DeBey, BM Roth, JA Brogden, KA Cutlip, RC Stevens, MG Jones, T Briggs, RE Kluge, JP TI In vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses and gamma-interferon production as measures of cell-mediated immunity of cattle exposed to Pasteurella haemolytica SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE LA English DT Article ID BOVINE PNEUMONIC PASTEURELLOSIS; RESISTANCE; LEUKOTOXIN; LIVE; VACCINATION; SEROTYPE-1; CHALLENGE; INFECTION; CALVES AB Cell-mediated immune mechanisms may play a role in the pathogenesis and prevention of pneumonia in cattle caused by Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1. To determine the circumstances required to stimulate and identify cell-mediated immune responses, calves were vaccinated with a commercial P. haemolytica bacterin or a live commercial P. haemolytica vaccine, or were infected intratracheally with virulent P. haemolytica, All calves were challenge-exposed intratracheally with P. haemolytica 31 d after vaccination or prior infection, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and mediastinal and superficial cervical lymph node cells were stimulated with antigens prepared from P. haemolytica to evaluate in vitro proliferative responses and gamma-interferon production as measures of cell-mediated immunity, Strong proliferative responses and gamma-interferon production were detected in lymph node cells from calves vaccinated with the live vaccine and from infected calves, especially in response to stimulation with an outer membrane protein preparation from P. haemolytica, Greater proliferative responses and gamma-interferon production were associated with the lymph node nearer the site of bacterin administration (superficial cervical lymph node) or the site of infection (mediastinal lymph node), whereas greater proliferative responses and gamma-interferon production were associated with the more distant lymph node (mediastinal lymph node) in calves vaccinated with the live vaccine, Neither proliferative responses nor gamma- interferon production were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from calves that were vaccinated for or infected with P. haemolytica, Antileukotoxin antibody titers were determined by a serum neutralization assay, and protection against pneumonic lesions was more closely correlated with antileukotoxin antibody responses than with lymphocyte proliferation or gamma-interferon responses. C1 ARS,RESP DIS RES UNIT,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA,AMES,IA. ARS,BRUCELIOSIS RES UNIT,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA,AMES,IA. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL IMMUNOL & PREVENT MED,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT VET PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,VET MED TEACHING & RES CTR,TULARE,CA. RI Roth, James/A-7122-2009 OI Roth, James/0000-0003-3562-668X NR 29 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN VET MED ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERLY ALLEN-MCGILL, OTTAWA ON K1R 7K1, CANADA SN 0830-9000 J9 CAN J VET RES JI Can. J. Vet. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. Vet. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 263 EP 270 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VN250 UT WOS:A1996VN25000004 PM 8904662 ER PT J AU Brockmeier, SL Mengeling, WL AF Brockmeier, SL Mengeling, WL TI Comparison of the protective response induced by NYVAC vaccinia recombinants expressing either gp50 or gII and gp50 of pseudorabies virus SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE LA English DT Article ID PIGS; STRAIN AB A NYVAC vaccinia vector containing genes for pseudorabies virus glycoproteins gII and gp50 was administered. to pigs to determine if it would have a greater protective effect than a vector containing the gene for gp50 alone, Both NYVAC vectors protected pigs similarly from virulent pseudorabies virus challenge. RP Brockmeier, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL SWINE RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN VET MED ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERLY ALLEN-MCGILL, OTTAWA ON K1R 7K1, CANADA SN 0830-9000 J9 CAN J VET RES JI Can. J. Vet. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. Vet. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 315 EP 317 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VN250 UT WOS:A1996VN25000012 PM 8904669 ER PT J AU Narisawa, T Fukaura, Y Hasebe, M Ito, M Aizawa, R Murakoshi, M Uemura, S Khachik, F Nishino, H AF Narisawa, T Fukaura, Y Hasebe, M Ito, M Aizawa, R Murakoshi, M Uemura, S Khachik, F Nishino, H TI Inhibitory effects of natural carotenoids, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene and lutein, on colonic aberrant crypt foci formation in rats SO CANCER LETTERS LA English DT Article DE alpha-carotene; beta-carotene; lycopene; lutein; colon cancer; colonic aberrant crypts ID TUMOR DEVELOPMENT; MICE; CANCER; CARCINOGENESIS; RISK AB Inhibitory effect of four carotenoids prevalent in human blood and tissues against the formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats. They received three intrarectal doses of N-methylnitrosourea in week 1, and a daily gavage of de-escalated doses of carotenoids during weeks 2 and 5. Lycopene, lutein, alpha-carotene and palm carotenes (a mixture of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene) inhibited the development of aberrant crypt foci quantitated at week 6, but beta-carotene did not. The results suggested that lycopene and lutein in small doses may potentially prevent colon carcinogenesis. C1 LION CORP, RES & DEV HEADQUARTERS, EDOGAWA KU, TOKYO 132, JAPAN. USDA, BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. CATHOLIC UNIV AMER, DEPT CHEM, WASHINGTON, DC 20064 USA. KYOTO PREFECTURAL UNIV MED, DEPT BIOCHEM, KAMIGYO KU, KYOTO 602, JAPAN. RP Narisawa, T (reprint author), AKITA UNIV, COLL ALLIED MED SCI, HONDO 1-1-1, AKITA 010, JAPAN. RI Khachik, Frederick/C-5055-2009 NR 31 TC 107 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0304-3835 EI 1872-7980 J9 CANCER LETT JI Cancer Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 1996 VL 107 IS 1 BP 137 EP 142 DI 10.1016/0304-3835(96)04354-6 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA VP941 UT WOS:A1996VP94100020 PM 8913278 ER PT J AU Locke, MA Smeda, RJ Howard, KD Reddy, KN AF Locke, MA Smeda, RJ Howard, KD Reddy, KN TI Clomazone volatilization under varying environmental conditions SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE clomazone; 2-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone; volatilization; temperature; moisture ID SOIL-MOISTURE; TEMPERATURE; PERSISTENCE AB Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) was used as a bioindicator to examine factors (temperature, soil moisture, soil incorporation) which might influence clomazone {2-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone} volatilization. Young plants were periodically exposed to atmosphere inside boxes containing clomazone-treated soil. Exposed plants were returned to the greenhouse for 5 to 7 d, and new leaves were assayed for chlorophyll. Maximum chlorophyll inhibition occurred in velvetleaf exposed during the first 2 wk after clomazone application. Reductions in degree of bleaching were first observed in plants exposed in the treatments with lower soil moisture (2% moisture at 19 days after clomazone treatment, DAT; 9% at 42 DAT). The least amount of clomazone was measured in soils incubated in the 35 degrees C treatment, indicating elevated temperatures enhanced volatilization, and may have contributed to the increased chlorophyll content observed observed earlier than other temperatures. The effect of herbicide incorporation was not conclusive. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd RP Locke, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,POB 350,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD OCT PY 1996 VL 33 IS 7 BP 1213 EP 1225 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(96)00260-3 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VF703 UT WOS:A1996VF70300001 ER PT J AU Manning, BA Goldberg, S AF Manning, BA Goldberg, S TI Modeling arsenate competitive adsorption on kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE arsenate competitive adsorption; illite; kaolinite; montmorillonite ID PHOSPHATE ADSORPTION; SOLUTION INTERFACE; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; CLAY-MINERALS; OXIDE; PH; SURFACE; SOILS; CHEMISTRY; SORPTION AB The adsorption of arsenate (As(V)) on kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite was investigated at varying pH and competing anion concentration while holding As(V) concentration (6.7 x 10(-7) A I), clay suspension density (2.5 g L(-1)) and ionic strength (0.1 M NaCl) constant. The effects of 2 concentrations of phosphate (P) or molybdate (Mo) (6.7 x 10(-7) and 6.7 x 10(-6) M) on As(V) adsorption envelopes (adsorption vs. pH) gave evidence for direct competitive adsorption (in the case of As(V) + P) and possibly site-specific non-competitive adsorption (As(V) + Mo). Distinct As(V) adsorption maxima occurred at approximately pH 5.0 for kaolinite, 6.0 for montmorillonite and 6.5 for illite, and ranged from 0.15 to 0.22 mmol As(V) kg(-1). When both As(V) and P were present at equimolar concentrations (6.7 x 10(-7) M), As(V) adsorption decreased slightly, whereas As(V) adsorption substantially decreased in binary As(V)/P systems when the P concentration was 6.7 x 10(-6) M, which was 10 times greater than As(V). The presence of Mo at equimolar (6.7 x 10(-7) M) and 10 times greater (6.7 x 10(-6) M) concentrations than As(V) caused only slight decreases in As(V) adsorption because the Mo adsorption maximum occurred at pH < 4. The constant capacitance surface complexation model was applied to As(V) and P adsorption data and was used to predict As(V) adsorption at varying P concentrations. The model gave reasonable descriptions of As(V) adsorption on the 3 clay minerals at varying pH and in the presence of a competing oxyanion (P), indicating that surface complexation modeling may be useful in predicting As(V) adsorption in soils. RP Manning, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US SALIN LAB, 450 W BIG SPRINGS RD, RIVERSIDE, CA 92507 USA. NR 41 TC 178 Z9 183 U1 6 U2 42 PU CLAY MINERALS SOC PI CHANTILLY PA 3635 CONCORDE PKWY, STE 500, CHANTILLY, VA 20151-1125 USA SN 0009-8604 EI 1552-8367 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 44 IS 5 BP 609 EP 623 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1996.0440504 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA VT786 UT WOS:A1996VT78600004 ER PT J AU Kiester, AR Scott, JM Csuti, B Noss, RF Butterfield, B Sahr, K White, D AF Kiester, AR Scott, JM Csuti, B Noss, RF Butterfield, B Sahr, K White, D TI Conservation prioritization using GAP data SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SAMPLING DESIGN; DIVERSITY; SELECTION AB Data collected by the Gap Analysis Program in the state of Idabo (U.S.A.) are used to prioritize the selection of locations for conservation action and research. Set coverage and integer programming algorithms provide a sequence of localities that maximize the number of species or vegetation classes represented at each step. Richness maps of vegetation cover class diversity, terrestrial vertebrate species diversity (''hot spot analysis''), endangered, threatened, and candidate species diversity, and unprotected vertebrate species diversity (''gap analysis'') when prioritized, show a rapid accumulation of species as more localities are chosen for terrestrial vertebrates and unprotected vertebrates. Gap analysis identifies four target areas (''gaps'') that include 79 of the 83 vertebrate species not currently protected. Accumulation of vegetation cover classes and endangered, threatened, and candidate species is much slower. Sweep analysis is used to determine how well prioritizing on one component of diversity accumulates other components. Endangered, threatened, and candidate species do not sweep total vertebrates as well as unprotected vertebrates do, but are better than vegetation classes. Total vertebrates sweep endangered, threatened, and candidate species better than unprotected vertebrates do, which in turn are better than vegetation classes. we emphasize that prioritization must be part of conservation efforts at multiple scales and that prioritization points out important localities where more detailed work must be undertaken. C1 IDAHO DEPT FISH & GAME,BOISE,ID 83707. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. UNIV IDAHO,USDI,NATL BIOL SERV,IDAHO COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,MOSCOW,ID 83843. RP Kiester, AR (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,USDA,320 SW JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 24 TC 106 Z9 110 U1 3 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 10 IS 5 BP 1332 EP 1342 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10051332.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VQ550 UT WOS:A1996VQ55000006 ER PT J AU King, DI Griffin, CR Degraaf, RM AF King, DI Griffin, CR Degraaf, RM TI Effects of clearcutting on habitat use and reproductive success of the ovenbird in forested landscapes SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AVIAN NEST PREDATION; BIRD COMMUNITIES; EDGE; FRAGMENTATION; DEPREDATION; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT; SONGBIRDS; DIVERSITY; WOODLOTS AB We studied Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) in northern New Hampshire during 1992 and 1993 to determine whether edge-related changes in habitat use and reproductive success reported in fragmented landscapes exist in predominantly forested landscapes. Six study plots were placed adjacent to four recent clearcuts (2.1-5 ha) and extended 400 m into the forest interior. Nests, territories, and territorial males obtaining mates were equally distributed in edge (0-200 m) and interior (201-400 m) areas. Nest survival was higher in the forest interior in 1992 and for 1992 and 1993 combined. The proportion of pairs fledging greater than or equal to 1 young, fledgling weight, and fledgling wing-chord did not differ between edge and interior in either year. Number of young fledged per pair was slightly lower in edge areas, but these differences were not significant. We conclude that clearcutting in extensively forested landscapes can affect Ovenbird reproductive success. Nevertheless, the effect on Ovenbird populations is moderated by the abundance of mature forest cover in the region and by the tendency of Ovenbirds to renest after initial nest failure. C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,USDA,FOREST SERV NE EXPT STAT,AMHERST,MA 01003. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,USDA,FOREST SERV,NE EXPT STAT,AMHERST,MA 01003. RP King, DI (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT FORESTRY & WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 72 TC 84 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 10 IS 5 BP 1380 EP 1386 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10051380.x PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VQ550 UT WOS:A1996VQ55000011 ER PT J AU Kearns, DB Russell, JB AF Kearns, DB Russell, JB TI Catabolite regulation in a diauxic strain and a nondiauxic strain of Streptococcus bovis SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLUCOSE-TRANSPORT; RUMINAL BACTERIA; FECAL CARRIAGE; LOW-AFFINITY; SYSTEM; PHOSPHORYLATION; ASSOCIATION; ACIDOSIS AB Streptococcus bovis JB1 utilized glucose preferentially to lactose and grew diauxically, but S. bovis 581AXY2 grew nondiauxically and used glucose preferentially only when the glucose concentration was very high (greater than 5 mM). As little as 0.1 mM glucose completely inhibited the lactose transport of JB1. The lactose transport system of 581AXY2 was at least tenfold less sensitive to glucose, and 1 mM glucose caused only a 50% inhibition of lactose transport. Both strains had phosphotransferase systems (PTSs) for glucose and lactose. The glucose PTSs were constitutive, but little lactose PTS activity was detected unless lactose was the energy source for growth. JB1 had approximately threefold more glucose PTS activity than 581AXY2 (1600 versus 600 nmol glucose (mg protein)(-1)(min)(-1). The glucose PTS of JB1 showed normal Michaelis Menten kinetics, and the affinity constant (K-s) was 0.12 mM. The glucose PTS of 581AXY2 was atypical, and the plot of velocity versus velocity/substrate was biphasic, The low capacity system had a K-s of 0.20 mM, but the K-s of the high capacity system was greater than 6 mM. On the basis of these results, diauxic growth is dependent on the affinity of glucose enzyme II and the velocity of glucose transport. C1 CORNELL UNIV,MICROBIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. ARS,USDA,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 33 IS 4 BP 216 EP 219 DI 10.1007/s002849900102 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VK310 UT WOS:A1996VK31000002 PM 8824165 ER PT J AU Straus, DC Cooley, JD Purdy, CW AF Straus, DC Cooley, JD Purdy, CW TI In vivo production of neuraminidase by Pasteurella multocida A:3 in goats after transthoracic challenge SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOVINE PNEUMONIA; HAEMOLYTICA A1 AB Six goats were injected transthoracically with live Pasteurella multocida A:3 to examine if an extracellular enzyme, neuraminidase, was produced in vivo during infection with this organism. The principal group of goats (n = 6) each received 1 mi of live 7.5 X 10(4) cfu of P. multocida mixed with polyacrylate beads transthoracically in the left lung on day 0 and 1 ml of live P. multocida (2.2 X 10(8) cfu) mixed with polyacrylate beads transthoracically in the left lung on day 22. Six goats were used as negative controls and received 0.3 g of polyacrylate beads subcutaneously in the right flank on days 0 and 22. Serum was obtained from all animals on days 0, 7, 14, 22, 29, and 36. Preimmune sera from all animals showed no detectable antibody to P. multocida A:3 neuraminidase in an enzyme neutralization assay. None of the sera from the negative control animals demonstrated a significant antibody titer against the P. multocida A:3 neuraminidase. On day 36, serum samples from the six infected animals possessed complete enzyme-neutralizing activity. Anti-neuraminidase antibody could be detected as early as day 14 in the infected animals. These data show that neuraminidase is produced in vivo during an active P. multocida A:3 lobar infection. C1 ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,USDA,BUSHLAND,TX 79012. RP Straus, DC (reprint author), TEXAS TECH UNIV,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,LUBBOCK,TX 79430, USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 33 IS 4 BP 266 EP 269 DI 10.1007/s002849900111 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VK310 UT WOS:A1996VK31000011 PM 8824174 ER PT J AU Rens, W Welch, GR Houck, DW vanOven, CH Johnson, LA AF Rens, W Welch, GR Houck, DW vanOven, CH Johnson, LA TI Slit-scan flow cytometry for consistent high resolution DNA analysis of X- and Y-chromosome bearing sperm SO CYTOMETRY LA English DT Article DE slit-scan flow cytometry; sperm; DNA analysis; sorting; gender preselection ID MAMMALIAN SPERM; CENTROMERIC INDEX; SEX PRESELECTION; SPERMATOZOA; HYBRIDIZATION; POPULATIONS AB This paper describes the application of slit-scan how cytometry for accurate DNA analysis of X- and Y-chromosome bearing sperm. The introduction of the slit-scanning technique was initiated to improve the consistency in resolution of the X and Y population from donor to donor, An optimal resolution is essential for high purity sorting of X and Y sperm, as the difference in DNA content is small (3-4%) in most mammals. This difference is the discriminatory parameter for the flow cytometric sorting of the two populations. Our approach was to focus on the role of the sperm tail in the detection process. Slit-scan now cytometric analysis allows the whole sperm to be spatially analyzed along the direction of flow. Sperm were stained with Dansyl Lysine, a UV excitable fluorescent membrane dye, which stained the head, midpiece, and principal piece, Analysis of these stained sperm showed that there was no difference between the relative number of sperm that travel headfirst or tailfirst through the detection zone of the now cytometer. The influence off sperm with coiled tails on DNA analysis was also investigated. The proportion of sperm with coiled tails influences semen quality. The standard X-Y separation procedure uses Hoechst 33342, which stains all intact sperm, both living and dead. Propidium iodide was added to discriminate the dead sperm population, Silt-scan analysis showed that measurement of a sample containing a high proportion of living sperm with coiled tails results in an inferior DNA histogram and reduced X-Y resolution. Sperm with coiled tails can result in a lower detected fluorescence intensity, but the reason for this is unclear. Slit-scan now cytometry allows exclusion of sperm with coiled tails from the analysis, resulting in a restoration of high resolution of X- and Y-chromosome bearing sperm populations. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. BECTON DICKINSON IMMUNOCYTOMETRY SYST,SAN JOSE,CA 95131. UNIV AMSTERDAM,RADIOBIOL LAB,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOMETRY JI Cytometry PD OCT 1 PY 1996 VL 25 IS 2 BP 191 EP 199 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(19961001)25:2<191::AID-CYTO8>3.0.CO;2-K PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA VK648 UT WOS:A1996VK64800009 PM 8891449 ER PT J AU Chen, YCS McCormick, S AF Chen, YCS McCormick, S TI Sidecar pollen, an Arabidopsis thaliana male gametophytic mutant with aberrant cell divisions during pollen development SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE sidecar pollen; Arabidopsis thaliana; male gametophyte; pollen development; vegetative cell; generative cell; asymmetric cell division ID ANGIOSPERM POLLEN; GENE-EXPRESSION; MUTATIONS; PLANTS; ORIENTATION; BRASSICA; SYMMETRY; MAIZE AB During pollen development each product of meiosis undergoes a stereotypical pattern of cell divisions to give rise to a three-celled gametophyte, the pollen grain, First an asymmetric mitosis generates a larger vegetative cell and a smaller generative cell, then the generative cell undergoes a second mitosis to give rise to two sperm cells, It is unknown how this pattern of cell divisions is controlled, We have identified an Arabidopsis gene, SIDECAR POLLEN, which is required for the normal cell division pattern during pollen development, In the genetic background of the NoO ecotype, sidecar pollen heterozygotes have about 45% wild-type pollen, 48% aborted pollen and 7% pollen with an extra cell, Homozygous sidecar pollen plants have about 20% wild-type pollen, 53% aborted pollen and 27% extra-celled pollen, Similar ratios of sidecar pollen phenotypes are seen in the Columbia ecotype but sidecar pollen is a gametophytic lethal in the Landsberg erecta ecotype, Thus this allele of sidecar pollen shows differential gametophytic penetrance and variable expressivity in different genetic backgrounds, The extra cell has the cell identity of a vegetative cell and is produced prior to any asymmetric microspore mitosis, Pollen tetrad analysis directly demonstrates that SIDECAR POLLEN is indeed expressed in male gametophytes. To our knowledge, sep is the first male gametophytic mutation to be described in Arabidopsis. C1 ARS,PLANT GENE EXPRESS CTR,USDA,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Chen, YCS (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. NR 34 TC 113 Z9 124 U1 1 U2 10 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4DL SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD OCT PY 1996 VL 122 IS 10 BP 3243 EP 3253 PG 11 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA VP653 UT WOS:A1996VP65300027 PM 8898236 ER PT J AU Lemly, AD AF Lemly, AD TI Risk assessment in the regulatory process for wetlands SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID MILLTOWN RESERVOIR; RIPARIAN FORESTS; RIVER; MONTANA AB This paper presents an ecosystem-based approach to risk assessment in freshwater wetlands. The key concept in this approach is that the primary biotic and abiotic components that determine the structural and functional characteristics of wetlands are inseparable. Each component should be identified and its contribution to ecosystem functions or human values determined when deciding whether a stressor poses an unreasonable risk to the sustainability of a particular wetland. Understanding the major external and internal factors that regulate the operational conditions of wetlands is critical to risk characterization. Determining the linkages between these factors, and how they influence the way stressors affect wetlands, is the basis for an ecosystem approach. Adequate consideration of wetland ecology, hydrology, geomorphology, and soils can greatly reduce the level of uncertainty associated with risk assessment and lead to more effective risk management. In order to formulate effective solutions, wetland problems must be considered at watershed, landscape, and ecosystem scales. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP Lemly, AD (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,US FOREST SERV,COLDWATER FISHERIES RES UNIT,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 39 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 35 IS 1 BP 41 EP 56 DI 10.1006/eesa.1996.0080 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VT159 UT WOS:A1996VT15900006 PM 8930504 ER PT J AU McMichael, BL Upchurch, DR Burke, JJ AF McMichael, BL Upchurch, DR Burke, JJ TI Soil temperature derived prediction of root density in cotton SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE root development; root distribution; model; irrigation; dryland; row spacing ID NUTRIENT-UPTAKE; GROWTH; CULTIVARS AB Soil temperature has a significant impact on the development of plant root systems. Root growth increases with an increase in soil temperature until an optimum is reached, with decreased growth occurring as the temperature continues to rise. Soil temperatures change during the season as a result of changes in agronomic factors such as row spacing and irrigation. A model was developed to test the hypothesis that the growth of the root systems of cotton seedlings growing in controlled temperature environments coupled with information on changes in soil temperature could be used to predict the development of the root systems in the field. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv 'Paymaster HS-26') seedlings were grown in polyethylene growth pouches at various temperatures (10-40 degrees C) and root development evaluated as a function of temperature. Information obtained from a field experiment where plants were grown at two irrigation levels (irrigated vs. no irrigation)and two row spacings (76 and 100 cm) was also utilized. Soil temperatures were measured at various depths and root cores were taken at the end of the experiment to determine the root length density profiles. The model was then used to determine the root development for the day the root cores were taken and compared with the actual data for each treatment. In general, the temperature driven model estimated the relative rooting density variations with depth when water was not limiting (irrigated treatment) but more closely estimated the actual values for rooting density at the various depths under dryland conditions. Root length density was also more closely estimated by the temperature model for the 100 cm row spacing compared with the 76 cm spacing (R(2)=0.91 and 0.71 vs. 0.91 and 0.42 for each irrigation level, respectively). The temperature modes may provide the opportunity to determine root system characteristics on a dynamic basis throughout the growing season. RP McMichael, BL (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST RES LAB,RT 3,BOX 215,LUBBOCK,TX 79401, USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 3 BP 303 EP 312 DI 10.1016/0098-8472(96)01015-5 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VJ709 UT WOS:A1996VJ70900006 ER PT J AU Idso, SB Kimball, BA Hendrix, DL AF Idso, SB Kimball, BA Hendrix, DL TI Effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations of sour orange tree leaves SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Citrus aurantium; sour orange trees; carbon dioxide; CO2; leaf chlorophyll content; leaf nitrogen content ID EXTRACTABLE CHLOROPHYLL; LEAF GREENNESS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TEMPERATURE; GROWTH; WHEAT; METER AB Since 18 November 1987, eight sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) trees have been maintained under well watered and fertilized conditions within four clear-plastic-wall open-top enclosures, two of which have been continuously supplied with ambient air of approximately 400 mu l 1(-1) CO2 and two of which have been supplied with air enriched to approximately 700 mu l 1(-1) CO2. At weekly intervals throughout years 4-7 of this long-term experiment, we measured chlorophyll a contents of 60 leaves on each of the trees with a hand-held chlorophyl meter that was specifically calibrated for our study. At bi-monthly intervals, we also measured the areas, dry weights and nitrogen contents of 68 leaves from each tree. Expressed on a per-unit-leaf-area basis, leaves from the CO2-enriched trees contained 4.8% less chlorophyll and nitrogen than leaves from the trees exposed to ambient air. Because of their greater leaf numbers, however, the CO2-enriched trees contained 75% more total chlorophyll and nitrogen than thr ambient-treatment trees; the total productivity of the CO2-enriched trees was 175% greater. Consequently, although per-unit-leaf-area chlorophyll and nitrogen contents were slightly lowered by atmospheric CO2 enrichment in our experiment, their use efficiencies were greatly enhanced. C1 WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. RP Idso, SB (reprint author), USDA ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,4331 E BROADWAY,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 3 BP 323 EP 331 DI 10.1016/0098-8472(96)01018-0 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VJ709 UT WOS:A1996VJ70900008 ER PT J AU Quisenberry, JE McMichael, BL AF Quisenberry, JE McMichael, BL TI Screening cotton germplasm for root growth potential SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE genetic; yield; root system; lateral roots; row spacing; genotype ID GENETIC-VARIATION; EXOTIC COTTONS; WATER-USE AB The differential influence of root systems on plant productivity under field conditions has been difficult to evaluate. A field experiment was devised using three different row spacings (101, 152 and 203 cm) to screen cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm for root growth potential based on the relative ability to explore additional soil volume for water. The basic hypothesis was that lint yield increased as the available soil volume increased, provided that the genotype has the potential to produce the root system capable of taking advantage of the additional water resources. Seventy-seven entries from various germplasm backgrounds were grown to maturity in a replicated field test and Lint yield was measured. The results demonstrated that root growth potential, expressed as lint yield per centimeter of row spacing (i.e. the slope of the Linear regression analysis), was significant across the entries. This indicated that variation exists for the extent of root growth of the germplasm. Additional studies using ten high and ten low rooting potential genotypes revealed that there was no significant relationship between rooting potential and plant maturity. This approach offers a novel system for screening germplasm for potential field productivity based on diverse rooting characteristics. RP Quisenberry, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST RES LAB,PLANT STRESS & WATER CONSERVAT RES UNIT,ROUTE 3,BOX 215,LUBBOCK,TX 79401, USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 3 BP 333 EP 337 DI 10.1016/0098-8472(96)01011-8 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VJ709 UT WOS:A1996VJ70900009 ER PT J AU Burr, BM Warren, ML AF Burr, BM Warren, ML TI Threatened fishes of the world: Etheostoma chienense Page&Ceas, 1992 (Percidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article C1 SO FOREST EXPT STN,OXFORD,MS 38655. RP Burr, BM (reprint author), SO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,CARBONDALE,IL 62901, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD OCT PY 1996 VL 47 IS 2 BP 142 EP 142 DI 10.1007/BF00005036 PG 1 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA VJ958 UT WOS:A1996VJ95800003 ER PT J AU Woods, SA Streett, DA AF Woods, SA Streett, DA TI Assimilation of rubidium by Melanoplus grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE grasshopper; rubidium chloride; insect-marking; insect-dispersal ID MARKING; MARKER AB A series of assays were set up to evaluate several parameters affecting rubidium assimilation, excretion and effects on migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.), development following ingestion of RbCl. Dosages of RbCl as high as 3.82 mg were found to elevate tissue concentrations of Rb as much as 4,900 ppm above background levels at 2 d after ingestion. The rate of ingestion was essentially linear, and excretion rates followed the behavior of a half-life model with a half-life of roughly 1 d. There were no differences between M. sanguinipes and M. packardii (Scudder) in the amount of Rb assimilated, however, subtle differences that were proportional to the weight of the grasshoppers were observed in the resulting tissue concentrations. Constant exposure to RbCl raised body concentrations of Iib to 2,000-5,000 ppm and caused a slight retardation in developmental rates. A single exposure to 121 mu g of RbCl caused tissue concentrations of Rb to rise to 140 ppm at 2 d after ingestion, but had no effect on developmental rates. These assays provide the basic parameters necessary for designing field studies in which RbCl, formulated in a bait, can be used for grasshopper dispersal and feeding studies. C1 MONTANA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RANGELAND INSECT LAB,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 906 EP 911 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VR848 UT WOS:A1996VR84800004 ER PT J AU Woods, SA Streett, DA AF Woods, SA Streett, DA TI Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) bait feeding studies using rubidium chloride SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE grasshopper; bait-feeding; rubidium chloride; insect marking ID LEPIDOPTERA; MARKING; INSECTS AB Grasshopper populations were treated with bait formulations containing rubidium chloride as part of microbial control and dispersal studies conducted in 1989 and 1990. Bait feeding was compared in grasshoppers collected 4 d after bait application in 1989 and a d after application in 1990. Retention of Rb was studied from additional collections that were made during the 16 d after application in 1990. Rb concentrations in grasshopper tissues mere estimated with atomic absorption spectrophotometry: Bait consumption increased with successive instars, but did not keep pace with increases in body weight. Consumption by adults was notably less than expected for their size. The migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.), and the Packard grasshopper, M. packardii Scudder, consumed comparable amounts of RbCl for a given instar. Assimilation rates varied considerable within each stage and species Among those grasshoppers that assimilated the most Rb, concentrations decreased the Ist 6 d after application, remained stable during the nest 5 d, and decreased again bu 16 d after application. These results can be used in future studies to optimize bait feeding and dispersal studies. C1 MONTANA STATE UNIV,RANGELAND INSECT LAB,USDA ARS,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 912 EP 918 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VR848 UT WOS:A1996VR84800005 ER PT J AU Linit, MJ Kinn, DN AF Linit, MJ Kinn, DN TI Influence of pinewood nematode (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) infection on the preformed defensive response of shortleaf pine SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; oleoresin flow; preformed defenses ID BURSAPHELENCHUS-XYLOPHILUS; WILTING DISEASE; LOBLOLLY-PINE; WOOD NEMATODE; RESISTANCE; MINNESOTA; WISCONSIN AB The effect of pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle, infection on the preformed defensive response of shortleaf pines, Pinus echinata Miller, near Ashland, MO, was quantified during 1993 and 1994. Each year, trees were inoculated with pinewood nematodes at a height of approximate to 8m above the ground. An equal number of control trees were inoculated with sterile, distilled water. Oleoresin flow was monitored on each tree 1, 2, and 3 mo after inoculation. Oleoresin was collected from 2 wounds at each of 3 collection heights; approximate to 1.5, 4, and 7 m above the ground. Significant reductions in oleoresin flow were noted in the nematode-inoculated trees during both years and at each collection height. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO FOREST EXPT STN,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. RP Linit, MJ (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT ENTOMOL,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 30 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1133 EP 1139 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VR848 UT WOS:A1996VR84800034 ER PT J AU Fisher, JR Kemp, WP Pierson, FB AF Fisher, JR Kemp, WP Pierson, FB TI Aulocara elliotti (Orthoptera: Acrididae): Diapause termination, postdiapause development, and prediction of hatch SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aulocara elliotti; hatch; modeling ID MELANOPLUS-SANGUINIPES ORTHOPTERA; RANGELAND GRASSHOPPERS; MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER; SOIL TEMPERATURES; MODEL; SIMULATION; PHENOLOGY; POPULATIONS; STEPPE; TIME AB Diapause termination, postdiapause duration, and field hatch of the bigheaded grasshopper, Aulocara elliotti (Thomas), were studied in southwest Montana during a 3-yr period. In general, >70% of the sampled population had completed diapause by mid-November each year. Postdiapause embryonic developmental rates were obtained from a function fitted to hatch versus time data collected at constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 42 degrees C. The population model design system was used to predict hatch at 2 sites in southwestern Montana for 3 yr. First-instar occurrence was monitored by sweep net samples and used to assess the accuracy of the predictions. When simulated hatch was compared with held occurrence of Ist instars, the 50% occurrence dates were very similar (within 2.2 +/- 1.1 d for all 5 comparisons). The results of our investigations should enhance the ability of decision support systems for grasshopper management to provide forecasts to land managers and pest advisors. RP Fisher, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NPA,RANGELAND INSECT LAB,BOZEMAN,MT 59717, USA. NR 43 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1158 EP 1166 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VR848 UT WOS:A1996VR84800038 ER PT J AU Cook, SP Webb, RE Thorpe, KW AF Cook, SP Webb, RE Thorpe, KW TI Potential enhancement of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus with the triterpene azadirachtin SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; Gypchek; baculovirus; azadirachtin; neem ID BACULOVIRUS ACTIVITY; OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS; LARVAE; NEEM; NOCTUIDAE; PLANT AB Second-instar gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), larvae were placed on semisynthetic diet and white oak, Quercus alba L., seedlings that had been surface-treated with azadirachtin and gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Both treatments affected larval development (weight gain and molting) and survival. When consumed together, larvae died significantly faster compared with larvae, which consumed only azadirachtin or virus. The combination also resulted in lowered larval survival compared with that observed when only 1 material was consumed. The combination of azadirachtin and virus should result in good foliage protection if used against gypsy moth larvae. However, the addition of azadirachtin to viral formulations could also result in less virus being produced within the larval cadaver and released into the environment because the affected larvae are smaller. C1 USDA ARS, INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB, BARC E, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1209 EP 1214 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VR848 UT WOS:A1996VR84800045 ER PT J AU Farrar, RR Martin, PAW Ridgway, RL AF Farrar, RR Martin, PAW Ridgway, RL TI Host plant effects on activity of Bacillus thuringiensis against gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; gypsy moth; host plants; white oak; sweetgum ID DISPAR AB The activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner against larvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), was measured initially on field-collected foliage of 17 host trees and a laboratory host (leaf lettuce) dipped in suspensions of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. Large differences in larval mortality among hosts were found; the amount of B. thuringiensis required to obtain comparable levels of mortality varied >10-foId among some hosts. White oak, Quercus alba L., and sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua L., were selected for further study. Mortality of larvae on foliage treated with B. thuringiensis suspensions of 2 concentrations and held in small cages was higher on white oak than on sweetgum. The amount of B. thuringiensis deposited on white oak and sweetgum foliage, and the amount remaining after 3 d, was measured by extracting, culturing, and counting colonies produced by viable spores. There was a nonsignificant trend toward higher initial deposition of B. thuringiensis on oak than on sweetgum, but only at the high rate of B. thuringiensis. Otherwise, deposition of B. thuringiensis and survival of spores over 3 d did not differ between white oak and sweetgum, and was not closely related to differences in larval mortality. These results indicate that other factors, possibly secondary plant compounds or environmental factors, are involved. RP Farrar, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BARC E,BLDG 402,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 35 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1215 EP 1223 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VR848 UT WOS:A1996VR84800046 ER PT J AU Jackson, DM Nottingham, SF Schlotzhauer, WS Horvat, RJ Sisson, VA Stephenson, MG Foard, T McPherson, RM AF Jackson, DM Nottingham, SF Schlotzhauer, WS Horvat, RJ Sisson, VA Stephenson, MG Foard, T McPherson, RM TI Abundance of Cardiochiles nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Nicotiana species (Solanaceae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Nicotiana noctiflora; Nicotiana sanderae; parasitoid; insect-plant relationships; host plant attractants ID HELIOTHIS; COMPONENTS; TOBACCO; FLOWERS; HOST AB The presence of adult Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck, a nearly obligatory parasitoid of tobacco budworm larvae, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was monitored in fields with up to 117 accessions of Nicotiana species (Solanaceae) during 1985-1994 at Oxford, NC, Tifton, GA, and Athens, GA. Large numbers of wasps were observed flying over or resting on several Nicotlana species, especially N. noctiflora Hooker and N. sanderae Hort. ex Watson (hybrid between N. alata Link & Otto and hi. forgetiana Hort, ex Hemsley). During the IO-vr sampling period, an average of 60 times as many C. nigriceps adults mere counted in N. noctiflora plots and 19 times as many wasps were counted in N. sanderae plots than were found in commercial tobacco, N. tabacum L. ('NC 2326'), even though N. noctiflora and N. sanderae are poor host plants for tobacco budworm larvae. Male wasps predominated in plots of N. noctiflora; whereas, female wasps predominated in cultivated tobacco fields. There were no significant differences in the sex ratios of wasps collected from N. alata or N. sanderae. C. nigriceps adults were associated primarily with the flowers of, N. sanderae, N. alata, and N. forgetiana, but they were found equally on the leaves and flowers of N. noctiflora. C. nigriceps adults appeared to be attracted to volatile components from N. noctiflora leaves and flowers. Several kilograms of field-grown N. noctiflora flowers and leaves were extracted with methylene chloride, and the volatile components were isolated. Gas chromatography showed only 4 volatile peaks of interest in N. noctiflora, and they were identified as nitrogen-sulfur heterocycles. C1 USDA ARS,CROPS RES LAB,OXFORD,NC 27565. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1248 EP 1255 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VR848 UT WOS:A1996VR84800049 ER PT J AU Lemly, AD AF Lemly, AD TI Assessing the toxic threat of selenium to fish and aquatic birds SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Review ID MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; BLUEGILLS LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; WABIGOON RIVER SYSTEM; MALLARDS FED SELENIUM; SAN-JOAQUIN VALLEY; KESTERSON-RESERVOIR; DIETARY SELENIUM; RAINBOW-TROUT AB A procedure is given for evaluating the toxic threat of selenium to fish and wildlife. Toxic threat is expressed as hazard, and is based on the potential for food-chain bioaccumulation and reproductive impairment in fish and aquatic birds, which are the most sensitive biological responses for estimating ecosystem-level impacts of selenium contamination. Five degrees of hazard are possible depending on the expected environmental concentrations of selenium, exposure of fish and aquatic birds to toxic concentrations, and resultant potential for reproductive impairment. The degree of hazard is given a numerical score: 5 = high hazard, 4 = moderate hazard, 3 = low hazard, 2 = minimal hazard, and 1 = no identifiable hazard. A separate hazard score is given to each of five ecosystem components; water, sediments, benthic macroinvertebrates, fish eggs, and aquatic bird eggs. A final hazard characterization is determined by adding individual scores and comparing the total to the following evaluation criteria: 5 = no hazard, 6-8 = minimal hazard, 9-11 = low hazard, 12-15 = moderate hazard, 16-25 = high hazard. An example is given to illustrate how the procedure is applied to selenium data from a typical contaminant monitoring program. RP Lemly, AD (reprint author), VIRGINIA TECH UNIV, US FOREST SERV, COLDWATER FIESHERIES RES UNIT, DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE SCI, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 USA. NR 149 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 EI 1573-2959 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 1 BP 19 EP 35 DI 10.1007/BF00399568 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VK524 UT WOS:A1996VK52400003 PM 24193731 ER PT J AU McConnell, LL Kucklick, JR Bidleman, TF Ivanov, GP Chernyak, SM AF McConnell, LL Kucklick, JR Bidleman, TF Ivanov, GP Chernyak, SM TI Air-water gas exchange of organochlorine compounds in Lake Baikal, Russia SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HENRY LAW CONSTANTS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; GREEN BAY; TOXAPHENE; HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; VOLATILIZATION AB Air and surface water samples were collected at Lake Baikal, Russia, during June 1991 to determine concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. These data were combined with Henry's law constants to estimate the gas flux rate across the air-water interface of each compound class. Air samples were collected at Lake Baikal and from nearby Irkutsk. Water samples were collected from three mid-lake stations and at the mouth of two major tributaries. Average air concentrations of chlorinated bornanes (14 pg m(-3)), chlordanes (4.9 pg m(-3)), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (194 pg m(-3)) were similar to global background or Arctic levels. However, air concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), DDTs, and PCBs were closer to those observed in the Great Lakes region. Significantly higher levels of these three compound classes in air over Irkutsk suggests that regional atmospheric transport and deposition may be an important source of these persistent compounds to Lake Baikal. Air-water gas exchange calculations resulted in net depositional flux values for alpha-HCH, gamma-HCH, DDTs, and chlorinated bornanes at 112, 23, 3.6, and 2.4 ng m(-2) d(-1), respectively. The total net flux of 22 PCB congeners, chlordanes, and HCB was from water to air (volatilization) at 47, 1.8, and 32 ng m(-2) d(-1), respectively. C1 NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,SE FISHERIES SCI CTR,CHARLESTON,SC 29422. UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,COLUMBIA,SC 29208. UNIV S CAROLINA,MARINE SCI PROGRAM,COLUMBIA,SC 29208. RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST LIMNOL,IRKUTSK 664003,RUSSIA. MOSCOW FISHERIES INST,MOSCOW,RUSSIA. RP McConnell, LL (reprint author), USDA ARS,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011; Bidleman, Terry/F-6287-2011 OI Bidleman, Terry/0000-0001-7469-0532 NR 56 TC 69 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 30 IS 10 BP 2975 EP 2983 DI 10.1021/es9509487 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VL046 UT WOS:A1996VL04600033 ER PT J AU Spanggord, RJ Gordon, GR Schocken, MJ Starr, RI AF Spanggord, RJ Gordon, GR Schocken, MJ Starr, RI TI Bioconcentration and metabolism of [C-14]3-chloro-P-toluidine hydrochloride by bluegill sunfish SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE bioconcentration; metabolism; pesticide; CPTH; fish AB Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) were continuously exposed to 0.1 mu g/ml of uniformly radiolabeled [C-14]3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride (CPTH) for 28 d, after which the fish were transferred to flowing untreated water for a 28-d depuration period. At periodic intervals during the treatment and depuration periods, samples of water and fish were analyzed for [C-14] residues to determine the degree of CPTH absorption. Samples of bluegill that were exposed to the radiolabeled chemical for 28 d were analyzed to determine the distribution of the radiolabel and to isolate and identify possible metabolites. The steady-state concentrations in the bluegill tissues were reached by day 7 of exposure to the radiolabeled compound, with mean concentrations in the edible, nonedible, and whole-body tissues determined to be 2.9, 12.0, and 7.5 mu g/g of tissue, respectively. Bioconcentration factors of 33x, 150x, and 88x were calculated for the three types of tissues. About 64% of the accumulated radiolabeled CPTH and metabolites were eliminated from the fish on day 28 of depuration. The distribution of radioactivity was found to be similar in all tissue groups. One metabolite was confirmed as N-acetyl-3-chloro-p-toluidine, with two metabolites suggested to be 4-acetamido-2-chlorobenzoic acid and 4-amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid. The N-acetylated breakdown product has been previously reported to occur in both mammals and birds; thus, the metabolism of CPTH in fish may parallel that observed in these other species. Although the effects of biomagnification cannot be fully assessed at this time, we can conclude that when bluegill sunfish are continuously exposed to sublethal levels of CPTH, bioconcentration will not occur to an appreciable extent, and that residues will be rapidly excreted upon removal of the fish from the CPTH source. Furthermore, published information pertaining to various aquatic organisms indicates that bioaccumulation will not be a problem if the bioconcentration factor is below 100. C1 USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. SRI INT,MENLO PK,CA 94025. SPRINGBORN LABS,WAREHAM,MA 02571. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 15 IS 10 BP 1655 EP 1663 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1655:BAMOCC>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VK145 UT WOS:A1996VK14500001 ER PT J AU Spanggord, RJ Gordon, GR Starr, RI Elias, DJ AF Spanggord, RJ Gordon, GR Starr, RI Elias, DJ TI Aerobic biodegradation of [C-14]3-chloro-P-toluidine hydrochloride in a loam soil SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE biodegradation; metabolism; pesticide; CPTH; soil AB Degradation of the pesticide 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride (CPTH) occurred in a loam soil when applied at concentrations of 3.5 and 35 mu g/g. The compound degraded according to pseudo-first-order kinetics, with a calculated rate constant of 2.74 x 10(-2) h(-1), at a soil temperature of 22 degrees C; this rate constant yielded a half-life of 25 h. The loss of radiolabeled CPTH from soil was suggested to be controlled by both irreversible binding to the soil colloids and microbial transformation. Mineralization of the radiolabeled CPTH was interpreted as involving two zero-order kinetic rates; an initial rate of carbon dioxide release was estimated to be 0.33% d(-1) (half-life of 152 d), followed by a slower rate of 0.07% d(-1), which resulted in a half-life of 718 d. Approximately 13% of the radiolabeled CPTH that was applied to soil at 3.5 mu g/g was mineralized to [C-14] carbon dioxide during the 99-d incubation period. A primary metabolite was identified as N-acetyl-3-chloro-p-toluidine (ACPTH); this metabolite reached a maximum concentration at the 1-d sampling period, and degraded with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 2.67 x 10(-2) h(-1); the half-life for ACPTH was calculated to be 26 h. When CPTH was applied to soil at 35 mu g/g, the compound was also mineralized in soil by a similar metabolic pathway to that observed at the lower concentration. However, the rate of mineralization was slower, which suggests that elevated soil concentrations of CPTH may affect the viability of certain microorganisms. C1 USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. SRI INT,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 15 IS 10 BP 1664 EP 1670 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1664:ABOCCP>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VK145 UT WOS:A1996VK14500002 ER PT J AU Irwin, KC Podoll, RT Starr, RI Elias, DJ AF Irwin, KC Podoll, RT Starr, RI Elias, DJ TI The mobility of [C-14]3-chloro-P-toluidine hydrochloride in a loam soil profile SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE leaching; mobility; pesticide; CPTH; soil AB The movement of radiolabeled 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride (CPTH) in a loam soil was evaluated in a column leaching study. Twenty-five-gram portions of the soil were treated with about 30 mu g/g of uniformly labeled [C-14]CPTH, and then incubated (aged) for 24 h under aerobic conditions; this soil was applied to untreated soil columns, which were then leached with dilute aqueous calcium sulfate for a total leachate volume equal to or greater than 50.8 times the cross-sectional area, or about 450 to 600 ml. Results indicated that about 2% of the initial radiolabeled compound leached through the soil profile, with the mean apparent partition coefficient calculated to be 65 ml/g. The soil columns were separated into 6-cm sections and extracted with dilute aqueous calcium sulfate, followed by 80% aqueous acetonitrile. About 90% of the [C-14]CPTH was sorbed to the uppermost 6 cm of soil. Following extraction, the residual soil was combusted, with these results indicating that an average 77% of the parent compound and products present in the upper 6 cm were bound to the soil colloids. Approximately 1% of the applied radiolabeled compound volatilized during the soil aging and leaching processes. The mean mass balance based upon [C-14] analyses was 102%. One major metabolite was detected in leachate fractions and soil extracts, which was tentatively identified as N-acetyl-3-chloro-p-toluidine, based upon HPLC retention times. This same degradation product was previously identified and confirmed using mass spectroscopy in CPTH aerobic soil biodegradation and fish accumulation studies. The extent to which CPTH was bound to the loam soil colloids, with only minimal movement through the soil profile, suggests a low potential for mobility of this pesticide in the soil environment. C1 USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. SRI INT,MENLO PK,CA 94025. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 15 IS 10 BP 1671 EP 1675 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1671:TMOCCP>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VK145 UT WOS:A1996VK14500003 ER PT J AU GuardPetter, J Keller, LH Rahman, MM Carlson, RW Silvers, S AF GuardPetter, J Keller, LH Rahman, MM Carlson, RW Silvers, S TI A novel relationship between O-antigen variation, matrix formation, and invasiveness of Salmonella enteritidis SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID SWARM-CELL-DIFFERENTIATION; PHAGE TYPE-4; PROTEUS-MIRABILIS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; VIRULENCE; EGGS; EXPRESSION; CHICKENS; STRAINS; PATHOGENESIS AB Salmonella enterica Enteritidis in chickens serves as a reservoir for salmonellosis in humans and the structure of its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been used to assess invasiveness. Culture from chick spleens generated colonies with an unusual wrinkled morphology, and it is designated the lacy phenotype. To characterize the nature of the morphological change, three isogenic variants were compared. Only the lacy phenotype produced a temperature-dependent cell surface matrix composed of several proteins in association with LPS high molecular weight O-antigen, Flagellin and a 35 kDa protein were identified as specific proteinaceous components of matrix. Both proteins cross-reacted with a monoclonal antibody previously determined to specifically detect the g-epitope of the Enteritidis monophasic flagella (H-antigen). These results suggest that O-antigen in association with protein contributes to cross-reactivity between molecules. The lacy phenotype was more organ invasive in 5-day-old chicks than isogenic variants producing low molecular weight O-antigen. However, it was no more efficient at contaminating eggs after oral inoculation of hens than a variant that completely lacked O-antigen, thus the lacy phenotype is classified as an intermediately invasive organism. The distinctive colonial phenotype of SE6-E21(lacy) was used to investigate environmental factors that decreased O/C ratios and contributed to attenuation. In so doing, it was found that growth in complement at 46 degrees C caused matrix producing cells to hyperflagellate and migrate across agar surfaces. These results suggest that the structure of O-antigen might influence the secretion and/or the function of Enteritidis cell-surface proteins. The data also reveal a greater heterogeneity than has been assumed in the phenotype, and possibly the infectious behaviour, of Enteritidis. C1 UNIV PENN,NEW BOLTON CTR,KENNETT SQ,PA 19348. UNIV GEORGIA,COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATE RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30602. USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. RP GuardPetter, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,934 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 47 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 117 IS 2 BP 219 EP 231 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA VM420 UT WOS:A1996VM42000001 PM 8870619 ER PT J AU Enebak, SA Li, B Ostry, ME AF Enebak, SA Li, B Ostry, ME TI Seedling response of two trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) families to infection by Hypoxylon mammatum SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF FOREST PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLONES AB Open-pollinated progenies from two trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) families with a 30-year field history of 91% (putatively susceptible, PS) and 45% (putatively resistant, PR) mortality, respectively, caused by Hypoxylon mammatum, were grown in a greenhouse for 3 and 9 months. Seedlings were inoculated with two isolates of H. mammatum, representing high and low aggressiveness, through a stem wound. Beginning 4 days after inoculation host responses were examined on 312 seedlings per family for a period of 5 weeks on 3- and 9-month-old seedlings. Significant differences in host responses were observed between the two isolates, with the more aggressive isolate allowing less callus formation, causing more tissue necrosis and producing longer cankers than the less aggressive isolate on both aspen families. Between-family difference was much greater than within-family difference for tissue necrosis, callus formation and canker length for both seedling ages. When the 3-month-old seedlings were challenged with H. mammatum, the PR family showed greater tissue necrosis, longer cankers, and less callus formation than the PS family. However, when the more lignified 9-month-old seedlings of the same families were inoculated, the PR seedlings had much less tissue necrosis, shorter cankers, more callus formation and less seedling mortality than the PS family. The results indicate chat artificial inoculation of seedlings in a greenhouse can differentiate two aspen families at the seedling stage, but their correlation to field performance is highly dependent. upon the seedling age. Host responses of order seedlings may be a better indicator of field performance. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,RALEIGH,NC 27695. US FOREST SERV,N CENT EXPT STN,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Enebak, SA (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,SCH FORESTRY,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0300-1237 J9 EUR J FOREST PATHOL JI Eur. J. Forest Pathol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 26 IS 5 BP 245 EP 252 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WA664 UT WOS:A1996WA66400003 ER PT J AU Weinberg, ZG Muck, RE AF Weinberg, ZG Muck, RE TI New trends and opportunities in the development and use of inoculants for silage SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE silage; inoculant; lactic acid bacteria; aerobic stability; animal performance ID LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; LUCERNE MEDICAGO-SATIVA; GRASS-SILAGE; AEROBIC STABILITY; LACTOBACILLUS-PLANTARUM; FORMIC-ACID; PEDIOCOCCUS-ACIDILACTICI; NUTRITIVE-VALUE; GROWING CATTLE AB Inoculants are used as silage additives to improve preservation efficiency and to enhance animal performance. In most commercially available inoculants, homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used because they are fast and efficient producers of lactic acid, improving natural silage fermentation. Specific LAB inoculants may also have beneficial effects on animal performance even if there is no effect on fermentation. However, these types of inoculants are not always advantageous. They do not necessarily prevent secondary fermentation by clostridia in moist silages, and they sometimes impair the aerobic stability of grass and small grain silages, Therefore, new criteria for silage inoculants should be established which consider the specific needs of the crop being ensiled. New approaches which are being taken to develop improved inoculants for silage include the following: (1) using LAB isolates which are more specific to the target crops; (2) inclusion of heterofermentative LAB to produce volatile fatty acids to inhibit yeasts and moulds upon aerobic exposure; (3) inclusion of organisms other than LAB in inoculants to inhibit detrimental microorganisms; (4) selection or engineering of LAB strains to inhibit specific microorganisms; and (5) cloning and expression of genes which would enable selected LAB strains to utilize polysaccharides in crops which are low in soluble carbohydrates. Many of these new strategies for formulating inoculants are being tested, but further research is needed to determine the most successful approaches. C1 USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Weinberg, ZG (reprint author), AGR RES ORG,VOLCANI CTR,FORAGE PRESERVAT & BYPROD RES UNIT,IL-50250 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. NR 82 TC 162 Z9 190 U1 3 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6445 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL REV JI Fems Microbiol. Rev. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 19 IS 1 BP 53 EP 68 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1996.tb00253.x PG 16 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VQ735 UT WOS:A1996VQ73500003 ER PT J AU Davidonis, GH Johnson, A Landivar, J Hinojosa, O AF Davidonis, GH Johnson, A Landivar, J Hinojosa, O TI Influence of low-weight seeds and motes on the fiber properties of other cotton seeds SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cotton fiber quality; Gossypium; motes AB Suboptimal growth conditions can hinder cotton fiber growth and development. Bells were selected from cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.; Deltapine 50, 51) grown in Texas over a 3 yr period. Fiber samples from seeds located in the middle of the boil were analyzed using the advanced fiber information system (AFIS). Motes are developmentally arrested seeds and their associated fiber. By definition, motes cannot germinate. Motes were divided into two categories shea-fiber and long-fiber - where fiber from long-fiber motes was one half the length of fibers on normal seeds. Large numbers of shea-fiber motes per bell did not have a detrimental effect on the fiber quality of the middle seeds in a bell. Large numbers of long-fiber motes per bell reduced the extent of secondary wall deposition in fibers from middle seeds, while small numbers of low-weight seeds or long-fiber motes per bell did not affect the fiber quality of middle seeds. The identification of sources of poor quality fiber facilitates prediction of dyeing irregularities ultimately benefiting producers, processors and consumers. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,SCH HUMAN ECOL,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. TEXAS A&M UNIV,AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,CORPUS CHRISTI,TX 78406. RP Davidonis, GH (reprint author), ARS,USDA,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 48 IS 2-3 BP 141 EP 153 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(96)01018-0 PG 13 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA WA029 UT WOS:A1996WA02900006 ER PT J AU Cooper, DJ Erickson, JR AF Cooper, DJ Erickson, JR TI A technology vision and research agenda for America's forest, wood, and paper industry SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Cooper, DJ (reprint author), AMER FOREST & PAPER ASSOC,RES & DEV EFFECTIVENESS,1111 19TH ST,SUITE 800,WASHINGTON,DC 20036, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 46 IS 10 BP 22 EP 26 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VN869 UT WOS:A1996VN86900007 ER PT J AU Luppold, WG Baumgras, JE AF Luppold, WG Baumgras, JE TI Relationship between hardwood lumber and sawlog prices: A case study of Ohio, 1975-1994 SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MILLWORK INDUSTRY AB An examination of the differences (price spreads) between the price of hardwood sawlogs and the value of commodity-priced lumber that could be recovered from these logs revealed considerable variation between log grades and species. The price spreads associated with lower grade sawlogs have been increasing faster than the margins associated with higher grade sawlogs. This trend is the result of recent price increases for lower grade lumber combined with potential decreased demand for these logs as the number of small sawmills decline. Price spreads increased during periods of increasing hardwood lumber prices and decreased during periods of declining price. Spreads for prime white oak and poplar logs have decreased while those for prime red oak logs have at best remained stable. Price spread trends for prime logs are the result of higher grade logs being processed into premium products that sell at prices higher than those of commodity-priced lumber products quoted in hardwood market publications. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505. RP Luppold, WG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,241 MERCER SPRINGS RD,PRINCETON,WV 24740, USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 46 IS 10 BP 35 EP 40 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VN869 UT WOS:A1996VN86900009 ER PT J AU McKeever, DB Howard, JL AF McKeever, DB Howard, JL TI Value of timber and agricultural products in the United States, 1991 SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB In the United States, timber and agriculture are two important components of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The purpose of this study was to quantify the volume and value of timber in the U.S. economy in 1991 and compare the value of timber with that of agriculture. Combined, timber and agriculture accounted for 6.2 percent of total GDP in 1991, and 13.2 percent of the goods and structures portion of GDP. Primary timber products production totaled 17,889 million ft.(3) in 1991 and was valued at $19,370 million. Primary agricultural products were valued at $156,094 million in 1991. Although timber was only 11 percent of combined timber and agricultural primary products production, it was the highest valued crop produced in two regions, the South and Pacific Coast, and fourth highest in two regions, the North and Rocky Mountain. Only the value of corn and soybeans produced in the North exceeded the value of timber produced in any region. Secondary timber-related products added $40,128 million of value; secondary agriculture-related products added $139,554 million. When primary and secondary products were combined, timber-related products accounted for 17 percent of all timber- and agriculture-related products in 1991. RP McKeever, DB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 46 IS 10 BP 45 EP 50 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VN869 UT WOS:A1996VN86900011 ER PT J AU Thomas, RE AF Thomas, RE TI Prioritizing parts from cutting bills when gang-ripping first SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Computer optimization of gang-rip-first processing is a difficult problem when working with specific cutting bills. Interactions among board grade and size, arbor setup, and part sizes and quantities greatly complicate the decision making process. Cutting the wrong parts at any moment will mean that more board footage will be required to meet the bill. Using the ROugh MI11 RIP First Simulator (ROMI-RIP), different part prioritizing methods were examined. The ''best'' method of prioritizing part sizes appears to be both cutting bill and lumber grade dependent. Dynamic prioritization strategies, in which the emphasis placed on different part sizes shifts during optimization, are more efficient than more simplistic prioritization strategies for almost all cutting bills. RP Thomas, RE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,241 MERCER SPRINGS RD,PRINCETON,WV 24740, USA. NR 11 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 46 IS 10 BP 61 EP 66 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VN869 UT WOS:A1996VN86900014 ER PT J AU Gui, YQ Nicholas, DD Crawford, D AF Gui, YQ Nicholas, DD Crawford, D TI A miniature mechanical apparatus and test protocol for bending and crushing tests in wood preservation research SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID STRENGTH; DECAY AB A miniature mechanical test apparatus for determining the modulus of elasticity and crushing strength of small wood specimens has been developed. This apparatus provides a sensitive method for laboratory studies to measure both soft-rot and basidiomycete decay in wood test samples. Test results show that progressive soft-rot attack can be accurately measured by changes in modulus of elasticity. Tests on use of the apparatus to monitor the amount of basidiomycete decay in soil block tests are underway. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Gui, YQ (reprint author), MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,FOREST PROD LAB,BOX 9820,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 46 IS 10 BP 77 EP 80 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VN869 UT WOS:A1996VN86900017 ER PT J AU Postman, JD AF Postman, JD TI Sorbopyrus auricularis (Knoop) Schneider - An unusual pear relative SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Sorbopyrus auricularis (Knoop) Schneider is a cross between Pyrus communis L. and Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz. This intergeneric hybrid is represented by a single clone in arboretums and botanic gardens of Europe and North America, but has not been widely grown for its fruit. The plant has been brought into the United States several times since 1920, from different countries and with different plant names. These introductions all appear to be identical. The tree is cold hardy and resistant to scab, and although a shy bearer of small pear-like fruit it has found favor as a novelty crop with amateur fruit growers. RP Postman, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CLONAL GERMPLASM REPOSITORY,CORVALLIS,OR, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 50 IS 4 BP 218 EP 220 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VU328 UT WOS:A1996VU32800003 ER PT J AU Barrett, HC AF Barrett, HC TI Autotetraploid 'Meiwa' kumquat SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The origin of the autotetraploid form of 'Meiwa' kumquat, Fortunella crassifolia Swing. is recorded. Some of the more prominent morphological changes in the phenotype that occurred as a result of autotetraploidy are described. Autotetraploid 'Meiwa' was developed for use as a tetraploid parent in crosses with diploid cultivars of Citrus to produce seedling triploid selections with superior traits. The morphological changes in the phenotype that occurred when the diploid Fortunella 'Meiwa' was converted to the tetraploid condition were analogous to the corresponding changes that occurred when diploid Citrus cultivars were converted to the tetraploid condition. RP Barrett, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 50 IS 4 BP 247 EP 250 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VU328 UT WOS:A1996VU32800008 ER PT J AU Ramesh, R Proudman, JA Kuenzel, WJ AF Ramesh, R Proudman, JA Kuenzel, WJ TI Changes in pituitary somatotroph and lactotroph distribution in laying and incubating turkey hens SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VASOACTIVE-INTESTINAL-PEPTIDE; GROWTH-HORMONE; POSTERIOR PITUITARY; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; RAT PITUITARY; PROLACTIN; CHICKEN; BEHAVIOR; GLAND; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY AB Turkey hens can rapidly shift from a laying condition to one characterized by ovarian regression, incubation behavior, and hyperprolactinemia. Although remarkable changes occur in hormonal profiles as turkey hens pass from a laying to an incubating state, studies have not been undertaken to examine histochemical alterations of functionally relevant pituicytes in the adenohypophysis. The objective of this study was to compare the immunocytochemical changes in pituitary lactotrophs and somatotrophs in incubating turkey hens with those of egg laying hens. Based upon nest visiting and egg production records, laying and incubating hens were selected for sampling blood, pituitaries, and ovaries. Plasma prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) concentrations were determined. Sagittal pituitary sections of laying and incubating hens were immunostained using antibodies against turkey growth hormone or synthetic chicken PRL peptide. Somatotrophs were found predominantly in the caudal lobe while lactotrophs occurred only in the cephalic lobe of adenohypophysis in laying hens. In incubating hens, somatotrophs in the ventral half of the caudal lobe were replaced by lactotrophs. The sagittal area which immunostained for PRL was significantly greater while the area that immunostained for GH was less in the adenohypophysis of incubating turkey hens. Some of the lactotrophs were hypertrophied in incubating hens. The lactotrophic recruitment and hypertrophy provide a cellular basis for the hyperprolactinemia in incubating turkey hens. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 ARS,USDA,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Ramesh, R (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT POULTRY SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742, USA. NR 31 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 104 IS 1 BP 67 EP 75 DI 10.1006/gcen.1996.0142 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VL242 UT WOS:A1996VL24200009 PM 8921357 ER PT J AU Zhang, XY Wang, RRC Dong, YS AF Zhang, XY Wang, RRC Dong, YS TI RAPD polymorphisms in Aegilops geniculata Roth (Ae-ovata auct non L) SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Aegilops geniculata; RAPD; polymorphism; gene bank ID POWDERY MILDEW; WHEAT; RESISTANCE; MARKERS AB Genetic diversity of eighteen accessions of Ae. geniculata (2n = 28; UUMM) was assessed using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. We optimized RAPD conditions including the template DNA, the concentration of AmpliTaq DNA polymerase Stoffel fragment, and MgCl2 concentration for revealing polymorphisms. Thirty-eight decamer oligonucleotides were individually used as primers under optimized conditions. Seventeen of these primers produced polymorphic RAPDs among the 18 accessions of Ae. geniculata. Polymorphisms were recorded by noting presence or absence of an amplification product from the total genomic DNA. Comparisons of unique and shared amplification products of each pair of accessions were used to generate genetic similarity coefficients (GSCs). These GSCs were used to construct a phenogram using an unweighted pair-group method with arithmetical averages (UPGMA). The phenogram shows that RAPD data is useful in the measurement of genetic variation or similarity within a species. It also indicates that we can select eight or nine accessions of the eighteen accessions to maintain at least 80% genetic variability of the Chinese collection of Ae. geniculata. C1 CHINESE ACAD AGR SCI,INST CROP GERMPLASM RESOURCES,BEIJING 100081,PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Zhang, XY (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 5 BP 429 EP 433 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VF755 UT WOS:A1996VF75500005 ER PT J AU Chin, ECL Senior, ML Shu, H Smith, JSC AF Chin, ECL Senior, ML Shu, H Smith, JSC TI Maize simple repetitive DNA sequences: Abundance and allele variation SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE maize; microsatellites; simple sequence repeat; molecular marker ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; INVITRO AMPLIFICATION; EUKARYOTIC GENOMES; REPEATS; PCR; LOCI; PRIMER AB Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats, first demonstrated in human and other mammalian genomes, are being identified in many plant species. A database survey of 576 maize sequences from the GenBank and EMBL databases was made to determine the abundance of maize microsatellites. Two hundred potential microsatellites were identified. The relative abundance of the different repetitive motifs varied considerably and all possible dinucleotide and trinucleotide motif types were found. The three most abundant classes of microsatellites identified in this search were (AG/CT)(n), (CCT/GGA)(n), and (CCG/GGC)(n) repeats. Allelic variation was surveyed with 9 maize inbred lines representing diverse pedigrees. Amplification of DNA from these lines and analysis using high resolution agarose gels showed that 69 of the 200 potential microsatellites were polymorphic and yielded 2-4 alleles. A more complete screen of these loci against a wider array of maize germplasm using denaturing sequencing gels is now being conducted to more thoroughly evaluate these loci. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Chin, ECL (reprint author), PIONEER HI BRED INT INC,POB 1004,JOHNSTON,IA 50131, USA. NR 48 TC 116 Z9 159 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 866 EP 873 DI 10.1139/g96-109 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA VM931 UT WOS:A1996VM93100006 PM 8890517 ER PT J AU Lee, EA Darrah, LL Coe, EH AF Lee, EA Darrah, LL Coe, EH TI Dosage effects on morphological and quantitative traits maize aneuploids SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE corn; chromosome arm; B-A translocations; dosage analysis ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; LONG ARM; RFLP MAP; TOMATO; LOCI; IDENTIFICATION; GENES; ASSOCIATION; RESOLUTION; RESISTANCE AB Dosage effects generated by either loss or gain of a chromosome segment were used to identify chromosome regions associated with morphological and quantitative characters in maize (Zea mays L.). Using B-A translocation stocks introgressed into a B73Ht background, a chromosome arm dosage series in a Mo17Ht x B73Ht F-1 hybrid background was created for 18 of the 20 chromosome arms. The dosage series was then evaluated for 12 quantitatively inherited characters to associate specific phenotypic changes in a trait With a specific chromosome arm. Not only did our results show the familiar aneuploid syndrome phenomenon, but differential dosage effects among particular chromosome arms were demonstrated. All the quantitative traits measured and all the chromosome arms examined in this study were responsive to changes in chromosome arm dosage. The possible bases behind those differences and their utility in identifying quantitative trait loci, as well as the genetic relationships among the group of quantitatively inherited characters studied, are considered. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 49 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 898 EP 908 DI 10.1139/g96-113 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA VM931 UT WOS:A1996VM93100010 PM 18469943 ER PT J AU Mackill, DJ Zhang, Z Redona, ED Colowit, PM AF Mackill, DJ Zhang, Z Redona, ED Colowit, PM TI Level of polymorphism and genetic mapping of AFLP markers in rice SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE Oryza sativa; AFLP; genetic mapping; polymorphism ID ORYZA-SATIVA L; HIGH-RESOLUTION MAP; RFLP MARKERS; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; RESISTANCE GENES; GENOMIC REGIONS; LINKAGE; LOCUS; DNA; IDENTIFICATION AB Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) has been proposed as a valuable tool for gene mapping in plant species. We compared the levels of polymorphism for AFLP, RAPD, and microsatellite markers on 12 japonica and 2 indica rice cultivars. For AFLPs, seven EcoRI and seven MseI primers used in 18 primer combinations generated a total of 529 bands, of which 147 were clearly polymorphic among the accessions. The 21 RAPD primers produced 103 bands of which 43 were polymorphic. For the microsatellite markers the number of alleles per locus ranged from one (1 locus) to six. All marker types gave the same classification of the rice accessions into subspecies. Within japonica cultivars, the average percent polymorphism between any two accessions was 22% for AFLP, 24% for RAPD, and 36% for microsatellite markers (monomorphic bands excluded). The average percent polymorphism between indica and japonica accessions was 65, 35, and 76%, for AFLP, RAPD, and microsatellite markers, respectively. The total number of polymorphic bands was much higher for AFLPs, averaging over eight per gel. Seven AFLP primer combinations were assayed on 80 F-2 plants of an indica x japonica cross previously mapped with RFLP markers. Of 54 AFLP bands scored, 50 could be mapped to specific chromosomes, and these appeared to be distributed throughout the rice genome. This indicates that AFLPs are a promising marker for mapping important genes in rice. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS, USDA ARS, DEPT AGRON & RANGE SCI, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. RP Mackill, DJ (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS, USDA ARS, DEPT AGRON & RANGE SCI, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. RI Mackill, David/C-6368-2014 OI Mackill, David/0000-0003-4224-6781 NR 42 TC 175 Z9 215 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 969 EP 977 DI 10.1139/g96-121 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA VM931 UT WOS:A1996VM93100018 PM 8890522 ER PT J AU Guo, JH Skinner, DZ Liang, GH AF Guo, JH Skinner, DZ Liang, GH TI Phylogenetic relationships of sorghum taxa inferred from mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment analysis SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE Sorghum; mitochondrial DNA; phylogeny; restriction fragment ID EVOLUTION; POACEAE AB To elucidate the evolutionary history and affinity of sorghum species, 41 sorghum taxa were analyzed using variability in mitochondrial DNA. Analysis of species relationships at the molecular level can provide additional data to supplement the existing classification based on morphological characters and may also furnish unexpected but useful information. Total DNA extracted from each of the sorghum accessions was digested with each of five restriction enzymes, BamHI, HindIII, EcoRI, EcoRV, and XbaI, and probed with five mitochondrial DNAs cloned from Sorghum bicolor. A total of 180 restriction fragments was detected by the 25 probe-enzyme combinations. Forty-three fragment bands were phylogenetically informative. Multiple correspondence analysis was performed to visualize associations among the accessions and suggested that section Eusorghum species may be divided into four groups, with Sorghum laxiflorum (section Heterosorghum) and Sorghum nitidum (section Parasorghum) appearing as outliers. A phylogenetic tree was assembled from mitochondrial restriction fragment data. The taxa analyzed formed three major groups comprising section Heterosorghum (group I), section Parasorghum (group II), and all accessions in section Eusorghum (group III). Group III is further divided into four groups: (i) two sweet sorghums and shattercane; (ii) Sorghum halepense, Sorghum miliaceum, Sorghum hewisonii, Sorghum aethiopicum, Sorghum verticilliflorum, and S. bicolor, including Sorghum sudanense (sudangrass), the Chinese Kaoliangs, and a number of commercial sorghum inbreds from the U.S.A.; (iii) Sorghum propinquum; and (iv) Sorghum arundinaceum, Sorghum niloticum, Sorghum almum, Sorghum controversum, and the Chinese material C-401 and 5-27. Results indicate that the analysis of fragmented mitochondrial DNA was diagnostic and useful in sorghum phylogenetic and taxonomic research at the species, subspecies, and race levels, and can complement results from those analyses using nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast DNA that effectively distinguish taxa at species and genus levels. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,GENET PROGRAM,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DIV BIOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1027 EP 1034 DI 10.1139/g96-128 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA VM931 UT WOS:A1996VM93100025 PM 18469952 ER PT J AU Salchow, E Lal, R Fausey, NR Ward, A AF Salchow, E Lal, R Fausey, NR Ward, A TI Pedotransfer functions for variable alluvial soils in southern Ohio SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE regression equations; soil physical properties; pedotransfer functions; geostatistics; soil variability ID WATER RETENTION CHARACTERISTICS AB A grid sampling pattern of 108 sample locations at distances ranging from 15 to 122 m was used to develop a baseline characterization of soil physical and hydrological properties in a 40 ha field. Statistical distributions of silt and sand were nor normal. Coefficients of variation of sand, silt and clay contents were 59%, 18% and 25%. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) were developed using indicator variables to separate the data into four textural classes (silty clay loam, silt loam, loam and sandy loam), This separation normalized the distributions of sand and silt contents, improving the data for use in development of PTFs. The resulting equations improved the prediction of the dependent variable (field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water capacity, percentage of water stable aggregates, or log of saturated hydraulic conductivity) from the five independent variables sand, silt, clay, organic matter content and bulk density, and suggested texture-specific interrelationships between the variables. C1 USDA ARS,SOIL DRAINAGE RES UNIT,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP Salchow, E (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,SCH NAT RESOURCES,2021 COFFEY RD,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. RI Lal, Rattan/D-2505-2013 NR 27 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD OCT PY 1996 VL 73 IS 3-4 BP 165 EP 181 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(96)00044-4 PG 17 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VL044 UT WOS:A1996VL04400003 ER PT J AU Molyneux, RJ Pan, YT Elbein, AD AF Molyneux, RJ Pan, YT Elbein, AD TI Polyhydroxy alkaloid glycosidase inhibitors from plants: Structure, distribution, and function SO GLYCOBIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI HOSP,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72205. USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0959-6658 J9 GLYCOBIOLOGY JI Glycobiology PD OCT PY 1996 VL 6 IS 7 BP F5 EP F5 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA VT565 UT WOS:A1996VT56500042 ER PT J AU Hansen, EM AF Hansen, EM TI Western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, flight periodicity in northern Utah SO GREAT BASIN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Dryocoetes confusus; flight periodicity; Scolytidae; insect control; insect phenology; Abies lasiocarpa; Utah forests AB The flight periodicity of western balsam bark beetle (Dryocoetes confusus Swaine) in Big Cottonwood Canyon, Utah, was studied during the summer months of 1992, 1993, and 1994. Contents of baited funnel traps were tallied by species up to 3 times weekly Two main periods of flight activity were observed each year. The first and, generally, largest occurred in early summer soon after flight was initiated for the season, A 2nd period was observed in late summer, generally August. Timing of the 2 periods was influenced by unusually warm or cool weather in each study year The Ist period had more males than females while the 2nd period had a majority of females. Except during periods of cool or wet weather, western balsam bark beetles were found to be active at least at minimal levels from June through September. RP Hansen, EM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,860 N 1200 E,LOGAN,UT 84321, USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0017-3614 J9 GREAT BASIN NAT JI Gt. Basin Nat. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 56 IS 4 BP 348 EP 359 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VW476 UT WOS:A1996VW47600009 ER PT J AU Stickel, F Mason, JB Nadeau, MR Kim, YL Smith, D Russell, RM Selhub, J AF Stickel, F Mason, JB Nadeau, MR Kim, YL Smith, D Russell, RM Selhub, J TI Chronic alcohol intake decreases hepatic methylation capacity in rats: Role of vitamin B6, B12 and folate. SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD OCT PY 1996 VL 24 IS 4 SU S BP 58 EP 58 PN 2 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA VL285 UT WOS:A1996VL28500059 ER PT J AU Arora, R Wisniewski, M AF Arora, R Wisniewski, M TI Accumulation of a 60-kD dehydrin protein in peach xylem tissues and its relationship to cold acclimation SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; deep supercooling; cryoprotective proteins ID PERSICA L BATSCH; PRUNUS-PERSICA; FREEZING-INJURY; WOODY TISSUES; HARDINESS; WATER; NORTH; BARK AB The seasonal pattern of dehydrin accumulation was characterized during cold acclimation and deacclimation in the xylem tissues of genetically related (sibling) deciduous and evergreen peach (Prunus persica L). Immunological studies indicate that a 60-kD polypeptide in peach xylem tissues is a dehydrin protein. Comparison of its accumulation pattern with seasonal fluctuations in cold hardiness indicate that dehydrin accumulated to high levels during the peak of cold acclimation. However, its accumulation was only weakly associated with cold hardiness during early stages of cold acclimation and during deacclimation. Our results indicate that factors related to supercooling rather than dehydrin accumulation may be primarily responsible for determining levels of cold hardiness during transition periods. C1 USDA ARS, APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN, KEARNEYSVILLE, WV 25430 USA. W VIRGINIA UNIV, DIV PLANT & SOIL SCI, MORGANTOWN, WV 26506 USA. NR 15 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 6 BP 923 EP 925 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ932 UT WOS:A1996VQ93200004 ER PT J AU Glenn, DM Feldhake, C Takeda, F Peterson, DL AF Glenn, DM Feldhake, C Takeda, F Peterson, DL TI The dew component of strawberry evapotranspiration SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fragaria xananassa ID DOUGLAS-FIR; FOREST; EVAPORATION; BALANCE AB The objectives of this lysimeter study were to 1) evaluate the amount of dewfall, 2) determine the contribution of dew to daily evapotranspiration (ET) in fall-grown strawberries (Fragaria xananassa Duch.), and 3) determine the relationship between actual and potential ET (PET) of strawberry. Dewfall amounts averaged 0.8 mm . day(-1) and accounted for 33% of the daily ET during the 27 Sept, to 6 Nov. period. Daily ET was linearly related to PET calculated from the Penman-Monteith equation, with an accuracy of +/-3 mm based on lysimeter ET. Daily ET for 2- to 4-day periods was estimated with an accuracy of +/-1 mm using the Pemman-Monteith. We conclude that dewfall cannot be ignored in the ET of fall-grown strawberries in the mid-Atlantic section of the United States. RP Glenn, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 6 BP 947 EP 950 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ932 UT WOS:A1996VQ93200011 ER PT J AU Gupton, CL Spiers, JM AF Gupton, CL Spiers, JM TI High zinc concentrations in the growing medium contribute to chlorosis in blueberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vaccinium ashei; Vaccinium corymbosum; micronutrients; pH; phytotoxicity; Fe chlorosis AB An experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications of two cultivars x six pH levels x four Zn levels was conducted to determine if Zn caused leaf chlorosis in rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade cv. Climax) and southern highbush (mostly V. corymbosum L. cv. Bladen) blueberry. 'Bladen' accumulated more foliar Mn and Zn than 'Climax', but Fe concentration was similar in the two cultivars. Leaf chlorosis ratings were similar for the two cultivars. Solution pH had no significant effect on Mn, Zn, or Fe leaf concentration or degree of chlorosis. Zinc level in the nutrient solution affected leaf concentration of Mn and Zn brit not of Fe. A significant linear increase in chlorosis resulted from increasing Zn solution concentration from 30 to 120 mg . L(-1). We conclude that high levels of Zn may induce leaf chlorosis in rabbiteye and southern highbush blueberry. RP Gupton, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SMALL FRUIT RES STN,POPLARVILLE,MS 39470, USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 6 BP 955 EP 956 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ932 UT WOS:A1996VQ93200013 ER PT J AU Reilly, CC Wood, BW Hotchkiss, MW AF Reilly, CC Wood, BW Hotchkiss, MW TI Relative susceptibility of pecan cultivars to zonate leaf spot SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE disease; fungicide; resistance; management; production; Carya illinoinensis AB Zonate leaf spot (ZLS) [Cristulariella moricola (Hino) Redhead (C. pyramidalis Waterman and Marshall)] on pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch.]-associated with unusually wet weather during June, July, and August-occurred across much of Georgia during Summer 1994. Scott-Knott cluster analysis indicated that 27 of 36 evaluated genotypes exhibited little or no field susceptibility to ZLS. 'Moneymaker' exhibited the greatest susceptibility of all cultivars studied, with 'Cape Fear', 'Elliott', 'Sumner', and 'Sioux'' segregating to exhibit moderate susceptibility, An evaluation of commercial orchards indicated susceptibility of major southeastern cultivars as 'Desirable' < 'Stuart' < 'Schley' < 'Moneymaker'. Control of ZLS in commercial orchards using standard fungicide spray strategies appeared to be generally ineffective. RP Reilly, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,111 DUNBAR RD,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 6 BP 986 EP 987 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ932 UT WOS:A1996VQ93200023 ER PT J AU Chan, HT Nishijima, KA Taniguchi, MH Linse, ES AF Chan, HT Nishijima, KA Taniguchi, MH Linse, ES TI Thermal death kinetics of some common postharvest pathogens of papaya SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Carica papaya; Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes; Guignardia; Enterobacter cloacae; Stemphylium lycopersici; Rhizopus stolonifer; Monilinia fructicola; heat treatment; quarantine treatment; ACC oxidase; decimal reduction times; Oriental fruit flies AB Thermal death kinetics, decimal reduction times (D-values), and rate constants, k, at 43 to 49 degrees C were determined for spore or cell suspensions of Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes (Penz.) Pent, & Sacc. in Pent., Guignardia psidii Ullasa & Rawl, Guignardia sp. Viala & Ravaz., and Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) Hormaeche & Edwards, D-values for Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehr. : Fr.) Vuill., and Stemphylium lycopersici (Enjoji) Yamamoto were calculated and extrapolated from published reports. We compared the relative heat resistances of the various postharvest pathogens to their expected survival during quarantine heat treatments and found that Guignardia, Rhizopus, and E. cloacae could be expected to survive quarantine heat treatments. RP Chan, HT (reprint author), USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,POB 4459,HILO,HI 96720, USA. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 6 BP 998 EP 1002 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ932 UT WOS:A1996VQ93200027 ER PT J AU Okie, WR Werner, DJ AF Okie, WR Werner, DJ TI Genetic influence on flower bud density in peach and nectarine exceeds that of environment SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; fruit breeding AB Spring frosts often kill all or a portion of the flowers on peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees in the southeastern United States. Increased Bower bud density increases the likelihood of sufficient flowers surviving to produce a crop. The effect of environment on flower bud density (buds/node) was studied using two locations over 3 years. Bud density of 25 peach and nectarine varieties grown in completely randomized designs was measured in Georgia and North Carolina. Genotypic variability was greater than location or year effects. Varieties selected for high bud density at one location can be expected to have high densities at other locations with similar chilling. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Okie, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS,111 DUNBAR RD,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 0 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1010 EP 1012 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ932 UT WOS:A1996VQ93200030 ER PT J AU Finn, CE AF Finn, CE TI Emasculated trailing blackberry flowers set some drupelets when not protected from cross pollination SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE blackberry breeding; Rubus sp RP Finn, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NW CTR SMALL FRUIT RES,HORT CROPS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1035 EP 1035 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ932 UT WOS:A1996VQ93200039 ER PT J AU Galletta, GJ Maas, JL Enns, JM Scheerens, JC Rouse, R Heflebower, RF AF Galletta, GJ Maas, JL Enns, JM Scheerens, JC Rouse, R Heflebower, RF TI 'Primetime' strawberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fragaria xananassa; Phytophthora fragariae; red-stele root-rot resistance; fruit breeding ID CULTIVARS; FRUIT C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT HORT & CROP SCI,WOOSTER,OH 44691. UNIV MARYLAND,WYE RES & EDUC CTR,COOPERAT EXTENS SERV,QUEENSTOWN,MD 21658. UNIV MARYLAND,WESTERN MARYLAND RES & EDUC CTR,COOPERAT EXTENS SERV,KEEDYSVILLE,MD 21756. RP Galletta, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FRUIT LAB,INST PLANT,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1038 EP 1042 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ932 UT WOS:A1996VQ93200041 ER PT J AU Clark, JR Moore, JN Draper, AD AF Clark, JR Moore, JN Draper, AD TI 'Ozarkblue' southern highbush blueberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vaccinium corymbosum; fruit breeding C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Clark, JR (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT HORT,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701, USA. NR 3 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1043 EP 1045 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VQ932 UT WOS:A1996VQ93200042 ER PT J AU Brubaker, K Rango, A Kustas, W AF Brubaker, K Rango, A Kustas, W TI Incorporating radiation inputs into the snowmelt runoff model SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE snowmelt; runoff; degree-day; net radiation ID MICROCOMPUTER AB Process-based, distributed-area snowmelt runoff models operating at small scales are essential to understand subtle effects of climate change, but require data not commonly available. Temperature index models operating over large areas provide realistic simulations of basin runoff with operationally available data, but lack rigorous physically based algorithms. A compromise between the two types of models is required to provide realistic evaluations of basin response to environmental changes in cold regions. One adaptation that is uniformly required for snowmelt models is the use of remotely sensed data, either as input or in model validation. At a minimum, snowmelt forecasting models need to incorporate snowcover extent information, which is currently obtained operationally. As more remote sensing capabilities come on line, models should accept upgraded information on snow water equivalent; additional remotely sensed information on landcover, frozen soil, soil moisture, cloudiness and albedo would also be useful. Adaptations to the semi-distributed snowmelt runoff model (SRM) are underway to make it more physically based for use in large area studies. A net radiation index has been added to the model, which formerly used only a temperature (degree-day) index to melt snow from a basin's elevation zones. The addition of radiation to the SRM allows the basin to be subdivided into hydrological response units by general aspect (orientation) as well as elevation. Testing of the new radiation-based SRM with measured radiation from a small research basin is the first step towards large scale simulations. Results from the W-3 research basin in Vermont, USA are promising. In the radiation version, the factor that multiplies the degree-day index is estimated independently of model output and is held constant throughout the season, in contrast with the degree-day version, where the corresponding factor is allowed to increase throughout the season. Without calibrating or optimizing on this important parameter, the goodness-of-fit measure R(2) is improved in two out of six test years when the radiation version of the SRM is used in place of the degree-day version in melt season simulations. When the accumulation of error is eliminated with periodic updating of streamflow, more significant improvement is noted with radiation included. RP Brubaker, K (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 21 TC 72 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 26 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 10 IS 10 BP 1329 EP 1343 PG 15 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA WA438 UT WOS:A1996WA43800009 ER PT J AU Flerchinger, GN Baker, JM Spaans, EJA AF Flerchinger, GN Baker, JM Spaans, EJA TI A test of the radiative energy balance of the SHAW model for snowcover SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE solar radiation; long-wave radiation; emissivity; albedo ID RESIDUE-SOIL SYSTEM; SNOW COVER ENERGY; SIMULTANEOUS HEAT; WATER MODEL; SURFACE; SIMULATION AB Snow and ice present interesting challenges to hydrologists. Simulating the radiative balance over snow, which is an important part of surface-atmosphere interactions, is particularly challenging because of the decay in albedo over time and the difficulty in estimating surface temperature and incoming long-wave radiation fluxes. Few models are available that include a comprehensive energy and water balance for cold season conditions. The simultaneous heat and water model (SHAW) is a detailed, physical process model of a vertical, one-dimensional canopy-snow-residue-soil system which integrates the detailed physics of heat and water transfer through a plant canopy, snow, residue and soil into one simultaneous solution. Detailed provisions for metamorphosis of the snowpack are included. The SHAW model was applied to data for one winter/spring season (November to May) on a ploughed field in Minnesota without prior calibration to test the performance of the radiation components. Maximum snow depth during this period was 30 cm. For the nearly 100 days of snowcover, the model accounted for 69% of the variation in net solar radiation, 66% of the variation in incoming long-wave radiation, 87% of the variation in emitted long-wave radiation, 26% of the variation in net long-wave radiation and 55% of the variation in net radiation balance. Mean absolute error in simulated values ranged from 10 W m(-2) for emitted long-wave radiation to 27 W m(-2) for the entire net radiation balance. Mean bias error ranged from 8 W m(-2) for emitted long-wave radiation to -16 W m(-2) for the entire net radiation balance. When the entire 170 days of simulation, which included periods without snowcover, were included in the analysis, the variation in observed values increased greatly. As a result, the variation in observed values accounted for by the model increased to 97, 71, 93, 56 and 94%, respectively, while the mean absolute and mean bias errors in simulated values remained nearly the same. Model modifications and parameter adjustments necessary to improve winter-time simulation were investigated. Simulation results suggest that the SHAW model may be a useful tool in simulating the interactive influences of radiative transfer at the surface-atmosphere interface. RP Flerchinger, GN (reprint author), USDA ARS,NW WATERSHED RES CTR,800 PK BLVD,SUITE 105,BOISE,ID 83712, USA. NR 29 TC 35 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 10 IS 10 BP 1359 EP 1367 PG 9 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA WA438 UT WOS:A1996WA43800011 ER PT J AU Talbot, NC Worku, M Paape, MJ Grier, P Rexroad, CE Pursel, VG AF Talbot, NC Worku, M Paape, MJ Grier, P Rexroad, CE Pursel, VG TI Continuous cultures of macrophages derived from the 8-day epiblast of the pig SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Article DE culture; differentiation; epiblast; macrophage; pig ID EMBRYONIC STEM-CELLS; NAPHTHYL ACETATE ESTERASE; IN-VITRO; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE; GROWTH-FACTOR; DEVELOPING MOUSE; BOVINE; INVITRO; MONOCYTES; RECEPTOR AB Secondary macrophage cell cultures were generated from the primary culture of epiblasts of 8-d-old pig blastocysts. The epiblast-derived macrophagelike (EDM) cells have a morphology and ameboid behavior that is typical of tissue histocytes. The cells reacted positively with monoclonal antibodies specific for pig granulocyte-macrophage lineage cells, and were not reactive with monoclonal antibodies specific for pig B and T lymphocytes. Marked phagocytic behavior and the formation of phagosomes were demonstrated following incubation with FITC-labeled bacteria. The EDM cells stained positively for nonspecific acid esterase that was not inhibited by sodium fluoride. Dil-acetylated-LDL was rapidly taken up by the cells. Transmission electron microscopy of the EDM cells showed phagolysosomes, numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles, large, lobed nuclei, and numerous pseudopods or filopodia at the cell surface. Strong reactivity of the cells with anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody was observed. Further, cytotoxic activity was produced from the EDM cells after exposure to lipopolysaccharide in a concentration and time-dependent manner. The cultures could be maintained and expanded for several months on STO co-culture. Their derivation from the epiblast of the pig demonstrates the possibility of obtaining hemopoietic cell cultures from the preimplantation blastocysts of all mammals. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,MILK SECRET & MASTITIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. US FDA,CTR BIOL EVALUAT & RES,DIV HAEMATOL,LAB CELLULAR HAEMATOL,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP Talbot, NC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,GENE EXALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BLDG 200,ROOM 13,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 51 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI COLUMBIA PA 8815 CENTRE PARK DRIVE SUITE 210, COLUMBIA, MD 21045 SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 32 IS 9 BP 541 EP 549 PG 9 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA VU884 UT WOS:A1996VU88400007 PM 8946226 ER PT J AU MacDonald, JM Cavalluzzo, LC AF MacDonald, JM Cavalluzzo, LC TI Railroad deregulation: Pricing reforms, shipper responses, and the effects on labor SO INDUSTRIAL & LABOR RELATIONS REVIEW LA English DT Article ID INDUSTRY; EARNINGS; RENT AB The Staggers Rail Act of 1980 relaxed restrictions on pricing and eased abandonment procedures in the railroad industry. Although the Act made virtually no reference to labor, its impact on labor has been dramatic. The long-term contraction of industry employment accelerated quite sharply after 1980. Wages increased until 1985, then declined substantially. The authors, whose empirical analysis uses data on aggregate rail employment for the years 1963-90, Current Population Survey data for 1973-88, and evidence from collective bargaining agreements for 1971-90, argue that pricing adjustments under the Staggers Act led to changes in shipper behavior, which in turn allowed for large declines in the derived demand for rail labor despite increasing output; and the observed pattern of wage change followed from the realization of the Act's eventual effects on employment. C1 USN,CTR ANAL,WASHINGTON,DC. RP MacDonald, JM (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,FCED,ROOM 1134,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU INDUSTRIAL LABOR RELAT REV PI ITHACA PA CORNELL UNIV, ITHACA, NY 14851-0952 SN 0019-7939 J9 IND LABOR RELAT REV JI Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 50 IS 1 BP 80 EP 91 DI 10.2307/2524390 PG 12 WC Industrial Relations & Labor SC Business & Economics GA VK658 UT WOS:A1996VK65800006 ER PT J AU Berlin, E Hannah, JS Yamane, K Peters, RC Howard, BV AF Berlin, E Hannah, JS Yamane, K Peters, RC Howard, BV TI Fatty acid modification of membrane fluidity in Chinese hamster ovary (TR715-19) cells SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fluidity; fluorescence polarization; fatty acids; LDL; LDL receptor ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL-FED RABBITS; LIPID BILAYERS; FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION; DIETARY-FAT; HEPATIC MEMBRANES; GALLUS-DOMESTICUS; ORDER PARAMETERS; STEARIC-ACID; SERUM-LIPIDS AB Dietary saturated fatty acids, especially lauric (12:0), myristic (14:0) and palmitic (16:0) acids, which are hypercholesterolemic, influence cell membrane fatty acid composition and affect LDL receptor function, When membrane phospholipid fatty acids in Chinese hamster ovary cells, containing the human LDL receptor, were modified (Hannah J. S. et al., 1995 Metabolism 44, 1428-1434), LDL receptor function was affected, but correlations with DPH-determined membrane fluidity were weak, The role of fluidity in various membrane domains with respect to the LDL receptor is examined here, Membrane fluidity was assessed by measuring steady-state fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene (DPH) and its polar propionic acid (DPH-PA) and trimethylammonium (TMA-DPH) derivatives from 38 to 4 degrees C in fatty acid modified Chinese hamster ovary cells, Fatty acid changes modulated mid-bilayer fluidity as determined with DPH, but fluidity in phospholipid headgroup domains, assessed with DPH-PA and TMA-DPH, was independent of fatty acyl composition, The I)PH fluidity was related to membrane unsaturation (P < 0.02), oleate contents (P < 0.009) in particular, but inversely related (P < 0.0002) to the longer chain (greater than or equal to 20 C atoms) unsaturated fatty acids with from four to six double bonds, The LDL binding was independent of fluidity, but there were weak relations between LDL internalization and DPH-PA anisotropy and between LDL degradation and TMA-DPH anisotropy, It was concluded that LDL binding was not related to mid-bilayer fluidity, but the results with the polar probes suggest a role of fluidity in modulating vertical displacement of the LDL/LDL receptor complex across the plasma membrane. C1 MEDLANT RES INST,WASHINGTON,DC 20010. RP Berlin, E (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,METAB & NUTRIENT INTERACT LAB,BLDG 307,RM 326,300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 50 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1357-2725 J9 INT J BIOCHEM CELL B JI Int J. Biochem. Cell Biol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 28 IS 10 BP 1131 EP 1139 DI 10.1016/1357-2725(96)00063-5 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA VU877 UT WOS:A1996VU87700007 PM 8930137 ER PT J AU Abbas, HK Boyette, CD AF Abbas, HK Boyette, CD TI Control of morningglory species using Fusarium solani and its extracts SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE biocontrol; morningglory; Fusarium solani; mycoherbicide; natural product ID PHYTOTOXICITY; MYCOTOXINS; FUMONISIN AB Natural products of an isolate of Fusarium solani App. & Wr. NRRL 18883 grown on rice medium were discovered to be phytotoxic to morningglory. This isolate was evaluated for biocontrol potential on morningglory species including ivyleaf [Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.], multicoloured (I. tricolor Cav.), palmleaf (I. wrightii Gray), pitted (I. lacunosa L.), purple moonflower (I. turbinata Lag.), red (I, coccinea L.), sharppod (I. cordatotriloba Dennstedt), smallflower (Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb], and tall [I, purpurea (L.) Roth] morningglory. When sprayed at a concentration of 10g fungus-infested rice per 50ml of water, this isolate caused phytotoxic damage including necrosis, chlorosis, growth inhibition, and mortality. Deleterious effects were recorded in all species, ranging from necrotic spots to death, depending on the species. Mortality ranged from 0% at 3 weeks for purple moonflower to 89% for smallflower morningglory. Soil-drench application (10-20 mi fungal material per 150 g soil) caused wilting and death. Root lengths of 7- and 10-day-old plants were reduced between 19 and 89% by soil-drench application and 17-84% by spray application. Whole plant length reduction of 7- and 10-day-old plants ranged from 0 to 96%, and 39 to 96% for soil-drench and spray applications, respectively. Testing of F. solani on weed and crop species showed that most broadleaved species were sensitive but monocotyledons were immune. Tests of the phytotoxic extract for known phytotoxins such as common trichothecene (deoxynivalenol) and non-trichothecene compounds (fusaric acid, moniliformin, fumonisins) were negative. This is the first report of the use of F. solani against morningglory. RP Abbas, HK (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,POB 350,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0967-0874 J9 INT J PEST MANAGE JI Int. J. Pest Manage. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 42 IS 4 BP 235 EP 239 DI 10.1080/09670879609372001 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WG544 UT WOS:A1996WG54400004 ER PT J AU Lukaski, HC Siders, WA Hoverson, BS Gallagher, SK AF Lukaski, HC Siders, WA Hoverson, BS Gallagher, SK TI Iron, copper, magnesium and zinc status as predictors of swimming performance SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE diet; nutritional status; human performance ID SUPPLEMENTS; NUTRITURE; SWIMMERS; FOODS AB The hypothesis that blood biochemical measurements of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) nutritional status and dietary intakes of these minerals are useful predictors of 100-yd free-style swimming performance during actual competition was examined in five female and five male collegiate swimmers. Dietary intakes of Fe, Cu, Mg, and Zn exceeded 70 % of daily recommended or estimated safe and adequate intakes. Anemia was not present but body iron stores, assessed with serum ferritin concentration, were reduced in female swimmers who had significantly increased erythrocyte Mg and superoxide dismutase activity which suggest a biochemical adaptation to physical training. Actual 100-yd freestyle times (53.1 +/- 1.4 sec; mean +/- SE) measured during competition were similar to values (52.6 +/- 1.4 sec) predicted with models previously derived from other groups of swimmers. These findings indicate the important role of mineral nutritional status in facilitating the development of peak physical performance and support the hypothesis that mineral element nutritional status is one factor contributing to attainment of optimal human physiological function. RP Lukaski, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS,GFHNRC,BOX 9034,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 31 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU GEORG THIEME VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA P O BOX 30 11 20, D-70451 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0172-4622 J9 INT J SPORTS MED JI Int. J. Sports Med. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 17 IS 7 BP 535 EP 540 DI 10.1055/s-2007-972891 PG 6 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA VN048 UT WOS:A1996VN04800011 PM 8912070 ER PT J AU Pollack, JD Banzon, J Donelson, K Tully, JG Davis, JW Hackett, KJ Agbanyim, C Miles, RJ AF Pollack, JD Banzon, J Donelson, K Tully, JG Davis, JW Hackett, KJ Agbanyim, C Miles, RJ TI Reduction of benzyl viologen distinguishes genera of the class Mollicutes SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPIROPLASMA; METABOLISM; OXIDASE AB We tested the ability of 62 growing strains belonging to the class Mollicutes to reduce the redox indicator and free-radical generator 1,1'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (benzylviologen [BV]) to a blue-violet-purple color, BV was reduced by 12 Acholeplasma species but not by Acholeplasma multiforme PN525(T) (T = type strain), BV was also reduced by five of nine Mesoplasma species and by four of six Entomoplasma species, BV was not reduced by 19 Mycoplasma species, six Spiroplasma species, five unnamed Spiroplasma strains belonging to different serogroups, three Ureaplasma species, and one unnamed Ureaplasma strain, The BV-reducing ability was localized in the membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii B-PG9 and was dependent on NADH, Reduction of BV could be expressed in mixed cultures, and this activity may be useful for recognizing the contaminating presence of an Acholeplasma species, The reductive BV response may have phylogenetic value, We believe that the test described in this paper readily distinguishes all Acholeplasma species and some Mesoplasma and Entomoplasma species from all Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma, and Ureaplasma species tested. C1 NIAID,MYCOPLASMA SECT,FREDERICK CANC RES FACIL,FREDERICK,MD 21702. CUNY,BRONX COMMUNITY COLL,DEPT BIOL & MED LAB TECHNOL,BRONX,NY 10453. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV LONDON KINGS COLL,DIV LIFE SCI,LONDON W8 7AH,ENGLAND. RP Pollack, JD (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT MED MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,333 W 10TH AVE,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [SO6-GM08174]; PHS HHS [R01-A133193] NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 46 IS 4 BP 881 EP 884 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VL867 UT WOS:A1996VL86700007 PM 8863413 ER PT J AU Hackett, KJ Whitcomb, RF Clark, TB Henegar, RB Lynn, DE Wagner, AG Tully, JG Gasparich, GE Rose, DL Carle, P Bove, JM Konai, M Clark, EA Adams, JR Williamson, DL AF Hackett, KJ Whitcomb, RF Clark, TB Henegar, RB Lynn, DE Wagner, AG Tully, JG Gasparich, GE Rose, DL Carle, P Bove, JM Konai, M Clark, EA Adams, JR Williamson, DL TI Spiroplasma leptinotarsae sp nov, a mollicute uniquely adapted to its host, the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS; GENUS SPIROPLASMA; DEFORMATION; DIVERSITY; GROWTH AB Spiroplasma strain LD-1(T) (T = type strain), which was isolated from the gut of a Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) larva collected in Maryland, was serologically distinct from other spiroplasmas. Similar isolates were obtained from other L. decemlineata specimens collected in various parts of North America, in Poland, and in other eastern European countries and from Leptinotarsa texana specimens collected in Texas. Cells of strain LD-1(T), which in early passages were spiral, exhibited exceptionally rapid translational motility. This rapid motility and the spiral shape were lost after extended passage in culture, The organism required serum for growth. Originally isolated in coculture with insect cells in DCCM medium, strain LD-1(T) adapted to several media in the absence of cocultured cells. Use of anaerobic conditions allowed primary isolation in a variety of media. The organism did not grow in serum-free media containing 2% serum fraction, Optimal growth in M1D medium occurred at 30 to 37 degrees C (doubling time, 7.2 h). On solid M1D medium containing 2.0% Noble agar (pH 6.25) at 30 degrees C, strain LD-1(T) produced discrete colonies with numerous satellites. Strain LD-1(T) hydrolyzed arginine, but did not utilize urea; there was evidence of weak fermentation of glucose, The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was determined to be 25 +/- 1 mol%, and the genome size was 1,085 kb. The results of extensive studies of the ecology of this spiroplasma suggest that it is host specific for Leptinotarsa beetles, Strain LD-1 (= ATCC 43213) is designated the type strain of a new species, Spiroplasma leptinotarsa. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NIAID,MYCOPLASMA SECT,MOL MICROBIOL LAB,FREDERICK CANC RES FACIL,FREDERICK,MD 21702. INSERM,LAB BIOL CELLULAIRE & MOL,F-33883 VILLENAVE DORNON,FRANCE. SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT ANAT SCI,STONY BROOK,NY 11794. NR 35 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 46 IS 4 BP 906 EP 911 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VL867 UT WOS:A1996VL86700011 ER PT J AU Hackett, KJ Clark, EA Whitcomb, RF Camp, M Tully, JG AF Hackett, KJ Clark, EA Whitcomb, RF Camp, M Tully, JG TI Amended data on arginine utilization by Spiroplasma species SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLASS MOLLICUTES; CLASSIFICATION; GROWTH AB Hydrolysis of arginine is a classical diagnostic test for species in the mollicute order Entomoplasmatales. In this paper we report data for arginine utilization by spiroplasmas, as determined by standard methods. In addition, modified methods sere developed for fastidious spiroplasmas, such as strain LD-1(T) (T = type strain), the Colorado potato beetle spiroplasma, Twenty-one spiroplasma strains representing 13 groups or subgroups and eight ungrouped spiroplasmas (seven of which represent putative groups) were studied, The arginine reactions of eight strains were the same as the reactions reported previously, but previously reported positive tests for spiroplasma subgroups I-5 and I-6 (Spiroplasma insolitum) could not be repeated, and the data for the latter taxa are corrected. Although other workers have reported that addition of carbohydrate to media may be necessary for the utilization of arginine, the presence of glucose tended to obscure arginine hydrolysis In our studies. C1 NIAID,MYCOPLASMA SECT,MOL MICROBIOL LAB,FREDERICK CANC RES FACIL,FREDERICK,MD 21701. RP Hackett, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,ROOM 214,BLDG 011A,BARC-W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 46 IS 4 BP 912 EP 915 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VL867 UT WOS:A1996VL86700012 ER PT J AU Hackett, KJ Whitcomb, RF French, FE Tully, JG Gasparich, GE Rose, DL Carle, P Bove, JM Henegar, RB Clark, TB Konai, M Clark, EA Williamson, DL AF Hackett, KJ Whitcomb, RF French, FE Tully, JG Gasparich, GE Rose, DL Carle, P Bove, JM Henegar, RB Clark, TB Konai, M Clark, EA Williamson, DL TI Spiroplasma corruscae sp nov, from a firefly beetle (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and tabanid flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STEROL-REQUIRING MOLLICUTES; FAM-NOV; DEFORMATION; INSECTS; FLOWERS; ECOLOGY AB Spiroplasma strain EC-1(T) (T = type strain), which was isolated from the gut of a lampyrid beetle (Ellychnia corrusca) in Maryland, was serologically distinct from other spiroplasma species and groups. Similar strains were obtained from other E. corrusca specimens, and, later, numerous isolates of similar or partially related strains were obtained from several species of tabanid flies. Cells of strain EC-1(T) were helical, motile filaments that were bound by a single cytoplasmic membrane, and there was no evidence of a cell wall. The cells were filterable through 220-nm-pore-size membrane filters but not through 100-nm-pore-size membrane filters. The organism was absolutely resistant to penicillin (1,000 U/ml) and required sterol for growth. Strain EC-1(T) grew well in M1D and SP-4 liquid media and could be cultivated in the Edward formulation of conventional mycoplasma medium and in 1% serum fraction medium. Optimal growth occurred at 32 degrees C (doubling time, 1.5 h). Strain EC-1(T) multiplied at 10 to 41 degrees C, but not at 5 or 43 degrees C. This organism produced acid from glucose, but did not hydrolyze arginine or utilize urea. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was determined to be 26.3 mol% by the melting temperature method and 27.0 mol% by the buoyant density method. As a result of our studies, strain EC-1 (= ATCC 43212) is designated the type strain of a new species, Spiroplasma corruscae. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. GEORGIA SO UNIV,DEPT BIOL,STATESBORO,GA 30460. NIAID,MYCOPLASM SECT,MOL MICROBIOL LAB,FREDERICK CANC RES FACIL,FREDERICK,MD 21702. INRA,BIOL CELLULAIRE & MOL LAB,F-33883 VILLENAVE DORNON,FRANCE. SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT ANAT SCI,STONY BROOK,NY 11794. NR 47 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 46 IS 4 BP 947 EP 950 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VL867 UT WOS:A1996VL86700018 PM 8863421 ER PT J AU Ludley, FH Ralph, J AF Ludley, FH Ralph, J TI Improved preparation of coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE coniferyl alcohol; sinapyl alcohol; lignin; lignin monomer; sodium borohydride ID ESTER CROSS-LINKS; MODEL-COMPOUND; COUMARYL; GRASSES C1 ARS, US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR, USDA, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT FORESTRY, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. NR 22 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 44 IS 10 BP 2942 EP 2943 DI 10.1021/jf9604908 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VN644 UT WOS:A1996VN64400002 ER PT J AU Mangos, TJ Haas, MJ AF Mangos, TJ Haas, MJ TI Enzymatic determination of methanol with alcohol oxidase, peroxidase, and the chromogen 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and its application to the determination of the methyl ester content of pectins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE pectin; methanol; degree of esterification; alcohol oxidase; peroxidase; ABTS ID ETHANOL AB A method for the determination of methanol using alcohol oxidase, peroxidase, and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) was developed. The procedure, which uses alcohol oxidase, is advantageous over other photometric procedures in that a subsequent reduction step is eliminated. The use of peroxidase and ABTS offers the further advantage of sensitive detection of the formed hydrogen peroxide. The sensitivity of the assay is 0.05-1.0 mu g/(mL of methanol). Moreover, the procedure is very rapid. The methyl ester content in a sample of pectin was determined from the methanol liberated upon its alkaline hydrolysis. RP Mangos, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 44 IS 10 BP 2977 EP 2981 DI 10.1021/jf960274z PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VN644 UT WOS:A1996VN64400011 ER PT J AU Rothfus, JA AF Rothfus, JA TI Potential beta-sheet surfaces of corn and wheat proteins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE maize; zein; glutelin; gliadin; glutenin; oleosin; computational chemistry; amphiphilicity; molecular volume ID WEIGHT GLUTENIN GENES; HEXAPLOID BREAD WHEAT; CELL-WALL PROTEINS; SEED OIL BODIES; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; DRAGLINE SILK; PROLINE-RICH; MAIZE AB Comparison of computed profiles for beta-sheet conformations of zein, glutelin, gliadin, glutenin, and other cereal or nonplant proteins discloses unusual distributions of volume, polarity, and chemical functionality as well as inter- and intraspecific surface analogies between dissimilar amino acid sequences. Volume and polarity surfaces of major cereal proteins are more like those of collagen or fibrinogen than those of silk or hydrocarbon polymers. Potentially useful segments occur nonrandomly. A low molecular weight glutenin fragment approximates two-thirds of human gamma-fibrinogen. Four others duplicate the polarity of 25-50% of collagen. Ten exceptionally asymmetric segments show potential for inclusion in film-forming preparations and adhesives. Ultrahydrophobic sequences in corn oil body oleosins approach the diameter of spider silk, match its uniformity, and exceed its hydrophobicity. RP Rothfus, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOMAT PROC RES,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 44 IS 10 BP 3143 EP 3152 DI 10.1021/jf9504778 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VN644 UT WOS:A1996VN64400043 ER PT J AU Fishman, ML Rodriguez, L Chau, HK AF Fishman, ML Rodriguez, L Chau, HK TI Molar masses and sizes of starches by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography with on-line multi-angle laser light scattering detection SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE starch; molar mass; size; HPSEC; light scattering ID AMYLOSE; AMYLOPECTIN AB Starch was characterized for analysis by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with detection by multiple-angle laser light-scattering and refractive index. Corn starches (amylopectin-to-amylose ratios of 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, and 3:7), presolubilized potato starch, and potato starch granules were analyzed. For corn starches, analysis by HPSEC revealed that weight average molar mass (M(w)) and z-average root mean square radius of gyration (R(gz)) decreased with increasing percentage of amylose. For potato starches, granules had a much higher M(w) and R(gz) than presolubilized starch. All chromatograms were polymodal in nature with at least two high M(w) amylopectin components. Except for high amylose corn starch, R(gz) values from this study were comparable with results from an earlier HPSEC/viscometry study. The R(gz) values from microscopic studies were lower than from chromatographic studies. C1 NEI, LAB OCULAR THERAPEUT, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. RP Fishman, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS, EASTERN REG RES CTR, 600 E MERMAID LANE, WYNDMOOR, PA 19038 USA. NR 14 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 44 IS 10 BP 3182 EP 3188 DI 10.1021/jf9600162 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VN644 UT WOS:A1996VN64400049 ER PT J AU Mossoba, MM Yurawecz, MP Roach, JAG McDonald, RE Flickinger, BD Perkins, EG AF Mossoba, MM Yurawecz, MP Roach, JAG McDonald, RE Flickinger, BD Perkins, EG TI Analysis of cyclic fatty acid monomer 2-alkenyl-4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives by gas chromatography matrix isolation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cyclic fatty acid monomers; infrared ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; HEAT-TREATMENT; FRYING OILS; CONFIGURATION; POSITION AB Recently, cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAMs) were isolated from heated flaxseed (linseed) oil and analyzed as methyl ester (ME) derivatives by capillary gas chromatography-matrix isolation-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (GC-MI-FTIR) and as 2-alkenyl-4,4-dimethyloxazoline (DMOX) derivatives by GC-electron ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS). The latter produced fragmentation patterns that were used to determine ring and double-bond positions along the hydrocarbon chain. However, for four CFAM ME derivatives, the FTIR spectra were consistent with CFAM structures having either a cyclohexenyl or a cyclohexadienyl ring, whereas those found by EIMS for the corresponding CFAM DMOX derivatives were consistent with both ring structures. In the present study, the FTIR spectra observed for the DMOX derivatives of this CFAM mixture were consistent with the earlier FTIR results obtained for the corresponding ME derivatives. Mass spectral data observed for deuterated analogues are also reported. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,URBANA,IL 61801. USDA,NATL CTR FOOD SAFETY & TECHNOL,SUMMIT ARGO,IL 60501. RP Mossoba, MM (reprint author), US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,MAIL STOP HFS-717,WASHINGTON,DC 20204, USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 44 IS 10 BP 3193 EP 3196 DI 10.1021/jf960002w PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VN644 UT WOS:A1996VN64400051 ER PT J AU Wei, YA Hendrix, DL Nieman, R AF Wei, YA Hendrix, DL Nieman, R TI Isolation of a novel tetrasaccharide, bemisiotetrose, and glycine betaine from silverleaf whitefly honeydew SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE insect; carbohydrate; HPLC; cotton ID OLIGOSACCHARIDES; NMR AB Oligosaccharides in the honeydew secreted by the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring) feeding upon cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were isolated by gel permeation chromatography followed by gradient elution HPLC employing an amine column and an evaporative light-scattering detector. A tetrasaccharide was collected from the HPLC eluate and characterized by mass spectral and methylation analysis and by 1D and 2D NMR. The results of these analyses are consistent with a highly symmetrical tetrasaccharide: O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1<->1)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(4<--1)-alpha-D-glucpyranoside. In addition, a significant peak of glycine betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) was detected in the HPLC chromatograms of sugars from this honeydew. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. GUANGXI UNIV,IND TESTING & EXPT CTR,CARBOHYDRATE RES LAB,NANNING 530004,GUANGXI,PEOPLES R CHINA. ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,TEMPE,AZ 85287. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 44 IS 10 BP 3214 EP 3218 DI 10.1021/jf9601170 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VN644 UT WOS:A1996VN64400055 ER PT J AU Gardner, DR Panter, KE Molyneux, RJ James, LF Stegelmeier, BL AF Gardner, DR Panter, KE Molyneux, RJ James, LF Stegelmeier, BL TI Abortifacient activity in beef cattle of acetyl- and succinylisocupressic acid from ponderosa pine SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Pinus ponderosa; premature parturition; bovine abortion; ruminal ester hydrolysis ID NEEDLE ABORTION; INGESTION; COWS AB Acetyl- and succinylisocupressic acids were prepared by derivatization of isocupressic acid isolated from ponderosa pine. The isocupressic acid derivatives were tested and found to induce abortions in late gestation cows after oral dosage starting on day 250 of gestation. Incubation of acetyl- and succinylisocupressic acid in bovine ruminal fluid resulted in hydrolysis of the two esters and the production of isocupressic acid. The abortifacient activity of the isocupressic acid derivatives was thus attributed to their ruminal conversion and production of isocupressic acid. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Gardner, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,1150 E 1400 N,LOGAN,UT 84341, USA. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 44 IS 10 BP 3257 EP 3261 DI 10.1021/jf960290w PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VN644 UT WOS:A1996VN64400063 ER PT J AU Aung, LH Smilanick, JL Vail, PV Hartsell, PL Gomez, E AF Aung, LH Smilanick, JL Vail, PV Hartsell, PL Gomez, E TI Investigations into the origin of chloroanisoles causing musty off-flavor of raisins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE biogenesis; chloroanisole; raisins ID 2,4,6-TRICHLOROANISOLE AB The formation of chloroanisole in commercially processed and nonprocessed dried-on-the-vine (DOV) raisins under sterile, nonsterile, and low-moisture conditions was determined. The chloroanisoles of raisin samples were steam-solvent extracted using a modified Likens-Nickerson glass distillation apparatus and the concentrated extracts analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Processed raisins with low water activity (Aw) of 0.48 or 0.80; formed 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) when incubated during a 3-4 week period. TCA was formed by raisins partially sterilized with propylene oxide or completely sterilized with hydrogen peroxide. Nonprocessed DOV raisins incubated at an Aw of less than or equal to 0.80 also formed TCA. Although the amounts of TCA formed in raisins vary greatly from batch to batch, it is demonstrated that sterilized raisins formed TCA under low water activity nonconducive for microbial activity. RP Aung, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 16 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 44 IS 10 BP 3294 EP 3296 DI 10.1021/jf960241j PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VN644 UT WOS:A1996VN64400070 ER PT J AU Eggleston, G TraskMorrell, BJ Vercellotti, JR AF Eggleston, G TraskMorrell, BJ Vercellotti, JR TI Use of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis to characterize the thermal degradation of crystalline sucrose and dried sucrose-salt residues SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sucrose thermal degradation; DSC; TG; DTG; salts; crystalline sucrose; amorphous sucrose ID BEHAVIOR AB Thermal degradation of pure sucrose in concentrated aqueous solution (100 degrees C, similar to 65 degrees Brix) in the presence of KCl, LiCl, NaI, and Na2B4O7 was investigated. Polarimetry was used to quantify sucrose degradation, and pseudo-first-order kinetic constants of initial degradation rates were calculated. All salts significantly increased sucrose degradation; colored degradation products were only formed in the presence of Na2B4O7. Thermal degradation characteristics of crystalline sucrose and dried, crystalline residues from sucrose-salt model solutions heated at 100 degrees C for 0 and 3 h were further investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric (TG), and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analyses. Rate of heating was 15 degrees C/min from 50 to 500 degrees C. DSC and TG studies confirmed the catalytic nature of salts on the thermal degradation of sucrose. Salts affected thermal degradation in various ways. The initial condensation degradation reactions were more rapid than expected, and subsequent elimination reactions were slower. The thermal analysis results indicate that complexation between the salt and sucrose is occurring, and further study at the molecular level is required. RP Eggleston, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, SO REG RES CTR, POB 19687, 1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70179 USA. NR 17 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 44 IS 10 BP 3319 EP 3325 DI 10.1021/jf950836z PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VN644 UT WOS:A1996VN64400075 ER PT J AU Webster, JA Porter, DR Burd, JD Mornhinweg, DW AF Webster, JA Porter, DR Burd, JD Mornhinweg, DW TI Effects of growth stage of resistant and susceptible barley on the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Homoptera; Aphididae; Diuraphis noxia; Russian wheat aphid; plant resistance; barley ID REPRODUCTION; INCREASE AB The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is a serious pest of barley in western North America. To help manage this pest, a Russian wheat aphid-resistant germplasm line STARS-9301B was recently released to barley breeders for incorporation into their cultivars. Information about the antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms of resistance in the 1st-leaf stage was previously reported, but information about these mechanisms of resistance in later plant growth stages has not been available. This study reports on antixenosis and antibiosis tests conducted under controlled conditions on three growth stages of STARS-9301B and 'Morex', a Russian wheat aphid-susceptible malting barley cultivar. In general, aphid reactions in the later growth stages were similar to those on 1st-leaf stage plants except that antixenosis was demonstrated in STARS-9301B when data from all growth stages were combined. Antibiosis continues to contribute to resistance in more mature plants of STARS-9301B. Previous work showed that tolerance is the most important resistance mechanism of STARS-9301B seedlings. Tolerance data for comparing barley entries beyond the seedling stage are not available because a practical, uniform test to determine tolerance levels at these older plant growth stages has not been developed. The results of this study show that spring barley entries can be reliably tested in early growth stages for antixenosis and antibiosis to the Russian wheat aphid. RP Webster, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLANT SCI & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,1301 N WESTERN ST,STILLWATER,OK 74075, USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 SN 0735-939X J9 J AGR ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 13 IS 4 BP 283 EP 291 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA VR282 UT WOS:A1996VR28200001 ER PT J AU Hunter, JS Fincher, GT AF Hunter, JS Fincher, GT TI Distribution of Onthophagus depressus: An introduced species of dung beetle SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dung beetle; Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae; Onthophagus depressus; distribution; introduced species C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,VET ENTOMOL RES UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. RP Hunter, JS (reprint author), RHONE MERIEUX INC,115 TRANSTECH DR,ATHENS,GA 30601, USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 SN 0735-939X J9 J AGR ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 13 IS 4 BP 319 EP 322 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA VR282 UT WOS:A1996VR28200004 ER PT J AU Grings, EE Short, RE MacNeil, MD Haferkamp, MR Adams, DC AF Grings, EE Short, RE MacNeil, MD Haferkamp, MR Adams, DC TI Efficiency of production in cattle of two growth potentials on Northern Great Plains rangelands during spring-summer grazing SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; efficiency; intake; grazing; growth; production ID MILK-PRODUCTION; FORAGE INTAKE; DIGESTA KINETICS; FESCUE-LEGUME; CALF GROWTH; ANGUS; BEEF; PERFORMANCE; STEERS; CALVES AB A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sire growth potential, steer age, and cow size on intake, growth, and production efficiency in grazing cattle. Data were collected on 24 cow-calf pairs during each of four summers (1989 to 1992) and on 12, 7-mo-old and 12 yearling steers during three summers (1990 to 1992). Suckling calves and older steers were sired by either high- (Charolais with high EPD for yearling weight) or moderate-growth-potential (Line 1 Hereford with average yearling weight ratios) bulls. Cow size was defined by principal component scores developed from cow weights, condition scores, and hip heights. Forage, but not milk, OM intake by suckling calves was influenced (P < .05) by sire growth potential. Yearling high-growth-potential steers tended to consume more OM than yearling moderate growth potential steers (P < .10) when expressed as kilograms/day but not when expressed as grams/kilogram BW (P > .10). Seven-month-old steers ate less (P < .01) forage (4.3 kg/d) than yearlings (5.6 kg/d) when expressed as kilograms/day but more (P < .01) when expressed as grams/kilogram BW (7-mo-old, 15.9 vs yearling, 14.4 g/kg BW). Cow OM intake was affected by cow size and milk production but not calf growth potential. Milk production but not cow size was a significant covariate for cow efficiency (grams of calf BW gain/kilogram of forage OM intake by cow-calf pair). Calf sire growth potential did not affect cow efficiency. We conclude that growth potential of sire for suckling calves and steers and cow size for cows affected intake of rangeland forage in summer but did not affect efficiency of production from Northern Great Plains rangelands. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,W CENT RES & EXTENS CTR,N PLATTE,NE 69101. RP Grings, EE (reprint author), USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,MILES CITY,MT 59301, USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 42 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 74 IS 10 BP 2317 EP 2326 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VN425 UT WOS:A1996VN42500005 PM 8904697 ER PT J AU Chen, NX Hausman, GJ Wright, JT AF Chen, NX Hausman, GJ Wright, JT TI Hormonal regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) secretion in porcine stromal-vascular cultures SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adipocytes; insulin-like growth factor I; binding proteins; regulation; hormones ID TRIIODOTHYRONINE T3; SERUM; DIFFERENTIATION; PREADIPOCYTES; CELLS; FETAL; PIG; DEXAMETHASONE; PROLIFERATION; EXPRESSION AB We examined the time course of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) secretion and hormonal regulation of IGFBP and IGF-I secretion in porcine stromal vascular (S-V) cultures. Primary cultures of S-V cells derived from porcine adipose tissue were exposed to serum-free media with or without hormone treatment. Time course studies indicated that secretion of four IGFBP (IGFBP-1, -2, -3 and -4) by porcine S-V cells increased with time during the first 3 d after the switch to serum-free conditions and then decreased gradually. Growth hormone treatment stimulated secretion of each IGFBP by 47 +/- 4.7, 46 +/- 10.2, 70 +/- 13.2, and 49 +/- 5.6%, respectively, over control levels. The secretion of IGFBP-1, -2, -3, and -4 was enhanced by 91 +/- 18, 80 +/- 16, 74 +/- 12, and 263 +/- 48%, respectively, in T-4-treated S-V cultures compared with untreated cultures. In contrast, dexamethasone reduced the abundance of the IGFBP by 28 to 50% of control levels. Insulin-like growth factor I secretion (844.63 +/- 35.98 pg/mL) in vitro (3 d conditioned media) was increased (P < .05) by GH (1,302.45 +/- 12.95 pg/mL) and T-4 (1,291.60 +/- 86.4 pg/mL) and decreased (P < .05) by dexamethasone (552.5 +/- 30.2 pg/mL) (n = 4, S-V cell pools, P < .05). In addition to preadipocytes, other cells in S-V cultures also secrete IGFBP. In conclusion, the secretion of IGF-I and IGFBP by S-V cells is differentially regulated by hormones in vitro. C1 USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,ANIM PHYSIOL UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30604. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT FOODS & NUTR,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 74 IS 10 BP 2369 EP 2375 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VN425 UT WOS:A1996VN42500013 PM 8904705 ER PT J AU Fakler, T Smith, EO McNeel, RL Mersmann, HJ AF Fakler, T Smith, EO McNeel, RL Mersmann, HJ TI Evaluation of alternative methods to prepare porcine adipocytes for measurement with an electronic particle number and size determination apparatus SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adipocyte size; adipocyte number; pigs; adipocyte fixation; adipocytes ID ADIPOSE-TISSUE; CELL-SIZE; CELLULARITY AB Experimental investigations with mammalian adipose tissue require a determination of adipocyte number as a basis for expression of metabolic and growth data. Determination of cell size is also important in adipose tissue because the fivefold or greater variation in adipocyte diameter in most growing and adult mammals precludes simple determination of cell number to interpret the biological observations. There are two approaches to determine adipocyte size and number: microscopic methods and electronic particle counter methods. Microscopic methods use embedded sections, frozen sections, or isolated cells, whereas electronic particle number and size instrumental methods use adipocytes released from fixed tissue fragments or adipocytes fixed after isolation. The advantage of the electronic approach is that it evaluates thousands of particles, although the standard fixative, osmium, is quite toxic. Consequently, we evaluated a number of alternative fixation methods to prepare isolated porcine adipocytes for number and size determination by electronic instrumentation. Fixation in 3, 4, or 5% glutaraldehyde or in 4% formaldehyde were not acceptable procedures for porcine adipocytes. The 4% glutaraldehyde fixation procedure was acceptable for isolated rat adipocytes (Stewart and Kaplan, 1993); porcine adipocytes seem to be much more susceptible to breakage using these procedures than rat adipocytes. We also added urea or Triton X-100 to glutaraldehyde- and osmium-fixed cells to decrease clumping and adhesion of individual cells; none of these additions was beneficial. Ability to store samples would improve the logistics for these time-consuming analyses. Samples of osmium-fixed adipocytes were stored in osmium, in .9% NaCl (saline) after removal of osmium, in 8 M urea after osmium removal with saline, or in .01% Triton X-100 after osmium removal with saline. Storage in urea or Triton was inappropriate because of irreversible clumping of individual cells. Storage in osmium was acceptable for at least 30 d, and storage in saline was marginally acceptable. The variability of the size determination process for osmium-fixed adipocytes was evaluated. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 74 IS 10 BP 2385 EP 2393 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VN425 UT WOS:A1996VN42500015 PM 8904707 ER PT J AU Whitt, J Huntington, G Zetina, E Casse, E Taniguchi, K Potts, W AF Whitt, J Huntington, G Zetina, E Casse, E Taniguchi, K Potts, W TI Plasma flow and net nutrient flux across gut and liver of cattle fed twice daily SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; plasma flow; nutrient flux; daily pattern ID LACTATING HOLSTEIN COWS; HIGH CONCENTRATE DIET; BEEF STEERS; BLOOD; METABOLISM; ABSORPTION AB The objectives of this study were 1) to quantify daily patterns of plasma flow and metabolite flux through portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver in cattle fed twice daily and 2) to identify an interval for blood sampling that would approximate the average daily plasma flow and nutrient flux values. Data are from three experiments in which multicatheterized cattle were fed at or near ad libitum intake twice daily. Five lactating primiparous Holstein cows (506 kg, fed at 0730 and 1930) ate 17.3 kg DM/d as chopped alfalfa hay:corn grain plus supplement (urea and minerals) 50:50 (Exp 1). Five beef steers (474 kg, fed at 0900 and 2100) ate 8.3 kg DM/d as chopped switchgrass hay:corn grain plus supplement 37:63 (Exp 2). Six beef steers (306 kg, fed at 0900 and 2100) ate 6.9 kg DM/d as chopped alfalfa hay (Exp 3). Plasma flow (by dilution of para-aminohippurate) was measured hourly for 24 h. Plasma flows (mean +/- SE) through PDV were 1,264 +/- 147, 538 +/- 56, and 499 +/- 26 L/h for Exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Corresponding liver flows were 1,662 +/- 216, 642 +/- 41, and 591 +/- 30 L/h. The within-animal differences from their respective daily means were estimated as a function of time of day using nonparametric smoothing. Across experiments, PDV and liver flows were above the daily mean from 1200 to 1400, were not different from the daily mean from 1600 to 1700, and were below the daily mean from 1930 to 2130. Metabolites measured were ammonia, urea, alpha-amino N, and glucose. In general, metabolite flux was not different from the average daily mean values between 1200 and 1600. Blood sampling over 12 h or one 12-h feeding cycle is sufficient for daily plasma flow and metabolite flux estimation in cattle fed twice daily. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,COLLEGE PK,MD 20714. INRA,STN RECH VACHE LAITIERE,F-35590 ST GILLES,FRANCE. HIROSHIMA UNIV,FAC APPL BIOL SCI,HIGASHIHIROSHIMA 739,JAPAN. RP Whitt, J (reprint author), USDA,NUTR CONSERVAT & METAB LAB,BARC E,BLDG 200,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 74 IS 10 BP 2450 EP 2461 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VN425 UT WOS:A1996VN42500022 PM 8904714 ER PT J AU Luchini, ND Broderick, GA Combs, DK AF Luchini, ND Broderick, GA Combs, DK TI In vitro determination of ruminal protein degradation using freeze-stored ruminal microorganisms SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE in vitro; in situ; rumen; protein degradation; preserved microbes ID AMINO-ACIDS; RUMEN; INVITRO; NITROGEN; SYSTEM; DIGESTION; AMMONIA; SITE AB Mixed ruminal microorganisms were harvested from a lactating dairy cow and preserved frozen or lyophilized. Fermentation characteristics of freshly strained ruminal fluid, frozen microorganisms, or lyophilized microorganisms were evaluated during a 24-h pre-incubation and a 4-h incubation with test proteins. Differences observed during the first 4 to 6 h in total amino acid concentration, optical density, pH and VFA concentrations, acetate:propionate ratio, and lactate concentration largely disappeared later in the pre-incubation. Protein degradation rates determined for expeller and solvent meals were .015 and .092 h(-1), .015 and .101 h(-1), and .005 and .019 h(-1), with fresh ruminal fluid, frozen microorganisms, and lyophilized microorganisms, respectively. Regression of degradation rates obtained with fresh ruminal fluid on those obtained with pre-incubated, frozen microorganisms indicated the two methods were well correlated (r(2) = .98 and .94 in two experiments). Mean in vitro degradability obtained for 17 feeds using pre-incubated, frozen microbes was 89% of that obtained using the in situ method; however, in situ degradation rates for these same feeds averaged only 67% of those obtained using frozen microorganisms. Ruminal undegraded protein values for nine samples of heated soybeans and soybean meal, determined using frozen microbes, were overestimated relative to in vivo values (in vivo = 1.1 + .8 in vitro; r(2) = .77). These results indicated that ruminal microorganisms can be preserved by freezing and used as the inoculum for in vitro determination of ruminal protein degradation after overnight pre-incubation. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT DAIRY SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 74 IS 10 BP 2488 EP 2499 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VN425 UT WOS:A1996VN42500027 PM 8904719 ER PT J AU Neibergs, HL Womack, JE Reinhardt, TA AF Neibergs, HL Womack, JE Reinhardt, TA TI Rapid communication: Bovine calcium-sensing receptor gene resides on bovine chromosome SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bovine; calcium-sensing receptor; chromosome 1 ID CA2+-SENSING RECEPTOR; MAP C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. TEXAS A&M UNIV,INST BIOSCI & TECHNOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 74 IS 10 BP 2555 EP 2555 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VN425 UT WOS:A1996VN42500033 PM 8904725 ER PT J AU Johnson, GL Hanson, CL Hardegree, SP Ballard, EB AF Johnson, GL Hanson, CL Hardegree, SP Ballard, EB TI Stochastic weather simulation: Overview and analysis of two commonly used models SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DAILY PRECIPITATION; SOLAR-RADIATION; MARKOV-CHAIN; VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE; RAINFALL; ORDER AB Two stochastic weather simulation models (USCLIMATE and CLIGEN) were compared for their performance in replicating observed precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation variables at six locations in the United States. Statistical tests of significance were performed on means and standard deviations of a variety of standard and derived daily weather variables over monthly and annual time periods. Model replication of extreme events also was evaluated. In general, mean monthly and annual values were well replicated by both models, but variance replication of temperature and solar radiation were found superior in USCLIMATE. Extreme-value replication, especially over short (24-h) time intervals, was highly a function of climatic element, location, and time of year but, in general, was judged only fair in both models. Suggestions for model improvement and enhancement are given, as are suggestions for model applications. RP Johnson, GL (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NW WATERSHED RES CTR,800 PK BLVD,PLAZA IV,SUITE 105,BOISE,ID 83712, USA. NR 39 TC 97 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 35 IS 10 BP 1878 EP 1896 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<1878:SWSOAA>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VP281 UT WOS:A1996VP28100020 ER PT J AU Moon, JK Butte, NF AF Moon, JK Butte, NF TI Combined heart rate and activity improve estimates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production rates SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE energy expenditure; human; respiration calorimetry; electronic monitor; physical activity; 24-hour free-living measurement ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; INDIRECT CALORIMETRY AB Oxygen consumption (over dotVO(2)) and carbon dioxide production (over dotVCO(2)) rates were measured by electronically recording heart rate (HR) and physical activity (PA). Mean daily over dotVO(2) and over dotVCO(2) measurements by HR and PA were validated in adults (n = 10 women and 10 men) with room calorimeters. Thirteen linear and nonlinear functions of HR alone and HR combined with PA were tested as models of 24-h over dotVO(2) and over dotVCO(2). Mean sleep over dotVO(2) and over dotVCO(2) were similar to basal metabolic rates and were accurately estimated from HR alone [respective mean errors were -0.2 +/- 0.8 (SD) and -0.4 +/- 0.6%]. The range of prediction errors for 24-h over dotVO(2) and over dotVCO(2) was smallest for a model that used PA to assign HR for each minute to separate active and inactive curves (over dotVO(2), -3.3 +/- 3.5%; over dotVCO(2), -4.6 +/- 3%). There were no significant correlations between over dotVO(2) or over dot VCO2 errors and subject age, weight, fat mass, ratio of daily to basal energy expenditure rate, or fitness. over dotVO(2), over dotVCO(2), and energy expenditure recorded for 3 free-living days were 5.6 +/- 0.9 ml . min(-1). kg(-1), 4.7 +/- 0.8 ml . min(-1). kg(-1), and 7.8 +/- 1.6 kJ/min, respectively. Combined HR and PA measured 24-h over dotVO(2) and over dot VCO2 with a precision similar to alternative methods. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NR 15 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 81 IS 4 BP 1754 EP 1761 PG 8 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA VM563 UT WOS:A1996VM56300044 PM 8904596 ER PT J AU Raguso, RA Light, DM Pickersky, E AF Raguso, RA Light, DM Pickersky, E TI Electroantennogram responses of Hyles lineata (Sphingidae: Lepidoptera) to volatile compounds from Clarkia breweri (Onagraceae) and other moth-pollinated flowers SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aromatics; EAG; floral attraction; floral scent; green leaf volatiles; hawkmoths; monoterpenes; nitrogen-bearing compounds; olfaction; semiochemicals; Hyles lineata ID MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY; CABBAGE-LOOPER MOTHS; PLANT VOLATILES; MANDUCA-SEXTA; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; FLORAL VOLATILES; HAWKMOTH FLOWERS; HOST-PLANT; IDENTIFICATION; ORCHIDACEAE AB Electroantennograms (EAGs) from field-collected Hyles lineata moths were recorded in response to 10 individual floral volatiles identified from Clarkia breweri (Onagraceae), to 22 scent compounds produced by other moth-pollinated flowers and to eight ubiquitous ''green leaf volatiles.'' Females' EAGs were generally 1.5- to 2-fold greater than those observed for male moths. Female:male EAG rank orders were significantly correlated, but marked differences in order were observed for some compounds (e.g., benzyl alcohol, cinnamic aldehyde, geraniol, and linalool). Linalool, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate, and pyranoid linalool oxide elicited the largest EAG responses (-1.2 to -0.8 mV) among scent compounds from C. breweri. EAG responses were significantly lower for monoterpenes as a pooled compound class than for aromatic esters, alcohols and aldehydes, fatty acid derivatives, N-bearing compounds and oxygenated terpenoids. EAG responses to structurally related scent compounds were not significantly different in most cases. Both male and female H. lineata were sensitive to most C. breweri scent compounds at 10(-2) to 10(-4) mu g/gl doses, and rank order in potency varied with the dose/concentration tested. H. lineara's olfactory sensitivity to diverse volatile compounds across a range of doses/concentrations suggests that a broad array of volatiles could function as floral attractants for foraging hawkmoths. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Raguso, RA (reprint author), UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT BIOL,NAT SCI BLDG,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109, USA. NR 79 TC 89 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 26 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 22 IS 10 BP 1735 EP 1766 DI 10.1007/BF02028502 PG 32 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VV325 UT WOS:A1996VV32500001 PM 24227106 ER PT J AU Haverty, MI Grace, JK Nelson, LJ Yamamoto, RT AF Haverty, MI Grace, JK Nelson, LJ Yamamoto, RT TI Intercaste, intercolony, and temporal variation in cuticular hydrocarbons of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Formosan subterranean termite; Coptotermes formosanus; founder event; biogeography; populations; seasonal variation; Isoptera; Rhinotermitidae; cuticular hydrocarbons; Hawaiian insects ID RETICULITERMES-FLAVIPES KOLLAR; SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE ISOPTERA; VIRGINICUS BANKS ISOPTERA; CHEMOTAXONOMIC CHARACTERS; UNITED-STATES; POPULATIONS; COLONIES; DIMETHYLALKANES; ZOOTERMOPSIS; NASUTITERMES AB We characterized the variation in cuticular hydrocarbon mixtures between seven colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, from the same population. We report differences between castes, between colonies, and within the population over time to assess seasonality. Colonies of C. formosanus from Oahu, Hawaii, were sampled for 25 months. Each month, one sample each of 200 workers, 50 soldiers, nymphs, or alates from each colony was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the cuticular hydrocarbons. We resolved 39 individual peaks and identified 52 individual or isomeric mixtures of hydrocarbons. Only n-alkanes and methyl-branched alkanes occur; no olefins were found. Internally branched monomethylalkanes were the most abundant class of hydrocarbons, representing 45% to 50% of the total. 9-;11-;13-Methylheptacosane accounted for over 30% of the total hydrocarbon for all castes. 2-Methyl- and 3-methylalkanes comprise approximately 30% of the total. Internally branched dimethylalkanes constitute 15% to 20% of the total cuticular hydrocarbon. Only one trimethylalkane, 13,15,17-trimethylnonacosane, was found in small amounts. The hydrocarbon mixtures of all four castes were similar. Quantitative differences in hydrocarbon mixtures among the castes were easily displayed using canonical discriminant analysis. Soldiers and workers are significantly different from one another and from nymphs and alates. Nineteen peaks are statistically significant between workers and soldiers. Nymphs and alates were not statistically different. We detected statistically significant quantitative differences between colonies in 18 peaks for workers and 12 peaks for soldiers. Each of the colonies of C. formosanus can be separated from the others by the proportions of their hydrocarbon components. We detected statistically significant differences between months of the year for 12 peaks for workers and four peaks for soldiers; two peaks each for workers and soldiers showed distinct, seasonal trends. This seasonal shift in proportions of hydrocarbons correlates with the production of alates. C1 UNIV HAWAII MANOA, DEPT ENTOMOL, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA. RP Haverty, MI (reprint author), USDA, PACIFIC SW RES STN, FOREST SERV, POB 245, BERKELEY, CA 94701 USA. NR 45 TC 62 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 22 IS 10 BP 1813 EP 1834 DI 10.1007/BF02028506 PG 22 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VV325 UT WOS:A1996VV32500005 PM 24227110 ER PT J AU Hedlund, K Bartelt, RJ Dicke, M Vet, LEM AF Hedlund, K Bartelt, RJ Dicke, M Vet, LEM TI Aggregation pheromones of Drosophila immigrans, D-phalerata, and D-subobscura SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aggregation pheromones; (Z)-11-octadecenyl acetate; (Z)-5-tricosene; 5,9-pentacosadiene; windtunnel; Drosophilidae ID CIS-VACCENYL ACETATE; EPHEMERAL RESOURCE; MELANOGASTER; COMPETITION; COURTSHIP; DIPTERA AB Aggregation pheromones of Drosophila immigrans, D. phalerata and D. subobscura were demonstrated by testing attraction of adult flies to hexane extracts of the flies in a windtunnel bioassay. Extracts of adult males of all species attracted conspecific males and females. However, D. subobscura flies were attracted only when the extract was applied on food. CC-MS analysis identified (Z)-11-octadecenyl acetate (cVA) in the extracts of adult male D. immigrans and D. phalerata. Both species were attracted to synthetic cVA. Male and female D. subobscura produced 5,9-pentacosadiene, 5-pentacosene, 2-methylhexacosene and 5,9-heptacosadiene, while only male D. subobscura produced (Z)-5-tricosene and minor amounts of cVA. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOACT CONSTITUENTS RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Hedlund, K (reprint author), WAGENINGEN UNIV AGR,DEPT ENTOMOL,POB 8031,NL-6700 EH WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. RI Dicke, Marcel/B-2300-2010; Vet, Louise/B-1342-2009 OI Dicke, Marcel/0000-0001-8565-8896; Vet, Louise/0000-0002-2287-1128 NR 26 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 8 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 22 IS 10 BP 1835 EP 1844 DI 10.1007/BF02028507 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VV325 UT WOS:A1996VV32500006 PM 24227111 ER PT J AU Vaughn, SF Boydston, RA MallorySmith, CA AF Vaughn, SF Boydston, RA MallorySmith, CA TI Isolation and identification of (3-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile as a phytotoxin from meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) seedmeal SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE meadowfoam; Limnanthes alba; Limnanthaceae; seedmeal; glucosinolate; glucolimnanthin; 3-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate; (3-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile; phytotoxicity; soil amendment ID PRODUCTS; ISOTHIOCYANATES; DEGRADATION; NITRILES; CABBAGE; FOOD AB Ethyl ether, ethanol, and water extracts of meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Hartweg ex. Benth.) seedmeal were prepared and bioassayed against velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medicus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ''Cardinal''). Both the ethyl ether and ethanol fractions, but not the water extract, inhibited velvetleaf and wheat radicle elongation. Fractionation of the extracts indicated that (3-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile (3-MPAN) was the active compound from both extracts, comprising >97% of the active ethanol fraction. 3-Methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate, which had been previously shown to be the major breakdown product of glucolimnanthin, the major L. alba glucosinolate, was not detected in either extract. Radicle elongation of velvetleaf and wheat were inhibited by 3-MPAN with I-50 (the concentration required to inhibit growth by 50%) values of approximately 4 x 10(-4) M (velvetleaf) and 7 x 10(-4) M (wheat). C1 USDA ARS,CTR IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,VEGETABLE & FORAGE CROPS PROD RES,PROSSER,WA 99350. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Vaughn, SF (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOACT AGENTS RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 17 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 22 IS 10 BP 1939 EP 1949 DI 10.1007/BF02028513 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VV325 UT WOS:A1996VV32500012 PM 24227117 ER PT J AU Muesing, RA Forman, MR Graftbard, BI Beecher, GR Lanza, E McAdam, PA Campbell, WS Olson, BR AF Muesing, RA Forman, MR Graftbard, BI Beecher, GR Lanza, E McAdam, PA Campbell, WS Olson, BR TI Cyclic changes in lipoproprotein and apolipoprotein levels during the menstrual cycle in healthy premenopausal women on a controlled diet SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; PLASMA-LIPIDS; ORAL-CONTRACEPTIVES; CHOLESTEROL; PHASE; SUBCLASSES; ESTRADIOL; FRACTIONS; ESTROGEN; LIPASE AB Lipoprotein, apolipoprotein (ape), and hormone levels were measured in 12 healthy women over three consecutive menstrual cycles; one free-living and two under controlled dietary conditions. Serum hormone levels were measured to identify menstrual cycle phases (menses, early follicular, late follicular, and midluteal). After stabilization for one cycle on the controlled diet, ANOVA modeling of the second controlled-diet cycle revealed that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in the midluteal phase were significantly lower (by 7%) than in the early follicular phase. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels during the late follicular phase were higher (by 6%) than menses levels. Differences in the HDL-cholesterol and apoA-I fluctuations resulted in a higher proportion of HDL-cholesterol to apoA-I during the late follicular phase than that during the menses phase. The ratios of LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol and apoB/apoA-I in the early follicular phase were greater by 5.6% and 6.0%, respectively, than those in the midluteal phase. Fluctuations in total cholesterol, triglyceride, apoA-I, and apoB did not reach significance. Thus, the cyclic fluctuations of LDL and HDL cholesterol need to be considered in the screening and medical monitoring of women with borderline lipoprotein levels, as well as in the design and the interpretation of results of studies involving premenopausal women. C1 NCI, NIH, CANC PREVENT & CONTROL BRANCH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT MED, LIPID RES CLIN, WASHINGTON, DC 20037 USA. USDA, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. MOYNAHAN MED CTR, WATERBURY, CT 06702 USA. NR 32 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 81 IS 10 BP 3599 EP 3603 DI 10.1210/jc.81.10.3599 PG 5 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VL566 UT WOS:A1996VL56600028 PM 8855808 ER PT J AU Ojok, L Brown, C AF Ojok, L Brown, C TI An immunohistochemical study of the pathogenesis of virulent viscerotropic Newcastle disease in chickens SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIRUS; PATHOLOGY; INFECTION AB Ten specific pathogen-free cockerels aged 8-12 months were infected by ocular instillation of 2 x 10(7) embryo-lethal doses 50% of a virulent viscerotropic strain of Newcastle disease virus (Fontana 1083 strain). The birds were killed at 24 h intervals after infection and tissues were collected for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. The infection ran an acute course, severe clinical disease occurring within 72 h of infection. By gross and histological examination, the most severe damage detected was found to occur in lymphoid areas in a number of tissues. The greatest amounts of viral antigen detected occurred in the proventriculus, small intestine, spleen, thymus and eyelid. Immunohistochemical labelling was confined to large mononuclear cells. (C) 1996 W.B. Saunders Company Limited C1 USDA ARS,NATL VET SERV LABS,FOREIGN ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,GREENPORT,NY 11944. MAKERERE UNIV,KAMPALA,UGANDA. NR 9 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0021-9975 J9 J COMP PATHOL JI J. Comp. Pathol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 115 IS 3 BP 221 EP 227 DI 10.1016/S0021-9975(96)80080-6 PG 7 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA VL852 UT WOS:A1996VL85200002 PM 8923233 ER PT J AU Gray, AN Spies, TA AF Gray, AN Spies, TA TI Gap size, within-gap position and canopy structure effects on conifer seedling establishment SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE disturbance; natural regeneration; old-growth forest; succession ID OLD-GROWTH FOREST; DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST; SPECIES-DIVERSITY; DYNAMICS; OREGON; TSUGA; HETEROGENEITY; DISTURBANCE; PATTERNS; ACER AB 1 Emergence, establishment and growth of Abies amabilis, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla were studied for 2 years in variously sized canopy gaps created in four stands on the west slope of the Cascade Range in central Oregon and southern Washington, USA. Seedlings originating from seeds sown on controlled microsites were compared with natural seed rain. 2 Seedling establishment was greater in gaps than in closed-canopy areas, but was relatively low in portions of large gaps exposed to direct solar radiation, particularly for Tsuga. Some evidence of gap partitioning by regenerating seedlings was found, though all species were most abundant in shaded portions of gaps. 3 Seedling size increased with gap size, and was greatest at gap centres, Pseudotsuga growth was relatively low except in the largest gaps, Tsuga growth increased dramatically with gap size, and Abies growth responded the least to gap size. 4 Seedling establishment and growth differed among the four stands. Establishment in closed-canopy areas was lowest in stands with dense conifer canopies relatively close to the forest floor. Natural establishment of Tsuga in gaps was very low in mature stands but abundant in old-growth stands, reflecting differences in seed rain. 5 Silviculturally created openings may accelerate the development of multiple canopy, layers in mature forests, but gap size and the availability of shade-tolerant tree seeds will also control the rate and spatial pattern of canopy development. C1 US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, PEAVY HALL 154, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 72 TC 148 Z9 171 U1 6 U2 51 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-0477 EI 1365-2745 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 84 IS 5 BP 635 EP 645 DI 10.2307/2261327 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VU804 UT WOS:A1996VU80400001 ER PT J AU Snodgrass, GL AF Snodgrass, GL TI Glass-vial bioassay to estimate insecticide resistance in adult tarnished plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lygus lineolaris; insecticide resistance; glass-vial bioassay AB A glass-vial bioassay was developed for use in estimating resistance to insecticides in adult tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois). When laboratory-reared insects of known age are used, the bioassay procedure requires that adults are not older than 10 d Testing each sex separately was not required, and each glass-vial (treated on its inside with an insecticide) received a piece of green bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., as food for the adults tested. Two or 3 adults were placed in each vial; mortality was determined after 24 h of exposure in the vial. The bioassay was used to determine insecticide resistance in 3 groups of tarnished plant bugs to 10 different insecticides. Significant differences in resistance among adults were found from the 3 groups with most of the insecticides. Data obtained with this glass-vial bioassay can be compared with data obtained from bioassays that use plant bugs collected from cotton, Gossypium hirsutum. L., fields in which control with insecticides has been inadequate. RP Snodgrass, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,POB 346,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 19 TC 50 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1053 EP 1059 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900002 ER PT J AU Unruh, T Knight, A Bush, MR AF Unruh, T Knight, A Bush, MR TI Green peach aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) resistance to endosulfan in peach and nectarine orchards in Washington State SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Myzus persicae; insecticide resistance; endosulfan ID MYZUS-PERSICAE; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS; GENE AB The insecticides esfenvalerate, chlorpyrifos and endosulfan were used in diagnostic dose assays with clonal populations of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), collected as fundatrices from peach and nectarine orchards near Yakima and the Tri Cities in Washington State. Frequency distributions of clonal mortalities were unimodal for esfenvalerate and chlorpyrifos. In contrast, a distinctly multimodal distribution of clonal mortalities was observed for endosulfan, which indicates the presence of 2 or more classes of insecticide tolerance. Dose-response lines for 4 clones chosen for their responses in the diagnostic doses study showed resistance ratios of 16-26 for endosulfan. These ratios are high enough to explain occasionally reported field failures of endosulfan. Dose-response lines for 6 clones to esfenvalerate showed small resistance ratios (maximum, 3.2) and were inconsistent with resistance levels of practical significance. There was no correlation within clones in their responses to endosulfan or esfenvalerate compared with chlorpyrifos but there was a slight, but significant, correlation in responses to endosulfan and esfenvalerate. It appears that the mechanism of resistance to the cyclodiene insecticide, endosulfan is novel and not gene amplification of carboxylesterase E4. RP Unruh, T (reprint author), USDA ARS,YAKIMA AGR RES LAB,5230 KONNOWAC PASS RD,WAPATO,WA 98951, USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1067 EP 1073 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900004 ER PT J AU Robertson, JL Preisler, HK Ng, SS Hickle, LA Berdeja, A Gelernter, WD AF Robertson, JL Preisler, HK Ng, SS Hickle, LA Berdeja, A Gelernter, WD TI Comparative effect of temperature and time on activity of Dipel 2x and MVP preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki on diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diamondback moth; Bacillus thuringiensis; MVP; Dipel 2X; extraneous variables AB Bioassays with MVP, a genetically engineered form of a toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis susp. kurstaki, demonstrated that a plateau in concentration response depended on the temperature and time when mortality was assessed. The presence of a plateau did not indicate resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Comparisons of LC(50)s at 25 degrees indicated that MVP acted more slowly than a conventional B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki formulation (Dipel 2X). However, LT(50)s of the preparations at a given concentration did not vary substantially. AT 28 degrees C, responses were approximately equal over time. To avoid artifacts in analyses of concentration-response data, we recommend that bioassays be designed carefully to account for subtle differences in the behavior of genetically engineered versus conventional preparations of B. thuringiensis. C1 ABBOTT LABS, ABBOTT PK, IL 60064 USA. AGRILYNX, SAN DIEGO, CA 92130 USA. MYCOGEN CORP, SAN DIEGO, CA 92121 USA. PACE CONSULTING, SAN DIEGO, CA 92109 USA. RP Robertson, JL (reprint author), USDA, FOREST SERV, PSW RES STN, POB 245, BERKELEY, CA 94701 USA. NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1084 EP 1087 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900007 ER PT J AU Ridgway, RL Illum, VL Farrar, RR Calvin, DD Fleischer, SJ Inscoe, MN AF Ridgway, RL Illum, VL Farrar, RR Calvin, DD Fleischer, SJ Inscoe, MN TI Granular matrix formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis for control of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; formulations; Ostrinia nubilalis ID NUTRIENT-BASED PHAGOSTIMULANTS; GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; STARCH FORMULATIONS; INSECT PESTS; PROTECTANTS; BERLINER; VIRUS AB A low-cost, granular matrix formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki, composed primarily of corn flour and containing a feeding stimulant composed of cottonseed flour and sugars, was developed for use against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), on whorl-stage corn. Laboratory experiments indicated that a corn flour agricultural commodity product was a suitable carrier, that the feeding stimulant enhanced the activity of B. thuringiensis, and that the granular matrix protected B. thuringiensis from photodegradation. Results of a greenhouse lest showed higher mortality of the European corn borer on corn plants treated with the granular matrix than on plants treated with a standard commercial granular formulation of B. thuringiensis. Mortality with either treatment was increased by application of simulated rainfall. In a field test, the granular matrix applied at a rate of 5.5 kg/ha gave control comparable with that achieved by the commercial standard applied at a rate of 11 kg/ha. Results indicated that increased efficacy or reduction in costs of management of the European corn borer with B. thuringiensis should be possible through the use of the granular matrix formulation. RP Ridgway, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1088 EP 1094 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900008 ER PT J AU Rojas, MG MoralesRamos, JA King, EG AF Rojas, MG MoralesRamos, JA King, EG TI In vitro rearing of the boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ectoparasitoid Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on meridic diets SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anthonomus grandis grandis; in vitro rearing; parasitoid; augmentation; biological control; mass propagation ID BURKS HYMENOPTERA; INFESTATIONS; PARASITOIDS; PROPAGATION; INCREASE AB The pteromalid Catolaccus grandis (Burks), an obligate ectoparasitoid of the bell weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, successfully completed development on 5 original meridic diets. These diets produced C. grandis females of significantly higher quality than those produced on a previously reported meridic diet. Pupal weight and fecundity of females reared in the 5 meridic diets were lower than for females reared in vivo, but, higher than for females reared in a previously developed diet. There was no significant difference between progeny sex ratio of females reared in the 5 new diets from those of females reared in vivo. Based on net reproductive rate (R(0)) values of females reared in the 5 new diets, the best artificial diet showed a R(0) value of 135.16 as compared to an R(0) value of 143.6 for parasitoids reared in vivo. Parasitoids reared in previously developed artificial diets had significantly lower pupal weight, fecundity survival, and R(0) value as compared with C. grandis reared in the 5 new diets. This implies that the presence of some amino acids such as histidine, proline, and glutamic acid in the correct proportions is essential for the growth and development of C. grandis. RP Rojas, MG (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,BIOL CONTROL PESTS RES UNIT,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. OI Morales-Ramos, Juan/0000-0002-3506-3859 NR 35 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1095 EP 1104 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900009 ER PT J AU Moss, JI AF Moss, JI TI Synergism of toxicity of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide to German cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) by hydrolytic enzyme inhibitors SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Blattela germanica; DEET; insecticide; carbamate; organophosphate; formamidine ID INSECT REPELLENT N,N-DIETHYL-M-TOLUAMIDE; EXPOSURE; DEET; DIPTERA; PHOSPHOROTRITHIOATE; CHLORDIMEFORM; NEUROTOXICITY; PHYSOSTIGMINE; EFFICACY; BRAIN AB Various compounds were tested for effects on the toxicity of the insect repellent N,N-diethl-m-toluamide (DEET) in German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.). Organophosphate and carbamate acetylcholinesterase inhibitors carbaryl, DEF, eserine (physostigmine), malathion and pyridostigmine bromide synergized DEET toxicity. Of those tested, their toxicity was synergized by DEET. Compounds that synergized DEET toxicity also synergized the toxicity of the formamidine pesticides Amitraz and chlordimeform. Results suggest that DEET may have some toxic actions that are similar to those of formamidine pesticides. DEET synergized the toxicity of some acetylcholinesterase inhibitors but not others. Results further suggest that some mechanism other than acetylcholinesterase inhibition was responsible for the toxic interactions observed between DEET and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. RP Moss, JI (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,1600 SW 23RD DR,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 38 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1151 EP 1155 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900017 PM 17450648 ER PT J AU Sharp, JL McGuire, RG AF Sharp, JL McGuire, RG TI Control of Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in navel orange by forced hot air SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anostrepha suspensa; Citrus sinensis; postharvest quarantine treatment ID QUARANTINE TREATMENT; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; GRAPEFRUIT; DISINFESTATION; MANGOES; STORAGE; QUALITY; FLIES; HEAT AB A single-stage, hot-air quarantine treatment was used to kill Caribbean fruit By Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), mature 3rd instars in Florida-grown 'Golden' navel orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Treating infested navel orange with 48 +/- 0.3 degrees C forced air for 55.9 +/- 0.3, 73.7 +/- 1.3, and 119.4 +/- 0.7 min, to reach final center pulp temperatures of 36-37, 40-41, and 44-45 degrees C, respectively, when initial center pulp temperatures were 22.3 +/- 0.2, 21.2 +/- 0.2, and 20.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C, respectively, reduced the number of surviving puparia that developed from treated larvae. The exposure time needed to reach Q99.9968% mortality was 108.6 min (lower and upper fiducial limits were 88.4 and 200.3 min, respectively) when the final mean center pulp temperature was greater than or equal to 44 degrees C. A large-scale confirmatory test resulted in no survivors when 113,676 Caribbean fruit fly larvae in 1,200 manually infested navel oranges were heated with 48 +/- 0.3 degrees C forced air at an average 0.75 m(3)/s air flow rate until the center pulp temperatures were greater than or equal to 44 degrees C, which required 100.2 +/- 3.0 min of heating when initial center pulp temperatures were 23.2 +/- 0.4 degrees C. Relative humidity ranged from 63.5% at the start of the test to 77.3% when the test was finished. After treatment at 48 +/- 0.3 degrees C for 105 min and 1 mo of storage at 5 degrees C, there was no significant difference in quality characteristics between heated and unheated navel oranges. RP Sharp, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP HORT RES STN,13601 OLD CUTLER RD,MIAMI,FL 33158, USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1181 EP 1185 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900022 ER PT J AU Yokoyama, VY Miller, GT AF Yokoyama, VY Miller, GT TI Response of walnut husk fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to low temperature, irrigation, and pest-free period for exported stone fruits SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rhagoletis completa; Prunus spp; quarantine; cold storage ID NEW-ZEALAND AB A 1993 and 1994 trapping program in walnuts in 5 counties of the San Joaquin Valley verified the pest-free period for walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa Cresson, between the beginning of stone fruit harvest in the spring and 1 July. First emergence of adults in walnuts occurred after the pest-free period in 7 of 8 trapping sites in both years. A single adult was collected in a trap before 1 July in Fresno County in 1993 and in Tulare County, in 1994. Peak populations of walnut husk try occurred in walnut orchards and road side trees in late August after early midseason, and most late season stone fruit cultivars had been harvested. The pest-free period and late seasonal emergence of peak populations in walnuts show that the biological risk is negligible for accidental introductions of walnut husk fly into countries where the pest does not occur through shipments of stone fruits from California. No relationship was observed between immersion of walnut husk fly pupae in soil saturated with water and survival to the adult stage. Survival to the pupal stage for 2nd and 3rd instars was significantly lower than controls after exposure to low temperature storage in green walnuts at 1.1-1.7 degrees C for 7, 14, and 21 d. Few pupae developed from eggs and Ist, 2nd, and 3rd instars after a 21-d exposure. The loss of food quality of green walnuts after storage probably affected survival of immatures to the pupal stage. RP Yokoyama, VY (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1186 EP 1191 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900023 ER PT J AU Liebhold, A Luzader, E Reardon, R Bullard, A Roberts, A Ravlin, W Delost, S Spears, B AF Liebhold, A Luzader, E Reardon, R Bullard, A Roberts, A Ravlin, W Delost, S Spears, B TI Use of a geographic information system to evaluate regional treatment effects in a gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) management program SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; defoliation; suppression; gypsy moth; geographical information system; insecticide ID INTEGRATED PEST-MANAGEMENT; SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PLANS; EGG MASS POPULATIONS; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; SPATIAL DYNAMICS; FIELD EFFICACY; DEFOLIATION AB The effectiveness of aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis and diflubenzon (Dimilin) in a gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), management program was evaluated using a geographic information system. System data included counts of overwintering egg mass densities, defoliation maps, and treatment block boundaries collected by the Appalachian Integrated Pest Management Program in Virginia and West Virginia from 1969 to 1992, Diflubenzuron treatments resulted in greater foliage protection ana population reduction than did applications of B, thuringiensis except when egg mass densities before treatment were <1,000 egg masses per hectare. Generally neither treatment provided foliage protection in the year following treatment, especially when treatment blocks were small or near to defoliating populations, or both. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST HLTH TECHNOL ENTERPRISE TEAM,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. US FOREST SERV,FOREST HLTH PROTECT,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505. US FOREST SERV,FOREST HLTH,ASHEVILLE,NC 28804. RP Liebhold, A (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,180 CANFIELD ST,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505, USA. RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 53 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1192 EP 1203 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900024 ER PT J AU Liu, TX Stansly, PA Chortyk, OT AF Liu, TX Stansly, PA Chortyk, OT TI Insecticidal activity of natural and synthetic sugar esters against Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; Bemisia tabaci; Nicotiana sugar ester isolates; botanical insecticides; synthetic suger esters ID NICOTIANA-GOSSEI; SUCROSE ESTERS; LEAF AB Insecticidal activities of natural sugar ester isolates of Nicotiana spp. and synthetic sugar esters were tested against Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring in laboratory bioassays and a tomato field trial on staked tomato. A mixture of the pyrethroid cyfluthrin and methamidophos, as well as the juvenile analog pyriproxyfen, were used for comparison in the field trial. Mortality of adults immobilized on yellow sticky cards and sprayed to run-off (approximate to 100% coverage) with sugar ester isolates of Nicotiana spp. (including N. gossei) approached 100%. In contrast, mortality of immobilized adults heated in a Potter spray tower (approximate to 70% coverage) with the same concentrations of N. gossei was <50%. Sugar ester isolates of N. gossei, N. amplexicaulis, N. glutinosa, N. langsdorffii, N. trigonophylla, and N. palmeri and a synthetic sucrose ester were more toxic to 2nd-instar nymphs at a rate of 1 g (AI)/liter than were isolates of N. cavicola, N. simulans, N. pauciflora, N. plumbaginifolia, N. noctiflora, and N. otophora. Whitefly populations on tomato sprayed weekly in the field with a sugar ester isolate of N. trigonophylla or 4 synthetic preparations were reduced by 40-98% for immatures and 43-73% for adults compared with untreated plants. Sugar ester isolate and synthetic sugar esters in the field tomato trials compared favorably with commercial insecticides for whitefly control. C1 USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,PHYTOCHEM RES UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30604. RP Liu, TX (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,SW FLORIDA RES & EDUC CTR,PO DRAWER 5127,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 17 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1233 EP 1239 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900029 ER PT J AU Flint, HM Naranjo, SE Leggett, JE Henneberry, TJ AF Flint, HM Naranjo, SE Leggett, JE Henneberry, TJ TI Cotton water stress, arthropod dynamics, and management of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia tabaci; Pectinophora gossypiella; Lygus hesperus; Gossypium spp; irrigation; pest management ID SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; FURROW IRRIGATION; GERMPLASM LINES; SAMPLING PLANS; CULTIVARS; POPULATION; GOSSYPIUM; ARIZONA; TISSUES; DRIP AB The effects of plant water stress on beneficial and pest insects infesting Deltapine-50 short-staple cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and Pima S-7 long-staple cotton, Gossypium barbadense L., were studied in 1993 and 1994 in large replicated field plots in central Arizona. Seasonal densities of eggs, nymphs, or adults of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), were reduced 45-69% and 22-36% in plots irrigated weekly compared with those irrigated biweekly in 1993 and 1994, respectively. In 1993, DPL-50 had more whiteflies of all stages than Pima S-7, but crop termination dates had no effect on seasonal densities of whiteflies. In 1994, fenpropathrin and acephate insecticide applications provided greater control of whiteflies than buprofezin, an insect growth-regulating insecticide. Application thresholds of 1 adult whitefly per leaf resulted in lower whitefly densities than thresholds of 5 or 10 adults per leaf. In 1994, pink bollworm larvae, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), were reduced in plots treated with fenpropathrin and acephate and in plots treated for B, tabaci at the threshold of 1 adult per leaf. More Lygus hesperus Knight were found in plots irrigated weekly than biweekly in both years. Leaf water potentials (-bars), measured at 3, 7, or 14 d after irrigation in 1993, indicated greater plant water stress in cotton irrigated biweekly at;and 14 d after irrigation than in that irrigated weekly at 7 d after irrigation seedcotton were greater at thresholds of 1 than at 5 or 10 adult whiteflies per leaf. Combining reduced plant water stress of weekly irrigation with fenpropathrin and acephate applied at a threshold of 1 adult whitefly per leaf provided the best control of B, tabaci. RP Flint, HM (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,4135 E BROADWAY RD,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 42 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1288 EP 1300 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900036 ER PT J AU Mankin, RW Shuman, D Coffelt, JA AF Mankin, RW Shuman, D Coffelt, JA TI Noise shielding of acoustic devices for insect detection SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE stored products; sound; rice weevil ID STORED-GRAIN; TENEBRIONIDAE; COLEOPTERA; BEETLES; KERNELS; WOOD AB The need to monitor hidden insects and automate the acquisition of data for grain management has led to development of electronic sound detection devices. Typically, insect feeding and movement sounds are low in intensity, and they attenuate rapidly in grain. The mean sound pressure level (SPL) generated by rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), larvae in wheat kernels is only 23 dB (referenced to 20 mu Pa) as measured by a microphone immersed in a grain sample 3 cm from a larva-infested kernel. Unless the noise background is reduced below these levels by 10 dB or more, an insect cannot be detected reliably. To establish guidelines and procedures for shielding acoustic detectors in a grain elevator or other noisy environment, a multilayered enclosure was constructed that attenuates sound by 70-85 dB between 1 and 10 kHz This level of noise reduction is sufficient to enable detection of internally feeding larvae in grain samples at inspection facilities at commercial grain elevators, which have 50-80 dB SPL noise backgrounds between 0.1 and 10 kHz. RP Mankin, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 32 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1301 EP 1308 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900037 ER PT J AU Ratcliffe, RH Ohm, HW Patterson, FL Cambron, SE Safranski, GG AF Ratcliffe, RH Ohm, HW Patterson, FL Cambron, SE Safranski, GG TI Response of resistance genes H9-H19 in wheat to Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) laboratory biotypes and field populations from the eastern United States SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mayetiola destructor; biotypes; wheat breeding ID LINES AB Ten populations of Hessian By Mayetiola destructor (Sav), from the eastern United States were evaluated for biotype composition and response to Hessian By resistance genes H9-H19 in wheat. The biotype composition of Hessian By populations was estimated by confining individual gravid females on wheat 'Monon' (H3),'Magnum' (H5), 'Caldwell' (H6), and 'Seneca' (H7H8). The response of Hessian fly populations and laboratory biotypes to resistance genes from the Purdue/USDA program were evaluated in replicated tests with wheat lines homozygous for these genes. Hessian fly populations from northwestern Florida and southwestern South Carolina were predominantly biotypes E, G, M, and O and were avirulent to H7H8. Fly populations from northeastern and northwestern South Carolina had a low percentage of biotype E, but contained H7H8-virulent biotypes J and L in varying frequency. Populations from north central Arkansas and Indiana were predominatly biotype L. In tests with genes H9-H19 with laboratory-reared biotypes GP, B, C, D, E, and L, H9 was susceptible to biotype C, H12 to biotype E, and H11 and H15 to biotype L. Genes H16 and H17 were resistant to all Hessian fly biotypes and populations, and the remaining genes varied in response to By sources. The resistance of genes H9-H19 to the 10 Hessian fly populations, in descending order of effectiveness, was H16 = H17 > H9 = H13 = H14 > H10 = H18 > H12 = H15 = H19 > H11. The number of Hessian By populations virulent to the respective genes were H16, H17 = 0; H9, H13, H14 = 1; H10, H18 = 2; H12, H15, H19 = 3; H11 = 7. Research demonstrated the importance of continuing to sample held populations. Changes in frequency of virulent genotypes and the response of genotypes to specific resistance genes should be monitored in order to develop deployment strategies to improve the durability of resistance in wheat cultivars. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Ratcliffe, RH (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,CROP PROD & PEST CONTROL RES UNIT,ROOM 101,ENTOMOL HALL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1309 EP 1317 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900038 ER PT J AU Davis, FM Williams, WP VandenBerg, J AF Davis, FM Williams, WP VandenBerg, J TI Screening maize for resistance to Chinch bug (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) under greenhouse conditions SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Blissus leucopterous leucopterous; maize; plant resistance ID HEMIPTERA; CORN AB A technique for screening seedling stage maize, Zea mays L., for resistance to chinch bug, Blissus leucopterous leucopterous (Sav), in the greenhouse was needed to identify possible host plant resistance. Development of the technique required the following: collecting a source of adults from field-reared overwintering insects and storing them until needed, developing a small test cage that would be suitable both for normal growth of the test seedlings and for the adults to feed at their normal site on the plant without escaping, determining the appropriate number of adults and feeding time required to separate genotypes with varying levels of susceptibility, developing criteria for evaluation of the responses of the plants to the feeding of the adults based on degree of damage to seedlings, and conducting a series of screening experiments to test technique efficiency in separating levels of susceptibility among maize genotypes. This technique resulted in the identification of a range of plant responses from highly susceptible to resistant. The inbred line 'Tx601' was identified as having resistance, whereas the inbred line 'Mp420' was highly susceptible to chinch bug damage. C1 GRAIN CROPS INST,SUMMER GRAIN CTR,ZA-2520 POTCHEFSTROOM,SOUTH AFRICA. RP Davis, FM (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,CORN HOST PLANT RESISTANCE RES UNIT,POB 5367,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. RI Van den Berg, Johnnie/M-7256-2013 OI Van den Berg, Johnnie/0000-0002-6831-3180 NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1318 EP 1324 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900039 ER PT J AU Burd, JD Elliott, NC AF Burd, JD Elliott, NC TI Changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics in cereals infested with Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE host plant resistance; chlorophyll fluorescence ID ISOLATED-CHLOROPLASTS; RESISTANT WHEAT; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; PHOTON YIELD; PHOTOINHIBITION; PLANTS; BARLEY; TOLERANCE; STRESS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Plant entries that previously had tested resistant or susceptible to Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), were used to evaluate the effect of aphid feeding on leaf chlorophyll content and in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics. D., noxia feeding for 96 h caused significant reductions in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content in susceptible wheat ('Pavon', 'TAM W-101') and barley ('Wintermalt'), Total chlorophyll content and constituent chlorophyll a and b levels were not significantly; affected by D. noxia in resistant wheat (PI 366616, PI 372129) or barley (PI 366450) and in neither resistant (PI 386156) nor susceptible ('Beagle 82') triticale. D, noxia infestation resulted in significant alterations of the primary fluorescence induction transients. When compared with noninfested control plants, infested susceptible wheat and barley showed significantly increased nonvariable fluorescence (F-0) and decreased maximal fluorescence (F-m) and variable fluorescence (F-v). In contrast, values for these parameters did not differ significantly among the infested and noninfested controls of resistant plants. When compared with control plants, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F-v/F-m) and the half-rise time from F-0 to F-m (t(1/2)) were reduced significantly in the infested susceptible entries but remained relatively unchanged for the infested resistant cultivars. No significant differences between infested and noninfested plants were observed in the measured chlorophyll fluorescence parameters for either the resistant or the susceptible triticale, which implied a much different resistance mechanism(s) to D. noxia. The results of this investigation suggest that D. noxia damage goes beyond the simple removal of photosynthates from the plant. The substantial decrease in F-v/F-m following aphid infestation for the susceptible wheat and barley indicated a significant decrease in the capacity and efficiency of the primary photochemistry of photosystem II. RP Burd, JD (reprint author), USDA,ARS,PLANT SCI & WATER CONSERVAT LAB,1301 N WESTERN ST,STILLWATER,OK 74075, USA. NR 44 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1332 EP 1337 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VN779 UT WOS:A1996VN77900041 ER PT J AU Scott, WP Snodgrass, GL Shaw, R Adams, DA AF Scott, WP Snodgrass, GL Shaw, R Adams, DA TI Impact of insecticides applied with/without bromoxynil herbicide on various cotton pests in laboratory bioassays SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bromoxynil; bob weevil; tobacco budworm; tarnished plant bug; BXN cotton ID PARASITOID MICROPLITIS-CROCEIPES AB Spray chamber tests with BXN cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), plant terminals demonstrated that mixing bromoxynil herbicide with different classes of insecticides had no negative effects on the efficacy of the insecticides for boil weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis (Boheman), tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), or tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.). Efficacy of azinphos-methyl for control of tarnished plant bugs was significantly increased at 48 h when mixed with bromoxynil. A significant decrease in survival of the tobacco budworm occurred at 24 h when cyfluthrin was mixed with bromoxynil. Bromoxynil can be applied for weed control in cotton as early as the seedling stage. The ability to mix a herbicide with an insecticide can save on application costs. RP Scott, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 4 BP 365 EP 370 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VU220 UT WOS:A1996VU22000001 ER PT J AU Greenberg, SM MoralesRamos, JA King, EG AF Greenberg, SM MoralesRamos, JA King, EG TI Low temperature effects on development, mortality, fecundity, and viability of the ectoparasitoid Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Catolaccus grandis; low temperature threshold; biological parameters; degree-days; developmental time; storage ID BOLL-WEEVIL COLEOPTERA; BURKS HYMENOPTERA; CURCULIONIDAE; INCREASE AB The low temperature threshold for development of Catolaccus grandis (Burks) was 12 degrees C for eggs, 11.5 degrees C for larvae, and 9.5 degrees C for pupae. The developmental time for male or female parasitoids increased by 4.6 to 5.3 times and the preovipositional period of females increased from 2.2 to 9.3 days when the temperature was reduced from 30 degrees C to 15 degrees C. The number of degree-days to complete development was 225.6 for females and 197.2 for males. The mean duration of emergence for C. grandis ranged from 2.6 days at 27 degrees C - 30 degrees C to 5.7 days at 20 degrees C. Reduction of the temperature from 25 degrees C to 15 degrees C increased the death rate of C. grandis 2.3 times and reduced emergence of parasitoid females by 77.8%. The percentage of emergence of females from pupae with the black thorax-yellow abdomen held at temperatures lower than 15 degrees C for 20 days or more and pupae with yellow color held at 5 degrees C for 10 or more days decreased significantly compared with females from pupae held at 25 degrees C. Storage of pupae at 20 degrees C or lower resulted in adult females with reduced fecundity. However, the sex ratio of the progeny was not significantly affected. RP Greenberg, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,BIOL CONTROL PESTS RES UNIT,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. OI Morales-Ramos, Juan/0000-0002-3506-3859 NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 4 BP 391 EP 403 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VU220 UT WOS:A1996VU22000004 ER PT J AU Klun, JA Potts, WJE Oliver, JE AF Klun, JA Potts, WJE Oliver, JE TI Four species of noctuid moths degrade sex pheromone by a common antennal metabolic pathway SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Agrotis ipsilon; Ostrinia nubilalis; Spodoptera exigua; S-frugiperda; Trichoplusia ni; black cutworm; European corn borer; beet armyworm; fall armyworm; cabbage looper; Z-9-tetradecenyl acetate ID EUROPEAN CORN-BORER; ANTHERAEA-POLYPHEMUS; BOMBYX-MORI; IDENTIFICATION; COMPONENTS; CONVERSION; CATABOLISM; ARMYWORM; FIELD AB Z-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z-9-14:OAc) is a component in the female sex pheromones of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). We compared the in vivo catabolism of Z-9-14:OAc in time course fashion after the tritiated compound was applied topically to the antennae of males in the four species. Catabolism of tritiated European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), sex pheromone (Z-11-14:OAc) was monitored concomitantly so direct comparisons could be made between the male borer and the noctuid males. Results showed that catabolism of pheromone in all four noctuid moths proceeded along the same hydrolysis-alcohol oxidation pathway as has been observed in the European corn borer male. Catabolism was mathematically modeled with first-order differential equations as a four-compartment degradative system in which tritiated pheromonal acetate was sequentially converted to tetradecenol, tetradecenoic acid and water. The modeling revealed subtle differences in catabolism from one species to another and that most species exhibited a finite capacity to catabolize the pheromone. RP Klun, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT CHEM ECOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 4 BP 404 EP 413 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VU220 UT WOS:A1996VU22000005 ER PT J AU Tedders, WL Mizell, RF Wood, BW AF Tedders, WL Mizell, RF Wood, BW TI Effects of color and trunk-wrap on pecan weevil catch in pyramidal traps SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pecan weevil; Curculio caryae; pecan; Caryae illinoensis; traps; color ID CURCULIONIDAE; COLEOPTERA AB Pyramidal traps of various colors and trunk-wraps of white plastic and whitewash were evaluated to optimize pyramidal traps for collection of pecan weevils, Curculio caryae (Horn). Black traps were superior to all other colors tested and are recommended for use by growers. White plastic wrap was as effective and easier to use than whitewash and both increased trap capture (white plastic 2.8, whitewash 1.8 fold) of pecan weevils. RP Tedders, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,111 DUNBAR RD,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 5 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 4 BP 414 EP 419 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VU220 UT WOS:A1996VU22000006 ER PT J AU King, MJ Buchmann, SL Spangler, H AF King, MJ Buchmann, SL Spangler, H TI Activity of asynchronous flight muscle from two bee families during sonication (buzzing) SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bombus occidentalis; bumblebee; buzz; carpenter bee; flight muscle; neural control; sonication; Xylocopa californica; Xylocopa varipuncta AB The indirect flight muscles of bees are used to produce a variety of actions in addition to flight, including sonication, which has a higher frequency than flight, We observed the dynamic movement of the scutum during sonication and the transition from tethered flight to sonication, During sonication, the scutum oscillated above its rest position, indicating that the conformation of the structural components of the thorax had been altered, Sonication vibrations of the thorax occurred by deformation of the scutum rather than by opening of the scutal fissure and are smaller than vibrations associated with flight, During tethered flight, the ratio of muscle activity (recorded via electromyograms) between the dorsal longitudinal muscles and the dorsoventral muscles approached 1, but during sonication the ratio was significantly higher (up to 4.0), This increase may cause the dorsal longitudinal muscles to contract further than the dorsoventral muscles and close the scutal fissure during sonication, so limiting the displacement of the wings and 'decoupling' them from the indirect flight muscles. C1 USDA,ARS,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR,TUCSON,AZ 85719. RP King, MJ (reprint author), IND RES LTD,POB 20028,CHRISTCHURCH,NEW ZEALAND. NR 11 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4DL SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 199 IS 10 BP 2317 EP 2321 PG 5 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA VP246 UT WOS:A1996VP24600019 PM 8896367 ER PT J AU Park, B Chen, YR Huffman, RW AF Park, B Chen, YR Huffman, RW TI Integration of visible/NIR spectroscopy and multispectral imaging for poultry carcass inspection SO JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB An integrated system which consisted of a visible/near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic subsystem and an intensified multispectral imaging subsystem was tested for its accuracy in separating abnormal (unwholesome) from normal poultry carcasses. The spectroscopic subsystem measured reflectance spectra of the poultry carcasses at wavelengths from 471 to 965 nm. For the multispectral imaging subsystem, the gray-level intensity of whole carcasses was measured using six different optical filters of 542, 571, 641, 700, 720 and 847 nm wavelengths. The results of the test showed that, with the integrated system there were no abnormal carcasses being misclassified as normal carcasses. When individual subsystem was used for classification, the error of the spectroscopic subsystem was 2.6% and that of the multispectral imaging subsystem was 3.9%. Thus the integrated system could be used for separating carcasses into normal and abnormal streams. With perfect selection of normal carcasses in the normal carcass stream, the inspector needs only to inspect the abnormal carcass stream. Thus, the through-pur of carcass of the processing line per inspector could be greatly increased. Published by Elsevier Science Limited RP Park, B (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,DEPT AGR,INSTRUMENTAT & SENSING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 8 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0260-8774 J9 J FOOD ENG JI J. Food Eng. PD OCT-NOV PY 1996 VL 30 IS 1-2 BP 197 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S0260-8774(96)00048-9 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Food Science & Technology SC Engineering; Food Science & Technology GA WD989 UT WOS:A1996WD98900014 ER PT J AU Moon, HW AF Moon, HW TI Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: Hypothetical risk of emergence as a zoonotic foodborne epidemic SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium Series on Issues and Answers in Food Microbiology and Safety - Today, Tomorrow, and Beyond, at the IAMFES Annual Meeting CY JUL 30-AUG 02, 1995 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Int Assoc Milk Food & Environm Sanitarians Inc DE BSE; foodborne risk; zoonosis; epidemic ID CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB-DISEASE; SCRAPIE; TRANSMISSION; CATTLE; MICE; BSE; INFECTIVITY; GENETICS; STRAIN; SHEEP AB Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurological disease of cattle, recognized in Great Britain in 1986. Cases in other countries have been attributed to imports from Great Britain. The disease has not occurred in the U.S. BSE is one of a group of diseases (other examples are scrapie of sheep and Creutzfeld-Jacob disease of humans) referred to as prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Under some circumstances prion diseases can be transmitted by injection or by feeding infected (abnormal prion protein-containing) tissue to susceptible hosts. BSE was disseminated by feeding meal and bone meal containing BSE agent which was not completely inactivated by rendering, BSE is hypothesized to have emerged from scrapie via recycling of rendered by-products in cattle. There is also evidence of spontaneous feed-borne transmission of BSE to wild ruminants in zoological parks and to domestic cats. It has been hypothesized that foodborne transmission of BSE to humans has occurred or could occur. This hypothesis can neither be definitively refuted nor supported, However, it seems unlikely. In spite of hundreds of years of human exposure to scrapie, there is no evidence of transmission of scrapie to humans. Even if BSE is ultimately found to be somehow transmissible to humans, the risk of foodborne transmission appears to be low for several reasons: (i) The oral route is several orders of magnitude less sensitive than the parenteral route for transmission of prion diseases; (ii) the BSE agent is only detectable in brain, spinal cord, and intestine of infected cattle, tissues infrequently used for human food; and (iii) Great Britain (where the disease occurs) destroys and bans the use of all tissues from BSE-infected cattle as well as the brains, spinal cords, and intestinal tracts from clinically normal cattle. C1 USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,GREENPORT,NY 11944. NR 36 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 59 IS 10 BP 1106 EP 1111 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA VQ542 UT WOS:A1996VQ54200015 ER PT J AU Wesley, IV AF Wesley, IV TI Helicobacter and Arcobacter species: Risks for foods and beverages SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium Series on Issues and Answers in Food Microbiology and Safety - Today, Tomorrow, and Beyond, at the IAMFES Annual Meeting CY JUL 30-AUG 02, 1995 CL PITTSBURGH, PA SP Int Assoc Milk Food & Environm Sanitarians Inc DE Helicobacter; Arcobacter; epidemiology; transmission ID PYLORI INFECTION; SP-NOV; DIARRHEAL ILLNESS; GASTRIC-CANCER; DOMESTIC CAT; CAMPYLOBACTER; BUTZLERI; FECES; SEROPREVALENCE; TRANSMISSION AB Taxonomically, the RNA Superfamily VI includes the genera Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Arcobacter. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the major causes of acute enteritis in humans. Helicobacter pylori causes human ulcers and has been linked to cancer. Helicobacter pylori has been detected in water, but in no other food. Although antibody titers were elevated in abattoir workers exposed to hog carcasses, there have been no recoveries of H. pylori from swine or other livestock. The genus Arcobacter was proposed in 1991 to include aerotolerant campylobacter-like organisms recovered from cases of livestock abortion and human enteritis. Arcobacter spp, have been cultured from water, cattle, swine, poultry, and from ground pork products. The evidence for considering Helicobacter spp. and Arcobacter spp., especially A. butzleri, as emerging foodborne pathogens and their risk of transmission in foods and beverages is reviewed. The risk of transmission to humans of N. pylori and A. butzleri via properly cooked foods and chlorinated water is negligible. RP Wesley, IV (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 71 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 59 IS 10 BP 1127 EP 1132 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA VQ542 UT WOS:A1996VQ54200018 ER PT J AU Newell, LA Buck, MG AF Newell, LA Buck, MG TI Hawaii forestry: Opportunities and uncertainties SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 HAWAII DEPT LAND & NAT RESOURCES,DEPT FORESTRY & WILDLIFE,HONOLULU,HI. RP Newell, LA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,DEPT AGR,INST PACIFIC ISL FORESTRY,1151 PUNCHBOWL ST,ROOM 323,HONOLULU,HI 96813, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 94 IS 10 BP 4 EP 8 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VM047 UT WOS:A1996VM04700006 ER PT J AU Lyke, J AF Lyke, J TI Forest product certification revisited: An update SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article RP Lyke, J (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,DEPT AGR,POB 96090,WASHINGTON,DC 20090, USA. NR 4 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 94 IS 10 BP 16 EP 20 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VM047 UT WOS:A1996VM04700010 ER PT J AU Sun, JH DeBarr, GL Liu, TX Berisford, CW Clarke, SR AF Sun, JH DeBarr, GL Liu, TX Berisford, CW Clarke, SR TI An unwelcome guest in China - A pine-feeding mealybug SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID SEED ORCHARDS; HOMOPTERA; SCALE; JAPAN C1 US FOREST SERV,DEPT AGR,SO RES STN,ATHENS,GA. UNIV FLORIDA,SW FLORIDA RES & EDUC CTR,IMMOKALEE,FL. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT ENTOMOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. US FOREST SERV,LUFKIN,TX. RP Sun, JH (reprint author), NE FORESTRY UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,HARBIN 150040,PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 94 IS 10 BP 27 EP 32 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VM047 UT WOS:A1996VM04700012 ER PT J AU Havis, RN Alonso, CV King, JG AF Havis, RN Alonso, CV King, JG TI Modeling sediment in gravel-bedded streams using HEC-6 SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Analytical tools are needed to evaluate the environmental impacts of sediment loading on gravel-bedded rivers. The HEC-6 version 3.2 sediment transport model was evaluated to determine its applicability, at different physical-model scales, to sediment transport and bed-particle-size studies in gravel-bedded systems. Data from flume studies, a man-made canal in south-central Colorado, and a reach of a salmonid spawning river in central Idaho were used to evaluate HEC-6 predictions. Bed degradation was simulated successfully in a flume study. The trends in bed-surface armoring in flume and canal studies were simulated using sediment transport capacity functions based on critical thresholds for sediment movement. Sediment transport at the field scale was overestimated at low flows and underestimated at high Bows. The calculated long-term Bushing of sand-size particles from the bed substrate of a natural gravel-bedded river successfully approximated field measurements. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,OXFORD,MS 38655. USDA,FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,BOISE,ID 83702. RP Havis, RN (reprint author), SHEPHERD MILLER INC,3801 AUTOMAT WAY,STE 100,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 1996 VL 122 IS 10 BP 559 EP 564 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:10(559) PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA VJ026 UT WOS:A1996VJ02600004 ER PT J AU Jackson, TJ LeVine, DE AF Jackson, TJ LeVine, DE TI Mapping surface soil moisture using an aircraft-based passive microwave instrument: Algorithm and example SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RADIOMETER AB Microwave remote sensing at L-band (21 cm wavelength) can provide a direct measurement of the surface soil moisture for a range of cover conditions and within reasonable error bounds. Surface soil moisture observations are rare and, therefore, the use of these data in hydrology and other disciplines has not been fully explored or developed. Without satellite-based observing systems, the only way to collect these data in large-scale studies is with an aircraft platform. Recently, aircraft systems such as the push broom microwave radiometer (PBMR) and the electronically scanned thinned array radiometer (ESTAR) have been developed to facilitate such investigations. In addition, field experiments have attempted to collect the passive microwave data as part of an integrated set of hydrologic data. One of the most ambitious of these investigations was the Washita'92 experiment. Preliminary analysis of these data has shown that the microwave observations are indicative of deterministic spatial and temporal variations in the surface soil moisture. Users of these data should be aware of a number of issues related to using aircraft-based systems and practical approaches to applying soil moisture estimation algorithms to large data sets. This paper outlines the process of mapping surface soil moisture from an aircraft-based passive microwave radiometer system for the Washita'92 experiment. C1 NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,GREENBELT,MD 20771. RP Jackson, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HYDROL LAB,104 BLDG 007 BARC W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 98 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD OCT 1 PY 1996 VL 184 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 99 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(95)02969-9 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VK068 UT WOS:A1996VK06800006 ER PT J AU Musser, SM Gay, ML Mazzola, EP Plattner, RD AF Musser, SM Gay, ML Mazzola, EP Plattner, RD TI Identification of a new series of fumonisins containing 3-hydroxypyridine SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; CORN; MYCOTOXINS; CULTURES; AREAS; B-1 AB A new series of fumonisins, designated FP1-3, were isolated from a culture of Fusarium monoiliforme (M-2285) grown on solid corn. The new compounds contain a 3-hydroxypyridinium moiety at the C-2 position of the eicosane backbone instead of the amine found in the B series of fumonisins. The new fumonisins were characterized by UV, LC-MS-MS, H-1 NMR, and C-13 NMR. LC-MS analysis of culture extracts indicates that the new fumonisins can occur at levels up to approximately one-third the amount of their amine-containing analogues (FB1, FB2, and FB3). C1 US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. USDA ARS,BIOACT CONSTITUENTS RES,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 20 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOGNOSY PI CINCINNATI PA LLOYD LIBRARY & MUSEUM 917 PLUM ST, CINCINNATI, OH 45202 SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 59 IS 10 BP 970 EP 972 DI 10.1021/np960349t PG 3 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA VQ084 UT WOS:A1996VQ08400014 PM 8904846 ER PT J AU Tanaka, T Hatano, K Watanabe, M Abbas, HK AF Tanaka, T Hatano, K Watanabe, M Abbas, HK TI Isolation, purification and identification of 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol as a phytotoxin from Fusarium solani SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article ID LEMNA-PAUSICOSTATA; FUMONISIN; ACCUMULATION AB An isolate of Fusarium solani was very phytotoxic to weeds such as sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia L.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medicus), and some morningglories when the fungus was grown on rice media. Spores were not pathogenic to these plant species at 1.8 x 10(8) spores/ml. An active fraction was extracted with BuOH:H2O (1:1) and was severely phytotoxic to sicklepod, velvetleaf, and duckweed (Lemna pausicostata Helgelm). The extract did not contain common Fusarium phytotoxins such as moniliformin, fusaric acid, fumonisins, and polar trichothecenes. A new compound with the formula C-6 H12O5 was isolated and identified as 2, 5-anhydro-D-glucitol. This compound was phytotoxic to duckweed and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.] at 125 ppm but not to sicklepod or velvetleaf. This compound inhibited germination of barnyardgrass at 1000 ppm and inhibited shoot and root elongation at lower concentrations. Phytotoxic symptoms of the pure compound also differed from the crude extract, indicating that not all of the compounds responsible for phytotoxicity have been isolated. C1 UBE IND LTD,UBE,YAMAGUCHI,JAPAN. USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ALAKEN, INC PI FT COLLINS PA 305 W MAGNOLIA ST, STE 196, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 SN 1058-8108 J9 J NAT TOXINS JI J. Nat. Toxins PD OCT PY 1996 VL 5 IS 3 BP 317 EP 329 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA WH181 UT WOS:A1996WH18100003 ER PT J AU Donkin, SS Chiu, PY Yin, D Louveau, I Swencki, B Vockroth, J EvockClover, CM Peters, JL Etherton, TD AF Donkin, SS Chiu, PY Yin, D Louveau, I Swencki, B Vockroth, J EvockClover, CM Peters, JL Etherton, TD TI Porcine somatotropin differentially down-regulates expression of the GLUT4 and fatty acid synthase genes in pig adipose tissue SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE adipose tissue; fatty acid synthase; GLUT4; insulin; porcine somatotropin; pigs ID ACETYL-COA CARBOXYLASE; GROWTH-HORMONE; GLUCOSE-TRANSPORT; MESSENGER-RNA; GROWING PIGS; INSULIN ACTION; RAT; STIMULATION; BINDING; IDENTIFICATION AB The present study was conducted to determine whether porcine somatotropin (pST) differentially regulates expression of the GLUT4 and fatty acid synthase (FAS) genes in pig adipose tissue. Three different experiments were conducted in which pigs were treated daily with different doses of pST for different time periods (7 or 14 d and from 60 to 90 kg of body wt). in these experiments, pST significantly and consistently decreased FAS mRNA levels (80%, 65% and 85%, respectively); however, GLUT4 mRNA was not affected by PST in two of the three experiments, and in the one showing an effect (Experiment 2), the decrease was less than observed for FAS (44%). Because of these results, we conducted subsequent experiments to see if the effects of pST on glucose metabolism in cultured pig adipose tissue (48 h) differed when glucose concentrations were changed from 1 to 5 mmol/L. These studies revealed that the antagonistic effect of pST on insulin action was more potent when glucose transport was saturated (5 mmol/L) than when glucose concentration limited glucose entry into the cell (1 mmol/L). In summary, these results suggest that the effects of pST on glucose transport in pig adipocytes are secondary to changes elicited by the hormone on intracellular glucose use for lipogenesis, When considered in the context of the decrease previously observed in glucose transport in pig adipocytes, the findings reported herein suggest that pST acts to decrease GLUT4 protein activity and/or distribution between the plasma membrane and the intracellular pool with little alteration in GLUT4 gene expression or total cell GLUT4 protein. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT DAIRY & ANIM SCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. PENN STATE UNIV,GRAD PROGRAM NUTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. ARS,USDA,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 44 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 126 IS 10 BP 2568 EP 2577 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VN193 UT WOS:A1996VN19300015 PM 8857519 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Jenkins, MC Thayer, DW Kwok, OCH Shen, SK AF Dubey, JP Jenkins, MC Thayer, DW Kwok, OCH Shen, SK TI Killing of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by irradiation and protective immunity induced by vaccination with irradiated oocysts SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CO-60 IRRADIATION; IMMUNIZATION; CYSTS; MICE AB Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are highly resistant to environmental influences. To study the effect of alpha-irradiation on the viability of T. gondii oocysts, 1 million sporulated oocysts of the VEG strain were irradiated to absorbed doses of 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.40, or 0.50 key at 5 C with a Cs-137 gamma-irradiation source. Treated oocysts were bioassayed for viable T. gondii in mice. Viable T. gondii was not found in brains of mice 2 mo after oral inoculation with oocysts irradiated at levels greater than or equal to 0.25 kGy. Therefore, alpha-irradiation is an effective means of killing T. gondii oocysts. Mice inoculated orally with oocysts irradiated at 0.20 and 0.40 kGy were partially protected when challenged orally with lethal doses of nonirradiated oocysts. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 82 IS 5 BP 724 EP 727 DI 10.2307/3283882 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA VN959 UT WOS:A1996VN95900008 PM 8885879 ER PT J AU Hoberg, EP Khrustalev, AV AF Hoberg, EP Khrustalev, AV TI Re-evaluation of Mazamastrongylus dagestanica (Trichostrongylidae) with descriptions of the synlophe, genital cone, and other structural characters SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OSTERTAGIINAE LOPEZ-NEYRA; ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; NORTH-AMERICA; NEMATODA; KEY; IDENTIFICATION; REDESCRIPTION; SYSTEMATICS; RUMINANTS AB The synlophe of specimens of Mazamastrongylus dagestanica was characterized laterally and ventrally by a strongly tapering system of ridges in the cervical zone. This pattern, including the prominent system of ''hood'' ridges adjacent to the excretory pore and the absence of continuous subdorsal and subventral ridges is considered typical for the genus Mazamastrongylus. The synlophe of males and females was largely identical, with 37 - 41 ridges at the midbody. The lateral synlophe, where 2 pairs of ridges converge and terminate on the lateralmost ridge anterior to the cervical papillae appears unique for M. dagestanica and indicates that species-specific patterns may be recognized for Mazamastrongylus spp. Among male specimens, a bilobed ventral membrane, distinct from the simple and unpaired membrane, which envelops the ''0'' papillae, extends posterolaterally from the genital cone. It had not been described in detail previously and was also found in M. odocoilei and M. pursglovei. Characters of the bursa, genital cone, and spicules are consistent with placement of M. dagestanica in Mazamastrongylus; referral of this species to Spiculopteragia cannot be supported. RP Hoberg, EP (reprint author), ARS,USDA,BIOSYSTEMAT PARASITOL LAB,BARC E 1180,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 82 IS 5 BP 778 EP 787 DI 10.2307/3283891 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA VN959 UT WOS:A1996VN95900017 PM 8885888 ER PT J AU Oksanen, A Gustafsson, K Lunden, A Dubey, JP Thulliez, P Uggla, A AF Oksanen, A Gustafsson, K Lunden, A Dubey, JP Thulliez, P Uggla, A TI Experimental Toxoplasma gondii infection leading to fatal enteritis in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIAGNOSIS; RESPONSES AB Two, 50-60-kg yearling reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) were inoculated intraruminally with 5,000 (reindeer 1) or 50,000 (reindeer 2) oocysts of the ME-49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Both reindeer became ill day 4 postinoculation (p.i.). Reindeer 2 died because of acute enteritis day 9 p.i. Histologically, extensive necrosis and destruction of the intestinal mucosa were seen. Numerous T. gondii organisms were demonstrated immunohistochemically. Reindeer 1 was treated with sulfatrimethoprim for 2 days from day 9, recovered by day 16 p.i., and remained clinically normal until the last day of observation (day 707 p.i.). It developed high antibody titers to T. gondii between days 7 and 14 p.i. C1 NATL VET & FOOD RES INST,REG LAB OULU,OULU,FINLAND. NATL VET INST,DEPT PARASITOL,S-75007 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. INST PUERICULTURE,LAB TOXOPLASMOSE,F-75014 PARIS,FRANCE. SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI,S-75007 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. RI Lunden, Anna/H-3778-2012 NR 12 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 82 IS 5 BP 843 EP 845 DI 10.2307/3283904 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA VN959 UT WOS:A1996VN95900030 PM 8885901 ER PT J AU Tooley, PW Carras, MM Falkenstein, KF AF Tooley, PW Carras, MM Falkenstein, KF TI Relationships among group IV Phytophthora species inferred by restriction analysis of the ITS2 region SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY-PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACERS; CLONED DNA PROBES; RIBOSOMAL DNA; NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTIONS; GENETIC ANALYSES; IDENTIFICATION; MITOCHONDRIAL; INFESTANS; NUMBER; SITES AB The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the ITS2 region of nuclear ribosomal DNA from six Phytophthora species which comprise taxonomic Group IV. Digestion of the ca. 600 bp PCR product with restriction enzymes AluI, DraI, HhaI, HinfI, MspI, and TaqI revealed variation which allowed relationships among the species to be assessed. P. infestans, P. mirabilis and P. phaseoli were indistinguishable from one another with all enzymes tested. With AluI and TaqI, P. ilicis, P. colocasiae, and P. hibernalis each showed unique banding patterns different from the common banding pattern shared by P. infestans, P. mirabilis, and P. hibernalis. DraI allowed differentiation of P. ilicis and P. colocasiae from P. infestans, P. mirabilis, P. phaseoli, and P. hibernalis, all of which shared a common banding pattern. HhaI allowed differentiation of P. colocasiae and P. hibernalis from P. infestans, P. mirabilis, P. phaseoli, and P. ilicis. HinfI allowed differentiation of P. ilicis and p. hibernalis (each of which showed a unique banding pattern) from P. infestans, P. mirabilis, P. phaseoli, and P. colocasiae. MspI allowed differentiation of P. hibernalis from the other five species. Species groupings determined by restriction analysis of ITS2 were consistent with those based on morphological criteria. These results show that restriction analysis of PCR-amplified TS2 regions can be useful as an adjunct to morphological criteria in Phytophthora species identification. C1 HOOD COLL,DEPT BIOL,FREDERICK,MD 21701. RP Tooley, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOREIGN DIS WEED SCI RES UNIT,FREDERICK,MD 21702, USA. NR 29 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 144 IS 7-8 BP 363 EP 369 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1996.tb00307.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WD259 UT WOS:A1996WD25900004 ER PT J AU Tooley, PW Carras, MM AF Tooley, PW Carras, MM TI Extraction of DNA from Phytophthora infestans using QIAGEN columns SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY-PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article ID FILAMENTOUS FUNGI; SEPARATION; NUCLEAR AB High molecular weight DNA of Phytophthora infestans was extracted using a modification of the commercial QIAGEN column procedure. Both a 'maxi' and 'mini' procedure are described. The maxi procedure utilizes a QIAGEN-tip 500 column while the mini procedure utilizes a QIAGEN-tip 20 column. When fungal protoplasts were used as starting material from 9 g (fresh weight) of mycelium, nearly 500 mu g of DNA in the size range of 20-200 kb was obtained and the product was successfully used in construction of a lambda genomic library. The modified QIAGEN method can replace the more time-consuming, and expensive cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation for extraction of ultra-pure DNA from P. infestans. RP Tooley, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOREIGN DIS WEED SCI RES UNIT,FREDERICK,MD 21702, USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 144 IS 7-8 BP 371 EP 373 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1996.tb00308.x PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA WD259 UT WOS:A1996WD25900005 ER PT J AU Pinckney, JL Millie, DF Howe, KE Paerl, HW Hurley, JP AF Pinckney, JL Millie, DF Howe, KE Paerl, HW Hurley, JP TI Flow scintillation counting of C-14-labeled microalgal photosynthetic pigments SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA-WEISSFLOGII; PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH-RATES; CHLOROPHYLL-A; 14CO2-LABELING KINETICS; LABELING METHOD; CARBON BIOMASS; COMMUNITY; PHASE; TURNOVER AB Photopigment radiolabeling, a useful method for measuring the in situ carbon-specific growth rates of microalgae, is based on the determination of synthesis rates of chemosystematic (i.e. specific for microalgal phylogenetic groups) chlorophylls and carotenoids using photosynthetically assimilated C-14 as a radiotracer. The reliability of this method depends on accurate measurements of the C-14-specific activity of individual photopigments. Typically, photopigments are separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fraction collection of individual peaks, followed by further purification and standard scintillation counting. To simplify analyses, we evaluated in-line now scintillation counting to determine its applicability and reliability for measuring the activity of radiolabeled photopigments. Incubations were conducted using both pure cultures and natural phytoplankton samples. The radiochemical purity of photopigments was determined by extract acidification (10% HCl) to transform chlorophylls into degradation products. Purity was also checked by comparing absorbance spectra with purified standards. Although C-14-labeled colorless compounds are a common feature in radiograms, these compounds do not co-elute with photopigments using our HPLC protocol. Flow scintillation counting, coupled with a highly selective HPLC protocol, provides an efficient, reliable and feasible alternative to fraction collection/repurification methods for measuring the C-14-specific activity of microalgal photosynthetic pigments. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124. WISCONSIN DEPT NAT RESOURCES,BUR RES,MONONA,WI 53716. UNIV WISCONSIN,WATER CHEM PROGRAM,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Pinckney, JL (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,INST MARINE SCI,3431 ARENDELL ST,MOREHEAD CITY,NC 28557, USA. RI Hurley, James/A-9216-2010 NR 28 TC 84 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 18 IS 10 BP 1867 EP 1880 DI 10.1093/plankt/18.10.1867 PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA VU409 UT WOS:A1996VU40900007 ER PT J AU Shatters, RG West, SH AF Shatters, RG West, SH TI Purification and characterization of non-chloroplastic alpha-1,4-glucan phosphorylases from leaves of Digitaria eriantha stent SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Digitaria; glucan phosphorylase; pangolagrass; protein purification; carbohydrate metabolism ID ALPHA-GLUCAN PHOSPHORYLASE; BUNDLE SHEATH-CELLS; SPINACH LEAVES; STARCH PHOSPHORYLASE; ENZYMES; LOCALIZATION; DEGRADATION; MESOPHYLL AB We have previously identified four major a-glucan phosphorylase (GP) enzymes in crude leaf extracts from pangolagrass (Digitaria eriantha Stent.). One co-isolates with the chloroplasts (cGP) while the other three are non-chloroplastic (nGP). In this report we present further characterization and leaf cell-type localization of the non-chloroplastic enzymes. In contrast to observations in maize, all of the pangolagrass GP enzymes were present in both isolated bundle sheath strands and mesophyll cells. Ion exchange column chromatography separated the leaf GPs into three peaks: A, B and C. Peak A was the most active and contained three non-chloroplastic GP (nGP), active bands separable by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (NPGE). Peak B GP enzymes migrated identically to peak A enzymes during NPGE. Peak C contained a single chloroplastic GP (cGP). The two major nGPs in the peak A fraction co-purified and migrated as a single band during SDS-PAGE, but they could be separated by IEF-column chromatography. Kinetic properties of these peak A nGP enzymes were similar to those of other plant nGP enzymes, with the exception that the pangolagrass nGP is not inhibited by dinucleotide sugars. The co-localization of the leaf GP enzymes in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells, and the separation of the non-chloroplastic GPs into two pools (peaks A and B) during ion exchange chromatography are unique characteristics not previously described for plant leaf GPs. RP Shatters, RG (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA WOLLGRASWEG 49, D-70599 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 149 IS 5 BP 501 EP 509 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VM275 UT WOS:A1996VM27500004 ER PT J AU Teasdale, JR AF Teasdale, JR TI Contribution of cover crops to weed management in sustainable agricultural systems SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Integrating Alternative Strategies into Weed Management at the 1994 ASA / CSSA / SSSA Annual Meetings CY 1994 CL SEATTLE, WA SP ASA, CSSA, SSSA ID SECALE-CEREALE L; CORN ZEA-MAYS; LIVING MULCH SYSTEM; VETCH VICIA-VILLOSA; NO-TILLAGE CORN; HAIRY VETCH; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; SWEET CORN; RYE; RESIDUE AB Cover crops have become a viable option for sustainable agriculture because of contributions to soil fertility and improved crop performance. This paper focuses on weed control and summarizes present knowledge of the contribution of cover crops to managing weeds in sustainable agricultural systems. Residue from winter annual cover crops provides early-season weed suppression but not full-season weed control. Living mulches that are effective at controlling weeds also will require management to prevent excess competition with the cash crop. Elimination of herbicides is not a realistic objective for using cover crops. Rather, herbicides should be considered a tool for managing cover crops and optimizing their potential for improving soils and sustaining agricultural production. RP Teasdale, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,WEED SCI LAB,BLDG 264,ROOM 103,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 37 TC 158 Z9 165 U1 12 U2 65 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 9 IS 4 BP 475 EP 479 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA WK949 UT WOS:A1996WK94900003 ER PT J AU Kennedy, AC Kremer, RJ AF Kennedy, AC Kremer, RJ TI Microorganisms in weed control strategies SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Integrating Alternative Strategies into Weed Management at the 1994 ASA / CSSA / SSSA Annual Meetings CY 1994 CL SEATTLE, WA SP ASA, CSSA, SSSA ID VELVETLEAF ABUTILON-THEOPHRASTI; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; SCLEROTINIA-SCLEROTIORUM; DOWNY BROME; GROWTH; DIVERSITY; DISEASE; IMPACT; FUNGI AB Alternative weed management strategies are needed to expand the capability of weed control as weed pressures continue to limit optimum yield, and as the use of synthetic chemical herbicides for weed control becomes more restricted. Biological control of weeds is based on the premise that biotic factors influence the distribution, abundance, and competitive abilities of plant species. Biological control is one alternative means of suppressing weed growth and establishment. More than 100 microorganisms have been identified as having the potential for weed biocontrol. There are, however, a number of problems with using these agents that must be solved, including limited host spectrum, lack of consistency across environments, and slow or inadequate weed suppression. It has been shown that soil microorganisms are capable of suppressing weeds in the field. It is imperative to develop an understanding of these soil microbes and their ecology so that they may be used to benefit agriculture, especially for weed management. Further study is required so that they may be produced efficiently and used effectively in weed management strategies. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP Kennedy, AC (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 48 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 9 IS 4 BP 480 EP 485 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA WK949 UT WOS:A1996WK94900004 ER PT J AU Buhler, DD AF Buhler, DD TI Development of alternative weed management strategies SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Integrating Alternative Strategies into Weed Management at the 1994 ASA / CSSA / SSSA Annual Meetings CY 1994 CL SEATTLE, WA SP ASA, CSSA, SSSA ID CORN ZEA-MAYS; SYSTEMS; SCIENCE; CULTIVATION; SOYBEANS; TILLAGE; IMPACT; SEEDS; NEEDS; MODEL AB Concerns in the public and agricultural sectors about agricultural practices have led many weed scientists and producers to consider alternative weed management strategies. Weed management practices have been influenced greatly by the availability of selective herbicides for major crops. The impact of herbicides has been so dominating that weed science is often perceived to be the science of herbicides rather than the science of weeds. The general public and many agricultural producers are searching for alternatives to herbicide-intensive weed management practices. A shift away from dependence on herbicides is complicated by a poor understanding of weed biology and ecology and the availability of few alternative weed control tactics. Education and research efforts have to focus on the application of existing knowledge as well as the development of new fundamental knowledge. Reductions in herbicide use can be attained within the framework of existing management systems. However, given the poor understanding of weeds and lack of control options, new approaches to weed management are needed. Weed scientists have to play a central role in the development of new cropping systems to avoid continuation of reactive approaches to weed control. RP Buhler, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 32 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 9 IS 4 BP 501 EP 505 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA WK949 UT WOS:A1996WK94900008 ER PT J AU Kolberg, RL Kitchen, NR Westfall, DG Peterson, GA AF Kolberg, RL Kitchen, NR Westfall, DG Peterson, GA TI Tillage systems - Cropping intensity and nitrogen management impact of dryland no-till rotations in the semi-arid western Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Integrating Alternative Strategies into Weed Management at the 1994 ASA / CSSA / SSSA Annual Meetings CY 1994 CL SEATTLE, WA SP ASA, CSSA, SSSA ID CORN; SOIL; CARBON AB Crop N needs are not usually predicted based on cropping intensity or on tillage practice. However, N fertilizer requirements may increase dramatically as less fallow and less tillage are used in semi-arid regions of the Great Plains where summer fallow cropping is common. This long-term experiment was conducted to study the influence of N fertilizer rate, source/placement/timing (NSP), and crop rotation factors on the production of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), as well as their fertilizer N use efficiency (FNUE) for the initial years of conversion to no-till dryland farming. Research was conducted from 1987 through 1992 on two soils (Keith clay loam, a fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aridic Argiustoll and Weld loam, a fine-silty, mixed, mesic, Aridic Argiustoll) in eastern Colorado. Rotations included winter wheat-fallow (WF) and winter wheat-corn or grain sorghum-fallow (WCF). Wheat yields were similar between WF and WCF with adequate N application. Response to N fertilizer at lower rates was greater in WCF than WF because of its greater depletion of soil N. Corn production averaged 72 bu/acre with adequate N and required 1 lb/acre of N uptake to produce 1 bu/acre of grain. Current N fertilizer recommendations for wheat and corn were not adequate to insure maximum production under no-till management. Fertilizer placement significantly affected average annual rotational yield (40 to 70 lb/acre per yr difference) but application rate was more important economically. Grain biomass produced in each rotation per pound of total plant N uptake (GNUE) was 17 lb/acre per yr in WF compared with 29 lb/acre per yr for WCF. This 70% increase in average annual grain production of WCF over WF was accomplished with a 44% annual increase in fertilizer N application. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,SOIL & ATMOSPHER SCI DEPT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP Kolberg, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,POIB 1109,SIDNEY,MT 59270, USA. RI Peterson, Gary/B-8119-2013 NR 21 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 9 IS 4 BP 517 EP 522 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA WK949 UT WOS:A1996WK94900011 ER PT J AU Jewett, JG Sheaffer, CC Moon, RD Martin, NP Barnes, DK Breitbach, DD Jordan, NR AF Jewett, JG Sheaffer, CC Moon, RD Martin, NP Barnes, DK Breitbach, DD Jordan, NR TI A survey of CRP land in Minnesota .1. Legume and grass persistence SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Integrating Alternative Strategies into Weed Management at the 1994 ASA / CSSA / SSSA Annual Meetings CY 1994 CL SEATTLE, WA SP ASA, CSSA, SSSA ID SOIL AB The federal Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), which had goals including reduced soil erosion and increased wildlife habitat, funded diversion of land from annual crops into permanent vegetation, The survival of grasses and legumes planted in CRP fields was not known, Our objectives were to assess the persistence and coverage of grasses and legumes in 6- to 8-yr-old CRP fields and to determine changes in soil pH, P, and K levels, We studied 151 CRP fields chosen from 10 counties in four geographical regions of Minnesota: 108 in the conservation practice 1 (CP-1) cover type (planted cool-season perennial grasses and legumes); 17 in the CP-2 cover type (planted warm-season native grasses); and 26 in the CP-10 cover type (existing vegetation), Statewide, legumes persisted in 82% of CP-1 fields planted to legumes, with 23% groundcover. Grasses persisted in 90% of the planted CP-1 fields with 47% groundcover. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculaturs L.), the most persistent legumes, persisted in 90 and 67% of the planted fields with 21 and 32% groundcover, respectively, Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) persisted in over 90% of the planted fields and had 50% groundcover or more, Other legumes and grasses persisted in 50% or less of the planted fields and had 10% groundcover or less, To maintain legumes in CRP fields, clipping is required or cultivars should be developed that persist without defoliation. Generally, soil pH, P, and K levels did not change from initial to final samples and should be adequate to obtain low levels of forage production. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ENTOMOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV MINNESOTA,ST PAUL,MN 55101. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 9 IS 4 BP 528 EP 534 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA WK949 UT WOS:A1996WK94900013 ER PT J AU Jewett, JG Sheaffer, CC Moon, RD Martin, NP Barnes, DK Breitbach, DD Jordan, NR AF Jewett, JG Sheaffer, CC Moon, RD Martin, NP Barnes, DK Breitbach, DD Jordan, NR TI A survey of CRP land in Minnesota .2. Weeds on CRP land SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Integrating Alternative Strategies into Weed Management at the 1994 ASA / CSSA / SSSA Annual Meetings CY 1994 CL SEATTLE, WA SP ASA, CSSA, SSSA ID PASTURES; GRASSLANDS; CESSATION; WALES AB The federal Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) funded the conversion of eroding cropland to grass or grass-legume cover that was not to be tilled, hayed, or grazed for 10 yr. It was not known what the species composition of CRP fields would be after years of minimal disturbance. Our objective was to document the presence and percentage groundcover of weeds in 151 CRP fields located in 10 Minnesota counties; including 108 Conservation Practice (CP)-1 (cool-season legumes and grasses) fields, 17 CP-2 (native grasses) fields, and 26 CP-10 (existing vegetation) fields. Groundcover of each species present and of bare ground was scored in six 106-sq-ft sample plots per field. The most prevalent species were the primary noxious weed Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.], the secondary noxious weed quackgrass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex. Nevski], and the non- noxious weeds dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber.) and goldenrod (Solidago spp.). Weed percentage groundcover was higher in CP-10 fields than in CP-1 or CP-2 fields, probably because many CP-10 stands were already thinning at the start of the CRP contract. Volunteer legumes and grasses were common in CP-10 fields. In CP-1 fields, legume and grass percentage groundcover usually was correlated negatively with weed percentage groundcover. Weed percentage groundcover and species richness were correlated positively Gopher mounding was correlated positively with the amount of bare ground and with the percentage groundcover of annual and biennial weed species. Primary, secondary, and non-noxious weeds were each found in nearly 90% of the fields studied. Widespread presence of noxious weeds on CRP fields is a cause for concern. Weed control issues should be addressed in planning a new CRP. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ENTOMOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV MINNESOTA,ST PAUL,MN 55101. RI Milberg, Per/G-6153-2012 OI Milberg, Per/0000-0001-6128-1051 NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 9 IS 4 BP 535 EP 542 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA WK949 UT WOS:A1996WK94900014 ER PT J AU Wilson, JP Hanna, WW Gascho, GJ AF Wilson, JP Hanna, WW Gascho, GJ TI Grain & oil crops - Pearl millet grain yield loss from rust infection SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Integrating Alternative Strategies into Weed Management at the 1994 ASA / CSSA / SSSA Annual Meetings CY 1994 CL SEATTLE, WA SP ASA, CSSA, SSSA ID SUBSTRIATA VAR INDICA; RESISTANCE; FORAGE AB Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] has potential as a feed grain crop in the USA, but acceptance by growers will depend in part on its yield stability. The effects of rust, caused by Puccinia substriata var. indica, on grain yield of the pearl millet hybrid 'Tift 23DA(1)E x Tift 8677' were evaluated at Tifton, GA from 1992 to 1994. Treatments imposed to vary disease severities in 1992 consisted of inoculation, control, and three fungicide applications (chlorothalonil[2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,3-benzenedicarbonitrile], 720 @ 0.46 oz/gal [3.6 ml/L]). Treatments in 1993 consisted of a control and one or three fungicide applications. Treatments in 1994 were control, two, four, or seven fungicide applications. Early planting in 1992 resulted in crop maturation during early development of the rust epidemic. Mean final disease severities ranged from 0 to 33%. No differences among treatments for yield or 500 grain weight were detected. Late planting in 1993 was more conducive to rust development, and mean final severities ranged from 36% to 96%. Grain yield and 500 grain weight of the control were reduced by 76% and 41%, respectively, of those yield components measured from plots with three fungicide applications. Protein concentration of grain averaged 10.8% (108 g/kg) and did not differ among treatments in 1993. Rust was severe in 1994 as a result of late planting coupled with frequent rain, and averaged 92% severity in plots receiving seven fungicide applications. Grain protein averaged 23.3% (233 g/kg) in 1994, and increased with rust severity. Indirect yield losses from lodging occurred in 1993 and 1994 when final rust severity exceeded 90%. Regression equations suggest that yield losses occur when disease severity exceeds 50%. Until resistant hybrids are available, grain losses may be avoided by planting the crop by early June. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,TIFTON,GA 31793. RP Wilson, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,FORAGE & TURF UNIT,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 9 IS 4 BP 543 EP 545 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA WK949 UT WOS:A1996WK94900015 ER PT J AU Heatherly, LG Elmore, CD Wesley, RA Spurlock, SR AF Heatherly, LG Elmore, CD Wesley, RA Spurlock, SR TI Net returns from no-till doublecrop winter wheat and irrigated soybean on a clay soil SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Integrating Alternative Strategies into Weed Management at the 1994 ASA / CSSA / SSSA Annual Meetings CY 1994 CL SEATTLE, WA SP ASA, CSSA, SSSA ID GLYCINE-MAX; WEED-CONTROL; SYSTEMS; YIELD; STRAW AB Economic evaluation of agronomic production practices is required to determine their feasibility in cropping systems with two or more crops. Net returns from continuous double-cropped wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and irrigated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were calculated using data from plantings made in 1988, 1989, and 1990 near Stoneville, MS, on a Tunica clay (clayey over loamy, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic, Vertic Haplaquept) in tilled and no-till seedbeds in both burned and standing wheat stubble. Yield of soybean was not affected by stubble management or seedbed preparation. Yield of wheat was reduced in plantings made following soybean that was planted in standing wheat stubble in the first 2 yr of the study. Seedbed preparation for wheat planting had an inconsistent effect on wheat yield. Wheat yields declined as the study progressed. Combined net returns were greater from the burned stubble treatment in 2 of the 3 yr, and this was attributed to the higher net returns from wheat in this treatment. Combined net returns from the tilled seedbed treatment were similar to those from the no-till treatment in 1988 and 1989; in 1990, net returns from the tilled seedbed treatment were higher. These results indicate that highest combined net returns from a continuous wheat-soybean doublecrop system will be obtained when soybean is planted in burned wheat stubble. Low and declining wheat yields in this short-term study (confounded with year effects) indicate that continuous wheat-soybean doublecropping using no-till planting of wheat is not a viable management option. This conclusion has to be verified with longer-term research, however. C1 USDA ARS,APPLIC & PROD TECHNOL RES UNIT,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. DEPT AGR ECON,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. RP Heatherly, LG (reprint author), USDA ARS,SOYBEAN RES UNIT,POB 343,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 9 IS 4 BP 554 EP 558 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA WK949 UT WOS:A1996WK94900017 ER PT J AU Arthur, FH AF Arthur, FH TI Grain protectants: Current status and prospects for the future SO JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID TRIBOLIUM-CASTANEUM COLEOPTERA; FLOUR BEETLE COLEOPTERA; ANISOPTEROMALUS-CALANDRAE HYMENOPTERA; SITOPHILUS-ORYZAE COLEOPTERA; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS; REDUCING PESTICIDE USE; IN-FIELD STRAINS; MALATHION RESISTANCE; CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL AB Since the 1960s grain protectants have been used as a primary means of insect pest management in bulk storages, especially in countries which store large amounts of grain for domestic food production and export trade. With the increasing costs of development and registration of insecticides, the number of available protectants has begun to decrease, a trend that will no doubt continue. Furthermore, there are several biological, economic and sociological influences that are causing a gradual shift from chemical-based pest management to integrated pest management utilizing computer-based decision support systems. This paper will discuss several factors in terms of their potential impact on the use of conventional grain protectants, including insecticide residues and consumer perceptions, resistance to protectants in major pest species, the direct and indirect costs of insecticides, development and registration of biopesticides, inert dusts, new technologies for fumigation and controlled atmosphere treatments, the expanded use of aeration in management programs, biological controls, and the development of expert systems. In this paper the term 'grain protectants' will be used to refer to only organophosphorus, pyrethroid, or carbamate insecticides that are applied directly to grain for residual control. RP Arthur, FH (reprint author), USDA ARS,1515 COLL AVE,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. NR 107 TC 177 Z9 192 U1 2 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0022-474X J9 J STORED PROD RES JI J. Stored Prod. Res. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 32 IS 4 BP 293 EP 302 DI 10.1016/S0022-474X(96)00033-1 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WC776 UT WOS:A1996WC77600001 ER PT J AU Rij, RE Fong, LS Aung, LH AF Rij, RE Fong, LS Aung, LH TI Sorption of chloroanisole vapors by raisin packaging material SO JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chloroanisole vapor; transmission; sorption; desorption; polyethylene film; temperature ID POLYETHYLENE AB The behavior and concentration of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) vapors migrating into low-density polyethylene film (PE) of 0.39 mu m at various temperatures and desorption of TCA from PE were determined. After 12 h exposure, 1642 mu g g(-1) TCA was sorbed at 30 degrees C compared with 675 mu g g(-1) at 20 degrees C. For PE to reach equilibrium of 4200 mu g g(-1) at 30 degrees C took 48 h, but 120 h at 20 degrees C. The transmission of TCA through PE occurred after 12 h at 30 degrees C (8.9 mu g kg(-1) m(-2) h(-1)) and after 36 h at 20 degrees C (5.0 mu g kg(-1)m(-2) h(-1)). Desorption of TCA from PE increased with temperature. At 80 degrees C, 99% TCA was desorbed in 1 h compared to 51% at 40 degrees C, 31% at 30 degrees C and 17% at 20 degrees C. The rate of sorption, desorption and transmission of TCA vapors by PE is highly temperature-dependent. C1 USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,FRESNO,CA 93727. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0022-474X J9 J STORED PROD RES JI J. Stored Prod. Res. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 32 IS 4 BP 303 EP 306 DI 10.1016/S0022-474X(96)00040-9 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WC776 UT WOS:A1996WC77600002 ER PT J AU Gilliam, FS Adams, MB AF Gilliam, FS Adams, MB TI Wetfall deposition and precipitation chemistry for a central Appalachian forest SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID EASTERN-UNITED-STATES; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; HARDWOOD FORESTS; ECOSYSTEMS; CALIFORNIA; PATTERNS; VIRGINIA; NITROGEN AB Although extensive research on acidic deposition has been directed toward spruce-fir forests, less research has been done on the impacts of air pollution on eastern montane hardwood forests. The purpose of this study was to describe precipitation chemistry for several Appalachian hardwood forest sites at or near the Fernow Experimental Forest (FEF) to assess the potential for problems associated with acidic deposition. Emphasis was placed on seasonal patterns of ionic concentrations (H+, Ca++, NH4+, NO3-, and SO4=) and spatial variability of ionic concentrations and deposition among sites. Seasonal patterns of most ions showed highest concentrations during the summer months and deposition of H+ was especially pronounced during this time. Deposition of all ions was generally greater (related to greater precipitation) at three montane forested sample sites compared to a nonforested riverbottom site. Precipitation chemistry at FEF was similar to other sites throughout the eastern United States and contrasted sharply with mid-western and western sites. Eastern sites, including means for FEF sites, were uniformly 3-4 times higher in H+ and SO4 = concentration than the mid-western and western sites. Precipitation at FEF was chronically acidic, more so during the growing season, and highest at higher elevations where environmental stresses can be most severe. Furthermore, there were occasional large discrepancies between the low-elevation site and the higher-elevation forested sites for precipitation chemistry and acidic deposition. These results suggest that synoptic-scale (network) data may greatly underestimate the pollutant conditions to which high-elevation forest trees are exposed, since network data rarely take elevation into account and typically are based on annual ionic concentration and deposition means that may be considerably lower than those of the growing season. C1 US FOREST SERV,TIMBER & WATERSHED LAB,PARSONS,WV 26287. RP Gilliam, FS (reprint author), MARSHALL UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,HUNTINGTON,WV 25755, USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 46 IS 10 BP 978 EP 984 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VL828 UT WOS:A1996VL82800007 PM 28065147 ER PT J AU Makdani, D Sowell, AL Nelson, JD Apgar, J Gunter, EW Hegar, A Potts, W Rao, D Wilcox, A Smith, JC AF Makdani, D Sowell, AL Nelson, JD Apgar, J Gunter, EW Hegar, A Potts, W Rao, D Wilcox, A Smith, JC TI Comparison of methods of assessing vitamin A status in children SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE retinol; retinyl esters; relative dose response; RDR; conjunctival impression cytology; stunting; ethnicity; retinol-binding protein ID CONJUNCTIVAL IMPRESSION CYTOLOGY; RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN; A-DEFICIENCY; SERUM RETINOL; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; BETA-CAROTENE; PLASMA; METABOLISM; ESTERS; ZINC AB Objective: A study of children (2-8 years; n = 613) in Belize, Central America, was conducted to determine what proportion of the children might be at risk of vitamin A (vit A) deficiency. The data provide an opportunity to compare results of three methods of assessing vit A status in a population which was not severely malnourished. Serum retinyl ester concentrations were also determined; their relevance to one of the tests, the relative dose response (RDR) test is discussed. Methods: The three methods of assessing vit A status were: RDR test, fasting serum retinol concentration, and conjunctival impression cytology (CIC). Retinol-binding protein (REP), serum retinyl esters and serum zinc concentrations were also determined. Results: Inadequate vit A status was indicated for 17% of subjects by the RDR test (14% cutoff), for 24% by fasting serum retinol concentration (<0.87 mu mol/L), and for 49% by ''abnormal'' CIC score. Retinyl esters constituted 24% of serum retinoids at the time (5 hours after a retinyl palmitate dose) at which the second blood sample is taken for the RDR test. Regression tree analyses (CART) indicated ethnicity was a predictor of RDR score; ethnicity, stunting and age were predictors of fasting serum retinol concentration; ethnicity and stunting were predictors of 0-hour retinyl ester concentration. Conclusion: The three indices of vit A status did not identify the same individuals nor indicate the same percentage of the population to be at risk for vit A deficiency. Increased concentrations of retinyl esters at 5 hours compared to those at 0 hours suggest that insufficient retinol may have been taken up by the liver at 5 hours to release all accumulated retinol-binding protein (REP) in deficient individuals; prevalence of vit A deficiency might therefore be underestimated by the RDR test The selection of ethnicity as a predictor of RDR score and of 0-hour retinol and retinyl ester concentrations suggests that factors other than vit A status affect vit A metabolism and may affect the RDR test. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. RAMSEY CLIN,DEPT OPHTHALMOL,ST PAUL,MN. ST PAUL RAMSEY MED CTR,ST PAUL,MN 55101. USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Makdani, D (reprint author), LINCOLN UNIV,FOSTER HALL ROOM 114,JEFFERSON CITY,MO 65102, USA. NR 44 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 15 IS 5 BP 439 EP 449 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VM044 UT WOS:A1996VM04400004 PM 8892169 ER PT J AU Apgar, J Makdani, D Sowell, AL Gunter, EW Hegar, A Rao, D Smith, JC AF Apgar, J Makdani, D Sowell, AL Gunter, EW Hegar, A Rao, D Smith, JC TI Reproducibility of relative dose response (RDR) test and serum retinol and retinyl ester concentrations in children after a 2-week interval SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE retinol; retinyl esters; relative dose response; RDR; retinyl palmitate; retinyl stearate; absorption ID VITAMIN-A STATUS; TEST-RETEST REPRODUCIBILITY; IMPRESSION CYTOLOGY; GUATEMALAN ADULTS; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; SUPPLEMENTATION; LIPOPROTEINS; DEFICIENCY; CAROTENE; ISSUES AB Objective: Reproducibility of the relative dose response test (RDR), a test designed to measure vitamin A status, was tested in 23 Belizean children, 5-8 years after 2-week interval during which no treatment was given. Methods: As required for the RDR test, serum retinol concentrations were determined before and 5 hours after an oral dose of vitamin A. An RDR score >14% was used as the criterion of inadequate vitamin A status. The HPLC method used to measure serum retinol concentrations also determined the concentrations of four retinyl esters. Results: The RDR test was reproducible for 17 of 23 subjects: 3 scored >14% on both tests; 14, <14% on both. Six subjects scored >14% on only one test. The concordance correlation coefficient (r(c)) for the percent change in the two tests was 0.24; for fasting serum retinol concentration, r(c) = 0.81. For retinyl palmitate and stearate, the esters present in highest concentrations at 5 hours, concordance correlation coefficients were 0.75 and 0.59, respectively. Conclusion: The failure of the RDR test to classify 26% of the subjects reproducibly reduces the usefulness of the test. In addition, the reproducibility of the retinyl ester concentrations in serum 5 hours after the retinyl palmitate dose and the relatively high concentrations in some subjects suggests that some individuals may not metabolize sufficient retinol in 5 hours to cause a maximal increase in serum retinol resulting in an underestimation of deficiency in a population in which the RDR test is used. C1 USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. LINCOLN UNIV,JEFFERSON CITY,MO. CDCP,ATLANTA,GA. USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 15 IS 5 BP 450 EP 457 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VM044 UT WOS:A1996VM04400005 PM 8892170 ER PT J AU Omaye, ST Burri, BJ Swendseid, ME Henning, SM Briggs, LA Bowen, HT Ota, RB AF Omaye, ST Burri, BJ Swendseid, ME Henning, SM Briggs, LA Bowen, HT Ota, RB TI Blood antioxidants changes in young women following beta-carotene depletion and repletion SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE beta-carotene; antioxidants; vitamin E; lipid peroxidation ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; PRIMARY PREVENTION TRIAL; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; VITAMIN-E; GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; ADULT WOMEN; CANCER; EPIDEMIOLOGY; RETINOL AB Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between beta-carotene intake and biochemical indices of antioxidant status in the blood of nine premenopausal women ages 18 to 42. Methods: Nine healthy adult women were fed a low beta-carotene diet for 68 days. They were repleted with the same diet supplemented with beta-carotene (15 mg beta-carotene) for 28 days. During the last week of the study, they received an additional mixed carotenoid supplement. Indices of blood antioxidant status were measured on days 1, 29, 36, 43, 50, 64, 71, 92, and 99. Results: We found significant increases of erythrocyte conjugated dienes between the 71st and 99th day of the study; increases of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (GP) on day 43 and day 92 compared to a decrease on day 29; and decreases of GSH reductase throughout the treatment period. Erythrocyte catalase activities seemed to parallel GP activities. Erythrocyte oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels were depressed both after beta-carotene depletion and repletion. beta-Carotene depletion/repletion had no effect on plasma vitamin E or GSH levels. Platelet GSH levels were depressed after beta-carotene depletion followed by elevated GSH levels after beta-carotene repletion. Conclusion: A diet low in beta-carotene and adequate in all other nutrients, including vitamin A, resulted in altered erythrocyte and platelet antioxidant indices; however, it had little impact on plasma GSH or vitamin E levels in young healthy women. Our results are consistent with the suggestion that carotenes may be important in the prevention of oxidative damage. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, SCH PUBL HLTH, DIV NUTR SCI, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA. USDA, WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, SAN FRANCISCO, CA USA. RP UNIV NEVADA, DEPT NUTR, MAIL STOP 142, S FLEISCHMANN BLDG, RENO, NV 89557 USA. NR 42 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0731-5724 EI 1541-1087 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 15 IS 5 BP 469 EP 474 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VM044 UT WOS:A1996VM04400008 PM 8892173 ER PT J AU Lifschitz, CH AF Lifschitz, CH TI Role of colonic scavengers of unabsorbed carbohydrates in infants and children SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE fruit juice; carbohydrate fermentation; intestinal flora ID CHAIN FATTY-ACIDS; FERMENTATION; ABSORPTION; FLORA; FECES; LIFE AB The role of the colonic bacterial flora as scavenger of carbohydrate (CHO) in general and that of fruit juice in particular is reviewed. In the large bowel, CHO is fermented to short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and gas. SCFA are not produced in the immediate neonatal period when the fecal flora is still at the first stage of its development. Studies have demonstrated that mature animals have a compensatory response to diarrhea by increasing six times the capacity to absorb fluids in the large bowel compared to the younger animals; furthermore, CHO that arrives in the colon is completely fermented to SCFA while in the younger pigs CHO passes through the colon unchanged. As in the young pigs, a similar situation can occur in young children when a relatively large amount of CHO arrives in the large bowel. C1 TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP Lifschitz, CH (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,DEPT PEDIAT,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 15 IS 5 SU S BP S30 EP S34 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VN122 UT WOS:A1996VN12200006 PM 8892181 ER PT J AU Mozersky, SM Bailey, DG AF Mozersky, SM Bailey, DG TI Design of a capillary viscometer for assay of collagenase activity by (continuous) observation of the hydrolysis of a soluble collagen with a time-of-flight flowmeter SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The design of a capillary viscometer for semi-automated assay of collagenase activity is described. The rate of flow of a solution of a soluble derivative of collagen undergoing hydrolysis by the collagenase is measured ''continuously'' by an electronic flow meter. Since the reciprocal of the flow-rate is proportional to the viscosity and the latter is a (double exponential decay) function of the collagenase concentration (as well as of time), collagenase concentration can be determined from the flowrate at a given incubation time. The data are collected automatically, stored in a computer, and analyzed at the analyst's convenience. The viscometer is suitable for use in research laboratories investigating damage to hides (and therefore to leather) caused by bacterial digestion of collagen. RP Mozersky, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 91 IS 10 BP 263 EP 269 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA WH742 UT WOS:A1996WH74200001 ER PT J AU Brown, EM Taylor, MM Marmer, WN AF Brown, EM Taylor, MM Marmer, WN TI Production and potential uses of co-products from solid tannery waste SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CONTAINING LEATHER WASTE; GELATIN; PROTEIN; COLLAGEN AB The manufacture of high quality leather goods results in an almost equal weight of solid tannery waste. The U.S. leather industry generates more than 50,000 metric tons of shavings and trimmings each year; the world-wide total is about ten times as much. This solid tannery waste consists largely of collagen crosslinked with chromium. Although some shavings are used in the manufacture of leather-board, most at present still go into land disposal. Reduced industrial demand and escalating landfill costs prompted us to look for alternative uses for this waste material. Several years ago, we demonstrated the feasibility of using enzymes as part of a process to detan this chromium-protein complex and isolate inorganic chromium salts and partially hydrolyzed collagen. In this process, the collagen was digested to small peptides useful as constituents of fertilizer or animal feed. A more recently developed two-step process treats the chrome shavings first under mild alkaline conditions to produce a high molecular weight gelable protein fraction for value-added production of gels, adhesives and films. The remaining sludge is then treated with an enzyme as a step in a process to recover the chromium and smaller peptides. A sample of potential uses for the isolated products is included. RP Brown, EM (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 41 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 91 IS 10 BP 270 EP 276 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA WH742 UT WOS:A1996WH74200002 ER PT J AU Johansen, SL Sivasothy, A Dowd, MK Reilly, PJ Hammond, EG AF Johansen, SL Sivasothy, A Dowd, MK Reilly, PJ Hammond, EG TI Low-molecular weight organic compositions of acid waters from vegetable oil soapstocks SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE acid water; canola; composition; cottonseed; glycerophosphate; maize; myo-inositol phosphate; peanut; soapstock; soybean; sunflower; vegetable oil ID ETHANOL STILLAGE AB Alkaline extracts (soapstocks) from canola, corn, cottonseed, peanut, soybean, and sunflower oil refining were acidified, and identities and concentrations of the low-molecular weight organic components of the resulting acid waters were determined by gas chromatography, followed by mass spectroscopy, and by high-performance liquid chromatography. The main components of each acid water sample, in order of decreasing concentration and after omitting the fermentation product lactic acid, were phosphoric acid, alpha-glycerophosphate, and glycerol from canola; myo-inositol, phosphoric acid, alpha-glycerophosphate, and myo-inositol-1-phosphate from corn; glycerol, alpha-glycerophosphate, myo-inositol-1-phosphate, and beta-glycerophosphate from cottonseed; phosphoric acid, glycerol, and myo-inositol from peanut; alpha-glycerophospho-1-myo-inositol, myo-inositol-1-phosphate, alpha-glycerophosphate, and glycerol from soybean; and alpha-glycerophosphate, glycerol, myo-inositol-1-phosphate, and beta-glycerophosphate from sunflower. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT CHEM ENGN,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,AMES,IA 50011. USDA,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 73 IS 10 BP 1275 EP 1286 DI 10.1007/BF02525457 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VM301 UT WOS:A1996VM30100010 ER PT J AU Dowd, MK AF Dowd, MK TI Compositional characterization of cottonseed soapstocks SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE cottonseed soapstock; gas chromatography; gossypol; silylation; soapstock; trimethylsilylation ID GAS-LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; GOSSYPOL; OILS AB Cottonseed soapstock samples, collected during the 1993-1994 crushing season from oilseed extraction mills throughout the United States Cotton Belt, were analyzed by chemical and chromatographic methods. Volatiles averaged 48.7 +/- 10.6% (mean +/- SD, n = 39). On a dry basis, the samples averaged 33.3 +/- 7.3% fatty acids, 26.3 +/- 6.9% phospholipids, 8.4 +/- 6.4% triglycerides, and 7.5 +/- 3.0% gossypol. The analytical techniques accounted for 93.3 +/- 8.6% of the dry soapstock matter. The AOCS method for total fatty acids in soapstock yielded values in agreement with the chromatographic and phosphorus analyses. In contrast, the AOCS method for neutral oil in soapstock gave values that were significantly higher than those obtained by chromatography. The amount of nonlipid material in the samples correlated with the phosphorus content. Total gossypol and nitrogen levels were also related. RP Dowd, MK (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 35 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 73 IS 10 BP 1287 EP 1295 DI 10.1007/BF02525458 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VM301 UT WOS:A1996VM30100011 ER PT J AU Hron, RJ Wan, PJ Kuk, MS AF Hron, RJ Wan, PJ Kuk, MS TI Ethanol vapor deactivation of gossypol in cottonseed meal SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE alcohol; cottonseed; deactivation; ethanol; feed; ferrous sulfate; gossypol; isopropanol; vapor ID EXTRACTION AB Most cottonseed cultivars contain gossypol, a polyphenolic antinutritional compound. ''Free'' gossypol is a physiologically active form or gossypol, which is toxic to young- and nonruminant animals. To utilize solvent-extracted cotton-seed meal as a general feed, gossypol must be either removed or deactivated to a minimum level specified for each class oi animal. Normally, deactivation is carried out prior to oil extraction; however, the desired level of deactivation is not always attained. A new supplemental method of deactivation has been found by using either ethanol or isopropanol vapors on solvent-extracted meal. In a bench-top set-up, ethanol vapor reduced free gossypol from 0.115 to 0.053%, and a further reduction to 0.026% has been observed with the addition of ferrous sulfate. The supplemental deactivation method can, in most cases, reduce free gossypol to significantly safer levels for feeding, thus increasing utility, and possibly demand, Tor cottonseed meal as a general animal feed protein source. RP Hron, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 73 IS 10 BP 1337 EP 1339 DI 10.1007/BF02525465 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VM301 UT WOS:A1996VM30100018 ER PT J AU Kahlon, TS Chow, FI Sayre, RN AF Kahlon, TS Chow, FI Sayre, RN TI Quantitative extraction of hamster liver lipid and cholesterol with supercritical carbon dioxide SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; hamster; lipid; liver; supercritical CO2 ID FLUID EXTRACTION; OIL; TISSUE; BEEF AB A quantitative method for liver lipid and cholesterol extraction with supercritical CO2 and ethanol entrainer (SCE) is reported and compared with the Folch (chloroform/methanol) procedure. Mean values for lipid and cholesterol in hamster livers (n=48) were similar between the SCE and Folch methods. Correlation coefficients between the two methods were 0.9866 for total lipid and 0.9546 for cholesterol. Similar mean values and high correlations between the two methods validate the SCE procedure as a precise alternative method ior quantitative liver lipid extractions. The SCE method also reduces the use of hazardous solvents. RP Kahlon, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 73 IS 10 BP 1341 EP 1342 DI 10.1007/BF02525466 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VM301 UT WOS:A1996VM30100019 ER PT J AU Brown, CA Roberts, AW Miller, MA Davis, DA Brown, SA Bolin, CA JareckiBlack, J Greene, CE MillerLiebl, D AF Brown, CA Roberts, AW Miller, MA Davis, DA Brown, SA Bolin, CA JareckiBlack, J Greene, CE MillerLiebl, D TI Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa infection in dogs SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE canine species; Leptospira grippotyphosa; renal failure ID CANINE LEPTOSPIROSIS AB Leptospirosis attributed to infection with serovar grippotyphosa was diagnosed in II dogs. In naturally and experimentally infected dogs, a stereotypic serologic response to infection with Leptospira serovar grippotyphosa was detected. Although the highest serum antibody titers developed against serovar grippotyphosa, most dogs also had lower titers against serovars bratislava and pomona. Acute renal failure was evident in 10 dogs. One dog died prior to initiation of treatment; the remaining 10 dogs were treated with antibiotics and fluids. Two dogs were euthanatized, 2 dogs recovered without clinical or biochemical evidence of residual renal dysfunction, and 6 dogs recovered but had varying degrees of renal insufficiency. Hepatic involvement appeared to be a minor component of the disease in these dogs. Our results indicate that Leptospira serovar grippotyphosa infection is an important problem in dogs and should be considered when evaluating a dog with renal failure. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,DEPT SMALL ANIM MED,ATHENS,GA 30601. RHONE MERIEUX INC,ATHENS,GA 30601. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,LEPTOSPIROSIS & MYCOBACTERIOSIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RP Brown, CA (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,ATHENS DIAGNOST LAB,DEPT PHYSIOL & PHARMACOL,ATHENS,GA 30601, USA. NR 24 TC 70 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 1 PY 1996 VL 209 IS 7 BP 1265 EP & PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VJ675 UT WOS:A1996VJ67500018 PM 8837647 ER PT J AU Bohart, GE Griswold, T AF Bohart, GE Griswold, T TI A revision of the rophitine genus Protodufourea (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Three new species of the rarely collected genus Protodufourea are described: P. eickworti from the Sonoran Desert of Arizona and California, P. koso from the Death Valley region of eastern California and adjacent Nevada, and P. zavortinki from the Temblor Range in the southern part of the Coast Range of California. New records for P. parca expand the range of the genus into Mexico (Baja California). A key to the five species is presented. Floral records suggest Protodufourea is oligolectic on Phacelia and Emmenanthe (Hydrophyllaceae). RP Bohart, GE (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,BEE BIOL & SYSTEMAT LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 69 IS 4 SU S BP 177 EP 184 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA WJ925 UT WOS:A1996WJ92500015 ER PT J AU Akin, DE Gamble, GR Morrison, WH Rigsby, LL Dodd, RB AF Akin, DE Gamble, GR Morrison, WH Rigsby, LL Dodd, RB TI Chemical and structural analysis of fibre and core tissues from flax SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE bast; Linum usitatissimum; lignin; carbohydrate; NMR; gas-liquid chromatography; histochemistry; microscopy; microspectrophotometry ID NON-CELLULOSIC POLYSACCHARIDES; CELL-WALL; PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; C-13 NMR; DIGESTIBILITY; FIBERS; MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY; SPECTROSCOPY; DEGRADATION; CHEMISTRY AB Samples of flax (Linum usitatissimum) stems from the cultivars 'Natasja' and 'Ariane' were separated into fibre and core fractions and analysed by gas-liquid chromatographic methods, C-13 CPMAS NMR spectrometry, histochemistry, electron microscopy and UV absorption microspectrophotometry to assist in determining the structure and composition of these cell walls in relation to quality and utilisation. Analyses from chromatography and NMR gave similar results for carbohydrate and phenolic constituents in various samples and in the lower, more mature regions of the stem. Amounts of uronic acids and xylose were lower while amounts of mannose, galactose and glucose were higher in fibre vs core fractions. Quantities of phenolic constituents were significantly higher in the core than the fibre, with groups representative of both guaiacyl and syringyl lignins; amounts of phenolic acids were low. NMR showed a low intensity signal for aromatics in fibre, and it is possible that such signals arise from compounds in the cuticle rather than the fibre. Microscopic studies indicated that aromatic constituents were present in core cell walls, cuticle of the epidermis, and cell corners and middle lamellae of some regions within the fibre tissues. The lignin in fibre appeared to be of the guaiacyl type and may be too low in concentration to be unambiguously detected by NMR. Aromatic compounds were not observed in the epidermis or parenchyma cell walls. Similar analyses of dew-retted (unscutched) samples indicated that core tissues were mostly unchanged from unretted samples. Retted fibre tissues still contained lignified cell corners and middle lamellae in some regions. The cuticle, which was associated with retted fibres, was not degraded by dew-retting fungi. Fungi removed interfibre materials in some places and at times degraded the secondary wall near the cell lumen of fibre cells. Results indicate that microspectrophotometry and histochemistry are useful to identify the location and type of aromatics in fibre cell walls. C1 CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT AGR & BIOL ENGN,CLEMSON,SC 29631. RP Akin, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 33 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 72 IS 2 BP 155 EP 165 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VL763 UT WOS:A1996VL76300003 ER PT J AU Busing, RT AF Busing, RT TI Estimation of tree replacement patterns in an Appalachian Picea-Abies forest SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Abies fraseri; coexistence; forest succession; gap dynamics; Great Smoky Mountains; Picea rubens; reciprocal replacement; regeneration niche; transition probability ID BEECH-MAPLE FOREST; SPRUCE-FIR FORESTS; HARDWOOD FOREST; SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS; BETULA FORESTS; COEXISTENCE; REGENERATION; DYNAMICS; GAPS; MAINTENANCE AB Patterns of tree species replacement in a Picea-Abies forest, determined by several different methods, are compared and the methods are assessed. Methods are grouped as either understory-based or gap-based estimates of replacement. The understory-based methods characterize canopy understory interactions with spatial statistics, sapling density measurement, sapling frequency measurement, and successor sapling identification beneath live canopy trees. The gap-based methods include sapling density measurement, sapling frequency measurement, and successor sapling identification in tree-fall gaps. Methods except those based on frequency indicate a strong trend of replacement of all canopy species by Abies. Understory-based methods may underestimate canopy recruitment of intolerant trees, while gap-based methods relying on sapling density or frequency may overestimate recruitment of intolerant trees. Estimates based on the selection of successor saplings in the understory or in gaps are reliable. Gap successor estimates consider the process of gap capture and are useful in analyses of forest dynamics. RP Busing, RT (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,3200 SW JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 49 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 3 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI UPPSALA PA BOX 25137, S 752 25 UPPSALA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 7 IS 5 BP 685 EP 694 DI 10.2307/3236380 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA WB063 UT WOS:A1996WB06300009 ER PT J AU Rogers, DG Andersen, AA AF Rogers, DG Andersen, AA TI Intestinal lesions caused by two swine chlamydial isolates in gnotobiotic pigs SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID INFECTION; PSITTACI AB The objective of this study was to determine whether 2 distinct chlamydial isolates recovered from the intestines and feces of diarrheic nursery pigs could cause intestinal lesions in gnotobiotic pigs. Both isolates share biological characteristics with Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydial isolates R27 and R19 were propagated in Vero cells or embryonated eggs, respectively, and suspended in sucrose-phosphate-glutamine buffer with 10% fetal bovine serum for inoculation. Sham inocula were prepared from uninfected cell culture lysates and from uninfected eggs. Each piglet was fed 1 ml of inoculum or sham inoculum at 3-4 days of age. Ten piglets were each fed 10(9) inclusion-forming-units (IFU) and 14 piglets were each fed 10(6) IFU of isolate R27; 5 control piglets were fed sham inoculum. Twenty piglets were each fed 10(5) IFU R19; 5 control piglets were fed sham inoculum. All infected piglets developed diarrhea 4-5 days postinfection (DPI). Most piglets fed 10(9) IFU R27 became anorexic, dehydrated, and weak and were necropsied 4-7 DPI. Piglets fed 10(6) IFU R27 or 10(5) IFU R19 were necropsied 4, 7, 10, 14, and 18 DPI. Diarrhea, although never profuse, persisted in the piglets fed 10(6) IFU R27 or 10(5) IFU R19 through 12 DPI. At necropsy, all diarrheic piglets had watery colonic contents with flecks of undigested curd. In small intestine, histologic lesions were seen most consistently in distal jejunum and ileum. Distal jejunum and ileum from piglets fed 109 IFU R27 and necropsied 4-5 DPI were characterized by villus atrophy and multifocal necrosis of villi; necrosis was limited to the tips or apical one half of villi. Mild to severe villus atrophy, lymphangitis, and perilymphangitis were seen in the distal jejunum and ileum from all infected piglets 7 and 10 DPI. Colon from 1 infected piglet necropsied 10 DPI had mild focal serositis; significant colonic lesions were not seen in the other infected piglets. Immunostaining done on sections of distal jejunum and ileum revealed chlamydial antigen in villus enterocytes, occasional goblet cells, and occasional crystal enterocytes and in foci of lymphangitis and perilymphangitis; the amount of detectable chlamydial antigen decreased after 4 DPI. In colon, sparse positive staining was seen in surface enterocytes and crystal enterocytes. Ultrastructural examination of ileal villus enterocytes revealed chlamydiae, often together with glycogen particles, in vacuoles or occasionally free in the cytoplasm. The results indicated that the swine chlamydial isolates used in this study are intestinal pathogens in gnotobiotic pigs. C1 AGR RES SERV,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA,AMES,IA 50010. RP Rogers, DG (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT VET & BIOMED SCI,VET DIAGNOST CTR,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 17 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA 1600 E ROLLINS, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 8 IS 4 BP 433 EP 440 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XM719 UT WOS:A1996XM71900005 PM 8953527 ER PT J AU Andersen, AA AF Andersen, AA TI Comparison of pharyngeal, fecal, and cloacal samples for the isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from experimentally infected cockatiels and turkeys SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID BIRDS AB Direct comparisons were made of chlamydial isolation rates from pharyngeal swabs, fecal samples, and cloacal swabs from cockatiels and pharyngeal and cloacal swabs from turkeys experimentally infected with Chlamydia psittaci. During pathogenesis studies, 133 paired specimens were collected from cockatiels and 118 paired specimens were collected from turkeys. Of the 51 cockatiel chlamydial infections defected, 80.4% were positive by the pharyngeal swab sample, 45.1% were positive by the fecal swab sample, and 37.3% were positive by the cloacal swab sample. Of the 87 turkey infections detected, 93.1% were positive by the pharyngeal swab sample and 77.0% were positive by the cloacal swab. The pharyngeal swabs were the most reliable sample for isolation of chlamydia from live birds. However, no single sampling site yielded positive results from all infected birds. Specimens from multiple sites are recommended because a number of infected birds were identified by isolation from only 1 sample. RP Andersen, AA (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 8 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA 1600 E ROLLINS, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 8 IS 4 BP 448 EP 450 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XM719 UT WOS:A1996XM71900007 PM 8953529 ER PT J AU Olsen, SC Evans, D Hennager, SG Cheville, NF Stevens, MG AF Olsen, SC Evans, D Hennager, SG Cheville, NF Stevens, MG TI Serologic responses of Brucella abortus strain 19 calfhood-vaccinated cattle following adult vaccination with strain RB51 SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article AB This study was designed to determine if Brucella abortus strain RB51, which expresses small amounts of the lipopolysaccharide O side chain, would cause positive responses on brucellosis serologic surveillance tests when given to adult cattle that were vaccinated as calves with B. abortus strain 19. Cattle vaccinated as adults with strain RB51 that had been vaccinated as calves with strain 19 (n = 40) had significantly greater antibody titers (P < 0.05) against strain RB51 at 4 and 8 weeks postvaccination in the dot blot assay than did animals (n = 10) not vaccinated with strain RB51. When evaluated using the card or buffered acid plate agglutination presumptive tests, 7 strain RB51 vaccinates tested positive at either 4 or 8 weeks following vaccination as compared with 4 cattle in the control group that were not vaccinated with strain RB51. One strain RB51 vaccinate was scored as suspect on the standard tube agglutination (STA) test at 8 weeks following vaccination. Remaining samples from strain RB51 vaccinates tested negative on the STA, complement fixation (CF), rivanol, and particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA) confirmatory tests. Samples from 2 control cattle were PCFIA positive at time 0; 1 of these animals was CF positive throughout the study. This study suggests that use of strain RB51 in cattle vaccinated with strain 19 as calves will not cause positive responses on confirmatory tests and will not impair brucellosis serologic surveillance efforts. C1 ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,VET SERV,TOPEKA,KS 66683. AGR & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,VET SERV,NATL VET SERV LABS,DIAGNOST BACTERIOL LAB,AMES,IA 50010. RP Olsen, SC (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 10 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA 1600 E ROLLINS, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 8 IS 4 BP 451 EP 454 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XM719 UT WOS:A1996XM71900008 PM 8953530 ER PT J AU Stabel, JR Ackermann, MR Goff, JP AF Stabel, JR Ackermann, MR Goff, JP TI Comparison of polyclonal antibodies to three different preparations of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in immunohistochemical diagnosis of Johne's disease in cattle SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID PARA-TUBERCULOSIS; BOVINE-TISSUES AB Polyclonal antisera were raised in rabbits against :preparations of live and heat-killed Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and cell-wall proteins of M. paratuberculosis and were evaluated as diagnostic tools in immunohistochemical staining of bovine tissue. Live preparations of M. paratuberculosis (LMp) were inoculated intraperitoneally or intravenously at 10(9)/ml. Heat-killed M. paratuberculosis (HKMp) was prepared by treatment of bacteria at 85 C for 10 minutes. Cell-wall proteins were isolated from M. paratuberculosis and conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin to improve antigenicity (KLH-CWPMp). The HKMp and KLH-CWPMp preparations were emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant before subcutaneous inoculation of rabbits. Antibody titers in the terminal blood sample were higher for HKMp and KLH-CWPMp than for LMp rabbits (1:1,024 vs. 1:64). The KLH-CWPMp antibody did not cross-react with M. bovis-infected tissues. Sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemical detection of Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) from bovine tissues was much higher for the KLH-CWPMp polyclonal antibody. Immunoreactivity of the antibody resulted in staining of bacteria in the cytoplasm of macrophages, mononuclear giant cells, and extracellular bacteria in both intestine and lymph node. RP Stabel, JR (reprint author), ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA,2300 DAYTON RD,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA 1600 E ROLLINS, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 8 IS 4 BP 469 EP 473 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XM719 UT WOS:A1996XM71900012 PM 8953534 ER PT J AU Panter, KE Baker, DC Kechele, PO AF Panter, KE Baker, DC Kechele, PO TI Water hemlock (Cicuta douglasii) in sheep: pathologic description and prevention of lesions and death SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID RHABDOMYOLYSIS AB Water hemlock causes numerous livestock losses in North America every year. Description of pathologic and serum biochemical changes has been lacking in the literature. Tubers of western water hemlock (Cicuta douglasii) induced excessive salivation, tremors, grand mal seizures, skeletal and cardiac myodegeneration, and death in sheep given 1.2-2.7 g fresh tuber/kg body weight by gavage. Seizures were intermittent with periods of relaxation until death occurred from anoxia during seizure activity. In sheep given 1.5-2.5 times the lethal dose of water hemlock by gavage, intravenous administration of sodium pentobarbital at the onset of the first seizure prevented further seizure activity and skeletal and cardiac myodegeneration and resulted in rapid and complete recovery. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP Panter, KE (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,1150 E 1400 N,LOGAN,UT 84341, USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA 1600 E ROLLINS, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 8 IS 4 BP 474 EP 480 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XM719 UT WOS:A1996XM71900013 PM 8953535 ER PT J AU Qian, Z Brunovskis, P Lee, L Vogt, PK Kung, HJ AF Qian, Z Brunovskis, P Lee, L Vogt, PK Kung, HJ TI Novel DNA binding specificities of a putative herpesvirus bZIP oncoprotein SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MAREKS-DISEASE VIRUS; EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS; H GENE FAMILY; CHICKEN-EMBRYO FIBROBLASTS; MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ENHANCER; REPLICATION ORIGIN; TRANS ACTIVATION; TUMOR-INDUCTION; MAMMALIAN-CELLS AB Marek's disease virus is a highly oncogenic herpesvirus that can cause T lymphomas and peripheral nerve demyelination in chickens, meg, a candidate oncogene of Marek's disease virus, encodes a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor which contains a large proline-rich domain in its C terminus. On the basis of its bZIP structural homology, meg is perhaps the only member of the jun-fos gene family completely viral in origin, We previously showed that Meg's C-terminal domain has potent transactivation activity and that its bZIP domain fan dimerize with itself and with c-Jun also, In an effort to identify viral and cellular targets of Meg, we have determined the optimal binding sites for Meg-Jun heterodimers and Meg-Meg homodimers, By a PCR-based approach using cyclic amplification of selected targets, Meq-Jun heterodimers were found to optimally bind tetradecanoylphorbol acetate response element (TRE) and cyclic AMP response element (CRE) consensus sequences. This result was consistent with the results of our previous functional analysis implicating Meq-Jun heterodimers in the transactivation of the Meq promoter through a TRE- or CRE-like sequence, Interestingly, Meq-Meq homodimers were found to bind two distinct motif elements, The first [GAGTGATGAC(G)TCATC] has a consensus which includes a TRE or CRE core flanked by additional nucleotides critical for tight binding. Methylation interference and mutational analyses confirmed the importance of the flanking residues. The sequences of a subset of TRE and CRE sites selected by Meq-Meq are closely related to the binding motif of Maf, another bZIP oncoprotein. The second putative Meq binding site (RACACACAY) bears a completely different consensus not shared by other bZIP proteins, Binding to this consensus sequence also requires secondary structure characteristics associated with DNA bending, CACA motifs are known to promote DNA curvature and function in a number of special biological processes. Our results lend further weight to the increasing importance of DNA bending in transcriptional regulation and provide a baseline for the identification of Meq-responsive targets. C1 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MOL BIOL & MICROBIOL, CLEVELAND, OH 44106 USA. USDA ARS, AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB, E LANSING, MI 48823 USA. Scripps Res Inst, DEPT MOL & EXPT MED, DIV ONCOVIROL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA. RI Kung, Hsing-Jien/C-7651-2013 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA46613] NR 61 TC 60 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 70 IS 10 BP 7161 EP 7170 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA VG127 UT WOS:A1996VG12700077 PM 8794363 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Fischer, JR Sewell, CT Kavanaugh, DM Osborn, DA AF Fayer, R Fischer, JR Sewell, CT Kavanaugh, DM Osborn, DA TI Spontaneous cryptosporidiosis in captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium parvum; white-tailed deer; Odocoileus virginianus; captive deer ID INFECTION; ANIMALS; OOCYSTS; CALVES AB In August 1994, cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed in a diarrheic fawn from a captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herd maintained for research purposes at The University of Georgia's Warnell School of Forest Resources in Athens, Georgia (USA). From June through August 1995, 11 captive female white-tailed deer were housed in individual barn stalls where they gave birth to 18 fawns. Feces collected at 2 or 3 day intervals from the 18 neonatal fawns for at least 21 days and from 11 adult females once from 1 to 30 days before fawns were born and on three to 12 occasions after their birth were examined for oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. Feces from all animals appeared normal throughout the period of examination. Oocysts morphologically indistinguishable from those of Cryptosporidium parvum were detected intermittently in the feces of one adult female from 1 to 25 days after parturition and in the feces of her fawn from 11 to 22 days of age. Oocysts also were detected intermittently in feces from twin fawns from 9 to 20 days of age, but not from their mother. Oocysts from deer were infectious for neonatal mice as determined histologically, and for calves as determined by clinical signs and excretion of oocysts. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,SE COOPERAT WILDLIFE DIS STUDY,ATHENS,GA 30602. UNIV GEORGIA,WARNELL SCH FOREST RESOURCES,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 32 IS 4 BP 619 EP 622 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VN979 UT WOS:A1996VN97900009 PM 9359061 ER PT J AU Beyer, DE Costa, R Hooper, RG Hess, CA AF Beyer, DE Costa, R Hooper, RG Hess, CA TI Habitat quality and reproduction of red-cockaded woodpecker groups in Florida SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Florida; foraging habitat; fragmentation; group size; Picoides borealis; red-cockaded woodpecker; reproduction ID CAVITY TREES AB Current foraging habitat guidelines for management of the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borcalis [RCW]) are based on the hypotheses that reproductive success, number of adults per family group, and occupancy of a cluster of cavity trees by a group are related to the amount of foraging habitat available to each group. We tested these hypotheses in a population in the Apalachicola National Forest (ANF) in Florida. Guidelines mandate providing greater than or equal to 6350 pine trees greater than or equal to 25-cm diameter at breast height (dbh) within 800 m of each cluster of cavity trees; occupied clusters we studied had 1,200-13,176 available pines. We detected no association between number of young fledged and the availability of pine trees or degree of habitat fragmentation. We found a weak association between number of young fledged and demographic isolation surrounding cavity tree clusters. No differences were detected in the amount of available foraging habitat or degree of habitat fragmentation surrounding cavity tree clusters occupied by groups of different sizes. However, unoccupied clusters had fewer occupied clusters within 2 km than did occupied clusters. We could not reject the null hypothese that reproductive attainment and group size were the same for groups with different amounts of available foraging habitat. Our results are consistent with the majority of earlier studies. We suggest that foraging guidelines should not categorically prohibit actions designed to benefit RCW long-term when these actions reduce available foraging habitat below guideline levels in the short-term. C1 NO MICHIGAN UNIV,DEPT GEOG,MARQUETTE,MI 49855. NATL FORESTS FLORIDA,US FOREST SERV,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32303. US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,COLL FOREST RECREAT RESOURCES,CLEMSON,SC 29634. US FOREST SERV,SE FOREST EXPT STN,CHARLESTON,SC 29414. US FOREST SERV,APALACHICOLA NATL FOREST,BRISTOL,FL 32321. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 826 EP 835 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA VV821 UT WOS:A1996VV82100016 ER PT J AU WagerPage, SA Mason, JR AF WagerPage, SA Mason, JR TI Exposure to volatile d-pulegone alters feeding behavior in European starlings SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE d-pulegone; European starlings; feeding behavior; frugivory; Mentha sp; Sturnis vulgaris; volatile repellent ID REDUCING BIRD DAMAGE; REPELLENT; INSECTICIDES; BLUEBERRIES; TOXICITY AB D-pulegone repels birds, but it is unclear if its volatile cues can stimulate avoidance behavior or whether direct contact is required for this response. We used European starlings (Sturnis vulgaris) in feeding tests to investigate the role of volatile cues in d-pulegone's repellency. Direct contact with d-pulegone (1.0% vol/vol) coating decreased apple consumption by 53% (P < 0.02). When direct contact was prevented by encapsulating d-pulegone (10.0% vol/vol) in HistoPrep(R) capsules (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pa.) or applying the stimulus solution to the underside of the feeding cup lids, ingestion of test foods was inhibited. The inhibitory effect of the volatile cues of 100% d-pulegone on feed ingestion was increased following repeated exposures. These results show that d-pulegone volatiles induced avoidance behavior in European starlings although direct contact with the compound produced a stronger response. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP WagerPage, SA (reprint author), MONELL CHEM SENSES CTR,USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 917 EP 922 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA VV821 UT WOS:A1996VV82100026 ER PT J AU Belant, JL Seamans, TW Tyson, LA Ickes, SK AF Belant, JL Seamans, TW Tyson, LA Ickes, SK TI Repellency of methyl anthranilate to pre-exposed and naive Canada geese SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE animal damage; Branta canadensis; Canada goose; feeding; grass; learned avoidance; methyl anthranilate; repellent ID DIMETHYL ANTHRANILATE; BIRD REPELLENT; STARLINGS; MALLARDS; FEED AB To improve our understanding of the effectiveness of avian feeding repellents, we evaluated whether Canada geese (Branta canadensis) exhibited learned avoidance of ReJeX-iT AG-36 (AG-36), a methyl anthranilate (MA) formulation containing 14.5% MA (vol/vol). During 2 experiments in August-September 1995, we pre-exposed geese orally to 0.0, 1.3, or 4.0 g AG-36 and released them onto 10- x 10-m grass plots treated with AG-36 at rates of 22.6 and 67.8 kg/ha. Mean numbers of bill contacts and mean numbers of geese observed on control and treated plots were similar (P greater than or equal to 0.21) for geese pre-exposed or naive to AG-36. Overall, mean numbers of bill contacts and mean numbers of geese also were similar (P greater than or equal to 0.56) on control and treated plots. Mean mass of droppings on control and treated plots was similar (P > 0.99) during the experiment with 22.6 kg/ha AG-36 but was greater (P = 0.01) on control plots during the experiment with 67.8 kg/ha AG-36. We conclude that learned avoidance of AG-36 by Canada geese preexposed orally to 1.3 or 4.6 g AG-36 did not occur and that AG-36 applied to turf in enclosures at rates of 22.6 and 67.8 kg/ha was not effective as a grazing repellent for geese. RP Belant, JL (reprint author), USDA,NATL WILDLIFE RES CTR,6100 COLUMBUS AVE,SANDUSKY,OH 44870, USA. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 923 EP 928 DI 10.2307/3802394 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA VV821 UT WOS:A1996VV82100027 ER PT J AU Avery, ML Primus, TM Defrancesco, J Cummings, JL Decker, DG Humphrey, JS Davis, JE Deacon, R AF Avery, ML Primus, TM Defrancesco, J Cummings, JL Decker, DG Humphrey, JS Davis, JE Deacon, R TI Field evaluation of methyl anthranilate for deterring birds eating blueberries SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bird repellent; blueberries; crop damage; methyl anthranilate; Michigan; Oregon; phytotoxicity; Washington ID DAMAGE; METHIOCARB; REPELLENT; DIMETHYL AB In many parts of North America, bird depredation is a major problem for growers of blueberry and other small fruit. Methyl anthranilate (MA) is an effective avian feeding deterrent in some situations, and we conducted a 3-state field trial to evaluate the efficacy of a formulated product, ReJeX-iT AG-36. On 5 0.4-ha plots in Oregon, Washington, and Michigan, we applied 56.8 L of ReJeX-iT (17.2 kg MA/ha) at weekly intervals for 21 days. Numbers of blueberries lost from tagged branches in treated plots did not differ from those lost from paired control plots. Furthermore, yields from treated and control plots did not differ. Residues of MA on fruit immediately after spraying were unexpectedly low (less than or equal to 115 ppm) and declined rapidly to <4 ppm 6 days postspray. At 3 of the 5 study sites, extensive leaf discoloration followed ReJeX-iT AG-36 applications. Innovative application technologies will need to be developed if formulated MA is to be effective as a bird deterrent in blueberries. C1 US ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. N WILLAMETTE RES & EXTENS CTR,AURORA,OR 97002. US ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,NATL WILDLIFE RES CTR,FT COLLINS,CO 80524. AGRICHEM,BURLINGTON,WA 98233. RP Avery, ML (reprint author), US ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,2820 E UNIV AVE,GAINESVILLE,FL 32641, USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 929 EP 934 DI 10.2307/3802395 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA VV821 UT WOS:A1996VV82100028 ER PT J AU Linnell, MA Conover, MR Ohashi, TJ AF Linnell, MA Conover, MR Ohashi, TJ TI Analysis of bird strikes at a tropical airport SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE airport management; bird-aircraft collisions; bird strike statistics; doves; Hawaii; owls; seed-eating birds; tropical airfields; wildlife damage management ID AIRCRAFT AB Bird-aircraft collisions (bird strikes) are a major problem worldwide because they threaten passenger safety and result in costly repairs and lost revenue for the commercial air carrier. From 1990 to 1994, we conducted runway sweeps at Lihue Airport on Kauai, Hawaii searching for avian remains from bird-aircraft collisions. Three species of granivorous birds, 2 owl species, and the Pacific golden-plover (Pluvialis fulva) composed >80% of the bird strikes. Ninety-one percent of the strikes involved solitary birds; 9% involved >1 bird. Bird strikes were positively correlated with mean monthly rainfall, perhaps due to increased seed production along runways during the rainy months, resulting in increased bird use in hazardous areas. Bird strike rates were also higher when winds were from a southwesterly direction and lower when cloud cover was 100%. Larger, faster commercial air carriers exhibited higher strike rates than military or general aviation types, with engine ingestions being most common, followed by strikes on the windshield and nose. Ingestions resulted in losses >$1.5 million in damage. Damage was caused by species ranging in mass from 13-1,300 g. More bird strikes occurred during landings than takeoffs with strikes unevenly distributed along the runway. During the landing phase, more bird strikes than expected occurred at the point of touchdown, whereas most strikes occurred in the mid-portion of the runway during takeoffs. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,BERRYMAN INST,LOGAN,UT 84322. UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,LOGAN,UT 84322. US ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,HONOLULU,HI 96819. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 14 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 935 EP 945 DI 10.2307/3802396 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA VV821 UT WOS:A1996VV82100029 ER PT J AU Nowak, DJ Rowntree, RA McPherson, EG Sisinni, SM Kerkmann, ER Stevens, JC AF Nowak, DJ Rowntree, RA McPherson, EG Sisinni, SM Kerkmann, ER Stevens, JC TI Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article DE urban tree cover; photo interpretation; urban forestry ID FOREST AB Measurement of city tree cover can aid in urban vegetation planning, management, and research by revealing characteristics of vegetation across a city. Urban tree cover in the United States ranges from 0.4% in Lancaster, California, to 55% in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Two important factors that affect the amount of urban tree cover are the natural environment and land use. Urban tree cover is highest in cities that developed in naturally forested areas (31%), followed by grassland cities (19%) and desert cities (10%), but showed wide variation based on individual city characteristics. Tree cover ranged from 15 to 55% for cities in forested areas, 5 to 39% for those in grassland areas, and 0.4 to 26% for cities developed in desert regions, Park and residential lands along with vacant lands in forested areas generally have the highest tree cover among different land uses. Methods of measuring urban tree cover are presented as are planning and management implications of tree-cover data. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,USDA,US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,DEPT HORT,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Nowak, DJ (reprint author), SUNY COLL ENVIRONM SCI & FORESTRY,USDA FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,5 MOON LIB,SYRACUSE,NY 13210, USA. NR 33 TC 128 Z9 145 U1 3 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 1 BP 49 EP 57 DI 10.1016/S0169-2046(96)00324-6 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA VY977 UT WOS:A1996VY97700004 ER PT J AU Harmon, KM Wesley, IV AF Harmon, KM Wesley, IV TI Identification of Arcobacter isolates by PCR SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAMPYLOBACTER; NOV AB A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the identification of the three species of Arcobacter which have been recovered from clinically ill or healthy humans and/or livestock, namely Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter skirrowii and Arcobacter cryaerophilus. The assay utilizes primers targeted to the genes encoding 16S rRNA of Arcobacter spp. The assay reduces the amount of time required to positively identify strains of Arcobacter. RP Harmon, KM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ENTER DIS & FOOD SAFETY RES,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 10 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 23 IS 4 BP 241 EP 244 DI 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1996.tb00074.x PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VN851 UT WOS:A1996VN85100009 PM 8987697 ER PT J AU Gardner, HW Simpson, TD Hamberg, M AF Gardner, HW Simpson, TD Hamberg, M TI Mechanism of linoleic acid hydroperoxide reaction with alkali SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACID AB Treatment of (13S,9Z,11E)-13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid (13S-HPODE) with strong alkali resulted in the formation of about 75% of the corresponding hydroxy acid, (13S,9Z,11E)-13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid (13S-HODE), and the remaining 25% of products was a mixture of several oxidized fatty acids, the majority of which was formed from (9Z,11R,S,12S,R)-13-oxo-11,12-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid by Favorskii rearrangement (Gardner, H.W., et al. (1993) Lipids 28, 487-495). In the present work, isotope experiments were completed in order to get further information about the initial steps of the alkali-promoted decomposition of 13S-HPODE. 1. Reaction of [hydroperoxy-O-18(2)]13S-HPODE with 5 M KOH resulted in the formation of [hydroxy-O-18]13S-HODE and [epoxy-O-18](9Z,11R,S,12S,R)-13-oxo-11,12-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid; 2. treatment of a mixture of [U-C-14]13S-HODE and [hydroperoxy-O-18(2)]13S-HPODE with KOH and analysis of the reaction product by radio-TLC showed that 13S-HODE was stable under the reaction conditions and did not serve as precursor of other products; 3. reaction of a mixture of [U-C-14]13-oxo-9,11-octadecadienoic acid (13-OODE) and [hydroperoxy-O-18(2)]13S-HPODE with KOH resulted in the formation of [U-C-14-epoxy-O-18] (9Z,11R,S,12S,R)-13-oxo-11,12-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid; 4. treatment of a mixture of [hydroperoxy-O-18(2)]13S-HPODE and [carboxyl-O-18(1)]13S-HPODE with KOH afforded (9Z,11R,S,12S,R)-13-oxo-11,12-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid having an O-18-labeling pattern which was in agreement with its formation by intermolecular epoxidation. It was concluded that (9Z,11R,S,12S,R)-13-oxo-11,12-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid is formed from 13S-HPODE by a sequence involving initial dehydration into the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone, 13-OODE, followed by epoxidation of the Delta(11) double bond of this compound by the peroxyl anion of a second molecule of 13S-HPODE. Rapid conversion of hydroperoxides by alkali appeared to require the presence of an alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone intermediate as an oxygen acceptor. This was supported by experiments with a saturated hydroperoxide, methyl 12-hydroperoxyoctadecanoate, which was found to be much more resistant to alkali-promoted conversion than 13S-HPODE. C1 KAROLINSKA INST,DEPT MED BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,S-17177 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. RP Gardner, HW (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD OCT PY 1996 VL 31 IS 10 BP 1023 EP 1028 DI 10.1007/BF02522458 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA VL907 UT WOS:A1996VL90700002 PM 8898300 ER PT J AU Selgrade, JF Roberds, JH AF Selgrade, JF Roberds, JH TI Lumped-density population models of pioneer-climax type and stability analysis of Hopf bifurcations (vol 135, pg 1, 1994) SO MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Correction, Addition C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA,FOREST SERV SO RES SEN,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Selgrade, JF (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MATH,BOX 8205,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0025-5564 J9 MATH BIOSCI JI Math. Biosci. PD OCT 1 PY 1996 VL 137 IS 1 BP 74 EP & DI 10.1016/S0025-5564(96)00113-7 PG 5 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA VH261 UT WOS:A1996VH26100004 ER PT J AU Thomas, M Fiatarone, MA Fielding, RA AF Thomas, M Fiatarone, MA Fielding, RA TI Leg power in young women: Relationship to body composition, strength, and function SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE one repetition maximum; resistance training; maximal gait velocity; habitual gait velocity ID WINGATE ANAEROBIC TEST; MUSCLE STRENGTH; PERFORMANCE; VELOCITY; RELIABILITY; SPECIFICITY; HYPERTROPHY; EXTENSION; VALIDITY; OUTPUT AB The ability to generate high forces at high velocity (pou er) is an important component of physiologic reserve for both athletic performance and functional capacity. A comparison was made between different laboratory methods and field tests designed to evaluate leg power. Nineteen young healthy untrained women participated in this study. Maximum power during the double leg press (KP) occurred between 56-78% of the one repetition maximum (1-RM) and averaged (404 +/- 22 W). Rank-ordered correlation showed an association between KP and another measure of leg power measured on the leg extensor power rig (LR) when expressed per kg LBM (Rho = 0.565, P < 0.016). KP was also related to the 1-RM achieved on the double leg press (R(2) = 0.584, P < 0.001). The KP test also correlated with the vertical jump (R(2) = 0.538, P < 0.004) and maximal power output during the Wingate anaerobic power test (R(2) = 0.299, P < 0.015). However, double leg press power was not related to time to run 40 yards (R(2) = 0.020, P < 0.573) or maximal gait velocity (R(2) = 0.136, P < 0.121). These results suggest that maximal power during the double leg press occurs at a higher percentage of maximal strength than previously reported. Double leg press power was related to vertical jump performance, validating this field test as a measure of leg muscle power in young women. C1 BOSTON UNIV,SARGENT COLL ALLIED HLTH PROFESS,DEPT HLTH SCI,BOSTON,MA 02215. TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,HUMAN PHYSIOL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 32 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 28 IS 10 BP 1321 EP 1326 DI 10.1097/00005768-199610000-00017 PG 6 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA VM734 UT WOS:A1996VM73400017 PM 8897391 ER PT J AU Siegel, RD Cupples, A Schaefer, EJ Wilson, PWF AF Siegel, RD Cupples, A Schaefer, EJ Wilson, PWF TI Lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and low-density lipoprotein size among diabetics in the framingham offspring study SO METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LA English DT Article ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; MENOPAUSAL STATUS; IDDM PATIENTS; PLASMA; CHOLESTEROL; SUBFRACTIONS; TRIGLYCERIDE; IDENTIFICATION; DYSLIPIDEMIA AB Diabetes mellitus has been shown to be associated with lipid abnormalities. Prior studies have indicated that women with diabetes have a risk of coronary heart disease similar to that of men. We compared lipid parameters in diabetic and nondiabetic participants in cycle 3 of the Framingham Offspring Study. Values for plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, lipoprotein, cholesterol, apolipoprotein (ape) A1, B, apo and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size were analyzed in 174 diabetic and 3,757 nondiabetic subjects. Data from a total of 2,025 men and 2,042 women participating in the third examination (1983 to 1987) of the Framingham Offspring Study were subjected to statistical analysis. Male and female diabetics showed lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, higher triglycerides, higher very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, lower ape A1, and higher LDL particle scores, indicating smaller size, than nondiabetics. Female diabetics also showed significantly higher TC and ape B values than nondiabetics. The results remained statistically significant after controlling for obesity and menopausal status. The presence of small dense LDL particles (pattern B) was highly associated with diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia in both sexes, and the relative odds for pattern B remained significant in women but not in men after adjustment for age and hypertriglyceridemia. No differences in apo E isoform distribution were found for diabetics and nondiabetics. Diabetes was not associated with elevated LDL cholesterol levels. In conclusion, diabetics have lower HDL cholesterol and higher triglyceride levels and are more likely to have small dense LDL particles. Diabetes is not a secondary cause of elevated LDL cholesterol. Lipid screening of diabetics should include full quantification of lipids for proper assessment of potential atherosclerotic risk. Copyright (C) 1996 by W.B. Saunders Company C1 TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DIV ENDOCRINOL DIABET METAB & MOL MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. BOSTON UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB CTR,BOSTON,MA. FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HV83-03, HL39326]; PHS HHS [N01-4C-38038] NR 38 TC 93 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0026-0495 J9 METABOLISM JI Metab.-Clin. Exp. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 45 IS 10 BP 1267 EP 1272 DI 10.1016/S0026-0495(96)90246-2 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VK866 UT WOS:A1996VK86600013 PM 8843183 ER PT J AU Burdsall, HH Volk, TJ Ammirati, JF AF Burdsall, HH Volk, TJ Ammirati, JF TI Bridgeoporus, a new genus to accommodate Oxyporus nobilissimus (Basidiomycotina, Polyporaceae) SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article AB The new genus Bridgeoporus is proposed to accommodate Oxyporus nobilissimus W.B. Cooke. Bridgeoporus is associated with a brown rot of wood, as opposed to the superficially similar genera Oxyporus and Rigidoporus, which are associated with white rot. Bridgeoporus lacks clamp connections at the septa, is monomitic, possesses pseudocystidia, and has a unique configuration of fascicles of hyphae making up the upper surface of its pileus. This combination of characters is found in no previously described genus. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT BOT,SEATTLE,WA 98195. RP Burdsall, HH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,USDA,CTR FOREST MYCOL RES,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 60 BP 387 EP 395 PG 9 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA VZ178 UT WOS:A1996VZ17800030 ER PT J AU Larsen, MJ Harvey, AE Powers, R Jurgensen, MF AF Larsen, MJ Harvey, AE Powers, R Jurgensen, MF TI A new species of Botryobasidium (Corticiaceae, Aphyllophorales) inhabiting the interiors of brown rotted logs of ponderosa pine SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article DE Botryobasidium ponderosum; B-medium; B-subcoronatum; Haplotrichum anamorph; California; ponderosa pine AB Botryobasidium ponderosum is described as a new species associated with a Haplotrichum anamorph. Basidiomata of this fungus were found in the interior of brown rotted logs of Pinus ponderosa. The new species is similar in some respects to B. medium and B. subcoronatum. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC SW RES STN,REDDING,CA. MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & WOOD PROD,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. RP Larsen, MJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,INTERMOUNTAIN RES STN,MOSCOW,ID, USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 60 BP 429 EP 432 PG 4 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA VZ178 UT WOS:A1996VZ17800033 ER PT J AU Rousi, M Mattson, WJ Tahvanainen, J Koike, T Uotila, I AF Rousi, M Mattson, WJ Tahvanainen, J Koike, T Uotila, I TI Growth and hare resistance of birches: Testing defense theories SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID NORTH TEMPERATE FORESTS; BETULA-PENDULA; MOUNTAIN HARE; MAMMALS; PLANTS; DAMAGE; HERBIVORY; EVOLUTION; WILLOW AB We tested resistance to the hare (Lepus timidus) of one-year-old seedlings of ten birch (Betula) species showing different life history strategies. Also, we tested the effect of fertilization and shading on the resistance and growth of eight species, including several geographic origins of some. Resistance varied substantially and consistently among the ten birch species, both in field and in cafeteria experiments. Three species exhibited high resistance (B. ermanii, B. platyphylla, and B. resinifera), and six high susceptibility (B. alleghaniensis, B. grossa, B. maximowicziana, B. papyrifera, B. pubescens and B. schmidtii). B. pendula exhibited substantial variation in resistance among individuals and origins. Inherently fast-growing species showed a strong response to fertilization. Growth rate was not related to resistance/susceptibility at the species level. Fertilization significantly lowered the apparent resistance of two of the three resistant species (B. resinifera was invariant), but did not change the susceptible species. Shading substantially decreased seedling mass at high, but not at low nutrient levels, and generally had only a minor effect on resistance. The resistance of B. pendula and B. platyphylla seedlings from different geographic origins varied significantly, but growth and resistance of these seedlings were not related. There was no significant difference in resistance between the easternmost of the western Siberian and the Finnish origins of B. pendula, nor was there any east-west (55 degrees-78 degrees E longitude) clinal trend in its resistance. The resistance of progeny from fast growing Finnish B. pendula families (''plus'' trees) was similar to that of randomly selected forest origins From Finland and western Siberia. Resistance and growth were not related in this comparison either. These results emphasize the great genetic and phenotypic Variability both within and among birch species but lend little support for the hypothesis predicting a trade-off between growth and hare defense investments in one-year-old birch seedlings. C1 US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,E LANSING,MI 48823. UNIV JOENSUU,DEPT BIOL,FIN-80101 JOENSUU,FINLAND. HOKKAIDO RES CTR,FORESTRY & FOREST PROD RES INST,SAPPORO,HOKKAIDO 062,JAPAN. RP Rousi, M (reprint author), FINNISH FOREST RES INST,PUNKAHARJU RES STN,FIN-58450 PUNKAHARJU,FINLAND. NR 46 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD OCT PY 1996 VL 77 IS 1 BP 20 EP 30 DI 10.2307/3545581 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VQ986 UT WOS:A1996VQ98600003 ER PT J AU Lang, RF Story, JM Piper, GL AF Lang, RF Story, JM Piper, GL TI Establishment of Larinus minutus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) for biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed in the western United States SO PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Insecta; biological control; weed; Larinus; Centaurea AB Larinus minutus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a capitulum-infesting natural enemy of diffuse and spotted knapweed (Centaurea diffusa Lamarck and C. maculosa Lamarck) (Asteraceae). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine personnel and research collaborators released 13,791 adults from 1991 to 1993 for the biological control of these knapweeds. Weevil establishment was confirmed in Montana in 1992, and in Washington and Wyoming in 1993. Redistribution began in 1994 from one site each in Montana, Washington, and Wyoming. As of 1994, L. minutus had also been released in Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon, and Utah for a total of seven states and 24 counties. RP Lang, RF (reprint author), MONTANA STATE UNIV,USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,BOZEMAN,MT 59717, USA. NR 6 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOL SOC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA CALIFORNIA ACAD OF SCIENCES GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 SN 0031-0603 J9 PAN-PAC ENTOMOL JI Pan-Pacific Entomol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 72 IS 4 BP 209 EP 212 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VJ903 UT WOS:A1996VJ90300004 ER PT J AU Ahuja, LR Ma, QL Rojas, KW Boesten, JJTI Farahani, HJ AF Ahuja, LR Ma, QL Rojas, KW Boesten, JJTI Farahani, HJ TI A field test of root zone water quality model - Pesticide and bromide behavior SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE modelling; cranazine; metribuzin; soil water ID TRANSPORT; SOIL AB The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) is a process-based model developed recently by USDA-ARS scientists. The model integrates physical, chemical and biological processes to simulate the fate and movement of water and agrochemicals over and through the root zone at a representative point in a field with various management practices. The model was evaluated using field data for the movement of water and bromide, and the transformation and transport of cyanazine and metribuzin in the soil profile. The model reasonably simulated soil water and bromide movement. Pesticide persistence was predicted reasonably well using a two-site sorption model that assumes a rate-limited (i.e. long-term) adsorption-desorption process with the additional assumption of negligible degradation of inter-aggregate adsorbed pesticides. C1 PESTICIDE RES INST,NL-6700 AR WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. RP Ahuja, LR (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB E,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 12 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 48 IS 2 BP 101 EP 108 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA VM806 UT WOS:A1996VM80600001 ER PT J AU Mulbry, WW DelValle, PL Karns, JS AF Mulbry, WW DelValle, PL Karns, JS TI Biodegradation of the organophosphate insecticide coumaphos in highly contaminated soils and in liquid wastes SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pesticide; coumaphos; bioremediation; wastewater; ticks; biofilter ID CATTLE-DIPPING VATS; ENZYME; DIP AB Approximately 400000 litres of cattle dip wastes containing approximately 1500 mg litre(-1) of the organophosphate insecticide coumaphos are generated yearly along the Mexican border from a USDA program designed to control disease-carrying cattle ticks. Use of unlined evaporation pits for the disposal of these wastes has resulted in highly contaminated soils underlying these sites. Previous work has shown that microbial consortia present in selected dip wastes can be induced to mineralize coumaphos. Our results demonstrate that similar microbial consortia are present in coumaphos-contaminated soils from eight waste sites and that these organisms are capable of mineralizing coumaphos in these soils using soil slurries to less than 1 mg litre(-1) in 7-10 days at 28 degrees C. In addition, our results show that these consortia are able to colonize pea gravel in trickling gravel filters and can be used in these filters to metabolize coumaphos from dip wastes to less than 0 . 1 mg litre(-1) in 7-10 days at 28 degrees C. These simple systems offer potential low cost means to detoxify coumaphos-containing wastes and to bioremediate soils contaminated with this organophosphate compound. RP Mulbry, WW (reprint author), USDA ARS,SOIL MICROBIAL SYST LAB,BLDG 050,ROOM 100,BARC W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 47 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 48 IS 2 BP 149 EP 155 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199610)48:2<149::AID-PS453>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA VM806 UT WOS:A1996VM80600007 ER PT J AU Johnson, RM Pepperman, AB AF Johnson, RM Pepperman, AB TI Leaching of alachlor from alginate-encapsulated controlled-release formulations SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE herbicide; groundwater; mobility; linseed oil ID STARCH-ENCAPSULATION; SOIL; METRIBUZIN; ATRAZINE; MOBILITY; TEMPERATURE; ADSORPTION; HERBICIDES AB The mobility of alachlor from alginate-encapsulated controlled-release (CR) formulations was investigated in two contrasting soil profiles. Two CR formulations of alachlor were prepared with the following components (1) base-sodium alginate + kaolin + 'Tween' 20(R) (1 + 10 + 0 . 5 by mass) and (2) base + 40 g kg(-1) linseed oil. These were compared to technical grade alachlor and to a commercial alachlor EC formulation ('Lasso' 4EC). All herbicide treatments were labeled with [C-14]alachlor and were applied to duplicate soil columns that were composed of a surface and a subsoil horizon. Each horizon was packed to a depth of 12 . 5 cm, giving a total column length of 25 cm. The columns were leached with 21 cm (420 ml) to 30 cm (600 ml) of 0 . 01 M calcium chloride for a period of 7 to 10 days. Alachlor leaching from the EC formulations was the same as that from the technical material in both soils: 33% in the Evesboro and 10% in the Conover soil. The CR-Oil formulation leached 4 and 2% of the applied [C-14]alachlor, compared to 12 and 3% for the CR-N formulation for the Evesboro and Conover soils, respectively. The CR-Oil formulation also increased the amount of [C-14]alachlor retained in the soil surface horizon (105-114%), compared to CR-N (39-45%), technical material (14-23%) and EC (12-17%). RP Johnson, RM (reprint author), USDA ARS, SO REG RES CTR, POB 19687, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70179 USA. NR 32 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 48 IS 2 BP 157 EP 164 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199610)48:2<157::AID-PS454>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA VM806 UT WOS:A1996VM80600008 ER PT J AU Reddy, KN Locke, MA AF Reddy, KN Locke, MA TI Imazaquin spray retention, foliar washoff and runoff losses under simulated rainfall SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE imazaquin; adjuvant; rainfall; runoff; spray retention; foliar washoff ID TILTED-BED SIMULATION; AGRICULTURAL FIELDS; CHEMICAL RUNOFF; EFFICACY; GLYPHOSATE; EROSION; WATER; RAINFASTNESS; JOHNSONGRASS; NORFLURAZON AB Spray retention and foliar washoff of imazaquin in smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.) and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby) were investigated. Imazaquin (70 g AI ha(-1)) was applied alone, with nonionic surfactant 'X-77' or organosilicone-based nonionic surfactant 'Kinetic' to plants at two- to five-leaf stage and subjected to 2 . 5 cm rainfall in 20 min either 1 or 24 h after application. Imazaquin spray retention was higher with adjuvants than without. Retention was similar between adjuvants in smooth pigweed but 'Kinetic' retained twice as much imazaquin as 'X-77' in sicklepod. Rainfall 1 h after application washed off three-quarters of foliar residues regardless of plant species or adjuvant. However, at 24 h after application, foliar washoff was lowest with 'Kinetic' followed by 'X-77' in both species. Imazaquin washoff ranged from 33 to 88% in the two species at 24 h after application. Overall, imazaquin activity was similar with either adjuvant in smooth pigweed but 'Kinetic' was more effective than 'X-77' in sicklepod. Runoff losses from the surface of a Bosket sandy loam (Mollic Hapludalfs) soil in runoff trays (1 . 2% slope) were also studied. Imazaquin was applied as above to trays with and without smooth pigweed canopy. A 2 . 5-cm rainfall was applied in 20 min at 24 h after application. Runoff samples collected in one-litre fractions were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sediment (but not water) in runoff was greatly reduced (56%) by pigweed cover as compared to bare trays. Imazaquin in the first litre of runoff was higher than in subsequent runoff fractions regardless of pigweed cover. Total imazaquin lost in runoff was higher in pigweed cover (23%) than bare trays (16% of applied). Imazaquin concentration in 10-20 cm soil depth in pigweed cover trays was higher than in bare trays. These results suggest that imazaquin is vulnerable to foliar washoff and the herbicide washed off could move in the aqueous phase due to shorter contact time with soil for sorption. RP Reddy, KN (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,POB 350,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 32 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 48 IS 2 BP 179 EP 187 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199610)48:2<179::AID-PS457>3.0.CO;2-M PG 9 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA VM806 UT WOS:A1996VM80600011 ER PT J AU Lester, GE Whitaker, BD AF Lester, GE Whitaker, BD TI Gamma-ray-induced changes in hypodermal mesocarp tissue plasma membrane of pre- and post-storage muskmelon SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE Cucumis melo; gamma irradiation; H+-ATPase; muskmelon; phospholipids; plasma membrane; post-harvest; senescence; sterols; steryl glycosides ID MICROSOMAL-MEMBRANES; IONIZING-RADIATION; FOOD IRRADIATION; FREE-RADICALS; H+-ATPASE; FRUIT; ETHYLENE; RESPIRATION; CAULIFLOWER; SENESCENCE AB Gamma irradiation (1.0 kGy) of intact, newly harvested, mature muskmelon fruit (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naud.) appears to have an immediate deleterious effect, but also a long-term beneficial effect, on the integrity and function of the plasma membrane (PM) of hypodermal mesocarp tissue. The initial consequences of gamma irradiation included an increase in the free sterol:phospholipid ratio, resulting at least in part from deglycosylation of steryl glycosides, a decrease in the spinasterol:7-stigmastenol ratio in each of the PM steryl lipids (free sterols, steryl glycosides, and acylated steryl glycosides), and a decrease in H+-ATPase activity. Irradiation did not increase protein loss, suggesting that the decrease in H+-ATPase activity resulted from either direct inactivation of the enzyme or altered PM ordering caused by the steryl lipid modifications. The long-term beneficial effects of irradiation, observed following 10 days of commercial storage, included greater retention of total PM protein, a diminished decline in total PM phospholipids (PL) and in the PL:protein ratio, and maintenance of greater overall H+-ATPase activity (activity was the same as in controls on a per mg protein basis, but there was > 30% more protein in the PM of stored irradiated fruit). These results indicate that 1 kGy gamma irradiation administered prior to storage slowes the progression of two key parameters of senescence, PM protein loss and PL catabolism. C1 USDA ARS,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,WESLACO,TX 78596. NR 32 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 98 IS 2 BP 265 EP 270 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1996.980207.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VP356 UT WOS:A1996VP35600007 ER PT J AU Anttonen, S Sutinen, ML Heagle, AS AF Anttonen, S Sutinen, ML Heagle, AS TI Ultrastructure and some plasma membrane characteristics of ozone-exposed loblolly pine needles SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE ATPase activity; loblolly pine; ozone; phospholipid fatty acids; Pinus taeda; plasmalemma; ultrastructure; visible injury ID OPEN-TOP CHAMBERS; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; ABIES L KARST; ATPASE ACTIVITY; NORWAY SPRUCE; FATTY-ACIDS; BEAN-LEAVES; SEEDLINGS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; INHIBITION AB Tropospheric ozone is a widespread and phytotoxic air pollutant in the industrialized world and causes reduced growth in many tree species. It is therefore important that, for example, the responses of the economically important loblolly pine to ozone are determined thoroughly. The objective of the study was to determine changes in ultrastructure, the vanadate-sensitive ATPase activity of the plasma membrane, the fatty acids of plasma membrane phospholipids, visible injury, and growth in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) needles exposed to different concentrations of ozone in open-top chambers. The treatments were charcoal filtered air (CF), nonfiltered air (NF), or NF-air with ozone added for 12 h daily at 1.5- or 2-fold ambient ozone concentrations from May to October, 1993. Visible injury was more severe in the high than in the low ozone treatments. Growth of needles of the first flush of 1993 was significantly reduced in the highest ozone treatment. Two types of ultrastructural injury, characterized as either acute or chronic, were observed in mesophyll cells under elevated ozone. The acute injury lead to cell collapse and death. The chronic injury, characterized by several symptoms, e.g. decreased chloroplast size and increased density of the stroma, was also found in the NF ozone treatment. Increased density of chloroplast stroma and swelling of thylakoids were transient symptoms, suggesting partial recovery as ozone concentrations decreased in fall. Ozone induced decreases in the specific activity of vanadate-sensitive ATPase of plasmalemma and in the degree of unsaturation in phospholipid fatty acids. The detected reduced needle growth, ultrastructural injury and perturbations in the function and composition of the plasma membrane indicate susceptibility of loblolly pine to ozone. Changes in the plasma membrane phospholipids may have contributed to the decrease in ATPase activity. Injury to the key enzyme of the plasma membrane can directly affect intracellular processes. In the long-term, decreased viability of needles can lead to reductions in loblolly pine productivity. C1 FINNISH FOREST RES INST,ROVANIEMI RES STN,ROVANIEMI,FINLAND. USDA ARS,AIR QUAL RES PROGRAM,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Anttonen, S (reprint author), UNIV KUOPIO,DEPT ECOL & ENVIRONM SCI,POB 1627,FIN-70211 KUOPIO,FINLAND. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 6 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 98 IS 2 BP 309 EP 319 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1996.980212.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VP356 UT WOS:A1996VP35600012 ER PT J AU ONeill, NR AF ONeill, NR TI Defense expression in protected tissues of Medicago sativa is enhanced during compatible interactions with Colletotrichum trifolii SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hypersensitive response; induced defense response; lucerne; race specificity; resistance mechanism ID ALFALFA ISOFLAVONE REDUCTASE; CELL-SUSPENSION CULTURES; INDUCED RESISTANCE; STRESS RESPONSES; RACE-2 ANTHRACNOSE; ACCUMULATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; ELICITOR; PHYTOALEXINS; PTEROCARPAN AB The defense response to anthracnose, induced in alfalfa by avirulent Colletotrichum trifolii race 1, was further enhanced following challenge by a virulent race of C. trifolii. Rapid, significant increases in the phytoalexins medicarpin, sativan, vestitol, and coumestrol were observed in cotyledons protected from anthracnose by inoculation with race 1 and challenge-inoculated 24 h later with race 2. Sativan and medicarpin levels were significantly greater than quantities accumulating in protected, nonchallenged tissues or in. tissues both protected and challenged by the incompatible race 1. Inoculation of nonprotected tissues with the compatible race did not induce protection, nor did the tissues accumulate significant quantifies of phytoalexins. The rapid increase in phytoalexin accumulation following challenge-inoculation of protected tissues with a compatible race was correlated with increased hypersensitive browning and the absence of disease lesions, acervuli, and secondary spores. The degree of disease protection from challenge-inoculation by race 2 was dependent upon the spore density of race 1 inducing-inoculum. Full protection from race 2 infection required inducing race 1 inducing-inoculum densities ranging from 1 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(6) spores per milliliter. These spore densities resulted in significant phytoalexin accumulation following race 2 challenge. The most virulent isolates of race 2 caused the greatest increase in concentrations of medicarpin, sativan, vestitol, and coumestrol. These results suggest that protection may not be solely a result of defense activation in response to inoculation by an avirulent race. The induction phase may serve to facilitate an enhanced defense expression upon challenge by a virulent race. The protected plant responds rapidly and specifically to challenge by the compatible fungus. RP ONeill, NR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1996 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1045 EP 1050 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-1045 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VJ918 UT WOS:A1996VJ91800006 ER PT J AU Wells, JM Sapers, GM Fett, WF Butterfield, JE Jones, JB Bouzar, H Miller, FC AF Wells, JM Sapers, GM Fett, WF Butterfield, JE Jones, JB Bouzar, H Miller, FC TI Postharvest discoloration of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii, P-'reactans', and P-'gingeri' SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fatty acids ID WHITE LINE; IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIA; SYSTEM AB A postharvest discoloration of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus in Pennsylvania was associated with three pathotypes of fluorescent pseudomonads. Pathotype A strains caused pitted, dark-brown blotches on mushroom caps, formed precipitates in agar ('white line' reactions) with Pseudomonas tolaasii strain ATCC 14340 (reclassified as P. 'reactans'), were phenotypically like P. fluorescens biovar V, and fit descriptions of P. tolaasii, Pathotype B strains caused pitted, yellow-brown, sometimes slimy lesions on mushrooms, formed no 'white line' reactions, were phenotypically like P. fluorescens biovars III and V, and fit descriptions of P. 'gingeri'. Pathotype C strains caused mild, light-brown discoloration on mushrooms with little tissue collapse, formed 'white line' reactions with P. tolaasii ATTC 33618 (type strain), had P. fluorescens biovar III and V phenotypes, and fit descriptions of P. 'reactans'. Isolations from mushroom casing material yielded all pathotypes including both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of P. 'reactans' with distinguishing phenotypic or chemical characteristics. Cellular Fatty acid analysis suggested pathogenic strains of P. 'reactans' were more similar to P. tolaasii and P. 'gingeri' than to saprophytic strains of P. fluorescens, and nonpathogenic strains were more similar to saprophytic P. fluorescens than to P. tolaasii or P. 'gingeri'. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,GULF COAST RES & EDUC CTR,BRADENTON,FL 34203. SYLVAN FOODS INC,WORTHINGTON,PA 16262. RP Wells, JM (reprint author), ARS,USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 32 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1996 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1098 EP 1104 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-1098 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VJ918 UT WOS:A1996VJ91800013 ER PT J AU McLaughlin, MR Windham, GL AF McLaughlin, MR Windham, GL TI Effects of peanut stunt virus, Meloidogyne incognita, and drought on growth and persistence of white clover SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diseases losses; forage legumes; soilborne pathogens ID REGISTRATION; INFECTION; GERMPLASM; DISEASES; CLONES; YIELD AB Productivity and persistence of white clover (Trifolium repens) in the southeastern United States are limited by a complex of pathogens and environmental stresses including peanut stunt virus (PSV), root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita), and drought. Determining the separate and combined effects of these factors has been hampered by the rapid natural spread of PSV to noninoculated plants. Half-sib white clover plants with and without hypersensitive resistance to PSV were used to overcome this problem. Effects of PSV, M. incognita, and drought on clover growth and persistence in the field were measured using a factorial arrangement of treatments in a split-plot design in which half of the plots were irrigated to eliminate drought stress. Data were collected in 2 consecutive years on dry weight herbage yield, stolen density, leaf area, petiole length, seed production, nematode population density, rainfall, and soil moisture. Virus infection reduced cumulative herbage yield 14% in the first year and 24% in the second year. In the first year, irrigation increased cumulative herbage yield 5 and 13% in the presence and absence of M. incognita, respectively, compared with nonirrigated control plots without M. incognita. Cumulative herbage yield in drought-stressed plots was reduced 9% in the presence of M. incognita compared with nonirrigated control plots without M. incognita. In the second year, cumulative herbage yield in the absence of M. incognita was 54% higher in irrigated plots than in nonirrigated plots, while yield in nonirrigated plots was 17% lower in the presence of M. incognita. Clover persistence, as measured by stolen density, was reduced by PSV, M. incognita, and drought, but no interactions occurred. Reductions in persistence were most severe in M. incognita treatments, resulting in nearly complete loss of stands by the end of the second year. Virus infection reduced leaf area and petiole length in all treatments, but reductions were proportionately greater in irrigated plots. Nematode infestation generally reduced leaf area and petiole length, but the effect was less than that of PSV. Mean seed yields from 100 seed heads per plot were lower in nematode-infested plots, but slightly higher in nonirrigated plots and PSV-treated plots. Drought stress, M. incognita, and PSV acted independently in reducing forage productivity and persistence. RP McLaughlin, MR (reprint author), ARS,USDA,CROP SCI RES LAB,FORAGE RES UNIT,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1996 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1105 EP 1111 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-1105 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VJ918 UT WOS:A1996VJ91800014 ER PT J AU Chen, WD Gray, LE Grau, CR AF Chen, WD Gray, LE Grau, CR TI Molecular differentiation of fungi associated with brown stem rot and detection of Phialophora gregata in resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DNA isolation; molecular ecology; PCR primers; Plectoshaerella ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RIBOSOMAL DNA; POLYMORPHISMS; PATHOGENICITY; SYSTEMATICS; ALIGNMENT; DIAGNOSIS; GENOTYPES; GENUS AB A collection of 79 isolates of Phialophora gregata from soybean, mung bean, and adzuki bean obtained from several midwestern states, Brazil, and Japan was studied for intraspecific genetic variation in the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The Phialophora isolates also were compared with 16 isolates of Acremonium spp. isolated from soybean. All the isolates of P. gregata shared one unique banding pattern after restriction enzyme digestion of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the 5' end of the large subunit rDNA. Isolates of Acremonium spp. from soybean were clearly differentiated from P. gregata isolates. The ITS region of isolates representing various DNA groups, based on restriction digestion, were sequenced completely on both strands. The isolates of P. gregata from soybean from the United States and Brazil had identical ITS sequences. The ITS sequence of P. gregata isolated from adzuki bean from Japan was 98% similar to that of P. gregata from soybean. At least two groups of Acremonium spp. were associated with soybean brown stem rot, and one of the groups could be a Plectosproium sp., based on ITS sequence comparisons. Two PCR primers, BSR1 and BSR2, based on the ITS sequence, were designed specifically for P. gregata from soybean to detect the pathogen in infected plants. The specific primers were used in PCR to amplify a 483-bp DNA fragment in isolates of P. gregata from soybean and mung bean but not from P. gregata from adzuki bean at a specified annealing temperature. PCR with the specific primers did not detect the DNA fragment in Acremonium spp. or any other fungi tested, nor in soybean DNA. PCR experiments with mixed DNAs of P. gregata and Acremonium sp. showed that the specific primers were necessary to detect P. gregata in its natural habitats. PCR with the specific primers and the traditional isolation technique were used to detect P. gregata in artificially inoculated soybean cvs. BSR101 and Century, which are resistant and susceptible to brown stem rot, respectively. No differences were found in the infection and movement of the pathogen between the two soybean cultivars. The specific DNA fragment also was detected in naturally infected stems of soybean cvs. Bell, BSR101, Newton, and Sturdy collected from fields, and sequence analyses verified that these amplified fragments were from P. gregata. Results of PCR with specific primers confirmed field observations that cv. BSR101 may not be resistant to brown stem rot under certain conditions. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. ARS,USDA,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Chen, WD (reprint author), ILLINOIS NAT HIST SURVEY,607 E PEABODY DR,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820, USA. NR 35 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1996 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1140 EP 1148 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-1140 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VJ918 UT WOS:A1996VJ91800018 ER PT J AU Gallardo, M Jackson, LE Thompson, RB AF Gallardo, M Jackson, LE Thompson, RB TI Shoot and root physiological responses to localized zones of soil moisture in cultivated and wild lettuce (Lactuca spp) SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Lactuca sativa; Lactuca serriola; photosynthesis; root distribution; split-root system; stomatal conductance; water deficit; water relations; water use efficiency ID GAS-EXCHANGE; SERRIOLA L; FIELD; EFFICIENCY; NITROGEN; PRESSURE; PLANTS; LEAVES; WHEAT AB Cultivated crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) has a shallower root system than its wild relative, Lactuca serriola L. The effects of localized soil water, at depth, on plant water relations, gas exchange and root distribution were examined in the two species using soil columns with the soil hydraulically separated into two layers, at 0-20 cm and 20-80 cm, but permitting root growth between the layers. Three treatments were imposed on 7-week-old plants, and maintained for 4 weeks: (i) watering both layers to field capacity; (ii) drying the upper layer while watering the lower layer to field capacity, and (iii) drying both layers. Drying only 0-20 cm of soil had no effect on leaf water status, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance or biomass production in L. serriola compared to a well-watered control, but caused a short-term reduction (10 d) in leaf water status and photosynthesis in L. sativa that reduced final shoot production. The different responses may be explained by differences in root distribution, Just before the treatments commenced, L. serriola had 50% of total root length at 20-80 cm compared to 35% int. sativa, Allocation of total biomass to roots in L. serriola was approximately double that in L. sativa. The wild species could provide germplasm for cultivated lettuces to extract more soil water from depth, which may improve irrigation efficiency. C1 ARS,USDA,UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT VEGETABLE CROPS,SALINAS,CA 93905. RI Jackson, Louise/A-3562-2010; Thompson, Rodney/G-8950-2013; Gallardo, Marisa/C-3668-2015 OI Thompson, Rodney/0000-0002-9323-5911; Gallardo, Marisa/0000-0002-9031-8762 NR 30 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 19 IS 10 BP 1169 EP 1178 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00432.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VP186 UT WOS:A1996VP18600007 ER PT J AU Stommel, JR Goth, RW Haynes, KG Kim, SH AF Stommel, JR Goth, RW Haynes, KG Kim, SH TI Pepper (Capsicum annuum) soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp atroseptica SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE fruit decay; inoculation technique ID TUBERS; SOIL AB Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica caused soft rot of pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit in field plots at Beltsville, MD, in 1994. The pathogen was identified as E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica based on carbohydrate utilization and fatty acid profiles. This is the first report of a bacterial fruit rot of pepper caused by E. carotovora subsp, atroseptica. inoculation techniques were evaluated for reliable induction of pepper soft rot. Inoculation of puncture wounds provided more consistent lesion development than inoculation of Carborundum-induced abrasion wounds or nonwounded tissue. Significant differences in susceptibility of puncture-inoculated pepper genotypes to E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica-induced soft rots were noted. Virulence of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, E. carotovora subsp, carotovora, and E. chrysanthemi were compared at warm (23 degrees C) and cool (10 degrees C) temperatures. E. carotovora subsp. carotovora and E. chrysanthemi caused the greatest soft rot decay of pepper fruit at 23 degrees C. At 10 degrees C, fruits inoculated with E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica were the most severely affected, suggesting that E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica has the potential to cause significant postharvest decay losses during cool storage conditions. C1 PENN DEPT AGR,BUR PLANT IND,HARRISBURG,PA 17120. RP Stommel, JR (reprint author), ARS,USDA,VEGETABLE LAB,INST PLANT SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1109 EP 1112 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VH586 UT WOS:A1996VH58600005 ER PT J AU Smilanick, JL GouinBehe, CC Margosan, DA Bull, CT Mackey, BE AF Smilanick, JL GouinBehe, CC Margosan, DA Bull, CT Mackey, BE TI Virulence on citrus of Pseudomonas syringae strains that control postharvest green mold of citrus fruit SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID PATHOGENICITY; MORSPRUNORUM; CULTIVARS; CLUSTER; PLANTS; GENES; ROTS AB To determine if their commercial use would entail significant risk of introducing pathogens to citrus, Pseudomonas syringae strains (ESC-10 and ESC-11) used for postharvest biological control were compared with strain 485-10, which caused citrus black pit and blast. All three strains reduced postharvest green mold of lemons, caused by Penicillium digitatum. Properties of strains studied included tobacco hypersensitive reactions (HR), carbohydrate utilization (Biolog GN), cellular fatty acid profiles, and virulence. HR of ESC-10 and 485-10 were positive, while that of ESC-11 was negative. Carbohydrate utilization and cellular fatty acid analysis indicated ESC-10 was more closely related to 485-10 than was ESC-11. Shoots, leaves, and fruit of many cultivars were inoculated. Only strain 485-10 caused lesions on shoots and leaves, and large, sunken lesions an citrus fruit. ESC-10 caused darkening of wounds on fruit while water or ESC-11 did not. Only on lime fruit did all three strains cause lesions after the application of 10(8) CFU/ml, although those caused by ESC-10 and ESC-11 were very small compared with those of 485-10. Pathogenicity was detected and virulence was quantified faster by inoculation of lime fruit than by other methods. Strains ESC-10 and ESC-11 do not pose a significant threat to citrus fruit, foliage, or shoots of all varieties tested, except for Persian lime, in which small lesions were observed after the inoculation of wounds on lime fruit. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. ARS,USDA,BIOMETR UNIT,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Smilanick, JL (reprint author), HORT CROPS RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1123 EP 1128 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VH586 UT WOS:A1996VH58600008 ER PT J AU Webb, DH Nutter, FW Buxton, DR AF Webb, DH Nutter, FW Buxton, DR TI Effect of acid detergent lignin concentration in alfalfa leaves on three components of resistance to alfalfa rust SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE disease components ID CELL-WALL COMPOSITION; DISEASE RESISTANCE; DIGESTIBILITY; FORAGE; DEGRADABILITY; PEANUT; STEMS AB As plant breeders select alfalfa (Medicago sativa) genotypes for improved digestibility by ruminants, there may be an increased risk of yield losses due to plant disease. This is because increases in digestibility are often associated with a decrease in lignin content and lignin has been shown to play an important role in plant defense mechanisms against disease and pests. The method most often employed by public and private alfalfa-breeding programs to assess digestibility is acid detergent lignin (ADL) analysis. ADL concentration was determined for individual alfalfa plants from two different alfalfa populations. Plants representing a range of ADL concentrations within each population were arbitrarily selected, cloned, and used in experiments to quantify the relationship between leaf ADL concentration and components of resistance to Uromyces striatus, the causal agent of alfalfa rust. Three components of resistance were quantified: infection efficiency (pustules per cm(2)leaf area), latent period (the time from inoculation to when 50% of the pustules were visible), and sporulation capacity (the number of urediniospores produced per pustule). Although analysis of variance found significant differences among clones for infection efficiency, latent period, and sporulation capacity, regression analysis revealed little or no relationship between ADL concentration and components of alfalfa rust resistance. F statistics for regression equations and t statistics for slope parameters generally were not statistically significant and when these statistics were significant, coefficients of determination (r(2)) values indicated that ADL concentration explained only 23% or less of the variation in resistance components. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,ARS,USDA,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1184 EP 1188 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VH586 UT WOS:A1996VH58600020 ER PT J AU Albert, HH Schenck, S AF Albert, HH Schenck, S TI PCR amplification from a homolog of the bE mating-type gene as a sensitive assay for the presence of Ustilago scitaminea DNA SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SMUT FUNGI; MAYDIS; RESISTANCE; ALLELES; LOCUS AB Ustilago scitaminea, the causal agent of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) smut, has a bipolar mating system in that the haploid stage of the life cycle has sporidia of two mating types (designated plus and minus). Only haploid sporidia of complementary mating types can fuse to form the infectious, mycelial dikaryon. With the use of primers based on the U. maydis bE mating-type gene, DNA segments from sporidia were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified from both minus and plus mating types of U. scitaminea. These DNA fragments were sequenced and found to be approximately 70% identical in nucleotide sequence to the corresponding region of the bE gene in U. maydis and U. hordei. The mating behavior of U. scitaminea is similar to that of other bipolar Ustilago spp. This and the similarity in DNA sequence between the b genes suggests that mating-type genes of U. scitaminea are similar in structure and function to those of other Ustilago spp. previously studied. Use of one of the cloned fragments as a probe in Southern analysis of U. scitaminea revealed specific hybridization to single BamHI fragments of different sizes in the two mating types, confirming mating type-specific differences at this locus. Primers made to the cloned sequence have been used to amplify by PCR a DNA fragment of the predicted size from a 2,000:1 mixture of sugarcane and U. scitaminea dikaryon DNA. C1 USDA ARS,PACIFIC BASIN AREA,AIEA,HI 96701. NR 21 TC 27 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1189 EP 1192 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VH586 UT WOS:A1996VH58600021 ER PT J AU Baudoin, ABAM Bruckart, WL AF Baudoin, ABAM Bruckart, WL TI Population dynamics and spread of Puccinia carduorum in the eastern United States SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID MUSK THISTLE; CARDUUS; CURCULIONIDAE; TENUIFLORUS; COLEOPTERA AB Puccinia carduorum was first introduced into western Virginia in 1987 for biological control of musk thistle (Carduus thoermeri). The pathogen's distribution was surveyed in 1992; it had spread to South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, southeast Indiana, Maryland, and Delaware, some points more than 500 km from the release site. In 1994, it was found west of the Mississippi River in north central Missouri. Population development of the rust was monitored in several natural musk thistle stands in 1991 and 1992. Average pustule numbers per leaf were 0 to 0.7 in early May during early stem elongation, 0 to 17 (1991) and 8 to 52 (1992) at seed ripening in late June and early July as old plants died, 0.2 to 2.5 on young rosettes in September and October, and declining to near 0 by early December. Germinability of urediniospores from green tissue ranged from 10 to 88% (mean 51%) from May to October, with no significant seasonal trend. Teliospores were present on dead plants in late July and August but did not become prevalent on young rosettes until October and November. Latent periods (days from inoculation to first open pustule) on plants in the field were 13 to 14 days for inoculations in late April and early May, 8 days in June, 17 days in early October, and about 25 days in late October. C1 ARS,FOREIGN DIS WEED SCI RES UNIT,USDA,FT DETRICK,MD 21702. RP Baudoin, ABAM (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL PHYSIOL & WEED SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1193 EP 1196 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VH586 UT WOS:A1996VH58600022 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Achenbach, LA AF Gray, LE Achenbach, LA TI Severity of foliar symptoms and root and crown rot of soybean inoculated with various isolates and inoculum rates of Fusarium solani SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SUDDEN-DEATH SYNDROME; CULTIVAR; PATHOGENICITY; ENVIRONMENT; GREENHOUSE; RESISTANCE; FIELD AB Soybean plants (cvs. Spencer and Ripley) were grown in Cone-Tainers infested with different rates of sudden death syndrome (SDS) isolates of Fusarium solani. Soil inoculum rate significantly affected severity of root rot and percent leaflets of inoculated plants with SDS symptoms with isolate Mont-1. Leaf symptoms of SDS on Ripley were significantly less than on Spencer. When SDS isolate Cora-7 was used, only the soil inoculum rate was significant for percent leaflets with SDS symptoms and root rot severity. Nine SDS fungal isolates differed in the amount of root rot and severity of leaf symptoms that they produced on inoculated Spencer and Ripley plants. C1 SO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,CARBONDALE,IL 62901. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ARS,USDA,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 12 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1197 EP 1199 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VH586 UT WOS:A1996VH58600023 ER PT J AU Howell, WE Mink, GI Hurtt, SS Fuster, JA Postman, JD AF Howell, WE Mink, GI Hurtt, SS Fuster, JA Postman, JD TI Select Malus clones for rapid detection of apple stem grooving virus SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Highly sensitive, rapidly reacting woody plant indicator clones were found when 201 Malus clones were screened for response to apple stem grooving virus (ASGV). A clone of M. micromalus (GMAL 273.a) displayed diagnostic foliage symptoms within 2 to 4 weeks of bud-inoculation in the greenhouse. Clones of M. yunnanensis (GMAL 2342) and M. tschonoskii (GMAL 1834) expressed diagnostic symptoms after 6 to 8 weeks. This is in contrast to the 6 to 8 months frequently required for reliable ASGV reactions to appear on inoculated plants of Virginia Crab (Malus domestica), the currently recommended ASGV indicator, grown under the same conditions. When Virginia Crab and the three Malus selections were screened in two separate years with 19 ASGV isolates from diverse geographic origins, foliar symptoms were produced most consistently on M. micromalus GMAL 273.a and least consistently on Virginia Crab. M. micromalus GMAL 273.a is superior to Virginia Crab as a rapid woody plant indicator for ASGV. C1 ARS,USDA,NATL GERMPLASM RESOURCES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. APHIS,USDA,PPQ,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NATL CLONAL GERMPLASM REPOSITORY,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Howell, WE (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,PROSSER,WA 99350, USA. NR 6 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1200 EP 1202 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VH586 UT WOS:A1996VH58600024 ER PT J AU Ykema, RE Palm, ME Peterson, GL AF Ykema, RE Palm, ME Peterson, GL TI First report of karnal bunt of wheat in the United States. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 APHIS,USDA,PPQ,NOGALES,AZ 85621. APHIS,USDA,PPQ,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. ARS,USDA,FREDERICK,MD 21702. RP Ykema, RE (reprint author), ARIZONA DEPT AGR,AGR STAT LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85009, USA. NR 1 TC 58 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1207 EP 1207 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VH586 UT WOS:A1996VH58600027 ER PT J AU Yokomi, RK Garnsey, SM Stansly, PA AF Yokomi, RK Garnsey, SM Stansly, PA TI Quick decline symptoms confirm presence of citrus tristeza virus decline isolates in Puerto Rico SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 UNIV FLORIDA,IMMOKALEE,FL 33934. RP Yokomi, RK (reprint author), ARS,USDA,HORT RES LAB,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1207 EP 1207 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VH586 UT WOS:A1996VH58600026 ER PT J AU Bashir, M Hampton, RO AF Bashir, M Hampton, RO TI Identification of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivars and lines immune to variants of blackeye cowpea mosaic potyvirus SO PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHITE ACRE-BVR; VIRUSES; RESISTANCE; GERMPLASM AB Fifty-one cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivars and lines were tested by mechanical inoculation against seven geographically and pathogenically diverse isolates of blackeye cowpea mosaic potyvirus (BlCMV), to identify genetic resources with comprehensive BlCMV resistance. Five genotypes, IT 80S 2049, Big Boy, Corona, Serido, and Tennessee Cream #8 were immune from all seven isolates, and an additional three genotypes, TVu-2657, TVu-2740, and TVu-3433, were immune from all isolates except PU-7B, an aberrant BlCMV isolate. The diversity among BlCMV isolates was illustrated by the range of responses to inoculation among cowpea genotypes, many of which were either immune from or tolerant of individual BlCMV isolates. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Bashir, M (reprint author), NATL AGR RES CTR,PULSES PROGRAMME,ISLAMABAD,PAKISTAN. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0032-0862 J9 PLANT PATHOL JI Plant Pathol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 45 IS 5 BP 984 EP 989 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3059.1996.tb02910.x PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VR964 UT WOS:A1996VR96400021 ER PT J AU Ribnicky, DM Ilic, N Cohen, JD Cooke, TJ AF Ribnicky, DM Ilic, N Cohen, JD Cooke, TJ TI The effects of exogenous auxins on endogenous indole-3-acetic acid metabolism - The implications for carrot somatic embryogenesis SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; BINDING PROTEINS; PLANT-TISSUES; CULTURES; RELEASE; MAIZE; CELLS; IAA AB The effect of auxin application on auxin metabolism was investigated in excised hypocotyl cultures of carrot (Daucus carota). Concentrations of both free and conjugated indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), [H-2(4)]IAA, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were measured by mass spectroscopy using stable-isotope-labeled internal standards. [C-13(1)]NAA was synthesized for this purpose, thus extending the range of auxins that can be assayed by stable-isotope techniques. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid promoted callus proliferation of the excised hypocotyls, accumulated as the free form in large quantities, and had minor effects on endogenous IAA concentrations. NAA promoted callus proliferation and the resulting callus became organogenic, producing both roots and shoots. NAA was found mostly in the conjugated form and had minor effects on endogenous IAA concentrations. [H-2(4)]IAA had no visible effect on the growth pattern of cultured hypocotyls, possibly because it was rapidly metabolized to form inactive conjugates or possibly because it mediated a decrease in endogenous IAA concentrations by an apparent feedback mechanism. The presence of exogenous auxins did not affect tryptophan labeling of either the endogenous tryptophan or IAA pools. This suggested that exogenous auxins did not alter the IAA biosynthetic pathway, but that synthetic auxins did appear to be necessary to induce callus proliferation, which was essential for excised hypocotyls to gain the competence to form somatic embryos. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT PLANT BIOL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP Ribnicky, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 43 TC 72 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 112 IS 2 BP 549 EP 558 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VP179 UT WOS:A1996VP17900011 ER PT J AU Pellet, DM Papernik, LA Kochian, LV AF Pellet, DM Papernik, LA Kochian, LV TI Multiple aluminum-resistance mechanisms in wheat - Roles of root apical phosphate and malate exudation SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; ZEA-MAYS L; TOLERANCE; ACID; PHOSPHORUS; INFLUX; EFFLUX; RHIZOSPHERE; CULTIVARS; PLANTS AB Although it is well known that aluminum (Al) resistance in wheat (Triticom aestivum) is multigenic, physiological evidence for multiple mechanisms of Al resistance has not yet been documented. The role of root apical phosphate and malate exudation in Al resistance was investigated in two wheat cultivars (Al-resistant Atlas and Al-sensitive Scout) and two near-isogenic lines (Al-resistant ET3 and Al-sensitive ES3). In Atlas Al resistance is multigenic, whereas in ET3 resistance is conditioned by the single Alt1 locus. Based on root-growth experiments, Atlas was found to be 3-fold more resistant in 20 mu M Al than ET3. Root-exudation experiments were conducted under sterile conditions; a large malate efflux localized to the root apex was observed only in Atlas and in ET3 and only in the presence of Al (5 and 20 mu M). Furthermore, the more Al-resistant Atlas exhibited a constitutive phosphate release localized to the root apex. As predicted from the formation constants for the Al-malate and Al-phosphate complexes, the addition of either ligand to the root bathing solution alleviated Al inhibition of root growth in Al-sensitive Scout. These results provide physiological evidence that Al resistance in Atlas is conditioned by at least two genes. In addition to the alt locus that controls Al-induced malate release from the root apex, other genetic loci appear to control constitutive phosphate release from the apex. We suggest that both exudation processes act in concert to enhance Al exclusion and Al resistance in Atlas. C1 CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 37 TC 131 Z9 164 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 112 IS 2 BP 591 EP 597 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VP179 UT WOS:A1996VP17900016 ER PT J AU Huber, C Huber, JL Liao, PC Gage, DA McMichael, RW Chourey, PS Hannah, LC Koch, K AF Huber, C Huber, JL Liao, PC Gage, DA McMichael, RW Chourey, PS Hannah, LC Koch, K TI Phosphorylation of serine-15 of maize leaf sucrose synthase - Occurrence in vivo and possible regulatory significance SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SINK STRENGTH; SYNTHETASE; EXPRESSION; ENDOSPERM; INHIBITION; METABOLISM; PLANTS; LOCUS; GENES AB Experiments were conducted to determine whether sucrose synthase (SuSy) was phosphorylated in the elongation zone of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. The approximately 90-kD subunit of SuSy was P-32-labeled on seryl residue(s) when excised shoots were fed [P-32]orthophosphate. Both isoforms of SuSy (the SS1 and SS2 proteins) were phosphorylated in vivo, and tryptic peptide-mapping analysis suggested a single, similar phosphorylation site in both proteins. A combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and automated Edman sequencing analysis unequivocally identified the phosphorylation site in the maize SS2 protein as serine-15. This site was phosphorylated in vitro by endogenous protein kinase(s) in a strictly Ca2+-dependent manner. A synthetic peptide, based on the phosphorylation site sequence, was used to identify and partially purify an endogenous Ca2+-dependent protein kinase(s) from the maize leaf elongation zone and expanding spinach leaves. Phosphorylation of SuSy in vitro selectively activates the cleavage reaction by increasing the apparent affinity of the enzyme for sucrose and UDP, suggesting that phosphorylation may be of regulatory significance. Conservation of the phosphorylation site, and the sequences surrounding it, among plant species suggests that phosphorylation of SuSy may be widespread, if not universal, in plants. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT BOT, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT HORT SCI, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOCHEM, E LANSING, MI 48824 USA. UNIV FLORIDA, USDA ARS, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT AGRON, PLANT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL PROGRAM, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT HORT SCI, PLANT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL PROGRAM, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. RP Huber, C (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT CROP SCI, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. NR 31 TC 107 Z9 109 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 EI 1532-2548 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 112 IS 2 BP 793 EP 802 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VP179 UT WOS:A1996VP17900038 ER PT J AU Marks, HL AF Marks, HL TI Long-term selection for body weight in Japanese quail under different environments SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Japanese quail; body weight; growth; long-term selection; genotype by environment interactions ID DIFFERENT NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS; COTURNIX-COTURNIX-JAPONICA; DIVERGENT SELECTION; CORRELATED RESPONSES; ORGAN DEVELOPMENT; POSTNATAL-GROWTH; YOLK PRECURSOR; FEED; CARCASS AB Long-term selection was conducted for high 4-wk BW in Japanese quail under different selection environments to investigate selection limits and to determine whether genetic parameters for growth are similar to those in chickens. Quail lines were selected under an adequate 28% CP diet (P line) and under a low 20% CP diet (T line). Mean realized heritabilities ranged from 0.32 (T line) to 0.49 (P line) during the first 10 generations. Although genetic variation remained following 97 generations of selection, realized heritabilities obtained agreed with theoretical predictions of loss of additive genetic variability with continuous selection. Similarity of heritability estimates indicates that Japanese quail are an excellent model for genetic studies of growth in meat-type chickens. Positive relationships accompanying selection for high 4-wk BW were increases in adult BW, age at first egg, and egg weight. Negative relationships were decreases in percentage fertility and hatchability, and egg production. Increased growth rate in selected lines was accompanied by an increase in feed and water intake, and by improvement in feed efficiency. Feed efficiency differences appeared to be important only immediately following hatch, whereas feed intake differences were present from 0 to 4 wk. Evidence of major physiological changes accompanying selection for growth were not observed. However, changes were observed in increased ''resource allocations'' to supply organs, during late embryonic stages and the Ist wk posthatch. Carcass composition was similar between unselected and selected lines except for higher fat and lower moisture levels in selected lines. RP Marks, HL (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,107 LIVESTOCK POULTRY BLDG,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 30 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 5 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 75 IS 10 BP 1198 EP 1203 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VL710 UT WOS:A1996VL71000008 PM 8893294 ER PT J AU Deaton, JW Branton, SL Simmons, JD Lott, BD AF Deaton, JW Branton, SL Simmons, JD Lott, BD TI The effect of brooding temperature on broiler performance SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE broiler; brooding temperature; production; ascites AB In response to the energy crisis of the 1970s, this laboratory recommended that initial brooding temperatures for broilers be reduced to 29.4 C from 32.2 or 35 C. Because environmental temperature has been implicated in the ascites syndrome, this work was conducted to see whether the recommended brooding temperature of 29.4 C the Ist wk, 26.7 C the 2nd wk, and 23.9 C the 3rd wk would be satisfactory for broiler production when compared with higher brooding temperature regimens starting at 32.2 or 35 C. Brooding chicks at a temperature of 29.4 C the 1st wk, 26.7 C the 2nd wk, and 23.9 C the 3rd wk did not adversely affect broiler performance at 6 wk of age, when compared with higher brooding temperature regimens. Under the conditions of this experiment, brooding chicks at a temperature of 29.4 C the Ist wk, 26.7 C the 2nd wk, and 23.9 C the 3rd wk was satisfactory when compared with the higher temperature brooding regimens. Mortality due to ascites and total mortality significantly increased for broilers brooded in the negative control temperature regimen of 26.7 C the Ist wk, 23.9 C the 2nd wk, and 21.1 C when compared with some or all of the higher brooding temperature regimens. Heat loss calculations based on a commercial setting show an 18% savings in liquified petroleum (LP) gas usage for chicks brooded at 29.4 vs 35 C and a savings of 10% in LP gas usage for chicks brooded at 29.4 vs 32.2 C on a winter day. C1 USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,S CENT POULTRY RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 75 IS 10 BP 1217 EP 1220 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VL710 UT WOS:A1996VL71000011 PM 8893297 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Fritz, RS AF Smith, DR Fritz, RS TI Review of the eastern United States species of the leaf-folding sawflies of the genus Phyllocolpa Benson (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE leaf-folding sawflies; Phyllocolpa; willow; Salix; poplar; Populus AB Larvae of Phyllocolpa live and feed in leaf folds of Salix and Populus. The eight species from eastern United States are described, including P. eleanorae, n. sp., reared from leaf rolls on Salix in New York. A key is given for species identification, and biological observations are presented for Phyllocolpa eleanorae, P. leavitti (Rohwer), P. nigrita (Marlatt), and P. terminalis (Marlatt), all on Salix. Lectotypes are designated for Pontania robusta Marlatt and P. terminalis Marlatt. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), ARS,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,PSI,USDA,NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST,MRC 168,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 98 IS 4 BP 695 EP 707 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VT191 UT WOS:A1996VT19100009 ER PT J AU Adamski, D Hodges, RW AF Adamski, D Hodges, RW TI An annotated list of North American Blastobasinae (Leipidoptera: Gelechioidea: Coleophoridae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Lepidoptera; Coleophoridae; check list AB An annotated list of the North American Blastobasinae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Coleophoridae) is based upon the examination of type specimens of all available names. In addition, an abridged list is included to facilitate taxonomic reference. Lectotypes are designated for 52 species. Sixty-one new synonymies are proposed; including Blastobasis modestella (Clemens, 1863), a suppressed senior synonym of B. glandulella (Riley, 1871), pending ruling on application for suppression submitted to ICZN. Four species are elevated from varietal status to full species status, one species is of revised status, and one species is of new status. Blastobasis segnella Zeller, 1873 is omitted from the list because it does nor occur in America North of Mexico. RP Adamski, D (reprint author), ARS, SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,PSI,USDA,NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST, MRC 168, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA. NR 42 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 98 IS 4 BP 708 EP 740 PG 33 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VT191 UT WOS:A1996VT19100010 ER PT J AU Grissell, EE Zack, RS AF Grissell, EE Zack, RS TI Torymidae (Hymenoptera) new to Washington State SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article RP Grissell, EE (reprint author), ARS,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,PSI,USDA,NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST,MRC 168,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 98 IS 4 BP 827 EP 828 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VT191 UT WOS:A1996VT19100018 ER PT J AU Erkens, JHF Johnson, LA vanderLende, T AF Erkens, JHF Johnson, LA vanderLende, T TI Acrosin inhibitor BSTI-I in seminal and/or blood plasma of male and female pigs under different reproductive conditions SO REPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS LA English DT Article ID ARTIFICIAL-INSEMINATION; BOAR; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; CAPACITY AB Boar seminal plasma trypsin-acrosin inhibitor I (BSTI-I) concentrations were measured by homologous radio-immunoassay: 1. In seminal and blood plasma of boars, before and after castration and following testosterone propionate administration (after castration); 2. In blood plasma of gilts, during the oestrous cycle and following insemination; and 3. In blood plasma of sows at the time of weaning. Firstly, it was demonstrated that the blood-plasma component, measured by the radio-immunoassay, is indeed BSTI-I. The main goal of the study was to determine BSTI-I concentrations during different reproductive stages and to evaluate the possibilities for using these measurements in fertility studies. In boars, BSTI-I levels were testosterone dependent, in both the seminal plasma and circulation, as shown by their response to castration and testosterone propionate administration. The blood-plasma BSTI-I level appeared to be sex dependent. in all animals measured so far, the lowest concentration measured in a group of non-castrated males was 1.5 times the highest concentration measured in a group of non-inseminated females. Between females, considerable differences in the endogenous blood-plasma BSTI-I level were observed. In gilts, the endogenous blood-plasma BSTI-I concentration showed no clear relationship with the phase of the oestrous cycle. In sows, a highly significant increase in the BSTI-I concentration was found during a 5-day period following weaning. After insemination, the seminal plasma BSTI-I was found to be absorbed and could be detected in the circulation. The highest blood-plasma levels of this exogenous BSTI-I were reached at about 4 h after insemination. Absorption of seminal-plasma BSTI-I varied during the period of oestrus; however, no relationship between blood-plasma BSTI-I concentrations and the fertilization rate and embryonic survival could be demonstrated. The results presented here do not reveal indications that BSTI-I measurements in blood plasma can be used as a parameter in fertility studies. C1 ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. WAGENINGEN UNIV AGR,DEPT ANIM BREEDING,NL-6700 AH WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. RP Erkens, JHF (reprint author), DLO,INST ANIM SCI & HLTH,ID DLO,POB 65,NL-8200 AB LELYSTAD,NETHERLANDS. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0936-6768 J9 REPROD DOMEST ANIM JI Reprod. Domest. Anim. PD OCT-NOV PY 1996 VL 31 IS 4-5 BP 641 EP 649 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA VW095 UT WOS:A1996VW09500006 ER PT J AU Muth, RM Daigle, JJ Zwick, RR Glass, RJ AF Muth, RM Daigle, JJ Zwick, RR Glass, RJ TI Trappers and trapping in advanced industrial society: Economic and sociocultural values of furbearer utilization in the northeastern United States SO SOCIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM LA English DT Article AB The purchase of trapping licenses in the northeastern United States has been declining For several years. Despite the decline in trapping activity, participation by a core group of trappers persists. To elucidate the economic and sociocultural values associated with present-day trapping activities in the northeastern United Stares, several state and federal agencies and two academic institutions cooperated in a multistate study oi trapping attitudes, values, motivations, and behavior. Results suggest that trappers continue to participate in trapping for a variety of sociocultural values and motivations, including the multiple satisfactions derived From involvement in an enduring recreational central life interest. Trapping to procure income and to provide in-kind contributions to the household economy represent important motives and meanings to a smaller segment of the respondent population. C1 USDA,US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,AMHERST,MA. LYNDON STATE COLL,DEPT RECREAT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,LYNDONVILLE,VT. RP Muth, RM (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT FORESTRY & WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT,204 HOLDSWORTH HALL,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU HEMISPHERE PUBL CORP PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0273-2173 J9 SOCIOL SPECTRUM JI Sociol. Spectr. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 16 IS 4 BP 421 EP 436 PG 16 WC Sociology SC Sociology GA VN112 UT WOS:A1996VN11200006 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ Arshad, MA Ripmeester, JA AF Franzluebbers, AJ Arshad, MA Ripmeester, JA TI Alterations in canola residue composition during decomposition SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; FIELD CONDITIONS; CROP RESIDUES; NITROGEN; PLACEMENT; TILLAGE; SOIL; MINERALIZATION; SYSTEMS; N-15 AB Surface-placed crop residues protect agricultural soils from the destructive forces of wind and water erosion. Knowledge of changes in residue composition during decomposition of differentially placed crop residue is important in understanding the potential effects of conservation tillage systems on soil quality properties, including C and N conservation and soil tilth. Compositional changes in C and N components of buried and surface-placed canola (Brassica campestris L.) residue were determined during decomposition in a cold, semiarid climate. Decomposition during the period of 23 March to 24 August 1995 was 57 and 30% for total mass, 53 and 25% for acid detergent fiber, 46 and 46% for total N and 17 and 17% for lignin components when residue was buried and surface-placed, respectively. Of the 2.13 g N m(-2) applied as canola residue, 0.79 g N m(-2) was initially present as lignin-bound N and an additional 0.21 and 0.15 g N m(-2) was sequestered as lignin-N when buried and surface-placed, respectively. In situ mineralization from total residue N was 87 and 82% of non-lignin-bound N in buried and surface-placement, respectively. Surface-placed canola residue had greater mass remaining and lower total and lignin N concentration than buried residue. These features of crop residues under conservation tillage systems are important for protecting soil from erosion and improving water infiltration and utilization by crops. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,NO AGR RES CTR,BEAVERLODGE,AB T0H 0C0,CANADA. ARS,SO PIEDMONT CONSERVAT RES CTR,USDA,WATKINSVILLE,GA 30677. NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA,DIV CHEM,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0R9,CANADA. NR 23 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD OCT-NOV PY 1996 VL 28 IS 10-11 BP 1289 EP 1295 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00137-X PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WD815 UT WOS:A1996WD81500003 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ Haney, RL Hons, FM Zuberer, DA AF Franzluebbers, AJ Haney, RL Hons, FM Zuberer, DA TI Active fractions of organic matter in soils with different texture SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; N-MINERALIZATION; C-MINERALIZATION; GRASSLAND SOILS; SIZE FRACTIONS; CARBON; NITROGEN; TURNOVER; MANAGEMENT; FUMIGATION AB Relationships between soil organic C (SOC), soil microbial biomass C (SMBC), mineralizable C and N during a 21 d incubation, and basal soil respiration (BSR) were evaluated on eight soil types from Texas that varied in soil texture (7-45% clay) and organic matter. The portion of SOC as SMBC increased with increasing clay content, whereas the relationships of mineralizable C and N and BSR to SOC were not affected by soil texture. The ratio of BSR-to-SOC averaged 1.4 +/- 0.4 mg mineralizable C g(-1) SOC d(-1). The amount of mineralizable C and N and BSR per unit of SMBC, however, decreased with increasing clay content, indicating that the soil microbial biomass (SMB) was more active in coarse-textured soils than in fine-textured soils. The average specific respiratory activity was 29 mg mineralizable C g(-1) SMBC d(-1) with 10% clay and 11 mg mineralizable C g(-1) SMBC d(-1) with 40% clay. The C-to-N ratio of the mineralizable fraction was 10 +/- 3 and not affected by soil texture. The established relationships between active soil organic matter (SOM) fractions and soil texture could be used in models predicting SOM turnover. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,TEXAS AGR EXPT STN,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO PIEDMONT CONSERVAT RES CTR,1420 EXPT STN RD,WATKINSVILLE,GA 30677, USA. NR 30 TC 104 Z9 113 U1 2 U2 37 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD OCT-NOV PY 1996 VL 28 IS 10-11 BP 1367 EP 1372 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00143-5 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WD815 UT WOS:A1996WD81500012 ER PT J AU Clark, RB Zeto, SK AF Clark, RB Zeto, SK TI Mineral acquisition by mycorrhizal maize grown on acid and alkaline soil SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA; EXCESS MANGANESE; CALCAREOUS SOIL; NUTRIENT-UPTAKE; FUNGI; ALUMINUM; PHOSPHORUS; SILICON; SORGHUM; HYPHAE AB Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can enhance plant acquisition of mineral nutrients and function over relatively broad pH ranges. We have determined the effect of the AM fungi Glomus etunicatum WV579A (Ge), G. diaphanum WV579B (Gd), and G. intraradices WV894 (Gi) on the acquisition of minerals by maize (Zea mays L.) grown on acid (pH 4.2 and 4.6) and alkaline (pH 7.8 and 8.0) soils in a greenhouse. Shoot concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, K, Cu and Si were lower and Mn, Fe and Zn were higher while the total shoot contents of N, P, S, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, B and Si were lower and Mn, Fe and Zn were higher in plants grown on acid compared to alkaline soil. With few exceptions, mycorrhizal (AM) plants had higher mineral concentrations and contents than non-mycorrhizal (nonAM) plants. The three AM isolates were generally comparable for enhancing acquisition of minerals in plants grown on acid soil, while Gi and Ge plants absorbed more minerals than Gd plants grown on alkaline soil. Many of the enhanced mineral acquisition effects were greater than could be accounted for by increases in shoot biomass. Reduced acquisition of P by Ge and Al by Gi plants grown on acid soil were noted. These results provide evidence that Glomus isolates effectively enhance mineral acquisition over wide ranges of soil pH (similar to 3.5 pH units), and that AM isolates varied extensively in enhancing or reducing mineral acquisition in maize. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd RP Clark, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB, POB 867, BECKLEY, WV 25802 USA. NR 43 TC 63 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD OCT-NOV PY 1996 VL 28 IS 10-11 BP 1495 EP 1503 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00163-0 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WD815 UT WOS:A1996WD81500028 ER PT J AU Clark, RB Zeto, SK AF Clark, RB Zeto, SK TI Growth and root colonization of mycorrhizal maize grown on acid and alkaline soil SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA; NUTRIENT-UPTAKE; PLANT-GROWTH; FUNGI; PH; INOCULATION; ENDOPHYTES; RESPONSES; INFECTION; TOXICITY AB Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi often have wide adaptability over many soil environments. We have determined the effects of the AM fungi Glomus etunicatum WV579A (Ge), G. diaphanum WV579B (Gd) and G. intraradices WV894 (Gi) on growth and root colonization of maize (Zea mays L.) grown on two acid (pH 4.2 and 4.5) and two alkaline (pH 7.8 and 8.0) soils. Shoot and root dry matter (DM), leaf area (LA), and root length (RL) were higher for mycorrhizal (AM) than for nonmycorrhizal (nonAM) plants grown on all soils, and plants grown on alkaline soil had higher DM than plants grown on acid soil. Shoot and root DM followed a sequence of Ge > Gd greater than or equal to Gi > nonAM for plants grown on the alkaline soil. The AM isolates enhanced DM of plants grown on acid soil, and differences among isolates were minor. Differences between AM and nonAM plants for total LA and RL were greater than for DM. Specific LA values for AM plants were consistently higher than for nonAM plants, while specific RL values for AM plants were only slightly higher than nonAM plants. Roots with arbuscules or vesicles was nil to low for plants grown on acid soil and relatively high for plants grown on alkaline soil. Roots with hyphal infection varied with type of soil and AM isolate, and was considerably higher than arbuscules or vesicles for plants grown on acid soil. Root hyphal infection appeared to be more important than arbuscules for growth enhancement of plants on acid soil. The AM isolates used were effective in enhancing growth of plants on both acid and alkaline soils showing wide adaptability to broad soil pH conditions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd RP Clark, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB, POB 867, AIRPORT RD, BECKLEY, WV 25802 USA. NR 39 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD OCT-NOV PY 1996 VL 28 IS 10-11 BP 1505 EP 1511 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00164-2 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA WD815 UT WOS:A1996WD81500029 ER PT J AU Ma, QL Ahuja, LR Wauchope, RD Benjamin, JG Burgoa, B AF Ma, QL Ahuja, LR Wauchope, RD Benjamin, JG Burgoa, B TI Comparison of instantaneous equilibrium and equilibrium-kinetic sorption models for simulating simultaneous leaching and runoff of pesticides SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SORBING POROUS-MEDIA; ADSORPTION-DESORPTION; AGGREGATED OXISOL; CONCEPTUAL MODELS; BROMIDE TRACER; MASS-TRANSFER; TRANSPORT; SOIL; WATER; MOVEMENT AB Two chemical sorption models, a two-site equilibrium-kinetic sorption model (E-K) and an instantaneous equilibrium sorption model (I-E), were used to describe pesticide leaching and runoff, Concentrations of bromide, atrazine, and fenamiphos in leachate and runoff water from 1.0 m x 0.5 m x 0.1-m boxes of packed air-dry Tifton loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults) were compared with simulated concentrations predicted by the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM), Atrazine and bromide (as KBr) were applied to the soil surface and fenamiphos was incorporated into the top 7 cm. Water (100 mm in 2 h) was applied using sprinkler rainfall simulator 24 h later. The E-K model and the I-E model, which are the two submodels for chemical sorption in RZWQM, were used for pesticide sorption simulations, and a nonuniform mixing model was used for pesticide runoff simulations, Model parameter values were obtained by measurements, from the literature, and by calibration with measured atrazine and fenamiphos breakthrough curves (BTCs) and a runoff chemograph from an independent experiment, Results showed that the E-K model simulated atrazine and fenamiphos leaching and atrazine runoff better than the I-E model, The I-E sorption model underestimated pesticide leaching and overestimated atrazine runoff, Compared with previous studies showing that the E-K model simulated pesticide sorption and leaching better than the I-E sorption model with initially saturated soils and under steady state water flow conditions, this study showed that the E-K model also worked better than the I-E sorption model for initially air-dry soil and under fast and transient water flow conditions for leaching as well as runoff of a pesticide. C1 USDA ARS,GREAT PLAINS SYST RES UNIT,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. USDA ARS,NEMATOCIDES WEEDS & CROPS RES UNIT,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31793. NR 35 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 14 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 161 IS 10 BP 646 EP 655 DI 10.1097/00010694-199610000-00002 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VN815 UT WOS:A1996VN81500002 ER PT J AU Sharratt, BS AF Sharratt, BS TI Tillage and straw management for modifying physical properties of a subarctic soil SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE conservation tillage; erosion; soil strength ID SILT LOAM SOIL; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; RESIDUE MANAGEMENT; REDUCED TILLAGE; NO-TILLAGE; BARLEY AB Conservation tillage practices are intended to minimize soil erosion. Yet little is known concerning changes in physical properties of subarctic soils subject to tillage practices. This study ascertained whether physical properties of a newly cleared subarctic soil are altered after 7 years of continuous barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using different tillage and straw management strategies. Tillage and straw treatments were established in 1983 near Delta Junction, Alaska, and consisted of conventional fall and spring disk, fall chisel plow, spring disk, and no-tillage. Tillage plots were split by straw management practices, which included straw and stubble, stubble only, and no straw or stubble. Soil samples were collected from the upper 0.15 m of the profile in the spring of 1990 to assess water content, bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, dry aggregate and mechanical stability, penetration resistance, water retention, and particle size distribution. Percent non-erodible aggregates, mechanical stability, and penetration resistance were greater for no-tillage compared to conventional tillage, chisel plow, and spring disk. No-tillage soils were also typically wetter, denser, and had a greater hydraulic conductivity. The spring disk treatment was least susceptible to erosion and also conserved soil water compared with chisel plow. Straw maintained on the surface conserved water and promoted soil stability. RP Sharratt, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS,N CENT SOIL CONSERVAT RES LAB,803 IOWA AVE,MORRIS,MN 56267, USA. NR 31 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 38 IS 3-4 BP 239 EP 250 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(96)01035-5 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VU734 UT WOS:A1996VU73400005 ER PT J AU Miller, JT Spooner, DM AF Miller, JT Spooner, DM TI Introgression of Solanum chacoense (Solanum sect Petota): Upland populations reexamined SO SYSTEMATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article ID CHLOROPLAST DNA; MORPHOLOGICAL DATA; HYBRID ZONE; WILD POTATO; HYBRIDIZATION; HYPOTHESES; SPECIATION; SOLANACEAE; EVOLUTION; MARKERS AB Solanum chacoense is a highly variable wild potato species widely distributed from central Bolivia to central Argentina, from sea level to over 3,000 m in the Andes. Upland populations of S. chacoense were thought to have arisen from introgression of lowland populations with S. microdontum. Our study uses morphological data, molecular data from single- to low-copy nuclear DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP's), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD's) to reinvestigate this hypothesis. The data do not support introgression but show relative equal divergence of upland and lowland populations from S. microdontum. These results suggest that other hybridization hypotheses need to be reexamined in sect. Petota. However, the similarity of many taxa in the group and alternative explanations of morphological or molecular intermediacy will complicate conclusions of hybridization. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,USDA ARS,VEGETABLE CROPS RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. RI Miller, Joe/D-2729-2009; Miller, Joe/M-2693-2016 OI Miller, Joe/0000-0002-5788-9010 NR 49 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PLANT TAXONOMISTS PI BRONX PA NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, BRONX, NY 10458-5126 SN 0363-6445 J9 SYST BOT JI Syst. Bot. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 461 EP 475 DI 10.2307/2419609 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology SC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology GA WZ714 UT WOS:A1996WZ71400001 ER PT J AU Sawhney, APS Kimmel, LB Tyndall, M Radhakrishnaiah, P AF Sawhney, APS Kimmel, LB Tyndall, M Radhakrishnaiah, P TI Properties of a fabric made with tandem spun yarns SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB A totally new, integrated tandem spinning system was used to produce unique, 65- and 54-tex, core-wrap, composite yarns consisting of a high tenacity polyester staple core (40%) and a pure cotton wrap/sheath (60%). The yarns were conventionally processed on standard textile equipment in winding, warping, sizing/slashing, and weaving, and converted into a 220 g/m(2), 2/1-twill fabric, which was permanently heat set in the greige stage and then pad-batch desized, scoured, and bleached. One portion of the fabric was dyed for cotton only, and the rest was union-dyed for both constituent fibers. One-half of the union-dyed fabric was finished with a softener only, and the other half was specially finished with a softener plus a light, 5% DMDHEU resin finish. The differently treated fabrics were then evaluated for selected important properties such as Dp rating, shrinkage, tensile and tear strengths, flex abrasion resistance, bursting strength, air permeability, overall core-coverage, and certain hand attributes. This paper is the first to examine and report the properties of a tandem-spun-yarn fabric. C1 COTTON INC,RALEIGH,NC 27612. GEORGIA INST TECHNOL,SCH TEXT ENGN,ATLANTA,GA 30332. RP Sawhney, APS (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124, USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 66 IS 10 BP 607 EP 611 DI 10.1177/004051759606601001 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA VK970 UT WOS:A1996VK97000002 ER PT J AU TraskMorrell, BJ Morris, NM Andrews, BAK AF TraskMorrell, BJ Morris, NM Andrews, BAK TI Thermoanalytical and FT-IR characteristics of fabrics finished with BTCA/chloroacetates .1. DSC and TGA results SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DURABLE PRESS REACTANTS; POLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS; COTTON FABRICS; CATALYST; AGENTS AB Cotton durable press (DP) finishes of 1,2,3,4- butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) catalyzed with sodium dichloroacetate, sodium monochloroacetate. or sodium acetate (SDCA, SMCA, or SA) were prepared at four acid/catalyst ratios, and catalyst controls were also treated. Thermal analyses were performed using differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG) techniques. Overlaid DSC or TG thermograms Indicated few visible instances of progressive changes produced with varying ratios of BTCA/catalyst. Differences in finishes were assessed when means and standard errors were tabulated. Characterization of this series involved either seventeen or five individual parameters, depending on whether the finish produced two or one weight. loss region(s). Some thermal parameters, when plotted versus catalyst ratios of 1/ 0.5, 1/1, 1/1.5, and 1/2, produced a peak (or a minimum) instead of steadily increasing, decreasing, or remaining level, as found in earlier studies. Finish identification of BTCA/SDCA was rapid; recognition of BTCA/SMCA or BTCA/SA was more complicated. All BTCA/acetate catalyzed finishes were easily distinguished from BTCA/sodium hypophosphite finished fabrics or 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) finishes. Most distinguishing thermal features are related to catalyst. Part II discusses TGA/FT-IR studies of BTCA/acetate catalyzed samples. RP TraskMorrell, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 66 IS 10 BP 612 EP 621 DI 10.1177/004051759606601002 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA VK970 UT WOS:A1996VK97000003 ER PT J AU Morrison, WH Akin, DE Ramaswamy, G Baldwin, B AF Morrison, WH Akin, DE Ramaswamy, G Baldwin, B TI Evaluating chemically retted kenaf using chemical, histochemical, and microspectrophotometric analyses SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FIBER; MICROSCOPY AB Bast ribbons from Guatemala 45 (G-45) and Tainung 1 (T-1) cultivars of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) were chemically retted for 1 hour in boiling 7% NaOH + 0.5% NaHSO4, after which they were neutralized, washed, and air dried. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts from unretted and chemically retted ribbon showed a decrease in syringyl and guaiacyl groups (indicative of lignin) and xylose, arabinose, and uronic acids (indicative of hemicellulose and pectin). Glucose residues, indicative of cellulose, did not decrease in amount. Sections histochemically stained for lignin and unstained sections examined by ultraviolet absorption microspectrophotometry indicated that syringyl lignin predominated, but guaiacyl lignin was higher in the middle lamellae than in the secondary wall. Tip and base sections showed clear differences in phenolics and carbohydrate content, which could be related to maturity. However, it appeared that syringyl groups were removed to a greater extent from the base sections and pectin was removed to a greater extent from the tips. Breaking strength was significantly greater for the tip than for the base, with no difference in percent elongation between regions. C1 MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT HOME ECON,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. RP Morrison, WH (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 19 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 66 IS 10 BP 651 EP 656 DI 10.1177/004051759606601006 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA VK970 UT WOS:A1996VK97000007 ER PT J AU Lee, SH Bailey, MA Mian, MAR Carter, TE Shipe, ER Ashley, DA Parrott, WA Hussey, RS Boerma, HR AF Lee, SH Bailey, MA Mian, MAR Carter, TE Shipe, ER Ashley, DA Parrott, WA Hussey, RS Boerma, HR TI RFLP loci associated with soybean seed protein and oil content across populations and locations SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE soybean; glycine max; protein content; oil content; mapping; QTL; RFLP ID UNDERLYING QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; GLYCINE-MAX L; MOLECULAR MARKERS; RECURRENT SELECTION; MAIZE AB Molecular markers provide the opportunity to identify marker-quantitative trait locus (QTL) associations in different environments and populations. Two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] populations, 'Young' x PI 416 937 and PI 97 100 x 'Coker 237', were evaluated with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers to identify additional QTLs related to seed protein and oil. For the Young x PI 416 937 population, 120 F-4-derived lines were secored for segregation at 155 RFLP loci. The F-4-derived lines and two parents were grown at Plains, G.a., and Wind-blow and Plymouth, N.C. in 1994, and evaluated for seed protein and oil. For the PI 97 100 x Coker 237 population, 111 F-2-derived lines were evaluated for segregation at 153 RFLP loci. Phenotypic data for seed protein and oil were obtained in two different locations (Athens, G.a., and Blackville, S.C.) in 1994. Based on single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the Young x PI 416 937 population, five of seven independent markers associated with seed protein, and all four independent markers associated with seed oil in the combined analysis over locations were detected at all three locations. For the PI 97 100 x Coker 237 population, both single-factor ANOVA and interval mapping were used to detect QTLs. Using single-factor ANOVA, three of four independent markers for seed protein and two of three independent markers for seed oil were detected at both locations. In both populations, single-factor ANOVA, revealed the consistency of QTLs across locations, which might be due to the high heritability and the relatively few QTLs with large effects conditioning these traits. However, interval mapping of the PI 97 100 x Coker 237 population indicated that QTLs identified at Athens for seed protein and oil were different from those at Blackville. This might result from the power of QTL mapping being dependent on the level of saturation of the genetic map. Increased seed protein was associated with decreased seed oil in the PI 97 100 x Coker 237 population (r = -0.61). There were various common markers (P less than or equal to 0.05) on linkage groups (LG) E, G, H, K, and UNK2 identified for both seed protein and oil. One QTL on LG E was associated with seed protein in both populations. The other QTLs for protein and oil were population specific. C1 UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT COMP SCI, USDA ARS, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. CLEMSON UNIV, DEPT AGRON, CLEMSON, SC 29634 USA. UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. NR 38 TC 77 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 EI 1432-2242 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 93 IS 5-6 BP 649 EP 657 DI 10.1007/BF00224058 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA VR473 UT WOS:A1996VR47300001 PM 24162390 ER PT J AU Yu, ZH Mackill, DJ Bonman, JM McCouch, SR Guiderdoni, E Notteghem, JL Tanksley, SD AF Yu, ZH Mackill, DJ Bonman, JM McCouch, SR Guiderdoni, E Notteghem, JL Tanksley, SD TI Molecular mapping of genes for resistance to rice blast (Pyricularia grisea Sacc) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE disease resistance; rice (Oryza sativa L); blast (Pyricularia grisea Sacc); restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); gene mapping ID NEAR-ISOGENIC LINES; FUNGUS AB Two dominant genes conferring complete resistance to specific isolates of the rice blast fungus, Pyricularia grisea Sacc., were located on the molecular map of rice in this study. Pi-l(t) is a blast resistance gene derived from the cultivar 'LAC23'. Its map location was determined using a pair of nearly isogenic lines (NILs) and a B6F3, segregating population from which the isoline was derived. RFLP analysis showed that Pi-l(t) is located near the end of chromosome 11, linked to RZ536 at a distance of 14.0+/-4.5 centiMorgans (cM). A second gene, derived from the cultivar 'Apura', was mapped using a rice doubled-haploid (DH) population. This gene was located on chromosome 12, flanked by RG457 and RG869, at a distance of 13.5+/-4.3 cM and 17.7+/-4.5 cM, respectively. The newly mapped gene on chromosome 12 may be allelic or closely linked to Pi-ta (=Pi-4(t)), a gene derived from 'Tetep' that was previously reported to be linked to RG869 at a distance of 15.4+/-4.7 cM. The usefulness of markers linked to blast resistance genes will be discussed in the context of breeding for durable blast resistance. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT BREEDING & BIOMETRY,ITHACA,NY 14853. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON & RANGE SCI,DAVIS,CA 95616. DUPONT CO INC,STINE HASKELL RES CTR,DEPT AGR PROD,NEWARK,DE 19714. CTR INT RECH AGRON COOPERAT DEV,F-34032 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE. RI Mackill, David/C-6368-2014 OI Mackill, David/0000-0003-4224-6781 NR 26 TC 49 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 93 IS 5-6 BP 859 EP 863 DI 10.1007/BF00224086 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA VR473 UT WOS:A1996VR47300029 PM 24162418 ER PT J AU Somers, DJ Zhou, Z Bebeli, PJ Gustafson, JP AF Somers, DJ Zhou, Z Bebeli, PJ Gustafson, JP TI Repetitive, genome-specific probes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) L em Thell amplified with minisatellite core sequences SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE genome-specific; DAMD; minisatellite; PCR; Triticum; wheat ID CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION; ORYZA-SATIVA; HUMAN DNA; PRODUCTS; MARKERS; GENE; PCR AB The detection and analysis of DNA polymorphisms in crops is an essential component of marker-assisted selection and cultivar identification in plant breeding. We have explored the direct amplification of minisatellite DNA by PCR (DAMD-PCR) as a means for generating DNA probes that are useful for detecting DNA polymorphisms and DNA fingerprinting in wheat. This technique was facilitated by high-stringency PCR with known plant and animal minisatellite core sequences as primers on wheat genomic DNA. The products of DAMD-PCR from Triticum aestivum, T. durum, T. monococcum, T. speltoides and T. tauschii showed a high degree of polymorphism and the various genomes could be identified. Cloning of the DAMD-PCR products and subsequent Southern hybridization frequently revealed polymorphic probes showing a good degree of genome specificity. In addition, polymorphic, single locus, and moderately dispersed PCR products were cloned that may have a potential for DNA fingerprinting. Our experiments were limited primarily to diploid wheats and the results indicated that DAMD-PCR may isolate genome-specific probes from wild diploid wheat species that could be used to monitor genome introgression into hexaploid wheat. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,PLANT SCI UNIT,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,USDA,AGR RES SERV,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. ATHENS AGR UNIV,DEPT PLANT BREEDING & BIOMETRY,ATHENS,GREECE. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 93 IS 5-6 BP 982 EP 989 DI 10.1007/BF00224102 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA VR473 UT WOS:A1996VR47300045 PM 24162434 ER PT J AU Polley, HW Johnson, HB Mayeux, HS Tischler, CR Brown, DA AF Polley, HW Johnson, HB Mayeux, HS Tischler, CR Brown, DA TI Carbon dioxide enrichment improves growth, water relations and survival of droughted honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) seedlings SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atmospheric CO2; leaf shedding; osmotic potential; root biomass; water deficit; xylem pressure potential ID OLD-FIELD PERENNIALS; CO2 ENRICHMENT; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ELEVATED CO2; SONORAN DESERT; STRESS; GRASSLAND; RESPONSES; PLANTS; ESTABLISHMENT AB Low water availability reduces the establishment of the invasive shrub Prosopis on some grasslands. Water deficit survival and traits that may contribute to the postponement or tolerance of plant dehydration were measured on seedlings of Fl glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa (honey mesquite) grown at CO2 concentrations of 370 (ambient), 710, and 1050 mu mol mol(-1). Because elevated CO2 decreases stomatal conductance, the number of seedlings per container in the elevated CO2 treatments was increased to ensure that soil water content was depleted at similar rates in all treatments. Seedlings grown at elevated CO2 had a greater root biomass and a higher ratio of lateral root to total root biomass than those grown at ambient CO2 concentration; however, these seedlings also shed more leaves and retained smaller leaves. These changes, together with a reduced transpiration/leaf area ratio at elevated CO2, may have contributed to a slight increase in xylem pressure potentials of seedlings in the 1050 mu mol mol(-1) CO2 treatment during the first 37 days of growth (0.26 ro 0.40 MPa). Osmotic potential was not affected by CO2 treatment. Increasing the CO2 concentration to 710 and 1050 mu mol mol(-1) more than doubled the percentage survival of seedlings from which water was withheld for 65 days. Carbon dioxide enrichment significantly increased survival from 0% to about 40% among seedlings that experienced the lowest soil water content. By increasing seedling survival of drought, rising atmospheric CO2 concentration may increase abundance of P. glandulosa on grasslands where low water availability limits its establishment. RP Polley, HW (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 37 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 16 IS 10 BP 817 EP 823 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VK975 UT WOS:A1996VK97500003 ER PT J AU Schmidt, RA Kaufmann, MR Porth, L Watkins, RK AF Schmidt, RA Kaufmann, MR Porth, L Watkins, RK TI Measuring tree-ring increments on tree bole sections with a video-based robotic positioner SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dendrochronology; radial increment; stem analysis; tree-ring measurement ID MEASUREMENT SYSTEM AB We report on the design and performance of a system that speeds measurement of radial tree-ring increments on tree stem disks; this method replaces the usual binocular microscope with a video image, and automates the measuring and recording processes. The system was used to measure bole sections cut from stems at various heights to determine volume growth of representative trees in an old-growth ponderosa pine stand. The objective of the measurement system was to speed acquisition of annual growth increments from a large number of disks. A personal computer controls the location of a video camera in a 3-axis positioning system. The operator views the sample on a video monitor and positions the camera over each ring by selecting it with a computer-driven mouse. The computer measures and records the distance that the camera moves between each ring. Task selection is facilitated by menu-driven software that also formats, checks and organizes data files. Measurements have a resolution of 0.026 mm; however, finer resolution could be obtained with a different camera lens. Tests of measurement variability (repeated measurements by individual operators on a single radius) indicated standard errors of 0.006 mm or less for the first measurement sets for four operators. Correlation coefficients among four radii per bole section were as low as 0.66 for a whole tree, suggesting that measurements on single radii may provide poor estimates of radial growth for old trees. This system also offers the potential for automatic ring detection and measurement. RP Schmidt, RA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 16 IS 10 BP 865 EP 870 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VK975 UT WOS:A1996VK97500010 ER PT J AU Belknap, WR Garbarino, JE AF Belknap, WR Garbarino, JE TI The role of ubiquitin in plant senescence and stress responses SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; POLYUBIQUITIN GENE; PROTEIN-DEGRADATION; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; NICOTIANA-SYLVESTRIS; CONJUGATING ENZYMES; PROTEASOME SUBUNIT; PROMOTER ACTIVITY; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; TRANSGENIC RICE AB Ubiquitin is a small, highly conserved protein found in all eukaryotes. Within the cell, ubiquitin is covalently linked to substrate proteins, often targeting them for degradation via the ubiquitin pathway. This pathway has been demonstrated to be required for both the bulk degradation of cellular proteins and the targeted proteolysis of specific regulatory proteins. There is increasing biochemical and molecular evidence for involvement of the ubiquitin pathway in plant senescence and in response to stress. It appears that the role of ubiquitin during senescence could be to facilitate bulk protein degradation for nitrogen recycling. In the wound response, the pathway could have a role in altering the overall protein profile. C1 DEMETER BIOTECHNOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. RP Belknap, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. RI Belknap, William/B-4500-2009 NR 55 TC 65 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1360-1385 J9 TRENDS PLANT SCI JI Trends Plant Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 1 IS 10 BP 331 EP 335 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VK282 UT WOS:A1996VK28200008 ER PT J AU Demeritt, ME Garrett, PW AF Demeritt, ME Garrett, PW TI Adaptation of Eastern white provenances to planting sites SO USDA FOREST SERVICE NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE pinus strobus; provenances; adaptation AB Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is one of the most important timber trees in Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada. Provenance and/or genetic variation studies of this species have been underway since 1959 (Garrett et al. 1973; Demeritt and Kettlewood 1976, Funk et al. 1975; Thor 1975; Kriebel et al. 1974). C1 NE FOREST EXPT STN,DURHAM,NH. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU USDA FOREST SERVICE NORTH EASTERN FOREST EXP STATION PI DELAWARE PA 359 MAIN RD, DELAWARE, OH 43015 SN 0502-3491 J9 USDA FOR SERV NE RES JI USDA For. Serv. Northeast. For. Exp. Stn. Res. Pap. PD OCT PY 1996 IS 703 BP 1 EP & PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VP211 UT WOS:A1996VP21100001 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JO Hassen, LVB AF Schmidt, JO Hassen, LVB TI When Africanized bees attack: What you and your clients should know SO VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ACUTE RENAL-FAILURE; MULTIPLE STINGS; HONEY-BEE; VENOM; MELITTIN; APIS C1 UNIV ARIZONA,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,ARIZONA POISON & DRUG INFORMAT CTR,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP Schmidt, JO (reprint author), USDA,ARS,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR,2000 EAST ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. OI Boyer, Leslie/0000-0002-7622-2326 NR 19 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU VETERINARY MEDICINE PUBL CO PI LENEXA PA 15333 W 95TH STREET, LENEXA, KS 66219 SN 8750-7943 J9 VET MED-US JI Vet. Med. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 91 IS 10 BP 923 EP & PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VP425 UT WOS:A1996VP42500006 ER PT J AU Bolin, SR Ridpath, JF AF Bolin, SR Ridpath, JF TI The clinical significance of genetic variation among bovine viral diarrhea viruses SO VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID 5' NONCODING REGION; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; HOG-CHOLERA VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ANTIGENIC DIVERSITY; DISEASE VIRUS; PESTIVIRUS; STRAINS RP Bolin, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ENTER DIS RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 31 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU VETERINARY MEDICINE PUBL CO PI LENEXA PA 15333 W 95TH STREET, LENEXA, KS 66219 SN 8750-7943 J9 VET MED-US JI Vet. Med. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 91 IS 10 BP 958 EP 961 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VP425 UT WOS:A1996VP42500012 ER PT J AU Jensen, NS Stanton, TB Swayne, DE AF Jensen, NS Stanton, TB Swayne, DE TI Identification of the swine pathogen Serpulina hyodysenteriae in rheas (Rhea americana) SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Serpulina hyodysenteriae; spirochete; rhea; swine dysentery; typhlitis ID MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; INNOCENS COMB-NOV; TREPONEMA-HYODYSENTERIAE; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; INTESTINAL SPIROCHETE; GEN-NOV; ENTEROPATHOGENICITY; STRAINS; DYSENTERY; MOUSE AB Recently intestinal spirochetes were isolated from rheas in Ohio and Iowa with a necrotizing typhlocolitis. These intestinal spirochetes, strains R1 and NIV-1, were characterized and compared with other intestinal spirochetes, including strains of S. hyodysenteriae. Both rhea spirochetes were indole positive, strongly beta-hemolytic, grew under a 1% O-2:99% N-2 atmosphere, and were morphologically similar to spirochetes in the genus Serpulina. Analysis of rRNA gene restriction patterns (ribotypes), and immunoblots of whole cell proteins, indicated both spirochetes were similar to Serpulina hyodysenteriae strains from swine. Comparisons of nearly complete sequences (> 1458 bases) of the 16S rRNA gene of the two rhea spirochetes with S. hyodysenteriae strains confirmed that rhea spirochetes R1 and NIV-1 were strains of S. hyodysenteriae. These results indicate that S. hyodysenteriae has a broader host range than previously recognized. C1 USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30604. RP Jensen, NS (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ENTER DIS & FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 44 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 52 IS 3-4 BP 259 EP 269 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(96)00076-4 PG 11 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA VW556 UT WOS:A1996VW55600007 PM 8972051 ER PT J AU Mengeling, WL Vorwald, AC Lager, KM Brockmeier, SL AF Mengeling, WL Vorwald, AC Lager, KM Brockmeier, SL TI Diagnosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome using infected alveolar macrophages collected from live pigs (vol 49, pg 105, 1996) SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Correction, Addition RP Mengeling, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL SWINE RES UNIT,2300 DAYTON AVE,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 52 IS 3-4 BP 317 EP 317 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(96)00068-5 PG 1 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA VW556 UT WOS:A1996VW55600014 ER PT J AU Bevers, M Hof, J Troendle, C AF Bevers, M Hof, J Troendle, C TI Spatially optimizing forest management schedules to meet stormflow constraints SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE watershed management wildland hydrology; stormwater management; land use planning; spatial optimization; mixed integer programming cumulative effects ID SURFACE RUNOFF AB A spatial optimization model is developed and used to limit cumulative effects resulting from storm events by strategically arranging and scheduling forest treatments to meet peak storm-flow constraints. A mixed integer forest management scheduling formulation is used to select the location and timing of forest treatments. The approach includes simulated spatial routing of storm-flows imbedded as hydrologic process constraints (in a nested schedule) within longer-term forest management planning periods in the mathematical programming model. Although difficult to solve, the model shows promise for further research. RP Bevers, M (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,240 W PROSPECT RD,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 22070-5528 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1007 EP 1015 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VL740 UT WOS:A1996VL74000011 ER PT J AU Flerchinger, GN Shang, SG Finnie, JI AF Flerchinger, GN Shang, SG Finnie, JI TI Simulating three-dimensional ground water response in a small mountainous watershed SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE ground water hydrology; hydrogeology; modeling; subsurface flow; snowmelt; Picard solution ID SNOWMELT; FLOW; MODEL AB Snowmelt from deep mountainous snowpacks is seldom rapid enough to exceed infiltration rates; thus, the source of streamflow in many mountainous watersheds is snowmelt recharge through shallow ground water systems. The hydrologic response and interaction between surface and sub-surface flow processes in these watersheds, which is controlled by basin structure, the spatial distribution of snowmelt, and the hydrogeology of the subsurface, are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to test a three-dimensional ground water model using simulated snowmelt input to simulate ground water response to spatially distributed snowmelt on the Upper Sheep Creek Watershed located within the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in Southwestern Idaho. The model was used to characterize the mountainous aquifer and to delineate the subsurface flow mechanisms. Difficulty in finding a reasonable combination of grid spacing and time stepping within the model was encountered due to convergence problems with the Picard solution to the non-linear variably saturated ground water flow equations. Simulation results indicated that flow may be either unconfined or confined depending on inflow rate and hydrogeologic conditions in the watershed. The now mechanism had a much faster response time when confined flow occurred. Response to snowmelt from a snow drift approximately 90 m away took only a few hours when flow was confined. Simulated results showed good agreement with piezometer measurements both in magnitude and timing; however, convergence problems with the Picard solution limited applicability of the model. C1 UNIV IDAHO,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,MOSCOW,ID 83843. RP Flerchinger, GN (reprint author), ARS,NW WATERSHED RES CTR,USDA,800 PK BLVD,SUITE 105,BOISE,ID 83712, USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 22070-5528 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1081 EP 1088 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VL740 UT WOS:A1996VL74000017 ER PT J AU Williams, MW Brooks, PD Mosier, A Tonnessen, KA AF Williams, MW Brooks, PD Mosier, A Tonnessen, KA TI Mineral nitrogen transformations in and under seasonal snow in a high-elevation catchment in the Rocky Mountains, United States SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SIERRA-NEVADA; SOLUTE CONTENT; SOIL EXTRACTS; ALPINE BASIN; FRONT RANGE; COLORADO; FOREST; DIFFUSION; CHEMISTRY; PATTERNS AB In an effort to understand sources of nitrate (NO,) in surface waters of high-elevation catchments, nitrogen (N) transformations in and under seasonal snow were investigated from 1993 to 1995 on Niwot Ridge, an alpine ecosystem at 3,500 m located in the Colorado Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. Ammonium (NH4+) and NO3- labeled with N-15 applied as nonconservative tracers to the snow showed no evidence of nitrification in the snowpack. Furthermore, NH4+ movement through the amended snowpack was highly correlated with a conservative chloride tracer (r(2) = 0.99). In an unamended snowpack NH4+ concentrations in meltwater before contact with the ground Rem highly correlated with NO; concentrations (r(2) = 0.98), which is consistent with no nitrification in the snowpack. The isotopically labeled (NH4+)-N-15 applied to the snowpack was found in underlying soils, showing that NH4+ released from snow can be rapidly immobilized. Resin bag (mixed-bed ion-exchange resins) measurements (n = 22) showed that 80% of the mobile inorganic N in unamended subnivial soils was NO3-. Measurements of KCl-extractable inorganic N from surface soils showed that highest values were prior to the initiation of snowmelt and lowest values were during the growing season. The natural delta(15)N abundance of unamended soils was negative and ranged from -12 to -2, suggesting that atmospheric deposition of delta(15)N-depleted N is an important component of N cycling in these alpine soils. These results suggest that soil mineralization under seasonal snow, rather than snowmelt release of NO3-, may control NO3- concentrations in surface waters of high-elevation catchments. C1 NATL PK SERV,AIR QUAL DIV,DENVER,CO 80225. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOG,BOULDER,CO 80309. USDA ARS,AGR RES CTR,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. RP Williams, MW (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,INSTAAR,CAMPUS BOX 450,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. NR 40 TC 80 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 32 IS 10 BP 3161 EP 3171 DI 10.1029/96WR02240 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA VL614 UT WOS:A1996VL61400018 ER PT J AU Kuhnle, RA Bingner, RL Foster, GR Grissinger, EH AF Kuhnle, RA Bingner, RL Foster, GR Grissinger, EH TI Effect of land use changes on sediment transport in Goodwin Creek SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MODEL AB The Goodwin Creek Research Watershed (21.3 km(2)) is located in the north central part of Mississippi in the bluff hills just east of the Mississippi River floodplain. Land use on the watershed has been surveyed annually and the percentage of cultivated land has decreased from 26% in 1982 to 12% in 1990. During this 9-year period the concentration of fines (<0.062 mm) in Goodwin Creek have decreased by 62%, concentrations of sand (0.062-2.0 mm) have decreased by 66%, and concentrations of gravel (>2.0 mm) have decreased by 39%. The decrease in the percentage of cultivated land affects the sediment budget of the watershed in two ways. A source of readily eroded sediment is removed, and the energy of the flowing water available to erode and transport sediment is reduced. The reduced flow in the channels from the decrease in cultivated land in the watershed was probably the main cause for the lower transport rates of sand and gravel. RP Kuhnle, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,598 MCELROY DR,POB 1157,OXFORD,MS 38665, USA. NR 28 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 32 IS 10 BP 3189 EP 3196 DI 10.1029/96WR02104 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA VL614 UT WOS:A1996VL61400020 ER PT J AU Simpson, DM Stoller, EW AF Simpson, DM Stoller, EW TI Thifensulfuron and imazethapyr interaction at the ALS enzyme in sulfonylurea-tolerant soybean (Glycine max) SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acetolactate synthase; STS soybean ID IN-VIVO; HERBICIDES; CHLORSULFURON; INHIBITION; RESISTANCE; TERBUFOS; SYNTHASE AB Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if the synergistic injury to sulfonylurea-tolerant soybean (STS soybean) caused by applications of thifensulfuron plus imazethapyr involves an interaction between the herbicides at the ALS enzyme. In vitro ALS from STS soybean (Asgrow 3200) was 10 times more tolerant to thifensulfuron than ALS from non-STS soybean (Williams 82). In vivo ALS was 30% of maximum activity 6 HAT in STS soybean treated with 4.4 g ha(-1) thifensulfuron, but 0% of maximum in similarly treated non-STS soybean. Increasing thifensulfuron from 4.4 to 141 g ha(-1) did not increase in vivo ALS inhibition in STS soybean, indicating a highly resistant ALS isozyme. Both cultivars responded similarly to imazethapyr in terms of visual injury, in vitro ALS inhibition, and in vivo ALS inhibition. Soybean injury and in vivo ALS inhibition increased with imazethapyr rate in both cultivars. The relationship between imazethapyr inhibition of ALS in vivo and soybean injury was curvilinear. In vitro ALS assays revealed no synergistic interaction between thifensulfuron and imazethapyr at the enzyme level. In vivo ALS activity was reduced to 7 and 10% of controls 24 and 48 HAT by the tank mixture compared to 56 and 84% for thifensulfuron alone and 20 and 28% for imazethapyr alone. These data show that the synergistic increase in soybean injury caused by tank mixing thifensulfuron with imazethapyr results from the cumulative inhibition of ALS, not a synergistic inhibition of the enzyme. RP Simpson, DM (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT AGRON,USDA ARS,N CENT REG,1102 S GOODWIN AVE,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 44 IS 4 BP 763 EP 768 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WA913 UT WOS:A1996WA91300001 ER PT J AU Seefeldt, SS Fuerst, EP Gealy, DR Shukla, A Irzyk, GP Devine, MD AF Seefeldt, SS Fuerst, EP Gealy, DR Shukla, A Irzyk, GP Devine, MD TI Mechanisms of resistance to diclofop of two wild oat (Avena fatua) biotypes from the Willamette Valley of Oregon SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE herbicide resistance ID ACETYL-COA CARBOXYLASE; HERBICIDE RESISTANCE; CROSS-RESISTANCE; WHEAT; SELECTIVITY; METABOLISM AB Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the mechanism of resistance to diclofop in two wild oat biotypes (designated 'B' and 'C' biotypes) from the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Resistance could not be attributed to differential absorption, translocation, or metabolism of diclofop, Resistance was not correlated with membrane plasmalemma repolarization following diclofop acid treatment. Compared to a susceptible ('S') wild oat biotype, acetyl CoA carboxylase from the B and C biotypes showed a 10.3 and 4.5 fold increase in the level of resistance, respectively, to diclofop acid. Cross-resistance to fenoxaprop acid was 5.5 and 7.3 times higher in the B and C biotypes, respectively than the S biotype. Correlation between resistance at the whole plant level and at the ACCase level was good for diclofop and fenoxaprop in the B biotype. For the C biotype, this correlation was not as good. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are given. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164. USDA ARS,STUTTGART,AR 72160. UNIV SASKATCHEWAN,DEPT CROP SCI & PLANT ECOL,SASKATOON,SK S7N 5A8,CANADA. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP Seefeldt, SS (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 16 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 44 IS 4 BP 776 EP 781 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WA913 UT WOS:A1996WA91300003 ER PT J AU Manners, GD Pfister, JA AF Manners, GD Pfister, JA TI Sampling a poisonous plant population: Quantifying toxic alkaloids in tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi) leaves SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE poisonous plants; noxious weeds; sample size; toxic alkaloids; methyllycaconitine ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; PHENOLOGY; SENECIO AB Poisonous plants and noxious weeds are often chemically examined to determine concentrations of secondary metabolites which are responsible for their toxic or biological activity. This study examined sample size requirements and sample methods necessary to quantify accurately the concentrations of individual and total toxic alkaloids in two tall larkspur populations. A high performance liquid chromatography analytical method was utilized to determine toxic alkaloid concentrations in all leaves from three individual plant stems and leaves from the remaining stems (remainder) from each of 50 plants in each population, To obtain high precision in quantifying toxic alkaloids in the larkspur populations (within 2.5 to 5% of the population mean, 0.95 confidence), very large numbers of samples (>50-200) were required. However, lower precision (within 10% of the population mean, 0.90-0.95 confidence) required only 20 samples. Similarly, testing parameters relating to toxin concentration in tall larkspur populations within 5 or 10% of the population mean also required hundreds of samples at power levels of 0.95 and alpha-levels of 0.05. Relaxing power and a-level requirements to 0.80 and 0.1 respectively, reduced sample size to about 30. The means obtained by four different sampling methods were similar (P > 0.05). Alkaloid concentrations in leaf samples from single stems were highly correlated to whole-plant leaf (remainder) samples (r(2) greater than or equal to 0.76), indicating that harvesting leaves from single stems provided representative samples of the entire plant. The results indicate the difficulty in obtaining accurate information about toxins in poisonous plant populations for risk assessment by livestock producers or extension agents and demonstrate the necessity for efficient analytical methodology. Researchers evaluating concentrations of plant compounds in other weeds or toxic plants should consider variability, sampling procedure, and sample size before experiments begin. C1 USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84341. RP Manners, GD (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 44 IS 4 BP 782 EP 788 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WA913 UT WOS:A1996WA91300004 ER PT J AU Lovell, ST Wax, LM Horak, MJ Peterson, DE AF Lovell, ST Wax, LM Horak, MJ Peterson, DE TI Imidazolinone and sulfonylurea resistance in a biotype of common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE herbicide resistance; cross-resistance; acetolactate synthase ID RYEGRASS LOLIUM-RIGIDUM; ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; HERBICIDE RESISTANCE; CROSS-RESISTANCE AB The incidence of weed resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides has increased in the United States. In 1993, a population of ALS-resistant common waterhemp was discovered after two confirmed applications of an imidazolinone herbicide. Following another imazethapyr application in the glasshouse, the resistant biotype demonstrated 130-fold resistance to imazethapyr(3) at the whole plant level. The concentration of imazethapyr required to inhibit the ALS activity by 50% was 520 times greater for the resistant biotype than the susceptible. Plants also demonstrated cross-resistance to the sulfonylureas, chlorimuron and thifensulfuron, at the whole plant and enzyme levels. This particular discovery is of concern due to the low number of applications of the selection agent (imazaquin 1989, imazethapyr 1992, and imazethapyr in the greenhouse) and the high degree of cross-resistance eliminating several options for weed control. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT AGRON,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA ARS,URBANA,IL 61801. RI Lovell, Sarah/H-4478-2013 NR 15 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 6 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 44 IS 4 BP 789 EP 794 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WA913 UT WOS:A1996WA91300005 ER PT J AU Dayan, FE Green, HM Weete, JD Hancock, HG AF Dayan, FE Green, HM Weete, JD Hancock, HG TI Postemergence activity of sulfentrazone: Effects of surfactants and leaf surfaces SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adjuvants; herbicide absorption; soybean; CASOB; CASOC; ABUTH; IAQTA; CYPES ID HERBICIDE; ADJUVANT; TRANSLOCATION; GLYPHOSATE; ABSORPTION; METABOLISM AB Sulfentrazone was foliar applied at 34 and 56 g ai ha(-1) alone or in combination with surfactants to soybean cultivars Hutcheson and Centennial and to sicklepod, coffee senna, smallflower morningglory, velvetleaf, and yellow nutsedge. The most sensitive weeds, including coffee senna, smallflower morningglory, and velvetleaf, were severely injured by the lowest rate when sulfentrazone was applied with surfactants. Sulfentrazone provided the highest control of yellow nutsedge with X-77, Soybeans were not severely injured by sulfentrazone applied alone, but 55% foliar injury occurred when the herbicide was applied with X-77. However, the seedlings were not killed, Sicklepod was the most tolerant of the weeds tested, In the absence of surfactants, the order of radiolabeled sulfentrazone absorption by the foliage was Centennial (5.8%) = Hutcheson (8.5%) = coffee senna (10.4%) < yellow nutsedge (17.0%) < velvetleaf (22.3%) = smallflower morningglory (24%), Sicklepod leaves did not retain droplets containing sulfentrazone when no surfactant was used. Species with the highest foliar absorption also showed the greatest phytotoxic response to the herbicide. Addition of surfactants to the spray mixture enhanced the foliar absorption and overall phytotoxicity of sulfentrazone in the weeds. An inverse relationship was detected between the foliar absorption of sulfentrazone without surfactants and the amount of cuticular wax present on the leaves. No such correlation was observed when surfactants were used. Thus, surfactants overcame the barrier to absorption imposed by the cuticular wax and, under these conditions, selectivity apparently became dependent upon species-specific cellular tolerance to sulfentrazone. C1 AUBURN UNIV,DEPT BOT & MICROBIOL,AUBURN,AL 36849. USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 30 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 6 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 44 IS 4 BP 797 EP 803 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WA913 UT WOS:A1996WA91300007 ER PT J AU Buhler, DD King, RP Swinton, SM Gunsolus, JL Forcella, F AF Buhler, DD King, RP Swinton, SM Gunsolus, JL Forcella, F TI Field evaluation of a bioeconomic model for weed management in corn (Zea mays) SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE expert systems; integrated weed management; weed control; weed population dynamics ID REDUCED HERBICIDE USE; SOIL AB A bioeconomic weed management model was tested as a decision aid for weed control in corn at Rosemount, MN, from 1991 to 1994, The model makes recommendations for preemergence control tactics based on the weed seed content of the soil and postemergence decisions based on weed seedling densities. Weed control, corn yield, herbicide active ingredient applied, and economic return with model-generated treatments were compared to standard herbicide and mechanical control treatments, Effects of these treatments on weed populations and soybean yield the following year were also determined, In most cases, the model-generated treatments controlled weeds as well as the standard herbicide treatment, The quantity of herbicide active ingredient applied decreased 27% with the seed bank model and 68% with the seedling model relative to the standard herbicide treatment, However the frequency of herbicide application was not reduced, In 1 yr, seed bank model treatments did not control weeds as well as the standard herbicide or seedling model treatments, Corn yields reflected differences in weed control, Net economic return to weed control was not increased by using model-generated control recommendations. Weed control treatments the previous year affected weed density in the following soybean crop, In 2 of 3 yr, these differences did not alter weed control or soybean yield, Although tactics differed, the bioeconomic model generally resulted in weed control and corn yield similar to the standard herbicide. The model was responsive to differing weed populations, but did not greatly alter economic returns under the weed species and densities in this research. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT APPL ECON,ST PAUL,MN 55108. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR ECON,E LANSING,MI 48824. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,N CENT SOIL CONSERVAT RES LAB,MORRIS,MN 56267. RP Buhler, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 44 IS 4 BP 915 EP 923 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WA913 UT WOS:A1996WA91300025 ER PT J AU Patterson, DT AF Patterson, DT TI Temperature and photoperiod effects on onionweed (Asphodelus fistulosus) and its potential range in the United States SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE onionweed; Asphodelus fistulosus L #(3)ASHFI; exotic weed; noxious weed; ecological range AB Environmental factors that affect the growth and development of onionweed were evaluated in order to predict its potential range and impact in the U.S. In controlled-environment experiments, onionweed achieved 60 to 100% of its maximum vegetative growth at temperatures ranging from 18/11 to 30/23 C day/night. The greatest biomass was produced at day temperatures of 18 or 24 C and night temperatures of 11 or 17 C. Leaf production and reproductive development were greatest at 18/11 C. Plants eventually flowered also at 18/17, 24/17, and 24/11 C but not in any regime with a 30 C-day or a 23 C-night. Flowering occurred earlier in 16-h photoperiods than in 16-h photoperiods than in g-h photoperiods. Climatic analyses revealed no U.S. analogs of the principal Australian onionweed sites. Based on its environmental responses and its pattern of distribution as a weed in Australia, onionweed will likely remain confined to the southwestern U.S. RP Patterson, DT (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,USDA,AGR RES SERV,IRREC,2199 S ROCK RD,FT PIERCE,FL 34945, USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 684 EP 688 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WD969 UT WOS:A1996WD96900001 ER PT J AU Anderson, RL Nielsen, DC AF Anderson, RL Nielsen, DC TI Emergence pattern of five weeds in the central Great Plains SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE green foxtail, Setaria viridis (L) Beauv #(3) SETVI; kochia, Kochia scoparia (L) Schrad # KCHSC; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L # AMARE; volunteer wheat, Triticum aestivum L; wild-proso millet, Panicum miliaceum L # PANMI; corn, Zea mays L; crop canopy; temperature window; tillage; winter annual grasses; AMARE; KCHSC; PANMI; SETVI ID SAFFLOWER CARTHAMUS-TINCTORIUS; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; WHEAT PRODUCTION; CROP MANAGEMENT; SOIL; CORN; PERIODICITY; HERBICIDES; CLOMAZONE; ROTATION AB Seedling emergence was characterized for five weeds that infest summer annual crops in the central Great Plains as affected by crop canopy or tillage. The study was established in winter wheat stubble between 1987 and 1990, with seedling emergence recorded weekly between April 1 and November 1. Kochia emerged primarily from early April to late June, whereas green foxtail, wild-prose millet, and redroot pigweed began emerging in late May and continued until August. Volunteer wheat emerged throughout the growing season, Tillage did not affect the emergence pattern of any species, but the numbers of kochia, volunteer wheat, and green foxtail seedlings were increased in no-till. Conversely, wild-prose millet emergence was greater with tillage. Only volunteer wheat's emergence was affected by crop canopy, as fall emergence of volunteer wheat was more than three times greater in corn than in prose millet. RP Anderson, RL (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,AKRON,CO 80720, USA. RI Nielsen, David/A-8044-2009 OI Nielsen, David/0000-0002-8240-7183 NR 37 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 8 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 744 EP 749 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WD969 UT WOS:A1996WD96900011 ER PT J AU Anderson, RL AF Anderson, RL TI Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) emergence variability in a semiarid region SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE downy brome, Bromus tectorum L, #(3) BROTE; winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L; cultural practices; decision risk; outcome prediction; BROTE ID WHEAT TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; WINTER-WHEAT; SECALINUS CONTROL; WEED MANAGEMENT; NORTH-AMERICA; SEEDING RATE; INTERFERENCE; RETURNS; SYSTEMS; FIELDS AB This study characterized seedling emergence of downy brome from August to early December over a 6-yr period. Seedlings were counted weekly in quadrats established in winter wheat stubble at Akron, CO. Seedling emergence varied among years, which was caused by erratic seasonal precipitation. Producers delay planting of winter wheat to reduce downy brome density in the crop, but in only 1 yr out of 6 would producers have benefited from this control strategy. Furthermore, delayed planting has negative crop consequences: less grain yield and more susceptibility to plant diseases and wind erosion because of less fall plant growth. Because fall precipitation is erratic in the semiarid Great Plains, other control strategies, such as nitrogen placement and increased seeding rates of winter wheat, would be more effective for downy brome management, yet not detrimental to winter wheat production. RP Anderson, RL (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,AKRON,CO 80720, USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 750 EP 753 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WD969 UT WOS:A1996WD96900012 ER PT J AU Hart, SE Wax, LM AF Hart, SE Wax, LM TI Dicamiba antagonizes grass weed control with imazethapyr by reducing foliar absorption SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dicamba, 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid; imazethapyr, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethy l-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid; giant foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrm #(3) SETFA; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L) Scop# DIGSA; shattercane, Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench# SORVU; herbicide antagonism; Digitaria sanguinalis; Setaria faberi; Sorghum bicolor; DIGSA; SETFA; SORVU; dicamba, 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid; imazethapyr, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethy l-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid; giant foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrm #(3) SETFA; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L) Scop # DIGSA; shattercane, Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench # SORVU ID JOHNSONGRASS SORGHUM-HALEPENSE; SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; SETHOXYDIM ABSORPTION; BENTAZON ANTAGONISM; ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA; HERBICIDES; HALOXYFOP AB Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of tank-mixing the sodium salt of dicamba (Na-dicamba) with imazethapyr on the efficacy and foliar absorption of imazethapyr, applied with non-ionic surfactant (MS) or methylated seed oil (MSG), by shattercane, giant foxtail, and large crabgrass. The effects of various salt formulations of dicamba and the addition of ammonium sulfate on efficacy, C-14-absorption and on foliar spray retention by the same species were also evaluated. Na-dicamba antagonized imazethapyr efficacy by reducing C-14-absorption. Using MSO instead of NIS prevented antagonism when Na-dicamba was applied at 70 and 140 g/ha and reduced the severity of the antagonism at greater application rates by greatly increasing C-14-absorption compared to NIS. Reductions in C-14-absorption and spray retention were due to the salt formulations of dicamba rather than the parent acid. The addition of ammonium sulfate prevented dicamba antagonism of imazethapyr toxicity to grassy weeds by maintaining C-14 foliar absorption and spray retention at normal levels. RP Hart, SE (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA,ARS,DEPT CROP SCI,1102 S GOODWIN AVE,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 28 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 828 EP 834 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WD969 UT WOS:A1996WD96900023 ER PT J AU Dionigi, CP McFarland, J AF Dionigi, CP McFarland, J TI Food quality: Risk and benefits associated with weed management SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Dionigi, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 965 EP 965 PG 1 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WD969 UT WOS:A1996WD96900046 ER PT J AU Mott, L Shaler, SM Groom, LH AF Mott, L Shaler, SM Groom, LH TI A technique to measure strain distributions in single wood pulp fibers SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fibers; micromechanics; strain; digital image correlation; tensile testing; environmental scanning electron microscopy AB Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and digital image correlation (DIG) were used to measure microstrain distributions on the surface of wood pulp fibers. A loading stage incorporating a fiber gripping system was designed and built by the authors. Fitted to the tensile substage of an ESEM or a Polymer Laboratories MINIMAT tester, it provided a reliable fiber straining mechanism. Black spruce latewood fibers (Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.) of a near-zero microfibril angle displayed a characteristically linear load elongation form. ESEM was able to provide real-time, high magnification images of straining fibers, crack growth, and complex single fiber failure mechanisms. Digital images of single fibers were also captured and used for subsequent DIG-based strain analysis. Surface displacement and strain maps revealed nonuniform strain distributions in seemingly defect-free fiber regions. Applied tensile displacements resulted in a strain band phenomenon. Peak strain (concentration) values within the bands ranged from 0.9% to 8.8%. It is hypothesized that this common pattern is due to a combination of factors including the action of microcompressive defects and straining of amorphous cell-wall polymeric components. Strain concentrations also corresponded well to locations of obvious strain risers such as visible cell-wall defects. Results suggest that the ESEM-based DIC system is a useful and accurate method to assess and, for the first time, measure fiber micromechanical properties. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. RP Mott, L (reprint author), UNIV MAINE,DEPT FOREST MANAGEMENT,ORONO,ME 04469, USA. NR 18 TC 59 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 11 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 BP 429 EP 437 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VR922 UT WOS:A1996VR92200006 ER PT J AU Bolen, PL Hayman, GT Shepherd, HS AF Bolen, PL Hayman, GT Shepherd, HS TI Sequence and analysis of an aldose (xylose) reductase gene from the xylose-fermenting yeast Pachysolen tannophilus SO YEAST LA English DT Article DE pentose phosphate pathway; ethanol; fermentation; aldehyde reductase; rho-crystallin; oxidoreductase ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; XYLITOL DEHYDROGENASE; PICHIA-STIPITIS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; ETHANOL-PRODUCTION; CANDIDA-SHEHATAE; FERMENTATION; PROTEINS; PURIFICATION; INDUCTION AB A xylose reductase gene was isolated from the xylose-fermenting yeast Pachysolen tannophilus as a cDNA clone by selecting clones that hybridized specifically to xylose-inducible messenger RNA. Use of the cDNA clone as a probe in Northern hybridizations identified a xylose-inducible mRNA species large enough to encode a 36 kDa xylose reductase protein known to be produced by this yeast. A corresponding genomic clone was isolated as a 3 kb EcoRI fragment that specifically hybridized to the cDNA clone. The sequence of the cDNA and the largest open reading frame of the genomic clone are identical. The predicted translation product exhibits: (1) significant sequence identity with a previously published N-terminal amino acid sequence from purified P. tannophilus xylose (aldose) reductase protein exhibiting NADH/NADPH-dependent activities (aldose reductase, EC 1.1.1.21); (2) identity with a protein composed of 317 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 36.2 kDa, equivalent to that reported for purified P. tannophilus xylose reductase; and (3) considerable sequence similarity to, and features of, a superfamily of oxidoreductases. This sequence is deposited as GenBank Accession Number U40706. C1 USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 38 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0749-503X EI 1097-0061 J9 YEAST JI Yeast PD OCT PY 1996 VL 12 IS 13 BP 1367 EP 1375 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(199610)12:13<1367::AID-YEA33>3.0.CO;2-# PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology; Mycology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology; Mycology GA VP837 UT WOS:A1996VP83700010 PM 8923742 ER PT J AU Kulik, MM AF Kulik, MM TI Evaluation of actinomycete culture filtrates for suppression of AG 4 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani that incite damping-off of alfalfa and other crops SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PFLANZENKRANKHEITEN UND PFLANZENSCHUTZ-JOURNAL OF PLANT DISEASES AND PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE actinomycetes; culture filtrates; antibiosis; alfalfa; Thanatephorus cucumeris; damping-off; Rhizoctonia solani AB One-hundred and fifteen isolates of actinomycetes were obtained from a composite sample of soil from a field in Tennessee with a history of damping-off of alfalfa. (Medicago sativa) incited by Rhizoctonia solani. Forty-eight of these isolates significantly reduced the lateral growth of an AG 4 isolate of this Fungus in an agar bioassay. Culture filtrates from these 48 isolates were used to saturate filter paper disks. The filtrates from 11 of these isolates significantly reduced the lateral growth of this fungus in an agar bioassay, while filtrates from 37 of the isolates were non-suppressive towards R, solani. These results support the idea of using actinomycete culture filtrates to suppress this fungus and other pathogenic fungi that incite fast-acting diseases such as damping-off. RP Kulik, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS, SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB, RM 101, BLDG 008, BARC-W, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU EUGEN ULMER GMBH CO PI STUTTGART PA POSTFACH 700561 WOLLGRASWEG 41, D-70599 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0340-8159 J9 Z PFLANZENK PFLANZEN JI Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens.-J. Plant Dis. Prot. PD OCT PY 1996 VL 103 IS 5 BP 502 EP 506 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VV726 UT WOS:A1996VV72600008 ER PT J AU Contois, JH LammiKeefe, CJ Vogel, S McNamara, JR Wilson, PWF Massov, T Schaefer, EJ AF Contois, JH LammiKeefe, CJ Vogel, S McNamara, JR Wilson, PWF Massov, T Schaefer, EJ TI Plasma lipoprotein(a) distribution in the Framingham Offspring Study as determined with a commercially available immunoturbidimetric assay SO CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE lipoprotein(a); lipids; lipoproteins; cholesterol; coronary heart disease; epidemiology ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; ARTERY DISEASE; LP(A) LIPOPROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN-B; TRIGLYCERIDE INTERFERENCE; CEREBROVASCULAR-DISEASE; CEREBRAL INFARCTION AB The purpose of our research was to evaluate a commercially available, automated, immunoturbidimetric assay for lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), to determine the distribution of Lp(a) in the Framingham Offspring Study population, and to determine Lp(a) levels that may be useful for assessing coronary heart disease risk. The mean between-run coefficient of variation for this assay was 5.65%. Lp(a) concentration was slightly, but significantly, higher in 1949 white women (mean +/- S,D. 214 +/- 195 mg/l, median 150 mg/l) than in 1884 white men (mean +/- S.D, 200 +/- 193 mg/l, median 130 mg/l) participating in Cycle 4 of the Framingham Offspring Study (P = 0.0015). Lp(a) values of 300 mg/l and 500 mg/l corresponded to approximately the 75th and 90th percentiles, respectively, for both men and women, and subjects with concentrations greater than or equal to 500 mg/l were more likely to have coronary heart disease than subjects with an Lp(a) concentration less than 300 mg/l (P < 0.05 for men). C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT NUTR SCI,STORRS,CT 06269. NHLBI,FRAMINGHAM,MA 01701. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HV-83-03] NR 59 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-8981 J9 CLIN CHIM ACTA JI Clin. Chim. Acta PD SEP 30 PY 1996 VL 253 IS 1-2 BP 21 EP 35 DI 10.1016/0009-8981(96)06341-3 PG 15 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA VG192 UT WOS:A1996VG19200003 PM 8879836 ER PT J AU Takamura, H Gardner, HW AF Takamura, H Gardner, HW TI Oxygenation of (3Z)-alkenal to (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-alkenal in soybean seed (Glycine max L) SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-LIPIDS AND LIPID METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE hexenal; 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal; 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; lipoxygenase pathway; nonenal; peroxygenase; (Glycine max L) ID UNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; ALDEHYDES; CHEMISTRY; PROTEINS AB (3Z)Alkenals, such as (3Z)-hexenal and (3Z)-nonenal, are produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids via lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase catalysis, but in soybeans (Glycine max L.) (3Z)-alkenals have a fleeting existence. In this study it was shown that soybean seeds possess two pathways that metabolize (3Z)-alkenals. One is a soluble (3Z):(2E)-enal isomerase that transformed (3Z)-hexenal and (3Z)-nonenal into the corresponding (2E)-alkenals. The other was a membrane-bound system that converted (3Z)-hexenal and (3Z)-nonenal into (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal and (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, respectively. The latter conversion was shown to absorb O-2 with a pH optimum of 9.5. Little effect observed with lipoxygenase inhibitors suggested that oxidation was not catalyzed by lipoxygenase. Instead, a specific (3Z)-alkenal oxygenase was implicated in forming intermediate alkenal hydroperoxides. Hydroperoxide-dependent peroxygenase (epoxygenase) is known to reduce hydroperoxides to their corresponding hydroxides and is also known to be inhibited by hydrogen peroxide preincubation. Consequently, intermediate 4-hydroperoxy-2-alkenals could be observed after inhibiting hydroperoxide-dependent peroxygenase by preincubation with hydrogen peroxide. Because 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals are potent toxins, these compounds may be produced as nonvolatile plant defensive substances. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NARA WOMENS UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI & NUTR,NARA 630,JAPAN. NR 22 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0005-2760 J9 BBA-LIPID LIPID MET JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Lipids Lipid Metab. PD SEP 27 PY 1996 VL 1303 IS 2 BP 83 EP 91 DI 10.1016/0005-2760(96)00076-8 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA VK398 UT WOS:A1996VK39800001 PM 8856037 ER PT J AU Anderson, OD Kuhl, JC Tam, A AF Anderson, OD Kuhl, JC Tam, A TI Construction and expression of a synthetic wheat storage protein gene SO GENE LA English DT Article DE high-molecular-weight glutenin; repetitive domain; bacterial expression; pET3a vector; oligonucleotides; polymerase-chain-reaction; synthetic gene ID WEIGHT GLUTENIN SUBUNITS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; CODON USAGE; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; YEAST; PURIFICATION; SEQUENCES AB A synthetic wheat high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin storage protein gene analog was constructed for expression in E. coli. This first synthetic HMW-glutenin gene and future modifications are intended to allow systematic dissection of the molecular basis of HMW-glutenin role in the visco-elastic properties critical for wheat product processing and utilization. The design of the gene included four features: different construction strategies for the separate assembly of major polypeptide domains, the inclusion of convenient restriction sites for modifications, use of a codon selection similar to E. coli highly expressed genes, and the ability to produce repetitive sequence domains of exact numbers of defined repeats. The complete synthetic HMW-glutenin construct was 1908 bp, and contained 32 identical copies of one of the HMW-glutenin repetitive domain motifs. The gene expressed the novel HMW-glutenin protein to relatively high levels in bacterial cultures and the protein exhibited the known anomalous behavior of HMW-glutenins in SDS-PAGE. RP Anderson, OD (reprint author), ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,USDA,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1119 J9 GENE JI Gene PD SEP 26 PY 1996 VL 174 IS 1 BP 51 EP 58 DI 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00315-0 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA VL049 UT WOS:A1996VL04900008 PM 8863728 ER PT J AU Miller, MJ Martinez, A Unsworth, EJ Thiele, CJ Moody, TW Elsasser, T Cuttitta, F AF Miller, MJ Martinez, A Unsworth, EJ Thiele, CJ Moody, TW Elsasser, T Cuttitta, F TI Adrenomedullin expression in human tumor cell lines - Its potential role as an autocrine growth factor SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; GASTRIN-RELEASING PEPTIDE; GENE-ASSOCIATED PEPTIDES; PULMONARY VASCULAR BED; LUNG-CANCER; HYPOTENSIVE PEPTIDE; RAT ADRENOMEDULLIN; COLORIMETRIC ASSAY; NECROSIS-FACTOR; CLONING AB Although adrenomedullin (AM) previously has been identified in human tumors, its role has remained elusive. Analysis by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed AM mRNA in 18 of 20 human normal tissues representing major organs, and 55 of 58 (95%) malignant cell lines. Western blot and high performance liquid chromatography analysis showed immunoreactive AM species of 18, 14, and 6 kDa that are consistent with the precursor, intermediate product, and active peptide, respectively. Immunohistochemistry and in situ RT-PCR performed on paraffin-embedded tumor cell lines of various tissue origins exhibited AM cytoplasmic staining. Neutralizing monoclonal antibody to AM inhibits tumor cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect that was reversed with the addition of exogenous AM. Responding tumor cells were shown to have approximately 50,000 AM receptors per cell by Scatchard analysis with I-125-AM and expressed AM receptor mRNA by RT-PCR. Our data showed 36 of 48 (75%) tumor cell lines expressed AM receptor mRNA by RT-PCR assessment, all of them also expressed AM. In the presence of AM, cAMP levels were shown to increase in tumor cells. Our collective data demonstrate that AM and AM receptor are expressed in numerous human cancer cell lines of diverse origin and constitute a potential autocrine growth mechanism that could drive neoplastic proliferation. C1 NCI,PEDIAT BRANCH,DIV CANC TREATMENT,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. ARS,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Miller, MJ (reprint author), NCI,BIOMARKERS & PREVET RES BRANCH,DIV CLIN SCI,ROCKVILLE,MD 20850, USA. RI Martinez, Alfredo/A-3077-2013 OI Martinez, Alfredo/0000-0003-4882-4044 NR 52 TC 275 Z9 280 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD SEP 20 PY 1996 VL 271 IS 38 BP 23345 EP 23351 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA VH768 UT WOS:A1996VH76800062 PM 8798536 ER PT J AU Yokelson, RJ Griffith, DWT Ward, DE AF Yokelson, RJ Griffith, DWT Ward, DE TI Open-path Fourier transform infrared studies of large-scale laboratory biomass fires SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID DRY SEASON; TRACE GASES; EMISSIONS; COMBUSTION; PYROLYSIS; BRAZIL; WOOD; TROPICS; SAVANNA; IMPACT AB A series of nine large-scale, open fires was conducted in the Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory (IFSL) controlled-environment combustion facility. The fuels were pure pine needles or sagebrush or mixed fuels simulating forest-floor, ground fires; crown fires, broadcast burns; and slash pile burns. Mid-infrared spectra of the smoke were recorded throughout each fire by open path Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy at 0.12 cm(-1) resolution over a 3 m cross-stack pathlength and analyzed to provide pseudocontinuous, simultaneous concentrations of up to 16 compounds. Simultaneous measurements were made of fuel mass loss, stack gas temperature, and total mass flow up the stack. The products detected are classified by the type of process that dominates in producing them. Carbon dioxide is the dominant emission of (and primarily produced by) flaming combustion, from which we also measure nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and most of the water vapor from combustion and fuel moisture. Carbon monoxide is the dominant emission formed primarily by smoldering combustion from which we also measure carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and ethane. A significant fraction of the total emissions is unoxidized pyrolysis products; examples are methanol, formaldehyde, acetic and formic acid, ethene (ethylene), ethyne (acetylene), and hydrogen cyanide. Relatively few previous data exist for many of these compounds and they are likely to have an important but as yet poorly understood role in plume chemistry. Large differences in emissions occur from different fire and fuel types, and the observed temporal behavior of the emissions is found to depend strongly on the fuel bed and product type. C1 UNIV WOLLONGONG, DEPT CHEM, WOLLONGONG, NSW 2522, AUSTRALIA. US FOREST SERV, USDA, INTERMT RES STN, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA. RP Yokelson, RJ (reprint author), UNIV MONTANA, DEPT CHEM, MISSOULA, MT 59812 USA. RI Yokelson, Robert/C-9971-2011 OI Yokelson, Robert/0000-0002-8415-6808 NR 51 TC 169 Z9 168 U1 2 U2 51 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 20 PY 1996 VL 101 IS D15 BP 21067 EP 21080 DI 10.1029/96JD01800 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VJ677 UT WOS:A1996VJ67700014 ER PT J AU Lehrfeld, J AF Lehrfeld, J TI Conversion of agricultural residues into cation exchange materials SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PULP AB A series of cation exchange resins were prepared from some low-value agricultural residues. Carboxylate (maleate, succinate, end phthalate), phosphate, and sulfate groups were incorporated onto the complex polysaccharide matrix of oat hulls, corn cobs, and sugar beet pulp. Standard reaction conditions were established, using cellulose as the model polysaccharide. The magnitude of functional group incorporation, under standard conditions, was taken as a measure of the reactivity of the agricultural residues studied. In general, the order of reactivity was sugar beet pulp > corn cob > oat hull. The unsubstituted and the functionalized agricultural residues were tested for their potential ability to remove cations from waste water discharges. The capability of these materials to remove cations from waste waters was estimated from their calcium binding capacity. The calcium binding capacities of the resins prepared from the agricultural residues varied from around 559-3466 mu equiv/g. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. RP Lehrfeld, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FOOD PHYS CHEM RES UNIT,MWA,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 20 TC 42 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD SEP 19 PY 1996 VL 61 IS 12 BP 2099 EP 2105 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA VC063 UT WOS:A1996VC06300007 ER PT J AU Rieder, E Berinstein, A Baxt, B Kang, A Mason, PW AF Rieder, E Berinstein, A Baxt, B Kang, A Mason, PW TI Propagation of an attenuated virus by design: Engineering a novel receptor for a noninfectious foot-and-mouth disease virus SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE picornavirus; receptor; intracellular adhesion molecule 1; antibody engineering ID INTERCELLULAR-ADHESION MOLECULE-1; FC RECEPTOR; VITRONECTIN RECEPTOR; RHINOVIRUS RECEPTOR; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BINDING-SITES; CELL-LINE; POLIOVIRUS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; ICAM-1 AB To gain entry into cells, viruses utilize a variety of different cell-surface molecules. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) binds to cell-surface integrin molecules via an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence in capsid protein VP1. Binding to this particular cell-surface molecule influences FMDV tropism, and virus/receptor interactions appear to be responsible, in part, for selection of antigenic variants. To study early events of virus-cell interaction, we engineered an alternative and novel receptor for FMDV. Specifically, we generated a new receptor by fusing a virus-binding, single-chain antibody (scAb) to intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1). Cells that are normally not susceptible to FMDV infection became susceptible after being transfected with DNA encoding the scAb/ICAM1 protein. An escape mutant (B2PD.3), derived with the mAb used to generate the genetically engineered receptor, was restricted for growth on the scAb/ICAM1 cells, but a variant of B2PD.3 selected by propagation on scAb/ICAM1 cells grew well on these cells. This variant partially regained wild-type sequence in the epitope recognized by the mAb and also regained the ability to be neutralized by the mAb. Moreover, RGD-deleted virions that are noninfectious in animals and other cell types grew to high titers and were able to form plaques on scAb/ICAM1 cells. These studies demonstrate the first production of a totally synthetic cell-surface receptor for a virus. This novel approach will be useful for studying virus reception and for the development of safer vaccines against viral pathogens of animals and humans. C1 USDA ARS, PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR, N ATLANTIC AREA, GREENPORT, NY 11944 USA. Scripps Res Inst, RES INST, DEPT MOL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA. NR 41 TC 39 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD SEP 17 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 19 BP 10428 EP 10433 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.19.10428 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VJ203 UT WOS:A1996VJ20300080 PM 8816817 ER PT J AU Ferretti, A Flanagan, VP AF Ferretti, A Flanagan, VP TI Mass spectra of tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether derivatives of the major metabolite of prostaglandin F SO CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF LIPIDS LA English DT Article DE prostaglandin F; metabolite; PGF-M; derivatives; electron ionization; mass spectrometry ID HUMAN-URINE; 11-ALPHA-HYDROXY-9,15-DIOXO-2,3,4,5,20-PENTANOR-19-CARBOXYPROSTANOIC ACID; ESTER DERIVATIVES; SPECTROMETRY AB The EI mass spectra of four tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether derivatives of the major metabolite of prostaglandins F-1 alpha and F-2 alpha (PGF-M) are presented and discussed. Proposed ion assignments and fragmentation pathways are based on substituent shifts, on data from a deuterium-labeled methoxime analog, and on the analysis of collision-induced dissociation spectra of selected ions. Fragment ions suitable for identification and quantification work are proposed. RP Ferretti, A (reprint author), USDA ARS,BARC E,BHNRC,NRFL,BLDG 308,ROOM 122,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0009-3084 J9 CHEM PHYS LIPIDS JI Chem. Phys. Lipids PD SEP 16 PY 1996 VL 83 IS 1 BP 71 EP 76 DI 10.1016/0009-3084(96)02596-0 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA VL229 UT WOS:A1996VL22900007 PM 8858833 ER PT J AU Fetterer, RH Rhoads, ML AF Fetterer, RH Rhoads, ML TI The role of the sheath in resistance of Haemonchus contortus infective-stage larvae to proteolytic digestion SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nematode; surface; protease; cuticular proteins; parasite; helminth ID ARTHROBOTRYS-OLIGOSPORA; NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI; CUTICULAR PROTEINS; NEMATODE PARASITES; CUTICLE; PURIFICATION; LIVESTOCK; PROTEASE; ANTIGEN; ECDYSIS AB Surface iodinated larvae of Haemonchus contortus were incubated in the presence of the fungal protease, proteinase K, and proteolysis quantified by scintillation counting of released radioactivity. No radioactivity was released from live ensheathed infective-stage larvae (L(3(2m))). In contrast, 58% of the radioactivity was released from ecdysed, second molt (2M) cuticles (sheaths) of L(3(2M)) and 48% from live exsheathed third-stage larvae (L(3)). When L(3(2M)) larvae were killed by heat (80 degrees C for 10 min) prior to proteinase K incubation, 61% of the radioactivity was released, whereas less than 7% was released from larvae killed by the metabolic inhibitors NaN3 or KCN. Proteinase K released 44% of the radioactivity from live L(3(2M)) larvae which had been preincubated with 1% sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), whereas no radioactivity was released from L(3(2M)) larvae preincubated with either 1% Triton X-100, 0.2% CTAB, 50% methanol, 50% ethanol, or water. Following incubation with proteinase K, only L(3(2M)) larvae which had been heat-killed or preincubated with SDS showed visible damage to the sheath. Material released from L(3(2M)) larvae by exposure to either heat or SDS contained a 98000 M(r) protein by SDS-PAGE L autoradiography. These results indicate that viable L(3(2M)) larvae are resistant to attack by proteinase K and that this resistance is dependent on structural properties of the sheath. RP Fetterer, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD SEP 16 PY 1996 VL 64 IS 4 BP 267 EP 276 DI 10.1016/0304-4017(95)00926-4 PG 10 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA VN483 UT WOS:A1996VN48300002 PM 8893481 ER PT J AU Pumarola, M Anor, S Ramis, AJ Borras, D Gorraiz, J Dubey, JP AF Pumarola, M Anor, S Ramis, AJ Borras, D Gorraiz, J Dubey, JP TI Neospora caninum infection in a Napolitan mastiff dog from Spain SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dog; Neospora caninum; Spain ID TISSUE-SECTIONS AB Fetal neosporosis-associated myeloencephalitis was diagnosed in a 4-month-old Napolitan mastiff dog from Spain, Neospora caninum tachyzoites and tissue cysts were observed in lesions in the central nervous system and the diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining with anti-N, caninum monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. C1 USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. AUTONOMOUS UNIV BARCELONA,SCH VET MED,DEPT PATHOL & ANIM PROD,BARCELONA 08193,SPAIN. CLIN CANIS,GIRONA,SPAIN. OI Anor, Sonia/0000-0002-1099-7698 NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD SEP 16 PY 1996 VL 64 IS 4 BP 315 EP 317 DI 10.1016/0304-4017(95)00927-2 PG 3 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA VN483 UT WOS:A1996VN48300006 PM 8893485 ER PT J AU Reed, CA AF Reed, CA TI Neglected but commonsense steps to prevent foodborne illness SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Reed, CA (reprint author), USDA,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 15 PY 1996 VL 209 IS 6 BP 1053 EP 1053 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VG354 UT WOS:A1996VG35400004 PM 8800240 ER PT J AU Kutish, GF Li, Y Lu, ZQ Furuta, M Rock, DL VanEtten, JL AF Kutish, GF Li, Y Lu, ZQ Furuta, M Rock, DL VanEtten, JL TI Analysis of 76 kb of the Chlorella virus PBCV-1 330-kb genome: Map positions 182 to 258 SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN DISULFIDE-ISOMERASE; MAJOR CAPSID PROTEIN; DNA-SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; GROUP-B STREPTOCOCCI; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE; ACETOBACTER-XYLINUM; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE AB Analysis of 76 kb of newly sequenced DNA, located between map positions 182 and 258 kb in the 330-kb chlorella virus PBCV-1 genome, revealed 175 open reading frames (ORFs) of 65 codons or longer. One hundred and five of these 175 ORFs were considered major ORFs. Twenty-one of the 105 major ORFs resembled proteins in databases including ribonucleotide reductase small subunit, RNase III, thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, protein disulfide isomerase, deoxynucleoside kinase, frog virus 3 ATPase, Acetobacter cellulose synthase, a bacteriophage encoded endonuclease, and two C-5 cytosine DNA methyltransferases. One of the ORFs was the PBCV-1 major capsid protein. The 105 major ORFs were evenly distributed along the genome. One set of ORFs was separated by 543 nucleotides whereas 75 of the ORFs were separated by fewer than 100 nucleotides. Nineteen of the 175 ORFs resembled other PBCV-1 ORFs, suggesting that they represent either gene duplications or gene families. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, LINCOLN, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR, NAA, GREENPORT, NY 11944 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 32441] NR 83 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD SEP 15 PY 1996 VL 223 IS 2 BP 303 EP 317 DI 10.1006/viro.1996.0482 PG 15 WC Virology SC Virology GA VJ810 UT WOS:A1996VJ81000005 PM 8806566 ER PT J AU Carlson, SJ Chourey, PS AF Carlson, SJ Chourey, PS TI Evidence for plasma membrane-associated forms of sucrose synthase in maize SO MOLECULAR AND GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; sucrose synthase; plasma membrane; cellulose biosynthesis; endosperm ID DEVELOPING ENDOSPERM; EXPRESSION; SYNTHETASE; GENES; CELLULOSE; KERNELS AB Plasma membrane fractions were isolated from maize (Zen mays L.) endosperms and etiolated kernels to investigate the possible membrane location of the sucrose synthase (SS) protein. Endosperms from seedlings at both 12 and 21 days after pollination (DAP), representing early and mid-developmental stages, were used, in addition to etiolated leaf and elongation zones from seedlings. Plasma membrane fractions were isolated from this material using differential centrifugation and aqueous two-phase partitioning. The plasma membrane-enriched fraction obtained was then analyzed for the presence of sucrose synthase using protein blots and activity measurements. Both isozymes SS1 and SS2, encoded by the loci Sh1 and Sus1, respectively, were detected in the plasma membrane-enriched fraction using polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to SS1 and SS2 isozymes. In addition, measurements of sucrose synthase activity in plasma membrane fractions of endosperm revealed high levels of specific activity. The sucrose synthase enzyme is tightly associated with the membrane, as shown by Triton X-100 treatment of the plasma membrane-enriched fraction. It is noteworthy that the gene products of both Sh1 and Sus1 were detectable as both soluble and plasma membrane-associated forms. C1 UNIV FLORIDA, USDA ARS, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, PROGRAM PLANT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. NR 32 TC 71 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD SEP 13 PY 1996 VL 252 IS 3 BP 303 EP 310 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA VL335 UT WOS:A1996VL33500010 PM 8842150 ER PT J AU Ma, YZ MacKown, CT VanSanford, DA AF Ma, YZ MacKown, CT VanSanford, DA TI Kernel growth of in vitro cultured wheat spikes of cultivars with divergent source-sink limitations SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum L; kernel size; source/sink relations; in vitro spike culture ID WINTER-WHEAT; GRAIN-GROWTH; DRY-WEIGHT; EARS; ACCUMULATION; VARIETIES; SIZE; NUMBER; BARLEY; YIELD AB A 50% reduction at anthesis in the main stem reproductive sink size of soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) elicits differential kernel size (KS) responses among cultivars. In this study, source levels were manipulated to evaluate cultivar source and sink limitations to kernel growth. Detached spikes of 'Arthur' (non-responsive, KS unaffected by 50% spikelet removal), 'Caldwell', 'FL 302' and 'Adena' (responsive, KS increases with 50% spikelet removal) cultivars were cultured in vitro from 14 days after anthesis (during endosperm cell expansion stage) to maturity with sucrose levels of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mM. Relative differences in KS among cultivars for each sucrose level were similar to those of field-grown plants at maturity. The KS of all in vitro cultured cultivars reached maximum at sucrose levels of 50 mM or greater; however, these kernels were 11-21% smaller than those of field-grown plants. On average, kernels on spikes cultured in 100 mM sucrose grew at the same rate as kernels on field-grown plants, but for a significantly Shorter duration (22.8 vs. 31.7 days). Sucrose concentrations of peduncle and chaff tissues increased as sucrose levels increased. Compared to field-grown plants, peduncle and chaff tissues of cultured spikes averaged over all sucrose levels and cultivars had 4.6-fold greater water soluble carbohydrate concentration and 59% more tissue dry weight at maturity. Smaller kernels but abundant accumulation of water soluble carbohydrates in peduncle and chaff indicate that factors other than carbohydrate supply limited kernel growth of spikes cultured in vitro. When cultured in vitro, the non-responsive cultivar Arthur did not reach maximum KS at a lower sucrose concentration than the responsive cultivars. Thus, the apparent kernel growth limitation hue to sink activity observed after partial spikelet removal of field-grown Arthur was not observed when spikes of this cultivar were cultured in vitro. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,USDA ARS,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD SEP 13 PY 1996 VL 119 IS 1-2 BP 135 EP 148 DI 10.1016/0168-9452(96)04456-1 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA VK915 UT WOS:A1996VK91500013 ER PT J AU Redinbaugh, MG Ritchie, SW Hendrix, KW MacKown, CT Campbell, WH AF Redinbaugh, MG Ritchie, SW Hendrix, KW MacKown, CT Campbell, WH TI Expression of enzyme activities and transcripts required for nitrate assimilation in maize (Zea mays L A188 x BMS) suspension cell cultures SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; suspension cell culture; cell growth; nitrate reductase; nitrate assimilation; nitrite reductase; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; gene expression; enzyme activity ID PENTOSE-PHOSPHATE PATHWAY; REDUCTASE GENE PROMOTER; STEADY-STATE SUPPLIES; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; NITRITE-REDUCTASE; PRIMARY RESPONSE; SPINACH CELLS; ENVIRONMENTAL NITRATE; GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION AB The response of a rapidly growing, transformable maize suspension cell culture line (Zea mays L. A188 x BMS) to changes in media N and NO3- treatment was examined. Growth, N content, enzyme activities and transcript levels were measured in cells transferred to N-rich media (N6) or to media lacking N (N-free). Transferring cells to N-free media had little impact on cell growth (fresh and dry weight). However, reduced N, soluble protein, and total RNA per g dry weight were about 50% lower than in cells transferred to N6 media. Cellular NO3- nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) activity declined rapidly when cells were transferred to N-free media. Within 24 h after transfer to N-free media, treatment with 1 mM KNO3 increased NADH: NR, NAD(P)H: NR, and NiR activities, and NR transcript levels. Cells transferred to N6 media did not respond to KNO3 treatment. Three days after transfer to N-free media, NR transcript levels increased rapidly and transiently in response to low concentrations of NO3-(.) This response was not prevented by the cytoplasmic protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. The similarity between the response of the N-starved A188 x EMS cell culture and maize roots to environmental NO3- indicated that the cell cultures provide a uniform, easily manipulable system for the study of NO3- signal transduction processes. C1 PIONEER HYBRID INT,JOHNSTON,IA 50131. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. USDA ARS,NATL AGR WATER QUAL LAB,DURANT,OK 74702. MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,HOUGHTON,MI 48831. RP Redinbaugh, MG (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. RI Redinbaugh, Margaret/A-3611-2013 NR 51 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD SEP 13 PY 1996 VL 119 IS 1-2 BP 169 EP 181 DI 10.1016/0168-9452(96)04464-0 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA VK915 UT WOS:A1996VK91500017 ER PT J AU Gehring, AG Crawford, CG Mazenko, RS VanHouten, LJ Brewster, JD AF Gehring, AG Crawford, CG Mazenko, RS VanHouten, LJ Brewster, JD TI Enzyme-linked immunomagnetic electrochemical detection of Salmonella typhimurium SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE magnetic bead; electrochemistry; immunomagnetic; Salmonella; bacterium; detection ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; MAGNETIC SEPARATION; FOODS; IMMUNOASSAY; BIOSENSOR; ASSAY; ELECTRODES; BACTERIA AB There is a need for rapid methods to detect pathogenic bacteria in food products as alternatives to the current laborious and time-consuming culture procedures. We report a microbial detection technique that combines the selectivity of antibody-coated superparamagnetic beads with the rapidity and sensitivity of electrochemical detection in a format termed enzyme-linked immunomagnetic electrochemistry. In it, Salmonella typhimurium were sandwiched between antibody-coated magnetic beads and an enzyme-conjugated antibody. With the aid of a magnet, the beads (with or without bound bacteria) were localized onto the surface of disposable graphite ink electrodes in a multi-well plate format. Enzyme substrate was added and conversion of substrate to an electroactive product was measured using electrochemical detection. The electrochemical response was directly proportional to the number of captured bacteria. Using this technique, a minimum detectable level of 8 x 10(3) cells/ml of Salmonella typhimurium in buffer was achieved in ca. 80 min. C1 ARS,USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 29 TC 101 Z9 102 U1 3 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1759 J9 J IMMUNOL METHODS JI J. Immunol. Methods PD SEP 9 PY 1996 VL 195 IS 1-2 BP 15 EP 25 DI 10.1016/0022-1759(96)00076-2 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA VG477 UT WOS:A1996VG47700003 PM 8814315 ER PT J AU Carmena, R Ascaso, JF Camejo, G Varela, G HurtCamejo, E Ordovas, JM MartinezValls, J Bergstom, M Wallin, B AF Carmena, R Ascaso, JF Camejo, G Varela, G HurtCamejo, E Ordovas, JM MartinezValls, J Bergstom, M Wallin, B TI Effect of olive and sunflower oils on low density lipoprotein level, composition, size, oxidation and interaction with arterial proteoglycans SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE LDL oxidation; Sunflower oil; Olive oil; Diets; LDL size; LDL affinity to proteoglycans; LDL beta carotene; LDL retinol; LDL alpha-tocopherol ID MONOUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; CHOLESTEROL-FED RABBITS; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC SUBJECTS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; HUMAN MACROPHAGES; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; CULTURED HUMAN AB The atherogenicity of low density lipoproteins (LDL) may be modulated by its serum levels, structure and affinity for components of the intima, all properties that can be altered by diet. Linoleic acid-rich diets (n-G, 18:2) reduce the levels of LDL whereas those rich in oleic (n-9, 18:1) are considered 'neutral'. However, LDL enriched in linoleic acid have been reported to be more vulnerable to free radical-mediated oxidation than those enriched in oleic, a potentially atherogenic property. The effect of dietary fats on other properties of LDL that may also modulate atherogenesis, such as size and capacity to interact with intima components, are not well established. We explored here how a change from an olive oil-rich diet (OO) to a sunflower oil-rich one (SFO) affects these parameters in a community with a traditional Mediterranean diet. Eighteen free-living volunteers were placed for 3 weeks on a diet with 31% of caloric intake as sunflower oil and then shifted for an additional 3 weeks to a diet in which OO provided 30.5% of the calories. The LDL after SFO had a fatty acids ratio of (18:2 + 18:3 + 20:4) to (16:0 + 16:1 + 18:0 + 18:1) of 1.06 +/- 0.11 compared to 0.73 +/- 0.06 after the OO period. Serum LDL was significantly lower after SFO than after OO. Unexpectedly, copper-catalyzed oxidation of LDL from the SFO period was significantly less than that of the particles from the OO period. The resistance to oxidation of LDL of the SFO and OO period related to alterations in content of the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and retinol, in addition to changes in size and fatty acids composition. In vitro binding of LDL to human arterial proteoglycans was also significantly lower for the SFO-LDL than the OO-LDL, a result that can also be attributed to the larger size of the SFO-LDL. Therefore, three properties of LDL: circulating levels, oxidizability, and affinity with intima proteoglycans, that may modulate its atherogenicity, were shifted in a favorable direction by diets rich in linoleic acid and natural antioxidants. C1 ASTRA HASSLE AB, PRECLIN RES LABS, BIOCHEM, S-43183 MOLNDAL, SWEDEN. UNIV VALENCIA, HOSP CLIN, DEPT MED, VALENCIA, SPAIN. GOTHENBURG UNIV, SAHLGRENS HOSP, WALLENBERG LAB CARDIOVASC RES, S-41345 GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN. UNIV BURGOS, DEPT FOOD SCI, BURGOS, SPAIN. TUFTS UNIV, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, LIPID METAB LAB, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 46 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD SEP 6 PY 1996 VL 125 IS 2 BP 243 EP 255 PG 13 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VA867 UT WOS:A1996VA86700009 PM 8842355 ER PT J AU Ewald, D Li, MG Efrat, S Auer, G Wall, RJ Furth, PA Hennighausen, L AF Ewald, D Li, MG Efrat, S Auer, G Wall, RJ Furth, PA Hennighausen, L TI Time-sensitive reversal of hyperplasia in transgenic mice expressing SV40 T antigen SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SV40-TRANSFORMED CELLS; GENE-EXPRESSION; ONCOGENES; PROMOTER; PROTEIN; CANCER; GROWTH AB The role of viral oncoprotein expression in the maintenance of cellular transformation was examined as a function of time through controlled expression of simian virus 40 T antigen (TAg), Expression of TAg in the submandibular gland of transgenic mice from the time of birth induced cellular transformation and extensive ductal hyperplasia by 4 months of age, The hyperplasia was reversed when TAg expression was silenced for 3 weeks, When TAg expression was silenced after 7 months, however, the hyperplasia persisted even though TAg was absent, Although the polyploidy of ductal cells could be reversed at 4 months of age, cells at 7 months of age remained polyploid even in the absence of TAg, These results support a model of time-dependent multistep tumorigenesis, in which virally transformed cells eventually lose their dependence on the viral oncoprotein for maintenance of the transformed state. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. INST HUMAN VIROL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,DEPT MOL PHARMACOL,BRONX,NY 10461. KAROLINSKA INST,DEPT PATHOL & ONCOL,S-17176 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. ARS,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NIDDKD,BIOCHEM & METAB LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. NR 21 TC 189 Z9 189 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 6 PY 1996 VL 273 IS 5280 BP 1384 EP 1386 DI 10.1126/science.273.5280.1384 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VF610 UT WOS:A1996VF61000041 PM 8703072 ER PT J AU Becraft, PW Stinard, PS McCarty, DR AF Becraft, PW Stinard, PS McCarty, DR TI CRINKLY4: A TNFR-like receptor kinase involved in maize epidermal differentiation SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SEQUENCE; CELLS; GENE AB The maize crinkly4 (cr4) mutation affects leaf epidermis differentiation such that cell size and morphology are altered, and surface functions are compromised, allowing graft-like fusions between organs. In the seed, loss of cr4 inhibits aleurone formation in a pattern that reflects the normal progression af differentiation over the developing endosperm surface. The cr4 gene was Isolated by transposon tagging and found to encode a putative receptor kinase. The extracellular domain contains a cysteine-rich region similar to the ligand binding domain in mammalian tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) and seven copies of a previously unknown 39-amino acid repeat. The results suggest a role for cr4 in a differentiation signal. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. ARS,USDA,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT HORT SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. RP Becraft, PW (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL & GENET,AMES,IA 50011, USA. OI Becraft, Philip/0000-0002-3299-2126 NR 29 TC 237 Z9 256 U1 3 U2 25 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 6 PY 1996 VL 273 IS 5280 BP 1406 EP 1409 DI 10.1126/science.273.5280.1406 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VF610 UT WOS:A1996VF61000048 PM 8703079 ER PT J AU Hood, G Turley, RB Steen, JS AF Hood, G Turley, RB Steen, JS TI Ribosomal protein RL44 is encoded by two subfamilies in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID CDNA NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; GENES; EXPRESSION; CYCLOHEXIMIDE; L41; RESISTANCE; TOBACCO AB We have isolated 4 cDNA clones encoding the full-length sequence of the eukaryotic ribosomal protein RL44 from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Sequencing of these clones resulted in the classification of 2 subfamilies of RL44; these subfamilies had coding regions (315 bp) which were 92% identical. RL44-1 (454 bp) and RL44-2 (485 bp) constitute subfamily 1, whereas RL44-3 (913 bp) and RL44-5 (541 bp) constitute subfamily 2. The differences in nucleotide sequences, however, occurred only at third codon positions and the resulting amino acid sequences of the two RL44 subfamilies were identical. The ORF encoded a protein of 105 residues with a M(r) = 12029. A bipartite nuclear targeting sequence was identified from residues 29 to 43. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. RP Hood, G (reprint author), DELTA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,CLEVELAND,MS 38733, USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD SEP 4 PY 1996 VL 226 IS 1 BP 32 EP 36 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1307 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA VF935 UT WOS:A1996VF93500006 PM 8806588 ER PT J AU MartinezSoriano, JP GalindoAlonso, J Maroon, CJM Yucel, I Smith, DR Diener, TO AF MartinezSoriano, JP GalindoAlonso, J Maroon, CJM Yucel, I Smith, DR Diener, TO TI Mexican papita viroid: Putative ancestor of crop viroids SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE plant diseases; potato spindle tuber disease; epidemiology; quarantine; quasispecies ID SPINDLE TUBER VIRUS; SATELLITE RNAS; REPLICATION; EVOLUTION; PLANTS; DOMAIN; STRAIN AB The potato spindle tuber disease was first observed early in the 20th century in the northeastern United States and shown, in 1971, to be incited by a viroid, potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). No wild-plant PSTVd reservoirs have been identified; thus, the initial source of PSTVd infecting potatoes has remained a mystery. Several variants of a novel viroid, designated Mexican papita viroid (MPVd), have now been isolated from Solanum cardiophyllum Lindl. (papita guera, cimantli) plants growing wild in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes. MPVd's nucleotide sequence is most closely related to those of the tomato planta macho viroid (TPMVd) and PSTVd, From TPMVd, MPVd may be distinguished on the basis of biological properties, such as replication and symp tom formation in certain differential hosts, Phylogenetic and ecological data indicate that MPVd and certain viroids now affecting crop plants, such as TPMVd, PSTVd, and possibly others, have a common ancestor, We hypothesize that commercial potatoes grown in the United States have become viroid-infected by chance transfer of MPVd or a similar viroid from endemically infected wild solanaceous plants imported from Mexico as germplasm, conceivably from plants known to have been introduced from Mexico to the United States late in the 19th century in efforts to identify genetic resistance to the potato late blight fungus, Phytophthora infestans. C1 UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT PLANT BIOL, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. UNIV AUTONOMA NUEVO LEON, INST NACL INVEST FORESTALES & AGROPECUARIAS, SAN NICOLAS DE LOS GARZA, NL, MEXICO. COLEGIO POSTGRAD, MONTECILLO, MEX, MEXICO. UNIV MARYLAND, INST BIOTECHNOL, AGR BIOTECHNOL CTR, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. ARS, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 47 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD SEP 3 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 18 BP 9397 EP 9401 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.18.9397 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VF614 UT WOS:A1996VF61400017 PM 8790341 ER PT J AU Baker, JM AF Baker, JM TI Use and abuse of crop simulation models - Foreword SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material RP Baker, JM (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,1991 UPPER BUFORD CIRCLE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 689 EP 689 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VJ227 UT WOS:A1996VJ22700002 ER PT J AU Sinclair, TR Seligman, NG AF Sinclair, TR Seligman, NG TI Crop modeling: From infancy to maturity SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SIMULATION-MODELS; YIELD PREDICTION; WHEAT; NITROGEN AB Crop modeling, the computerized simulation of dynamic crop systems, was born about 30 gears ago, when systems analysis and modern computers presented a new technique to crop scientists. Since then, crop modeling has gone through a number of developmental stages, similar to those of living organisms. From its infancy, crop modeling seemed to promise a well-behaved, elegant surrogate for ambiguous and cumbersome field experimentation. Indeed, some of the earliest models proved to be among the most notable achievements to date. During the juvenile stage that followed, there was an impressive increase in complexity and computer sophistication, accompanied by some of the growing pains of childhood. Greater expectations led to more and more detailed descriptions of the functioning of the biotic and abiotic components of cropping systems. The results were often trivial, and the big payoff tended to recede into the future, bat the need for predicting future crop performance for management and hypothesis testing, together with progress in crop science and computer technology, spurred crop modeling. The next phase, adolescence, a period marked by intense activity, confusion, and excessive confidence - sometimes challenged by doubt - appears to be extending into the present. Not only is the original promise turning out to be elusive, but widely accepted guidelines for scientific modeling, such as greater reductionism, universality, and validation, are being questioned. Maturity mag be emerging as expectations become pragmatically adjusted to reality. Crop modeling, like advanced ecological modeling, is proving to be more a heuristic tool than a surrogate for reality. In academic, research, and applied roles, such models can be of great value when used as aids to reasoning about the functioning and response of crop systems under many relevant, nontrivial scenarios. C1 AGR RES ORG, VOLCANI CTR, INST FIELD & GARDEN CROPS, IL-50250 BET DAGAN, ISRAEL. RP UNIV FLORIDA, USDA ARS, AGRON PHYSIOL LAB, POB 110840, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. NR 51 TC 142 Z9 163 U1 1 U2 34 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 EI 1435-0645 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 698 EP 704 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VJ227 UT WOS:A1996VJ22700005 ER PT J AU Aase, JK Pikul, JL Prueger, JH Hatfield, JL AF Aase, JK Pikul, JL Prueger, JH Hatfield, JL TI Lentil water use and fallow water loss in a semiarid climate SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DRYLAND CROPPING SYSTEMS; LEGUME COVER CROPS; GREEN-MANURE CROPS; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; SOIL-WATER; PRODUCTIVITY; NITROGEN; WHEAT; YIELD AB With renewed interest in legumes for green manures or as partial summer fallow replacement crops, it is important to know water requirements of these crops in semiarid agriculture. Our objective was to evaluate seasonal water use by black Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus cv. Indianhead), a potential fallow replacement crept and to relate water use to parameters useful as soil water management tools. We measured evapotranspiration (ET) from two precision weighing lysimeters located on a Williams loam (fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiboroll) near Sidney, MT. The lysimeters were in adjacent 180- by 180-m fields in a typical strip-crop environment of the semiarid northern Great Plains. Bowen ratio estimates of ET were also obtained. Lentil was seeded no-till into wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stubble on one lysimeter field in 1993, and the other was left in chemical fallow. Seeded and fallow fields were rotated in 1994. Water loss by ET from lentil and fallow lysimeters was the same (approximate to 25 mm) for 3 wk following seeding. Plant height was related to growing degree days (GDD) in both years. Cumulative ET was related to GDD for both years until about 800 GDD, corresponding to nearly 300 mm ET. Deciding how much water to sacrifice (with hopes of recovery during the noncrop period) becomes a matter of judgment about probable rainfall. At full bloom (approximate to 2 Mg ha(-1) dry matter production), the lentil crop used about 50 to 70 mm more water than fallow. Probably no more than 50 mm of water loss above that from fallow should be sacrificed if a grain crop is to be seeded the following year. From a practical stand-point, because plant height was closely related to both GDD and cumulative ET, it is plausible that a simple measure of lentil height (about 350 mm maximum) can give sufficient accuracy for determining when lentil growth, as a partial summer fallow replacement crop in a semiarid climate, should be terminated. C1 USDA ARS,NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB,BROOKINGS,SD 57006. USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. RP Aase, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS,NW IRRIGAT & SOILS RES LAB,3793 N 3600 E,KIMBERLY,ID 83341, USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 723 EP 728 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VJ227 UT WOS:A1996VJ22700008 ER PT J AU Blackmer, TM Schepers, JS Varvel, GE Meyer, GE AF Blackmer, TM Schepers, JS Varvel, GE Meyer, GE TI Analysis of aerial photography for nitrogen stress within corn fields SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID REFLECTANCE CHARACTERISTICS; LEAVES; CHLOROPHYLL; GROWTH; LIGHT AB Spatial variability of soil parameters within fields complicates N fertilizer recommendations for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Thus, the ability to identify differences in crop N status within corn fields could lead to efficiencies in N fertilizer application and decreased ground water pollution. In this study, we digitized aerial color photographic transparencies using an eight-bit scheme to generate digital counts for the red, green, and blue primary colors in the photographs at the R5 growth stage and related them to grain yield. Digital count responses were relative to the N treatment in which grain yield plateaued. Experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 for four irrigated corn hybrids with five N Fates on a 6-ha held near Shelton, NE. Red and green digital counts relative to those for the high N treatment provided better prediction of yield response than relative blue counts in both years. In 1993, black-and-white photographs taken with a filter centered around 536 mm also predicted yield response to N well (r(2) = 0.93), These findings permit the use of low cost aerial photographs to characterize variability in crop N status throughout entire fields. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT BIOL SYST ENGN,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP Blackmer, TM (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 19 TC 56 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 729 EP 733 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VJ227 UT WOS:A1996VJ22700009 ER PT J AU Sauer, TJ Hatfield, JL Prueger, JH AF Sauer, TJ Hatfield, JL Prueger, JH TI Aerodynamic characteristics of standing corn stubble SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL-TEMPERATURE; WIND-EROSION; ROUGHNESS LENGTH; SIMULATION; HEIGHT; CANOPY; LAYER; DISPLACEMENT; PARAMETERS; VEGETATION AB Maintenance of crop residues on the soil surface is promoted as a management practice for reducing soil erosion by wind and water. Crop residue on the soil surface, however, also influences turbulent exchange processes that affect surface water and energy balances. At present, there are very limited data on the aerodynamic properties of residue-covered surfaces. The objective of this research was to derive estimates of the aerodynamic properties (momentum roughness length z(0), zero-plane displacement d, and drag coefficient C-d) of fields with standing corn (Zea mays L.) stubble. Wind speed and air temperature measurements were made at six heights above two no-tillage fields near Ames, IA, in the spring and fall of 1994 and in the spring of 1995. Both sites had standing corn stubble approximately 0.3 m tall at a density of greater than 60 000 stalks ha(-1) and nearly 95% residue cover. An iterative, least-squares linear regression technique was applied to wind profiles obtained under neutral atmospheric conditions to determine z(0), d, and the friction velocity (u*). Mean values of z(0) and d for each of the three measurement periods varied from 11.8 to 24.3 and 119 to 169 mm, respectively. The ratios z(0)/h(s) and d/h(s), where hs is the mean stubble height, averaged 0.058 and 0.53, respectively, for all profiles. The magnitude of z(0) and d and their weak dependence on wind speed are consistent with turbulent dow over a surface with sparse, rigid roughness elements. The z(0) and C-d were higher for the fall measurement period, suggesting that the loose, fresh residue presented a comparatively rough surface that was then smoothed by weathering and compaction beneath snow. C1 USDA ARS, NATL SOIL TILTH LAB, AMES, IA 50011 USA. RP UNIV ARKANSAS, USDA ARS, BIOMASS RES CTR, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA. NR 44 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 5 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 EI 1435-0645 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 733 EP 739 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VJ227 UT WOS:A1996VJ22700010 ER PT J AU Porter, LK Follett, RF Halvorson, AD AF Porter, LK Follett, RF Halvorson, AD TI Fertilizer nitrogen recovery in a no-till wheat-sorghum-fallow-wheat sequence SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WINTER-WHEAT; AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION; LABELED NITROGEN; SOIL-NITROGEN; MINERALIZATION; DENITRIFICATION; EFFICIENCY; PLAINS; SYSTEM AB No-till cropping in the semiarid Central Great Plains increases water storage during fallowing, which allows farmers to use an intensive cropping sequence of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow-winter wheat. The purpose of this N-15 field study was to provide as complete accounting as possible of fertilizer N dynamics (changes in the NO3-N pool, fertilizer N uptake by plants, fertilizer N carryover effects, and mineralization and uptake of labeled N from wheat residues) for this intensive cropping sequence. Main-plot treatments were 0, 56, and 112 kg N ha(-1). Eight microplots were established within all main plots. For the main plots that received 56 and 112 kg N ha(-1), two microplots received no (KNO3)-N-15, and one of these microplots had its nonlabeled wheat residues exchanged with labeled residues. Six microplots were treated with (KNO3)-N-15, one-third received (KNO3)-N-15 the first year, one-third the second year, and one-third both years. There was no detectable NO3 leaching. Mineralization, fertilizer application, and plant uptake had dramatic effects on the soil NO3-N pool. Both N rates increased the total N concentration and N uptake of aboveground biomass of the first wheat crop and the sorghum crop over the unamended treatment, whereas only the highest fertilizer N rate increased the total N uptake of the unfertilized second wheat crop. Plant N uptake transferred the majority of fertilizer NO3 to aboveground biomass, and crop residue deposition, immobilization, and mineralization maintained the fertilizer N in the top 60 cm of soil, At the end of the 4-yr cropping sequence, 90 and 87% of the applied fertilizer N was accounted for at the 56 and 112 kg N ha(-1) rates, respectively. Of this N, generally 24 to 28% remained in the soil. The 10 to 13% of the applied fertilizer N that was unaccounted for was probably lost by denitrification or NH3 volatilization. C1 USDA ARS,NO GREAT PLAINS RES LAB,MANDAN,ND 58554. RP Porter, LK (reprint author), USDA ARS,SOIL PLANT NUTRIENT RES UNIT,301 S HOWES ST,POB E,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 34 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 750 EP 757 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VJ227 UT WOS:A1996VJ22700013 ER PT J AU Jung, GA Shaffer, JA Everhart, JR AF Jung, GA Shaffer, JA Everhart, JR TI Harvest frequency and cultivar influence on yield and protein of alfalfa-ryegrass mixtures SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HERBAGE AB Binary mixtures of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) are commonly grown for forage in the U.S. Northeast. The competitiveness of ryegrass with alfalfa as modified by management practices has not been extensively studied. Two experiments were conducted to measure the influence of harvest frequency and ryegrass ploidy level on production, botanical composition, and crude protein concentration of alfalfa-ryegrass mixtures. The first experiment used six replicates of a factorial treatment structure (three ryegrass cultivars x three harvest cycles) in a split-plot design. The second experiment used three replicates of three cultivars x three harvest treatments. Increasing the length of the harvest cycle from 20 to 40 d increased alfalfa and total dry matter production (10.1 to 14.9 Mg ha(-1)) while decreasing ryegrass production and proportion (49 to 18%) of grass in the stand. Ryegrass was nearly eliminated from the stand at the 40-d harvest cycle, but when the cutting cycle was changed to 20 d the next year, it became productive and contributed one-fourth to one-half of the total forage yield. Alfalfa, which had low productivity (7.3 to 8.4 Mg ha(-1)) in a 20-d cycle, became very productive (16.4 to 17.4 Mg ha(-1)) when the cycle was changed to 40 d the next year. Crude protein concentration in alfalfa decreased from 248 to 200 g kg(-1) as harvest cycle increased from 20 to 40 d. Ryegrass crude protein increased from 163 to 184 g kg(-1) as harvest cycle increased. Frances and Diplomat perennial turfgrass ryegrasses were as productive and persistent as Citadel perennial forage ryegrass in binary mixtures with alfalfa. C1 USDA ARS,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MGT RES LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 817 EP 822 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VJ227 UT WOS:A1996VJ22700023 ER PT J AU Frederick, JR Bauer, PJ AF Frederick, JR Bauer, PJ TI Winter wheat responses to surface and deep tillage on the southeastern Coastal Plain SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RESIDUE MANAGEMENT; SOUTHERN PIEDMONT; SYSTEMS; TRAITS; WATER; YIELD AB Conservation tillage practices have seldom been used to produce winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on the U.S. southeastern Coastal Plain, primarily because of inadequate planting equipment and the need for deep tillage. Despite improved equipment, little is known about the effects of surface and deep tillage (ST and DT) systems on winter wheat development and grain yield on the Coastal Plain. Objectives of this 2-yr study were to a) determine whether ST affects the grain yield response of winter wheat to DT and (ii) examine the effects of ST and DT on winter wheat development. The soil was a Goldsboro loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aquic Kandiudult). Treatments were ST (disked twice or no surface tillage) and DT (deep tilled using a ParaTill or no deep tillage). Averaged over years and levels of DT, the number of emerged seedlings was 16% less with no ST than with disking. With DT, the number of heads per square meter was similar for the two levels of ST treatment, indicating that wheat grown with no ST produced more heads per plant than with disking. Soil water contents were usually lower in 1995 than in 1994 for all treatments (<2 g kg(-1) prior to inflorescence emergence in 1995). Aboveground dry weights near inflorescence emergence, kernel no. m(-2), and grain yields averaged 39, 26, and 22% less, respectively, in 1995 than in 1994. Deep tillage increased aboveground dry weight, kernel no. m(-2), and grain yield more for wheat in no-surface-tillage plots than in disked plots. When deep tilled, ST had no effect on grain yield in 1994, but yields were 25% greater for wheat grown with no ST in the drier year of 1995. There may be no need to disk the soil if DT is performed and proper planting equipment is used to produce winter wheat on the southeastern Coastal Plain. Yield increases due to DT in this region should be greater with no ST than with disking. C1 USDA ARS,COASTAL PLAINS RES CTR,FLORENCE,SC 29501. RP Frederick, JR (reprint author), CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT AGRON,PEE DEE RES & EDUC CTR,ROUTE 1,BOX 531,FLORENCE,SC 29501, USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 829 EP 833 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VJ227 UT WOS:A1996VJ22700025 ER PT J AU King, JC AF King, JC TI Does poor zinc nutriture retard skeletal growth and mineralization in adolescents? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID BONE-RESORPTION; IN-VITRO; CALCIUM; DEFICIENCY C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT NUTR SCI,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP King, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 29997,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 95129, USA. NR 20 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 64 IS 3 BP 375 EP 376 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VE607 UT WOS:A1996VE60700017 PM 8780348 ER PT J AU Yanovski, SZ Hubbard, VS Lukaski, HC Heymsfield, SB AF Yanovski, SZ Hubbard, VS Lukaski, HC Heymsfield, SB TI Bioelectrical impedance analysis in body composition measurement - Proceedings of a National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference held in Bethesda, MD, December 12-14, 1994 - Introduction SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, ST LUKES ROOSEVELT HOSP CTR, COLL PHYS & SURG, OBES RES CTR, NEW YORK, NY USA. USDA ARS, GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, GRAND FORKS, ND 58202 USA. NIDDKD, NUTR SCI BRANCH, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. RP NIDDKD, DIV DIGEST DIS & NUTR, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 64 IS 3 SU S BP 387 EP 387 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VE984 UT WOS:A1996VE98400001 ER PT J AU Foster, KR Lukaski, HC AF Foster, KR Lukaski, HC TI Whole-body impedance - What does it measure? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National-Institutes-of-Health-Technology-Assessment Conference on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Body Composition Measurement CY DEC 12-14, 1994 CL BETHESDA, MD SP NIDDKD, NIH, Off Med Applicat Res, NICHHD, NIA, NHLBI, USDA DE resistance; reactance; body composition; fat-free mass; extracellular fluid; total body water ID BIOELECTRICAL-IMPEDANCE; DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; CIRRHOSIS; SEGMENTS; WATER AB Although the bioelectrical impedance technique is widely used in human nutrition and clinical research, an integrated summary of the biophysical and bioelectrical bases of this approach is lacking. We summarize the pertinent electrical phenomena relevant to the application of the impedance technique in vivo and discuss the relations between electrical measurements and biological conductor volumes. Key terms in the derivation of bioelectrical impedance analysis are described and the relation between the electrical properties of tissues and tissue structure is discussed. The relation between the impedance of an object and its geometry, scale, and intrinsic electrical properties is also discussed. Correlations between whole-body impedance measurements and various bioconductor volumes, such as total body water and fat-free mass, are experimentally well established; however, the reason for the success of the impedence technique is much less clear. The bioengineering basis for the technique is critically presented and considerations are proposed that might help to clarify the method and potentially improve its sensitivity. C1 USDA ARS, GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, GRAND FORKS, ND 58202 USA. RP UNIV PENN, DEPT BIOENGN, SUITE 120 HAYDEN HALL, 3320 SMITH WALK, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA. NR 19 TC 87 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 64 IS 3 SU S BP 388 EP 396 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VE984 UT WOS:A1996VE98400002 ER PT J AU Lukaski, HC AF Lukaski, HC TI Biological indexes considered in the derivation of the bioelectrical impedance analysis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National-Institutes-of-Health-Technology-Assessment Conference on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Body Composition Measurement CY DEC 12-14, 1994 CL BETHESDA, MD SP NIDDKD, NIH, Off Med Applicat Res, NICHHD, NIA, NHLBI, USDA DE impedance; resistance; reactance; total body water; extracellular water; fat-free mass ID TOTAL-BODY WATER; FAT-FREE MASS; FLUID; SEGMENTS AB Although use of the bioelectrical impedance method for the indirect assessment of human body composition is growing, awareness of the theoretical and practical bases of the method is limited. I discuss the relations between impedance variables and biological indexes, describe the biophysical models for the translation of impedance variables into in vivo body-composition indexes, and summarize the influences of physical and biological factors that affect the validity of the bioelectrical impedance method. The practical advantages of the bioelectrical impedance method necessitate concerted research efforts to establish the most appropriate applications of the method in research and clinical medicine. RP USDA ARS, GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, BOX 9034 UNIV STN, GRAND FORKS, ND 58202 USA. NR 40 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 64 IS 3 SU S BP 397 EP 404 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VE984 UT WOS:A1996VE98400003 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R AF Roubenoff, R TI Applications of bioelectrical impedance analysis for body composition to epidemiologic studies SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National-Institutes-of-Health-Technology-Assessment Conference on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Body Composition Measurement CY DEC 12-14, 1994 CL BETHESDA, MD SP NIDDKD, NIH, Off Med Applicat Res, NICHHD, NIA, NHLBI, USDA DE body composition; lean body mass; obesity; aging; population studies AB Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a promising tool in the evaluation of body composition in large population studies because it is fast, is inexpensive, and does not require extensive operator training or cross-validation. The empiric nature of the relation between resistance and reactance measured by BIA and body composition has led to the development of equations that translate the raw data into liters of body water or kilograms of fat-free mass (FFM) or fat mass. These equations may not be easily transferred from one population to another if the populations differ significantly in important determinants of body composition such as age, obesity, and illness. I review two recent studies from the Framingham Heart Study in which BIA was first compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a validation technique, and then compared with the body mass index (BMI, in kg/m(2)) as an alternative estimate of body fat. BIA was a good predictor of DXA-derived FFM (r = 0.85-0.88, P < 0.001) and was superior to BMI as an estimator of body fat. RP TUFTS UNIV, USDA, JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, BODY COMPOSIT LAB, 711 WASHINGTON ST, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. NR 7 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 64 IS 3 SU S BP 459 EP 462 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VE984 UT WOS:A1996VE98400011 ER PT J AU Austin, MA Ordovas, JM Eckfeldt, JH Tracy, R Boerwinkle, E Lalouel, JM Printz, M AF Austin, MA Ordovas, JM Eckfeldt, JH Tracy, R Boerwinkle, E Lalouel, JM Printz, M TI Guidelines of the national heart, lung, and blood institute working group on blood drawing, processing, and storage for genetic studies SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; GENOMIC DNA; GUTHRIE CARDS; RAPID METHOD; WHOLE-BLOOD; SOLID-PHASE; PURIFICATION; EXTRACTION; FRACTIONATION; INTEGRITY C1 TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,USDA,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV MINNESOTA HOSP & CLIN,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,MINNEAPOLIS,MN. UNIV TEXAS,CTR HUMAN GENET,HOUSTON,TX. UNIV VERMONT,DEPT PATHOL,COLCHESTER,VT. UNIV VERMONT,DEPT BIOCHEM,COLCHESTER,VT. UNIV UTAH,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,RES LABS,SALT LAKE CITY,UT. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. RP Austin, MA (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH PUBL HLTH & COMMUNITY MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,BOX 357236,1959 NE PACIFIC AVE,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 26 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD SEP 1 PY 1996 VL 144 IS 5 BP 437 EP 441 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VE900 UT WOS:A1996VE90000001 PM 8781457 ER PT J AU Sahyoun, NR Jacques, PF Russell, RM AF Sahyoun, NR Jacques, PF Russell, RM TI Carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and mortality in an elderly population SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aged; ascorbic acid; biochemistry; carotenoids; diet; food; mortality; vitamin E ID ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; BETA-CAROTENE; E CONSUMPTION; LUNG-CANCER; RISK; ANTIOXIDANT; PLASMA; VEGETABLES; FRUITS AB In 1981-1984, the nutritional status of 747 noninstitutionalized Massachusetts residents aged 60 years and over was assessed. Nine to 12 years later, the vital status of these subjects was determined. The data of a subset of 725 community-dwelling volunteers was used to examine associations between mortality and the nutrient antioxidants (carotenoids and vitamins C and E) in plasma, diet, and supplements. Results indicated that subjects with plasma vitamin C levels in the middle and high quintiles had a lower overall mortality (relative risk (RR) = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44-0.94 and RR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.32-0.90, respectively) than those in the lowest quintile even after adjustment for potential confounders. These associations were largely due to reduced mortality from heart disease. Subjects in the highest quintile of total intake of vitamin C also had a significantly lower risk of overall mortality (RR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.32-0.93) and mortality from heart disease (RR = 0.38, 95% Ci 0.19-0.75) than did those in the lowest quintile after potential confounders were controlled for. Intake of vegetables was inversely associated with overall mortality (p for trend = 0.003) and mortality from heart disease (p for trend = 0.04). No other significant associations were observed. In conclusion, the results indicate that high intakes and plasma levels of vitamin C and frequent consumption of vegetables may be protective against early mortality and mortality from heart disease. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. RI Sahyoun, Nadine/G-2608-2011 NR 32 TC 112 Z9 114 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD SEP 1 PY 1996 VL 144 IS 5 BP 501 EP 511 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VE900 UT WOS:A1996VE90000010 PM 8781466 ER PT J AU Cifrian, E Guidry, AJ OBrien, CN Marquardt, WW AF Cifrian, E Guidry, AJ OBrien, CN Marquardt, WW TI Effect of antibodies to staphylococcal alpha and beta toxins and Staphylococcus aureus on the cytotoxicity for and adherence of the organism to bovine mammary epithelial cells SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID VACCINATION; INFECTIONS; MASTITIS AB Objective-To determine the effect of antibodies to staphylococcal alpha and beta toxins and Staphylococcus aureus on the toxicity for and adherence of S aureus to bovine mammary epithelial cells. Sample Population-Cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells and Staphylococcus aureus obtained from a cow with mastitis. Procedure-Cultured bovine epithelial cells were incubated with antisera to alpha and beta toxins of S aureus and culture supernatant; cell damage and S aureus adherence to cells were measured. Results-Antisera to alpha, beta, and alpha + beta toxins inhibited cytotoxicity of S aureus culture supernatant. Antiserum to alpha + beta toxin was the most effective inhibitor of cytotoxicity and antiserum to beta toxin was the least effective. All 3 antisera decreased the percentage of S aureus adhered to the mammary epithelial cell monolayers and numbers of organisms per cluster of adhered bacteria. in this study, antisera to alpha and alpha + beta toxins decreased the number of S aureus clusters per dish, but antiserum to beta toxin had no significant effect. Antiserum to alpha + beta toxin decreased the percentage of epithelial cells with adhered S aureus, but neither antiserum to alpha nor beta toxin had significant effect. Antiserum to S aureus decreased the percentage of S aureus adhered, number of clusters per dish, number of organisms per cluster, and percentage of epithelial cells with S aureus adhered. Conclusions-Antibodies to staphylococcal alpha and beta toxins inhibit adherence to and cytotoxicity of S aureus for bovine mammary epithelial cells, and antibodies to S aureus inhibit adherence of S aureus to bovine mammary epithelial cells. C1 ARS,USDA,IMMUNOL & DIS RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,VIRGINIA MARYLAND REG COLL VET MED,COLLEGE PK,MD 20705. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 57 IS 9 BP 1308 EP 1311 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VE905 UT WOS:A1996VE90500016 PM 8874724 ER PT J AU Leino, L Paape, MJ AF Leino, L Paape, MJ TI Regulation of activation of bovine neutrophils by aggregated immunoglobulin G SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FC-GAMMA-RII; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHILS; TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; RECEPTOR; COMPLEMENT; EXPRESSION; IGG; LEUKOCYTES; MAC-1 AB Objectives-To investigate the role of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ in aggregated IgG (algG)-mediated cellular activation, and to determine how algG-induced activation is coupled to Ca2+ homeostasis in bovine neutrophils. Sample Population-4 clinically normal, lactating Holstein cows, in their second lactation, which ranged between 60 and 150 days. Procedure-algG was prepared by heating bovine IgG, and C5a was obtained by activating fetal bovine serum with zymosan. Luminol-amplified chemiluminescence (CL) of isolated neutrophils was measured in the presence of algG or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The reaction mixture contained either Hanks' balanced salt solution or Ca2+- and Mg2+-free Hanks' balanced salt solution. Binding of algG to neutrophils was measured by flow cytometry after incubation with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated second antibody. Intracellular-free concentration [Ca2+](i) was measured in a fluorescence spectrofluorometer after incubation of neutrophils, loaded with the fluorescent dye fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester, with either algG or C5a. Results-In a Ca2+- and Mg2+-containing reaction mixture, algG induced strong CL responses, whereas removal of extracellular divalent cations almost abolished the respiratory burst activity. The CL emission on stimulation with PMA was independent of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+. Examination of cells by flow cytometry after incubation with algG indicated that the binding of algG was identical in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+. No increase in [Ca2+](i) was seen in fura-2 acetoxymethylester-loaded neutrophils after stimulation with algG. C5a induced a typical transient increase in [Ca2+](i). Conclusions-algG-induced activation of bovine neutrophils is highly dependent on presence of extracellular divalent cations. This dependency is not caused by the need of divalent cations for binding of algG by neutrophils or because the influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular space is an integral component of algG-mediated activation pathway. Because need for extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ could be partially circumvented by pretreating neutrophils with PMA, it is possible that this activation pathway may involve a protein kinase C, which is not directly coupled to receptors for algG. C1 ARS,USDA,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV TURKU,CENT HOSP,DEPT HEMATOL,FIN-20520 TURKU,FINLAND. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 57 IS 9 BP 1312 EP 1316 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VE905 UT WOS:A1996VE90500017 PM 8874725 ER PT J AU Frank, GH Briggs, RE Loan, RW Purdy, CW Zehr, ES AF Frank, GH Briggs, RE Loan, RW Purdy, CW Zehr, ES TI Respiratory tract disease and mucosal colonization by Pasteurella haemolytica in transported cattle SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CALVES; SEROTYPE; TONSILS; NASOPHARYNX; VACCINATION; INHIBITION; A1 AB Objectives-To follow incidence of Pasteurella haemolytica (PH) in the upper respiratory tract of healthy carves at the farm and through the marketing process, and to determine the effect of vaccination on PH colonization of the upper respiratory tract and on the incidence of respiratory tract disease (RTD). Animals-2- to 5-month-old calves (n = 104) from 4 farms. Procedure-Calves were vaccinated with a killed PH serotype-1 product. Nasal secretion and tonsil wash specimens were cultured for PH, and serum antibody was measured by indirect hemagglutination. Calves with RTD were treated with tilmicosin phosphate. Results-At the feedyard, 73 calves had RTD. The incidence of RTD was significantly related to the farm of origin, and was inversely related to the PH serum titer at the farm, but was not influenced by vaccination. Isolations of PH serotype 1, however, were reduced by vaccination. The major serotypes of PH encountered were 1 and 6. Conclusion-Vaccination can reduce the frequency of colonization of the upper respiratory tract by PH. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,TEXAS VET MED CTR,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. USDA ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,BUSHLAND,TX 79012. RP Frank, GH (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 21 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 57 IS 9 BP 1317 EP 1320 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VE905 UT WOS:A1996VE90500018 PM 8874726 ER PT J AU Cannizzo, KL Lappin, MR Cooper, CM Dubey, JP AF Cannizzo, KL Lappin, MR Cooper, CM Dubey, JP TI Toxoplasma gondii antigen recognition by serum immunoglobulins M, G, and A of queens and their neonatally infected kittens SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; TARGET ANTIGENS; CATS; DIAGNOSIS AB Objective-To evaluate antigen recognition patterns of serum IgM, IgG, and IgA from queens and their kittens as a method of diagnosing neonatal toxoplasmosis. Animals-5 pregnant queens were inoculated orally with Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts during gestation (18 to 44 days). On various days after parturition (0 to 97), serum was obtained from queens and kittens (n = 19). Procedure-Tissues from most kittens were assessed for T gondii infection by bioassay in mice. Serum samples were evaluated by IgM, IgG, and IgA western blot immunoassays for the presence of T gondii antibodies. Antigens recognized by kitten serum samples, but not by the corresponding queen serum sample, were considered to indicate neonatal infection with T gondii. Results-Using the results of western blot immunoassay, 8 of 19 kittens (age, 2 to 97 days) were determined to be infected with T gondii. Western blot immunoassay results correlated well with bioassay results, identifying 7 of 8 bioassay-positive kittens. Western blot immunoassay additionally identified 1 kitten as infected, but tissues from the kitten had not been bioassayed. In each of the 5 kittens that developed clinical signs of toxoplasmosis, the diagnosis of neonatal toxoplasmosis was supported by results of the western blot immunoassays. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance-Comparison oi queen and kitten T gondii antigen recognition patterns of IgM, IgG, and IgA can be used for antemortem diagnosis of neonatal toxoplasmosis. C1 COLL VET MED & BIOMED SCI,DEPT CLIN SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 57 IS 9 BP 1327 EP 1330 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VE905 UT WOS:A1996VE90500020 PM 8874728 ER PT J AU Vega, SE Bamberg, JB Palta, JP AF Vega, SE Bamberg, JB Palta, JP TI Potential for improving freezing stress tolerance of wild potato germplasm by supplemental calcium fertilization SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cold; stress; frost; freezing injury; calcium ID ONION BULB CELLS; EXTRACELLULAR KCL; INJURY; TISSUE; ACCUMULATION; SIMULATION; RECOVERY; COLD AB The main objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of supplemental calcium fertilization on the levels of freezing tolerance in different wild potato species. For this purpose, the freezing tolerance of a broad spectrum of the Solanum taxa was evaluated with and without supplemental calcium fertilization. Previous studies have shown that there is a large variation in the calcium accumulation capabilities among species and among various accessions within species. While this study confirms such variation, no direct relationship between the leaf calcium content and the improvement in freezing tolerance was found. Nevertheless, overall 45% of the species accessions had significant higher leaf calcium content and 52% of the species accessions showed a significant drop in the frost score average at the p<0.05 level. In terms of this experiment, a drop in the frost scores meant an improvement to with-stand cold. One third of the frost tolerant accessions and 41% of the frost sensitive accessions showed both, a significant increase in leaf calcium content and at the same time a significant lower average frost score. The different response observed among the accessions may suggest that even though most of the accessions are able to accumulate calcium, only some of them may have the ability to benefit from the supplemental calcium. Future breeding schemes may be able to use this information for selecting clones that would respond positively to calcium fertilization in terms of frost survival. Results of this study also suggest that calcium fertilization may be used as a rather inexpensive cultural practice for protecting potatoes from frost damage. The results of the present study also suggest that soil calcium levels should be taken into consideration when freezing tolerance of potato germplasm is being evaluated. C1 ARS,USDA,VEGETABLE CROPS RES UNIT,POTATO INTRO STN,STURGEON BAY,WI 54235. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 73 IS 9 BP 397 EP 409 DI 10.1007/BF02849513 PG 13 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VR289 UT WOS:A1996VR28900001 ER PT J AU Vitousek, PM DAntonio, CM Loope, LL Westbrooks, R AF Vitousek, PM DAntonio, CM Loope, LL Westbrooks, R TI Biological invasions as global environmental change SO AMERICAN SCIENTIST LA English DT Article ID GRASSES C1 US DEPT INTERIOR, HALEAKALA NATL PK, HI USA. ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV, USDA, WASHINGTON, DC USA. RP Vitousek, PM (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. NR 52 TC 1027 Z9 1112 U1 31 U2 309 PU SIGMA XI-SCI RES SOC PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 13975, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 0003-0996 J9 AM SCI JI Am. Scientist PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 84 IS 5 BP 468 EP 478 PG 11 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VC027 UT WOS:A1996VC02700013 ER PT J AU McAlindon, TE Felson, DT Zhang, YQ Hannan, MT Aliabadi, P Weissman, B Rush, D Wilson, PWF Jacques, P AF McAlindon, TE Felson, DT Zhang, YQ Hannan, MT Aliabadi, P Weissman, B Rush, D Wilson, PWF Jacques, P TI Relation of dietary intake and serum levels of vitamin D to progression of osteoarthritis of the knee among participants in the Framingham Study SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID OSTEO-ARTHRITIS; RADIOGRAPHIC PROGRESSION; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; JOINT SPACE; BONE; HEALTH; QUESTIONNAIRE; DISEASE; WOMEN; HIP AB Background: Evidence suggests that pathophysiologic processes in bone are important determinants of outcome in osteoarthritis of the knee. Low intake and low serum levels of vitamin D may compromise favorable responses of bone to osteoarthritis, predisposing patients to progression. Objective: To determine whether dietary intake and serum levels of vitamin D would predict the incidence and progression of osteoarthritis of the knee in participants of the Framingham Study. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: The Framingham Study. Participants: Participants in the Framingham Heart Study who had knee radiography at examinations 18 (done between 1983 and 1985) and 22 (done between 1992 and 1993) and received interim assessments of vitamin D intake and serum levels. Measurements: Intake of vitamin D and serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calculated on the basis of dietary habits and supplement use as reported on a questionnaire, were evaluated at examination 20 (1988 to 1989). Knee radiographs were given scores for global severity of osteoarthritis, using a modification of the scale of Kellgren and Lawrence (range, 0 to 4), and for the presence of osteophytes and joint-space narrowing (range, 0 to 3). Covariates measured at examinations 18 and 20 were age, sex, body mass index, weight change, injury, physical activity, health status, bone mineral density, and energy intake. Results: 556 participants (mean age at baseline +/- SD, 70.3 +/- 4.5 years) had complete assessments. Incident osteoarthritis occurred in 75 knees; progressive osteoarthritis occurred in 62 knees. Serum levels of vitamin D were modestly correlated with vitamin D intake (r = 0.24). Risk for progression increased threefold in participants in the middle and lower tertiles for both vitamin D intake (odds ratio for the lower compared with the upper tertile, 4.0 [95% Cl, 1.4 to 11.6]) and serum levels of vitamin D (odds ratio for the lower compared with the upper tertilee, 2.9 [Cl, 1.0 to 8.2]). Low serum levels of vitamin D also predicted loss of cartilage, as assessed by loss of joint space (odds ratio, 2.3 [Cl, 0.9 to 5.5]) and osteophyte growth (odds ratio, 3.1 [Cl, 1.3 to 7.5]). Incident osteoarthritis of the knee occurring after baseline was not consistently related to either intake or serum levels of vitamin D. Conclusions: Low intake and low serum levels of vitamin D each appear to be associated with an increased risk for progression of osteoarthritis of the knee. C1 FRAMINGHAM STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA 01701. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,CTR HUMAN NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT RADIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115. RP McAlindon, TE (reprint author), BOSTON UNIV,MED CTR,ARTHRIT CTR,ROOM A203,80 E CONCORD ST,BOSTON,MA 02118, USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [R0-1 AG09300]; NIAMS NIH HHS [ARZ0613] NR 38 TC 228 Z9 241 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD SEP 1 PY 1996 VL 125 IS 5 BP 353 EP 359 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VE079 UT WOS:A1996VE07900001 PM 8702085 ER PT J AU Hidayat, P Phillips, TW FfrenchConstant, RH AF Hidayat, P Phillips, TW FfrenchConstant, RH TI Molecular and morphological characters discriminate Sitophilus oryzae and S-zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and confirm reproductive isolation SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE stored products; grain; mitochondrial DNA; polymerase chain reaction ID SEQUENCE AB The Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and the maize weevil, S. zeamais Motschulsky, are sibling species of grain weevils that are usually distinguished by grain preferences and subtle differences in morphology. Previous findings of successful laboratory hybridization, genetic similarity of allozymes and chromosomes, and identity of aggregation pheromones raised questions about the validity of S. oryzae and S. zeamais as reproductively isolated biological species. We used molecular techniques to test the hypothesis that individuals assigned as S. oryzae or S. zeamais by morphological criteria represent members of 2 distinct gene pools, and hence are reproductively isolated species. Weevils from 18 different localities, which were collected from Africa, Australia, Asia, the south Pacific, and North America, were studied. All individuals were scored for the presence or absence of morphological characters that have been used historically for species determination. In most cases, determinations for the same individual were not consistent, depending on the morphological character used. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used on the same specimens to analyze randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) markers and to amplify selectively regions of mitochondrial DNA for analysis of restriction site polymorphisms with restriction endonucleases (RFLP-PCR). Both methods yielded markers that were consistently associated with either presence or absence of specific genitalic characters in both males and females. This correlation of molecular markers with genitalic morphotypes nas consistent in all specimens studied, whether collected sympatrically from the same farms or from widely separated geographic populations, and supports a model of 2 reproductively isolated species. Other morphological characters involving pronotal punctures proved unreliable as correlates with genetic markers and are not useful for species diagnosis. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ENTOMOL,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ENTOMOL,USDA ARS,STORED PROD INSECT RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 22 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 645 EP 652 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VJ011 UT WOS:A1996VJ01100005 ER PT J AU Costa, HS Toscano, NC Henneberry, TJ AF Costa, HS Toscano, NC Henneberry, TJ TI Mycetocyte inclusion in the oocytes of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; oocyte; whitefly; endosymbionts ID ARTHROPOD VECTOR COMPETENCE; TABACI; ENDOSYMBIONTS; TRANSMISSION; SILVERLEAF; WHITEFLIES; BACTERIA; BIOTYPES; POTATO; GENES AB This study investigates the process of transfer of endosymbiotic organisms from adult silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Bellows et al. 1994) (also known as Bemisia tabaci B biotype), into the developing ova. In dissected females, individual mycetocyte cells containing microorganisms were scattered singly among developing oocytes. Oocytes with mycetocytes included were first observed in females 16 h after emergence. The mean number of oocytes >0.1 mm in length per female increased through the 4th d after adult eclosion then leveled off. The number of oocytes containing mycetocytes followed a similar pattern. Stages of mycetocyte inclusion followed a pattern based on the size of the oocyte. Oocytes became associated with a single mycetocyte cell when they were a mean of length of 0.135 +/- 0.003 mm (minimum of 0.11 mm). All mature oocytes examined contained a mycetocyte. Mycetocytes were observed inside a common membrane with oocytes, at what becomes the pedicel end of the ova, when oocytes were an average of 0.147 +/- 0.004 mm long. In the final stages of ovum development, the plasma of the oocyte completely surrounded the mycetocyte and the chorion was thickened. Mycetocytes included in oocytes had a mean length of 33 +/- 0.4 mu m and width of 27 +/- 0.5 mu m. Although the females that were dissected had the opportunity to oviposit, some retained several fully developed ova. Because inclusion of mycetocytes into oocytes is a continuous process, manipulations of endosymbionts before inclusion into the oocytes should be possible at any time during adult life; however, earlier treatment of an individual would probably affect a greater proportion of their offspring. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. RP Costa, HS (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT ENTOMOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 694 EP 699 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VJ011 UT WOS:A1996VJ01100012 ER PT J AU Howard, RW Infante, F AF Howard, RW Infante, F TI Cuticular hydrocarbons of the host-specific ectoparasitoid Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) and its host the coffee berry borer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE biological control; semiochemical; chemical ecology; host recognition ID HYPOTHENEMUS-HAMPEI COLEOPTERA; CHEMICAL MIMICRY; BETREM HYMENOPTERA; OBLIGATE PREDATOR; CAMPONOTUS-VAGUS; ANTS HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; RECOGNITION; BIOLOGY; LIPIDS AB Cuticular hydrocarbons have been identified from larvae and adults of the bethylid wasp Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem and larval, prepupal, pupal, and adult stages of its host, the scolytid beetle Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari). Larval, male and female wasps have the same cuticular hydrocarbons, but in different relative abundances. The major components of adults are n-alkanes (C-21-C-33), monomethyl alkanes (3-, 5-, 7-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, 16-, and 17-methyl), and Z-(10)-monomethyl alkenes (with the methyl branch at C-11-C-16). Minor components include a series of 3,X-; 4,X-; 5,X-; 6,X-; 7,X-, and 8,X-dimethyl. alkanes (with X at C-14-C-19) and a series of 3,9,13- and 3,11,15-trimethyl alkanes. Male C. stephanoderis are characterized by high proportions of n-alkanes and lower proportions of the monomethyl alkanes and methylbranched alkenes. Female wasps are characterized by lower proportions of n-alkanes and higher proportions of the monomethyl alkanes and methylbranched alkenes. Larval C. stephanoderis are characterized by high proportions of the methylbranched components and lower proportions of the n-alkanes and the n- and methylbranched alkenes. Host scolytid beetle cuticular hydrocarbons are totally saturated. Major components of all stages and sexes include n-alkanes (C-22-C-31), monomethyl alkanes (3-, 4-, 5-, 13-, 14-, 15-, 16- and 17-methyl), a series of dimethyl alkanes (3,7-; 3,9-; 3,15-; 3,17-; and 3,19-), and a series of trimethyl alkanes (3,7,13-; 3,9,13-; and 3,11,15-). Minor components are a series of 4,14- and 4,16-dimethyl alkanes and 5,17- and 5,19-dimethyl alkanes. All immature beetle stages had similar hydrocarbon compositions, which differed moderately from those of the adults. As with the adult wasps, relative compositions of male and female beetles differed. Males were characterized by a greater proportion of n-alkanes and lesser proportions of monomethyl alkanes and trimethyl alkanes. Females had lesser proportions df n-alkanes and greater proportions of monomethyl alkanes and trimethyl alkanes. The cuticular profiles of the parasitoid and host are compared and discussed in terms of both intraspecific and interspecific semiochemical interactions. C1 COL FRONTERA SUR ECOSUR, TAPACHULA 30700, CHIAPAS, MEXICO. RP Howard, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, US GRAIN MKT RES LAB, MANHATTAN, KS 66502 USA. OI Infante, Francisco/0000-0002-7419-7606 NR 54 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 700 EP 709 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VJ011 UT WOS:A1996VJ01100013 ER PT J AU McInnis, DO Lance, DR Jackson, CG AF McInnis, DO Lance, DR Jackson, CG TI Behavioral resistance to the sterile insect technique by Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Hawaii SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; mating behavior; resistance; sterile insects ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA DIPTERA; FLIES DIPTERA; MELON FLY; RATES AB A pilot test of the sterile insect technique (SIT) program against the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), in coffee plantations in Hawaii failed after several years of continuous releases apparently, at least in part, because native C. capitata females from the treated area on Kauai altered their mating preferences and began rejecting most laboratory-reared males during courtship. In outdoor field cage experiments, females from other non-SIT Hawaiian islands did not change their mating preferences over the same period and accepted laboratory males 5-10 times more often than did resistant Kauai females. Two indices were devised to quantify the degrees of mating compatibility between laboratory-reared, sterilized flies and wild flies. The relative isolation index compares the numbers of homotypic (laboratory to laboratory or wild to wild) matings with heterotypic (laboratory to wild) matings, thus measuring the extent of departure from random mating conditions. The relative sterility index measures the proportion of wild females mating with laboratory males, thus providing a field cage level estimate of induced sterility. The results and implications of a series of field cage mating tests are discussed in the context of tephritid SIT programs worldwide. RP McInnis, DO (reprint author), USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,POB 2280,HONOLULU,HI 96816, USA. NR 23 TC 97 Z9 105 U1 5 U2 22 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 739 EP 744 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VJ011 UT WOS:A1996VJ01100017 ER PT J AU Carde, RT Charlton, RE Wallner, WE Baranchikov, YN AF Carde, RT Charlton, RE Wallner, WE Baranchikov, YN TI Pheromone-mediated diel activity rhythms of male Asian gypsy moths (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in relation to female eclosion and temperature SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; pheromone; rhythm; temperature effects; eclosion ID DISPAR L; PERIODICITY; TORTRICIDAE; POPULATION; BEHAVIOR; PHOTOPERIOD; ENANTIOMERS; NOCTUIDAE; AMBIENT; FLIGHT AB Male Asian gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar (L.), were attracted to synthetic pheromone (cis-7R,8S-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane) in the Russian Far East, Central Siberia, and Germany, where this strain has recently been detected. A bimodal pattern of attraction was evident at all 3 sites. One peak of attraction was in early to midafternoon, with a 2nd, usually smaller peak, following sunset. Temperature modulated attraction: warm daytime temperatures increased catch, whereas low nighttime temperatures generally suppressed or eliminated attraction. However, the surge of male attraction to pheromone in the hour after sunset seemed unaffected by falling temperatures. As average temperatures at the 3 sites decreased, the daytime peak of male activity progressively shifted to later in the afternoon. Female eclosion in Germany also followed a bimodal pattern, with a major midmorning to midday peak of emergence and a 2nd, smaller peak, in the afternoon. The timing of male attraction allowed coordination of the ranging flight of the male with the availability of emerging and pheromone-emitting females. The congruence in daily activity patterns suggest that the timing of mating would not be a barrier to the hybridization of the Asian, European, and North American strains of this lymantriid in new areas of sympatry. C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT ENTOMOL,AMHERST,MA 01002. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. US FOREST SERV,NORTHEASTERN CTR FOREST HLTH RES,NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPT STN,HAMDEN,CT 06514. VN SUKACHEV INST FOREST,KRASNOYARSK 660006,RUSSIA. NR 53 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 89 IS 5 BP 745 EP 753 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VJ011 UT WOS:A1996VJ01100018 ER PT J AU Pooler, MR Ritchie, DF Hartung, JS AF Pooler, MR Ritchie, DF Hartung, JS TI Genetic relationships among strains of Xanthomonas fragariae based on random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR, repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR, and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR data and generation of multiplexed PCR primers useful for the identification of this phytopathogen SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAMPESTRIS PV VESICATORIA; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RANDOM AMPLIFICATION; XYLELLA-FASTIDIOSA; SEQUENCES; GENOMES; PROBES; DIFFERENTIATION; HYBRIDIZATION; EUBACTERIA AB Genetic relationships among 25 isolates of Xanthomonas fragariae from diverse geographic regions were determined by three PCR methods that rely on different amplification priming strategies: random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR, repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) PCR, and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR, The results of these assays are mutually consistent and indicate that pathogenic strains are very closely related to each other, RAPD, ERIC, and REP PCR assays identified nine, four, and two genotypes, respectively, within X, fragariae isolates, A single nonpathogenic isolate of X. fragariae was not distinguishable by these methods, The results of the PCR assays were also fully confirmed by physiological tests, There was no correlation between DNA amplification product patterns and geographic sites of isolation, suggesting that this bacterium has spread largely through exchange of infected plant germ plasm, Sequences identified through the RAPD assays were used to develop three primer pairs for standard PCR assays to identify X. fragariae. In addition, we developed a stringent multiplexed PCR assay to identify X. fragarine by simultaneously using the three independently derived sets of primers specific for pathogenic strains of the bacteria. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 36 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 62 IS 9 BP 3121 EP 3127 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VF616 UT WOS:A1996VF61600008 PM 8795198 ER PT J AU Saha, BC Bothast, RJ AF Saha, BC Bothast, RJ TI Production, purification, and characterization of a highly glucose-tolerant novel beta-glucosidase from Candida peltata SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLOSTRIDIUM-THERMOCELLUM; MICROBISPORA-BISPORA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ETHANOL; CELLULASE; CLONING; STRAIN; WICKERHAMII; MONILIA AB Candida peltata (NRRL Y-6888) produced beta-glucosidase when grown in liquid culture on various substrates (glucose, xylose, L-arabinose, cellobiose, sucrose, and maltose). An extracellular beta-glucosidase was purified 1,800-fold to homogeneity from the culture supernatant of the yeast grown on glucose by salting out with ammonium sulfate, ion-exchange chromatography with DEAE Bio-Gel A agarose, Bio-Gel A-0.5m gel filtration, and cellobiose-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The enzyme was a monomeric protein with an apparent molecular weight of 43,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. It was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 50 degrees C and had a specific activity of 108 mu mol . min(-1). mg of protein(-1) against p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside (pNB beta G). The purified beta-glucosidase readily hydrolyzed pNP beta G, cellobiose, cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose, and cellohexaose, with K-m values of 2.3, 66, 39, 35, 21, and 18 mM, respectively. The enzyme was highly tolerant to glucose inhibition, with a K-i of 1.4 M (252 mg/ml). Substrate inhibition was not observed with 40 mM pNPPG or 15% cellobiose. The enzyme did not require divalent cations for activity, and its activity was not affected by p-chloromercuribenzoate (0.2 mM), EDTA (10 mM), or dithiothreitol (10 mM). Ethanol at an optimal concentration (0.75%, vol/vol) stimulated the initial enzyme activity by only 11%. Cellobiose (10%, wt/vol) was almost completely hydrolyzed to glucose by the purified beta-glucosidase (1.5 U/ml) in both the absence and presence of glucose (6%). Glucose production was enhanced by 8.3% when microcrystalline cellulose (2%, wt/vol) was treated for 24 h with a commercial cellulase preparation (cellulase, 5 U/ml; beta-glucosidase, 0.45 U/ml) that was supplemented with purified beta-glucosidase (0.4 U/ml). RP Saha, BC (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FBR,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 41 TC 147 Z9 156 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 62 IS 9 BP 3165 EP 3170 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VF616 UT WOS:A1996VF61600015 PM 8795205 ER PT J AU Stosz, SK Fravel, DR Roberts, DP AF Stosz, SK Fravel, DR Roberts, DP TI In vitro analysis of the role of glucose oxidase from Talaromyces flavus in biocontrol of the plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PRINCIPLE; WILT AB Culture filtrates from Talaromyces flavus grown on glucose contained high levels of glucose oxidase activity, while culture filtrates from T. flavus grown On xylan contained negligible glucose oxidase activity, Culture filtrates from T. flavus grown on both media contained complex protein profiles, However, only culture filtrates from T. flavus grown on glucose inhibited germination of microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae in in vitro inhibition assays, A polyclonal antiserum preparation, pABGO-1, raised against purified glucose oxidase from T. flavus was highly specific for glucose oxidase, Only one protein band in culture filtrates (from glucose medium), migrating at 71 kDa, was detected in Western blots (immunoblots) with this antiserum, This band comigrated with purified glucose oxidase, No bands were detected in culture filtrates from the xylan medium, Glucose oxidase was removed via immunoprecipitation from culture filtrates of T. flavus grown in glucose medium, resulting in filtrates which no longer inhibited in vitro microsclerotial germination, When glucose oxidase-depleted filtrates were amended with purified glucose oxidase from T. flavus, the ability to kill microsclerotia in vitro was restored to original levels, We conclude that glucose oxidase is the only protein in culture filtrates of T. flavus responsible for inhibition of germination of microsclerotia of V, dahliae. C1 USDA ARS,BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 17 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 62 IS 9 BP 3183 EP 3186 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VF616 UT WOS:A1996VF61600018 PM 8795208 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Cranfield, MR Fayer, R Anderson, MS AF Graczyk, TK Cranfield, MR Fayer, R Anderson, MS TI Viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are retained upon intestinal passage through a refractory avian host SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER; OUTBREAK; GIARDIA AB Six Cryptosporidium-free Peking ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were each orally inoculated with 2.0 x 10(6) Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts infectious to neonatal BALB/c mice, Histological examination of the stomachs jejunums, ilea, ceca, cloacae, larynges, tracheae, and lungs of the ducks euthanized on day 7 postinoculation (p.i.) revealed no life-cycle stages of C. parvum, However, inoculum-derived oocysts extracted from duck feces established severe infection in eight neonatal BALB/c mice (inoculum dose, 2,5 x 10(5) per mouse), On the basis of acid-fast stained direct wet smears, 73% of the oocysts in duck feces were intact (27% were oocyst shells), and their morphological features conformed to those of viable and infectious oocysts of the original inoculum, The fluorescence scores of the inoculated oocysts, obtained by use of the MERIFLUOR test, were identical to those obtained for the feces-recovered oocysts (the majority were 3+ to 4+), The dynamics of oocyst shedding showed that the birds released a significantly higher number of intact oocysts than the oocyst shells (P < 0.01), The number of intact oocysts shed (87%) during the first 2 days p.i. was significantly higher than the number shed during the remaining 5 days p.i. (P < 0.01) and significantly decreased from day 1 to day 2 p.i. (P < 0.01), The number of oocyst shells shed during 7 days p.i. did not vary significantly (P > 0.05), The retention of infectivity of C. parvum oocysts after intestinal passage through an aquatic bird has serious epidemiological and epizootiological implications. Waterfowl may serve as mechanical vectors for the waterborne oocysts and may enhance contamination of surface waters with C. parvum. As the concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in source waters is attributable to watershed management practices, the watershed protection program should consider waterfowl as a potential factor enhancing contamination of the source water with C. parvum. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,DIV COMPARAT MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. BALTIMORE ZOO,DEPT MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21217. USDA ARS,IMMUN & DIS PREVENT LAB,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT MOL MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,615 N WOLFE ST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA. NR 36 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 62 IS 9 BP 3234 EP 3237 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VF616 UT WOS:A1996VF61600025 PM 8795213 ER PT J AU He, YS Keen, JE Westerman, RB Littledike, ET Kwang, J AF He, YS Keen, JE Westerman, RB Littledike, ET Kwang, J TI Monoclonal antibodies for detection of the H7 antigen of Escherichia coli SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SHIGA-LIKE TOXIN; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; CYTO-TOXIN; O157-H7; 0157-H7; OUTBREAK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFECTION AB Two murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (2B7 and 46E9-9) reactive with the H7 flagellar antigen of Escherichia coli were produced and characterized, A total of 217 E. coli strains (48 O157:H7, 4 O157:NM, 23 O157:non-H7, 22 H7:non-O157, and 120 non-O157:non-H7), 17 Salmonella serovars, and 29 other gram-negative bacteria were used to evaluate the reactivities of the two MAbs by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Both MAbs reacted strongly with all E. coli strains possessing the H7 antigen and with H23- and H24-positive E. coli strains. Indirect ELISA MAb specificity was confirmed by inhibition ELISA and by Western blotting (immunoblotting), using partially purified flagellins from E. coli O157:H7 and other E. coli strains, On a Western blot, MAb 46E9-9 was more reactive against H7 flagellin off. coli O157:H7 than against H7 flagellin of E. coli O1:K1:H7, Competition ELISA suggested that MAbs 2B7 and 46E9-9 reacted with closely related H7 epitopes, When the ELISA reactivities of the MAbs and two commercially available polyclonal anti-H7 antisera were compared, both polyclonal antisera and MAbs reacted strongly with E. coli H7 bacteria, However, the polyclonal antisera cross-reacted strongly both with non-H7 E. coli and with many non-E. coli bacteria, The polyclonal antisera also reacted strongly with H23 and H24 E. coli isolates, The data suggest the need to define serotype-specific epitopes among H7, H23, and H24 E. coli flagella. The anti-H7 MAbs described in this report have the potential to serve as high-quality diagnostic reagents, used either alone or in combination with O157-specific MAbs, to identify or detect E. coli O157:H7 in food products or in human and veterinary clinical specimens. RP He, YS (reprint author), USDA ARS, US MEAT ANIM RES CTR, POB 166, CLAY CTR, NE 68933 USA. NR 39 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 EI 1098-5336 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 62 IS 9 BP 3325 EP 3332 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VF616 UT WOS:A1996VF61600040 PM 8795222 ER PT J AU Kale, SP Cary, JW Bhatnagar, D Bennett, JW AF Kale, SP Cary, JW Bhatnagar, D Bennett, JW TI Characterization of experimentally induced, nonaflatoxigenic variant strains of Aspergillus parasiticus SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AFLATOXIN BIOSYNTHESIS; CONIDIOPHORE DEVELOPMENT; REGULATORY LOCUS; STERIGMATOCYSTIN; CLONING; FLAVUS; AFLR AB Six previously isolated, nonaflatoxigenic variants of Aspergillus parasiticus, designated sec mutants, were characterized morphologically by electron microscopy, biochemically by biotransformation studies,vith an aflatoxin precursor, and genetically by Northern (RNA) hybridization analysis of aflatoxin biosynthetic gene transcripts, Scanning electron micrographs clearly demonstrated that compared with the parental sec(+) forms, the variant sec forms had an abundance of vegetative mycelia, orders of magnitude reduced number of conidiophores and conidia, and abnormal metulae, Conidiospores were detected in sec cultures only at higher magnifications (x500), in contrast to the sec(+) (wild type) strain, in which abundant conidiospores (masking the vegetative mycelia) were observed even at lower magnifications (x300), All sec(+) forms, but none of the sec forms, showed bioconversion of sterigmatocystin to aflatoxins, Northern blots probed with pathway genes demonstrated lack of expression of both the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway structural (nor-1 and omtA) and regulatory (aflR) genes in the sec forms; PCR and Southern hybridization analysis confirmed the presence of the genes in the sec genomes. Thus, the loss of aflatoxigenic capabilities in the sec form is correlated with alterations in the conidial morphology of the fungus, suggesting that the regulation of aflatoxin synthesis and conidiogenesis may be interlinked. C1 USDA ARS, SO REG RES CTR, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70124 USA. TULANE UNIV, DEPT CELL & MOL BIOL, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70118 USA. RP Kale, SP (reprint author), XAVIER UNIV, DEPT BIOL, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70125 USA. NR 31 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 62 IS 9 BP 3399 EP 3404 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VF616 UT WOS:A1996VF61600052 PM 8795232 ER PT J AU Konai, M Hackett, KJ Williamson, DL Lipa, JJ Pollack, JD Gasparich, GE Clark, EA Vacek, DC Whitcomb, RF AF Konai, M Hackett, KJ Williamson, DL Lipa, JJ Pollack, JD Gasparich, GE Clark, EA Vacek, DC Whitcomb, RF TI Improved cultivation systems for isolation of the Colorado potato beetle spiroplasma SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FASTIDIOUS SPIROPLASMA; GROWTH AB In North America, the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, is often infected with the host-specific, gut-inhabiting Colorado potato beetle spiroplasma (CPBS), CPBS is apparently a commensal, but it may be useful in biocontrol if it can be transformed to express an insect-lethal gene. Difficulty in cultivating the organism, however, has hindered the development of a suitable transformation system. In this study, we eliminated the need for coculturing CPBS with insect cells. CPBS was reliably isolated with the BBL Anaerobic GasPak Jar system (low redox, enhanced CO2), which was easier to use and less expensive than insect cell coculture methods. A further advantage is a reduction in contaminating insect cell components. Use of anaerobiosis should facilitate early-passage screening of isolates for extrachromosomal elements, for use in gene vector constructs. The unique spiral (decreasing amplitude of coils) morphology of CPBS was preserved by anaerobiosis. The use of low-pH (6.0 to 6.5) media allowed aerobic adaptation of CPBS to M1D and SP-4 broth media. These formulations permitted the first cultivation of CPBS on solid media, an accomplishment that will simplify the selection of molecular transformants. Potato beetles collected at four sites in Poland yielded CPBS strains similar to those previously obtained from populations in North America. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT ANAT SCI,STONY BROOK,NY 11794. INST PLANT PROTECT,DEPT BIOL CONTROL & QUARANTINE,POZNAN,POLAND. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT MED MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,MISSION BIOL CONTROL CTR,MISSION,TX 78573. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 62 IS 9 BP 3453 EP 3458 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VF616 UT WOS:A1996VF61600059 PM 16535407 ER PT J AU Mellon, JE Cotty, PJ AF Mellon, JE Cotty, PJ TI Purification and partial characterization of an elastinolytic proteinase from Aspergillus flavus culture filtrates SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SECTION FLAVI; FUMIGATUS; ELASTASE; PROTEASE; STRAINS AB A 23-kDa protein with elastinolytic activity was purified from Aspergillus flavus (NRRL 18543) culture filtrates by gel-filtration chromatography. Severe inhibition of the elastinolytic activity by 1,10-phenanthrolene (5 mM) and EDTA (0.8 mM) indicated that the protein belongs to the metallo class of pro teases. The isoelectric point was 9.0. Natural substrates susceptible to cleavage by this protease, in addition to elastin, included cottonseed storage protein, collagen, ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin. The 23-kDa protein was thermostable to 70 degrees C and retained its elastinolytic activity in concentrated form at 4 degrees C for 6 months. Elastinolytic activity was initially secreted into the culture medium as a 35-kDa protein, which was subsequently converted to a 23-kDa protein, presumably through autolysis. This putative proteolytic degradation product appears to be identical to the 23-kDa protein recovered from the gel-filtration column. The 23-kDa protease may confer selective advantage to the fungus in the extracellular environment because of its temperature and pH stability and wide range of potential natural protein substrates. RP Mellon, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 46 IS 2 BP 138 EP 142 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA VM319 UT WOS:A1996VM31900007 ER PT J AU Perez, M Abrams, S Wen, J Shypailo, R Ellis, K AF Perez, M Abrams, S Wen, J Shypailo, R Ellis, K TI Iron metabolism in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 39 IS 9 SU S BP 168 EP 168 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA VH883 UT WOS:A1996VH88300168 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R Abad, LW Chiang, EP Carton, M Nadeau, M Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH AF Roubenoff, R Abad, LW Chiang, EP Carton, M Nadeau, M Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH TI Abnormal homocysteine (HC) metabolism in SLE is linked to low vitamin B6. SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 39 IS 9 SU S BP 1052 EP 1052 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA VH883 UT WOS:A1996VH88301053 ER PT J AU Bacon, LD Smith, EJ Fadly, AM Crittenden, LB AF Bacon, LD Smith, EJ Fadly, AM Crittenden, LB TI Development of an alloantiserum (R2) that detects susceptibility of chickens to subgroup E endogenous avian leukosis virus SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHITE LEGHORN CHICKENS; MAREKS-DISEASE VIRUS; SLOW-FEATHERING DAMS; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; EGG-PRODUCTION; VIRAL GENES; CONGENITAL TRANSMISSION; LOCI EV6; INFECTION; ASSOCIATION AB An alloantiserum, termed R2, specifically agglutinates red blood cells (RBC) from line 100B chickens that are susceptible to avian leukosis viruses (ALV) belonging to subgroups B and E, but does not agglutinate RBC from congenic inbred line 7(2) chickens that are resistant to ALV B and E. The R2 antigen was also detected on lymphocytes and thrombocytes. Using chickens from a special cross, it was found that R2 reactivity requires that the chickens must: (1) be susceptible to infection by ALV-E; and (2) express a viral envelope gene with subgroup E specificity. With R2 antiserum, a nearly perfect association was observed between agglutination and susceptibility to ALV-B in Fa chickens containing endogenous viral genes ev2 and/or ev3. These results support earlier evidence that ALV-B and ALV-E share receptors. Moreover, the R2 antiserum was shown to neutralize ALV-E. The R2 antigen showed Mendelian segregation in chickens of a commercial White Leghorn strain-cross containing ev3, ev6 and ev9. However; commercial chickens with or without the R2 antigen did not differ in susceptibility to lymphoid leukosis induction or immune response on infection with ALV of subgroup A for complex reasons we discuss. RP Bacon, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,3606 E MT HOPE RD,E LANSING,MI 48823, USA. NR 42 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 25 IS 3 BP 551 EP 568 DI 10.1080/03079459608419161 PG 18 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VJ331 UT WOS:A1996VJ33100009 PM 18645878 ER PT J AU Rizvi, SA Hennessey, R Knott, D AF Rizvi, SA Hennessey, R Knott, D TI Legislation on the introduction of exotic nematodes in the US SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Introduction of Non-endemic Nematodes for Biological Control - Scientific and Regulatory Policy Issues CY JUN 08-11, 1995 CL MELENTE, GERMANY SP Christian Albrechts Univ, Inst Phytopathol DE exotic nematodes; legislation; USA AB Regulatory procedures and safeguards concerning the introduction of non-indigenous nematodes as biological control agents into the US and interstate shipments of nematodes are outlined. Examples of the use of non-indigenous nematodes in biological control programmes in the US are cited. A possible way to expedite the issuance of permits required for foreign shipments is explored. RP Rizvi, SA (reprint author), USDA,APHIS,PPQ,BATS,OPRA,UNIT 133,4700 RIVER RD,RIVERDALE,MD 20737, USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 477 EP 480 DI 10.1080/09583159631433 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA VN762 UT WOS:A1996VN76200017 ER PT J AU Guthrie, HD Cooper, BS AF Guthrie, HD Cooper, BS TI Follicular atresia, follicular fluid hormones, and circulating hormones during the midluteal phase of the estrous cycle in pigs SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID ATRETIC FOLLICLES; PREOVULATORY MATURATION; INHIBIN IMMUNOACTIVITY; STIMULATING-HORMONE; GRANULOSA-CELLS; PROGESTERONE; GROWTH; ESTRADIOL-17-BETA; APOPTOSIS; HEIFERS AB The incidence of atresia, concentrations of follicular fluid steroids, and circulating concentrations of estradiol, FSH, and progesterone were investigated to determine whether there was any evidence for a wave of follicular activity or atresia between Days 7 and 15 of the estrous cycle in pigs. Cyclic pigs (gilts) were slaughtered on Days 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 (4, 4, 4, 4, and 3 pigs per day), and 287 follicles > 2 mm were dissected from ovaries to recover follicular fluid and granulosa cells. Apoptotic (A(0)) granulosa cells were those containing sub-diploid DNA fluorescence as determined by flow cytometry. Follicles with greater than or equal to 10% A(0) granulosa cells were classified as atretic, and those with < 10% A(0) granulosa cells were designated nonatretic. The percentage of atretic follicles (AF) per pig was 35.5 +/- 4.7 (mean +/- SEM), and while the percentage of AF ranged from 12% to 73%, means did not differ significantly among days. Mean follicular estradiol concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in nonatretic follicles (NAF) than in AF; in NAF, the concentration decreased (p < 0.05) from 15 ng/ml on Day 7 to 2.5 ng/ml on Day 11 and then increased (p < 0.05) to 10 ng/ml on Day 15 of the cycle. Mean follicular progesterone concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in AF than in NAF, while follicular androstenedione concentration (20 +/- 1.5 ng/ml, overall mean +/- SEM) did not differ between AF and NAF. Mean plasma estradiol, FSH, and progesterone concentrations did not differ among days of the cycle or differ significantly during the last 42 h before slaughter. Plasma estradiol and FSH concentrations were not significantly correlated with percentage of AF or with follicular steroid concentrations. These results support the notion of continuous growth and atresia of ovarian follicles in pigs independent of changes in plasma FSH and follicular steroid concentration, without evidence for a dominant cohort of follicles during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. RP Guthrie, HD (reprint author), ARS,USDA,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI INST,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 55 IS 3 BP 543 EP 547 DI 10.1095/biolreprod55.3.543 PG 5 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA VE876 UT WOS:A1996VE87600007 PM 8862770 ER PT J AU Doss, RP AF Doss, RP TI Differential display without radioactivity - A Modified procedure SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID EUKARYOTIC MESSENGER-RNA; POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; DNA; PCR; AMPLIFICATION; PRODUCTS; CLONING C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Doss, RP (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES UNIT,3420 N W ORCHARD AVE,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD SEP PY 1996 VL 21 IS 3 BP 408 EP & PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA VG212 UT WOS:A1996VG21200015 PM 8879575 ER PT J AU Horton, DR Lewis, TM Neven, LG AF Horton, DR Lewis, TM Neven, LG TI Reduced cold-hardiness of pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae) caused by exposure to external water and surfactants SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID PYRICOLA HOMOPTERA; DIAPAUSE; TOLERANCE AB Overwintering pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster), were misted with water or with one of several dilute solutions of water and surfactant, and then exposed to a range of subzero temperatures for 24 h. Misted psylla had significantly greater mortality than unmisted controls. Increases in mortality occurred at temperatures as warm as -6 degrees C, a temperature well within the range of conditions in the field. At extreme low temperatures (-18 degrees C) there was virtually no mortality in the unmisted controls, whereas mortality approached or reached 100% in several of the misted groups. Temperatures necessary to kill 50% of insects estimated for topically treated psylla ranged between -2.6 and -12.7 degrees C for surfactant-treated insects, and below -18 degrees C for water-treated or control insects. The possibility of using surfactants and water for control of overwintering pear psylla is discussed. RP Horton, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS,5230 KONNOWAC PASS RD,WAPATO,WA 98951, USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA ON K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 128 IS 5 BP 825 EP 830 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VT788 UT WOS:A1996VT78800004 ER PT J AU Valenti, MA Berryman, AA Ferrell, GT AF Valenti, MA Berryman, AA Ferrell, GT TI Arthropods associated with a manzanita gall induced by the aphid Tamalia coweni (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Aphididae) SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID ERICACEAE; DIPTERA AB Galls induced by the aphid Tamalia coweni (Cockerell) were sampled from greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula E. Greene) in Shasta County, California. Thirty galls from each of four sites were collected over a 5-year period (1990-1994) at roughly weekly intervals (N = 5010). The contents of each gall were examined and recorded. Excluding T. coweni, 25 taxa were encountered representing eight arthropod orders: Acari, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. All play a minor role in the gall community with the exception of two species of Diptera. The data suggest that Leucopis sp. and Heringia sp. are obligatory predators of T. coweni and coexist by partitioning the aphid resource with different exploitation strategies. Heringia sp. has a relatively low infestation rate (10.8%) but is a superior competitor. Leucopis sp. compensates for its inability to compete effectively with Heringia sp. by maintaining a higher infestation rate (41.4%). C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. US FOREST SERV,PSW FOREST & RANGE RES STN,REDDING,CA 96001. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA ON K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 128 IS 5 BP 839 EP 847 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VT788 UT WOS:A1996VT78800006 ER PT J AU Barrick, KA Schoettle, AW AF Barrick, KA Schoettle, AW TI A comparison of the foliar nutrient status of elfinwood and symmetrically formed tall trees, Colorado Front Range, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE foliar nutrients; alpine ecotone; treeline; elfinwood; krummholz; conifer ID MOUNTAIN CONIFEROUS FORESTS; ALPINE TUNDRA ECOTONE; SPRUCE PICEA-ABIES; ENGELMANN SPRUCE; TIMBERLINE CONIFERS; NIWOT RIDGE; SUBALPINE FIR; NEEDLES; PINE; NITROGEN AB We tested the hypothesis of nutrient limitation in the trees of the alpine forest - tundra ecotone by comparing the foliar nutrient status of windsculpted elfinwood (also called krummholz) growing at the upper limit of tree success with symmetrically formed tall trees growing at the nearby timberline. The species investigated included Picea engelmannii (Parry) Engelmann, Abies lasiocarpa (Hooker) Nuttall, Pinus flexilis James, and Pinus aristata Bailey. The foliar nutrient concentrations of the ecotone trees were similar to other healthy montane forests. Most of the significant differences in mean foliar nutrient concentrations between elfinwood and tall trees indicate lower concentrations in elfinwood trees. We found significantly lower mean phosphorus concentrations in Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa elfinwood compared with tall trees, but the mean nitrogen-phosphorus ratios were within the normal range. The foliar nutrient status of Pinus aristata elfinwood was similar to tall trees, while Pinus flexilis had considerably more significant differences in nutrient concentrations between the tree forms. Although there are many theoretical processes that could cause nutrient deficiencies at treeline, this study suggests that the elfinwood along the Colorado Front Range is not currently nutrient deficient. We discuss the potential differences in nutrient ecology between elfinwood and tall trees. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. RP Barrick, KA (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS,DEPT GEOG,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775, USA. NR 80 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 74 IS 9 BP 1461 EP 1475 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VH453 UT WOS:A1996VH45300012 ER PT J AU Goelz, JCG Burk, TE AF Goelz, JCG Burk, TE TI Measurement error causes bias in site index equations SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID NORTH CENTRAL ONTARIO; HEIGHT-GROWTH; JACK PINE; REGRESSIONS; CURVES; LINES AB Modeling height in the context of site index involves two processes: (i) estimating height at base age (site index), given height at some other age, and (ii) estimating height at some desired age given height at base age. When these two processes are modeled by individual functions for each process, height is assumed to be measured without error when on the right-hand side of the equation, but possessing error when on the left-hand side of the equation. This assumption causes a bias in the parameters of the site index curves. The bias in the estimated parameters is evident in the magnitude of the curves and in the shape of the curves, the typical change of shape of the curves from low site index to high site index is underestimated. An ad hoc method is presented that solves the problem. The ad hoc method is conceptually related to methods used in linear regression and to maximum likelihood estimation in a measurement errors problem context. A general measurement errors model is presented as an alternative. The measurement errors model requires an independent estimate of measurement error. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT FOREST RESOURCES, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. RP Goelz, JCG (reprint author), SO HARDWOODS LAB, SO FOREST EXPT STN, POB 227, STONEVILLE, MS 38776 USA. NR 27 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 EI 1208-6037 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 26 IS 9 BP 1585 EP 1593 DI 10.1139/x26-178 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VH451 UT WOS:A1996VH45100008 ER PT J AU Reams, GA AF Reams, GA TI Radial growth trends of loblolly pine in the Virginia Coastal Plain SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; DISTURBANCE; HISTORY; DECLINE; STANDS; TAEDA; OZONE AB A number of recent studies have shown reduced individual-tree growth throughout the 1970s and early 1980s in natural loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands in the southeastern United States. This study updates radial growth trends of loblolly pine in the Virginia Coastal Plain through 1989. Ring-width series were initially grouped into two age-classes (<50 or greater than or equal to 50 years) and a clustering procedure was used to identify common radial growth patterns. These data suggest that radial growth trends of loblolly pine are cyclic and support previous findings of reduced growth in the 1970s. A reversal in trend has occurred since the early 1980s with radial growth increasing since then for both old and young trees. This change to increased growth corroborates the finding of increased growth of loblolly pine identified in the most current Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) survey cycle for the Virginia Coastal Plain. RP Reams, GA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,INST QUANTITAT STUDIES,701 LOYOLA AVE,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70113, USA. NR 43 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 26 IS 9 BP 1660 EP 1669 DI 10.1139/x26-187 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VH451 UT WOS:A1996VH45100017 ER PT J AU Parrotta, JA Baker, DD Fried, M AF Parrotta, JA Baker, DD Fried, M TI Changes in dinitrogen fixation in maturing stands of Casuarina equisetifolia and Leucaena leucocephala SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; GENETIC-VARIABILITY; N-15; SOIL; N2-FIXATION; PROVENANCES; PLANTATION; FOREST AB Biological dinitrogen fixation in Casuarina equisetifolia J.R. & G. Forst. and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit was evaluated using the N-15-enrichment technique under field conditions in single-species and mixed-species plantings (with a nonfixing reference species, Eucalyptus Xrobusta J.E. Smith) between 1.0 and 3.5 years of age in Puerto Rico. Following periodic labelling of trenched and untrenched plantation quadrats with N-15-enriched ammonium sulfate, analyses of foliar and whole-tree (weighted average) N-isotopic ratios and total biomass N were used to estimate the proportion of nitrogen derived from biological dinitrogen fixation (PNDFA) and total nitrogen derived from fixation (TNDFA) in C. equisetifolia and L. leucocephala. The N-15-enrichment technique yielded accurate estimates of dinitrogen fixation in maturing stands of these two tree species provided the reference species (Eucalyptus) was grown in close proximity to the N-fixing species in trenched, mixed-species plots. Changes in the N-15/N-14 ratio of soil-available nitrogen in single-species plots of the N-fixing and reference were found to yield inaccurate estimates of dinitrogen fixation in the single-species plots of C. equisetifolia and L. leucocephala after 2 years of age. The results confirm earlier findings that foliar sampling is a useful nondestructive alternative to whole-tree biomass sampling for the N-15-enrichment protocol. Between 1.0 and 3.5 years after plantation establishment, PNDFA in C. equisetifolia remained relatively constant between 50 and 60%, while PNDFA in L. leucocephala declined from nearly 100% at 1 year to less than 40% at 3.5 years. The rate of dinitrogen fixation (kg . ha(-1). year(-1)) did not decline as the stands matured. Cumulative dinitrogen fixation (TNDFA) estimates at 3.5 years were very similar between species: 73 in C. equisetifolia and 74 kg N . ha(-1). year(-1) in L. leucocephala. C1 PANLABS INC, BOTHELL, WA 98011 USA. NATL RES COUNCIL, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA. RP Parrotta, JA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, INT INST TROP FORESTRY, POB 25000, RIO PIEDRAS, PR 00928 USA. NR 24 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 5 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 26 IS 9 BP 1684 EP 1691 DI 10.1139/x26-190 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VH451 UT WOS:A1996VH45100020 ER PT J AU Hanley, TA Hoel, T AF Hanley, TA Hoel, T TI Species composition of old-growth and riparian Sitka spruce - Western hemlock forests in southeastern Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS DISTRIBUTION; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; OREGON; RIVER; REGENERATION; DISTURBANCE; WASHINGTON; ECOSYSTEM; STANDS AB We studied six 1.2-ha stands, two each of three types of forest: (1) old-growth, riparian floodplain forest, (2) old-growth, upland forest, and (3) 40-year-old, red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) riparian forest originating after clear-cut logging of floodplain forest. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carriere) dominated the old-growth riparian stands and shared dominance with western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in the uplands. Regeneration was predominantly spruce in the alder riparian, spruce and hemlock in the old-growth riparian, and hemlock in the upland stands. Total understory biomass and ground cover did not differ significantly between forest types, but species-specific biomasses did differ (P < 0.05). Understory of the upland forest was dominated by early blueberry (Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.) and Alaska blueberry (Vaccinium alaskensis How.), while that of both riparian types was dominated by devilsclub (Oplopanax horridum (Sm.) Mig.). Other species-specific differences occurred in forbs (three species) and mosses (three species). Contrary to typical stand age understory relations in upland conifer forests of the region, the understory of the 40-year-old red alder stands was very species rich and productive. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,JUNEAU,AK 99802. ASAK NORDRE,N-2040 KLOFTA,NORWAY. NR 29 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 26 IS 9 BP 1703 EP 1708 DI 10.1139/x26-193 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VH451 UT WOS:A1996VH45100023 ER PT J AU Gaines, CS Finney, PL Rubenthaler, G AF Gaines, CS Finney, PL Rubenthaler, G TI Milling and baking qualities of some wheats developed for Eastern or Northwestern regions of the United States and grown at both locations SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID KERNEL HARDNESS; ENVIRONMENT AB Nine soft wheats that were developed for the Eastern United States and six soft wheats developed for the Northwestern United States were each grown in the states of Michigan and Washington for two crop years. Wheats were analyzed for milling and baking qualities by two laboratories. Cultivar differences were observed relative to intended region of adaptation and to location of growth. Except for noodle color and texture, all quality tests could distinguish among cultivars on the basis of intended adaptation or location of growth. Cultivar differences due to region of adaptation were generally small but consistent for most milling and baking qualities. Northwestern-adapted wheats tended to have higher test weight, harder kernels, and to produce more flour than Eastern-adapted wheats. Northwestern-adapted wheat flours had higher amounts of ash and more damaged starch than did Eastern-adapted wheat flours. Eastern-adapted wheats were softer and their flour had less ash and less damaged starch than did Northwestern-adapted wheats. Eastern-adapted wheats absorbed less water and their flours baked larger sugar-snap cookies than did Northwestern-adapted wheats. Wheats grown in Washington were harder and produced more flour that had less ash and lower protein content than wheats grown in Michigan. Wheats grown in Michigan produced flours that had lower damaged starch, lower water absorption, larger sugar-snap cookies, larger Japanese sponge cakes, and better udon noodles than wheats grown in Washington. Wheats developed for both growing regions apparently have comparable genetic quality attributes. However, climatic conditions during growth apparently have greater influence over most quality traits than does genotype. The environment had strong influence on grain condition. Grain condition had the most influence on milling characteristics. The environment also had the most influence on baking characteristics, with softer kernels producing better end-use characteristics. Almost all of the commonly evaluated quality tests studied were sensitive to the wide range in qualities exhibited by the samples. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,WESTERN WHEAT QUAL LAB,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP Gaines, CS (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,USDA ARS,SOFT WHEAT QUAL LAB,WOOSTER,OH 44691, USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 4 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 73 IS 5 BP 521 EP 525 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VL890 UT WOS:A1996VL89000002 ER PT J AU Lookhart, GL Bean, SR Graybosch, R Chung, OK MorenaSevilla, B Baenziger, S AF Lookhart, GL Bean, SR Graybosch, R Chung, OK MorenaSevilla, B Baenziger, S TI Identification by high-performance capillary electrophoresis of wheat lines containing the 1AL.1RS and the 1BL.1RS translocation SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID 1BL/1RS TRANSLOCATION; CHROMOSOME-TRANSLOCATION; AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE; HEXAPLOID WHEATS; QUALITY; 1B AB High-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) was used to analyze grain proteins from U.S. wheat cultivars carrying 1AL.1RS from Amigo or 1BL.1RS from Kavkaz wheat-rye chromosomal translocations. To date, these are the only IRS translocations known to occur in U.S. cultivars. Chromosome specific patterns were observed among released cultivars and experimental lines. The method was verified by analyzing protein extracts of the heterogeneous cultivars Nekota and Rawhide and their homogeneous, homozygous non-1RS progeny. The purified 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS progenies were derived from Nekota and Rawhide, respectively. HPCE provides a rapid and efficient method for detection of flour or grain derived from 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS wheats, and can differentiate the two types of translocations. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,WHEAT SORGHUM & FORAGE RES UNIT,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP Lookhart, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS,N CENT REG,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. OI Bean, Scott/0000-0001-8678-8094 NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 73 IS 5 BP 547 EP 550 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VL890 UT WOS:A1996VL89000008 ER PT J AU Bechtel, DB Wilson, JD Martin, CR AF Bechtel, DB Wilson, JD Martin, CR TI Determining endosperm texture of developing hard and soft red winter wheats dried by different methods using the single-kernel wheat characterization system SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FREEZE-FRACTURE; STARCH GRANULES; PROTEIN; ACCUMULATION AB Field-grown hard (Pioneer 2163, Arkan, Karl, Newton, TAM 107, and TAM 200) and soft (Caldwell and Clark) red winter wheats were harvested at 15, 18, 21, 23, 25, 28, and 35 days after flowering (DAF). Wheat was dried by a variety of methods: air-dried in the spike at 28 degrees C; oven-dried in the spike at 40 degrees C; freeze-dried following both freezing and threshing under liquid nitrogen; field-dried mature grain; and freeze-thawed and air-dried, in which samples were first frozen in liquid nitrogen, thawed at room temperature (23 degrees C), and then air-dried in the spike at 28 degrees C. The U.S. Grain Marketing Laboratory's single kernel wheat characterization system was used to measure various grain parameters including the hardness of individual kernels. Air-dried and oven-dried samples generally had similar hardness indices when compared to that of mature grain. Soft wheats were also softer than hard samples when dried by these two methods. Freeze-dried grain had similar low values of hardness for samples harvested between 15 and 28 DAF, but mature 35 DAF grains had normal hardness indices. Freeze-thawed samples had hardness indices slightly higher than those of either air- or oven-dried grain. RP Bechtel, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS,N CENT REG,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,1515 COLL AVE,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. NR 11 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 73 IS 5 BP 567 EP 570 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VL890 UT WOS:A1996VL89000012 ER PT J AU Xue, Q Newman, RK Newman, CW AF Xue, Q Newman, RK Newman, CW TI Effects of heat treatment of barley starches on in vitro digestibility and glucose responses in rats SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ENZYME-RESISTANT STARCH; DIETARY FIBER; CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION; WHEAT-STARCH; HIGH-AMYLOSE; INSULIN; INVITRO; DIGESTION; CEREAL; HUMANS AB Starches were purified from barley flours milled from Waxbar, Glacier, high-amylose Glacier (HAG) and hull-less high-amylose Glacier (HHAG) cultivars. Wheat starch, maize amylopectin, maize amylose, and normal maize starch were used for comparative controls. Starches were either boiled or moisture-autoclaved (3 or 12 times) with subsequent cooling overnight, after which enzyme-resistant starch (ERS) was measured. In vitro digestibility and hydrolysis rates over time were determined, Post-prandial glucose responses in rats were investigated with starches from Waxbar, Glacier, HAG, and wheat. Production of ERS varied from 0.6% in waxy starches to 18.6% in the high-amylose barleys, compared to 44.2% in maize amylose starch. Boiling of starches produced only marginal effects on digestibility and hydrolysis rates, and no effects on blood glucose levels in rats. Autoclaving, however, produced significant differences in digestibility and blood glucose responses between starch types. Digestibility of waxy starches was not changed in vitro (P > 0.05), but blood glucose in rats was increased (P < 0.05) after ingestion of autoclaved Waxbar barley starch, In contrast, digestibilities of HAG and HHAG starches were reduced by 14 and 20% (P < 0.001) after 3 and 12 autoclaving-cooling cycles. Autoclaved HAG starch significantly lowered glucose peaks in rats compared to Waxbar and Glacier starches at 30 min (P < 0.01). The in vivo results corresponded to the in vitro study, which demonstrated that digestibilities of different cereal starches followed the pattern: waxy > normal > high-amylose starches after heat-moisture autoclaving, possibly due to the formation of ERS from the amylose component. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,METAB & NUTR INTERACT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. MONTANA STATE UNIV,MONTANA AGR EXPT STN,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. RP Xue, Q (reprint author), MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,BOZEMAN,MT 59717, USA. NR 39 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 73 IS 5 BP 588 EP 592 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VL890 UT WOS:A1996VL89000016 ER PT J AU Dintzis, FR Berhow, MA Bagley, EB Wu, YV Felker, FC AF Dintzis, FR Berhow, MA Bagley, EB Wu, YV Felker, FC TI Shear-thickening behavior and shear-induced structure in gently solubilized starches SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLYMER-SOLUTIONS; VISCOSITY BEHAVIOR; STRESS AB Tbe shear-thickening phenomenon was observed with eight unmodified starches that had been gently dissolved and dispersed at 3.0% concentrations in 0.2N NaOH. Waxy starches (maize, rice, and barley and potato) showed this phenomenon to a greater extent than did wheat, normal rice, or normal maize starches. Phase-contrast microscopy and circular dichroism measurements confirmed the development of shear-induced structure (incipient phase separation) implied by this shear-thickening behavior. The amylopectin component was responsible for shear-thickening properties and shear-induced structure formation and alteration. These structures were rather stable in 90% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and H2O. In this solvent, the intrinsic viscosity was not tightly coupled with now behavior in the shear-thickening region. Shear-thickening behavior was influenced by solvent type. The relative abilities of solvent to enhance shear-thickening properties were: 0.2N NaOH > 90% DMSO with H2O greater than or equal to H2O or 0.5N KCl at neutral pH. Shear-thickening properties were extremely sensitive to sample treatment; severe treatment of the sample destroyed the ability of the starch to form sheer-thickened fluids. We conclude that dispersed native amylopectins (i,e., the initial higher molecular weight species) are able to form networks that are responsible for the shear-thickening behavior and shear-induced structures observed in granule-free starch solutions and dispersions. C1 USDA ARS,PEORIA,IL. RP Dintzis, FR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 21 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 73 IS 5 BP 638 EP 643 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VL890 UT WOS:A1996VL89000025 ER PT J AU Wager-Page, SA Mason, JR AF Wager-Page, Shirley A. Mason, J. Russell TI D-Pulegone: a feeding deterrent to deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) SO CHEMOECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE d-pulegone; food avoidance; repellent; Rodentia; Peromyscus maniculatus; Microtus ochrogaster AB D-Pulegone, a monoterpene present in pennyroyal Mentha sp. is repellent to a number of vertebrates, decreasing consumption of feed and granular particles. In the present study, several tests were used to determine the reliability of this substance as a feeding deterrent. D-Pulegone (10mM-1M) applied as a coating to apple pieces significantly (P < 0.001) decreased ingestion by deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, and prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster. The deterrent effect of d-pulegone was not diminished following multiple exposures suggesting that this compound may be a promising candidate for use a a general vertebrate repellent. The inhibitory effect of 1M d-pulegone on apple ingestion in voles was abolished when contact was prevented by encasing the stimulus solution in plastic mesh capsules. We conclude that while d-pulegone has repellent properties following direct contact, volatile exposure alone may not be sufficient to elicit avoidance behavior. C1 [Wager-Page, Shirley A.; Mason, J. Russell] Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Denver Wildlife Res Ctr, Monell Chem Senses Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Wager-Page, SA (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Denver Wildlife Res Ctr, Monell Chem Senses Ctr, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. FU Denver Wildlife Research Center [12-31-41-0040(CA)]; Monell Chemical Senses Center [12-31-41-0040(CA)] FX The authors thank Susan Lundy, Amie Ottinger, and Charmian Ramey for able technical assistance. This work was supported by cooperative agreement 12-31-41-0040(CA) between the Denver Wildlife Research Center and the Monell Chemical Senses Center. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER BASEL AG PI BASEL PA PICASSOPLATZ 4, BASEL, 4052, SWITZERLAND SN 0937-7409 J9 CHEMOECOLOGY JI Chemoecology PD SEP PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 146 EP 149 DI 10.1007/BF01245967 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V19QI UT WOS:000208086500004 ER PT J AU Manners, GD Pfister, JA Ralphs, MH AF Manners, GD Pfister, JA Ralphs, MH TI Larkspur: A poisonous problem on the range SO CHEMTECH LA English DT Article ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; DELPHINIUM-BARBEYI; CATTLE; METHYLLYCACONITINE; PHENOLOGY; TOXICITY; SITE C1 USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Manners, GD (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0009-2703 J9 CHEMTECH JI Chemtech PD SEP PY 1996 VL 26 IS 9 BP 49 EP 54 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA VF842 UT WOS:A1996VF84200014 ER PT J AU Kaine, SF Smith, EO Mott, AR Mullins, CE Geva, T AF Kaine, SF Smith, EO Mott, AR Mullins, CE Geva, T TI Quantitative echocardiographic analysis of the aortic arch predicts outcome of balloon angioplasty of native coarctation of the aorta SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Article DE echocardiography; aorta; angioplasty; coarctation; pediatrics ID NEONATAL COARCTATION; FOLLOW-UP; UNOPERATED COARCTATION; DILATION ANGIOPLASTY; CHILDREN; REPAIR; INFANTS; RECOARCTATION; STENOSIS; SURGERY AB Background The use of balloon angioplasty for treatment of native aortic coarctation is controversial. Cineangiographic data suggest that aortic arch hypoplasia and isthmic narrowing are associated with angioplasty failure. This study of echocardiographic measurements of preangioplasty aortic arch morphology was performed to identify potential anatomic predictors of outcome noninvasively. Methods and Results The preangioplasty echocardiograms of 105 patients 3 days to 17 years old with native coarctation of the aorta were analyzed off-line. Angioplasty was considered successful if the residual coarctation gradient was <20 mm Hg and no intervention for recoarctation occurred. Univariate analysis identified young age at angioplasty, presence of a patent ductus arteriosus, and the diameters of the aortic isthmus, distal transverse arch, and aortic valve as predictors of early and late outcomes. Multivariate analysis showed that the preangioplasty aortic isthmus z value was the best independent predictor of outcome, eliminating the effect on outcome of age and associated cardiac defects. An isthmus z value less than or equal to-2.16 predicted early failure with 91% sensitivity and 85% specificity. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that 90% of patients with an isthmus z value >-1.0 remained free of recoarctation at late followup, whereas 89% of patients with a preangioplasty isthmus z value less than or equal to-2.0 developed recoarctation within 36 months. Conclusions Echocardiographic measurements of the aortic arch predict both early and late outcomes of balloon angioplasty for native aortic coarctation, and the preangioplasty aortic isthmus z value was the best independent predictor. Quantitative aortic tic arch analysis may improve selection of angioplasty candidates who are likely to benefit from the procedure. C1 TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,LILLIE FRANK ABERCROMBIE SECT PEDIAT CARDIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,BOSTON,MA 02115. CHILDRENS HOSP,DEPT CARDIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115. NR 31 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD SEP 1 PY 1996 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1056 EP 1062 PG 7 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA VE237 UT WOS:A1996VE23700032 PM 8790046 ER PT J AU Kwang, J Wilson, R Yang, S He, YS AF Kwang, J Wilson, R Yang, S He, YS TI Mapping of the H7-serospecific domain of Escherichia coli flagellin SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; PROTEINS; SEROTYPE; ANTIGEN; STRAINS; CATTLE; IDENTIFICATION; INFECTIONS; ANTIBODIES; SEQUENCES AB The amino acid sequences responsible for H7 and H23 flagellum serology have been identified by using a genetic approach. The H7-specific domain was located between amino acids 352 and 374 of the H7 flagellin. The sequencing data also demonstrated that the difference between the H7 and H23 flagellins in this region results from a single substitution at amino acid 366 (Ser-->Thr). The common epitopes for H7 and H23 were located between amino acids 284 and 366. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,E COLI REFERENCE CTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP Kwang, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 3 IS 5 BP 523 EP 526 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA VG961 UT WOS:A1996VG96100007 PM 8877129 ER PT J AU Albini, FA Brown, JK AF Albini, FA Brown, JK TI Mathematical modeling and predicting wildland fire effects SO COMBUSTION EXPLOSION AND SHOCK WAVES LA English DT Article ID HEAT; PYROLYSIS; MOISTURE; SOIL AB A qualitative assessment is made of the role of mathematical modeling in predicting the effects of wildland fires. Specific roles for mathematical models of physical processes involved in causing fire effects are identified in creating decision aids for helping managers mate better decisions in planning fire use and in strategic planning of wildfire suppression. More direct roles are seen in helping to strengthen our knowledge base about fire effects through more efficient use of research resources. In assessing the potential utility of mathematical models in these roles, a novel taxonomy of wildland fire effects is introduced based on longevity of the effect, time delay between fire and emergence of effect, and distance between fire and effect. Physical processes are identified as candidates for mathematical modeling, as factors complicating the realization or use of the models. Candidate modeling topics are identified as (1) Heat transfer in and near the fire environment, (2) Combustion processes and products, (3) Heat and mass transport in porous media, (4) Chemical and physical responses of fire-heated soils, (5) Erosion and hydrology of fire-affected sites, (6) Fluid mechanics of wind and fires, (7) Transport, dispersion, and aging of fire emissions in the atmosphere, and (8) Global atmospheric effects. Then, using the fire-effects taxonomy described, qualitative practical limits on the predictability of processes involved in them are deduced by considering contributing complicating factors that are identified as not likely to be modeled reliably. By so doing, the list of candidate topics for mathematical modeling is refined and reduced to the following recommended set. Heat transfer to, and thermal response of, live vegetation parts within and near the fire environment. Heat transfer to soil under burning duff. Heat transfer to soil enclosed to fire environment without duff cover. Heat and mass transfer in fire-heated porous media. Physical, chemical, and hydrological responses of soils to high-temperature environments. Fluid mechanics of wind fields interacting with fire and vegetation cover. C1 USDA FOREST SERV,INTERMT FIRE SCI LAB,MISSOULA,MT 59807. RP Albini, FA (reprint author), MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT MECH ENGN,BOZEMAN,MT 59717, USA. NR 42 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA CONSULTANTS BUREAU, 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0010-5082 J9 COMBUST EXPLO SHOCK+ JI Combust. Explos. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 32 IS 5 BP 520 EP 533 DI 10.1007/BF01998574 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Materials Science GA XM585 UT WOS:A1996XM58500007 ER PT J AU Caperna, TJ Gavelek, D AF Caperna, TJ Gavelek, D TI Influences of somatotropin on Na+-K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPases of porcine visceral tissues SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Na+-K+-ATPase; Mg2+-ATPase; Ca2+-ATPase; energy metabolism; somatotropin; growth hormone; pigs; pST; viscera ID AMINO-ACID-TRANSPORT; GROWTH-HORMONE; GROWING-PIGS; ENERGY-METABOLISM; DIETARY-PROTEIN; ACCRETION RATES; CALCIUM; KIDNEY; INTERRELATIONSHIPS; THERMOGENESIS AB Two experiments were conducted to determine the overall influence of porcine somatotropin (pST) administration on the specific activity of visceral tissue ATPases. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-skim milk-based diet approximately 85% of ad libitum, such that for each experiment, control and pST-treated consumed similar amounts of feed. As observed for pigs chronically treated with PST, enhanced growth of visceral tissues was evident in pigs treated for 6 and 14 days (d) with pST. The specific activity of detergent-activated Na+-K+-ATPase (ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase activity) was determined in fresh tissue homogenates prepared from liver, heart, kidney and duodenum. Treatment with PST was associated with a 19% increase in Na+-K+-ATPase-specific activity in the liver; specific activity of Mg2+-ATPase was not influenced by PST. Whole liver Naf-KC-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities were 35% and 25% greater, respectively, in somatotropin-treated pigs. The specific activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase in heart, kidney and duodenum were similar for controls and pigs treated for 14 d with pST. The specific activities of high- and low-affinity Ca2+-ATPases in kidney medulla were 20 and 26% lower, respectively, in pigs treated for 14 d with pST compared with controls. In contrast, Ca2+-ATPases in other tissues, including kidney cortex, were not influenced by PST treatment. These data indicate that some of the observed increase in energy expenditure associated with pST treatment may be attributable to increased organ size as well as to enhanced hepatic Na+ and K+ flux. While Na+-K+-ATPase activity is specifically enhanced in the liver, PST does not appear to be a general Na+-K+-ATPase activator in all tissues and may be associated with depressed activity of Ca2+-ATPases in the kidney. RP Caperna, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,LPSI,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BLDG 200,RM 201,BARC E,10300 BALTIMORE BLVD,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 115 IS 1 BP 13 EP 18 DI 10.1016/0305-0491(96)00082-X PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA VK160 UT WOS:A1996VK16000003 PM 8896328 ER PT J AU Belant, JL Seamans, TW Dwyer, CP AF Belant, JL Seamans, TW Dwyer, CP TI Evaluation of propane exploders as white-tailed deer deterrents SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Odocoileus virginianus; propane exploder; deterrent; white-tailed deer ID DAMAGE AB In response to increased white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) depredation of agricultural crops and encroachment on airports, we evaluated the effectiveness of systematic and motion-activated propane exploders as deer frightening devices. We conducted three experiments in a 2200 ha fenced facility in northern Ohio with high (91/km(2)) deer densities during 1994-1995. Systematic exploders were calibrated to detonate once at 8 to 10 min intervals, whereas motion-activated exploders detonated 8 times/deer intrusion. Systematic propane exploders were generally ineffective, deterring deer from corn for less than or equal to 2 days only, whereas motion-activated exploders repelled deer for 0-6 weeks. Repellency of motion-activated exploders varied seasonally, possibly in response to variations in deer density, availability of alternate food, or reproductive and social behavior. We recommend motion-activated exploders over systematic exploders as deer frightening devices for crop damage mitigation and on airports; however, systematic exploders may have utility for short-term (a few days) use. RP Belant, JL (reprint author), USDA,NATL WILDLIFE RES CTR,6100 COLUMBUS AVE,SANDUSKY,OH 44870, USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 15 IS 6 BP 575 EP 578 DI 10.1016/0261-2194(96)00027-0 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UZ213 UT WOS:A1996UZ21300010 ER PT J AU Cambron, SE Ohm, HW Ratcliffe, RH Patterson, FL AF Cambron, SE Ohm, HW Ratcliffe, RH Patterson, FL TI A second gene for resistance to Hessian fly in Iumillo durum wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BIOTYPE-D; CECIDOMYIIDAE; INHERITANCE; DIPTERA AB Resistance to Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), had been reported by other researchers to be transferred from the donor'Iumillo' durum wheat (Triticum duncm Desf.) to 'Marquillo' spring wheat (T. aestivum L.). We had observed that Iumillo demonstrated a higher proportion of resistant seedlings than Marquillo at temperatures of 21 degrees C and above, and hypothesized that Iumillo may carry a gene(s) that conditions resistance to biotype L of Hessian fly in addition to H18 that had been transferred into Marquillo. Because Iumillo may carry more than one Hessian fly resistance gene, we examined the genetic basis of resistance to Hessian By of Iumillo. Our objectives were to (i) determine the number of genes for resistance of Iumillo to Hessian By biotype D at temperatures of 16, 21, 23, and 26 degrees C, tested in a growth chamber, and (ii) determine if the resistance of Iumillo to Hessian fly biotype D is inherited independently from H20. A second gene for resistance to Hessian By biotype D, in addition to gene H18, was identified in Iumillo in backcross (BC) F-2 families. Gene H18 had previously been transferred from Iumillo to Marquillo. The second gene is inherited as a dominant or partially dominant, depending on temperature, gene independent of H18 and segregates independently of H20. Unlike H18, which is not effective above 20 degrees C, this second gene of Iumillo is partially effective in the homozygous state at temperatures of 23 and 26 degrees C. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1099 EP 1101 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900004 ER PT J AU Pazdernik, DL Graham, PH Vance, CP Orf, JH AF Pazdernik, DL Graham, PH Vance, CP Orf, JH TI Host genetic variation in the early nodulation and dinitrogen fixation of soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ASPARTATE-AMINOTRANSFERASE; BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; NITROGEN-FIXATION; N-2 FIXATION; ROOT-NODULES; ALFALFA; SELECTION; STRAINS; EFFICIENCY; LEGUMES AB Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grown on soils low in N can exhibit N deficiency during early plant development. Improved early N-2 fixation may alleviate this problem. Our objectives were to (i) examine genetic variation in early nodulation and N-2 fixation of soybean, and (ii) identify traits useful in breeding for early nodulation and N-2 fixation in this crop. Eighty-six soybean lines showed considerable genetic variation in efficiency and speed of nodulation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA 110. Eighteen lines were then reevaluated for nodulation efficiency with the B. japonicum strains USDA 123, UMR 161, and NA 6407 for differences in nodule number 5 to 12 d after inoculation (DAI) and for differences in plant dry weight, nodule fresh weight, acetylene reduction activity (ARA), nodule enzyme activity, leghemoglobin concentration, and nodule soluble protein concentration (SOLP) 10 to 17 DAI. The 86 lines differed in percentage roots nodulated (PRN; 26-93%) and number of nodules above the root tip mark (NARTM; 0.3-3.0), and in uppermost nodule position (-17.5 to 19.5 mm). For the 18 lines that were reevaluated, mean PRN and NARTM values were greater for USDA 123 than for USDA 110 (65.1 vs. 57.9%; 1.4 vs. 1.0, respectively). For these lines, correlation analyses showed that PRN correlated with nodule number at 5(r = 0.69**) but not 12 DAI, while nodule number 12 DAI correlated positively with nodule fresh weight, ARA, enzyme activity, and SOLP 17 DAI. Plant dry weight, nodule fresh weight, and nodule SOLP assayed at 17 DAI are suggested as traits for use in a breeding program to improve early nodulation and N-2 fixation in soybean. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL CLIMATE & WATER,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1102 EP 1107 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900005 ER PT J AU Kindiger, B Sokolov, V Khatypova, IV AF Kindiger, B Sokolov, V Khatypova, IV TI Evaluation of apomictic reproduction in a set of 39 chromosome maize-Tripsacum backcross hybrids SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EASTERN GAMAGRASS; ZEA-MAYS; DACTYLOIDES; POLYMORPHISMS; INHERITANCE; MARKERS AB An apomictic form of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) would provide an immortalized line which would be stabilized against genetic change. The development of agronomically superior, apomictic maize hybrids could provide a superior level of food security in developing nations as well as altering commercial and public maize breeding programs systems in developed nations. Backcross selections obtained from an apomictic, 38-chromosome (20 maize + 18 Tripsacum L.) maize-Tripsacum hybrid have resulted in the development of apomictic, 39-chromosome individuals with 30 maize + nine Tripsacum chromesomes. The Identification of these materials advances two major objectives: (i) the elimination of nine Tripsacum chromosomes which do not possess the gene(s) controlling apomictic reproduction; and (ii) the continued refinement of an apomictic maize line. This study was conducted to determine whether the 39 chromosome materials reproduce by apomixis. Evaluations were performed by means of cytological, isozyme, and molecular DNA methods to assay the cytological and genetic uniformity within and between the families. The lack of variation within families and among their offspring indicates that both families reproduce by apomixis. In addition, the successful transfer of apomictic genes from Tripsacum, into a maize-Tripsacum backcross hybrid with 2n = 3x = 30 maize and 1n = 1x = 9 Tripsacum chromosomes, is demonstrated. The generation of these materials indicates that continued breeding and selection within such materials could result in the eventual development of a hybrid maize with an apomictic reproductive system. C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST CYTOL & GENET,NOVOSIBIRSK 630090,RUSSIA. RP Kindiger, B (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO PLAINS RANGE RES STN,2000 18TH ST,WOODWARD,OK 73801, USA. OI Kindiger, Bryan/0000-0002-2938-3653 NR 39 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1108 EP 1113 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900006 ER PT J AU Pantalone, VR Burton, JW Carter, TE AF Pantalone, VR Burton, JW Carter, TE TI Soybean fibrous root heritability and genotypic correlations with agronomic and seed quality traits SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PLANT INTRODUCTION; WHEAT GENOTYPES; SELECTION; FIXATION; PROTEIN; GROWTH; YIELD AB A major obstacle in selecting for increased soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed protein concentration lies in the negative genetic correlation between seed yield and protein. The plant introduction PI 416937 has extensive fibrous root surface area that contributes to increased nitrogen fixation. PI 416937 also exhibits drought tolerance. It may be an important breeding line in the Southeast region of the USA, which is vulnerable to drought stress during soybean development. The development of breeding lines with superior root systems may be an effective way of stabilizing soybean production in drought-prone regions. The objectives of this study were to estimate the heritability of phenotypic root score and genotypic correlations between root score and seed yield, seed protein concentration, seed oil concentration, and seed weight. A peanut inverter was used to excavate F-2 plants of a population from the cross 'Lee 74' x PI 416937. The root systems were scored visually, based on the percentage of fibrous root area. F-2:3 and F-2:4 rows were grown at two locations, Clayton and Kinston, NC, in 1992 and 1993. Ten plants per plot were evaluated for root score at the R7 stage of development. Heritability estimates for root score were 0.39 on an entry-mean basis from testing in 2 yr and two locations, and 0.24 from a realized heritability estimate. The genotypic correlation between root score and seed protein concentration was positive (r(G) = 0.42). This is encouraging and suggests that PI 416937 is a valuable germplasm resource for developing high protein, high yielding breeding lines. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Pantalone, VR (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,BOX 7631,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1120 EP 1125 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900008 ER PT J AU Nelson, R AF Nelson, R TI The inheritance of a branching type in soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PLANT POPULATION; YIELD; DETERMINATE; CULTIVARS AB Many environmental factors including plant spacing, photoperiod, and plant nutrition can affect the number and distribution of branches on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants. Differences in branching have been noted among soybean lines, but because of the strong environmental influences on branching very little is known of the genetic control of this trait. The lack of information about the genetic control of branching in soybean limits the modifications that can be made in soybean plant architecture. Experimental lines developed from the cross of PI 391.583 (Jilin No. 10) by PI 189.916 were found to have very different branching patterns. The low-branching type had fewer branches and the branches were restricted to the lower portion of the main stem. The high-branching type had more branches and many branches originated at the upper nodes giving the plant a bushy appearance. Crosses were made among four lines of similar and different branching types in order to study inheritance. When similar branching types were crossed no segregation for branching type was observed among progeny. Crosses between high and low branching types produced progeny that segregated in a 9:7 ratio. It was necessary to observe the F-2:3 families in order to accurately determine the genotype of the F-2 plants. These data indicate that two dominant alleles at independent loci were necessary to produce the high branching phenotype. The gene symbols Br1 and Br2 are proposed for these loci. RP Nelson, R (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT AGRON,USDA ARS,PLANT PHYSIOL & GENET RES UNIT,1101 W PEABODY DR,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1150 EP 1152 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900014 ER PT J AU Vuong, TD Nickell, CD Harper, JE AF Vuong, TD Nickell, CD Harper, JE TI Genetic and allelism analyses of hypernodulation soybean mutants from two genetic backgrounds SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID POSITION-EFFECT VARIEGATION; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; MODIFIER GENES; NODULATION; INHERITANCE; SUPERNODULATION; EXPRESSION AB Several chemically mutagenized lines of soybean [Glycine mnu (L.) Merr.] have shown enhanced nodulation and partial tolerance to high NO3- levels. Previous genetic analyses of hypernodulating or supernodulating soybean mutants indicated that they were genetically controlled by recessive monogenes following simple Mendelian principles. In the present study, we determined the genetic control of hypernodulating mutants selected from two soybean cultivars, Williams and Enrei, and analyzed the allelism of mutant genes controlling the hypernodulating phenotypes. Reciprocal crosses between four hypernodulating mutants (NOD1-3, NOD2-4, NOD4, and En6500) and two normally nodulated cultivars (Williams 82 and Harosoy 63) were made. The patterns of nodulation in F(1)s, F(2)s, and F-2:3 progeny were visually evaluated at 14 d after planting in the greenhouse. Chi squares for each progeny and homogeneity tests for each cross were calculated. The results indicated that hypernodulation in the mutants studied was conditioned by single recessive genes. Three mutants (NOD1-3, NOD4, and En6500) were controlled by a single recessive allele rj(7), although they were isolated from distinctly different genetic materials. The allelism study indicated that another non-allelic mutant gene was identified which was responsible for hypernodulation in mutant NOD2-4. This new gene has been tentatively designated rj(8). With respect to genetic interaction between the two mutant genes identified, the segregation ratio in the F-2 did not fit a classical pattern and therefore we speculated that these two genes interact to modify expression in an unknown fashion. Hence, additional genetic analysis is needed to clarify the genetic interaction between rj(7) and the proposed rj(8) gene. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA ARS,PLANT PHYSIOL & GENET RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1153 EP 1158 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900015 ER PT J AU Biswas, PK Hileman, DR Ghosh, PP Bhattacharya, NC McCrimmon, JN AF Biswas, PK Hileman, DR Ghosh, PP Bhattacharya, NC McCrimmon, JN TI Growth and yield responses of field-grown sweetpotato to elevated carbon dioxide SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT; OPEN-TOP CHAMBERS; SWEET-POTATO; PLANT-RESPONSES; WATER-STRESS; NITROGEN; COTTON; ENVIRONMENT; PHYSIOLOGY; IRRIGATION AB Root crops are important in developing countries, where food supplies are frequently marginal. Increases in atmospheric CO2 usually lead to increases in plant growth and yield, but little is known about the response of root crops to CO2 enrichment under field conditions, This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment on growth and yield of field-grown sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. Plants were grown in open-top chambers in the field at four CO2 levels ranging from 354 (ambient) to 665 mu mol mol(-1) in two growing seasons, Shoot growth was not affected significantly by elevated CO2. Yield of storage roots increased 46 and 75% at the highest CO2 level in the 2 yr, The yield enhancement occurred through increases in the number of storage roots in the first year and through increases in both the number and size of the storage roots in the second year, Storage-root/shoot ratios increased 44% and leaf nitrogen concentrations decreased by 24% at the highest CO2 level, A comparison of plants grown in the open field to plants grown in open-top chambers at ambient CO2 concentrations indicated that open-top chambers reduced shoot growth in the first year and storage-root yield in both years, These results are consistent with the majority of CO2-enrichment studies done on pot-grown sweetpotato. C1 TUSKEGEE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,TUSKEGEE,AL 36088. USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON & HORT,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. TUSKEGEE UNIV,DEPT AGR SCI,TUSKEGEE,AL 36088. NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1234 EP 1239 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900027 ER PT J AU Rudorff, BFT Mulchi, CL Lee, E Rowland, R Pausch, R AF Rudorff, BFT Mulchi, CL Lee, E Rowland, R Pausch, R TI Photosynthetic characteristics in wheat exposed to elevated O-3 and CO2 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; AIR-POLLUTANTS; GAS-EXCHANGE; OZONE; GROWTH; RESPONSES; PLANTS; FIELD; RADIATION AB Tropospheric trace gases such as CO2 and O-3 have progressively increased over the past century and are predicted to increase to levels at which they may have a significant impact on agricultural production. The effects of CO2 enrichment and O-3 air pollution on leaf photosynthesis (P-n) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) were investigated. Two soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Massey in 1991 and Saluda in 1992, were studied in field experiments at Beltsville, RID, by means of open-top chambers to mimic atmospheric environments predicted for the first half of the 21st century. Plants were exposed to two levels of O-3 (charcoal filtered air and ambient air + an average of 40 nnol O-3 mol(-1) from Monday-Friday of every week). Ozone treatments were superimposed on two CO2 treatments (350 mu mol CO2 mol(-1) and 500 mu mol CO2 mol(-1)). Averaged over O-3 treatments, P-n was stimulated during the early and late growing season under enriched CO2. Averaged over CO2 treatments, high O-3 exposure had a negative impact on P-n early in the season of 1992 and a major impact late in the season of 1991 and 1992 due to premature senescence. Decreases in g(s) occurred under the enriched CO2 environment and to a lesser extent with high O-3. Interactive effects on P-n, and g(s) were mostly absent. It is likely that if CO2 and O-3 concentrations continue to increase, the beneficial effect of CO2 enrichment on P-n may be partially negated by O-3-induced stress. Conversely, damaging effects of O-3 on P-n may be compensated by elevated atmospheric CO2. C1 UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT AGRON, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. BRAZILIAN NATL INST SPACE RES, DIV REMOTE SENSING, BR-12201970 SAO JOSE DOS CAMPOS, SP, BRAZIL. USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, CLIMATE STRESS LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 39 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1247 EP 1251 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900029 ER PT J AU Mian, MAR Bailey, MA Ashley, DA Wells, R Carter, TE Parrott, WA Boerma, HR AF Mian, MAR Bailey, MA Ashley, DA Wells, R Carter, TE Parrott, WA Boerma, HR TI Molecular markers associated with water use efficiency and leaf ash in soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; PLANT; GENOTYPES; TOLERANCE AB Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important trait that has been associated with drought tolerance of crop plants, and leaf ash (LASH) is generally related to WUE, A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) map was constructed from a soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] population of 120 F-4-derived lines from a cross of 'Young' x PI 416937. The purpose of this research was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with WUE and LASH in 36-d-old, greenhouse-grown plants, The experimental design was a randomized complete block with six replications. Significant (P < 0.01) phenotypic differences were detected among the lines for both traits, A total of four and six independent RFLP markers were associated with WUE and LASH and if combined each group of markers would explain 38 and 53W of the variability in the respective traits, One marker locus (cr497-1), on USDA Linkage Group J, explained 13.2% of the variation in WUE indicating the presence of a major QTL, The LASH was negatively correlated with WUE (r = -0.40**), and two QTL were associated with both WUE and LASH, For each of these QTL, the allele for increased WUE was associated with reduced LASH. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602. PIONEER HI BRED INT INC,JOHNSTON,IA 50131. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 17 TC 61 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 7 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1252 EP 1257 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900030 ER PT J AU Gorecki, RJ Brenac, P Clapham, WM Willcott, JB Obendorf, RL AF Gorecki, RJ Brenac, P Clapham, WM Willcott, JB Obendorf, RL TI Soluble carbohydrates in white lupin seeds matured at 13 and 28 degrees C SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DESICCATION TOLERANCE; SUGARS; LEAVES; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; POLYSACCHARIDES; TEMPERATURE; METABOLISM; MATURATION; COTYLEDONS; CICERITOL AB Maturation of white lupin seed (Lupinus albus L. cv. Ultra) at 28 degrees C results in later flowering and reduced seed yield in plants grown from these seed compared with plants grown from seed matured at 13 degrees C, The objectives of this study were to determine the changes in seed mass and soluble carbohydrates of white lupin seed as affected by seed maturation temperature, Fourteen soluble carbohydrates were identified and quantified by high resolution gas chromatography of the trimethylsilylimidazole-derivatization products. Reducing sugars were not detected, and sucrose was 10 to 15% of total soluble carbohydrates in the axis and 12 to 20% in the cotyledons. Seventy to 80% of the total soluble carbohydrates were raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose. In addition to the raffinose series oligosaccharides, four series of galactosyl cyclitols were present including the galactinol series, galactopinitol A series, galactopinitol B series, and fagopyritol B1 series, Seed matured at 28 degrees C accumulated only 53 to 70% as much dry matter as seeds matured at 13 degrees C. Only minor changes in the raffinose series oligosaccharides were observed. Pinitol and the galactose-containing pinitols were more than doubled by seed maturation at 28 degrees C, but collectively, these compounds are <10% of the total soluble carbohydrates, We conclude that the effect of seed maturation temperature on the composition and concentration of soluble carbohydrates is minimal. C1 CORNELL UNIV,AGR EXPT STN,DEPT SOIL CROP & ATMOSPHER SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. UNIV AGR & TECHNOL,DEPT PLANT PHYSIOL & BIOCHEM,PL-10718 OLSZTYN,POLAND. USDA ARS,NE PLANT SOIL & WATER LAB,ORONO,ME 04469. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1277 EP 1282 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900034 ER PT J AU Mansur, LM Orf, JH Chase, K Jarvik, T Cregan, PB Lark, KG AF Mansur, LM Orf, JH Chase, K Jarvik, T Cregan, PB Lark, KG TI Genetic mapping of agronomic traits using recombinant inbred lines of soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GLYCINE-MAX L; FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; SEQUENCE REPEAT DNA; QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; LOCI QTL; L MERR; MARKERS; LINKAGE; INTEGRATION; ASSOCIATION AB Many agronomic traits of interest to plant breeders are quantitative. Recombinant inbred (RD lines are particularly useful in genetic mapping studies of quantitative traits. A recombinant inbred population was derived from the Glycine max (L.) Merr. parents 'Minsoy' and 'Noir 1'. This soybean population was used to investigate the genetic basis of several agronomic traits: days to flower (R1), days to maturity (R8), reproductive period (R8-R1), plant height, lodging score, height divided by lodging (the ability of tall plants to stand upright), seed protein content, seed oil content, seed size, yield, seed number, yield divided by height (the yield from short plants), leaf width, leaf length, and leaf area. In this RI population, transgressive segregation was observed for all of these traits. As expected, height and lodging were correlated, as were height and maturity; height and maturity with yield; and leaf length and width with leaf area. Height divided by lodging and yield divided by height showed little correlation with other traits, indicating that these traits measured new plant phenotypes. A genetic map was constructed for this population, with restriction fragment length polymorphism markers, simple sequence repeat markers and classical markers. Approximately 2000 cM of linkage was defined. The data were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) by linking quantitative phenotypes to qualitative genetic markers. For many traits, a few QTLs accounted for a large proportion of the variation observed. QTLs for most of the traits were associated with three linkage groups, often with the same genetic locus within the linkage group. At the level of resolution of the genetic map for this population, it was not possible to determine whether these QTLs have pleiotrophic effects or are clusters of separate, tightly linked genes. The data suggest that separation of QTLs for different traits (such as maturity or lodging and yield) may be difficult, but that this RI population will be useful in resolving questions concerning marker assisted selection of quantitative traits. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. PONTIFICIA UNIV CATOLICA VALPARAISO, FAC AGRON, QUILLOTA, CHILE. UNIV UTAH, DEPT BIOL, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA. USDA ARS, SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 155 Z9 227 U1 3 U2 21 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1327 EP 1336 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900042 ER PT J AU Miklas, PN Johnson, E Stone, V Beaver, JS Montoya, C Zapata, M AF Miklas, PN Johnson, E Stone, V Beaver, JS Montoya, C Zapata, M TI Selective mapping of QTL conditioning disease resistance in common bean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; GOLDEN MOSAIC-VIRUS; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; BLIGHT DISEASE; LINKAGE; IDENTIFICATION; GENES; HERITABILITY AB Genetic markers linked with quantitative trait loci (QTL) may enable indirect selection of complex disease resistance. Construction of separate linkage maps to identify QTL for each complex disease resistance trait of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is unfeasible, however. We investigated whether selective mapping could be used to hasten identification of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) associated with QTL conditioning bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) or common bacterial blight (CBB) resistance. The mapping population ('Dorado' x XAN 176) consisted of 79 F-5:7 recombinant inbred lines. A bulked segregant analysis (BSA) of as few as three individuals and selective genotyping was used. The 101 RAPDs identified between the parents were tested across resistant vs. susceptible bulks for BGMV reaction, combined greenhouse (lean and field reactions to CBB, and pod (greenhouse) reaction to CBB. Fourteen of 22 RAPDs selectively mapped because they cosegregated among lines within bulks, were linked with seven of the nine QTL conditioning resistance as identified by QTL mapping using all 101 RAPDs. The two QTL not identified by this approach had minor effects. BSA and selective genotyping required only about one-third the cost and labor of completely classifying the whole population with each marker and was similarly effective for identifying RAPD markers associated with major-effect QTL that condition disease resistance in common bean. Two-locus models (R(2)), for select environments, explained 60% of the phenotypic variation in BGMV reaction, and 65, 58, and 46% of the phenotypic variation in greenhouse-leaf, -pod, and field reactions to CBB. Repulsion linkages between QTL for BGMV and CBB may complicate the combination of resistance alleles for these two traits. C1 USDA ARS,TARS,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00681. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. UNIV PUERTO RICO,DEPT CROP PROTECT,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00681. RP Miklas, PN (reprint author), USDA ARS,IAREC,24106 N BUNN RD,PROSSER,WA 99350, USA. NR 37 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 11 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1344 EP 1351 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900044 ER PT J AU Greene, SL Pederson, GA AF Greene, SL Pederson, GA TI Eliminating duplicates in germplasm collections: A white clover example SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB One area that is often given low priority in the management of many germplasm collections is the elimination of duplicate and genetically redundant accessions. The purpose of this communication is to (i) describe a simple and effective procedure used in the National Plant Germplasm System white clover (Trifolium repens L.) collection for identifying and eliminating duplicate cultivar accessions, and (ii) discuss the potential gain in management efficiency that results from eliminating duplicates, The Germplasm Resources Information Network and plant inventory books were reviewed to ensure accessions were properly identified and to detect suspected duplicates, Additional historical documentation (plant introduction station card catalogs, acquisition logs, correspondence, and reports) were reviewed to characterize suspect duplicate accessions. Morphological data was obtained to supplement historical information. The white clover collection had 42 cultivars that occurred more than once in the collection, involving 133 of 626 accessions, Based on our review, 35 accessions were retained with no change, 39 accessions were bulked into 16 new accessions, and 59 accessions were designated as inactive, resulting in a net reduction of 82 accessions (13% of total collection), This results in a savings of $41 000 ($500 cage(-1)) in regeneration costs alone, Eliminating duplicates is an effective method of reducing germplasm maintenance costs without losing valuable genetic resources. C1 USDA ARS,FORAGE RES UNIT,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. RP Greene, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG PLANT INTRO STN,PROSSER,WA 99350, USA. NR 7 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1398 EP 1400 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900051 ER PT J AU SotomayorRios, A TorresCardona, S QuilesBelen, A Torres, C Dahalberg, JA AF SotomayorRios, A TorresCardona, S QuilesBelen, A Torres, C Dahalberg, JA TI Registration of 'Millo blanco' Sorghum SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP SotomayorRios, A (reprint author), USDA,ARS,TARS,BOX 70,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00681, USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1406 EP 1406 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900053 ER PT J AU Bollich, CN Jackson, BR Marchetti, MA Scott, JE Webb, BD AF Bollich, CN Jackson, BR Marchetti, MA Scott, JE Webb, BD TI Registration of 'Jackson' rice SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA,ARS,BEAUMONT,TX 77713. AGR & FORESTRY EXP STN,DELTA BRANCH,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1412 EP 1412 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900063 ER PT J AU Jodari, F Linscombe, SD Bollich, PK Bett, K Groth, DE White, LM Dunand, RT AF Jodari, F Linscombe, SD Bollich, PK Bett, K Groth, DE White, LM Dunand, RT TI Registration of 'Dellrose' rice SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. RP Jodari, F (reprint author), RICE RES STN,POB 1429,CROWLEY,LA 70527, USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1413 EP 1413 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900064 ER PT J AU Beuselinck, PR Steiner, JJ AF Beuselinck, PR Steiner, JJ TI Registration of 'ARS-2620' birdsfoot trefoil SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS,NATL FORAGE SEED PROD RES CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Beuselinck, PR (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1414 EP 1414 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900066 ER PT J AU Busch, RH McVey, DV Linkert, GL Wiersma, JV Warnes, DO Wilcoxson, RD Hareland, GA Edwards, I Schmidt, H AF Busch, RH McVey, DV Linkert, GL Wiersma, JV Warnes, DO Wilcoxson, RD Hareland, GA Edwards, I Schmidt, H TI Registration of 'Verde' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,CROOKSTON,MN 56716. ARS,USDA,FARGO,ND 58105. PIONEER HI BRED INT INC,JOHNSTON,IA 50131. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,MORRIS,MN 55108. RP Busch, RH (reprint author), ARS,USDA,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 1 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1418 EP 1418 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900072 ER PT J AU Salon, PR Pardee, WD AF Salon, PR Pardee, WD TI Registration of SG4X-1 germplasm of eastern gamagrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT BREEDING,ITHACA,NY 14850. RP Salon, PR (reprint author), USDA,NRCS,BIG FLATS PLANT MAT CTR,RDI BOX 360A,RT 352,CORNING,NY 14830, USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1425 EP 1425 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VK309 UT WOS:A1996VK30900081 ER PT J AU Angell, CA Tubbs, RC Moore, AB Barb, CR Cox, NM AF Angell, CA Tubbs, RC Moore, AB Barb, CR Cox, NM TI Depressed luteinizing hormone response to estradiol in vivo and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in vitro in experimentally diabetic swine SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH FACTOR-I; FEMALE RATS; OVARIECTOMIZED PIGS; SERUM GONADOTROPIN; FOLLICULAR-GROWTH; PITUITARY-CELLS; INSULIN; MELLITUS; GILTS; SECRETION AB The influence of the acute withdrawal of insulin therapy in streptozocin-diabetic female swine was examined for changes in 1) the in vivo pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), 2) the preovulatory-like gonadotropin patterns after exogenous estradiol, and 3) the in vitro LH secretion by cultured pituitary cells. In Experiment 1, ovariectomized diabetic pigs (n = 4) were maintained with insulin therapy until 4 d before estradiol benzoate (EB; 7 mu g/kg body weight; subcutaneous) was administered. Four normal ovariectomized pigs, matched for age and weight, served as controls. The diabetic state was confirmed by the measurement of glucose and insulin concentrations during a glucose tolerance test. Pulsatile LH secretion was not influenced by experimental diabetes mellitus. However, the expected surge in LH was not induced by EB in diabetic gilts. In contrast, three of four normal gilts had a preovulatory-type surge in LH. Concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone in serum were not affected by diabetes mellitus. Estradiol concentrations in serum after EB were influenced by diabetes mellitus (treatment by time interaction; P < 0.001). In individual estradiol profiles, maximum concentrations were similar (104 +/- 10.4 and 91 +/- 12.0 ng/ml for normal and diabetic pigs, respectively), but the interval to maximum concentration was delayed in diabetic pigs (27.5 vs. 9.0 h; SE = 3.0; P < 0.05). However, the duration of standing estrus (2.2 +/- .3 d) and the interval from EB to estrus (3.6 +/- 0.3 d) were not influenced by diabetes mellitus. In Experiment 2, LH secretion by cultured cells and residual cellular LH content were greater in the pituitaries of normal than diabetic pigs (P < 0.05), and only cells from normal pigs responded to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), with increased production of LH (P < 0.05). In conclusion, diabetes mellitus did not affect pulsatile LH secretion but did lower the ability of exogenous estradiol to stimulate a surge in vivo and of GnRH to increase LH in vitro, suggesting that the pituitary response to estradiol and GnRH is more severely affected by diabetes than is the GnRH pulse generator. C1 MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM & DAIRY SCI,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. UNIV MISSOURI,COLL VET MED,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ANIM PHYSIOL RES UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613. NR 37 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 13 IS 5 BP 453 EP 463 DI 10.1016/0739-7240(96)00076-8 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VH336 UT WOS:A1996VH33600007 PM 8886598 ER PT J AU Klindt, J Buonomo, FC Wise, T Yen, JT AF Klindt, J Buonomo, FC Wise, T Yen, JT TI Endocrine and metabolite responses to porcine growth hormone administered by sustained release implant for different lengths of time male pigs SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FACTOR-I; DIABETOGENIC ACTION; GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; OBESE BARROWS; IGF-II; SOMATOTROPIN; SWINE; GILTS; KINETICS; PROTEIN AB The effects of long term administration of GH on serum concentrations of hormones and metabolites was investigated in intact and castrate male swine. At 10 weeks of age, male swine were assigned to six treatments (n = 10/group): nonimplanted intact and castrate males; intact males implanted for 6 weeks, from 22-28 weeks of age; intact males implanted for 12 weeks, from 16-28 weeks of age; and intact and castrate males implanted for 18 weeks, from 10-28 weeks of age. Recombinant porcine GH was administered with sustained release implants designed to deliver a dose of 4 mg/day for 6 weeks. Throughout the study, blood samples were collected, and serum was harvested to quantitate circulating concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, GH, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, and PRL. The pattern of administered GH in the serum suggests that the presence of testes and prior treatment with GH influence GH clearance. Somatotropin treatment elevated serum concentrations of GH and increased serum levels of glucose, insulin, IGF-I, and IGF-II in both intact and castrate animals. However, during the prepubertal period of 10-16 weeks, GH-treated intact males were resistant to the diabetogenic actions of GH, whereas significantly increased serum levels of glucose and insulin occurred in GH-treated castrates during this period. Changes in serum levels of IGF-I throughout the study and in insulin after the first 6 weeks followed the pattern of circulating CH concentrations in the treated animals. Serum concentrations of IGF-II were increased after GH administration, but, in contrast to the IGF-I response, IGF-II levels remained elevated as GH concentrations waned in the latter portion of the implant period. The maintenance of higher serum levels of IGF-II may be less dependent upon GH than are insulin and IGF-I. Administration of GH to intact males is more efficacious in altering metabolites and hormones, with the exception of IGF-I, during the peripubertal and postpubertal periods than during the prepubertal period. C1 PROTIVA MONSANTO,ST LOUIS,MO 63198. RP Klindt, J (reprint author), ANIM RES SERV,USDA,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 32 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 4350 EAST WEST HIGHWAY SUITE 500, BETHESDA, MD 20814-4110 SN 0013-7227 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD SEP PY 1996 VL 137 IS 9 BP 3689 EP 3695 DI 10.1210/en.137.9.3689 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VD086 UT WOS:A1996VD08600011 PM 8756534 ER PT J AU Rossman, AY AF Rossman, AY TI Beltsville Symposium XXI on Global Genetic Resources: Access, Ownership and Intellectual Property Rights Organized by the USDA-Agricultural Research Service and the Association of Systematics Collections, in Beltsville, Maryland: USA, during 19-22 May 1996 SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Rossman, AY (reprint author), USDA ARS,10300 BALTIMORE BLVD,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0376-8929 J9 ENVIRON CONSERV JI Environ. Conserv. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 23 IS 3 BP 276 EP 277 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WL656 UT WOS:A1996WL65600022 ER PT J AU Busing, RT Liegel, LH Labau, VJ AF Busing, RT Liegel, LH Labau, VJ TI Overstory mortality as an indicator of forest health in California SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID TREES AB The interagency Forest Health Monitoring Program involves a network of about 4200 forest plots on a triangular grid across the United States. We present data on recent mortality of trees greater than or equal to 27.9 cm diameter from the first three years of measurements in California (1992-1994). Three plot designs were used to collect data representative of a 1-ha stand at each site; the designs differed primarily in total area sampled (0.067, 0.4 and 1.0 ha). Approximately 50 sites were visited each year yielding a total of about 150. Field tallies showed few cases of recent mortality in the smallest plot size. Cumulative distribution functions of recent dead tree densities in the 0.067-ha plots differed significantly from those generated by tallies from entire 1-ha stands. We conclude that an area of 0.067 ha is unsuitable to assess and monitor overstory mortality in Pacific Coast forests. RP Busing, RT (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,3200 SW JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 285 EP 295 DI 10.1007/BF00414374 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VF140 UT WOS:A1996VF14000006 PM 24193584 ER PT J AU Trott, DJ Stanton, TB Jensen, NS Hampson, DJ AF Trott, DJ Stanton, TB Jensen, NS Hampson, DJ TI Phenotypic characteristics of Serpulina pilosicoli the agent of intestinal spirochaetosis SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE intestinal spirochaete; Serpulina pilosicoli; intestinal spirochaetosis; phenotypic characteristic ID TREPONEMA-HYODYSENTERIAE; SWINE-DYSENTERY; SPIROCHETOSIS; IDENTIFICATION; PIGS AB The phenotypic characteristics of three Serpulina pilosicoli strains isolated from humans with diarrhoea (WesB, Kar, Hrm7) and two porcine S. pilosicoli strains isolated from pigs with intestinal spirochaetosis (1648, 3295), were compared with the type strain of the species P43/6/78(T) (T = type strain) and other intestinal spirochaetes within the genus Serpulina. All S. pilosicoli strains had a characteristic ultrastructural appearance, displayed similar growth rates, hydrolysed hippurate, lacked beta-glucosidase activity, utilised D-ribose as a growth substrate, and had similar sensitivities to rifampicin and spiramycin. The only consistent phenotypic characteristic that differentiated human strains from porcine strains of S. pilosicoli was that the human strains all utilised the pentose sugar D-xylose. These distinguishing phenotypic traits appear useful for identifying S. pilosicoli. C1 ARS,ENTER DIS & FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA,AMES,IA 50010. RP Trott, DJ (reprint author), MURDOCH UNIV,SCH VET STUDIES,MURDOCH,WA 6150,AUSTRALIA. RI Hampson, David/A-9464-2008 OI Hampson, David/0000-0002-7729-0427 NR 21 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD SEP 1 PY 1996 VL 142 IS 2-3 BP 209 EP 214 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VF853 UT WOS:A1996VF85300013 PM 8810504 ER PT J AU Rogers, CE AF Rogers, CE TI Dr Harry R. Gross, Jr: Contributions to armyworm research SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Item About an Individual DE population management; mass rearing; augmentation; biological control AB Dr. Harry R. Gross, Jr., USDA, ARS, IBPMRL (deceased) developed techniques and methodology for rearing and augmenting biological control agents to assist in the control of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and the corn earworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie), in the southeastern LISA. Dr. Gross' career with the USDA spanned 27 years, during which he published 75 scientific papers and presented 41 oral papers on the results of his research. Dr. Gross conducted pioneering research on white fringed beetles, kairomones, and semiochemicals of beneficial insects, and patented a hive-mounted device through which exiting honey bees autodisseminate Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus to flowering plants for control of H. zea larvae. However, Dr. Gross' greatest contribution to entomology was his development of rearing and augmentation technology to enhance the use of beneficial insects for controlling H. zea and S. frugiperda. Dr. Gross firmly believed in, and researched innovative ways to, use biological control for managing armyworms and other pests. RP Rogers, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 285 EP 288 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300001 ER PT J AU Carpenter, JE Hidrayani Sheehan, W AF Carpenter, JE Hidrayani Sheehan, W TI Compatibility of F-1 sterility and a parasitoid, Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), for managing Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Acceptability and suitability of hosts SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Spodoptera exigua; Cotesia marginiventris; F-1 sterility; inherited sterility; biological control ID HELICOVERPA-ZEA LEPIDOPTERA; INHERITED STERILITY AB The potential for combining two alternative pest management tactics, F-1 sterility and a parasitoid, was examined in the laboratory and in the greenhouse. Studies compared the acceptability and suitability of progeny from irradiated (100 Gy) and nonirradiated beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), males as hosts for Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson). Results from these studies revealed that progeny of irradiated S. exigua males and nonirradiated S. exigua females are acceptable and suitable hosts for C. marginiventris development. Cotesia marginiventris females showed no oviposition preference for S. exigua progeny from females paired with either irradiated or nonirradiated males. Cotesia marginiventris and F-1 sterility appear to be compatible tactics that potentially could be integrated into a preventative pest management program for S. exigua. C1 ANDALAS UNIV,PADANG,INDONESIA. E&C CONSULTING ENGN INC,SNELLVILLE,GA 30278. RP Carpenter, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 289 EP 295 DI 10.2307/3495576 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300002 ER PT J AU Wiseman, BR Carpenter, JE Wheeler, GS AF Wiseman, BR Carpenter, JE Wheeler, GS TI Growth inhibition of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae reared on leaf diets of non-host plants SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Spodoptera frugiperda; antibiosis; deterrent; growth inhibition; protein AB Chemists and natural plant product scientists have shown an interest in compounds from exotic plants that are considered non-hosts for the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), but may serve as sources of materials that reduce feeding and growth of herbivorous insects. We report here results of laboratory bioassays with neonate and fifth instar fall armyworm fed on a standard diet alone and on an amended diet with celufil or leaves from dogwood; Cornus florida L., hydrangea, Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Seringe, black cherry. Prunus serotina Ehrh., or Bradford pear. Pyrus calleryna Decne. The neonates had reduced growth and frass production when fed diets containing leaves of dogwood, hydrangea, black cherry and Bradford pear while fifth-instars had reduced consumption and weight gain when fed the hydrangea leaf-diet. These results suggest a toxic component in the leaves of hydrangea that reduces the development of the fall armyworm neonates and fifth instars. The results also indicate that the leaves of dogwood, black cherry and Bradford pear have growth inhibitors present in their leaves that adversely affect growth of neonate fall armyworm. Because fifth instars performed similarly to controls when fed dogwood, cherry or pear leaf-diets, older larvae may be able to overcome the plants natural defenses better than neonates. C1 USDA ARS,FT LAUDERDALE,FL 33314. RP Wiseman, BR (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 302 EP 311 DI 10.2307/3495578 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300004 ER PT J AU Davis, FM Wiseman, BR Williams, WP Widstrom, NW AF Davis, FM Wiseman, BR Williams, WP Widstrom, NW TI Insect colony, planting date, and plant growth stage effects on screening maize for leaf-feeding resistance to fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Spodoptera frugiperda; plant resistance; maize hybrids; screening ID CORN AB Field experiments were conducted at Mississippi State, MS and Tifton, GA to determine effects of laboratory insect colony, planting date, and plant growth stage on screening maize, Zea mays L., for leaf-feeding resistance to the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). The experiments were conducted using a randomized complete block design with treatments in a factorial arrangement with 6 replications. Treatments consisted of 2 insect colonies, an early and a late planting period, 2 plant growth stages, and 4 single cross maize hybrids (2 susceptible and 2 resistant to leaf-feeding by FAW) at each location. Each plant in an experiment was infested with 30 neonate FAW larvae when the plants of the second planting within each planting period reached the V-4 (Tifton) or V-8 (Mississippi State) stage. Each plant was visually scored for leaf damage 7 and 14 days after infestation. Statistical analyses revealed interactions among factors resulting in inferences having to be made using nonmarginal means. Significant differences in rating scores within each factor (insect colony, planting date, and plant growth stage) were found for some comparisons. However, none of these factors appreciably altered our ability to distinguish between resistant and susceptible genotypes which is the objective of screening. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793. RP Davis, FM (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 317 EP 328 DI 10.2307/3495580 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300006 ER PT J AU Wiseman, BR Davis, FM Williams, WP Widstrom, NW AF Wiseman, BR Davis, FM Williams, WP Widstrom, NW TI Resistance of a maize population, FAWCC(C5), to fall armyworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE leaf-feeding resistance; antibiosis; nonpreference; artificial infestations ID REGISTRATION; MECHANISMS; CORN AB Field tests at Mississippi State, MS, and Tifton, GA, were conducted to evaluate the effect of resistance of a maize, Zea mays (L.), germplasm population, 'GT-FAWCC(C5)', to feeding by larvae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Plants of selected maize entries were infested at the 8 and 12 leaf stage with two applications of 15 larvae pel plant. Resistance traits measured were leaf damage at 7 and 14 days after infestation and number and weight of surviving larvae per plant at 7 and 10 days after infestation. Leaf damage ratings at both 7 and 14 days after infestation and the number and weight of surviving larvae per plant on GT-FAWCC(5) at 7 and 10 days after infestation on GT-FAWCC(C5) equalled the number and weight of surviving larvae on 'MpSWCB-4', the resistant check. Both the resistant check and GT-FAWCC(C5) were significantly more resistant to whorl damage than the susceptible check, 'Ab24E x SC229', for all resistance traits. It is evident that antibiosis (low weight) and nonpreference (fewer larvae per plant and fewer larvae preferring leaf samples) mechanisms of resistance are present in the GT-FAWCC(C5) population as well as for MpSWCB-4. RP Wiseman, BR (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 329 EP 336 DI 10.2307/3495581 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300007 ER PT J AU Rogers, CE Marti, OG AF Rogers, CE Marti, OG TI Beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Effects of age at first mating on reproductive potential SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Spodoptera exigua; fecundity; fertility; longevity ID MOTHS LEPIDOPTERA; EGG-PRODUCTION; FECUNDITY; LONGEVITY AB The effects of age at the first mating on the reproductive potential of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), was studied in the laboratory. Both the fecundity and fertility of eggs laid were significantly affected (P < 0.01) by age of males and females at the time of mating. Delayed mating by females increased longevity but decreased fecundity and fertility (P < 0.05). Delayed mating by males increased longevity (P < 0.05) but decreased the number of spermatophores they transferred to females (P < 0.01). The number of spermatorphores transferred during mating affected female fecundity and fertility (P < 0.01). The optimum age for the first mating for both males and females was 1-2 days post-emergence. Delaying the first mating by either sex beyond 3-4 days post-emergence significantly, and adversely, impacted the reproductive potential of the beet armyworm. RP Rogers, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 343 EP 352 DI 10.2307/3495583 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300009 ER PT J AU Buckingham, GR Bennett, CA AF Buckingham, GR Bennett, CA TI Laboratory biology of an immigrant Asian moth, Parapoynx diminutalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), on Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitacea) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE biological control; fecundity; degree-days; host plants; Bacillus thuringiensis AB The Asian moth Parapoynx diminutalis Snellen is an immigrant in Florida and Panama where it attacks hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata (L. fil.) Royle, an immigrant submersed weed from Asia. Field populations of P. diminutalis are occasionally heavy on hydrilla but are rarely found on other plant species, including those that are laboratory hosts. Larvae build portable cases from which they feed on leaves anc; stems. The 7 instars can be differentiated by head capsule widths. Measurements are presented of other immature stages. In the laboratory at 26.7 degrees C, eggs developed in 4-6 d, larvae in 21-35 d, prepupae in 1-2 d, and pupae in 6-7 d. Adults lived 3-5 d at 24.4 degrees C. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,INST FOOD & AGR SCI,DEPT ENTOMOL & NEMATOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. RP Buckingham, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS,FLORIDA BIOL CONTROL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32614, USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 353 EP 363 DI 10.2307/3495584 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300010 ER PT J AU Morse, JG Lindegren, JE AF Morse, JG Lindegren, JE TI Suppression of fuller rose beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on citrus with Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Asynonychus godmani; parasitic nematodes; Kapow strain; All strain; Biovector(TM); biological control ID DIAPREPES-ABBREVIATUS COLEOPTERA; CARROT WEEVIL COLEOPTERA; BLACK VINE WEEVIL; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES; HETERORHABDITIS-HELIOTHIDIS; ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES; OTIORRHYNCHUS-SULCATUS; ROOT WEEVILS; FELTIAE; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB A laboratory bioassay with larvae and adults of the Fuller rose beetle, Asynonychus godmani Crotch, and the Kapow strain of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), resulted in 12, 44, and 67% mortality with rates of 50, 150, and 500 infective juveniles per 3-wk old larva, respectively; 100% mortality with 150 infective juveniles per 3-mo old larva; and 24, 48, and 83% mortality with adults. A field trial was conducted on Valencia orange trees harboring high levels of Fuller rose beetle late instar larvae. A single application of either the Kapow or All strain of S. carpocapsae each applied at 3 rates (50, 150, and 500 infective juveniles per cm(2)) reduced the number of emerging adult Fuller rose beetles a combined 55 and 38% compared with the water control the year following treatment and 79 and 82%, respectively, the 2nd year. Because of high variability between treatments, however, it was difficult to choose between the two nematode strains or the 3 rates of each strain. Infested fruit was reduced by a combined mean level of 62% one year after treatment. Based on nematode recovery at 6 months and the further reduction of Fuller rose beetle emergence in the second year after application, we suspect that nematodes persisted and recycled in the soil and provided added control in the second year of the trial. In order to conduct the laboratory bioassay, a method of rearing Fuller rose beetle from egg to adult was developed. A corn rootworm artificial diet was used but resulted in high larval mortality. After 6 months on the diet under laboratory conditions, 12 parthenogenetic females resulted from approximately 1,000 eggs and 8 of these females produced viable eggs masses. C1 USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,COMMOD PROTECT & QUARANTINE INSECT RES UNIT,FRESNO,CA 93727. RP Morse, JG (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT ENTOMOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 12 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 373 EP 384 DI 10.2307/3495586 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300012 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ Toth, M Francke, W Mori, K AF Landolt, PJ Toth, M Francke, W Mori, K TI Attraction of moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae) to enantiomers of several epoxydienes SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE insecta; sex attractant; trap; bait; pheromone ID SEX-PHEROMONE COMPONENTS; ERANNIS-DEFOLIARIA; HYPHANTRIA-CUNEA; IDENTIFICATION AB Males of four species of moths were captured in traps baited with enantiomers of straight chain epoxydienes in north Florida. The noctuid Renia salusalis was captured in traps baited with (3Z,6S,7R,9Z)-6,7-epoxy-3,9-nonadecadiene, the geometrid Probole alienaria in traps baited with a 1:1 mixture of enantiomers of cis-6,7-epoxy-3,9-nonadecadiene, and the noctuid Zale lanifera as well as the arctiid Halysidota tessellaris in traps baited with (3Z,6Z,9R,10S)-9,10-epoxy-3,6-henicosadiene. These compounds may be part of the sex pheromone of females of these 4 species. C1 HUNGARIAN ACAD SCI,INST PLANT PROTECT,H-1525 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. UNIV HAMBURG,INST ORGAN CHEM,D-20146 HAMBURG 13,GERMANY. SCI UNIV TOKYO,DEPT CHEM,SHINJUKU KU,TOKYO 162,JAPAN. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,5230 KONNOWAC PASS RD,WAPATO,WA 98951, USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 392 EP 397 DI 10.2307/3495588 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300014 ER PT J AU Gould, WP AF Gould, WP TI Mortality of Toxotrypana curvicauda (Diptera: Tephritidae) in papayas exposed to forced hot air SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE papaya fruit fly; Toxotrypana curvicauda; commodity treatment; forced hot air ID FRUIT-FLIES DIPTERA; QUARANTINE TREATMENT; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; FLY DIPTERA; HOST AB Papaya fruit fly, Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker, is a quarantined pest of papayas. Papayas with naturally occurring infestations of the papaya fruit fly were exposed to forced hot air at 48 degrees C for 30 to 210 m. Forced hot air at 48 degrees C provided 97% mortality of Papaya fruit fly immature stages in papayas treated for 60 min. Probit 9 mortality predicted that at least 167 min of treatment was needed, but probably would require that the center temperature of the coldest fruit reach 46 degrees C. This is the first quarantine treatment tested against the papaya fruit fly which is a major pest of papayas in Florida. RP Gould, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP HORT RES STN,13601 OLD CUTLER RD,MIAMI,FL 33158, USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 407 EP 413 DI 10.2307/3495590 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300016 ER PT J AU Prokopy, RJ Resilva, SS Vargas, RI AF Prokopy, RJ Resilva, SS Vargas, RI TI Post-alighting behavior of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) on odor-baited traps SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE odor response; Mediterranean fruit flies; physiological state ID FLIES AB The influence of physiological state on the behavior of released laboratory-cultured Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) flies was evaluated after their arrival on four commonly-used odor baited h-aps hung in a potted host tree in a field cage. Three-day-old and 12-day-old protein-deprived females and males were significantly more inclined than 3-day-old and 12-day-old protein-fed females and males to enter protein-odor-baited McPhail and Heath-Epsky traps. There was Little or no influence of physiological state on propensity of flies to enter trimedlure-baited Jackson or Nadel-Harris traps. Across all physiological states combined, 74, 64, 0 and 0% of arriving females entered McPhail, Heath-Epsky, Jackson and Nadel-Harris traps, respectively Corresponding values for arriving males were 60, 59, 88 and 82%. We suggest that future research on protein-odor-baited traps should be aimed at enticing a greater proportion of alighting C. capitata flies to enter the trap. C1 PHILIPPINE NUCL RES INST,QUEZON,PHILIPPINES. USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,HONOLULU,HI 96804. RP Prokopy, RJ (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT ENTOMOL,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 9 U2 9 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 422 EP 428 DI 10.2307/3495592 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300018 ER PT J AU Gagne, RJ Hibbard, KL AF Gagne, RJ Hibbard, KL TI A new species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from subterranean stem galls of Licania michauxii (Chrysobalanaceae) in Florida SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE gall midge; Nearctic Region; new species; gopher apple AB A new species of gall midge is described from subterranean stem galls on Licania michauxii Prance from Florida. The gall former is a new species of Lopesia and the first record of this genus in North America. The limits of Lopesia, a genus previously recorded only from South America and Africa, are enlarged to accept the new species. The species is described and illustrated. The pupa of this species is unique in Cecidomyiidae for its large, robust, dorsal abdominal spines that may be used in pushing through sandy soil after leaving the gall. C1 FLORIDA DEPT AGR & CONSUMER SERV,DIV PLANT IND,FT PIERCE,FL 34945. RP Gagne, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,PSI,SYSTOMAT ENTOMOL LAB,MRC-168,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 428 EP 434 DI 10.2307/3495593 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300019 ER PT J AU Petitt, FL Shuman, DS Wietlisbach, DO Coffelt, JA AF Petitt, FL Shuman, DS Wietlisbach, DO Coffelt, JA TI An automated system for collection and counting of parasitized leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) larvae SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID LIRIOMYZA-SATIVAE DIPTERA; LIFE-HISTORY; PARASITOIDS; FLORIDA; TOMATO C1 USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP Petitt, FL (reprint author), EPCOT,LAKE BUENA VISTA,FL 32830, USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 450 EP 454 DI 10.2307/3495595 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300021 ER PT J AU Pesquero, MA Campiolo, S Fowler, HG Porter, SD AF Pesquero, MA Campiolo, S Fowler, HG Porter, SD TI Diurnal patterns of ovipositional activity in two Pseudacteon fly parasitoids (Diptera: Phoridae) of Solenopsis fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 UNIV ESTADUAL PAULISTA,INST BIOCIENCIAS,BR-13500 RIO CLARO,SP,BRAZIL. USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP Pesquero, MA (reprint author), UNIV ESTADUAL PAULISTA,INST BIOCIENCIAS,BR-18610 BOTUCATU,SP,BRAZIL. NR 10 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 455 EP 457 DI 10.2307/3495596 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300022 ER PT J AU Schroeder, WJ AF Schroeder, WJ TI Diflubenzuron residue: Reduction of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) neonates SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article RP Schroeder, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 462 EP 463 DI 10.2307/3495598 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VL033 UT WOS:A1996VL03300024 ER PT J AU Levander, OA Beck, MA AF Levander, OA Beck, MA TI Viral evolution as driven by host nutritional selective factors: Influence of dietary oxidative stress SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SELENIUM-DEFICIENT MICE; COXSACKIEVIRUS B3; HUMAN ENTEROVIRUS AB The endemic juvenile cardiomyopathy known as Keshan disease occurs in regions of China with poor selenium nutrition, but a role for an infectious agent was suggested by seasonal changes in disease incidence. Mice fed a selenium-deficient diet suffered more heart damage than normal mice when infected with a myocarditic coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3/20). Increased heart damage was also observed when CVB3/20 was inoculated into vitamin E-deficient mice. Feeding diets deficient in either vitamin E or selenium allowed an amyocarditic coxsackievirus (CVB3/0) to become myocarditic. When CVB3/0 was harvested from deficient mice, passed through HeLa cells and inoculated into normal (non-deficient) mice, it retained its increased cardiovirulence. Virus obtained from the selenium-deficient mice contained six nucleotide changes in the genome compared with the input strain. This is the first report of a nutritional deficiency driving changes in a viral genome. Host nutritional status could have important public health implications for the spread of influenza, hepatitis, polio and perhaps even AIDS. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, FRANK PORTER GRAHAM CHILD DEV CTR, CHAPEL HILL, NC USA. RP Levander, OA (reprint author), ARS, NUTR REQUIREMENTS & FUNCT LAB, BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 57 IS 1 BP 47 EP 49 DI 10.1016/0308-8146(96)00066-0 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA VR298 UT WOS:A1996VR29800009 ER PT J AU Wallin, DO Swanson, FJ Marks, B Cissel, JH Kertis, J AF Wallin, DO Swanson, FJ Marks, B Cissel, JH Kertis, J TI Comparison of managed and pre-settlement landscape dynamics in forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE landscape dynamics; managed forests; pre-settlement; rotation ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; CONIFEROUS FORESTS; WESTERN OREGON; CASCADE RANGE; NATIONAL-PARK; WASHINGTON; HISTORY; SUCCESSION; MOUNTAINS; PATTERNS AB The landscape structure of forests subjected to wildfires fluctuates through time as a result of the episodic nature of these disturbances and long-term variation in the climatic conditions that influence the fire regime, These landscape dynamics influence a variety of important ecosystem processes. Before European settlement, landscape dynamics in Pacific Northwest forests were driven primarily by the patterns of wildfire, and an understanding of these dynamics can provide a unique frame of reference for evaluating current forest management policies and alternatives for the future, Tree-ring data and historical records of forest cutting were used to quantify the range of landscape conditions that existed on two large watersheds (4000 ha and 11600 ha) between the late 1400s and 1990, A rule-based simulation model was used to generate landscape patterns that would result from five alternative future forest management scenarios, Our results demonstrate that conditions on these two watersheds in 1990 are outside the range of conditions that existed during most of the reconstructed pre-settlement era. Continued use of short (50 to 100 year) timber rotation lengths would push these watersheds even farther outside of this range, The use of much longer rotation lengths (200 + years) could bring these watersheds back to within or very near this range of pre-settlement conditions. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, USDA, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. US FOREST SERV, SIUSLAW NATL FOREST, USDA, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 87 TC 56 Z9 64 U1 3 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 85 IS 1-3 BP 291 EP 309 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03765-6 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VZ107 UT WOS:A1996VZ10700021 ER PT J AU Bettinger, P Alig, RJ AF Bettinger, P Alig, RJ TI Timber availability on non-federal land in western Washington: Implications based on physical characteristics of the timberland base SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The timberland area under non-federal ownership in western Washington is characterized by ground slope class, elevation, timber size, age, silvicultural treatment opportunities, and ownership. Non-industrial private forest (NIPF) timberland is generally located on gentler slopes and lower elevations than are all other ownerships, implying a potential advantage in logging and transportation costs. Opportunities to increase growth on NIPF land are mainly through clearcutting and stand conversion. Timber on forest industry lands has a significantly younger age-class distribution than timber on land that is owned by NIPF landowners and the Department of Natural Resources in the state of Washington; this is a reflection of the higher management intensity being implemented by forest industry. Opportunity to increase growth rates on forest industry timberland is mainly by precommercial thinning. And the distribution of NIPF and forest industry harvests has historically been concentrated more in the lower slope classes than the corresponding timberland base. The physical characteristics of the timberland base in western Washington, along with landowner behavior patterns, may affect future non-federal timber supplies by influencing management regimes, access to timberland, and owners' responses to urban pressures. Although NIPF timberland owners may have a cost advantage with respect to the physical characteristics of the timberland base, they may be highly susceptible to a loss in timberland area from regulatory and land-use pressures. As a result, future timber supply prospects may decrease even further than recent projections suggest. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS FOREST SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR. RP Bettinger, P (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,108 PEAVY HALL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. OI Bettinger, Pete/0000-0002-5454-3970 NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 46 IS 9 BP 30 EP 38 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VJ486 UT WOS:A1996VJ48600009 ER PT J AU Karlsson, POA McNatt, JD Verrill, SP AF Karlsson, POA McNatt, JD Verrill, SP TI Vacuum-pressure soak plus ovendry as an accelerated-aging test for wood-based panel products SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Vacuum-pressure soak (VPS) at room temperature was investigated as an alternative to the hot water soak and steaming steps in the current ASTM D 1037 accelerated-aging tests. Oriented strandboard, flakeboard, isocyanate-bonded particleboard, and hardboard siding were included. The effects of steaming and cyclic hot water soak plus ovendry (OD) exposure were also investigated. For the phenolic-bonded flakeboard, the various alternative exposures had essentially the same effect on static bending and in-plane shear propel-ties as the standard test. For the other materials, the exposures that were closest to the standard far these materials were four cycles of VPS plus steam plus OD and four cycles of hot water soak (93 degrees C) plus OD. The 93 degrees C temperature was greater than that used in the soaking step of the standard test (49 degrees C). Four cycles of VPS at room temperature plus OD and six cycles of steam (93 degrees C) plus OD were the least severe exposures. The hot wafer soak plus OD was the most likely candidate as an alternative to the six-cycle test because it was the simplest and least time consuming. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Karlsson, POA (reprint author), ROYAL INST TECHNOL,DEPT WOOD TECHNOL,S-10044 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 46 IS 9 BP 84 EP 88 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VJ486 UT WOS:A1996VJ48600018 ER PT J AU Barnett, JP AF Barnett, JP TI How seed orchard culture affects seed quality: Experience with the southern pines SO FORESTRY CHRONICLE LA English DT Article DE Pinus spp; seed germination; seed dormancy; seed storage; cone maturity AB Tree improvement programs have influenced significantly the quality of southern pine seeds produced when compared to collections from native stands. Seed orchard management practices such as fertilization can increase seed size and reduce seed dormancy. These result in the need for less complex pregermination treatments. Repeated cone collections from the same clones facilitate collections according to ripening (cone specific gravity), which can improve seed germination and storage. However, cultural practices may result in seed properties that are more sensitive to damage during processing procedures and result in lower quality unless special care is provided during this stage of handling. The effect of orchard management practices on seed quality also varies by species, with loblolly pine being less affected than longleaf pine. RP Barnett, JP (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, USDA, SO RES STN, PINEVILLE, LA 71360 USA. NR 42 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN INST FORESTRY PI MATTAWA PA C/O CANADIAN ECOLOGY CENTRE, PO BOX 430, 6905 HWY 17 W, MATTAWA, ONTARIO P0H 1V0, CANADA SN 0015-7546 J9 FOREST CHRON JI For. Chron. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 72 IS 5 BP 469 EP 473 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VP656 UT WOS:A1996VP65600061 ER PT J AU Shoemaker, RC Polzin, K Labate, J Specht, J Brummer, EC Olson, T Young, N Concibido, V Wilcox, J Tamulonis, JP Kochert, G Boerma, HR AF Shoemaker, RC Polzin, K Labate, J Specht, J Brummer, EC Olson, T Young, N Concibido, V Wilcox, J Tamulonis, JP Kochert, G Boerma, HR TI Genome duplication in soybean (Glycine subgenus soja) SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID MUNGBEAN VIGNA-RADIATA; LINKAGE MAPS; L-WILCZEK; MAIZE; GENE; EVOLUTION; LOCI; CHROMOSOMES; RESISTANCE; BRASSICA AB Restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping data from nine populations (Glycine max x G. soja and G. max x G. max) of the Glycine subgenus soja genome led to the identification of many duplicated segments of the genome. Linkage groups contained up to 33 markers that were duplicated on other linkage groups. The size of homoeologous regions ranged from 1.5 to 106.4 cM, with an average size of 45.3 cM. We observed segments in the soybean genome that were present in as many as six copies with an average of 2.55 duplications per segment. The presence of nested duplications suggests that at least one of the original genomes may have undergone an additional round of tetraploidization. Tetraploidization, along with large internal duplications, accounts for the highly duplicated nature of the genome of the subgenus. Quantitative trait loci for seed protein and oil showed correspondence across homoeologous regions, suggesting that the genes or gene families contributing to seed composition have retained similar functions throughout the evolution of the chromosomes. C1 NEW ZEALAND DAIRY RES INST,PALMERSTON NORTH,NEW ZEALAND. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,USDA ARS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47904. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT BOT,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Shoemaker, RC (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,USDA ARS,FCR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 55 TC 261 Z9 277 U1 2 U2 10 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD SEP PY 1996 VL 144 IS 1 BP 329 EP 338 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA VE252 UT WOS:A1996VE25200029 PM 8878696 ER PT J AU Mosier, AR Parton, WJ Valentine, DW Ojima, DS Schimel, DS Delgado, JA AF Mosier, AR Parton, WJ Valentine, DW Ojima, DS Schimel, DS Delgado, JA TI CH4 and N2O fluxes in the Colorado shortgrass steppe .1. Impact of landscape and nitrogen addition SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID METHANE OXIDATION; NITRIFICATION INHIBITORS; TEMPERATE FOREST; ANNUAL GRASSLAND; OXIDE FLUXES; SOIL; CONSUMPTION; FERTILIZATION; EMISSIONS AB A weekly, year-round nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) flux measurement program was initiated in nine sites within the Central Plains Experimental Range in the Colorado a shortgrass steppe in 1990 and continued through 1994. This paper reports the observed intersite, interannual, and seasonal variation of these fluxes along with the measured variation in soil and air temperature and soil water and mineral nitrogen content. We found that wintertime fluxes contribute 20-40% of the annual N2O emissions and 15-30% of CH4 consumption at all of the measurement sites, Nitrous oxide emission maxima were frequently observed during the winter and appeared to result from denitrification when surface soils thawed. Interannual variation of N2O maximum annual mean fluxes was 2.5 times the minimum during the 4-year meas urement period, while maximum annual mean CH4 uptake rates were 2.1 times the minimum annual mean uptake rates observed within sites. Generally, site mean annual flux maxima for CH4 uptake corresponded to minimum N2O fluxes and vice versa, which supports the general concept of water control of diffusion of gases in the soil and limitations of soil water content on microbial activity. We also observed that pastures that have similar use history and soil texture show similar N2O and CH4 fluxes, as well as similar seasonal and annual variations. Sandy loam soils fertilized with nitrogen 5-13 years earlier consumed 30-40% less CH4 and produced more N2O than unfertilized soils, In contrast, the N addition 13 years ago does not affect CH4 uptake but continues to increase N2O emissions in a finer-textured soil, Our long-term data also show that soil mineral N concentration is not a reliable predictor of observed changes, or lack of changes, in either N2O efflux or CH4 uptake. Finally, from our data we estimate that annual global N2O emission rates for native, temperate grasslands are about 0.16 Tg N2O-N yr(-1), while CH4 consumption totals about 3.2 Tg CH4-C yr(-1). C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,NAT RESOURCE ECOL LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,BOULDER,CO 80307. RP Mosier, AR (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB E,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 32 TC 162 Z9 170 U1 8 U2 52 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD SEP PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 387 EP 399 DI 10.1029/96GB01454 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VD604 UT WOS:A1996VD60400002 ER PT J AU Parton, WJ Mosier, AR Ojima, DS Valentine, DW Schimel, DS Weier, K Kulmala, AE AF Parton, WJ Mosier, AR Ojima, DS Valentine, DW Schimel, DS Weier, K Kulmala, AE TI Generalized model for N-2 and N2O production from nitrification and denitrification SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID SOIL; OXIDE; NITROGEN; SIMULATION; GRASSLANDS; AMMONIUM; MOISTURE; METHANE; WATER AB We describe a model of N-2 and N2O gas fluxes from nitrification and denitrification. The model was developed using laboratory denitrification gas flux data and field-observed N2O gas fluxes from different sites. Controls over nitrification N2O gas fluxes are soil texture, soil NH4, soil water-filled pore space, soil N turnover rate, soil pH, and soil temperature. Observed data suggest that nitrification N2O gas fluxes are proportional to soil N turnover and that soil NH4 levels only impact N2O gas fluxes with high levels of soil NH4 (>3 mu g N g(-1)). Total denitrification (N-2 plus N2O) gas fluxes are a function of soil heterotrophic respiration rates, soil NO3, soil water content, and soil texture. N-2:N2O ratio is a function of soil water content, soil NO3, and soil heterotrophic respiration rates. The denitrification model was developed using laboratory data [Weier et al., 1993] where soil water content, soil NO3, and soil C availability were varied using a full factorial design. The Weier's model simulated observed N-2 and N2O gas fluxes for different soils quite well with r(2) equal to 0.62 and 0.75, respectively. Comparison of simulated model results with field N2O data for several validation sites shows that the model results compare well with the observed data (r(2)=0.62). Winter denitrification events were poorly simulated by the model. This problem could have been caused by spatial and temporal variations in the observed soil water data and N2O fluxes. The model results and observed data suggest that approximately 14% of the N2O fluxes for a shortgrass steppe are a result of denitrification and that this percentage ranged from 0% to 59% for different sites. C1 USDA ARS, FT COLLINS, CO 80522 USA. AGR RES CTR FINLAND, FIN-31600 JOKIOINEN, FINLAND. NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, CLIMATE SYST MODELING PROGRAM, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. CSIRO, BRISBANE, QLD, AUSTRALIA. RP Parton, WJ (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV, NAT RESOURCE ECOL LAB, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. NR 35 TC 268 Z9 314 U1 12 U2 97 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD SEP PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 401 EP 412 DI 10.1029/96GB01455 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VD604 UT WOS:A1996VD60400003 ER PT J AU Sommerfeld, RA Massman, WJ Musselman, RC Mosier, AR AF Sommerfeld, RA Massman, WJ Musselman, RC Mosier, AR TI Diffusional flux of CO2 through snow: Spatial and temporal variability among alpine-subalpine sites SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID SOILS AB Three alpine and three subalpine sites were monitored for up to 4 years to acquire data on the temporal and spatial variability of CO2 flux through snowpacks. We conclude that the snow formed a passive cap which controlled the concentration of CO2 at the snow-soil interface, while the flux of CO2 into the atmosphere was controlled by CO2 production in the soil. Seasonal variability in the flux at all sites was characterized by early winter minima followed by a rise in flux that averaged 70% above the minima over about a I-month period. The seasonal variability was not related to soil temperatures which remained relatively constant. Interannual variability was small, and spatial variability was smaller than previously reported. Spatial variability on a scale of 1 to 10 m was less than 30% of the average fluxes and not significantly greater than estimated error in most cases. Spatial variability on a scale of 10- to 100-m was about a factor of 2 and on a scale of 100 to 1000 m was about a factor of 4. The 100- to 1000-m variability was complicated by the fact that the sites were in different ecosystems, alpine and subalpine, and at different elevations. We attribute the small variability at the 1- to 10-m scale to the deep snow cover, from 1.4 to 5 m. We hypothesize that horizontal diffusion under the snow cover reduced small-scale horizontal gradients, while the insulating effect of the deep snow cover kept the soil temperature and moisture relatively constant. Equivalent annual wintertime flux averaged about 95 g C m(-2) yr(-1) in the alpine and about 232 g C m(-2) yr(-1) in the subalpine sites. Measurements of CO2 concentrations at 0.2 and 0.5 m in the soil of one of the subalpine sites indicated that production early in the snow season occurred at or below 0.5 m while production between 0.5 m, and the surface became important after the start of the melt season. C1 USDA ARS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. RP Sommerfeld, RA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,240 W PROSPECT RD,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 18 TC 80 Z9 88 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD SEP PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 473 EP 482 DI 10.1029/96GB01610 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VD604 UT WOS:A1996VD60400008 ER PT J AU Staub, JE Serquen, FC Gupta, M AF Staub, JE Serquen, FC Gupta, M TI Genetic markers, map construction, and their application in plant breeding SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Review ID QUANTITATIVE-TRAIT LOCI; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES; MILDEW RESISTANCE GENES; INTEGRATED LINKAGE MAP; PCR-BASED MARKERS; ASSISTED SELECTION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; MOLECULAR MARKERS; BRASSICA-NAPUS C1 MADISON LABS, MADISON, WI 53716 USA. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN, USDA ARS, DEPT HORT, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. NR 135 TC 215 Z9 249 U1 0 U2 26 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD SEP PY 1996 VL 31 IS 5 BP 729 EP 741 PG 13 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VK649 UT WOS:A1996VK64900005 ER PT J AU Reilly, CC Wood, BW AF Reilly, CC Wood, BW TI No adverse effect of early season fungicide and zinc sprays on leaf area, fruit set, and nut quality of pecan SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PISTILLATE FLOWER; DEGENERATION; POLLINATION; INHIBITION AB Propiconazole, a fungicide, suppressed leaf area of a wide variety of young pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] seedling genotypes but did not reduce leaf area of orchard trees, Leaf area declined linearly as dosage increased from 0.16 to 1.25 mL . L(-1). Suppression of leaf area by propiconazole was inversely proportional to leaf age, No reduction of leaf area was detected in orchards where 'Cheyenne', 'Desirable', and 'Pawnee' were treated with three applications (14-day intervals) of fungicide (either propiconazole, fentin hydroxide, or fenbuconazole) from budbreak to early May, Spring application of the three fungicides alone or in combination with zinc sulfate did not influence fruit set, Control of pecan scab [Cladosporium caryigenum (Ell, et Lang) Gottwald] was achieved with either fentin hydroxide or fenbuconazole for the full season, or with early season use of dodine, then propiconazole, and then followed by fentin hydroxide for late-season disease control, Fungicide treatments had no effect on nut weight. These data indicate that fungicides applied to pecan during pollination at commercially recommended dosages and intervals, with or without zinc sulfate, do not adversely influence leaf area or fruit set of orchard trees, Chemical names used: n-dodecylguanidine acetate (dodine); triphenyltin hydroxide (fentin hydroxide); 1-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl] methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole (propiconazole); alpha-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-alpha-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-propanenitrile (fenbuconazole). RP Reilly, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,111 DUNBAR RD,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD SEP PY 1996 VL 31 IS 5 BP 808 EP 810 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VK649 UT WOS:A1996VK64900018 ER PT J AU Guertal, EA Edwards, JH AF Guertal, EA Edwards, JH TI Organic mulch and nitrogen affect spring and fall collard yields SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Brassica oleracea; fertilizer; vegetable nutrition AB Fall and spring collards (Brassica oleracea L. Acephala Group) were grown under one of three mulches (black plastic, ground newspaper, wood chips) and in a bare soil control, Mulch treatments were arranged in a factorial design with five rates of N fertilizer: 0, 67, 134, 201, or 268 kg N/ha, All fertilizer was preplant-incorporated into the bed before applying mulches and transplanting collards, Season did not affect collard yield, and there was no significant season x N rate interaction, Collard yields increased with increasing rates of N, with a maximum yield at 163 kg N/ha, Mulch type significantly affected collard yield, with fall collard yields highest under bare ground or wood chip mulches and spring yields highest under black plastic mulch, Collards produced under newspaper mulch produced the lowest yields in the fall and yields equal to bare soil and wood chips in the spring, Collards produced under newspaper mulch had less tissue N at harvest than those of any of the other treatments in both seasons, Collards produced on black plastic produced the lowest plant populations in both seasons, Wood chips and newspaper offer some appeal as low-input, small-scale mulches, but additional research to explore fertility management is necessary. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL DYNAM LAB,AUBURN,AL 36849. RP Guertal, EA (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD SEP PY 1996 VL 31 IS 5 BP 823 EP 826 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VK649 UT WOS:A1996VK64900023 ER PT J AU Harrison, HF Dukes, PD AF Harrison, HF Dukes, PD TI Sensitivity of four sweetpotato clones to metribuzin herbicide SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Ipomoea batatas; herbicide tolerance AB Four sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] clones were evaluated for metribuzin tolerance in greenhouse and field experiments. W-262 exhibited metribuzin response similar to the highly tolerant clone Tinian (U.S.P.I. 153655), SC 1149-19 was highly sensitive to metribuzin, and the commercial cultivar Jewel was intermediate in tolerance. Due to its more desirable horticultural characteristics and higher yields, W-262 is superior to Tinian as a source of metribuzin tolerance in sweetpotato breeding. Chemical name used: 4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one (metribuzin). RP Harrison, HF (reprint author), USDA ARS,US VEG LAB,2875 SAVANNAH HIGHWAY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD SEP PY 1996 VL 31 IS 5 BP 846 EP 847 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VK649 UT WOS:A1996VK64900030 ER PT J AU Bell, RL vanderZwet, T Blake, RC Chandler, CK Scheerens, JC AF Bell, RL vanderZwet, T Blake, RC Chandler, CK Scheerens, JC TI 'Potomac' pear SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pyrus communis; fire blight; Erwinia amylovora; disease resistance; fruit breeding C1 USDA ARS,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,WOOSTER,OH 44691. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT HORT,WOOSTER,OH 44691. RP Bell, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD SEP PY 1996 VL 31 IS 5 BP 884 EP 886 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VK649 UT WOS:A1996VK64900046 ER PT J AU Morelock, TE Simon, PW Peterson, CE AF Morelock, TE Simon, PW Peterson, CE TI Wisconsin wild: Another petaloid male-sterile cytoplasm for carrot SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Daucus carota L; vegetable breeding ID MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME DIVERSITY; CAROTA SSP SATIVUS; DAUCUS-CAROTA; FERTILE C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,VEGETABLE CROPS RES UNIT,DEPT HORT,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Morelock, TE (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT HORT & FORESTRY,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701, USA. NR 6 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD SEP PY 1996 VL 31 IS 5 BP 887 EP 888 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VK649 UT WOS:A1996VK64900047 ER PT J AU Nelson, JM Dierig, DA Nakayama, FS AF Nelson, JM Dierig, DA Nakayama, FS TI Planting date and nitrogen fertilization effects on lesquerella production SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Industrial-Crops Meeting CY OCT, 1995 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Int Assoc Adv Ind Crops DE Lesquerella (Lesquerella fendleri); seed oil; hydroxy fatty acid; nitrogen fertilization AB Lesquerella (Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) Wats.) produces seed containing hydroxy fatty acids similar to castor oil and has good commercial potential. An important step in the commercialization of this plant for the southwestern desert regions of the United States is the development of an efficient agronomic production system. Field experiments were conducted during the 1991-1992, 1992-1993, and 1993-1994 growing seasons at the University of Arizona, Maricopa Agricultural Center, Maricopa, Arizona to determine the effect of planting date and nitrogen fertility on lesquerella seed yield. Results indicate that fall plantings are necessary to obtain high seed production. September plantings generally produced higher yields than the October or November plantings. February plantings produced low yields and appear to be too late Cor a growing season that ends in June in central Arizona. In all years, lesquerella responded to nitrogen (N) fertilizer. The addition of 60 to 120 kg N/ha increased biomass and seed yields. Nitrogen fertilizer did not affect 1000-seed weight, but decreased seed oil content in the 1993-1994 planting. There is evidence that increasing the N application rate decreases seed oil content in lesquerella. C1 ARS,USDA,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. RP Nelson, JM (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PLANT SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. NR 7 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 5 IS 3 BP 217 EP 222 DI 10.1016/0926-6690(96)89452-0 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VH499 UT WOS:A1996VH49900009 ER PT J AU Isbell, TA Carlson, KD Abbott, TP Phillips, BS Erhan, SM Kleiman, R AF Isbell, TA Carlson, KD Abbott, TP Phillips, BS Erhan, SM Kleiman, R TI Isolation and characterization of wax esters in meadowfoam oil SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Industrial-Crops Meeting CY OCT, 1995 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Int Assoc Adv Ind Crops DE meadowfoam oil; limnanthes alba seed oil; saturated wax esters; fatty alcohols; odd-chain fatty acids; odd-chain fatty alcohols ID ALCOHOLS AB Meadowfoam oil has potential use in the cosmetic industry due to its long chain fatty acids. However, particulates that form when the oil is stored could create problems in this application. Particulate matter found in refined meadowfoam oil samples was isolated by first centrifugation and then crystallization from acetone. The white crystalline solid had a melting point of 77 degrees-78 degrees C, and was characterized as a mixture of wax esters by H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), C-13 NMR and infrared (IR) analysis. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis of the wax esters indicated a distribution of esters from C-44 to C-56 including odd chain esters. Base hydrolysis of the wax ester and GC analysis of the fatty methyl esters and fatty alcohols indicated a mixture of saturated methyl esters from C-16 to C-32 including small amounts of the odd-chain methyl eaters C-21-C-29 with the predominate methyl ester being C-24. The alcohol portion of the wax esters contained saturated chain lengths of C-20-C-30 including odd chains of C-21-C-29. The main alcohol component was saturated C-24 alkanol. GC-MS (mass spectroscopy) confirmed the GC assignments. A normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique was developed to determine the amount of wax ester (0.06% to 0.12%) in various types of refined meadowfoam oil. RP Isbell, TA (reprint author), ARS, NEW CROPS RES, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, USDA, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 5 IS 3 BP 239 EP 243 DI 10.1016/0926-6690(96)89456-8 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VH499 UT WOS:A1996VH49900013 ER PT J AU Burand, JP Park, EJ Kelly, TJ AF Burand, JP Park, EJ Kelly, TJ TI Dependence of ecdysteroid metabolism and development in host larvae on the time of baculovirus infection and the activity of the UDP-glucosyl transferase gene SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE baculovirus; lymantria dispar; nuclear polyhedrosis virus; LdNPV; ecdysteroid; ecdysteroid; UDP-glucosyl transferase; prothoracic gland ID GYPSY-MOTH LARVAE; LYMANTRIA-DISPAR; PROTHORACICOTROPIC HORMONE; FEEDBACK INHIBITION; ECDYSONE PRODUCTION; 20-HYDROXYECDYSONE AB Infection of fourth-instar gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar, Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae with the wild-type (Wt) gypsy moth baculovirus, LdNPV on the first day post-molt, or infection of fifth instars on the fifth day post-molt, results in elevated ecdysteroid levels in both hemolymph and the media of cultured prothoracic glands, when examined by radioimmunoassay and compared to mock-infected controls, In contrast, insects infected with an ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyl transferase minus [egt(-)] mutant virus show ecdysteroid levels and gland activity similar to that found in controls, UDP-glucosyl transferase causes sugar-conjugation of ecdysteroids containing a hydroxyl group at the C-22 position, and our ecdysteroid antiserum recognizes these conjugated ecdysteroids, Since we found that 20-hydroxyecdysone inhibits gland activity in culture and glucose-conjugated ecdysone, the major form of ecdysteroid in the hemolymph of Wt baculovirus-infected animals does not, the elevated level of hemolymph ecdysteroids and heightened gland activity in Wt virus-infected animals are most likely due to low levels of 20-hydroxyecdysone resulting from sugar conjugation of ecdysone by EGT, Interestingly, hemolymph ecdysteroid titer and gland activity of fifth-instar larvae infected with either the Wt or egt(-) virus on the first day post-molt remain at basal levels throughout the instar, with death occurring prior to pupation, suggesting that LdNPV may have a second, egt-independent mechanism for regulation of host ecdysteroid levels. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT ENTOMOL,AMHERST,MA 01003. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT NEUROBIOL & HORMONE LAB,PSI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Burand, JP (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT MICROBIOL,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 26 IS 8-9 BP 845 EP 852 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(96)00045-8 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA WE181 UT WOS:A1996WE18100013 ER PT J AU Aamir, R Safadi, GS Melton, AL Wagner, WO Pien, LC Cornish, K Battisto, JR AF Aamir, R Safadi, GS Melton, AL Wagner, WO Pien, LC Cornish, K Battisto, JR TI Shared IgE-binding sites among separated components of natural rubber latex SO INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE latex; ELISA inhibition; immunoblot inhibition; hypersensitivity type I; IgE; latex allergy ID HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS; CONTACT URTICARIA; ELONGATION-FACTOR; ALLERGIC CHILDREN; SURGICAL GLOVES; SPINA-BIFIDA; PROTEINS; IDENTIFICATION; PURIFICATION; ANAPHYLAXIS AB Background: IgE-mediated allergy to proteins present in natural rubber latex is a well-recognized problem. Latex contains a complex mixture of proteins ranging in molecular weight from 6 to > 200 kD. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether shared allergenic sites exist on separate latex components. Methods: Following electrophoresis, latex components at 14, 24, and 46 kD were electroeluted from SDS-polyacrylamide gels and used in ELISA inhibition and immunoblot inhibition studies of human latex-specific IgE antibodies. Results: A minimum of 4 major allergenic sites (for convenience labeled A through D) were found to exist in 3 components of nonammoniated latex. Minimally, 2 are present in the 14-kD component (A, B) and 3 in the 24-kD component (A-C). The 46-kD fraction has 3 or more antigenic sites (A, C, D) but lacks one (B) that is present in both the 14- and 24-kD components. Conclusions: Four different IgE-binding moieties were detected among three latex protein components (14, 24 and 46 kD). Some of these allergenic sites were shared by two or more components. Recovery of these and others from fragmented latex components will allow identification of their amino acid composition and their availability will ultimately lead to better diagnostic and therapeutic options for patients with latex allergy. C1 CLEVELAND CLIN FDN,RES INST,DEPT IMMUNOL,CLEVELAND,OH 44195. CLEVELAND CLIN FDN,RES INST,SECT ALLERGY & IMMUNOL,CLEVELAND,OH 44195. CLEVELAND STATE UNIV,CLEVELAND,OH 44115. USDA,ALBANY,CA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1018-2438 J9 INT ARCH ALLERGY IMM JI Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 111 IS 1 BP 48 EP 54 PG 7 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA VD197 UT WOS:A1996VD19700010 PM 8753844 ER PT J AU OLoughlin, EJ Kehrmeyer, SR Sims, GK AF OLoughlin, EJ Kehrmeyer, SR Sims, GK TI Isolation, characterization, and substrate utilization of a quinoline-degrading bacterium SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article ID SHALE RETORT WATER; MICROBIAL-METABOLISM; ORGANIC SOLUTES; DEGRADATION; SOIL; PYRIDINE; BIODEGRADATION; TRANSFORMATION; CONTAMINANTS; GROUNDWATER AB A Gram (+) rod-shaped organism identified as a Rhodococcus sp. capable of growth utilizing quinoline as the dominant carbon, energy, and nitrogen source was isolated from soil. The isolate, designated as Rhodococcus sp. Q1 was also capable of growth on 2-hydroxyquinoline, pyridine, 2,3-dimethylpyridine, catechol, benzoate, and protocatechuic acid, suggesting a diverse capacity for aromatic ring degradation. Concentrations of quinoline in excess of 3.88 mM were toxic. Although ring nitrogen was released into the growth medium as ammonium, quinoline degradation was not limited by the availability of inorganic N. A degradation product was isolated and identified as 2-hydroxyquinoline on the basis of ultraviolet, fluorescence emission, and mass spectroscopy. When grown on quinoline or 2-hydroxyquinoline, this bacterium produced pigmented compounds. Copyright (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Limited. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,CTR ENVIRONM BIOTECHNOL,KNOXVILLE,TN 37932. USDA ARS,URBANA,IL 61801. RP OLoughlin, EJ (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,ENVIRONM SCI PROGRAM,SCH NAT RESOURCES,210 KOTTMAN HALL,2021 COFFEY RD,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. RI Sims, Gerald/A-2500-2008; O'Loughlin, Edward/C-9565-2013 OI O'Loughlin, Edward/0000-0003-1607-9529 NR 31 TC 32 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 38 IS 2 BP 107 EP 118 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(96)00032-7 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VY363 UT WOS:A1996VY36300006 ER PT J AU Zaika, LL Scullen, OJ AF Zaika, LL Scullen, OJ TI Growth of Shigella flexneri in foods: Comparison of observed and predicted growth kinetics parameters SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Shigella flexneri; growth kinetics; response surface models; food; temperature ID SODIUM-NITRITE CONCENTRATIONS; UNITED-STATES; FOODBORNE DISEASE; TEMPERATURE; CHLORIDE; OUTBREAK; SURVIVAL; PH; MODEL AB Shigella causes foodborne gastrointestinal illness; however, little information is available on its ability to grow in foods. Commercially available sterile foods (UHT milk, beef broth, chicken broth, vegetable broth, meats, vegetables) were inoculated with S. flexneri 5348 and incubated at 12, 15, 19, 28 or 37 degrees C. Growth curves were fitted from plate count data by the Gompertz equation and exponential growth rates, generation times, lag times and maximum population densities were derived. The observed kinetics values, expressed as T-1000 (time, h, required for a 3 log increase in bacterial population), were compared with values calculated using published growth models. Observed and calculated values compared favorably for growth at 19-37 degrees C. S. flexneri grew well in milk at 15-37 degrees C but growth at 12 degrees C was variable. The bacteria readily grew in most foods, even at 12 degrees C; but died off in carrots at 19 and 28 degrees C. Factors other than those used in the growth model may influence bacterial growth in specific foods. RP Zaika, LL (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 32 IS 1-2 BP 91 EP 102 DI 10.1016/0168-1605(96)01109-9 PG 12 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA VG480 UT WOS:A1996VG48000007 PM 8880330 ER PT J AU Meng, JH Zhao, SH Doyle, MP Mitchell, SE Kresovich, S AF Meng, JH Zhao, SH Doyle, MP Mitchell, SE Kresovich, S TI Polymerase chain reaction for detecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE E-coli O157:117; polymerase chain reaction; detection ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC-SYNDROME; TOXIN GENES; IDENTIFICATION; DIARRHEA; FOODS AB Escherichia coli O157:H7 is known as an important cause of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Real-time procedures that are sensitive for detecting small populations of this bacterium in food are lacking and needed. An expression library was constructed by ligation of BamHI-EcoRI DNA fragments of E. coli O157:H7 to plasmid vector pUC19 and transformation of recombinant plasmids to E. coli JM109. A clone that contained a specific DNA fragment of E. coli O157:H7 was identified by colony immunoblot assay using monoclonal antibody MAb 4E8C12 that uniquely links to E. coli O157:H7 and a few other serotypes of verotoxin-producing E. coli. The DNA sequence of the clone consisted of 110 bp of 5' region of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) eae gene and a 688 bp DNA fragment adjacent to 5' end of the eae gene, including an unknown function gene encoding 156 amino acids. A pair of oligonucleotide primers was synthesized based on the sequence of the 688 bp fragment. The primers were used in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a target DNA of 633 bp. The primers amplified 1 ng of DNA from 67 strains of E. coli O157:H7, two strains of E. coli O157:NM, and 7 of 11 E, coli O55:H7 and O55:NM strains, but not 50 ng of DNA from 34 strains of 29 other E, coli serotypes and 25 strains of 8 other bacterial species. Annealing temperatures from 60 to 63 degrees C could be used for the PCR without loss of specificity. The minimum amount of target DNA detected by the PCR was 5 pg. When a boiling method and GeneReleaser were used, the PCR was able to detect as fen, as 25 and 35 CFU of E, coli O157:H7, respectively, in 3 h. C1 CTR FOOD SAFETY & QUAL ENHANCEMENT, GRIFFIN, GA USA. DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL, GRIFFIN, GA USA. UNIV GEORGIA, USDA ARS, GENET RESOURCES UNIT, GRIFFIN, GA 30223 USA. NR 20 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 EI 1879-3460 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 32 IS 1-2 BP 103 EP 113 DI 10.1016/0168-1605(96)01110-5 PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA VG480 UT WOS:A1996VG48000008 PM 8880331 ER PT J AU Juneja, VK Marmer, BS AF Juneja, VK Marmer, BS TI Growth of Clostridium perfringens from spore inocula in sous-vide turkey products SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOODS AB Clostridium perfringens growth from a spore inoculum was investigated in vacuum-packaged, cook-in-bag ground turkey (pH 6) that included 0.3% (w/w) sodium pyrophosphate, and sodium chloride at 0, 1, 2 or 3% (w/w). The packages were processed to an internal temperature of 71.1 degrees C, ice chilled and stored at various temperatures. The total C. perfringens population was determined by plating diluted samples on tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine agar followed by anaerobic incubation at 37 degrees C for 48 h. At 28 degrees C, the addition of 3% salt in turkey was effective in delaying growth for 12 h. At 15 degrees C, growth occurred at a relatively slow rate in the presence of 1-2% salt. Vegetative cells were not observed even after 28 days of storage in the presence of 3% salt. C. perfringens growth was not observed at 4 degrees C regardless of salt levels. The D-values ranged from 23.2 min (no salt) to 17.7 min (3% salt). Cyclic and static temperature abuse of refrigerated. products for 8 h did not lead to growth by C. perfringens from a spore inoculum. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 22 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 32 IS 1-2 BP 115 EP 123 DI 10.1016/0168-1605(96)01111-7 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA VG480 UT WOS:A1996VG48000009 PM 8880332 ER PT J AU Baez, LA Juneja, VK Sackitey, SK AF Baez, LA Juneja, VK Sackitey, SK TI Chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for detection of PCR-amplified enterotoxin A from Clostridium perfringens SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemiluminescence; enterotoxin A; Clostridium perfringens; PCR amplification ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; REACTION AMPLIFICATION; PROTEIN GENE; RAW BEEF; FOOD; ASSAY; QUANTITATION; ENUMERATION; SALMONELLA AB A PCR protocol was developed for the rapid and specific detection of Clostridium perfringens strains harboring the enterotoxin A gene in artificially contaminated ground beef, A biotinylated primer pair was designed for amplification of a 750 bp fragment of the C. perfringens enterotoxin A gene. A combination of 4 h enrichment incubation and nucleic acid extraction, followed by 2 h of PCR amplification allowed detection at levels below 10 CFU of freshly grown cells in raw and cooked beef samples. PCR amplified products were confirmed by a Southern hybridization assay using a digoxigenin-labeled internal probe, and two hybridization ELISA protocols (PCR-ELISA) applying a streptavidin rapture step for the hybridized PCR products. Both enzyme immunoassays utilized chemiluminescent detection with Lumiphos 530(TM) as substrate, after hybridization to an internal digoxigenin-labeled probe or a 5' conjugated alkaline phosphatase-labeled probe. The PCR-ELISA resulted in faster confirmation of the PCR products while providing a level of sensitivity comparable to Southern hybridization, and has potential for development into an automated method. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 32 IS 1-2 BP 145 EP 158 DI 10.1016/0168-1605(96)01119-1 PG 14 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA VG480 UT WOS:A1996VG48000012 PM 8880335 ER PT J AU Hamrick, KS AF Hamrick, KS TI Bibliography on forecasting and planning - Kwong,KK, Li,C, Simunek,V, Jain,CL SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FORECASTING LA English DT Book Review RP Hamrick, KS (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2070 J9 INT J FORECASTING JI Int. J. Forecast. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3 BP 437 EP 438 DI 10.1016/0169-2070(96)00693-0 PG 2 WC Economics; Management SC Business & Economics GA VL377 UT WOS:A1996VL37700014 ER PT J AU Sim, A Parvin, B Keagy, P AF Sim, A Parvin, B Keagy, P TI Invariant representation and hierarchical network for inspection of nuts from X-ray images SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMAGING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS; WHEAT RADIOGRAPHS; SCALE; RESOLUTION AB An X-ray based system for the inspection of pistachio nuts and wheat kernels for internal insect infestation is presented. The novelty of this system is twofold. First, we construct an invariant representation of infested nuts from X-ray images that is rich, robust, and compact. Insect infestation creates a tunnel, in the X-ray image, with reduced density of the natural material. The tunneling effect is encoded by linking troughs on the image and constructing a joint curvature-proximity distribution table for each nut. The latter step is designed to accentuate separation of those tunneling effects that are due to the natural structure of the nut. Second, since the representation is sparse, we partition the joint distribution table into several regions, where each region is used independently to train a backpropagation (BP) network. The outputs of these subnets are then collectively trained with another BP network. We show that the resulting hierarchical network has the advantage of reduced dimensionality while maintaining a performance similar to the standard BP network. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ind. C1 USDA ARS, WESTERN REG RES CTR, ALBANY, CA 94710 USA. RP Sim, A (reprint author), LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, ICSD, IMAGING TECHNOL GRP, MS 50B-2239, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0899-9457 J9 INT J IMAG SYST TECH JI Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 231 EP 237 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1098(199623)7:3<231::AID-IMA11>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA VK198 UT WOS:A1996VK19800012 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ AF Ellis, KJ TI Measuring body fatness in children and young adults: Comparison of bioelectric impedance analysis, total body electrical conductivity, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE children; obesity; fat; bioelectrical impedance; total body, electrical conductivity; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ID CROSS-VALIDATION; METHODOLOGY; ACCURACY; WATER; MASS AB OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of agreement for body fatness measurements among four body composition measurement techniques. SUBJECTS: 99 healthy children and young adults (63 males, 36 females; ages: 5-22 y) MEASUREMENT: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS), total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements of body fat mass, and its percentage of body weight (%Fat). RESULTS: Estimates for body fat mass and %Fat were highly correlated (r=0.72-0.97, P<0.001) among the four methods. However, a Bland-Altman comparison among the estimates indicated significant differences between methods. The mean differences between methods for body fat ranged from -0.30+/-6.7 kg to 4.2+/-2.7 kg. Differences for %Fat ranged from 0.8%+/-3.5% to -9.9%+/-5.2%. Fatness classification of an individual as normal, overweight, or obese on the basis of his/her %Fat was significantly method dependent. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of interchangeability for fatness classification makes it difficult to ensure that similar groups of subjects can be accurately selected for the same true fat content or %Fat range when different methods are used. Furthermore, this limitation may restrict comparison of findings among different studies, such as in weight reduction, exercise, or therapy programs, when the subjects were not originally classified using tbe same measurement methods. That is, the reported values and changes for body fat or %Fat appear to be highly method dependent. RP Ellis, KJ (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,BODY COMPOSIT LAB,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 30 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 3 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 20 IS 9 BP 866 EP 873 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA VE562 UT WOS:A1996VE56200013 PM 8880356 ER PT J AU Burson, BL Voigt, PW AF Burson, BL Voigt, PW TI Cytogenetic relationships between the Eragrostis curvula and E-lehmanniana complexes SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LOVEGRASS; APOMIXIS AB The meiotic chromosome pairing behavior of hybrids between diploid (2n = 2x = 20) and tetraploid (2n = 4x = 40) cytotypes of weeping, beer, and lehmann lovegrasses was analyzed to better understand relationships within and between the Eragrostis curvla and Eragrostis lehmanniana complexes. Within the E. curvla complex, the mean chromosome pairing behavior of the diploid weeping x tetraploid weeping hybrid was 8.68 I + 8.60 II + 1.37 III; diploid beer x diploid weeping hybrids was 0.36 I + 9.82 II; and diploid boer x tetraploid weeping hybrids was 7.05 I + 6.83 II + 3.10 III. Thus beer and weeping lovegrasses are closely related and have similar genomes, Doer lovegrass appears to be correctly classified as a botanical variety off curvla. In comparing the two complexes, tetraploid boer was crossed with diploid lehmann and a tetraploid cold-hardy lehmann (CHL) type. The mean pairing behavior of the tetraploid boer x diploid lehmann hybrids was 9.16 I + 9.03 II + 0.92 III and of the tetraploid boer x CHL hybrids was 1.50 I + 18.24 II + 0.01 III + 0.51 IV. Lehmann, particularly the CHL type, and burr lovegrasses appear to have similar genomes and thus a common ancestry. Although members of these two complexes have the same genomic constitution and could be considered one complex, data from other research indicate that they are genetically isolated and are best treated as separate species. Those hybrids with an apomictic male parent were facultative diplosporous apomicts. However there was evidence of aposporous development in some ovules of the diploid boer x tetraploid weeping hybrid. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,BECKLEY,WV 25802. RP Burson, BL (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 157 IS 5 BP 632 EP 637 DI 10.1086/297384 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VN739 UT WOS:A1996VN73900013 ER PT J AU Brown, PM Sieg, CH AF Brown, PM Sieg, CH TI Fire history in interior ponderosa pine communities of the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE Pinus ponderosa; dendrochronology; crossdating; fire scars; fire chronology; mean fire interval ID FOREST; FREQUENCY AB Chronologies of fire events were reconstructed from crossdated fire-scarred ponderosa pine trees for four sites in the south-central Black Hills. Compared to other ponderosa pine forests in the southwest US or southern Rocky Mountains, these communities burned less frequently. For all sites combined, and using all fires detected, the mean fire interval (MFI), or number of years between fire years, was 16 years (+/- 14 SD) for the period 1388 to 1900. When a yearly minimum percentage of trees recording scars of greater than or equal to 25% is imposed, the MFI was 20 years (+/- 14 SD). The length of the most recent fire-free period (104 years, from 1890 to 1994) exceeds the longest intervals in the pre-settlement era (before ca. 1874), and is likely the result of human-induced land use changes. Based on fire scar position within annual rings, most past fires occurred late in the growing season or after growth had ceased for the year. These findings have important implications for management of ponderosa pine forests in the Black Hills and for understanding the role of fire in pre-settlement ecosystem function. RP Brown, PM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN, 240 W PROSPECT RD, FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA. NR 39 TC 43 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 6 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PD SEP PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 97 EP 105 DI 10.1071/WF9960097 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VT754 UT WOS:A1996VT75400001 ER PT J AU Blank, RR Allen, FL Young, JA AF Blank, RR Allen, FL Young, JA TI Influence of simulated burning of soil-litter from low sagebrush, squirreltail, cheatgrass, and medusahead on water-soluble anions and cations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE calcium; magnesium; sodium; potassium; nitrate; ammonium; sulfate; wildfire ID NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; CHAPARRAL SOILS; COMBUSTION; COMMUNITY; WILDFIRE; LOSSES; FIRE AB We evaluated the influence of temperature and heating time on water-soluble anions and cations of soil-litters of low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula ssp. longicaulis), squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and medusahead (Taeniatherum caputmeduase ssp. asperum). Soil-litters were collected from volcanic tablelands north of Honey Lake, California. These high clay, montmorillonitic, soils have rarely experienced wildfires. Soil-litter samples, in a 50 mt crucible, were placed in a preheated muffle furnace using a time-temperature matrix of 150, 250, 350, and 450 degrees C at 1, 5,and 15 min. High performance ion-exchange chromatography was used to quantify water-soluble cations and anions. For most measured solutes, there was either a significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) burn time x temperature or a significant burn time x temperature x soil-litter type interaction. As compared to pre-burn values, heating of soil generally increased the concentration of the water-soluble solutes measured; nitrate was the exception. Maximum solute values were generally obtained at a temperature of 350 degrees C at 5 and 15 min heating time. A temperature of 450 degrees C at 15 min heating time resulted in the significant reduction of solute concentration below the maximum values. Nitrate was significantly higher in squirreltail soil-litter than the other soil-litters when the burn time was 1 min. Heating, in general, fostered an increase in water-soluble ammonium. For most solutes, heat-induced increases were greatest for the low sagebrush soil-litter. RP Blank, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, CONSERVAT BIOL RANGELANDS UNIT, 920 VALLEY RD, RENO, NV 89512 USA. NR 23 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 7 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PD SEP PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 137 EP 143 DI 10.1071/WF9960137 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VT754 UT WOS:A1996VT75400005 ER PT J AU Jakubowski, W Boutros, S Faber, W Fayer, R Ghiorse, W LeChevallier, M Rose, J Schaub, S Singh, A Stewart, M AF Jakubowski, W Boutros, S Faber, W Fayer, R Ghiorse, W LeChevallier, M Rose, J Schaub, S Singh, A Stewart, M TI Environmental methods for cryptosporidium SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; IN-VITRO; GIARDIA CYSTS; PARVUM APICOMPLEXA; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; WATER SAMPLES; RIVER WATER; OOCYSTS; PCR; IDENTIFICATION AB This report was prepared by the Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis (Technical Task Force E, Developmental Status of Environmental Sampling, Water Testing, and Surrogate Indicators). Methods for detecting Cryptosporidium oocysts in water have centered around microscopic examination of fluorescent antibody-stained concentrates from large-volume water samples. The limitations of these antibody-based methods include the need for experienced analysts, lengthy analytical time, expense, lack of specificity, erratic efficiency, low precision, and difficulty in determining viability. A number of methods, assays, and procedures that have the potential for ameliorating some of these limitations are currently being evaluated. How successful such processes will. be remains to be demonstrated by the scientific community. C1 ENVIRONM ASSOCIATES,BRADFORD,PA 16701. NEW YORK CITY DEPT ENVIRONM PROTECT,NEW YORK,NY 11368. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853. AMER WATER WORKS SERV CO INC,VOORHEES,NJ 08043. UNIV S FLORIDA,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. US EPA,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. MILWAUKEE HLTH DEPT,MILWAUKEE,WI 53224. METROPOLITAN WATER DIST SO CALIF,LA VERNE,CA 91750. RP Jakubowski, W (reprint author), US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,26 W MARTIN LUTHER KING DR,CINCINNATI,OH 45268, USA. NR 49 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSN PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 88 IS 9 BP 107 EP 121 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA VH208 UT WOS:A1996VH20800013 ER PT J AU Hicks, KB Haines, RM Tong, CBS Sapers, GM ElAtawy, Y Irwin, PL Seib, PA AF Hicks, KB Haines, RM Tong, CBS Sapers, GM ElAtawy, Y Irwin, PL Seib, PA TI Inhibition of enzymatic browning in fresh fruit and vegetable juices by soluble and insoluble forms of beta-cyclodextrin alone or in combination with phosphates SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE enzymatic browning; inhibition; cyclodextrins; vegetable and fruit juice; phosphates; phytic acid ID APPLE POLYPHENOL OXIDASE; SULFUR AMINO-ACIDS; ASCORBIC-ACID; SULFITES; POLYMER; FOODS AB Soluble and insoluble forms of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) can be used to inhibit enzymatic browning of fresh raw apple, pear, white grape, and celery juice. The anti-browning effects of soluble CDs were concentration-dependent. Concentrations (1-1.5% w/v) of soluble (un-derivatized, hydroxyethyl, or maltosyl) beta-CD substantially inhibited browning of Granny Smith apple juice held at room temperature for several hours while untreated juice browned in minutes. Higher concentrations (4-10%) of soluble beta-CD derivatives completely inhibited the browning of apple juice held for 1 day under these conditions. The effectiveness of beta-CD was greatly enhanced by the presence of phosphate-containing compounds. Hence, only 1% levels of soluble beta-CD (in the presence of 0.25-0.5% phosphate compound) completely inhibited browning in apple juice held for 1 day at room temperature or for up to 2-3 weeks at 4 degrees C. Treatment of apple, pear, white grape, and celery juice with an insoluble form of beta-CD, either in a batchwise or flow-through process, resulted in juices free of CDs that resisted browning indefinitely. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT GRAIN SCI,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP Hicks, KB (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 17 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 44 IS 9 BP 2591 EP 2594 DI 10.1021/jf960181h PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VH807 UT WOS:A1996VH80700019 ER PT J AU Numfor, FA Walter, WM Schwartz, SJ AF Numfor, FA Walter, WM Schwartz, SJ TI Effect of emulsifiers on the physical properties of native and fermented cassava starches SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE glycerol monostearate; sodium steroyl lactylate; konjac flour; gelatinization; swelling power ID GELATINIZATION; FLOUR AB The effect of the emulsifying agents, glycerol monostearate (GMS), sodium steroyl lactylate (SSL), and konjac flour (KF, a texture modifier which releases an aggregated glucomannan polymer in water), on the thermal and physical properties of native, naturally fermented (NF), and mixed-culture fermented (MCF) cassava starches was investigated. GMS and SSL decreased hot water-mediated granule swelling and amylose leaching thereby further increasing internal stability of the starches via formation of an emulsifier-amylose complex and granule surface coating. KF had little effect on the rheological behavior of starch pastes. Both the fermentation process and addition of the emulsifying agents would likely also influence the textural properties of cassava starch or flour pastes. C1 USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,N CAROLINA AGR RES SERV,DEPT FOOD SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. OI Schwartz, Steven/0000-0002-1427-5780 NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 44 IS 9 BP 2595 EP 2599 DI 10.1021/jf950610w PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VH807 UT WOS:A1996VH80700020 ER PT J AU MillerIhli, NJ AF MillerIhli, NJ TI Trace element determinations in foods and biological samples using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and flame atomic absorption spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atomic absorption; inductively coupled plasma emission; AAS; ICP; ICP-AES; food composition; elemental analyses AB Elemental food composition data are important to both consumers and health professionals, and recent food labeling legislation has highlighted this need. Rugged, accurate, and precise analytical methods are needed for elemental analyses, and atomic spectroscopic techniques are the best choice because of their widespread availability and ease of use. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) methods were compared, focusing on the detection capability, precision, and accuracy obtainable with each technique. Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn were determined by AAS, and Ca, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, V, and Zn were determined simultaneously using ICP-AES. Detection limits for both techniques were typically in the part per billion range and in all cases were sufficient for the accurate quantitation of elements of nutritional interest. Precisions obtainable with both techniques were similar, and both provided accurate elemental food composition data based on the analysis of four certified reference materials and a variety of foods using either a wet ash or dry ash sample preparation procedure. RP MillerIhli, NJ (reprint author), USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 12 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 44 IS 9 BP 2675 EP 2679 DI 10.1021/jf950616l PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VH807 UT WOS:A1996VH80700037 ER PT J AU King, JW Eller, FJ Snyder, JM Johnson, JH McKeith, FK Stites, CR AF King, JW Eller, FJ Snyder, JM Johnson, JH McKeith, FK Stites, CR TI Extraction of fat from ground beef for nutrient analysis using analytical supercritical fluid extraction SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE supercritical fluid extraction; solid phase extraction; CO2; lipid analysis; triglycerides; fatty acid methyl esters; ground beef ID SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUE; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; MATRICES; FOOD AB A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method using CO2 has been developed for the removal analysis of fat from ground beef samples for nutritional analysis. The SFE procedure was coupled with a solid phase extraction (SPE) disk for the isolation of fats from acid hydrolyzed ground beef samples prior to SFE. The meat hydrolysate is filtered and collected on the reversed-phase SPE disk which is then subjected to SFE. The extracted fat is then transesterified to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and total, saturated, and cis-monounsaturated fats were determined by gas chromatography. The SFE method was tested on two commercial extractors and the results compared to a solvent-based (ether/hexane) extraction method. No significant differences were found between the results obtained by the solvent-based and the SC-CO2 methods. The SFE method proved a suitable replacement for a traditional organic solvent extraction methods, thereby eliminating the use and costs associated with solvent disposal as well as the exposure of laboratory personnel to toxic and/or flammable solvents. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ANIM SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. RP King, JW (reprint author), ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,USDA,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 23 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 44 IS 9 BP 2700 EP 2704 DI 10.1021/jf960069j PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VH807 UT WOS:A1996VH80700042 ER PT J AU Poling, SM Plattner, RD AF Poling, SM Plattner, RD TI Rapid purification of fumonisins B-3 and B-4 with solid phase extraction columns SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fumonisins; Fusarium moniliforme; corn; mycotoxins; isolation ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; MYCOTOXINS; CORN; CULTURES; FEEDS AB A simple method was developed to isolate fumonisins B-3 and B-4 (FB3 and FB4) from cultures of a novel strain of Fusarium moniliforme which produces FB3 and FB4 but does not make FB1 or FB2. Undiluted extract was loaded onto a 10 g NH2 solid phase extraction cartridge, and the fumonisins were eluted with 5% acetic acid in methanol. The eluate was diluted with 1.5 vol of water and loaded onto a 10 g tC18 cartridge. The fumonisins were eluted with increasing amounts of acetonitrile in water. Complete separation was obtained between the FB3 (277 mg) and FB4 (62 mg) fractions. The fractions were analyzed for purity by three methods: fluorescence detection of the OPA derivatives, evaporative light-scattering detection of the underivatized fumonisins, and electrospray-MS. The fractions from the combined NH2/tC18 method contained more than 90% fumonisins. Recovery of the fumonisins from the extracts exceeded 95%. RP Poling, SM (reprint author), ARS,BIOACT AGENTS RES,USDA,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 44 IS 9 BP 2792 EP 2796 DI 10.1021/jf960013p PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VH807 UT WOS:A1996VH80700059 ER PT J AU Davis, RF Wauchope, RD Johnson, AW Burgoa, B Pepperman, AB AF Davis, RF Wauchope, RD Johnson, AW Burgoa, B Pepperman, AB TI Release of fenamiphos, atrazine, and alachlor into flowing water from granules and spray deposits of conventional and controlled-release formulations SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atrazine; alachlor; fenamiphos; formulation; controlled release; spray deposit; water quality; runoff; leaching; granules ID STARCH-ENCAPSULATED ATRAZINE; LINSEED OIL; SOIL; ALGINATE; HERBICIDES; METRIBUZIN; DEGRADATION; PERSISTENCE; GROUNDWATER; TRANSPORT AB The release into water of active ingredients from spray deposits or granules of fenamiphos, atrazine, and alachlor was measured for commercial and experimental controlled-release formulations. Granules or spray mixtures of the pesticides were mixed with coarse sand and dried if necessary, and the mixture was placed in 5 mm x 35 mm stainless steel cylinders through which distilled water was then pumped for 24 h. Pesticide concentrations in the eluate were determined by HPLC analysis. The conventional formulations (emulsifiable concentrates, granulars, and dispersible granules) gave total release in 5-24 h and in some cases appeared to release particles into contacting water. Controlled-release starch-encapsulated formulations gave between 5% and 94% release in 24 h. Clay/alginate and clay/alginate/linseed oil formulations gave 0.3-100% release in 24 h, depending mainly on the aqueous solubility and lipophilicity of the pesticide. This simple technique provides comparative insights into the amounts and rates of release of pesticide active ingredients (and/or other chemicals such as oxidative degradates) when these formulations are contacted by flowing water. Initial results indicate that formulation can affect the potential of these pesticides to be water pollutants under severe rainfall conditions. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,AGR RES SERV,USDA,TIFTON,GA 31793. NR 62 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 44 IS 9 BP 2900 EP 2907 DI 10.1021/jf950131x PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VH807 UT WOS:A1996VH80700082 ER PT J AU Veillon, C Patterson, KY MoserVeillon, PB AF Veillon, C Patterson, KY MoserVeillon, PB TI Digestion and extraction of biological materials for zinc stable isotope determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry CY JAN 08-13, 1996 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL DE zinc isotope ratios; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; matrix separation; human serum; human urine; cerium ID SELENIUM UTILIZATION; ABSORPTION; BIOAVAILABILITY; CHROMIUM; TISSUES; TRACERS; RATIOS; HUMANS; LABELS AB A separation method is described for rapidly removing zinc from interfering matrix components, such as chloride, from digested biological samples prior to measurement of zinc stable isotopes by ICP-MS. The method employs chelation of the zinc with trifluoroacetylacetone (TFA), extraction of the chelate with hexane, destruction of the chelate and dissolution of the zinc into nitric acid for determination. Complete separation of the zinc from matrix salts is achieved, and the method does not employ chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents as used in earlier, similar schemes. Cerium from borosilicate glass tubes used in sample digestion was found to be a potential problem when measuring Zn-70, owing to the presence of Ce-140(2+). This potential problem can be avoided by using quartz digestion tubes and/or correcting for any cerium by monitoring m/z 140. Accuracy was verified by an independent method, and examples of the use of stable isotopes of zinc as metabolic tracers in human metabolism are given. The detection limit for the ID method (3s of blank) was 0.7 mu g Zn. An in-house urine pool was found to contain 1.18 +/- 0.005 mu g g(-1) of Zn (n = 3) by ID and 1.17 +/- 0.006 mu g g(-1) of Zn (n = 3) by AAS. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT NUTR & FOOD SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP Veillon, C (reprint author), USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BLDG 307,ROOM 226A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 20 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 11 IS 9 BP 727 EP 730 DI 10.1039/ja9961100727 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA VG928 UT WOS:A1996VG92800014 ER PT J AU Brown, MA Brown, AH Jackson, WG Miesner, JR AF Brown, MA Brown, AH Jackson, WG Miesner, JR TI Milk production in Angus, Brahman, and reciprocal-cross cows grazing common bermudagrass or endophyte-infected tall fescue SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; milk; Festuca arundinacea; Cynodon dactylon; crossbreeding; genotype environment interaction ID NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS; FESCUE PASTURES; COWS; HEREFORD; CATTLE; GROWTH AB Milk yield and quality were measured on 139 Angus, Brahman, and reciprocal-cross cows grazing common bermudagrass or endophyte-infected tall fescue for 4 yr to evaluate interactions of direct and maternal breed effects and heterosis for these traits with forage environment. Milk yield was estimated by method of milking machine, and milk fat, protein, and somatic cell counts were evaluated in a commercial dairy laboratory, Monthly estimates were made beginning on an average d 61 of lactation and continued monthly for six estimates in 3 yr and five estimates in 1 yr. Data were averaged over month within year, and the model included sire breed, sire in sire breed, dam breed, forage, and age averages. Somatic cell counts were transformed using natural logarithms prior to analyses. Forage effects for milk yield mere dissimilar among sire breed x dam breed subclasses (P < .10), resulting in higher levels of heterosis on common bermudagrass than on tall fescue. Maternal breed effects for milk yield favored Angus on bermudagrass (P < .05) but not on tall fescue, whereas direct breed effects were similar on both forages and favored Brahman. Milk fat was reduced on tall fescue compared to bermudagrass by an average of .6% (P < .01), and direct breed effects were similar across forages and averaged 1.04% (P < .01) in favor of Brahman. Heterosis and maternal breed effects for milk fat were not important. There was little evidence of direct and maternal breed effects or heterosis for milk protein or somatic cell counts. These data suggest that heterosis for milk yield is larger on common bermudagrass than on tall fescue and that-grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue is detrimental to milk fat. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT ANIM SCI,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. RP Brown, MA (reprint author), ARS,S CENT FAMILY FARM RES CTR,USDA,BOONEVILLE,AR 72927, USA. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 74 IS 9 BP 2058 EP 2066 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VH346 UT WOS:A1996VH34600003 PM 8880406 ER PT J AU Li, MD Matteri, RL Macdonald, GJ Wise, TH Ford, JJ AF Li, MD Matteri, RL Macdonald, GJ Wise, TH Ford, JJ TI Overexpression of beta-subunit of thyroid-stimulating hormone in Meishan swine identified by differential display SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE thyroid-stimulating hormone; gene expression; pigs ID MESSENGER-RNA; PITUITARY; CLONING; GILTS; ENVIRONMENT; EXPRESSION; SEQUENCE; MINZHU; DUROC; SIZE AB Anterior pituitary gland RNA isolated from Meishan (MS) and White Composite (WC) sexually mature boars was compared by a newly developed method of differential expression cloning called differential display. A number of cDNAs were identified that differed distinctly in expression between these breeds. The gene for beta-subunit of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH-beta) was initially identified as more highly expressed in MS than in WC boars. Subsequently, RNase protection assays and TSH RIA were used to quantify the magnitude of differences in transcription and translation in both males and females. Mature MS pigs had threefold greater expression of TSH-beta (P < .05) and greater plasma TSH concentrations than mature WC pigs (P < .01). The cDNA cloning and sequence analyses indicated identity in TSH-beta mRNA between MS and WC males. Elevated plasma TSH concentration may contribute to MS pigs reaching sexual maturity earlier than WC or other European breeds. The method used in this study provides a useful molecular tool 1) to detect differentially expressed genes, 2) to study genetic variation that occurs at the transcriptional level between individuals, populations, or breeds; and additionally, 3) to identify candidate genes that control economically important quantitative traits in livestock. C1 USDA ARS, ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR, CLAY CTR, NE 68933 USA. UNIV MISSOURI, ARS, USDA, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 USA. UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY, ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MED SCH, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08854 USA. NR 36 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CHAMPAIGN PA PO BOX 7410, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61826-7410 USA SN 0021-8812 EI 1525-3163 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 74 IS 9 BP 2104 EP 2111 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VH346 UT WOS:A1996VH34600009 PM 8880412 ER PT J AU Hausman, GJ Wright, JT Richardson, RL AF Hausman, GJ Wright, JT Richardson, RL TI The influence of extracellular matrix substrata on preadipocyte development in serum-free cultures of stromal-vascular cells SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adipocytes; extracellular matrix; differentiation; tissue culture ID GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA; ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; GENE-EXPRESSION; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; 3T3-L1 CELLS; IV COLLAGEN; PROLIFERATION; FIBRONECTIN; ADIPOGENESIS AB The influence of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM components on preadipocyte development was examined in primary cultures of adipose tissue stromal-vascular (S-V) cells. Extracellular matrix derived from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) cells or tumors enhanced several aspects of adipogenesis in vitro. In comparison to uncoated and fibronectin substrata, EHS-ECM substratum markedly increased attachment, spreading, and hypertrophy of preadipocytes while antagonizing spreading of non-preadipocytes. In addition, adipocyte number increased (P < .05) on these substrata despite no increase ill total cell number: this resulted in a greater CP < .05) proportion of preadipocytes. These effects of EHS-ECM were also observed with laminin substrata per se, whereas types I and IV collagen and fibronectin had no influence. In contrast to all other substrata, adipocyte number decreased and total cell number increased 2.5-fold on ECM derived from corneal endothelial cells; this resulted in the lowest proportion of preadipocytes. Challenging cultures with adipogenic media (+serum) did not counter the inhibitory influence of corneal endothelial ECM, whereas dexamethasone partially neutralized the inhibitory influence of this ECM. These studies clearly show that source or type of the ECM dictated the influence of ECM substrata on preadipocyte development in primary S-V cultures. However, these studies indicated that the ECM and in particular laminin may play a critical role in morphological aspects of preadipocyte development. RP Hausman, GJ (reprint author), ARS,USDA,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 28 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 74 IS 9 BP 2117 EP 2128 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VH346 UT WOS:A1996VH34600011 PM 8880414 ER PT J AU Menchaca, MA Chase, CC Olson, TA Hammond, AC AF Menchaca, MA Chase, CC Olson, TA Hammond, AC TI Evaluation of growth curves of Brahman cattle of various frame sizes SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; body weight; Brahman; growth curve; growth models; growth stages ID BOVINE WEIGHT GROWTH; MULTIPLICATIVE MODEL; PARAMETERS AB Partial stage and complete life-cycle growth curves of Brahman cattle were obtained for small, medium, and large frame sizes for a herd under grazing conditions in a subtropical environment. Data were grouped into three stages: birth to weaning (stage 1), weaning to 20 mo (males) or 32 mo (females) of age (stage 2), and 32 mo of age to maturity (females only; stage 3). Within each stage, multiplicative growth models were developed for each frame size and sex. Body weight growth on age t was represented as exp(a + bt + ct(2)) for stages 1 and 2, and as exp(A + B exp(kt)) for stage 3. The effects of sire and progeny within sire were considered in all models. For stages 2 and 3, the effect of season was also included. To obtain complete life-cycle curves, a growth stage-multiplicative model with stages 1 and 2 was defined; stage 3 was also included for females. Due to a 1-mo adaptation period after weaning, a transition stage between stages 1 and 2 was defined and represented by the model exp(a + bt). In stage 1, the shape of the growth curve differed (P < .05) among frame size groups; sex did not affect the shape of the growth curves, but bull calves had heavier (P < .05) weights than heifer calves. In stage 2, the shape of the growth curves did not differ among frame sizes, but BW differed among frame sizes (P < .05) and sex affected (P < .05) the shape of the growth curves. In stage 3, the shape of the growth curves differed (P < .05) among frame sizes, There were sire effects (P < .05) for stages 1 and 2, but sire effects were not significant for stage 3. Season effects were important (P < .05) for stages 1 and 2. These results suggest that variability in growth patterns provides an opportunity to use management and nutrition to improve production efficiency in cattle of different frame sizes. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. ARS,USDA,BROOKSVILLE,FL 34601. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 74 IS 9 BP 2140 EP 2151 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VH346 UT WOS:A1996VH34600013 PM 8880416 ER PT J AU Head, WA Hatfield, PG Hallford, DM Fitzgerald, JA Petersen, MK Stellflug, JN AF Head, WA Hatfield, PG Hallford, DM Fitzgerald, JA Petersen, MK Stellflug, JN TI Effect of selection for lifetime production of lamb weaned on hormonal factors that affect growth in Targhee ewes and lambs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sheep; selection; somatotropin; insulin-like growth factor; triiodothyronine; thyroxine ID FACTOR-I CONCENTRATIONS; IGF-I; ENDOCRINE PROFILES; THYROID-HORMONE; PLASMA; PROLACTIN; BIRTH; PERFORMANCE; PROTEIN; CATTLE AB Targhee ewes (n = 22, average age 5 yr) rearing twin lambs were used to investigate serum growth hormone (GH), IGF-I, triiodothyronine (T-3), thyroxine (T-4), and prolactin (PRL; ewes only) concentrations associated with selection pressure for lifetime production of kilograms of lamb weaned per ewe. Period 1 started on d 4 after birth and was conducted in confinement. Periods 2, 3, and 4 were conducted on fenced intermountain sagebrush-bunch-grass range starting at an average of 49, 84, and 112 d after birth, respectively. Blood samples were collected hourly for 6 h on d 4, 11, 18, 25, 49, 84, and 112 after lambing. Ewe models included the fixed effect for line, with ewe age, lambing date, and starting weight nested within line as potential covariables. Lamb models included fixed effects for line, sex, and sibling sex, with lamb age and birth weight nested within line tested as possible covariables. Growth hormone concentrations were greater (P = .06) for selected than for control ewes, but lamb GH concentrations did not differ (P = .90) between selected and control lambs. Ewe prolactin concentration tended (P = .13) to be greater for control than for selected ewes. Ewe and lamb IGF-I did not differ (P > .55) between selected and control ewes and lambs. Ewe T-3 and T-4 concentrations did not differ (P > .19) between selected and control ewes; however, lamb T-3 and T-4 concentrations were greater (P < .01) for control than for selected lambs. Increased GH concentration in selected ewes seemed to be associated with greater milk production. Differences in selected and control lamb T-3 and T-4 concentrations could be an indicator of receptor sensitivity, metabolic activity, or seasonal reproductive transitions in ewe lambs. C1 ARS,US SHEEP EXPT STN,USDA,DUBOIS,ID 83423. OREGON STATE UNIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Head, WA (reprint author), NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003, USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 74 IS 9 BP 2152 EP 2157 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VH346 UT WOS:A1996VH34600014 PM 8880417 ER PT J AU Field, R McCormick, R Balasubramanian, V Sanson, D Wise, J Hixon, D Riley, M Russell, W AF Field, R McCormick, R Balasubramanian, V Sanson, D Wise, J Hixon, D Riley, M Russell, W TI Growth, carcass, and tenderness characteristics of virgin, spayed, and single-calf heifers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE heifers; calving; ovariectomized females; carcasses; tenderness; collagen ID FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE; MEAT TENDERNESS; COLLAGEN; PLASMA; AGE; CROSSLINKS; PREGNANCY; ESTROGENS; ELASTIN; MUSCLES AB Fifty-three Angus/Gelbvieh rotationally crossed heifers were slaughtered after 100 d on a high-concentrate diet. The average slaughter age for each of three different groups was 31, 33, or 35 mo, which falls within the USDA's 30- to 42-mo age range for animals producing ''B'' maturity carcasses. Each age group consisted of five or six heifers that had never been bred (virgin), six heifers ovariectomized at 1 yr of age (spayed), and six heifers that had weaned calves approximately 120 d postpartum (single-calf). Slaughter weight was higher (P < .05) for the virgin heifers but total weight gain in the feedlot was similar among the three groups. Single-calf heifers fed 100 d after weaning calves tended to be fatter than virgin or spayed heifers. Carcass maturity scores for the single-calf, virgin, and spayed heifers were different (P < .05); single-calf heifers produced carcasses that appeared older and spayed heifers produced carcasses that appeared younger. Maturity scores coupled with lighter and shorter metacarpal bone weights indicated single-calf heifers matured earlier (P < .05) than the other groups. Panel tenderness and Warner-Bratzler (WB) shear values of rib roasts from virgin, spayed, and single-calf heifers were determined. No differences among groups of heifers existed but scores within each group varied greatly. Marbling score was correlated (P < .05) with panel tenderness and shear force and the hydroxylysylpyridinium (HP) crosslink of muscle collagen was correlated ( P < .05) with shear values. Because no significant (P < .05) correlation existed between HP in bone collagen or HP or WB shear values in muscle, we concluded that collagen maturation processes in muscle and bone occur independently. With the exception of differences in bone maturity scores, few meaningful differences in characteristics of virgin, spayed, and single-calf heifers existed, but these maturity differences could change carcass grade and influence value. C1 USDA,LIVESTOCK & MEAT STANDARDIZAT BRANCH,AMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20090. RP Field, R (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ANIM SCI,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 39 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 74 IS 9 BP 2178 EP 2186 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VH346 UT WOS:A1996VH34600017 PM 8880420 ER PT J AU McWhinney, VJ Pond, WG Mersmann, HJ AF McWhinney, VJ Pond, WG Mersmann, HJ TI Ontogeny and dietary modulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activities in neonatal pigs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; swine; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase; liver; neonatal pigs; dietary cholesterol ID FATTY-ACID METABOLISM; LOW SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; HMG-COA REDUCTASE; LIVER; INTESTINE; FORMULA; LIPOPROTEINS; HAMSTER; LIPIDS; ASSAY AB The development of hepatic and ileal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase was studied in three types of young pigs (crossbred, obese, and lean pigs). Pigs were fed one of two diets: a high-fat (coconut oil), high-cholesterol (1.0%; designated HC) diet or a high-fat, no-cholesterol (designated NC) diet from postpartum d 3 to d 13, 25, and 42 (crossbred only). There were four pigs per age per diet group (except for obese pigs). Liver and ileal mucosal microsomal reductase activities were determined by the conversion of [C-14]HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid followed by lactonization of the product. The samples were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Hepatic reductase activity (1 unit of specific activity = 1 pmol . min(-1) mg protein-1) was <20 units on d 3 in all groups. By d 13, the activity was 40 to 46 units in all groups of pigs fed HC and approximately 50 to 80 units in pigs fed NC. Reductase activity then decreased at d 25 to 18 to 40 units in pigs fed NC and to <14 units in pigs fed HC. The d 42 reductase values (crossbred only) were approximately 14 units for pigs fed both HC and NC diets. Intestinal reductase activity was not affected (P > .1) by either age or diet. The data suggest that dietary cholesterol suppressed hepatic reductase activity in young pigs (d 13 and 25) from divergent genetic backgrounds. The data also suggest that the stage of development is a dominant factor in regulating porcine hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity, which was considerably increased at d 13, even in pigs fed HC diets. The relatively modest increase in plasma cholesterol, even in pigs fed cholesterol during the suckling period, provides evidence that both dietary and endogenously synthesized cholesterol are probably used predominantly for tissue building in very young pigs (d 13). C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. PRAIRIE VIEW A&M UNIV,COOPERAT AGR RES CTR,PRAIRIE VIEW,TX 77446. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 74 IS 9 BP 2203 EP 2210 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VH346 UT WOS:A1996VH34600020 PM 8880423 ER PT J AU Wang, ZS Goetsch, AL Park, KK Patil, AR Kouakou, B Galloway, DL Rossi, JE AF Wang, ZS Goetsch, AL Park, KK Patil, AR Kouakou, B Galloway, DL Rossi, JE TI Addition of condensed tannin sources to broiler litter before deep-stacking SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE broiler litter; condensed tannins; deep-stack; peanut skins; sorghum grain ID PEANUT SKINS TESTA; SORGHUM GRAIN; ANAEROBIC STORAGE; FEED INGREDIENT; DEACTIVATION; DIGESTIBILITY; RUMINANTS; AMMONIA; CATTLE; UREA AB Different sources and levels of condensed tannins were thoroughly mixed (M) or covered (C) with broiler litter in plastic vessels fitted with a dacron top. Containers were placed in a deep-stack for 3 or 9 wk to determine effects on constituent concentrations, recoveries and in situ ruminal disappearances. Added substrates were commercial vegetable extract (VE; quebracho) peanut skins (PS), bird-resistant sorghum grain (BS) and regular sorghum grain (S), with condensed tannin (catechin equivalents) concentrations of 68.4, 24.7, 0.6 and 0.0%, respectively. Levels (total dry matter basis) were 0, 0.04, 0.09, 0.17, 0.35, 1.3, 2.6, 5.1 and 10.3% VE; 0, 3.6, 7.1, 14.2 and 28.4% PS; and 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40% BS and S. Condensed tannin recovery for VE [120, 113, 105, 98, 63, 27, 18, 12 and 10% for M and 125, 118, 107, 84, 59, 37, 23, 20 and 23% for C at 3 wk (SE 2.8); 87, 74, 66, 61, 44, 22, 16, 9 and 11% at 9 wk (SE 3.3) with 0, 0.04, 0.09, 0.17, 0.35, 1.3, 2.6, 5.1 and 10.3% VE, respectively], PS [139, 29, 18, 14 and 20% for M and 126, 37, 27, 25 and 46% for C at 3 wk (SE 4.9); 52, 21, 12, 9 and 6% for M and 91, 23, 14, 10 and 17% for C at 9 wk (SE 4.9) with 0, 3.6, 7.1, 14.2 and 28.4% PS,respectively] and BS [135, 99, 109, 75 and 50% at 3 wk and 97, 88, 88, 68 and 48% at 9 wk (SE 5.1) with 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40% BS, respectively] generally was less for 9 vs 3 wk of deep-stacking and decreased with increasing level of condensed tannin source. Addition of condensed tannin sources did not markedly alter concentrations of nitrogen fractions, recoveries of organic matter or nitrogen or in situ dry matter ol nitrogen disappearances. In conclusion, addition of condensed tannin sources to broiler litter before deep-stacking decreased recovery of assayable condensed tannins, with effects varying with level and method of addition. C1 USDA,ARS,S CENT FAMILY FARM RES CTR,BOONEVILLE,AR 72927. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT ANIM SCI,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU GARUDA SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS PI IZATNAGAR PA 151, JANAKPURI, IZATNAGAR 243 122, INDIA SN 0971-2119 J9 J APPL ANIM RES JI J. Appl. Anim. Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1 BP 59 EP 79 PG 21 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VM964 UT WOS:A1996VM96400007 ER PT J AU Thompson, KH Scott, KC Turnlund, JR AF Thompson, KH Scott, KC Turnlund, JR TI Molybdenum metabolism in men with increasing molybdenum intakes: Changes in kinetic parameters SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE compartmental analysis; kinetic model; stable isotopes; humans AB Molybdenum metabolism was studied in four young men to determine the effect of the amount of dietary molybdenum on molybdenum kinetics. A compartmental model, developed by using data from a study with low dietary molybdenum, was adapted to accommodate five levels of molybdenum. Each level, ranging from 22 to 1,470 mu g molybdenum/day, was fed for 24 days. Kinetics of absorption and excretion were traced by using Mo-97 (intravenous) and Mo-100 (oral) stable-isotope tracers at selected intervals. Urinary and fecal isotope excretion data for B-day pooled collections were fit to a kinetic model by using SAAM/CONSAM software. Residence times for molybdenum were estimated at 2.4 days in the gastrointestinal tract, 40 min in plasma, from 3.3 to 0.3 days in fast-turnover tissue, and from 63 to 237 days in slow-turnover tissue. As dietary molybdenum increased, residence time decreased in fast-turnover tissue and increased in slow-turnover tissue. The model closely approximated the highly efficient homeostatic mechanisms of molybdenum metabolism over a wide range of intakes. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 81 IS 3 BP 1404 EP 1409 PG 6 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA VH307 UT WOS:A1996VH30700049 PM 8889780 ER PT J AU Gibbens, RP Hicks, RA Dugas, WA AF Gibbens, RP Hicks, RA Dugas, WA TI Structure and function of C-3 and C-4 Chihuahuan Desert plant communities. Standing crop and leaf area index SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE desert grasslands; shrub invasion; Bouteloua eriopoda; Larrea tridentata; Prosopis glandulosa; Pleuraphis mutica; Flourensia cernua ID VEGETATION; BIOMASS; ARIZONA; WATER AB During the past 150 years, native C-3 shrubs have invaded and dominated extensive areas of former C-4 grasslands in deserts of the south-western United States. This vegetation shift has caused large changes in several aspects of the structure and function of these plant communities. To examine structural changes, we measured the standing crop of green herbaceous plants and live shrubs, leaf area index (LAI), and canopy cover and shrub density in grass and shrub plant communities that exist on sandy and clay soils in the Chihuahuan Desert. Standing crop ranged from 800 to 1800 kg ha(-1) for grass communities and from 2800 to 3500 kg ha(-1) for shrub communities. The LAI in grass communities was typically 0.1 to 0.2 and in shrub communities was 0.3 to 0.4. Averaged over the 2 years, the greatest LAI was in the shrub community on a clay soil that also had a herbaceous understory. Shrub canopy cover varied from 17% (Flourensia cernua, tarbush) to 33% (Prosopis glandulosa, honey mesquite). On sandy soils, this vegetation shift has resulted in a replacement of herbaceous vegetation with shrubs and a large reduction in species diversity, while on clay soils, due to greater soil fertility and soil water availability, there was only a slight decrease in herbaceous vegetation and little change in species diversity. This vegetation shift of desert grasslands has dramatically changed plant community structure. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited C1 TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN, BLACKLAND RES CTR, TEMPLE, TX 76502 USA. RP Gibbens, RP (reprint author), USDA ARS, JORNADA EXPT RANGE, LAS CRUCES, NM 88003 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 34 IS 1 BP 47 EP 62 DI 10.1006/jare.1996.0092 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VK422 UT WOS:A1996VK42200005 ER PT J AU Dugas, WA Hicks, RA Gibbens, RP AF Dugas, WA Hicks, RA Gibbens, RP TI Structure and function of C-3 and C-4 Chihuahuan Desert plant communities. Energy balance components SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE evapo-transpiration; soil evaporation; desert grasslands; shrub invasion; Bouteloua eriopoda; Larrea tridentata; Prosopis glandulosa; Pleuraphis mutica; Fluorensia cernua ID HONEY MESQUITE; BOWEN-RATIO; PROSOPIS-GLANDULOSA; WATER-BALANCE; STEM-FLOW; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; TRANSPIRATION; EVAPORATION; RANGELAND; FLUXES AB During the past 150 years, the C-3 shrubs creosotebush (Larrea tridentata (DC.) Cov.), mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa), and tarbush (Flourensia cernua DC.) have invaded extensive areas of former C, grasslands in deserts of the south-western United States. We measured energy balance components of these grass and shrub communities in the Chihuahuan Desert. Midday net radiation in the P. glandulosa community was about 20% less than that in the others, where it was about equal. Midday soil heat flux was large in all communities and was greater in communities with small leaf areas. Midday and daily latent heat fluxes (or evapo-transpiration rates, ET) were about equal in all communities except the F. cernua community, where they were about 50% greater due to greater leaf area and water supply. The fraction of ET made up of soil evaporation varied from 0.3 to 0.6 and was greater in L. tridentata and P. glandulosa communities. Differences of surface energy balance components of plant communities in this desert environment were generally small and were more related to surface characteristics (e.g. leaf area) and water supply than to photosynthetic pathway or vegetation type. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited C1 USDA ARS, LAS CRUCES, NM 88003 USA. RP Dugas, WA (reprint author), TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN, BLACKLAND RES CTR, TEMPLE, TX 76502 USA. NR 54 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 34 IS 1 BP 63 EP 79 DI 10.1006/jare.1996.0093 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VK422 UT WOS:A1996VK42200006 ER PT J AU Hedin, PA Davis, FM Williams, WP Hicks, RP Fisher, TH AF Hedin, PA Davis, FM Williams, WP Hicks, RP Fisher, TH TI Hemicellulose is an important leaf-feeding resistance factor in corn to the fall armyworm SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corn; Zea mays (L); fall armyworm; Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith); Lepidoptera; feeding resistance; hemicellulose ID PLANT-CELL WALLS; BORER LEPIDOPTERA; PHENOLIC-ACIDS; LABORATORY BIOASSAY; CUTICULAR LIPIDS; MAIZE RESISTANT; LARVAL GROWTH; NOCTUIDAE; PYRALIDAE; BIODEGRADABILITY AB The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), (FAW) is a major pest of corn, Zea mays L., in the southeastern United States. The damage to pretassel corn is caused by larvae feeding primarily on immature inner whorls. In this study, resistant lines were found to contain more crude fiber in whorls, mostly hemicellulose and cellulose. While hemicellulose, chiefly an arabinoxylan, was higher in resistant (R) lines than in susceptible (S) lines, the distribution of constituent neutral sugars was very similar in the lines. Both lines also contained p-coumaric and ferulic acids. These phenolic acids are known to occur both in the free state and in the cell wall as complexes bound by ester linkages to the arabinose moiety of the arabinoxylan. C-13 NMR data showed that the intensity of the carbonyl carbon (184 ppm) in resistant hemicellulose was stronger, indicating a greater degree of cross-linking. Thus, resistant hemicellulose is both structurally different from susceptible hemicellulose and present in greater quantities. In two of three laboratory dietary tests, FAW larval weight gains were significantly higher on diets with (S) hemicellulose incorporated at the same level as (R) hemicellulose. Therefore, resistance to the FAW appears to be correlated with both a greater amount and a higher degree of cross-linking of the hemicellulose of (R) lines. C1 MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV, DEPT CHEM, MISSISSIPPI STATE, MS 39762 USA. RP USDA ARS, CROP SCI RES LAB, MISSISSIPPI STATE, MS 39762 USA. NR 43 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0098-0331 EI 1573-1561 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 22 IS 9 BP 1655 EP 1668 DI 10.1007/BF02272405 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VL105 UT WOS:A1996VL10500007 PM 24226478 ER PT J AU Primus, TM Goldade, DA Petty, EE Johnston, JJ AF Primus, TM Goldade, DA Petty, EE Johnston, JJ TI Solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of chlorophacinone and diphacinone residues in range grass SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ANIMAL-TISSUES; RODENTICIDES; SEPARATION; SERUM RP Primus, TM (reprint author), USDA,APHIS,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,ANALYT CHEM PROJECT,BLDG 16,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 34 IS 9 BP 389 EP 393 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA VF895 UT WOS:A1996VF89500001 ER PT J AU Sahyoun, NR Jacques, PF Dallal, G Russell, RM AF Sahyoun, NR Jacques, PF Dallal, G Russell, RM TI Use of albumin as a predictor of mortality in community-dwelling and institutionalized elderly populations SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE albumin; elderly; mortality; community-dwelling; institutionalized ID SERUM-ALBUMIN; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; AGE AB This study was undertaken to identify variables that could explain the association between low albumin and a 9- to 12-year mortality follow up among 287 community-dwelling and 176 institutionalized people aged 60 years and over. A wide array of nutrition assessment variables was simultaneously examined in this population to identify confounders of the association. The results show that the risk of mortality for subjects with albumin values of 40 g/liter and over was 0.46 of the risk for those with albumin values below 40 g/liter, after controlling for the confounders age, blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride, history of diseases, and inability to shop owing to medical conditions. Similarly, albumin was also inversely associated with mortality among institutionalized subjects even after controlling for the confounders age, sex, blood urea nitrogen, transferrin, and history of stroke, However, the association was no longer significant among the institutionalized population once the deaths that occurred within the first 3 years after study participation were eliminated. The results indicate that albumin is a long-term predictor of mortality among noninstitutionalized subjects and increased mortality is not only a result of age, history of chronic diseases, medication use, or protein intake. Among institutionalized subjects, albumin appeared to be a short-term predictor of mortality. C1 TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,USDA,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 27 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 49 IS 9 BP 981 EP 988 DI 10.1016/0895-4356(96)00135-7 PG 8 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VE663 UT WOS:A1996VE66300005 PM 8780605 ER PT J AU Perumaalla, VS Adams, LG Payeur, JB Jarnagin, JL Baca, DR Guemes, FS Ficht, TA AF Perumaalla, VS Adams, LG Payeur, JB Jarnagin, JL Baca, DR Guemes, FS Ficht, TA TI Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in Texas and Mexico SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUBERCULOSIS COMPLEX STRAINS; INSERTION ELEMENTS; DIFFERENTIATION; CATTLE; POLYMORPHISM; INFECTION; MARKERS; ANIMALS; IS6110; HUMANS AB Seventy-nine Mycobacterium bovis isolates recovered from Mexican and Texas cattle were categorized into 16 and 25 distinct types on the basis of IS6110 and direct-repeat fingerprint patterns, respectively, By using a combination of both fingerprint patterns, 30 distinct restriction fragment length polymorphism types were defined. Fifty-eight of 79 isolates (73%) were distributed among nine clusters. Clustered isolates were identified within herds, as well as in geographically disperse herds in Texas and Mexico. This observation is consistent with active transmission within herds and among herds, presumably as a result of active or historical cattle movements. The majority of bovine isolates (64 of 79) exhibited a single copy of IS6110. Interestingly, in contrast to previous studies, a high percentage of bovine isolates (15 of 79) exhibited multiple IS6110 copies (two to five) distributed among 11 different restriction fragment length polymorphism types. It is speculated that transmission from noncattle sources may be responsible. Continued fingerprinting of isolates originating from nonbovine sources and herd surveys is expected to provide useful information regarding the epidemiology of tuberculosis in this region. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,NATL VET SERV LAB,USDA,AMES,IA 50010. UNIV NACL AUTONOMA MEXICO,FAC VET MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,MEXICO CITY 04510,DF,MEXICO. TEXAS ANIM HLTH COMM,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78207. NR 23 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 34 IS 9 BP 2066 EP 2071 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VD335 UT WOS:A1996VD33500003 PM 8862559 ER PT J AU Knowles, D deEchaide, ST Palmer, G McGuire, T Stiller, D McElwain, T AF Knowles, D deEchaide, ST Palmer, G McGuire, T Stiller, D McElwain, T TI Antibody against an Anaplasma marginale MSP5 epitope common to tick and erythrocyte stages identifies persistently infected cattle SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARRIER CATTLE; PROTEIN; TRANSMISSION; ELISA AB A protein epitope of major surface protein 5 (MSP5), defined by monoclonal antibody (MAb) ANAF16C1, is conserved among Anaplasma species (E. S. Visser, T. C. McGuire, G. H. Palmer, W. C. Davis, V. Shkap, E. Pipano, and D. P. Knowles, Jr., Infect. Immun. 60:5139-5144, 1992) and is expressed in the salivary glands of infected ticks. A competitive inhibition ELISA (cELISA) for the detection of bovine anti-MSP5 antibodies was developed by using purified recombinant MSP5 fusion protein and MAb ANAF16C1. The specificity of the recombinant-MSP5 cELISA within North America was established by using 261 serum samples from cattle in the regions of Hawaii and Northern Ontario where anaplasmosis is not endemic and from cattle proven by splenectomy or subinoculation of whole blood into susceptible splenectomized recipients to be uninfected. The maximum percent inhibition by these sera was 18%. Sera known to be positive were obtained from 35 cattle either experimentally inoculated with infected erythrocytes or exposed to infected Dermacentor andersoni ticks. Thirty-four of the 35 serum samples inhibited MAb ANAF16C1 binding by greater than or equal to 25%. During acute infection, the MSP5 cELISA detected antibodies prior to or concomitantly with the appearance of rickettsiae in erythrocytes. Antibodies were detectable in sera from persistently infected cattle inoculated as long as 6 years previously. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,PULLMAN,WA 99164. INST NACL TECNOL AGROPECUARIA,ESTAC EXPT AGROPECUARIA RAFAELA,RAFAELA,SANTA FE,ARGENTINA. RP Knowles, D (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 24 TC 109 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 34 IS 9 BP 2225 EP 2230 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VD335 UT WOS:A1996VD33500033 PM 8862589 ER PT J AU Gaynor, PJ Erdman, RA Teter, BB Capuco, AV Waldo, DR AF Gaynor, PJ Erdman, RA Teter, BB Capuco, AV Waldo, DR TI Glucose and norepinephrine challenges during abomasal infusion of cis or trans octadecenoates in Holstein cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE glucose; norepinephrine; trans-C-18:1 fatty acids; milk fat depression ID ADIPOSE-TISSUE METABOLISM; LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; MILK-FAT; RESPONSES; HORMONE; INSULIN; YIELD; FEED AB This experiment determined the effects of infusion of mixtures of fat containing predominantly cis-C-18:1 or trans-C-18:1 fatty acids into the abomasum on responses of cows to glucose and norepinephrine challenges administered i.v. Six lactating Holstein cows, each with a rumen cannula, were arranged in two Latin squares with 21-d periods. The common basal diet contained 40% forage and 60% concentrate. Treatments were the uninfused control, 750 g/d of a cis fat mixture (65% high oleic sunflower oil and 35% cocoa butter), and 750 g/d of a trans fat mixture (93% shortening and 7% corn oil) infused into the abomasum via a tube that passed through the rumen cannula. Glucose challenges (0.4 mg/kg of BW, administered i.v.) were conducted on d 18, and norepinephrine challenges (0.7 mu g/kg of BW, administered i.v.) were conducted on d 19 of each experimental period. Despite a lower percentage of fat in milk for trans than for cis treatment, disappearance rates of glucose, secretion of insulin after glucose challenge, and appearance rates of NEFA and triglycerides after norepinephrine challenge mere similar between treatments. Thus, these data support the hypothesis that trans-C-18:1 fatty acids affect the synthesis of milk fat in the mammary gland of lactating cows. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,MILK SECRET & MASTITIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,NUTRIENT CONSERVAT & METAB LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RI Erdman, Richard/F-6195-2010 OI Erdman, Richard/0000-0001-6954-4282 NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 9 BP 1590 EP 1595 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VN209 UT WOS:A1996VN20900011 PM 8899525 ER PT J AU Bitman, J Wood, DL Miller, RH Tyrrell, HF Reynolds, CK Baxter, HD AF Bitman, J Wood, DL Miller, RH Tyrrell, HF Reynolds, CK Baxter, HD TI Comparison of milk and blood lipids in jersey and Holstein cows fed total mixed rations with or without whole cottonseed SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE milk lipids; Jersey cows; Holstein cows; cottonseeds ID THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY; PRETERM INFANTS; BREAST-MILK; LACTATION; FAT; EFFICIENCY; ACCURACY; MOTHERS; CATTLE; TERM AB Lipids in milk and blood were examined in Holstein and Jersey cows (8 lactating and 4 dry) fed two TMR containing either 10% whole cottonseed or a control concentrate mixture of corn, cottonseed hulls, and cottonseed meal in a switchback experiment. Milk from Jersey cows contained more total lipid than did milk from Holstein cows (4.4 vs. 3.5 g/dl), had a higher proportion of lipid as triglyceride (97.3% vs. 96.7%), and had a lower proportion of lipid as phospholipid (0.8% vs. 1.0%). Milk from the group fed cottonseed contained fewer medium-chain fatty acids (24.4% vs. 29.4%) and more C-18 fatty acids (35.9% vs. 25.8%) than did milk from the control group. Total blood lipids were 234 mg/dl for Holsteins and 168 mg/dl for jerseys. Total blood lipids were higher for dry cows fed cottonseed (100 vs. 72 mg/dl), particularly Jersey cows. As determined by gravimetric or TLC analysis, milk fat percentages of cows fed cottonseed were not different from those of cows fed control rations. However, as determined by infrared instrumentation, milk fat appeared to be lower (4.3%) for cows fed cottonseed than that (4.6%) for control cows. Changes in milk fatty acids that were related to diets might explain the difference between infrared and gravimetric determinations of milk fat. C1 USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,RUMINANT NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. ARS,DAIRY EXPT STN,LEWISBURG,TN 37901. RP Bitman, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,MILK SECRET & MASTITIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 33 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 9 BP 1596 EP 1602 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VN209 UT WOS:A1996VN20900012 PM 8899526 ER PT J AU Hristov, AN Broderick, GA AF Hristov, AN Broderick, GA TI Synthesis of microbial protein in ruminally cannulated cows fed alfalfa silage, alfalfa hay, or corn silage SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ruminal synthesis of microbial proteins; nitrogen-15; alfalfa forage; corn silage ID LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; NITROGEN-METABOLISM; RUMEN; AMMONIA; DIGESTIBILITY; DIGESTION; ACIDS; FLUID; SHEEP AB Six ruminally cannulated cows were used in an experiment with a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Three all forage diets-alfalfa silage, alfalfa hay, or corn silage plus 2.2% urea (DM basis)-were fed for ad libitum intake four times daily. The microbial protein marker (NH3)-N-15 and the liquid marker Cr-EDTA were infused continuously into the rumen for 72 and 48 h, respectively; the solid marker, Yb-labeled forage, was dosed into the rumen twice daily for 60 h. Pool sizes of ruminal NAN were determined by emptying the rumen. Proportions of bacterial N formed from NH3 were 57, 46, and 82% for the alfalfa silage, alfalfa hay, and corn silage diets, respectively. For all diets, flows of microbial NAN with the liquid and solid phases were about equal. Although feed NAN in the liquid pool was only 12% of ruminal feed NAN, 30% of feed NAN that escaped the rumen flowed with the liquids. Flow of microbial NAN was highest for corn silage (243 g/d) and lowest for alfalfa hay (212 g/d); microbial NAN represented 50% (alfalfa silage and hay) and 76% (corn silage) of total NAN flow. Proportions of NAN intake that were degraded in the rumen were 61, 56, and 57% for alfalfa silage, alfalfa hay, and corn silage (without urea N), respectively; these values were lower than those reported by the NRC. Total flows of NAN from the rumen were 472, 424, and 321 g/d for the alfalfa silage, alfalfa hay, and corn silage diets, respectively. Use of liquid (Cr-EDTA) and solid (Yb) markers to compute the rate of passage of microbial protein proved to be less variable than regression of N-15 enrichment of bacterial NAN over time. C1 USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 38 TC 84 Z9 87 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 9 BP 1627 EP 1637 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VN209 UT WOS:A1996VN20900016 PM 8899530 ER PT J AU Powell, RL VanRaden, PM AF Powell, RL VanRaden, PM TI Examination of international genetic evaluations of Holstein bulls SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE breeding; genetics; international evaluation ID CONVERSION EQUATIONS; DAIRY SIRES; MODEL AB The first large-scale, international genetic evaluation of Holstein bulls computed by the International Bull Evaluation Service Centre in February 1995 was examined and compared with national evaluations from Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, The Netherlands, and the US. Assumption of a genetic correlation of 0.995 between all countries and exclusion of bull daughters from a country in which the bull had not been sampled resulted in correlations of essentially unity between national and international evaluations. For the few bulls sampled in multiple countries, correlations were lower but still high (less than or equal to 0.95). Genetic trend was more rapid for countries in which genetic merit for earlier years was lowest. Differences among countries in genetic merit of recent bulls have decreased markedly, especially between the US and other countries. Mean evaluation for bulls born during 1988 in the US surpassed means for bulls in France, Italy, and The Netherlands by <3 kg for PTA for protein. Application of seven national economic indexes showed that some indexes with different mathematical forms can rank bulls similarly. If the official index for one country is assumed to be optimal, use of an index from another country could substantially reduce the mean merit of selected bulls by more than one-half an index standard deviation. Selection on either national or international genetic evaluations can give rapid genetic progress if the economic index is correct. RP Powell, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,ANIM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 79 IS 9 BP 1659 EP 1665 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VN209 UT WOS:A1996VN20900020 PM 8899534 ER PT J AU Clausen, JC Jokela, WE Potter, FI Williams, JW AF Clausen, JC Jokela, WE Potter, FI Williams, JW TI Paired watershed comparison of tillage effects on runoff, sediment, and pesticide losses SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION-TILLAGE; CORN WATERSHEDS; SURFACE-WATER; SYSTEMS; QUALITY; ATRAZINE; SIMAZINE AB A paired watershed study was used to compare runoff, sediment, atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5 triazine), and cyanazine (2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-S-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methyl propionitrile) losses from conventional-tilled (CT) and reduced-tilled (RT) corn (Zea mays L.) watersheds. During a 13-mo calibration period both watersheds were moldboard plowed and runoff was measured in H-flumes. Composite samples were analyzed for sediment and for atrazine and cyanazine in dissolved and sediment phases. During a 30-mo treatment period, one watershed was moldboard plowed while the other was disk harrowed. Reduced tillage decreased runoff by 64% and sediment losses by 99% but did not change dissolved atrazine or cyanazine concentrations in runoff. Concentrations of sediment-sorbed pesticides increased in runoff. The RT reduced mass losses of atrazine and cyanazine in runoff, primarily because of decreases in runoff volume and sediment mass. Most pesticide losses occurred within 3 wk of field application. Pesticide loss was primarily in the dissolved phase. The paired watershed approach was a useful technique for determining watershed treatment effects when differences existed between watersheds chosen for study. C1 UNIV VERMONT,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,BURLINGTON,VT 05405. USDA,NRCS,WINOOSKI,VT 05404. ABB ENVIRONM,PORTLAND,ME 04112. RP Clausen, JC (reprint author), UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT NAT RESOURCES MANAGEMENT & ENGN,STORRS,CT 06269, USA. NR 39 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1000 EP 1007 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VH793 UT WOS:A1996VH79300009 ER PT J AU Kessavalou, A Doran, JW Powers, WL Kettler, TA Qian, JH AF Kessavalou, A Doran, JW Powers, WL Kettler, TA Qian, JH TI Bromide and nitrogen-15 tracers of nitrate leaching under irrigated corn in Central Nebraska SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOIL; PLANT; BIOMASS AB Nitrate leaching from agricultural fields into groundwater has caused environmental and health concerns. A study was conducted during 1992-1993 in the Central Platte Valley of Nebraska to assess the nitrate leaching potential under recommended center-pivot irrigation and fertilizer best management practices for continuous corn (Zea mays L.). At time of planting corn, potassium bromide (KBr) and double-labeled N-15 ammonium nitrate (10 atom% (NH4NO3)-N-15-N-15) tracers were applied at rates of 200 kg Br ha(-1) and 30 kg N ha(-1) to four 6.1 by 3.7 m plots that were representative of major soil types on the 32.1-ha field. Soil and plants sampled 7 wk after planting and at harvest in 1992, and in the spring of 1993, were analyzed for Br and N content and a mass balance was determined. At corn harvest, 41% (81.9 kg ha(-1)) of the applied Br loss from the top 1.2 m of soil was attributed to leaching. Also, 54% (16.2 kg ha(-1)) of the N tracer applied was lost from the system; 41% (12.3 kg ha(-1)) through leaching; and 13% (3.9 kg ha(-1)) through denitrification and volatilization. By time of planting in the spring of 1993, 70% (139.3 kg ha(-1)) of the applied Br and 46% (13.8 kg ha(-1)) of the fertilizer N leached below 1.2 m. High negative correlations were found between soil clay and silt contents, and Br or NO3 leaching. Despite use of best management practices for irrigation water and N applications, large amounts of nitrate can be lost through leaching under irrigated corn in this subhumid climate on fine- to medium-textured soils. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. NR 26 TC 40 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1008 EP 1014 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VH793 UT WOS:A1996VH79300010 ER PT J AU Lentz, RD Sojka, RE Foerster, JA AF Lentz, RD Sojka, RE Foerster, JA TI Estimating polyacrylamide concentration in irrigation water SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID FURROW EROSION; COLLOID TITRATIONS; FLOCCULATION; INFILTRATION; ADSORPTION; POLYMERS AB One practice used to control irrigation-induced erosion amends irrigation furrow inflows with water-soluble, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) at low concentrations (0.25-10 mg L(-1)). Researchers wish to determine the fate of PAM, once added to furrow water streams. We developed and tested an instrumented flocculation test for quantifying PAM concentration in irrigation water. A kaolinite mineral standard is mixed with a PAM-amended water sample, agitated, then placed in a spectrophotometer. The PAM concentration in the suspension was correlated with settling-related transmittance changes. One highly correlated (r = 0.91-0.98) parameter, the time needed to initiate suspension clearing (clarity-shift inflection, CSI), was used as the procedure endpoint. The procedure was sensitive to variations in the amount of kaolinite added, and sample volume, water salinity, and original sediment content. A 10% change in these factors altered measured CSIs by 10 to 50%. The sediment affected CSI by increasing the sample's dissolved organic C concentration. The procedure detected as little as 0.1 mg L(-1) PAM dissolved in irrigation water; in samples containing > 4 mt settled sediment per liter, the PAM detection limit was approximately 0.25 mg L(-1). Precision ranged from +/- 0.06 to 0.11 mg L(-1) for 0 to 2.5 mg L(-1) PAM and +/- 0.39 to 0.86 mg L(-1) for 2.5 to 10.0 mg L(-1) PAM. The PAM concentration in runoff from irrigated furrows equaled that of the inflow stream after 3 h continuous treatment at 10 mg L(-1). The CSI test provides a simple and accurate method of determining polyacrylamide in surface waters. RP Lentz, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NW IRRIG & SOILS RES LAB,3793 N 3600E,KIMBERLY,ID 83341, USA. NR 29 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1015 EP 1024 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VH793 UT WOS:A1996VH79300011 ER PT J AU Ibekwe, AM Angle, JS Chaney, RL vanBerkum, P AF Ibekwe, AM Angle, JS Chaney, RL vanBerkum, P TI Zinc and cadmium toxicity to alfalfa and its microsymbiont SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID LEGUMINOSARUM BIOVAR TRIFOLII; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; NITROGEN-FIXATION; PAST APPLICATIONS; METAL TOLERANCE; NUTRIENT-UPTAKE; RHIZOBIUM; SURVIVAL; PLANTS; SOILS AB The availability of heavy metals in soil depends on their speciation in solution and chemical activities of free metals. To examine the sensitivity of alfalfa (Glycine max L.), its microsymbiont, and the process of N-2 fixation to Zn2+ and Cd2+ activities, a growth chamber study was conducted. Nutrient solution was used with the chelator, EGTA, to buffer Zn2+ and Cd2+ activities. The activities of Zn2+ and Cd2+ ranged from pZn(2+) = 8.0 to 5.0 and pCd(2+) = 10.5 to 8.0 mol L(-1). Plants grown in pZn(2+) = 5.25 and 5.0; and pCd(2+) = 8.75 and 8.65 were stunted and chlorotic with interveinal necrosis. In these treatments, shoot concentrations of Zn and Cd averaged about 300 and 50 mg kg(-1), respectively. This resulted in a 20 and 90% yield reduction for plants grown in pZn(2+) = 5.25 and 5.0, respectively. Yield reduction was 50 and 75% for pCd(2+) = 8.75 and 8.65, respectively. Plants supplied with mineral N had about 40% greater shoot yield than plants inoculated with rhizobia. No nodulation occurred at pZn(2+) = 5.0, but at pZn(2+) = 5.25 and pCd(2+) = 8.75 and 8.65, there was a delay in nodulation. All nodules formed were mostly effective in N-2 fixation. Enumeration of viable cells showed a significant decline of total cell counts from 10(5.5) cell mL(-1) in the control to 10(5.1) and 10(4.8) at the highest Zn2+ and Cd2+ activities, respectively. At the activities studied, Cd was more toxic to rhizobia than Zn. However, at the highest activities, toxicity of metals were so severe that root development was inhibited and in some cases resulted in plant death. These results suggest that toxicity of Zn and Cd was greater to plants than to rhizobia. C1 UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT AGRON, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, ENVIRONM CHEM LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1032 EP 1040 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VH793 UT WOS:A1996VH79300013 ER PT J AU Conn, JS Koskinen, WC Werdin, NR Graham, JS AF Conn, JS Koskinen, WC Werdin, NR Graham, JS TI Persistence of metribuzin and metabolites in two subarctic soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID DEGRADATION; METOLACHLOR; HERBICIDES; MOVEMENT; SURFACE; TILLAGE AB Persistence and leaching of C-14-metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] and metabolites were determined in Tanana (loamy, mixed, nonacid Pergelic Cryaquept) and Beales (sandy, mixed Typic Cryochrept) silt loam soils under irrigated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and dryland barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) conditions in the subarctic. Overall, dissipation of total C-14 (metribuzin and metabolites) was significantly slower (P > 0.05) in Tanana than Beales soil over the first 105 d, but by 468 d, the C-14 remaining (51% of applied) did not differ (0.05 < P) between soils. Initial degradation of metribuzin was rapid in both soils but was not significantly different between soils (0.05 < P). At 35 d after application 24% of applied metribuzin remained, At the end of the study (468 d), 5.0% of the applied metribuzin was still present. Unextractable residues accounted for the greatest amount of C-14 remaining in the soils. of the extractable metabolites, greater amounts of desaminometribuzin were found in both soils than diketometribuzin or desaminodiketometribuzin. More water moved through the irrigated than nonirrigated soil as evidenced by bromide movement. Also, more C-14 moved to 15 to 22.5 cm depth in the irrigated than in the nonirrigated soil, but < 1% of applied C-14 was detected below 22.5 cm for both soils and irrigation treatments. Rapid metribuzin degradation in combination with sorption processes minimized leaching of total metribuzin residues through these subarctic surface soils. C1 USDA ARS,SOIL & WATER MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV ALASKA,USDA ARS,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. DIV FORESTRY,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1048 EP 1053 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VH793 UT WOS:A1996VH79300015 ER PT J AU Gan, J Becker, L Koskinen, WC Buhler, DD AF Gan, J Becker, L Koskinen, WC Buhler, DD TI Degradation of atrazine in two soils as a function of concentration SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID BOUND PESTICIDE-RESIDUES; C-14 ATRAZINE; S-TRIAZINES; LOAM SOIL; PRODUCTS; BIODEGRADATION; PSEUDOMONAS; METABOLITES; ADSORPTION; MOVEMENT AB Dissipation of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s- triazine) in a Webster clay loam soil (fine loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll), and Estherville sandy loam (sandy, mixed, mesic typic Hapludoll) was determined over a concentration range of 5 to 5000 mg kg(-1) in field and laboratory experiments. Over the first 6 mo in the clay loam soil, the persistence of atrazine (based on percent of applied) was greater for the high-rate treatments than the low-rate treatments. However, in the laboratory, there was no effect of concentration on dissipation; the amount of atrazine degraded increased proportionally with the increase of concentration. In the sandy loam, persistence was greater at high concentration in both field and laboratory studies. Mineralization was the most important pathway for the dissipation of atrazine at all concentrations in the clay loam soil and from 5 to 500 mg kg(-1) in the sandy loam. It was postulated that soil microorganisms were able to use the N or C from the s-triazine ring. Atrazine at 500 and 5000 mg kg(-1) may have increased soil microbial growth and activity and thus increased the degradation of atrazine based on the increase in soil respiration in the clay loam soil. Degradation pathways in both soils apparently were not influenced by concentration. Ring cleavage and hydrolysis were the major metabolic pathways in both soils, with dealkylation of less importance. Addition of a dairy manure amendment increased the rate of atrazine mineralization, while corn meal decreased and (NH)(2)HPO4 amendments prevented mineralization. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. NR 41 TC 73 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1064 EP 1072 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VH793 UT WOS:A1996VH79300017 ER PT J AU Delgado, JA Mosier, AR AF Delgado, JA Mosier, AR TI Mitigation alternatives to decrease nitrous oxides emissions and urea-nitrogen loss and their effect on methane flux SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CONTROLLED-RELEASE FERTILIZERS; NITRIFICATION INHIBITORS; FOREST SOILS; LAND-USE; OXIDATION; TEMPERATE; EFFICIENCY; PLANTS; WHEAT; CH4 AB Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are greenhouse gases that are contributing to global warming potential. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important sources of anthropogenic N2O emissions. A field study was conducted to compare N-use efficiency and effect on N2O and CH4 flux, of urea, urea plus the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (U + DCD), and a control release fertilizer, polyolefin coated urea (POCU) in irrigated spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in northeastern Colorado. Each treatment received 90 kg urea-N ha(-1) and microplots labeled with N-15-fertilizer were established. Average N2O emissions were 4.5, 5.2, 6.9, and 8.2 g N ha(-1) d(-1) for control, U + DCD, POCU, and urea, respectively. During the initial 21 d after fertilization, N2O emissions were reduced by 82 and 71% in the U + DCD and POCU treatments, respectively, but continued release of N fertilizer from POCU maintained higher N2O emissions through the remainder of the growing season. No treatment effect on CH4 oxidation in soils was observed. Fertilizer N-15 found 50 to 110 cm below the soil surface was lower in the POCU and U + DCD treatments. At harvest, recovery of N-15-fertilizer in the plant-soil system was 98, 90, and 85% from POCU, urea, and U + DCD, respectively. Grain yield was 2.2, 2.5, and 2.7 Mg ha(-1) for POCU, urea, and U + DCD, respectively. Dicyandiamide and POCU showed the potential to be used as mitigation alternatives to decrease N2O emissions from N fertilizer and movement of N out of the root zone, but N release from POCU does need to be formulated to better match crop growth demands. RP Delgado, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB E,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 46 TC 128 Z9 168 U1 5 U2 29 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1105 EP 1111 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VH793 UT WOS:A1996VH79300023 ER PT J AU Dubey, JE Jenkins, MC Thayer, DW AF Dubey, JE Jenkins, MC Thayer, DW TI Irradiation killing of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 11-15, 1996 CL TUCSON, AZ SP Bayer Corp, Bio Merieux, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Charles River Labs, Ciba Geigy Corp, Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Heska Corp, Hoechst Roussel Agri Vet Co, Meridian Diagnost Inc, NIAID, NHLBI, Pfizer Inc, TAP Holdings C1 USDA ARS,LPSI,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BARC EAST,BELTSVILLE,MD. USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA. RP Dubey, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,LPSI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BARC EAST,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 5 BP S123 EP S123 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05039.x PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VC050 UT WOS:A1996VC05000102 PM 8822904 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Weigel, RM AF Dubey, JP Weigel, RM TI Epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in farm ecosystems SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 11-15, 1996 CL TUCSON, AZ SP Bayer Corp, Bio Merieux, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Charles River Labs, Ciba Geigy Corp, Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Heska Corp, Hoechst Roussel Agri Vet Co, Meridian Diagnost Inc, NIAID, NHLBI, Pfizer Inc, TAP Holdings ID SWINE FARMS; ILLINOIS C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,URBANA,IL. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,LPSI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 5 BP S124 EP S124 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05040.x PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VC050 UT WOS:A1996VC05000103 PM 8822905 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Trout, J Nerad, T AF Fayer, R Trout, J Nerad, T TI Effects of a wide range of temperatures on infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 11-15, 1996 CL TUCSON, AZ SP Bayer Corp, Bio Merieux, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Charles River Labs, Ciba Geigy Corp, Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Heska Corp, Hoechst Roussel Agri Vet Co, Meridian Diagnost Inc, NIAID, NHLBI, Pfizer Inc, TAP Holdings C1 ATCC,ROCKVILLE,MD. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 3 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 5 BP S64 EP S64 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb04995.x PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VC050 UT WOS:A1996VC05000058 PM 8822861 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Cranfield, MR AF Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Cranfield, MR TI Cryptosporidium parvum is not transmissible to fish, amphibia, or reptiles SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 11-15, 1996 CL TUCSON, AZ SP Bayer Corp, Bio Merieux, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Charles River Labs, Ciba Geigy Corp, Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Heska Corp, Hoechst Roussel Agri Vet Co, Meridian Diagnost Inc, NIAID, NHLBI, Pfizer Inc, TAP Holdings C1 BALTIMORE ZOO,DEPT MED,BALTIMORE,MD. ARS,IMMUN & DIS PREVENT LAB,LPSI,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,BALTIMORE,MD. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT MOL MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21218, USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 5 BP S62 EP S62 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb04993.x PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VC050 UT WOS:A1996VC05000056 ER PT J AU Lindsay, DS Dubey, JP Butler, JM Blagburn, AL AF Lindsay, DS Dubey, JP Butler, JM Blagburn, AL TI Experimental tissue cyst induced Toxoplasma gondii infections in dogs SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 11-15, 1996 CL TUCSON, AZ SP Bayer Corp, Bio Merieux, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Charles River Labs, Ciba Geigy Corp, Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Heska Corp, Hoechst Roussel Agri Vet Co, Meridian Diagnost Inc, NIAID, NHLBI, Pfizer Inc, TAP Holdings AB Tissue cyst induced Toxoplasma gondii infections were examined in 2 beagle dogs orally inoculated with tissue cysts. Neither dog developed clinical signs of toxoplasmosis. Both dogs developed low antibody titers to T. gondii. The MAT and IFAT were superior to the LAT and IHT tests for detecting antibodies to T. gondii. C1 USDA ARS,LPSI,PARA BIOL LAB,BARC EAST,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Lindsay, DS (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOBIOL,166 GREENE HALL,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 5 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 5 BP S113 EP S113 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05032.x PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VC050 UT WOS:A1996VC05000095 PM 8822897 ER PT J AU Patton, S Zimmerman, J Roberts, T Faulkner, C Diderrich, V AssadiRad, A Davies, P Kliebenstein, J AF Patton, S Zimmerman, J Roberts, T Faulkner, C Diderrich, V AssadiRad, A Davies, P Kliebenstein, J TI Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in hogs in the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 11-15, 1996 CL TUCSON, AZ SP Bayer Corp, Bio Merieux, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Charles River Labs, Ciba Geigy Corp, Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Heska Corp, Hoechst Roussel Agri Vet Co, Meridian Diagnost Inc, NIAID, NHLBI, Pfizer Inc, TAP Holdings ID TISSUE CYSTS; PORK; INFECTIVITY C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,AMES,IA 50011. USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Patton, S (reprint author), UNIV TENNESSEE,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996, USA. NR 7 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 43 IS 5 BP S121 EP S121 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05037.x PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VC050 UT WOS:A1996VC05000100 PM 8822902 ER PT J AU Penuelas, J Estiarte, M Kimball, BA Idso, SB Pinter, PJ Wall, GW Garcia, RL Hansaker, DJ LaMorte, RL Hendrix, DL AF Penuelas, J Estiarte, M Kimball, BA Idso, SB Pinter, PJ Wall, GW Garcia, RL Hansaker, DJ LaMorte, RL Hendrix, DL TI Variety of responses of plant phenolic concentration to CO2 enrichment SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE CO2; leaf phenolics; leaf condensed tannins; growth; nutrient; wheat; orange trees; pine trees ID CARBON NUTRIENT BALANCE; LAST 3 CENTURIES; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; SECONDARY METABOLITES; ELEVATED CO2; DIOXIDE; GROWTH; AIR; ALLELOCHEMICALS; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB A wide range of responses to elevated CO2 was found for leaf total phenolic concentration of one grass species (wheat) growing in a Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) system and two woody species (orange and pine trees) growing in Open-Top Chambers (OTC). The total phenolic concentration of wheat flag leaves grown at elevated [CO2] was increased for most of the grain-filling stages studied; there was no significant change in phenolic concentration of CO2-enriched orange tree leaves and CO2-enriched pine tree needles had reduced total phenolic concentration. There was an inverse relationship between the increase in leaf total phenolic concentration and increase in biomass of these pine trees. Different rates of increase in growth (carbon sink) produced by different environmental conditions or different resource availabilities apart from CO2 itself must be considered in order to understand the response of carbon-based-secondary-compounds to elevated CO2. C1 USDA ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. RP Penuelas, J (reprint author), UNIV AUTONOMA BARCELONA,FAC CIENCIES,CREAF,E-08193 BELLATERRA,SPAIN. RI Penuelas, Josep/D-9704-2011; Estiarte, Marc/G-2001-2016 OI Penuelas, Josep/0000-0002-7215-0150; Estiarte, Marc/0000-0003-1176-8480 NR 33 TC 64 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 11 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 47 IS 302 BP 1463 EP 1467 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VP697 UT WOS:A1996VP69700016 ER PT J AU Forsman, ED Franklin, AB Oliver, FM Ward, JP AF Forsman, ED Franklin, AB Oliver, FM Ward, JP TI A color band for Spotted Owls SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEG AB We describe a plastic color band made from laminated engl-aver's plastic that can be used to mark Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis) and other large birds. Hundreds of unique combinations can be obtained by routing geometric patterns into the plastic band and by attaching a short, flexible colored tab to the band. Of 3788 Sported Owls that were re-observed in one or more years following initial banding, only four lost their color bands, an observed band loss rate of 0.1%. Color bands are particularly effective on Spotted Owls because they are tame and can be closely approached during the day Color bands may nor be effective on owls that are difficult to approach or that cannot be easily observed during the day. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. COLORADO STATE UNIV,COLARADO COOPERAT FISHERY & WILDLIFE UNIT,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. BUR LAND MANAGEMENT,ROSEBURG DIST OFF,ROSEBURG,OR 97440. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP Forsman, ED (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,3200 SW JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 8 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 67 IS 4 BP 507 EP 510 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA VY537 UT WOS:A1996VY53700002 ER PT J AU Belant, JL Dolbeer, RA AF Belant, JL Dolbeer, RA TI Age classification of Laughing Gulls based on summer plumage SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We described quantitatively 19 summer plumage characteristics and bill and foot pigmentation of 247 known-age Laughing Gulls (Larus atricilla) collected in New York during 1992-1994. There were not differences in characteristics measured for male and female Laughing Gulls. Ninety percent of 2-yr-old Laughing Gulls and 96% of greater than or equal to 3-yr-old birds had full hoods. Fifty-seven percent of 2-yr-old Laughing Gulls possessed at least partial tail bands in contrast to 4% of 3-yr-old and 0% of greater than or equal to 4-yr-old gulls. Thus 2- and greater than or equal to 3-yr-old Laughing Gulls cannot be separated reliably by the presence or absence of a tail band. Pink pigmentation on the breast or abdomen occurred in 12% of individuals and was unrelated to age. Using the presence of absence of a distinct black-and-gray interface on the distal portion of the fifth primary, we correctly classified 96% of 245 2- and greater than or equal to 3-yr-old Laughing Gulls. Using this characteristic in combination with the length of distinct black pigmentation present on the proximal vane of the sixth primary, we correctly aged 98% of 244 gulls. This technique and previously published plumage characteristics provide rapid and accurate classification of Laughing Gulls in summer plumage as <1, 1, 2, or greater than or equal to 3 yr of age. RP Belant, JL (reprint author), USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,6100 COLUMBUS AVE,SANDUSKY,OH 44870, USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 67 IS 4 BP 565 EP 574 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA VY537 UT WOS:A1996VY53700010 ER PT J AU Juneja, VK Marmer, BS Phillips, JG Palumbo, SA AF Juneja, VK Marmer, BS Phillips, JG Palumbo, SA TI Interactive effects of temperature, initial pH, sodium chloride, and sodium pyrophosphate on the growth kinetics of Clostridium perfringens SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Clostridium perfringens; predictive equations; modeling; growth kinetics; growth variables ID STORAGE-TEMPERATURE; FOODBORNE DISEASE; UNITED-STATES; OUTBREAKS AB The interactive effects of temperature (12 to 42 degrees C), initial pH (5.5 to 7), sodium chloride (0 to 3%) and sodium pyrophosphate concentrations (0 to 0.3%) on the growth in Trypticase-peptone-glucose-yeast extract broth of a three-strain mixture of Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells were determined. The number of viable C. perfringens cells was determined at appropriate intervals by plating on tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine agar. Growth data were analyzed by the Gompertz equation; the gompertz B and M parameters were then used to calculate lag-phase duration, exponential growth rate, generation time, and maximum population-density values. The data indicated that the growth kinetics of C. perfringens were dependent on the interaction of the four variables, particularly in regard to exponential growth rates and lag-phase durations. Cubic models based on the natural logarithm transformation of lag-phase duration and generation time were evaluated and appeared to adequately fit the data. The data suggest that sodium pyrophosphate can have significant bacteriostatic activity against C. perfringens and may provide processed meats with a degree of protection against this microorganism, particularly if employed in conjunction with a combination of acidic pH, high salt concentrations, and adequate refrigeration. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), USDA ARS,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 59 IS 9 BP 963 EP 968 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA VK557 UT WOS:A1996VK55700010 ER PT J AU Liu, MN Berry, BW AF Liu, MN Berry, BW TI Variability in color, cooking times, and internal temperature of beef patties under controlled cooking conditions SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE beef patties; cooked color; cooking time; internal temperature ID FAT LEVEL AB Four studies were performed to document the variability in cooking properties of beef patties when considerable control was exerted on several cooking procedures. Two replications of beef patties produced from the same facility, to the same fat content (10%), and with similar raw materials were panfried to internal temperatures of 68, 71 or 74 degrees C. The second replication required longer (P < 0.05) cooking times to reach designated internal temperatures, appeared less well done and had higher Hunter a* color values than the first replication. Beef patties containing either 10 or 20% fat were used to compare two endpoints of cooking (constant internal temperature, constant cooking time) for two temperatures, 68 and 71 degrees C. Considerable variability was found in degree of doneness for both endpoints of cooking and internal temperatures when constant cooking times were used. Eighteen different formulations of beef patties made with various ingredients were used for evaluating the variability of internal temperatures when cooked for constant times that would reach 71 degrees C or slightly higher. Wide variability in internal temperatures was found for all 18 formulations. Some patties (9.0%) did not reach an internal temperature of 68 degrees C and 1.3% did not reach an internal temperature of 60 degrees C. In evaluating postcooking changes in internal temperature of beef patties cooked by convection oven or panfrying, a 40-s period is available to accurately assess endpoint temperature. The substantial variability in cooking properties observed in these studies clearly demonstrates that mechanisms for controlling cooking properties of patties must be determined. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,MEAT SCI RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 12 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 59 IS 9 BP 969 EP 975 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA VK557 UT WOS:A1996VK55700011 ER PT J AU vanLaack, RLJM Berry, BW Solomon, MB AF vanLaack, RLJM Berry, BW Solomon, MB TI Effect of precooking conditions on color of cooked beef patties SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE beef patties; beef color; cooked beef; myoglobin; premature browning; thawing; packaging ID TEMPERATURE; COOKING; PH AB In three separate trials, the visually and instrumentally determined color of patties cooked either fresh, frozen, or after thawing was evaluated. In trial 1, the effects of thawing and packaging were evaluated. The internal color of patties cooked to 71 degrees C within 12 h of thawing at 7 degrees C remained red-pink. Only after thawing for 18 h or longer did cooking to 71 degrees C result in a well-done appearance. The color of patties thawed while vacuum packaged and then cooked was more red than the color of non-vacuum-packaged patties after cooking. Spectral analysis of the raw product indicated that the effects of thawing and packaging on cooked color were linked to the level of metmyoglobin (metMb); higher levels of metMb resulted in a less red patty color after cooking. In trials 2 and 3, the metMb level was varied by storage and/or processing conditions. Differences in the metMb level before freezing seemed to decrease during freezing and thawing. Differences in metMb before processing did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect cooked color. Parries cooked from the frozen state were less red than those cooked directly after processing. After 24 h of thawing, patties cooked to 71 degrees C were brown, irrespective of metMb level. Premature browning, i.e., the appearance of patties being well-done at temperatures tower than 71 degrees C, only occurred in thawed patties. After 24 h of thawing, patties appeared well-done at 65 degrees C. Ic is concluded that handling, other than internal temperature, strongly influences cooked beef patty color. Therefore, the color of cooked beef patties should not be used as an indicator of internal temperature. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,MEAT SCI RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 18 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 59 IS 9 BP 976 EP 983 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA VK557 UT WOS:A1996VK55700012 ER PT J AU Bhaduri, S AF Bhaduri, S TI Lack of correlation between plasmid-associated phenotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica and pathogenicity in the mouse SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID COLONY MORPHOLOGY; BEARING CLONES; VIRULENCE; ASSAY AB Various phenotypic characteristics have been correlated with the pathogenicity of plasmid-bearing virulent strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Two transposon Tn801-insertion derivatives (JD193 and JD217) of the virulence plasmid from serotype 0:3 were used to determine the correlation between pathogenicity and plasmid-associated properties of this organism. Both Tn801-inserted derivatives expressed five plasmid-associated phenotypic characteristics at 37C: (1) colony morphology, (2) calcium-dependent growth or low-calcium response, (3) crystal violet binding, (4) autoagglutination, and (5) hydrophobicity. However, for mouse pathogenicity only JD193 was positive whereas, JD217 was avirulent for mice. Thus, it is possible to have a lack of correlation between plasmid-mediated traits and the actual pathogenicity of the organism in the mouse; however, these plasmid-mediated phenotypic characteristics provide simple and efficient techniques to evaluate the virulence potential of wild-type strains isolated from food poisoning outbreak and clinical cases. RP Bhaduri, S (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 16 IS 3 BP 209 EP 217 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1996.tb00161.x PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA VN782 UT WOS:A1996VN78200004 ER EF