FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Curtis, RO Carey, AB AF Curtis, RO Carey, AB TI Timber supply in the Pacific Northwest: Managing for economic and ecological values in Douglas-fir forests SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Review ID OLD-GROWTH FORESTS RP Curtis, RO (reprint author), USDA, US FOREST SERV, FORESTRY SCI LAB, 3625 93RD AVE SW, OLYMPIA, WA 98512 USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 94 IS 9 BP 4 EP + PG 0 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VF376 UT WOS:A1996VF37600004 ER PT J AU Dix, ME AF Dix, ME TI Pest management in Agroforestry Systems: Worldwide challenges in the 21st century SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID FARMERS; KENYA RP Dix, ME (reprint author), USDA, US FOREST SERV, ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN, NATL AGROFORESTRY CTR, LINCOLN, NE 68583 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 94 IS 9 BP 8 EP 12 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VF376 UT WOS:A1996VF37600005 ER PT J AU Satyanarayana, T Mitchell, SE Reddy, DVR Kresovich, S Jarret, R Naidu, RA Gowda, S Demski, JW AF Satyanarayana, T Mitchell, SE Reddy, DVR Kresovich, S Jarret, R Naidu, RA Gowda, S Demski, JW TI The complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of the M RNA segment of peanut bud necrosis tospovirus and comparison with other tospoviruses SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPOTTED WILT VIRUS; S-RNA; DISTINCT TOSPOVIRUS; MESSENGER-RNA; GENE-PRODUCT; N-GENE; BUNYAVIRUS; GLYCOPROTEIN; CHARACTER; PROTEIN AB The M RNA of peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV; synonym groundnut bud necrosis virus) is 4801 nucleotides in length. It comprised two ORFs in an ambisense organization and terminal inverted repeats. The 3' large ORF (3363 nucleotides in the virus-complementary strand) encoded a protein with a predicted size of 127.2 kDa which was identified as the glycoprotein precursor (GP) of the G1 and G2 glycoproteins. A comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of GP revealed 37% identity and 58-59% similarity with that of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV, serogroup I) and impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV, serogroup III), and 21-23% identity and 44-47 % similarity with those of other members of the genus Bunyavirus. The 5' small ORF (924 nucleotides in the virus-sense strand) encoded a 34.2 kDa protein which was identified as the non-structural (NSm) protein based on 41-43% identity and 60-63% similarity with that of TSWV and INSV. Defective RNA molecules derived from the genomic M RNA were detected during continuous passage of the virus by sap inoculations. C1 INT CROPS RES INST SEMI ARID TROP,DIV CROP PROTECT,ASIA CTR,PATANCHERU 502324,ANDHRA PRADESH,INDIA. UNIV GEORGIA,PLANT GENET RESOURCES CONSERVAT UNIT,USDA,EXPT STN,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. UNIV GEORGIA,EXPT STN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. UNIV FLORIDA,CTR CITRUS RES & EDUC,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850. RI Rayapati, Naidu/A-7125-2009 NR 25 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA HARVEST HOUSE 62 LONDON ROAD, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 5AS SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 77 BP 2347 EP 2352 DI 10.1099/0022-1317-77-9-2347 PN 9 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA VF330 UT WOS:A1996VF33000043 PM 8811036 ER PT J AU Welsh, HH Lind, AJ AF Welsh, HH Lind, AJ TI Habitat correlates of the southern torrent salamander, Rhyacotriton variegatus (Caudata: Rhyacotritonidae), in northwestern California SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST; OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; TEMPERATURE; AMPHIBIANS; ECOLOGY; EDGE AB A systematic stratified sampling design was used to quantify the habitat relationships of the southern torrent salamander, Rhyacotriton variegatus, in northwestern California. We sampled 53 first to third order streams, each surrounded by at least 5-7 ha of relatively homogeneous forest or harvested forest habitat. Measurements of 121 attributes of the forest and stream environment were recorded in conjunction with area-constrained aquatic sampling for salamanders. A subset of 68 variables, grouped into 11 ecological components including attributes at the landscape, macrohabitat, and microhabitat scales, was used in a hierarchical analysis of habitat associations. Results from discriminant and regression analyses indicated that this species occurs within a relatively narrow range of physical and microclimatic conditions and is associated with cold, clear headwater to low-order streams with loose, coarse substrates (low sedimentation), in humid forest habitats with large conifers, abundant moss, and >80% canopy closure. Thus, the southern torrent salamander demonstrates an ecological dependence on conditions of microclimate and habitat structure that are typically best created, stabilized, and maintained within late seral forests in northwestern California. RP Welsh, HH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC SW RES STN,1700 BAYVIEW DR,ARCATA,CA 95521, USA. NR 60 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC STUD AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI OXFORD PA DEPT OF ZOOLOGY MIAMI UNIV, OXFORD, OH 45056 SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 30 IS 3 BP 385 EP 398 DI 10.2307/1565176 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VH539 UT WOS:A1996VH53900011 ER PT J AU Polishook, JD Bills, GF Lodge, DJ AF Polishook, JD Bills, GF Lodge, DJ TI Microfungi from decaying leaves of two rain forest trees in Puerto Rico SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE decomposition; microbial diversity; litter preference; spatial heterogeneity; Guarea guidonia; Manilkara bidentata AB Fungal species richness and abundance were compared in leaf litter of two tree species, Guarea guidonia and Manikara bidentata, in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Four litter samples yielded a total of 3337 isolates, ranging from 591 to 1259 isolates/sample. The number of species/sample ranged from 134 to 228, Nf any uncommon litter hyphomycetes were recovered as well as coelomycetes, sterile strains, endophytes, and phytopathogens, Species-abundance distributions revealed a typical pattern of a few abundant species and a high proportion of rare species, Similarities in fungal species composition were not correlated with host species or with the site, Replicate samples examined by the moist chamber technique yielded a total of 24 species among the four litter samples, The particle filtration method indicated that leaves of G. guidonia were more species-rich, while moist chambers indicated leaves of M. bidentata were more species-rich. The moist chamber technique underestimated the number and species of viable fungi. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,CTR FOREST MYCOL RES,LUQUILLO,PR 00773. RP Polishook, JD (reprint author), MERCK & CO INC,MERCK SHARP & DOHME RES LABS,NAT PROD DRUG DISCOVERY,POB 2000,RY80Y-120,RAHWAY,NJ 07065, USA. NR 16 TC 64 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 5 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL JI J. Indust. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 17 IS 3-4 BP 284 EP 294 DI 10.1007/BF01574703 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA WA711 UT WOS:A1996WA71100018 ER PT J AU HunterCevera, JC Jeffries, TW Eveleigh, DE AF HunterCevera, JC Jeffries, TW Eveleigh, DE TI The first of two double issues on microbial diversity - Introduction SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RUTGERS STATE UNIV,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. RP HunterCevera, JC (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL JI J. Indust. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 17 IS 3-4 BP R6 EP R6 DI 10.1007/BF01574686 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA WA711 UT WOS:A1996WA71100001 ER PT J AU Dworkin, MS Gamble, HR Zarlenga, DS Tennican, PO AF Dworkin, MS Gamble, HR Zarlenga, DS Tennican, PO TI Outbreak of trichinellosis associated with eating cougar jerky SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SPIRALIS; TRICHINOSIS AB There has been a decline in the number of human trichinellosis cases associated with consumption of commercial pork in the United States, while the relative importance of trichinellosis from game meats has increased, An investigation of an outbreak of trichinellosis in Idaho occurring after consumption of improperly prepared cougar jerky is described, Ten cases of trichinellosis were identified among 15 persons who ate the implicated meat. Viable Trichinella larvae were recovered from frozen cougar tissue. Polymerase chain reaction on parasite DNA yielded results consistent with genotypes T. nativa and Trichinella type T6, This report of cougar meat as a source of human trichinellosis and the finding of freeze-resistant Trichinella organisms in wildlife in Idaho extends the range of this genotype, Consumers of game need to cook the meat thoroughly, since even frozen meat may harbor viable Trichinella that can cause illness. C1 USDA,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT MED,WASHINGTON STATE DEPT HLTH,EPIDEM INTELLLIGENCE SERV,SEATTLE,WA. INFECT DIS NW,SPOKANE,WA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 13 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 174 IS 3 BP 663 EP 666 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA VE493 UT WOS:A1996VE49300036 PM 8769634 ER PT J AU Petersson, E Sivinski, J AF Petersson, E Sivinski, J TI Attraction of a kleptoparasitic sphaerocerid fly (Norrbomia frigipennis) to dung beetles (Phanaeus spp and Canthon sp) SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE visual attraction; dung beetles; Sphaeroceridae; Norrbomia frigipennis ID SELECTION; DISPERSAL; DIPTERA AB Norrbomia frigipennis (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) is phoretic on dung-feeding scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). In this study we investigate the attractiveness of three beetle species, Phanaeus ignius, P. vindex, and Canthon pilularis, to the fly. Stationary, moving-dead, and live beetles were used. More flies were attracted to Phanaeus. However, this attractiveness may be due to the larger average size of Phanaeus. A preference for larger individuals was found within Phanaeus, though not within C. pilularis. Flies mounted beetles on the thorax and the elytra at similar rates. Phanaeus males that possesed horns did not attract more flies than did hornless ones, and there was no effect of host sex on attractiveness. In horned Phanaeus, about 11-16% of the flies mounting those beetles landed on the hem. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP Petersson, E (reprint author), UPPSALA UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,VILLAVAGEN 9,S-75236 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 9 IS 5 BP 695 EP 708 DI 10.1007/BF02213550 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VX870 UT WOS:A1996VX87000004 ER PT J AU Binder, BF Robbins, JC AF Binder, BF Robbins, JC TI Age- and density-related oviposition behavior of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE fecundity; oviposition; behavior; egg masses; eggs; aging; population density; adult longevity ID EGG WEIGHT; DEPOSITION; FECUNDITY; LONGEVITY; MASSES; TRAPS; MAIZE AB Age-related oviposition patterns of Ostrinia nubilalis were studied at three population densities in the laboratory by releasing newly eclosed adults in wire-screened cages and analyzing their oviposition throughout the adult stage with digital analysis. Oviposition sequences of individual females depositing egg masses were documented on the third and seventh nights after eclosion with a video camcorder. During a sequence, a female produced an egg in an average time of 15 or 26 s on the third and seventh nights, respectively, and completed depositing an egg mass the size of 20-39 eggs in an average time of 316 and 525 s, respectively. Females were not easily disturbed during egg mass deposition and pulsated their abdomen before deposition of each egg. Females produced few egg masses the first night after eclosion. Oviposition increased on nights 2 and 3 but declined steadily thereafter as females matured. Females older than 6 nights produced fewer egg masses; the proportion of egg masses with fewer than 20 eggs increased gradually. By the end of the adults' lifetime, nearly 100% of the egg masses had fewer than 20 eggs. The data are fundamental to our research to define the role of phytochemicals in modifying oviposition behavior of the European corn borer. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ENTOMOL,AMES,IA 50011. RP Binder, BF (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,CORN INSECTS RES UNIT,GENET LAB,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 9 IS 5 BP 755 EP 769 DI 10.1007/BF02213555 PG 15 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VX870 UT WOS:A1996VX87000009 ER PT J AU Kelly, TJ Kingan, TG Masler, CA Robinson, CH AF Kelly, TJ Kingan, TG Masler, CA Robinson, CH TI Analysis of the ecdysiotropic activity in larval brains of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ecdysone; 3-dehydroecdysone; ELISA; RIA; size-exclusion chromatography ID BOMBYX PROTHORACICOTROPIC HORMONE; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT ECDYSIOTROPINS; WASP COTESIA-CONGREGATA; MOTH LYMANTRIA-DISPAR; EUROPEAN CORN-BORER; GYPSY-MOTH; OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS; SECRETORY PEPTIDES; PREHATCH EGGS; 5TH INSTARS AB The ability of Manduca sexta larval brain extracts to stimulate ecdysteroid synthesis by day-3, last-instar M. sexta prothoracic glands was examined using methods previously described for M. sexta, Bombyx mori and Lymantria dispar. Ecdysteroid synthesis was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with an antiserum that recognized both ecdysone and 3-dehydroecdysone and by radioimmunoassay (RIA) with an antiserum that recognized primarily ecdysone, Time-course analysis by RIA revealed that a basal synthesis rate of about 135 pg ecdysone equivalents/gland/h was reached after 3h of incubation in Grace's medium and that at this time, glands could be activated in a dose-dependent manner about 9-fold with brain extract, as compared to Grace's medium controls, Size-exclusion analysis of the ecdysiotropic activity in brains that had been stored frozen at -20 degrees C revealed activity in size ranges not previously reported for M. sexta, 11.5 kDa and 0.65 kDa, Extracts from brains that had been stored in 90% methanol/0.1% TFA at -50 degrees C, however, revealed primarily the 11.5 kDa form of ecdysiotropin, suggesting possible degradation of the larger form at -20 degrees C and an artifactual production of the 0.65 kDa form. Both forms were sensitive to protease digestion. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 ARS, INSECT NEUROBIOL & HORMONE LAB, INST PLANT SCI, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT BIOL SCI, BALTIMORE, MD 21228 USA. NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 EI 1879-1611 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 42 IS 9 BP 873 EP 880 DI 10.1016/0022-1910(96)00031-5 PG 8 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA VL569 UT WOS:A1996VL56900009 ER PT J AU Moser, BA Becnel, JJ Undeen, AH Hodge, NC Patterson, RS AF Moser, BA Becnel, JJ Undeen, AH Hodge, NC Patterson, RS TI Fatty acid analysis of microsporidia SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fatty acids; microsporidia ID PROFILES; FORMS AB Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) compositions of three species of microsporidia, Thelohania sp., Vairimorpha necatrix, and Nosema algerae from two insect hosts, were studied. This is the first report on the utility of fatty acid analysis as a parameter for the identification of microsporidia, a group of ubiquituous, intracellular parasites. Three acids, palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1 omega 9 cis), and two closely eluting acids combined as Summed Feature 6 (18:2 <(omega)over bar> 6,9 cis and 18:0 anteiso), compose 60% or more of the total differentiated by a combination of qualitative and quantitative FAME profile features. Thelohania sp. and N. algerae had myristic (14:0) and gondoic acid (20:1 omega 9 cis). Thus they were qualitatively differentiated from V. necatrix, in which 14:0 and 20:1 <(omega)over bar> 9 cis were not detected. Thelohania sp. had significantly lower amounts of oleic acid than the other two species and significantly higher amounts of 20:1 <(omega)over bar> 9 cis than N. algerae. FAME composition of N. algerae appeared to be influenced by the insect host. Two acids present in N. algerae isolated from the mosquito, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, were not detected in N. algerae recovered from the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea. Quantitatively, host-related differences included higher levels of Summed Feature 6 in N. algerae from H. zea, compared to N. algerae from A. quadrimaculatus. The utility of FAME profiles for microsporidian taxonomy will depend on: (1) obtaining profiles from a wider range of microsporidian species, and (2) considering environmental and physiological influences of the host. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA,ARS,MAVERL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. RP Moser, BA (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ENTOMOL & NEMATOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 68 IS 2 BP 146 EP 151 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.0072 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VL347 UT WOS:A1996VL34700008 ER PT J AU Johnson, DE McGaughey, WH AF Johnson, DE McGaughey, WH TI Natural mortality among indianmeal moth larvae with resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLUTELLA-XYLOSTELLA; LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE; STRAINS; FITNESS; INSECTICIDE; EVOLUTION; PROTEINS; TOXICITY RP Johnson, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,1515 COLL AVE,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 68 IS 2 BP 170 EP 172 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.0076 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VL347 UT WOS:A1996VL34700012 ER PT J AU Wedincamp, J French, FE Whitcomb, RF Henegar, RB AF Wedincamp, J French, FE Whitcomb, RF Henegar, RB TI Spiroplasmas and entomoplasmas (Procaryotae: Mollicutes) associated with tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) and fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS; DIVERSITY; NOV C1 GEORGIA SO UNIV,INST ARTHROPODOL & PARASITOL,STATESBORO,GA 30460. USDA,ARS,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Wedincamp, J (reprint author), GEORGIA SO UNIV,DEPT BIOL,STATESBORO,GA 30460, USA. NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 68 IS 2 BP 183 EP 186 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VL347 UT WOS:A1996VL34700016 ER PT J AU Ignoffo, CM Garcia, C AF Ignoffo, CM Garcia, C TI Mortality and feeding of late-instar Trichoplusia ni larvae fed a wild or recombinant strain of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Autographa californica SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENETICALLY-ENGINEERED BACULOVIRUSES; PEST-CONTROL; NEUROTOXIN; GENE; EXPRESSION RP Ignoffo, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOL CONTROL INSECTS RES LAB,1503 S PROVIDENCE,COLUMBIA,MO 65203, USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 68 IS 2 BP 191 EP 193 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.0082 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VL347 UT WOS:A1996VL34700018 ER PT J AU Rosin, F Shapiro, DI Lewis, LC AF Rosin, F Shapiro, DI Lewis, LC TI Effects of fertilizers on the survival of Beauveria bassiana SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOIL C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,CORN INSECT RES UNIT,GENET LAB,AMES,IA 50011. RP Rosin, F (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ENTOMOL,CORN INSECT RES UNIT,GENET LAB,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 5 TC 12 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 68 IS 2 BP 194 EP 195 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.0083 PG 2 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VL347 UT WOS:A1996VL34700019 ER PT J AU Ignoffo, CM Garcia, C AF Ignoffo, CM Garcia, C TI Rate of larval lysis and yield and activity of inclusion bodies harvested from Trichoplusia ni larvae fed a wild or recombinant strain of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Autographa californica SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENE; BACULOVIRUSES; NEUROTOXIN; SUNLIGHT RP Ignoffo, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOL CONTROL INSECTS RES LAB,1503 S PROVIDENCE,COLUMBIA,MO 65203, USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 68 IS 2 BP 196 EP 198 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.0084 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VL347 UT WOS:A1996VL34700020 ER PT J AU Hatfield, JL Allen, RG AF Hatfield, JL Allen, RG TI Evapotranspiration estimates under deficient water supplies SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID SOIL HEAT-FLUX; EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION; POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; CANOPY RESISTANCE; GRAIN-SORGHUM; CROP; EVAPORATION; BALANCE; ENERGY AB Effective use of water supplies via irrigation requires good methods for determining crop water needs. To implement irrigation scheduling programs requires an accurate estimate of water use by the crop. This study was undertaken to compare different forms of the evapotranspiration (ET) equations that include Priestley-Taylor and Penman-Monteith for reference ET. To estimate actual ET, the Priestley-Taylor with an adjusted coefficient for available soil water and the Penman-Monteith with a variable surface resistance were compared to water use for grain sorghum, cotton, and grass forage at three locations: Davis, Calif.; Lubbock, Tex.; and Logan, Utah. Both models provided acceptable results; however, the Penman-Monteith model with daily meteorological data input provided more consistent results over the growing season. The Priestley-Taylor overestimated actual ET when crops were limited in soil water because the adjustment for available soil water was not sensitive to soil-water depletion. Irrigation scheduling using the Penman-Monteith model requires daily meteorological data, an estimate of the available soil water depletion, and a measurement of crop leaf area. This method would be useful for irrigation scheduling programs. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL & IRRIG ENGN,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP Hatfield, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 46 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 122 IS 5 BP 301 EP 308 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1996)122:5(301) PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA VH560 UT WOS:A1996VH56000006 ER PT J AU Steenhuis, TS Frankenberger, JR Winchell, M Zollweg, JA Walter, MF AF Steenhuis, TS Frankenberger, JR Winchell, M Zollweg, JA Walter, MF TI SCS runoff equation revisited for variable-source runoff areas - Closure SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGR & BIOL ENGN,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT HYDROL & WATER RESOURCES,TUCSON,AZ 85721. USDA ARS,US REG PASTURE RES LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP Steenhuis, TS (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT AGR & BIOL ENGN,RILEY ROBB HALL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 122 IS 5 BP 319 EP 320 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1996)122:5(319.2) PG 2 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA VH560 UT WOS:A1996VH56000010 ER PT J AU Li, ZL McNamara, JR Fruchart, JC Luc, G Bard, JM Ordovas, JM Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ AF Li, ZL McNamara, JR Fruchart, JC Luc, G Bard, JM Ordovas, JM Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ TI Effects of gender and menopausal status on plasma lipoprotein subspecies and particle sizes SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE menopause; lipids; apolipoproteins; lipoprotein subspecies; lipoprotein particle ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEINS; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL LEVELS; RISK-FACTORS; FOLLOW-UP AB The risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is lower in women than in men, but increases in women after menopause. Some of the gender, age, and menopausal-related differences in CHD risk may relate to differences in lipoprotein subspecies. We therefore examined these subspecies in three groups of healthy subjects: premenopausal women (W, n = 72, mean age 41.2 +/- 6.5), postmenopausal women (PMW, n = 74, 55.8 +/- 7.4), and men (M, n = 139, 48.8 +/- 10.7). We measured plasma levels of Lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I, A-IV: B, C-III, and E, and lipoprotein subspecies Lp A-I, Lp A-I:A-II, Lp B, Lp B:C-III, and Lp B:E, as well as LDL and HDL particle sizes, Our data indicate that women have significantly higher values of HDL-C, apoA-I, apoE, and Lp A-I; larger LDL and HDL particle sizes; and lower values of triglyceride, apoB, and Lp B;C-III particles than men, with no difference in Lp A-I:A-II. Post-menopausal status was associated with significantly higher values of total cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL-C, and LDL-C; increased levels of apoB, C-III, and E; elevated values of Lp B, Lp B:C-III, and Lp B:E; and lower levels of HDL-C along with smaller HDL. particle size. Moreover, we noted a strong correlation between LDL and HDL particle size. Our data are consistent with the concepts that male gender confers decreases in HDL subspecies due to lower Lp A-I levels; while postmenopausal status results in higher levels of all apoB-containing lipoproteins (Lp B, Lp IS:C-III, and Lp B:E). Tile lipoprotein alterations associated with male gender and postmenopausal status would be expected to increase CHD risk. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,EPIDEMIOL & BIOMETRY PROGRAM,FRAMINGHAM,MA. INST PASTEUR,INSERM,F-59019 LILLE,FRANCE. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HV-83-03] NR 65 TC 87 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 37 IS 9 BP 1886 EP 1896 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA VH359 UT WOS:A1996VH35900006 PM 8895054 ER PT J AU McNamara, JR Small, DM Li, ZL Schaefer, EJ AF McNamara, JR Small, DM Li, ZL Schaefer, EJ TI Differences in LDL subspecies involve alterations in lipid composition and conformational changes in apolipoprotein B SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE apolipoproteins; lipoprotein composition; low density lipoproteins; gradient gel electrophoresis; ultracentrifugation ID LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; HUMAN-PLASMA; PARTICLE-SIZE; COMBINED HYPERLIPIDEMIA; SUBFRACTIONS; BINDING; SURFACE; HETEROGENEITY AB In order to investigate causes of variability in low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size, we have assessed LDL composition in plasma from 66 subjects, each with a single LDL band, by 2-16% gradient gel electrophoresis, with a total of eight discrete sizes (LDL-1 to LDL-8). Lipoprotein concentrations were analyzed by standard methods; specific proteins were assessed by immunoassay and electrophoresis. Results showed decreased anhydrous molecular weight with size (2.67 +/- 0.07 x 10(6) to 1.78 +/- 0.19 x 10(6)), along with decreased relative content for cholesteryl ester (41.5% to 24.3%), free cholesterol (10.1% to 4.6%), and phospholipid (23.7% to 18.9%), and increased triglyceride (4.1% to 21.0%) and protein (20.5% to 31.2%) content. As LDL size decreased, the ratio of surface cholesterol to phospholipid decreased from 0.53 to 0.29, and the fraction of surface area covered by lipid decreased from 0.74 to 0.47. Moreover, core volume decreased with size from 24.2 Angstrom(3) x 10(5) to 15.9 Angstrom(3) x 10(5), and the ratio of surface-to-core lipids fell from 0.59 to 0.46. Based on surface pressures of 30 mN/m, the area covered by surface lipid was calculated to range from 6.45 Angstrom(2) x 10(4) in the largest LDL, to 3.10 Angstrom(2) x 10(4) in the smallest. Computer modeling indicates that alterations in the tertian; structure of apoB-100 are required to account for surface changes. The estimated core surface area requiring coverage by apoB increased with decreasing particle size from 2.26 Angstrom(2) x 10(4) to 3.46 Angstrom(2) x 10(4). To accommodate coverage of increasing relative surface area associated with decreasing size, apoB thickness at the interface was calculated to decrease from approximately 25 Angstrom to 16 Angstrom. Such conformational changes in apoB may alter exposed epitopes, possibly causing changes in LDL receptor binding affinity and resistance to oxidation. C1 BOSTON UNIV, SCH MED, CTR ADV BIOMED RES, BOSTON, MA 02118 USA. RP McNamara, JR (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV, USDA, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, LIPID METAB LAB, 711 WASHINGTON ST, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL26335, HL35243, HV83-03] NR 46 TC 107 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 37 IS 9 BP 1924 EP 1935 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA VH359 UT WOS:A1996VH35900010 PM 8895058 ER PT J AU Hammack, L Hesler, LS AF Hammack, L Hesler, LS TI Phenylpropanoids as attractants for adult Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Stomoxys calcitrans; attractants; phenylpropanoids; 3-phenyl-1-propanol; stable fly ID STABLE FLIES DIPTERA; CARBON-DIOXIDE; TSETSE-FLIES; HOST ODORS; STICKY TRAPS; HORN FLIES; RESPONSES; FLY; GLOSSINIDAE; POPULATIONS AB Rate of capture of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), on phenylpropanoid-baited and unbailed sticky traps was determined in tests conducted in a corn field and in grasses adjacent to a daily farm. Phenylpropanoid compounds significantly increased capture in 2 of 4 tests in corn. Captures were highest with 3-phenyl-1-propanol, followed closely by hydrocinnamaldehyde (3-phenyl-1-propanal), and more distantly by cinnamyl alcohol. Both sexes were trapped, although males predominated approximate to 2:1. Compounds without apparent attractiveness were (E)-cinnamaldehyde, 4-propylphenol, and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol. In the test adjacent to a dairy, 3-phenyl-1-propanol attracted approximate to 16 times more stable flies than did 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol or controls. The latter 2 treatments did not differ from one another, but were significantly less effective than S-phenyl-1-propanol, which captured 1.2 times more males than females. The results are discussed in relation to stable fly nectar- and host-seeking behaviors. RP Hammack, L (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB,2923 MEDARY AVE,BROOKINGS,SD 57006, USA. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 33 IS 5 BP 859 EP 862 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA VE591 UT WOS:A1996VE59100023 PM 8840698 ER PT J AU Roehrdanz, RL Johnson, DA AF Roehrdanz, RL Johnson, DA TI Mitochondrial DNA restriction site map of Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cochliomyia macellaria; Cochliomyia hominivorax; mitochondrial DNA; restriction site map ID SECONDARY SCREWWORM DIPTERA; POPULATION-GENETICS; GENOME ORGANIZATION; SEQUENCE; SYSTEMATICS; HOMINIVORAX; FLY AB The mitochondrial DNA of the secondary screwworm, Cochliomyia macellaria (F), was cleaved with 15 restriction endonucleases to produce 54 restriction fragments. Forty-three restriction sites recognized by 12 enzymes were assigned positions on a restriction site map. Both the restriction fragments and the restriction site map were compared with published data from the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel). The restriction site maps were aligned using a combination of highly conserved restriction sites. Estimated nucleotide divergence between the 2 species based on the fragments was 0.052. The divergence based on the restriction site map was 0.093. The data provide a baseline for future population or phylogenetic investigations. C1 CONCORDIA COLL,DEPT BIOL,MOORHEAD,MN 56560. RP Roehrdanz, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,POB 5674,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 33 IS 5 BP 863 EP 865 PG 3 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA VE591 UT WOS:A1996VE59100024 PM 8840699 ER PT J AU Nunamaker, RA Brown, SE Knudson, DL AF Nunamaker, RA Brown, SE Knudson, DL TI Metaphase chromosomes of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Culicoides variipennis; chromosomes; genome; karyotype; midge; cell culture ID VIRUS AB The cytogenetics of Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett) tissue derived from a continuous cell line is presented. The karyotype consisted of 68.5% diploid (2n = 6), 30% tetraploid (4n = 12), and 1.5% octaploid (8n = 24) for the metaphase spreads examined. Distinguishing cytological features were not seen, and the 3 pairs of homomorphic chromosomes were not distinguished from each other. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV, DEPT ENTOMOL, COLL AGR SCI, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. RP Nunamaker, RA (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING, USDA ARS, ARTHROPOD BORNE ANIM DIS RES LAB, POB 3965, LARAMIE, WY 82071 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 33 IS 5 BP 871 EP 873 PG 3 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA VE591 UT WOS:A1996VE59100026 PM 8840701 ER PT J AU Eng, GY Maxwell, RJ AF Eng, GY Maxwell, RJ TI Effect of immobilization on the penicillin binding and reactivity properties of DD-peptidase from Streptomyces R61 SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR RECOGNITION LA English DT Article DE affinity chromatography; carboxypeptidase; DD-peptidase; immobilization; beta-lactam; penicillin; penicillin-binding protein; surface plasmon resonance ID BETA-LACTAMASES; ACTIVE-SITE; CARBOXYPEPTIDASE-TRANSPEPTIDASE; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CIRCULAR-DICHROISM; CLASS-A; PERFORMANCE; RESIDUES; PROTEINS; ENZYMES AB An affinity gel matrix containing an enzyme (DD-peptidase) with specific beta-lactam binding properties was characterized with respect to its binding and reactivity behavior with penicillin, The data show that immobilization of DDP by reaction with the enzymes susceptible amino groups resulted in changes in catalytic activity on a tripeptide substrate, penicillin binding efficiency and pH stability of drug binding, Properties unaffected by immobilization were the drug-enzyme complex stability, binding reaction mechanism, drug selectivity and method of complex desorption. The affinity of DDP for penicillin-G was investigated by surface plasmon resonance, These characteristics were compared with those of the soluble enzyme, Conditions for elution of the bound drug were determined and a method for immobilizing Streptomyces DDP by which its binding site structure is sustained was also evaluated. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0952-3499 J9 J MOL RECOGNIT JI J. Mol. Recognit. PD SEP-DEC PY 1996 VL 9 IS 5-6 BP 706 EP 714 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1352(199634/12)9:5/6<706::AID-JMR326>3.0.CO;2-W PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA WZ027 UT WOS:A1996WZ02700059 PM 9174961 ER PT J AU Noel, GR Edwards, DI AF Noel, GR Edwards, DI TI Population development of Heterodera glycines and soybean yield in soybean-maize rotations following introduction into a noninfested field SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE crop loss; crop rotation; cropping system; resistance; Glycine max; Heterodera glycines; integrated pest management; maize; race; population dynamics; soybean; soybean cyst nematode; Zea mays ID REPRODUCTION; SELECTION; BRAZIL AB An 11-year field study was initiated in 1979 to monitor population development of Heterodera glycines. Fifty cysts of a race 5 population were introduced into plots in a field with no history of soybean production and that had been in sod for 20 years. Soybean cultivars either susceptible or resistant to H. glycines were grown either in monoculture or rotated with maize in a 2-year rotation. During the first 5 years, resistant cultivars with the Peking source of resistance were planted. After year 5, monoculture of Peking resistance resulted in 18 cysts/250 cm(3) of soil, whereas populations resulting from the continuous cropping of susceptible soybean resulted in 45 cysts/250 cm(3). Some plots in all treatments, including control plots, were contaminated at the end of year 5. Crop rotation delayed population development of H. glycines. During years 6 through 11 cv. Fayette (PI88.788 source of resistance) was planted. In year 6 numbers of cysts declined to 1/250 cm(3) of soil in the treatment consisting of monocultured Fayette. At the end of year 10, cysts were below the detection level in all treatments in which Fayette was planted. Yield of susceptible soybean in monoculture with or without H. glycines infestation was lower beginning in year 6 when compared to yield of soybean grown in rotation and remained lower throughout the duration of the experiment except for 1987 (year 9). Yields of susceptible and resistant soybean were different each year except for drought years in 1980 and 1988. From 1979 to 1982 differences in yield were due to lower yield potential of resistant cultivars. Except for the drought year, yield of cv. Fayette was greater than susceptible Williams 82 during years 6 through 11. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Noel, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROB PROTECT RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 28 IS 3 BP 335 EP 342 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VK847 UT WOS:A1996VK84700009 PM 19277151 ER PT J AU Johnson, AW Wauchope, RD Sumner, DR AF Johnson, AW Wauchope, RD Sumner, DR TI Effect of simulated rainfall on efficacy and leaching of two formulations of fenamiphos SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cucurbita melopepo; efficacy; fenamiphos; leaching; management; Meloidogyne incognita; nematicide; nematode; root-knot; root-knot nematode; squash ID OVERHEAD SPRINKLER IRRIGATION; NEMATICIDES; PHENAMIPHOS; DEGRADATION; NEMATODES; SYSTEM; SOILS AB Recoverable fenamiphos in the soil and residue in squash following different simulated rainfall treatments after nematicide application were determined in a 5-year study. Efficacy of fenamiphos also was evaluated. Fenamiphos treatments (3 SC and 15 G) were broadcast (6.7 kg a.i./ha) over plots and incorporated into the top 15 cm of soil immediately before planting 'Dixie Hybrid' squash. Simulated rainfall treatments of 0, 2.5, and 5.0 cm water were applied 1 day after fenamiphos application. Soil samples from 0- to 8-cm, 8- to 15-cm, and 15- to 30-cm soil depths were collected 1 day after the simulated rainfall applications and analyzed for fenamiphos, fenamiphos sulfoxide (FSO), and fenamiphos sulfone (FSO2). Squash was analyzed for total fenamiphos residue. Greater concentrations of fenamiphos were present in the 0- to 8-cm soil layer following application of 15 G than 3 SC formulation. Simulated rainfall treatments did not alter fenamiphos concentrations in any soil layer (except for the 0- to 8-cm depth in 1992) or concentration of FSO and total fenamiphos residue in the 15- to 30-cm soil layer. Root-gall indices were greater from untreated than most fenamiphos-treated plots, but were not affected by formulations of fenamiphos or simulated rainfall treatments. Concentrations of total residue in squash ranged from 1 to 4 mu g FSO2/g. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN STN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,TIFTON,GA 31793. RP Johnson, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS,COASTAL PLAIN STN,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 28 IS 3 BP 379 EP 388 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VK847 UT WOS:A1996VK84700014 PM 19277156 ER PT J AU Johnson, AW Dowler, CC Glaze, NC Handoo, ZA AF Johnson, AW Dowler, CC Glaze, NC Handoo, ZA TI Role of nematodes, nematicides, and crop rotation on the productivity and quality of potato, sweet potato, peanut, and grain sorghum SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Arachis hypogaea; crop rotation; fenamiphos; grain sorghum; Ipomoea batatas; Meloidogyne arenaria; Meloidogyne hapla; Meloidogyne incognita; Mesocriconema ornatum; nematode; peanut; potato; root-knot; root-knot nematode; Solanum tuberosum; Sorghum vulgare; sweet potato ID MELOIDOGYNE-ARENARIA; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; TOBACCO AB The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of fenamiphos 15G and short-cycle potato (PO)-sweet potato (SP) grown continuously and in rotation with peanut (PE)-grain sorghum (GS) on yield, crop quality, and mixed nematode population densities of Meloidogyne arenaria, M. hapla, M. Incognita, and Mesocriconema ornatum. Greater root-gall indices and damage by M. hapla and M. incognita occurred on potato than other crops. Most crop yields were higher and root-gall indices lower from fenamiphos-treated plots than untreated plots. The total yield of potato in the PO-SP and PO-SP-PE-GS sequences increased from 1983 to 1985 in plots infested with M. hapla or M. arenaria and M. incognita in combination and decreased in 1986 to 1987 when root-knot nematode populations shifted to M. incognita. The total yields of sweet potato in the PO-SP-PE-GS sequence were similar in 1983 and 1985, and declined each year in the PO-SP sequence as a consequence of M. incognita population density increase in the soil. Yield of peanut from soil infested with M. hapla increased 82% in fenamiphos-treated plots compared to untreated plots. Fenamiphos treatment increased yield of grain sorghum from 5% to 45% over untreated controls. The declining yields of potato and sweet potato observed with both the PO-SP and PO-SP-PE-GS sequences indicate that these crop systems should not be used longer than 3 years in soil infested with M. incognita, M. arenaria, or M. hapla. Under these conditions, these two cropping systems promote a population shift in favor of M. incognita, which is more damaging to potato and sweet potato than M. arenaria and M. hapla. C1 USDA ARS,COASTAL PLAIN STN,TIFTON,GA 31793. USDA ARS,INST PLANT SCI,NEMATOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 43 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 7 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 28 IS 3 BP 389 EP 399 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VK847 UT WOS:A1996VK84700015 PM 19277157 ER PT J AU Griffin, GD Rumbaugh, MD AF Griffin, GD Rumbaugh, MD TI Host suitability of twelve leguminosae species to populations of Meloidogyne hapla and M-chitwoodi SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE host suitability; legumes; leguminosae; Meloidogyne chitwoodi; M-hapla; pathology; reproduction; root galling; root-knot nematode; resistance; shoot weight; survival; susceptibility ID ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; ALFALFA; CULTIVARS AB Legumes of the genera Astragalus (milkvetch), Coronilla (crownvetch), Lathyrus (pea vine), Lotus (birdsfoot trefoil), Medicago (alfalfa), Melilotus (clover), Trifolium (clover), and Vicia (common vetch) were inoculated with a population of Meloidogyne chitwoodi from Utah or with one of three M. hapla populations from California, Utah, and Wyoming. Thirty-nine percent to 86% of alfalfa (M. scutellata) and 10% to 55% of red clover (T. pratense) plants survived inoculation with the nematode populations at a greenhouse temperature of 24 +/- 3 degrees C. All plants of the other legume species survived all nematode populations, except 4% of the white clover (T. repens) plants inoculated with the California M. hapla population. Entries were usually more susceptible to the M. hapla populations than to M. chitwoodi. Galling of host roots differed between nematode populations and species. Root-galling indices (1 = none, 6 = severely galled) ranged from 1 on pea vine inoculated with the California population of M. hapla to 6 on yellow sweet clover inoculated with the Wyoming population of M. hapla. The nematode reproductive factor (Rf = final nematode population/initial nematode population) ranged from 0 for all nematode populations on pea vine to 35 for the Wyoming population of M. hapla on alfalfa (M. sativa). RP Griffin, GD (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 4 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 28 IS 3 BP 400 EP 405 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VK847 UT WOS:A1996VK84700016 PM 19277158 ER PT J AU Martin, KR Failla, ML Smith, JC AF Martin, KR Failla, ML Smith, JC TI beta-Carotene and lutein protect HepG2 human liver cells against oxidant-induced damage SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE carotenoids; antioxidant; amino acid transport; glucose transport; HepG2 human cell line ID CHICKEN-EMBRYO FIBROBLASTS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; CANCER PREVENTION; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; HUMAN-PLASMA; IN-VITRO; ANTIOXIDANTS; METABOLISM; HYDROPEROXIDE AB Numerous epidemiological studies support a strong inverse relationship between consumption of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables and the incidence of some degenerative diseases. One proposed mechanism of protection by carotenoids centers on their putative antioxidant activity, although direct evidence in support of this contention is limited at the cellular level. The antioxidant potential of beta-carotene (BC) and lutein (LUT), carotenoids with or without provitamin A activity, respectively, was evaluated using the human liver cell line HepG2. Pilot studies showed that a 90-min exposure of confluent cultures to 500 mu mol/L tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) at 37 degrees C significantly (P < 0.05) increased lipid peroxidation and cellular leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and decreased the uptake of H-3-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and H-3-2-deoxyglucose. Protein synthesis, mitochondrial activity and glucose oxidation were not affected by TBHP treatment, suggesting that the plasma membrane was the primary site of TBHP-induced damage. Overnight incubation of cultures with greater than or equal to 1 mu mol/L dl-alpha-tocopherol protected cells against oxidant-induced changes. In parallel studies, overnight incubation of HepG2 in medium containing micelles with either BC or LUT (final concentrations of 1.1 and 10.9 mu mol/L, respectively), the cell content of the carotenoids increased from < 0.04 to 0.32 and 3.39 nmol/mg protein, respectively. Carotenoid-loaded cells were partially or completely protected against oxidant-induced changes in lipid peroxidation, LDH release and amino acid and deoxyglucose transport. These data demonstrate that BC and LUT or their metabolites protect HepG2 cells against oxidant-induced damage and that the protective effect is independent of provitamin A activity. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT FOOD NUTR & FOOD SERV MANAGEMENT,GREENSBORO,NC 27412. USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,CAROTENOIDS RES UNIT,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 36 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 BP 2098 EP 2106 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG568 UT WOS:A1996VG56800006 PM 8814197 ER PT J AU DawsonHughes, B Fowler, SE Dalsky, G Gallagher, C AF DawsonHughes, B Fowler, SE Dalsky, G Gallagher, C TI Sodium excretion influences calcium homeostasis in elderly men and women SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE sodium; calcium; bone loss; men; women ID POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; BONE AB This study was conducted to compare associations between urinary sodium and calcium in elderly men and women, overall and by level of calcium intake, and to examine associations between urinary sodium excretion and bone mineral density in the same population. Healthy men (n = 249) and women (n = 665) over age 65 y had measurements of 24-h urinary sodium and calcium and spine, hip, and whole-body bone mineral density. Urinary sodium and calcium excretion were significantly correlated in men (r = 0.42, P = 0.0001) and women (r = 0.26, P = 0.0001), but the regression coefficient was greater in men than in women (beta = 0.017 vs. 0.010, P = 0.007). Within each gender, associations between 24-h urinary sodium and calcium were similar and significant at intermediate and high calcium intakes but were not significant at very low intake levels. Urinary sodium was not correlated with bone mineral density. In conclusion, in healthy elderly men and women, urinary sodium and calcium excretion are linked at moderate and high dietary calcium intakes but not at low calcium intakes. For a given sodium excretion, elderly men excrete more calcium than women. C1 HENRY FOOD HLTH SCI CTR, DETROIT, MI 48202 USA. UNIV CONNECTICUT, CTR HLTH, FARMINGTON, CT 06030 USA. CREIGHTON UNIV, OMAHA, NE 68131 USA. RP DawsonHughes, B (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV, JEAN MAYER US DEPT AGR, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG10353] NR 14 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 EI 1541-6100 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 BP 2107 EP 2112 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG568 UT WOS:A1996VG56800007 PM 8814198 ER PT J AU Howe, JC Rumpler, WV Behall, KM AF Howe, JC Rumpler, WV Behall, KM TI Dietary starch composition and level of energy intake alter nutrient oxidation in ''carbohydrate-sensitive'' men SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE energy expenditure; hyperinsulinemic men; amylose starch; fuel oxidation; overfeed ID FAT OXIDATION; OBESITY; GLUCOSE; AMYLOSE; INSULIN; HUMANS; THERMOGENESIS; EXPENDITURE; VARIABLES; INFUSION AB The effect of dietary starch type on components of 24-h energy expenditure (total, sleep, exercise) were examined in 13 hyperinsulinemic and nine control men, aged 28-58 y. Subjects consumed products containing 70% amylopectin or 70% amylose cornstarch for two 14-wk periods in a crossover design. A 10-wk period of starch replacement in the subjects' self-selected diets was followed by a 4-wk controlled feeding period at 100% maintenance energy in-take; diets during the last 4 d of the controlled feeding period provided excess energy, i.e., 125% of maintenance energy. Data for insulin, glucose, 24-h energy expenditure and its components, respiratory quotient and nutrient oxidation were analyzed by ANOVA for mixed models. Although insulin and glucose responses to a starch tolerance test remained greater for hyperinsulinemic than for control subjects, both were reduced with high amylose consumption (P < 0.04). No component of energy expenditure was significantly affected by dietary starch or subject type. However, excess energy intake did increase metabolic energy expenditure (P < 0.0001). Protein oxidation increased with excess energy intake when subjects consumed the high amylopectin starch but did not increase in response to excess energy consumption when the high amylose diet was consumed, suggesting increased protein retention. The magnitude of the response in carbohydrate and fat oxidation was blunted in hyperinsulinemic subjects consuming excess levels of the amylose diet. This may be due to an improvement in overall insulin response or to a change in available substrates for oxidation resulting from microbial fermentation. C1 USDA, BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, CARBOHYDRATE NUTR LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP Howe, JC (reprint author), USDA, BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, ENERGY & PROT NUTR LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 BP 2120 EP 2129 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG568 UT WOS:A1996VG56800009 PM 8814200 ER PT J AU Jacob, RA Kutnink, MA Csallany, AS Daroszewska, M Burton, GW AF Jacob, RA Kutnink, MA Csallany, AS Daroszewska, M Burton, GW TI Vitamin C nutriture has little short-term effect on vitamin E concentrations in healthy women SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin C; vitamin E; vitamin interaction; antioxidant; humans ID ALPHA-TOCOPHERYL ACETATE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; HUMAN-PLASMA; ASCORBATE; RATS; ACID; PIG; COMBINATION; TISSUE AB To determine whether the postulated sparing effect of vitamin E by ascorbic acid (AA) is important for human nutrition, we studied vitamin E status in 20 healthy pre-menopausal women (age 20-43 y) with high or low vitamin C intakes for 6 wk in a live-in metabolic unit. The experimental diet contained no fruits and vegetables and provided 5 mg/d of AA (Recommended Dietary Allowance = 60 mg/d), 3 mg/d of alpha-tocopherol (RDA = 10 mg/d) and 42 g/d of tocopherol-stripped safflower oil to increase the vitamin E requirement. Half of the subjects received a daily AA supplement of 495 mg (high AA group). A biochemical ascorbate deficiency was attained in the low AA group as indicated by plasma AA concentrations that reached the lower limit of normal by study d 15. Oral doses (20 mg) of hexadeuterated RRR-alpha-tocopherol acetate (d6-alpha T) were given daily to all subjects on d 15-21. Measures of vitamin E status included d6-alpha T and unlabeled alpha-tocopherol concentrations in plasma, platelets, buccal cells and adipose. The levels of unlabeled alpha-tocopherol decreased over time in plasma and platelets and were unchanged for buccal cells and adipose, but were not significantly affected by AA intake. Likewise, the rise and fall of plasma and platelet d6-alpha T, and measures of lipid peroxidation, were not affected by AA intake. Although vitamin C nutriture did not significantly affect vitamin E status within the 6-wk time period of this experiment, further study of this question is warranted, because some of the present results indicate a trend toward sparing of tissue tocopherol by high AA intake. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA,STEACIE INST MOL SCI,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0R6,CANADA. RP Jacob, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 29997,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129, USA. NR 34 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 BP 2268 EP 2277 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG568 UT WOS:A1996VG56800025 PM 8814216 ER PT J AU FreelandGraves, JH Turnlund, JR AF FreelandGraves, JH Turnlund, JR TI Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for manganese and molybdenum dietary recommendations SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on New Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for RDAs of Mineral Elements CY SEP 10-12, 1995 CL GRAND FORKS, ND SP USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr & Sch Med, Univ N Dakota DE manganese; molybdenum; dietary recommendations; human ID TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; YOUNG MEN; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; METABOLIC BALANCE; STABLE ISOTOPES; BLOOD-CELLS; ABSORPTION; RETENTION; COPPER; DEFICIENCY AB The background of the current dietary recommendations for manganese and molybdenum are described. This article reviews how the previous and current estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (ESADDI) were set, shortcomings in the methods used, concerns about the current recommendations, and brief summaries of new research reports. New approaches, endpoints and paradigms to use for the development of useful recommendations are given. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129. RP FreelandGraves, JH (reprint author), UNIV TEXAS,DIV NUTR,A2700,AUSTIN,TX 78712, USA. NR 52 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 SU S BP S2435 EP S2440 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG826 UT WOS:A1996VG82600022 ER PT J AU Holden, JM AF Holden, JM TI Expert systems for the evaluation of data quality for establishing the recommended dietary allowances SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on New Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for RDAs of Mineral Elements CY SEP 10-12, 1995 CL GRAND FORKS, ND SP USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr & Sch Med, Univ N Dakota DE nutrient data quality; food composition; quality control; nutrient data base; expert systems ID SELENIUM AB In view of the important role that nutrient intake assessments play in establishing the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), the quality of food composition data must be assured for accuracy and representativeness. Assurance of data quality requires the definition of critical parameters in the data generation process and the evaluation of specific data for foods and components according to these parameters. An expert systems approach for evaluating the quality of analytical data has been developed by scientists at the Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center to determine the quality of food composition data for five parameters: sampling plan, sample handling, number of samples, analytical method and analytical quality control. A rating scale for each parameter was developed with 0 representing poor or inadequately documented data and 3 representing optimal data. Specific criteria for each parameter and rating have been developed and incorporated into expert systems software to facilitate the objective assignment of ratings for each data source by the reviewer. After all ratings for a specific food-nutrient combination are assigned, the system calculates a composite score called the ''confidence code'' which indicates to the user the relative level of confidence in the data. By identifying and rating the important steps in the data generation process, one can begin to partition the possible sources of error or variability in the process. Limitation of the data set relative to specific purposes (e.g., setting the RDAs) can be identified. The evaluation process can provide the basis for focussed research to improve the most critical areas of the data generation process. A similar process could be established to evaluate the quality of analytical data for clinical measurements used to establish the RDAs. RP Holden, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,NUTR DATA LAB,4700 RIVER RD,UNIT 89,RIVERDALE,MD 20737, USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 SU S BP S2329 EP S2336 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG826 UT WOS:A1996VG82600007 ER PT J AU Hunt, CD Stoecker, BJ AF Hunt, CD Stoecker, BJ TI Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for boron, chromium and fluoride dietary recommendations SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on New Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for RDAs of Mineral Elements CY SEP 10-12, 1995 CL GRAND FORKS, ND SP USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr & Sch Med, Univ N Dakota DE boron; chromium; fluoride; RDAs; human ID TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; SODIUM-FLUORIDE; POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS; SUPPLEMENTAL-CHROMIUM; MINERAL METABOLISM; URINARY-EXCRETION; ENAMEL FLUOROSIS; ASCORBIC-ACID; WOMEN AB The 10th edition (1989) of the Recommended Dietary Allowances provided estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (ESADDI) for chromium and fluoride and summarized the substantial evidence for boron essentiality in animals. New endpoints, approaches and paradigms to use to formulate dietary guidance for these elements were reviewed by a discussion group that met as part of a national workshop. Deliberations of the group are summarized to facilitate future discussions on dietary guidance for these elements. The category, ''provisional RDA'' was recommended to replace the current ESADDI category because of the ambiguities associated with the ESADDI. A provisional RDA would be defined for a dietary substance that meets one of two sets of criteria: class 1, clear evidence of essentiality but uncertain or limited quantitative data or endpoints to define dietary requirements; and class 2, strong evidence of essentiality, and clear nutritional benefit based on reasonably certain quantitative data, but lack of clear information on function or endpoints to use for deficiency dietary requirements. A summary of background information and possible approaches for assigning provisional RDAs for boron, chromium and fluoride is presented. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT NUTR SCI,STILLWATER,OK 74078. RP Hunt, CD (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 9034,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 110 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 SU S BP S2441 EP S2451 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG826 UT WOS:A1996VG82600023 ER PT J AU Hunt, JR AF Hunt, JR TI Bioavailability algorithms in setting recommended dietary allowances: Lessons from iron, applications to zinc SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on New Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for RDAs of Mineral Elements CY SEP 10-12, 1995 CL GRAND FORKS, ND SP USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr & Sch Med, Univ N Dakota DE iron; zinc; absorption; bioavailability algorithms ID ASCORBIC-ACID SUPPLEMENTATION; NONHEME-IRON; CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; VITAMIN-C; ABSORPTION; HUMANS; PROTEIN; STORES; PHYTATE AB In addition to determining the amounts of isolated nutrients required for physiological function and homeostatic control, setting Recommended Dietary Allowances requires a consideration of nutrient bioavailability from foods in common diets. Bioavailability algorithms, or mathematical models to estimate nutrient bioavailability from different diets, have great appeal to help establish recommended intakes and identify beneficial dietary modifications. Accurate algorithms are difficult to develop because of the chemical complexity of the food supply and the numerous interactions that affect the bioavailability of mineral elements. A combination of reductionist and holistic approaches is necessary to identify the effects of isolated dietary components, and then to evaluate these effects in the complicated matrix of a whole diet. The most extensive development of bioavailability algorithms for mineral nutrients has been for iron, and understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the iron algorithms may help in development of algorithms for other inorganic nutrients such as zinc. Examples are provided to indicate the possible revision of iron bioavailability algorithms, the difficulty of verifying the iron bioavailability algorithms with iron status indices, and the possible development of zinc bioavailability algorithms. Bioavailability must be considered in the context of the biological control of mineral absorption, utilization and excretion, which may outweigh the importance of mineral bioavailability from diets in affluent countries with a varied and abundant food supply. While bioavailability algorithms may be helpful in estimating the effects of dietary changes or recommendations, and in improving diets of populations with a high incidence of deficiency of the mineral, they are not as yet sufficiently developed and validated for setting quantitative recommendations for ''bioavailable'' mineral intake. RP Hunt, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 9034,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 46 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 SU S BP S2345 EP S2353 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG826 UT WOS:A1996VG82600010 ER PT J AU Johnson, PE AF Johnson, PE TI New approaches to establish mineral element requirements and recommendations: An introduction SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on New Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for RDAs of Mineral Elements CY SEP 10-12, 1995 CL GRAND FORKS, ND SP USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr & Sch Med, Univ N Dakota DE nutrient interactions; genetic variability; dietary recommendations; humans ID RACE AB Early efforts to establish dietary recommendations were focused on defining minimum intakes of nutrients needed to prevent deficiency diseases. Although these early recommendations have proven to be successful in preventing frank deficiency diseases, new knowledge regarding the functions of nutrients at the biochemical, physiological, and gene levels has shifted the emphasis to defining the kinds and amounts of nutrients needed to optimize physiological and mental functions and to prevent or minimize the development of degenerative diseases that now are dominant public health concerns. Several challenges must be faced in producing recommendations based on this new knowledge. It must be recognized that nutrients are not consumed in isolation from one another, and interactions between a single nutrient and other nutrients and nonnutrients in foods will need to be taken into account when making dietary recommendations for that nutrient. Another factor that will influence dietary recommendations is the genetic variation of humans. New knowledge regarding the effects of genetic variability on human metabolism will ultimately lead to the development of dietary recommendations that address genetic influences on the nutritional needs of specific segments of our population. RP Johnson, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS,PACIFIC W AREA OFF,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 SU S BP S2309 EP S2311 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG826 UT WOS:A1996VG82600004 ER PT J AU Klevay, LM Medeiros, DM AF Klevay, LM Medeiros, DM TI Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for dietary recommendations about copper SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on New Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for RDAs of Mineral Elements CY SEP 10-12, 1995 CL GRAND FORKS, ND SP USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr & Sch Med, Univ N Dakota DE cholesterol; depletion; health; heart disease; humans ID LONG-EVANS RAT; BLOOD-PRESSURE; DEFICIENT RATS; MEN; YOUNG; CHOLESTEROL; CARDIOMYOPATHY; ABNORMALITIES; INDEXES; TISSUE AB Important aspects of copper nutrition were collected from all 10 editions of the Recommended Dietary Allowance along with the history of the paradigm concept according to Thomas Kuhn. Important anomalies in copper nutrition, such as the easy accessibility to diets containing considerably less copper than the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake are reviewed. Important experiments with animals are compared with copper depletion experiments with humans. Data support the belief that people respond to diets low in copper similarly to animals and that measurement of copper in blood plasma generally is useless in assessing nutritional status. If common diets low in copper are consumed regularly during pregnancy, maternal stores of copper will be depleted. Although there is some evidence of lower copper in heart and major blood vessels in elderly people, it is premature to suggest different intakes for adults of different ages. Although consideration of cardiovascular data in establishing an RDA for copper may seem to be a new paradigm, considerations of general health and well being have long contributed to establishing RDAs. Dietary copper can be increased by adhering to the advice symbolized by the food pyramid. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT HUMAN NUTR & FOOD MANAGEMENT,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP Klevay, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 9034,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 83 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 SU S BP S2419 EP S2426 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG826 UT WOS:A1996VG82600020 ER PT J AU Levander, OA Whanger, PD AF Levander, OA Whanger, PD TI Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for selenium and iodine dietary recommendations SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on New Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for RDAs of Mineral Elements CY SEP 10-12, 1995 CL GRAND FORKS, ND SP USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr & Sch Med, Univ N Dakota DE glutathione peroxidase; Keshan disease; thyroxine; goiter; cretinism ID IODOTHYRONINE DEIODINASE; SELENIFEROUS AREA; THYROID-HORMONES; DEFICIENCY; BALANCE; CHINA; METABOLISM; CLONING; BLOOD; CDNA AB Information is presented regarding the approaches that have been used to establish dietary recommendations for selenium and iodine. In the case of selenium, activity of the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase has served as a convenient biochemical endpoint for judging nutritional status. However, there are differences of opinion among various nutritionists as to whether full expression of this enzymatic activity is required for adequate nutriture, thereby resulting in differences in dietary recommendations. Endpoints for assessing selenium overexposure are much less satisfactory, but toxicological standards for selenium have nevertheless been established. Thus far, no nutritionists have attempted to shift the paradigm for determining dietary selenium recommendations away from prevention of deficiency disease to prevention of chronic degenerative disease (e.g., cancer). In the case of iodine, urinary excretion of the element is the most widely used endpoint for judging nutritional status. Numerous epidemiological surveys have been conducted to determine the level of urinary iodine excretion that is consistent with prevention of goiter, the most common endpoint of iodine deficiency. Because dietary iodine is essentially quantitatively excreted in the urine, determination of the latter in goitrous areas will allow an almost direct estimation of those intakes at risk of developing deficiency disease. Iodine toxicity is complicated by the fact that some persons are quite tolerant to the element whereas others are highly sensitive to it. There are relatively complete data sets concerning exposure vs. human health effects for both selenium and iodine so that sounder bases probably exist for their dietary recommendations than for many other trace elements. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR CHEM,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Levander, OA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BARC E,VML,BLDG 307,ROOM 117,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 49 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 SU S BP S2427 EP S2434 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG826 UT WOS:A1996VG82600021 ER PT J AU Lukaski, HC Penland, JG AF Lukaski, HC Penland, JG TI Functional changes appropriate for determining mineral element requirements SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on New Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for RDAs of Mineral Elements CY SEP 10-12, 1995 CL GRAND FORKS, ND SP USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr & Sch Med, Univ N Dakota DE behavior; blood pressure; energy expenditure; humans; thermoregulation ID IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; ETHANOL-METABOLISM; COPPER DEFICIENCY; WOMEN; ZINC; THERMOREGULATION; HYPERTENSION; EXPOSURE; CALCIUM; CYCLE AB One factor limiting efforts to determine human requirements for dietary intakes of mineral elements has been the unavailability of acceptable standards for evaluating the effects of marginal and mild deficiencies. Traditional approaches, such as growth, longevity, chemical balance and measurement of concentrations of minerals in plasma or serum and cellular components of the blood, have not been sensitive indicators of mineral nutriture. One alternative that has been shown to be responsive to graded dietary mineral intake is the evaluation of functional responses to specific challenges or stressors. Aberrant responses, either exaggerated or attenuated, to controlled stressors have been observed in a variety of physiological, psychological and immunological parameters when mineral intakes have been suboptimal by conventional standards, compared with adequate responses. In comparison to static biochemical approaches for assessment of mineral nutritional status, functional tests may be sensitive and responsive to alterations in mineral intake in adult humans. Dynamic functional measures complement static biochemical measures and reflect the net effect of deficiencies on integrated biological systems. The application of some of these types of dynamic evaluations of function may be a useful and productive approach for proposing mineral element intakes to optimize human health and biological function and performance. RP Lukaski, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 9034,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 SU S BP S2354 EP S2364 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG826 UT WOS:A1996VG82600011 ER PT J AU Nielsen, FH AF Nielsen, FH TI How should dietary guidance be given for mineral elements with beneficial actions or suspected of being essential? SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on New Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for RDAs of Mineral Elements CY SEP 10-12, 1995 CL GRAND FORKS, ND SP USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr & Sch Med, Univ N Dakota DE ultratrace elements; humans; RDAs; ESADDIs; dietary intakes AB The term ultratrace elements, often used to indicate elements with an established, estimated or suspected requirement generally indicated by mu g/d, could be applied to at least 20 elements. The quality of experimental evidence for nutritional essentiality varies widely for the ultratrace elements. Thus, although differing dietary guidance is appropriate for these elements, most need increased attention in future editions of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for the following reasons: (1) Increased interest in these elements by the public has been stimulated by the mass media; thus, responsible information about the usefulness of the ultratrace elements for health and well being is needed. (2) Risk assessments and toxicological standards are influenced by the RDAs. Authorative advice is required to prevent standards that obstruct the achievement of beneficial intakes of ultratrace elements. (3) An emerging new paradigm is that the determination of nutritional requirements should include consideration of the total health effects of nutrients, not just their roles in preventing deficiency pathology; some of the ultratrace elements have identified health benefits. Six ultratrace elements, iodine, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, chromium and boron (and cobalt as vitamin B12), merit specific RDAs. The term ''estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (ESADDI)'' should not be used for any of the other ultratrace elements because of the misleading words ''adequate'' and ''safe.'' ''Apparent beneficial intake (ABI)'' seems more appropriate for the elements with beneficial, if not essential, actions that can be extrapolated from animals to humans; these elements include arsenic, fluoride, lithium, nickel, silicon and vanadium. The evidence is too limited or controversial for the remaining ultratrace elements to even provide an ambiguous ABI. The amount found in a healthful diet probably should be a value provided for an appropriate intake for aluminum, bromide, cadmium, germanium, lead, rubidium, and tin. RP Nielsen, FH (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 25 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 SU S BP S2377 EP S2385 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG826 UT WOS:A1996VG82600014 ER PT J AU Nielsen, FH AF Nielsen, FH TI Workshop on New Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for RDAs of Mineral Elements - Proceedings from a Workshop held in Grand Forks, ND on September 10-12, 1995 - Foreword SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Nielsen, FH (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 9034,UNIV STN,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 SU S BP S2299 EP S2299 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG826 UT WOS:A1996VG82600001 ER PT J AU Sandstead, HH Smith, JC AF Sandstead, HH Smith, JC TI Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for determining zinc dietary recommendations SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on New Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for RDAs of Mineral Elements CY SEP 10-12, 1995 CL GRAND FORKS, ND SP USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr & Sch Med, Univ N Dakota DE humans; zinc; bioavailability; requirements; recommendations ID POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; ETHANOL-METABOLISM; IRON-ABSORPTION; TRACE-ELEMENTS; MATERNAL ZINC; PLASMA ZINC; FOLIC-ACID; YOUNG MEN; ADULT MEN; HUMANS AB The work group considered past and future Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for zinc. Past RDAs were based in large part on metabolic balance data. Balance measurements are technically difficult and it is uncertain that they reflect true requirements. Therefore other methods should be used to determine requirements and the RDA. The best approach at this time is the factorial method. In the future, data from measurements of zinc kinetics, in relation to diet and physiological functions will provide useful insights. Future RDAs should provide for at least three levels of bioavailabilty: low, moderate and high. Whether adjustments should be made in the RDA to account for life style factors is a matter of philosophy. The importance of the differences (gaps) between the RDA and usual intakes of zinc by persons who are apparently in good health, or between the RDA and other dietary guidelines, is an issue for consideration. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Sandstead, HH (reprint author), UNIV TEXAS,MED BRANCH,DEPT PREVENT MED & COMMUNITY HLTH,GALVESTON,TX 77555, USA. NR 84 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 SU S BP S2410 EP S2418 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG826 UT WOS:A1996VG82600019 ER PT J AU Tucker, K AF Tucker, K TI The use of epidemiologic approaches and meta-analysis to determine mineral element requirements SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on New Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for RDAs of Mineral Elements CY SEP 10-12, 1995 CL GRAND FORKS, ND SP USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr & Sch Med, Univ N Dakota DE meta-analysis; epidemiologic studies; magnesium; cardiovascular disease ID ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; RESEARCH INTEGRATION; CLINICAL-TRIALS; DRINKING-WATER; MAGNESIUM; METAANALYSIS; CALCIUM AB With a new focus on long-term health effects of nutrient intake as well as the traditional concerns of preventing deficiency and maintaining tissue saturation, epidemiologic studies which identify diet and health relationships have become important to debates on defining nutrient requirements. Epidemiologic studies include descriptive surveys, case-control studies, cohort studies, and intervention studies. National dietary intake survey data have always played a role in defining intake amounts which are feasible and which are associated with no clearly apparent health problem. A growing number of large epidemiologic cohort studies have provided new evidence of preventive effects of specific nutrients on chronic diseases. The question of how that information should be used in setting requirements is still unresolved. Because one epidemiologic study alone cannot prove a causal relationship, and because small studies often lack sufficient power to clearly establish statistical significance, meta-analysis is sometimes used to combine results from many studies to obtain an overall quantitative result. It has been most effectively used with sets of clinical trials. Meta-analysis of multiple observational studies is usually difficult because of variations in design, methodology of data collection and form of the variables; its use has been seriously challenged. Careful review of the totality of epidemiologic studies completed on specific nutrient and health or functional outcome is important to defining future research priorities and designs, and can inform the definition of nutrient requirements when used carefully and in conjunction with the wider body of scientific evidence. RP Tucker, K (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010 NR 38 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 SU S BP S2365 EP S2372 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG826 UT WOS:A1996VG82600012 ER PT J AU Uthus, EO Seaborn, CD AF Uthus, EO Seaborn, CD TI Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for dietary recommendations of the other trace elements SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on New Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for RDAs of Mineral Elements CY SEP 10-12, 1995 CL GRAND FORKS, ND SP USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr & Sch Med, Univ N Dakota DE arsenic; nickel; silicon; vanadium,; human ID VANADIUM; SILICON; HUMANS; RATS; ESSENTIALITY; VANADATE; NICKEL; LIVER; FOOD AB Circumstantial evidence suggests that aluminum, arsenic, bromine, cadmium, germanium, lead, lithium, nickel, rubidium, silicon, tin and vanadium are essential. The evidence is most compelling for arsenic, nickel, silicon and vanadium. The estimated daily dietary intakes for these elements are arsenic, 12-50 mu g; nickel, 100 mu g; silicon, 20-50 mg and vanadium, 10-20 mu g. By extrapolation from animal studies, the daily dietary intakes of these elements needed to prevent deficiency or to provide beneficial action in humans are arsenic, 12-25 mu g; nickel, 100 mu g; silicon, 2-5 mg (based on 10% bioavailability in natural diets) and vanadium, 10 mu g. Thus, the postulated need by humans for these elements can be met by typical diets. Because there may be situations, however, where dietary intake does not meet the postulated requirements, research is needed to derive status indicators in humans and to further study the relationships of low intake or impaired bioavailability of these ultratrace elements to various diseases. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN STOUT,SCH HOME ECON,MENOMONIE,WI 54751. RP Uthus, EO (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 9034,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 56 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 SU S BP S2452 EP S2459 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG826 UT WOS:A1996VG82600024 ER PT J AU Wirsam, B Uthus, EO AF Wirsam, B Uthus, EO TI The use of fuzzy logic in nutrition SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on New Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for RDAs of Mineral Elements CY SEP 10-12, 1995 CL GRAND FORKS, ND SP USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr & Sch Med, Univ N Dakota DE fuzzy logic; nutrition education; recommended daily intake AB Fuzzy logic is a mathematical approach to deal with systems that can not be defined precisely. Nutrient requirements fall into this category. Dietary intakes of nutrients are such that if a nutrient is given in graded amounts, with all other nutrients constant, there is no definitive border where, for example, one intake is deficient and another, slightly higher intake, adequate. Thus, fuzzy sets were developed that describe the range of intakes of a nutrient, ranging from deficiency to excess. On the basis of these fuzzy sets and the known nutrient composition of the food, an index is derived that reflects how closely the diet of an individual meets all the nutrient requirements set by the German Society of Nutrition. Because this is a computer-based system, alterations in the diet are suggested if the diet does not meet requirements. The suggested dietary alterations are usually small but nevertheless allow the diet to meet recommendations. It is important that the suggested alterations be small because the fewer the suggested changes in a diet, the greater the chance a person will accept the changes. Thus nutrient intake can be described and evaluated by using fuzzy decision making. This has present applicability in nutrition education and could possibly be used as a tool in determining recommended dietary allowances. C1 USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. RP Wirsam, B (reprint author), ALBAT & WIRSAM SOFTWARE VERTRIEBS GMBH,KONRAD ADENAUER STR 15,D-35440 LINDEN,GERMANY. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 126 IS 9 SU S BP S2337 EP S2341 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG826 UT WOS:A1996VG82600008 ER PT J AU Buckley, WT Vanderpool, RA Godfrey, DV Johnson, PE AF Buckley, WT Vanderpool, RA Godfrey, DV Johnson, PE TI Determination, stable isotope enrichment and kinetics of direct-reacting copper in blood plasma SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE direct reacting copper; exchangeable copper; non-ceruloplasmin Cu; stable isotope dilution analysis; human; bovine ID COMPARTMENTAL MODEL; METABOLISM; COMPONENTS; SERUM; RATS AB Direct-reacting Cu is defined as Cu2+ and other forms of Cu that readily exchange with Cu2+ in blood plasma. An analytical method was developed for 1) quantification of direct-reacting Cu by stable isotope dilution and 2) determination of Cu-65 enrichment of direct-reacting Cu in plasma samples from in vivo tracer studies. The method involved addition of enriched Cu-65 to plasma, extraction with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate in mineral oil, and analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Optimum sodium diethyldithiocarbamate concentration for the extraction was 0.16 mM. Direct-reacting Cu (means +/- SD) varied from 3.4 +/- 0.5% of whole plasma Cu in dairy cows (n = 7) and 3.4 +/- 0.3% in healthy men (n = 10) to 16.6 +/- 3.7% in dogs (n = 3). After intravenous infusion of enriched Cu-65 into two healthy men, biological half-lives of 8.7 and 12.3 min were determined for direct-reacting Cu. C1 USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. RP Buckley, WT (reprint author), AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,BRANDON RES CTR,POB 100A,RR3,BRANDON,MB R7A 5Y3,CANADA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 7 IS 9 BP 488 EP 494 DI 10.1016/0955-2863(96)00100-3 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA VJ726 UT WOS:A1996VJ72600003 ER PT J AU Choi, SW Shane, B Selhub, J AF Choi, SW Shane, B Selhub, J TI Effect of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil on de novo thymidylate synthesis in human colon carcinoma cell line, Caco-2 SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE colon cancer; thymidylate synthesis; deoxyuridine suppression test; [H-3]deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA; Caco-2; methotrexate; 5-FU ID DEOXYURIDINE SUPPRESSION TEST; METASTATIC COLORECTAL-CANCER; RESISTANCE; TRANSPORT; IDENTIFICATION; HETEROGENEITY; FLUOROURACIL; PHARMACOLOGY; MECHANISMS; INTESTINE AB Although colon cancers respond poorly to chemotherapeutic agents, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is considered the most effective single agent in the treatment of advanced colon cancer, whereas methotrexate has been reported as an ineffective agent. Bur both 5-FU and methotrexate inhibit de novo thymidylate synthesis. IN the present study we assessed the sensitivity of folate-dependent thymidylate synthesis to methotrexate and 5-FU in Caco-2, a human colon carcinoma cell line. Sensitivity was assessed indirectly, by the deoxyuridine suppression test and directly, by the degree of inhibition of [H-3]deoxyuridine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Methotrexate or 5-fluorodexyuridine resulted in a significant decrease in suppression of [H-3]thymidine incorporation by exogenous deoxyuridine. [H-3]deoxyuridine incorporation was also inhibited by the two agents. Inhibition was dose dependent and 50% inhibition occurred at about 2.5 mu mol/L methotrexate and 25 mu mol/L 5-FU. In a second study, the effect of methotrexate and 5-FU on [H-3]deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA was assessed under conditions in which a Caco-2 cell monolayer was exposed to the agents either at the apical or at the basolateral membrane side. Under these conditions, inhibition was also dose dependent and cells were more sensitive to basolateral exposure to both methotrexate and 5-FU (P < 0.05). The data suggest that both methotrexate and 5-FU are effective inhibitors of thymidylate synthesis in Caco-2 cells. Determining the degree of inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA is an effective method for evaluating these agents' effect on de novo thymidylate synthesis. Further studies are required to determine if these inhibitory effects also hold for colon cancer tissue biopsies and whether the reported differences in therapeutic efficacy between the two agents can be manifested in vitro. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BIOAVAILABIL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT NUTR SCI,BERKELEY,CA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 7 IS 9 BP 513 EP 517 DI 10.1016/0955-2863(96)00103-9 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA VJ726 UT WOS:A1996VJ72600006 ER PT J AU Bailey, DW Gross, JE Laca, EA Rittenhouse, LR Coughenour, MB Swift, DM Sims, PL AF Bailey, DW Gross, JE Laca, EA Rittenhouse, LR Coughenour, MB Swift, DM Sims, PL TI Mechanisms that result in large herbivore grazing distribution patterns SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE foraging; grazing; ungulates; distribution; grazing patterns; spatial memory; landscape; scale ID TEMPERATE GRASSLAND SWARD; OPTIMAL DIET MODELS; SPATIAL MEMORY; MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; FOOD SELECTION; MULE DEER; GENERALIST HERBIVORE; FORAGING EFFICIENCY; CATTLE DISTRIBUTION AB Grazing distribution patterns of large herbivores are affected by abiotic factors such as slope and distance to water and by biotic factors such as forage quantity and quality, Abiotic factors are the primary determinants of large-scale distribution patterns and act as constraints within which mechanisms involving biotic factors operate, Usually there is a proportional relationship between the time large herbivores spend in a plant community and the available quantity and quality of forage, This grazing pattern may result from decisions made by animals at different spatial and temporal scales, Foraging velocity decreases and intake rate increases in areas of abundant palatable forage, These non-cognitive mechanisms that occur at smaller spatial scales (bites, feeding stations, small patches) could result in observed grazing patterns, However, large herbivores also appear to select areas (patches and feeding sites) to graze, Optimal foraging models and other models assume animals use ''rules of thumb'' to decide where to forage, A cognitive mechanism assumes animals use spatial memory in their foraging decisions. With such abilities, large herbivores could return to nutrient-rich sites more frequently than to nutrient-poor sites, Empirical studies indicate that large herbivores have accurate spatial memories and have the ability to use spatial memory to improve foraging efficiency, Body size and perceptual abilities can constrain the choices animals can make during foraging, A conceptual model was developed to demonstrate how cognitive foraging mechanisms could work within constraints imposed by abiotic factors, Preliminary predictions of the model correspond to observed grazing patterns, Recognizing that large herbivores may use previous experiences to decide where to forage may be useful in developing new techniques to modify grazing patterns, Grazing distribution patterns appear to result from decisions and processes made at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV, NAT RESOURCE ECOL LAB, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. ARS, USDA, WOODWARD, OK USA. NR 161 TC 444 Z9 470 U1 13 U2 143 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 49 IS 5 BP 386 EP 400 DI 10.2307/4002919 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VM667 UT WOS:A1996VM66700001 ER PT J AU Asay, KH Johnson, DA Jensen, KB Sarraj, WM Clark, DH AF Asay, KH Johnson, DA Jensen, KB Sarraj, WM Clark, DH TI Potential of new tetraploid germplasm in Russian wildrye SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Psathyrostachys juncea; carbon isotope discrimination; water-use efficiency; seed yield; seedling vigor; forage quality; forage yield ID CARBON ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; RYEGRASS; GRASSES AB Induced and natural tetraploids have been proposed as promising sources of germplasm in breeding programs to improve Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch,) Nevski], Studies were conducted under semiarid conditions to evaluate the potential of tetraploid (2n=4x=28) Russian wildrye germplasm recently obtained from Kazakhstan, The tetraploids had significantly heavier seeds, greater seedling vigor, and they were significantly taller, and had longer and wider leaves than standard diploid (2n=2x=14) cultivars, Carbon isotope discrimination, which has been negatively correlated with water-use efficiency in cool-season grasses, was significantly Power in the tetraploid accessions than the diploid cultivars, Dry matter and seed yield of these unselected tetraploid accessions were superior to the diploid cultivar Vinall and equivalent to more recently developed diploid cultivars, Bozoisky-Select and Syn-A, In general, relative phenological development and forage quality of the tetraploid populations did not differ significantly from the diploid cultivars; however, water content, which has been associated with greater succulence, was significantly higher in the tetraploid accessions, Significant variation was found among entries within ploidy levels for most characters indicating that genetic variability is available for additional improvement through selection, Results indicate that these tetraploid accessions can be used in the development of promising breeding populations and support earlier conclusions that tetraploid germplasm should receive emphasis in future Russian wildrye breeding programs. RP Asay, KH (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 49 IS 5 BP 439 EP 442 DI 10.2307/4002926 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VM667 UT WOS:A1996VM66700008 ER PT J AU Volesky, JD Mowrey, DP Smith, GR AF Volesky, JD Mowrey, DP Smith, GR TI Performance of rose clover and hairy vetch interseeded into Old World bluestem SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bothriochloa ischaemum L; persistence; production; Trifolium hirtum All; forage; Vicia villosa Roth; Southern Great Plains AB Old World bluestems (Bothriochloa spp.) are extensively used throughout the Southern Plains, Interseeding these stands with persistent nitrogen-fixing legumes could reduce N fertilizer input, extend the grazing season, and enhance diet quality, The objective of this study was to evaluate production and persistence of 'Overton R18' and TXR20 rose clover (Trifolium hirtum All.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) when interseeded into Old World bluestem, Treatments included these interseeded annual legumes and bluestem + 100 kg/ha N fertilizer, Both rose clover and vetch produced a measurable quantity of forage by early spring before bluestem began to grow, Crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility were higher in legume treatments when legumes were actively growing, Total season forage production was similar (6,460 kg/ha; P > 0.05) between rose clover and bluestem + N treatments except during 1991 when production under the Overton R18 treatment was less than bluestem + N or TXR20 rose clover, Average rose clover seed production (26 kg/ha) was greater than vetch (2 kg/ha; P < 0.05) resulting in greater rose clover forage compared to vetch during natural reseeding years, Rose clover plant counts 4 years after the original seeding showed an average of 22 plants/m(2), Both rose clover entries appear to have excellent potential over previously available germplasm because of improved cold tolerance and the ability to produce substantial quantities of seed for natural reseeding even after close defoliation. C1 ARS,USDA,GRAZINGLANDS RES LAB,EL RENO,OK. TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,OVERTON,TX 75684. RP Volesky, JD (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,W CENT RES & EXTENS CTR,RT 4,BOX 46A,N PLATTE,NE 69101, USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 49 IS 5 BP 448 EP 451 DI 10.2307/4002928 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VM667 UT WOS:A1996VM66700010 ER PT J AU Schacht, WH Stubbendieck, J Bragg, TB Smart, AJ Doran, JW AF Schacht, WH Stubbendieck, J Bragg, TB Smart, AJ Doran, JW TI Soil quality response of reestablished grasslands to mowing and burning SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE infiltration rate; soil bulk density; soil organic matter content; soil nitrogen content; soil pH ID INFILTRATION AB Prescribed burning and mowing are management practices commonly used on grasslands even though there is limited knowledge of long-term effects on soil quality, The influences of mowing and burning on soil quality were determined on 2 reestablished tallgrass sites in eastern Nebraska dominated by silty clay loam soils, Burn treatments included seasonal (i.e., October, May, or July) prescribed burning at either 1-year or 4-year intervals, Mow treatments included seasonal mowing at 4-year intervals, Both burn and mow treatments have been imposed at Site 1 since fall 1981, Only the burn treatments have been applied at Site 2 since fall 1979, Soil quality measurements were made at both sites in summer 1994, Season of application of the mow and burn treatments and season X treatment interactions were not significant, Infiltration rates at Site 1 for the mow and annual burn treatments were slower than for the control, whereas infiltration rate was comparable for the ii-year burn treatments and the control, Unlike Site 1, the 1-year and 4-year burn treatments at Site 2 had similar infiltration rates, and the burn treatments had slower infiltration rates than the control, Generally, soil bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen content, and organic matter content were similar for all treatments, Results demonstrate that repeated burning or mowing treatments can detrimentally impact infiltration rates on silty clay loam sites; however, soil properties other than those measured would need to be studied to explain infiltration response. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT BIOL,OMAHA,NE 68182. UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP Schacht, WH (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 49 IS 5 BP 458 EP 463 DI 10.2307/4002930 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VM667 UT WOS:A1996VM66700012 ER PT J AU Jones, TA Urness, PJ Nielson, DC AF Jones, TA Urness, PJ Nielson, DC TI Spring grazing preference of wheatgrass taxa by Rocky Mountain elk SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE palatability; bluebunch wheatgrass; crested wheatgrass; thickspike wheatgrass; northern wheatgrass; Snake River wheatgrass AB We measured the grazing preference of 3 castrated male Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) for 2 crested (Agropyron desertorum [Fischer ex Link] Schultes), 5 thickspike (Elymus lanceolatus ssp, lanceolatus [Scribner & J.G. Smith] Gould), 3 Snake River (proposed name E. lanceolatus ssp, wawawaiensis), and 2 bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh] A, Love) entries, Number of bites and visits were highly correlated in early May (r(2)=0.77) and late May (r(2)=0.83), 'Critana' and 'Elbee' thickspike and 'Hycrest' and 'Nordan' crested wheatgrasses can be recommended for seedings for elk spring grazing where these grasses are adapted. C1 UTAH DIV WILDLIFE RESOURCES,PROJECT W105R,LOGAN,UT 84322. UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT RANGELAND RESOURCES,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP Jones, TA (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 49 IS 5 BP 474 EP 476 DI 10.2307/4002933 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VM667 UT WOS:A1996VM66700015 ER PT J AU Williams, J Nearing, M Nicks, A Skidmore, E Valentin, C King, K Savabi, R AF Williams, J Nearing, M Nicks, A Skidmore, E Valentin, C King, K Savabi, R TI Using soil erosion models for global change studies SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID EFFECTIVE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; CLIMATE-CHANGE; INFILTRATION; YIELD; RAIN C1 USDA ARS,W LAFAYETTE,IN. USDA ARS,MANHATTAN,KS. ORSTOM,NIAMEY,NIGER. RP Williams, J (reprint author), TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 44 TC 43 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 12 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 51 IS 5 BP 381 EP 385 PG 5 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA WC484 UT WOS:A1996WC48400007 ER PT J AU Wiebe, KD Heimlich, RE Claassen, R AF Wiebe, KD Heimlich, RE Claassen, R TI Wetlands potentially exempted and converted under proposed delineation changes SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGR & RESOURCE ECON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP Wiebe, KD (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 51 IS 5 BP 403 EP 407 PG 5 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA WC484 UT WOS:A1996WC48400011 ER PT J AU Getlinger, MJ Laughlin, CVT Bell, E Akre, C Arjmandi, BH AF Getlinger, MJ Laughlin, CVT Bell, E Akre, C Arjmandi, BH TI Food waste is reduced when elementary-school children have recess before lunch SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT HUMAN NUTR & DIETET,CHICAGO,IL 60612. WASHINGTON MAGNET & GIFTED SCH,CHILD NUTR PROGRAMS,ROCKFORD,IL. WASHINGTON MAGNET & GIFTED SCH,FOOD SERV,ROCKFORD,IL. USDA,FOOD & CONSUMER SERV,CHILD & ADULT CARE FOOD PROGRAMS,CHICAGO,IL. NR 9 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 28 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 96 IS 9 BP 906 EP 908 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00245-3 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VR557 UT WOS:A1996VR55700013 PM 8784336 ER PT J AU Kronick, PL AF Kronick, PL TI Destabilization of collagen in hide and leather by anionic surfactants .1. Differential scanning calorimetry of complexes with sulfates SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB It is shown that surfactants in sulfated fatliquor oils destabilize collagen in leather in untanned fibers, and in solution. The melting point of the collagen measured by differential scanning calorimetry was lowered by 11 degrees C, to 85 degrees C, by fatliquor applied to chrome-tanned crust leather in a conventional process; the lowering was as much as 26 degrees C, to 72 degrees C, when more surfactant was used. The results explain why leather cannot be dried at temperatures within 50 degrees C of the shrinkage temperature as usually determined, and might also explain some cases of shrinkage after drying and of stress-cracking. RP Kronick, PL (reprint author), ARS,USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 91 IS 9 BP 246 EP 251 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA VZ907 UT WOS:A1996VZ90700002 ER PT J AU Becnel, JJ Garcia, J Johnson, M AF Becnel, JJ Garcia, J Johnson, M TI Effects of three larvicides on the production of Aedes albopictus based on removal of pupal exuviae SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CULEX-QUINQUEFASCIATUS; LABORATORY EVALUATION; LAGENIDIALES; CULICIDAE; LOUISIANA; AEGYPTI; DIPTERA; LARVAE; FIELD; WATER AB The production of adult Aedes albopictus from tires in northcentral Florida was monitored for 169 days by the daily removal of pupal exuviae. More than twice as many adults emersed from tires located in the shade (1.74 adults/tire/day) compared to tires in the sun (0.64 adults/tire/day). The effect of 3 larvicides on the production of adult Ae. albopictus was evaluated. The fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum was ineffective. A liquid formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Acrobe(R)) provided significant control for 47 days, whereas a slow-release pellet formulation of the insect growth regulator methoprene (Altosid(R)) provided almost complete control for 116 days. RP Becnel, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3 BP 499 EP 502 PN 1 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VJ447 UT WOS:A1996VJ44700045 PM 8887234 ER PT J AU Isbell, TA Kleiman, R AF Isbell, TA Kleiman, R TI Mineral acid-catalyzed condensation of meadowfoam fatty acids into estolides SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE docosanolactone; eicosanolactone; estolide; geometrical isomerization; meadowfoam fatty acids homopolymer; perchloric acid; polyestolide; positional isomerization; sulfuric acid; trans fatty acids ID OLEIC-ACID; OIL; ENRICHMENT AB Meadowfoam fatty acids (83% monoenoic fatty acid), reacted with 0.01-0.1 mole equivalents of perchloric acid, gave 33-71% yield of estolide, an oligomeric 2 degrees ester, resulting from self condensation. Equimolar amounts of perchloric acid to fatty acid failed to produce estolide but converted the fatty acids to a mixture of lactones, mainly gamma-eicosanolactone. Temperature plays a critical role; higher temperatures (75-100 degrees C), at the same acid concentration, provide lactones while lower temperatures (20-65 degrees C) yield estolides. Lower acid levels (<0.1 mole equivalents) gave the best yields (similar to 70%) at 65 degrees C. The estolide and monomer were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared high-pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The estolide is a mixture of oligomers with an average distribution near 1.65 ester units. The ester linkages are located mainly at the original double bond positions but have some positional isomerization to adjacent sites in accord with carbocation migration along the alkyl chain. The residual double bond of the estolide was extensively isomerized from cis to trans and positionally along the chain. The distilled monomer is similar in structure to the unsaturated portion of the estolide with geometrical and positional double bond isomerization. In addition, a significant amount of cyclization of the fatty acids to lactone (similar to 30%) had occurred. RP Isbell, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,NEW CROPS RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 21 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 73 IS 9 BP 1097 EP 1107 DI 10.1007/BF02523369 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VJ032 UT WOS:A1996VJ03200003 ER PT J AU Hayes, DG Carlson, KD Kleiman, R AF Hayes, DG Carlson, KD Kleiman, R TI The isolation of hydroxy acids from lesquerella oil lipolysate by a saponification/extraction technique SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE extraction; fatty acid purification; hydroxy acids; lesquerella; lesquerolic acid; lipolysis; saponification ID FENDLERI AB The lipolysate from immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase (Lipozyme(TM))-catalyzed hydrolysis of lesquerella oil contains typically 35% free fatty acid (FFA), 2% monoglyceride, 25% diglyceride (DC), and 38% triglyceride (TC). Of the FFA, 75-80% are hydroxy acids (HFA). Various methods for isolating HFA from the lipolysate were examined, and a novel saponification/extraction method was developed. Lipolysate was mixed with 4 vol equivalents each of KOH/phosphate buffer and polar organic solvent. Hexane was then added to enhance phase separation. Three phases formed: a lower aqueous phase containing nothing of interest, a polar organic solvent middle phase that contained mostly fatty acid soaps, and a hexane-rich upper phase that contained mostly DG and TC, which can be recycled to a relipolysis step. The middle phase, when treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid, NaCl-saturated water, and hexane, released the FFA into the hexane. This fraction, referred to as the ''Product,'' contained >99% of the FFA released in the lipolysis. ''Product'' consisted of 85-90% FFA, of which 75-80% was HFA. The other 10-15% of the ''Product'' consisted of partial glycerides and TG. The most critical parameters for the extraction are the pH of the aqueous solution and the polarity of the organic solvent (acetone was found to be the best choice). Additional purification steps for the ''Product'' are discussed. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,NEW CROPS RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 73 IS 9 BP 1113 EP 1119 DI 10.1007/BF02523371 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VJ032 UT WOS:A1996VJ03200005 ER PT J AU Hamada, JS AF Hamada, JS TI Isolation and identification of the multiple forms of soybean phytases SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE food and feed processing; isolation; phytate hydrolysis; soy phytases ID ASPERGILLUS-FICUUM PHYTASE; ACID-PHOSPHATASES; MYOINOSITOL PHOSPHATES; ALEURONE LAYERS; RICE BRAN; PHOSPHORUS; GERMINATION; WHEAT; PERFORMANCE; HYDROLYSIS AB Sequential precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and KCI followed by preparative anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography was used to isolate acid phosphatases (APases) from germinating soybean seeds. KCI inhibited the PEG precipitation of APases. Thus individual APases can be isolated directly from crude extracts by controlling PEC and KCI concentrations, Four of the isolated APases were phytases. APases 3 and 5 exhibited optimal activity at pH 4.5 and 3.0 and APases 4 and 6 had a dual pH of 3.0 and 5.5 and 3.5 and 5.8. Phytase activity was at its peak at 40 degrees C for APase 4 and at 60 degrees C for APases 3, 5, and 6. This isolation method can be used to identify endogenous and/or exogenous phytases that are suitable for phytic acid hydrolysis in many food and feed systems, especially during the processing of oilseeds and cereal-based ingredients. RP Hamada, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 41 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 73 IS 9 BP 1143 EP 1151 DI 10.1007/BF02523376 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VJ032 UT WOS:A1996VJ03200010 ER PT J AU Nelson, LA Foglia, TA Marmer, WN AF Nelson, LA Foglia, TA Marmer, WN TI Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE alcoholysis; alkyl esters; biodiesel; grease; lipase; rapeseed; soy oil; tallow ID OIL METHYL-ESTERS; RAPESEED OIL; VEGETABLE-OILS; SUNFLOWER OIL; ERUCIC-ACID; TRANSESTERIFICATION; INTERESTERIFICATION; TRIGLYCERIDES; SELECTIVITY; ENGINE AB Lipases were screened for their ability to transesterify triglycerides with short-chain alcohols to alkyl esters. The lipase from Mucor miehei was most efficient for converting triglycerides to their alkyl esters with primary alcohols, whereas the lipase from Candida antarctica was most efficient for transesterifying triglycerides with secondary alcohols to give branched alkyl esters. Conditions were established for converting tallow to short-chain alkyl esters at more than 90% conversion. These same conditions also proved effective for transesterifying vegetable oils and high fatty acid-containing feedstocks to their respective alkyl ester derivatives. C1 USDA ARS,ERRC,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. NR 23 TC 325 Z9 358 U1 6 U2 46 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 73 IS 9 BP 1191 EP 1195 DI 10.1007/BF02523383 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VJ032 UT WOS:A1996VJ03200017 ER PT J AU Quintana, JM Harrison, HC Nienhuis, J Palta, JP Grusak, MA AF Quintana, JM Harrison, HC Nienhuis, J Palta, JP Grusak, MA TI Variation in calcium concentration among sixty S-1 families and four cultivars of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EFFICIENCY; STRESS; INHERITANCE AB To assess nutritional potential, pod yield, and Ca concentration of pods and foliage were determined for a snap bean population, which included sixty S-1 families plus four commercial varieties, The experimental design was an 8 x 8 double lattice, repeated at two locations (Arlington and Hancock, Wis.), Snap beans were planted in June 1993 and machine harvested in August 1993, Calcium analyses were made using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, Significant differences were detected in pod Ca concentration and yield among the S-1 families, Pod size and Ca concentration were inversely correlated (R(2) = 0.88), Distinct differences between the locations were not observed, and higher Ca genotypes remained high regardless of location or pod size, Low correlation (R(2) = 0.21) between pod and leaf Ca concentration was found. Pods of certain genotypes appeared to have the ability to import Ca more efficiently than others, but this factor was not related to yield. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP Quintana, JM (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 26 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 121 IS 5 BP 789 EP 793 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VF063 UT WOS:A1996VF06300006 ER PT J AU Arora, R Wisniewski, M Rowland, LJ AF Arora, R Wisniewski, M Rowland, LJ TI Cold acclimation and alterations in dehydrin-like and bark storage proteins in the leaves of sibling deciduous and evergreen peach SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE peach; Prunus persica; cold acclimation; freezing tolerance; dehydrin; bark storage protein ID PERSICA L BATSCH; FREEZING TOLERANCE; TISSUES; SENSITIVITY; INHERITANCE; STRESS AB Seasonal changes in cold tolerance and proteins were studied in the leaves of sibling deciduous and evergreen peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. Freezing tolerance [defined as the subzero temperature at which 50% injury occurred (LT(50))] was assessed using electrolyte leakage. Proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Electroblots were probed with anti-dehydrin and anti-19-kD peach bark storage protein (BSP) antibodies, Leaf LT(50) decreased successively from 5.8 degrees C on 18 Aug. to -10.3 degrees C in the evergreen genotype and from -7.0 degrees C to -15.0 degrees C in the deciduous genotype by 14 Oct. Protein profiles and immunoblots indicated the accumulation of a 60- and 30-kD protein during cold acclimation in the leaves of deciduous trees; however, levels of these proteins did not change significantly in the evergreen trees. Immunoblots indicate that the 60-kD protein is a dehydrin-like protein. Gel-electrophoresis and immunoblots also indicated that the 19-kD BSP progressively disappeared from summer through fall in leaves of deciduous peach but accumulated to a high level in bark tissues. A similar inverse relationship was not evident in evergreen peach. C1 USDA ARS, APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN, KEARNEYSVILLE, WV 25430 USA. USDA ARS, FRUIT LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP Arora, R (reprint author), W VIRGINIA UNIV, DIV PLANT & SOIL SCI, MORGANTOWN, WV 26506 USA. NR 21 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 121 IS 5 BP 915 EP 919 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VF063 UT WOS:A1996VF06300026 ER PT J AU Yates, IE Cason, KMT Sparks, D AF Yates, IE Cason, KMT Sparks, D TI Pecan scab fungus lacks substrate specificity for early infection stages SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Carya illinoinensis; Cladosporium caryigenum; abiotic substrates; appressoria; biotic substrates host-pathogen interface; light; scab resistance; temperature ID CLADOSPORIUM-CARYIGENUM; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; DIFFERENTIATION; BASIDIOSPORES; GERMINATION; UROMYCES AB Leaves and callus of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch], and glass, dialysis membrane, and agar were examined for capacity to support two of the earliest infection stages-conidium (spore) germination and appressorium formation-of Cladosporium caryigenum (Ellis & Langl.) Gottwald, the fungus causing pecan scab. Light and temperature effects on formation of germ tubes and appressoria were examined for conidia suspended in distilled-deionized water. Conidia formed germ tubes on all substrates and in distilled-deionized water; hence, conidia possessed endogenous materials required for germination and are independent of specific topographic or chemical stimuli. All substrates, except 2% water agar and water, sustained appressoria development, thus implicating regulation by surface hardness. More appressoria formed on leaf discs than on other substrates. Additionally, conidia formed appressoria with short germ tubes when near a leaf structural feature, such as stomatal guard cells. Thus, the pecan scab fungal isolate used in these experiments appeared to lack substrate specificity for forming germ tubes, but not appressoria, during the prepenetration stages of development. Conidium germination was maximized at about 25 degrees C and germination did not respond to light. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT HORT,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Yates, IE (reprint author), USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 121 IS 5 BP 948 EP 953 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VF063 UT WOS:A1996VF06300031 ER PT J AU Rabb, H Arnaout, MA Chandran, P Kehrli, M AF Rabb, H Arnaout, MA Chandran, P Kehrli, M TI CD18-deficient cows have attenuated leukopenia during hemodialysis. SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV S FLORIDA,TAMPA,FL. J HALEY VET ADM HOSP,TAMPA,FL. MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,RENAL UNIT,BOSTON,MA 02114. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA. USDA ARS,DES MOINES NADC,AMES,IA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1046-6673 J9 J AM SOC NEPHROL JI J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 7 IS 9 BP A2349 EP A2349 PG 1 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA VK074 UT WOS:A1996VK07402345 ER PT J AU Shemin, D Bostom, AG Verhoef, P Nadeau, M Jaques, PF Selhub, J Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH AF Shemin, D Bostom, AG Verhoef, P Nadeau, M Jaques, PF Selhub, J Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH TI Plasma homocysteine (tHCY) levels and mortality in dialysis patients SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 BROWN UNIV,RHODE ISL HOSP,PROVIDENCE,RI 02903. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,MEDFORD,MA 02155. HARVARD UNIV,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1046-6673 J9 J AM SOC NEPHROL JI J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 7 IS 9 BP A1076 EP A1076 PG 1 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA VK074 UT WOS:A1996VK07401072 ER PT J AU Swan, A DeVita, M Michelis, M Anderson, R Preuss, H AF Swan, A DeVita, M Michelis, M Anderson, R Preuss, H TI Effects of chromium supplementation in hemodialysis patients SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. LENOX HILL HOSP,NEW YORK,NY 10021. GEORGETOWN UNIV,WASHINGTON,DC. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1046-6673 J9 J AM SOC NEPHROL JI J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 7 IS 9 BP A1084 EP A1084 PG 1 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA VK074 UT WOS:A1996VK07401080 ER PT J AU Gamble, GR Ramaswamy, GN Baldwin, BS Akin, DE AF Gamble, GR Ramaswamy, GN Baldwin, BS Akin, DE TI Solid state C-13 NMR and diffuse reflectance mid-infrared spectroscopic analysis of the effects of retting on the chemical composition of kenaf fibre SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE kenaf; retting; CPMAS; mid-IR; phenolics; pectin; hemicellulose; cellulose; crystallinity; fibres ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; WOOD AB Bast ribbons from Tainung 1 (T-1) and Guatemala 45 (G(45)) cultivars of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) were subjected to a chemical retting process. The resulting changes at the base and tip regions of each cultivar were analysed using solid-state C-13 NMR and diffuse reflectance mid-infrared spectroscopies. Chemical retting was performed by boiling the substrates in NaOH (70 g litre(-1)) + NaHSO3 (5 g litre(-1)) for 1 h, after which they were neutralised, washed and air dried. This process produced large decreases in the non-cellulosic components, though 25% of the phenolic component was left undegraded, and cellulose crystallinity was increased by similar to 5% over that in unretted samples. C1 MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV, DEPT HOME ECON, MISSISSIPPI STATE, MS 39762 USA. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV, DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI, MISSISSIPPI STATE, MS 39762 USA. RP Gamble, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR, POB 5677, ATHENS, GA 30604 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 72 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VH433 UT WOS:A1996VH43300001 ER PT J AU Snyder, JM King, JW Nam, KS AF Snyder, JM King, JW Nam, KS TI Determination of volatile and semivolatile contaminants in meat by supercritical fluid extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE aldehydes; aromatic hydrocarbons; naphthalene; meat; volatiles ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SULFUR-CONTAINING-COMPOUNDS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; THERMAL-DESORPTION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CO2 EXTRACTION; BEEF; FLAVOR; FAT AB Meat products that were exposed to a warehouse fire were collected and examined to identify contaminants present in the samples. An extraction method using supercritical carbon dioxide at 100 atm and 60 degrees C was developed to analyse and characterise volatile and semi-volatile compounds from the samples. The major volatile compounds were lipid oxidation products, such as hexanal and nonanal. Volatiles concentrations from fire-exposed meat products were compared to control samples to determine compositional differences. Aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were identified, and naphthalene was measured in suspected fire-damaged meat products. Direct supercritical extraction from the meat samples proved to be a rapid and reproducible method to assess contamination in commercial meat products. RP Snyder, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FOOD QUAL & SAFETY RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 72 IS 1 BP 25 EP 30 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VH433 UT WOS:A1996VH43300004 ER PT J AU Lim, C Sealey, WM Klesius, PH AF Lim, C Sealey, WM Klesius, PH TI Iron methionine and iron sulfate as sources of dietary iron for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID REQUIREMENT AB The dietary iron requirement for normal growth and optimum hematological values and bioavailability was determined for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings using egg-white based diets supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 20, 60, and 180-mg iron/kg from iron methionine or 20, 60, and 180-mg iron/kg from iron sulfate. The basal diet which contained 9.2-mg iron/kg, 34% crude protein and 3.1 kcal of digestible energy/g was fed to channel catfish fingerlings (8.5 g) in triplicate flow-through aquariums to satiation twice daily for 8 wk. Fish fed the basal diet without iron supplementation exhibited poor growth throughout the 8-wk period. Fish fed iron-supplemented diets did not differ with regard to final weight gain. Survival, feed conversion, total blood cell count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and transferrin saturation were not significantly affected by dietary iron level. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume were significantly lower in fish fed the basal diet. These values were also consistently lower for fish fed diets with 5 and 10-mg iron/kg from iron methionine. However, differences were not always significant. Results of this study indicate that supplementation of 5-mg iron from iron methionine was sufficient for growth. However, a supplemental iron level of 20-mg/kg diet or a total iron Level of 30-mg/kg of diet appeared to be needed for optimum hematological values. Iron methionine and iron sulfate were equally effective in preventing anemia in channel catfish. RP Lim, C (reprint author), USDA ARS,FISH DIS & PARASITES RES LAB,POB 952,AUBURN,AL 36831, USA. NR 21 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 27 IS 3 BP 290 EP 296 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1996.tb00610.x PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA VH485 UT WOS:A1996VH48500005 ER PT J AU Andersen, O Crow, TR Lietz, SM Stearns, F AF Andersen, O Crow, TR Lietz, SM Stearns, F TI Transformation of a landscape in the upper mid-west, USA: The history of the lower St Croix River valley, 1830 to present SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article DE historical ecology; landscape history; land-use; Minnesota; St Croix River; Wisconsin AB Learning the history of a landscape is critical to understanding present land-use patterns. We document the history of landscape change in the lower St. Croix River valley from 1830 to the present. Significant changes in land use and cover have occurred during this time. Because of the convergence of prairie, savanna and forest vegetation in this area, and because of the proximity of the St. Croix River valley to metropolitan Minneapolis/St. Paul (MN), the region is ecologically and culturally very important. A variety of information sources was used to reconstruct the lower St. Croix landscape over time. The primary sources of material were federal census records, records of lumber and agricultural production, descriptive accounts by early settlers and historians, scientific reports, the General Land Office land survey records, maps and photographs. Two periods of rapid change were identified. Change was rapid from 1850 to 1880 as first loggers and then farmers converted a lightly populated landscape of oak savanna, prairie, mixed hardwood and conifer forests and wetlands, maintained by frequent fires, into a largely deforested agricultural landscape, A second period of rapid change was from 1940 to the present as the urban area has expanded outward. Urbanization has further fragmented the remaining areas of natural habitat and has the potential to accelerate soil erosion, stream sediment transport, and oxidation of organic matter. The results of this study illustrate how landscape change can have significant impacts on ecological systems. Understanding the history of landscape change in the lower St. Croix River valley provides an analogue to help understand how other mid-western US landscapes have changed over time. C1 US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,RHINELANDER,WI 54501. NR 44 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 6 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 35 IS 4 BP 247 EP 267 DI 10.1016/S0169-2046(96)00304-0 PG 21 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA VZ467 UT WOS:A1996VZ46700005 ER PT J AU Byrdwell, WC Emken, EA Neff, WE Adlof, RO AF Byrdwell, WC Emken, EA Neff, WE Adlof, RO TI Quantitative analysis of triglycerides using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOYBEAN OIL; TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; MIXTURES; LIPIDS AB Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) was used for quantitative analysis of triglycerides (TG) separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. APCI-MS was used for analysis of mono-acid TG standards containing deuterated internal standard, of a synthetic mixture of heterogeneous TG, of randomized and normal soybean oils and of randomized and normal lard samples. Quantitation of the TG by four approaches based on APCI-MS were compared, and these were compared to quantitation obtained using liquid chromatography (LC) with flame-ionization detection (FID). The APCI-MS methods were based on (i) calibration curves from data for mono-acid TG standards, (ii) response factors obtained from a synthetic mixture of TG, (iii) response factors calculated from comparison of randomized samples to their statistically expected compositions, and (iv) response factors calculated from comparison of fatty acid (FA) compositions calculated from TG compositions to FA compositions obtained by calibrated gas chromatography (GC) with FID. Response factors derived from a synthetic mixture were not widely applicable to samples of disparate composition. The TG compositions obtained using APCI-MS data without application of response factors had average relative errors very similar to those obtained using LC-FID. Numerous TG species were identified using LC/APCI-MS which were undetected using LC-FID. Two quantitation methods, based on response factors calculated from randomized samples or on response factors calculated from FA compositions, both gave similar results for all samples. The TG compositions obtained using response factors calculated from FA compositions showed less average relative error than was obtained from LC-FID data, and were in good agreement with predicted compositions for the synthetic mixture and for randomized soybean oil and lard samples. RP Byrdwell, WC (reprint author), ARS,FQS,NCAUR,USDA,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. OI Byrdwell, William/0000-0001-8241-428X NR 20 TC 88 Z9 94 U1 4 U2 16 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD SEP PY 1996 VL 31 IS 9 BP 919 EP 935 DI 10.1007/BF02522685 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA VG890 UT WOS:A1996VG89000002 PM 8882971 ER PT J AU Treuth, MS Hunter, GR Williams, M AF Treuth, MS Hunter, GR Williams, M TI Effects of exercise intensity on 24-h energy expenditure and substrate oxidation SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE calorimetry; VO2max; metabolism; respiratory quotient ID POSTEXERCISE OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; STEADY-RATE EXERCISE; INTERMITTENT EXERCISE; MUSCULAR EFFICIENCY; GLYCOGEN REPLETION; MUSCLE GLYCOGEN; WORK RATE; METABOLISM; SPEED; WOMEN AB The purpose of this study was to determine: 1) the reliability of 24-h respiratory calorimetry measurements, and 2) the effects of low- versus high-intensity exercise on energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation over a 24-h period. Eight women (age 28 +/- 4.3 yr) were measured for body composition, maximal oxygen consumption while cycling, and EE in three, 24-h calorimeter tests, with identical work output but differing intensity during a 60-min exercise session. Low-intensity (LI) exercise involved continuous cycling at 50% VO2max; whereas high-intensity (HI) exercise involved interval cycling (2 min exercise/recovery) at 100% VO2max. Subjects were randomly assigned to the first two tests at LI or HI, with the third test at the alternate intensity. No differences in EE or respiratory quotient (RQ) during rest, sleep, exercise, or over the 24 h were found between the Brst two tests (C.V. = 6.0%), demonstrating the reliability of the measurements. The HI protocol elicited significantly higher EE than LI during rest, exercise, and over 24 h, whereas sleeping EE approached significance. No significant differences in RQ during rest, sleep, or over 24 h were found, but 24-h lipid and carbohydrate oxidation were similar in the two protocols. The HI exercise RQ was significantly higher than LI. These findings demonstrated higher 24-h EE in the HI than LI protocol, but similar 24-h substrate oxidation rates. C1 UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT NUTR SCI,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294. UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT HUMAN STUDIES,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294. RP Treuth, MS (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 28 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 4 U2 18 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 28 IS 9 BP 1138 EP 1143 DI 10.1097/00005768-199609000-00009 PG 6 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA VH259 UT WOS:A1996VH25900009 PM 8883001 ER PT J AU Hagerman, FC Fielding, RA Fiatarone, MA Gault, JA Kirkendall, DT Ragg, KE Evans, WJ AF Hagerman, FC Fielding, RA Fiatarone, MA Gault, JA Kirkendall, DT Ragg, KE Evans, WJ TI A 20-yr longitudinal study of Olympic oarsmen SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE aging elite athlete; aerobic and anaerobic capacities; cardiorespiratory function; body composition ID AGE; REDUCTION; ROWERS; MUSCLE; VO2MAX; MEN AB Nine 1972 silver-medalist oarsmen were studied before the Olympic Games and 10 and 20 yr later. Peak power, metabolic responses, and heart rate were recorded during rowing ergometry; blood lactate was measured following exercise. The skinfold equation yielded percent body fat. The average change (multiple analysis of variance) among measurements from 1972 to 1992 was 37.5 +/- 3% (P < 0.01). Average changes between 1972 and 1982 and between 1982 and 1992 were similar, 17 and 18%, respectively (P < 0.01). The most significant change between 1972 and 1992 was decreased peak blood lactate (106%). Decreases in peak power, V-E, and VO2 (ml . kg(-1). min(-1)) were all similar, approximately 40%, and were significant. Body fat increased (from 12.3 to 15.6%), and absolute VO2 and relative VO2 (lean body mass) decreased 30% (P < 0.01). Only body weight, heart rate, and O-2 pulse showed smaller changes, but these changes were still significant (P < 0.05). Relative peak VO2 decreased from 65.5 to 46.8 ml . kg(-1). min(-1) from 1972 to 1992 and at a rate of 10%. decade(-1). The most significant changes between 1972 and 1982 were increases in percent body fat (from 12.3 to 16.3%) and decreases in VO2, values (P < 0.01). There was less change in body fat between 1982 and 1992, but lactate significantly decreased (P < 0.01), as did peak power and absolute and relative VO2, and V-E. Although fitness levels in former elite oarsmen decreased each decade, these declines were somewhat arrested by regular aerobic training. Body fat increased and metabolic capacity decreased rapidly during the first decade, whereas anaerobic capacity decreased more significantly in the second decade. Anaerobic capacity diminished at a significantly greater rate than aerobic capacity, probably as a result of the aging process and emphasis on aerobic training in post-competitive years. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN RES CTR AGING,HUMAN PHYSIOL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Hagerman, FC (reprint author), OHIO UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,IRVINE HALL,ATHENS,OH 45701, USA. NR 41 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 28 IS 9 BP 1150 EP 1156 DI 10.1097/00005768-199609000-00011 PG 7 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA VH259 UT WOS:A1996VH25900011 PM 8883003 ER PT J AU Dunlap, J Minami, E Bhagwat, AA Keister, DL Stacey, G AF Dunlap, J Minami, E Bhagwat, AA Keister, DL Stacey, G TI Nodule development induced by mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum defective in cyclic B-glucan synthesis SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI; GENE-EXPRESSION; SYNTHESIS LOCUS; HOST; BETA-(1->2)-GLUCAN; EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE; AGROBACTERIUM; MEMBRANE; USDA-110; PLANT AB The soybean response to inoculation with B. japonicum mutants defective in cyclic beta-(1-->3), beta-(1-->6) glucan synthesis was examined by electron microscopy and by monitoring the expression of early and late nodulin genes, Two mutants were examined. Strain AB-14 is an ndvB mutant and is unable to synthesize beta-glucans, Strain AB-1 is an ndvC mutant and produces cyclic glucans containing 95 to 100% beta-(1-->3) glycosidic linkages, Nodules formed by either mutant were defective in nitrogen fixation activity. Soybean plants inoculated with strain AB-14 formed nodules roughly at the same rate as the wild-type strain USDA110, but nodulation by strain AB-1 was significantly delayed, Microscopy of nodules formed by strain AB-14 showed an overall ultrastructure similar to nodules formed by the wild type, However, in some nodules bacteroids were limited to only one part of the infected cells and in others the few bacteroids present showed signs of degradation, Nodulelike structures were formed by strain AB-1 that showed some signs of cellular differentiation. For example, clear parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue could be seen, However, no infection threads or bacteria were evident in these structures, The expression of early (e.g., ENOD2 and ENOD55) and late (e.g., NOD26 and leghemoglobin) nodulins was examined, Nodules formed by strain AB-14 expressed all of the nodulins tested but at a reduced level, Expression of late nodulins was delayed in strain AB-14-induced nodules, Nodules formed by strain AB-1 were more strongly affected in nodulin expression. Although leghemoglobin synthesis was not detected, infection-specific nodulin transcripts of GmN93 and ENOD55 were detected. However, expression of the early nodulins ENOD2 and ENOD55 was considerably delayed and only apparent when assayed 21 days postinoculation, A low level of expression of intermediate nodulin GmN70 and late nodulin NOD26 could also be detected by 21 days postinoculation. The microscopy data show that tissue differentiation occurs in these nodules even in the absence of active bacterial invasion, These results demonstrate the importance of cyclic beta-(1-->3), beta-(1-->6) glucan synthesis to symbiotic development in soybean. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT MICROBIOL, CTR LEGUME RES, KNOXVILLE, TN 37996 USA. UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT ECOL & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL, CTR LEGUME RES, KNOXVILLE, TN 37996 USA. UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT BOT, KNOXVILLE, TN 37996 USA. NATL INST AGROBIOL RESOURCES, DEPT CELL BIOL, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI 305, JAPAN. USDA ARS, SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB, BARCW, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT AGRON, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. NR 35 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 EI 1943-7706 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 9 IS 7 BP 546 EP 555 DI 10.1094/MPMI-9-0546 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA VF857 UT WOS:A1996VF85700002 PM 8810069 ER PT J AU Hoge, KT Krasnoff, SB Humber, RA AF Hoge, KT Krasnoff, SB Humber, RA TI Tolypocladium inflatum is the anamorph of Cordyceps subsessilis SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Clavicipitales; Cordyceps facis; cyclosporin; efrapeptin; teleomorph; Tolypocladium niveum ID GENUS TOLYPOCLADIUM; EFRAPEPTINS; DEUTEROMYCOTINA; METABOLITES; GENERA; NIVEUM AB A collection of Cordyceps subsessilis is documented. Axenic cultures of single part ascospores produced an anamorph attributable to the common soil hyphomycete Tolypocladium inflatum (= T. niveum). Efrapeptins were identified in culture filtrates of the anamorph. The efrapeptin profile of the C. subsessilis anamorph was found to be similar to that of other isolates of T. inflatum. This is the first report of a teleomorph for this important anamorph genus. C1 USDA ARS,PLANT PROTECT RES UNIT,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP Hoge, KT (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 715 EP 719 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA VN242 UT WOS:A1996VN24200005 ER PT J AU Lodge, DJ Fisher, PJ Sutton, BC AF Lodge, DJ Fisher, PJ Sutton, BC TI Endophytic fungi of Manilkara bidentata leaves in Puerto Rico SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Xylaria; species diversity; tropical forest ID FESTUCA-ARUNDINACEA; GRASSES; COENOPHIALUM; PLANTS; PALM AB Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy leaves of Manilkara bidentata (Sapotaceae) collected in Puerto Rico. One leaf was collected from each of three trees. Four 5 X 20 mm panels were cut from each leaf, surface sterilized, cut into 50 1 X 2 mm pieces, and plated on malt agar. Petioles were cut into ten 1 mm segments. Fungi were isolated from 90%-95% of the leaf pieces and all of the petiole segments. Xylaria spp. were found in 73%-74% of the leaf pieces in two of the three leaves, but only 21% in the third leaf. Xylaria cf. multiplex, X. cf. adscendens, a member of the X. mellisii/X. arbuscula complex, and 20 other fungal species were isolated. Nineteen of the 22 species on leaf blades were found on at least two of the three leaves, but half of the 12 species in petioles were unique to one leaf. The 22 species islolated from leaf blades fit a lognormal distribution. An estimated three to six species were not discovered, indicating that the 22 species found on leaf blades represented 79%-88% of the endophytic community. C1 UNIV EXETER,DEPT BIOL SCI,HATHERLY LABS,EXETER EX4 4PS,DEVON,ENGLAND. INT MYCOL INST,EGHAM TW20 9TY,SURREY,ENGLAND. RP Lodge, DJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,CTR FOREST MYCOL RES,USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,POB 1377,LUQUILLO,PR 00773, USA. NR 42 TC 122 Z9 134 U1 2 U2 16 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 733 EP 738 DI 10.2307/3760967 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA VN242 UT WOS:A1996VN24200007 ER PT J AU Nakasone, KK AF Nakasone, KK TI Morphological and molecular studies on Auriculariopsis albomellea and Phlebia albida and a reassessment of A-ampla SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Cytidiella; internal transcribed spacer; Schizophyllum; 18S ribosomal gene ID RIBOSOMAL-SUBUNIT RNA; CONFIDENCE-LIMITS; NORTH-AMERICA; SEQUENCE DATA; HIGHER FUNGI; APHYLLOPHORALES; GENE; BASIDIOMYCOTINA; PHYLOGENIES; ONAGRACEAE AB Auriculariopsis (Corticiaceae, Aphyllophorales) consists of two species: A. albomellea and A. ampla, the generic type. Auriculariopsis albomellea (= Cytidiella melzeri) is an uncommon wood decay fungus known from Europe and the United States. Studies of morphological features and analyses of sequence from the internal transcribed spacer region and a portion of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene indicate that A. albomellea is closely related to Phlebia albida. Thus, the new combination P. albomellea is proposed. Basidioma descriptions and illustrations of P. albida and P. albomellea are included. In addition, morphological studies and sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region and a part of the 18S rRNA gene suggest that A. ampla is closely related to Schizophyllum commune. Auriculariopsis is placed in synonymy under Schizophyllum, and the new combination S. amplum is proposed. RP Nakasone, KK (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, FOREST PROD LAB, USDA, 1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA. NR 74 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 762 EP 775 DI 10.2307/3760971 PG 14 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA VN242 UT WOS:A1996VN24200011 ER PT J AU AlfaroGarcia, A Armengol, J Bruton, BD Gams, W GarciaJimenez, J MartinezFerrer, G AF AlfaroGarcia, A Armengol, J Bruton, BD Gams, W GarciaJimenez, J MartinezFerrer, G TI The taxonomic position of the causal agent of Acremonium collapse of muskmelon SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Acremonium cucurbitacearum; root rot; corky root; melon collapse; cucurbits AB An Acremonium sp. has been involved in serious losses of muskmelon in Spain for several years. The common name suggested for the disease is ''Acremonium collapse'', due to the rapid death of affected plants. More recently the fungus has been isolated from cucurbits in the United Stales, from California and Texas production areas. The species is described as Acremonium cucurbitacearum Alfaro-Garcia, W. Gams & J. Garcia-Jimenez, sp. nov.; it is classified in section Acremonium and differentiated from similar species on morphological grounds. C1 UNIV POLITECN VALENCIA,DEPT PROD VEGETAL,UNIDAD PATOL VEGETAL,E-46020 VALENCIA,SPAIN. ARS,USDA,LANE,OK 74555. CENT BUR SCHIMMELCULTURES,NL-3740 AG BAARN,NETHERLANDS. OI Armengol, Josep/0000-0003-3815-8578 NR 30 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 804 EP 808 DI 10.2307/3760975 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA VN242 UT WOS:A1996VN24200015 ER PT J AU Bruehl, GW Kaiser, WJ AF Bruehl, GW Kaiser, WJ TI Some effects of water potential upon endophytic Acremonium spp in culture SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE antibiotic; Festuca; Hordeum; sporulation; Stipa; water relations ID TALL FESCUE; HOST ASSOCIATIONS; FORAGE GRASSES; ERGOT ALKALOIDS; COENOPHIALUM; DISEASE; FUNGI AB Acremonium coenophialum, A. starrii, and A. typhinum were grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with KCl (PDA + KCl) or sucrose (PDA + S) to attain a wide range of osmotic water potentials. Radial growth was greatest between -0.3 MPa (PDA without amendment) and -3.0 to -4.0 MPa, below which growth diminished to near zero at -8 MPa. Acremonium isolates grew well on corn meal agar (CMA + KCl), but antibiotic and halo production were not detected on these media. Halos consisting of an unknown opaque deposit formed within the media around colonies of some isolates in PDA and in certain PDA + KCl combinations. Inhibition zones were not detected on media adjusted to a water potential below about -3.5 to -4.2 MPa. Aerial hyphae were sparse on CMA + KCl at -5.47 MPa or lower, facilitating visual observation of sporulation. Sporulation by some isolates occurred over the entire range of water potentials. Isolates varied in radial growth, production of inhibition zones, sporulation, and in production of halos within the media and these responses appear to be characteristic of the isolate rather than the species. Growth of an unknown Acremonium species from Stipa robusta was restricted at -2.33 MPa on PDA amended with sucrose. RP Bruehl, GW (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,WESTERN REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 809 EP 815 DI 10.2307/3760976 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA VN242 UT WOS:A1996VN24200016 ER PT J AU Kaiser, WJ Bruehl, GW AF Kaiser, WJ Bruehl, GW TI The effect of water potential upon radial growth of Epichloe and Claviceps purpurea isolates in culture SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE antibiotic; Clavicipitaceae; water relations ID ENDOPHYTE-HOST ASSOCIATIONS; FORAGE GRASSES; ACREMONIUM AB Claviceps purpurea and single isolates of Epichloe amaryllans and E. baconii grew well between -0.3 and -3.0 MPa water potential, below which growth declined with declining water potential. The isolates of E. clarkii and of E. typhina were less tolerant to reduced water potential. Antibiotic was weakly produced by some Epichloe isolates but not by C. purpurea. RP Kaiser, WJ (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,WESTERN REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 816 EP 818 DI 10.2307/3760977 PG 3 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA VN242 UT WOS:A1996VN24200017 ER PT J AU Larsen, MJ Melo, I AF Larsen, MJ Melo, I TI Neotypification of Phellinus pini SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Phellinus pini; systematics AB Boletus pini Brot. is neotypified by specimens from Portugal. A detailed description of the neotype is provided and supplemented by photomicrographs of setoid elements. C1 MUSEO NACL HIST NAT, LAB & JARDIM BOT, P-1200 LISBON, PORTUGAL. MUSEO NACL HIST NAT, LAB & JARDIM BOT, P-1200 LISBON, PORTUGAL. RP Larsen, MJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, INTERMT RES STN, USDA, 1221 S MAIN ST, MOSCOW, ID 83843 USA. RI Melo, Ireneia/M-8567-2013 OI Melo, Ireneia/0000-0001-7876-077X NR 27 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALLEN PRESS INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0027-5514 EI 1557-2536 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 839 EP 843 DI 10.2307/3760980 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA VN242 UT WOS:A1996VN24200020 ER PT J AU deToledo, LSD Castellano, MA AF deToledo, LSD Castellano, MA TI A revision of the genera Radiigera and Pyrenogaster SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Basidiomycota; Geastraceae; Geastrum; Mesophelliopsis; Pyrenogastraceae; systematics AB Radiigera was described to accommodate three species of fungi that closely resemble species of the genus Geastrum. Radiigera species are similar to Geastrum species in spore characters and sporocarp macromorphology. The sporocarp in Radiigera differs from that in Geastrum in not dehiscing at maturity and in lacking the endoperidium found in all Geastrum species. Radiigera is a member of the Geastraceae and includes the following species: R. bushnellii sp. nov., known only from Oregon; R. flexuosa sp. nov, known only from Sweden; R. fuscogleba, known from throughout California, Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Utah, and Baja California; and R. taylorii, known from California, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, and Mexico. Pyrenogaster initially was described to accommodate a species from France that was unusual in the macromorphology of the gleba. Subsequent exploration revealed that P. pityophilus was fairly common in pine forests of southern Oregon. Investigation of Radiigera atrogleba revealed it to be more closely related to P. pityophilus than to any member of Radiigera. A key to both Radiigera and Pyrenogaster and an evaluation of all species previously ascribed to Radiigera is presented. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. UNIV NACL CORDOBA,INST MULTIDISCIPLINARIO BIOL VEGETAL,RA-5000 CORDOBA,ARGENTINA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 88 IS 5 BP 863 EP 884 DI 10.2307/3760983 PG 22 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA VN242 UT WOS:A1996VN24200023 ER PT J AU Nagahashi, G Douds, DD Abney, GD AF Nagahashi, G Douds, DD Abney, GD TI Phosphorus amendment inhibits hyphal branching of the VAM fungus Gigaspora margarita directly and indirectly through its effect on root exudation SO MYCORRHIZA LA English DT Article DE Gigaspora margarita; phosphorus; exudation; hyphal branching ID VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA; WHITE CLOVER; COLONIZATION; GERMINATION; SYMBIOSIS; INFECTION; GROWTH; SPORULATION; NUTRITION; INVITRO AB The effect of solution phosphorus (P) concentration upon growth of pregerminated spores of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita was examined in vitro. P at 1 mM significantly inhibited branching of the primary germ tube. The number of branches and the total hyphal length were both significantly inhibited at 10 mM P. In addition, germinated spores exposed to exudates produced by Ri T-DNA-transformed roots of Daucus carota L. grown in the presence of P showed significantly less hyphal branching than those exposed to exudates produced by P-stressed roots. These phenomena could contribute to the observed inhibition of mycorrhiza formation by high P. RP Nagahashi, G (reprint author), USDA ARS,ERRC,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 37 TC 44 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0940-6360 J9 MYCORRHIZA JI Mycorrhiza PD SEP PY 1996 VL 6 IS 5 BP 403 EP 408 DI 10.1007/s005720050139 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA WA319 UT WOS:A1996WA31900001 ER PT J AU Dumroese, RK James, RL Wenny, DL AF Dumroese, RK James, RL Wenny, DL TI Gliocladium virens in an alginate prill ineffective as a biological control of Fusarium root disease in container-grown Douglas-fir SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE Fusarium oxysporum; Fusarium proliferatum; seedling growth; seedling infection; germinants; virulence ID RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; PYTHIUM-ULTIMUM; DAMPING-OFF; SCLEROTIUM-ROLFSII; SOILLESS MIX; TRICHODERMA; GLIOTOXIN; BIOCONTROL; VIRIDIOL; METABOLITES AB An alginate prill formulation of Gliocladium virens (GL-21) was added as a top-dressing (54 g per m(2)) or incorporated into medium (1.2 kg per m(3)) used to grow Douglas-fir seedlings in styrofoam containers. Seedlings in the top-dress treatment were similar to control seedlings; infection and colonization by naturally-occurring Fusarium was unaffected by treatment. Incorporated G. virens reduced seedling growth and increased occurrence and colonization intensity of Fusarium. In a laboratory experiment, inoculating Douglas-fir seedlings with G. virens (10% w/w) prior to inoculation with Fusarium increased survival time when compared to concurrent inoculations of fungi. C1 USDA, US FOREST SERV, COEUR DALENE, ID USA. RP Dumroese, RK (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO, DEPT FOREST RESOURCES, MOSCOW, ID 83844 USA. NR 48 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 113 EP 124 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VJ874 UT WOS:A1996VJ87400003 ER PT J AU Burri, BJ VanLoan, M Keim, NL AF Burri, BJ VanLoan, M Keim, NL TI Moderate exercise training and low-energy diets are associated with small changes in indices of platelet aggregation and blood coagulation in overweight women SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE blood coagulation; platelet aggregation; energy restriction; human; exercise training ID PLASMA; MALES AB Because starvation or exhaustive exercise can significantly modify indices of platelet aggregation and blood coagulation, we investigated whether exercise training and energy restriction for weight-loss diets could also affect these indices. Ten healthy overweight women participated in an exercise program that gave an energy deficit of 15% for 98 days. Five women also ate 50% less food, giving them an overall energy deficit of 65%. Their diet contained > 100% of the recommended dietary allowance of all nutrients except energy. There were significant differences with time on the study (possibly caused by exercise training) for red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet counts as well as activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT) and platelet aggregation induced by collagen. Prothrombin time (PT) showed significant differences between groups, presumably caused by differences in energy intake. However, the changes caused by moderate exercise training and energy restriction diets are mild and probably have little physiological significance. RP Burri, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,PWA,POB 29997,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129, USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 16 IS 9 BP 1451 EP 1458 DI 10.1016/0271-5317(96)00157-1 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VD617 UT WOS:A1996VD61700001 ER PT J AU Kim, YI Mason, JB AF Kim, YI Mason, JB TI Nutrition chemoprevention of gastrointestinal cancers: A critical review SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID EPITHELIAL-CELL PROLIFERATION; COLORECTAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPS; IOWA WOMENS HEALTH; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY; LARGE-BOWEL CANCER; COLON-CANCER; CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY CALCIUM; UNITED-STATES AB Various strategies utilizing specific dietary factors have been investigated for their ability to modulate the development of several cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. The effects of fat, red meat, fiber, fruits and vegetables, and alcohol on colorectal carcinogenesis have been reasonably well defined. Folate, selenium, and omega-3 fatty acids are rapidly emerging as important agents in nutrition chemoprevention, while the role of antioxidant vitamins and calcium is less certain. Although recent intervention studies from China have suggested a protective role of certain vitamins and minerals for esophageal and gastric cancers, further data from prospective randomized intervention studies are needed. Until more firm data are available, the dietary recommendations provided by the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute are appropriate guidelines. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DIV CLIN NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DIV GASTROENTEROL,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MED,TORONTO,ON,CANADA. ST MICHAELS HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV GASTROENTEROL,TORONTO,ON M5B 1W8,CANADA. FU NCI NIH HHS [IUOI CA63812-01] NR 120 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 3 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 54 IS 9 BP 259 EP 279 PG 21 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA WD113 UT WOS:A1996WD11300001 PM 9009668 ER PT J AU Messina, FJ Richards, JH McArthur, ED AF Messina, FJ Richards, JH McArthur, ED TI Variable responses of insects to hybrid versus parental sagebrush in common gardens SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Artemisia tridentata; hybrid susceptibility; common garden; herbivory; population crosses ID MULE DEER PREFERENCE; BIG SAGEBRUSH; ARTEMISIA-TRIDENTATA; SUBGENUS TRIDENTATAE; HERBIVORE COMMUNITY; ZONE; HYBRIDIZATION; ASTERACEAE; ACCESSIONS; PERFORMANCE AB Both ecological and genetic mechanisms have been proposed to explain patterns of herbivore attack on interspecific plant hybrids, but distinguishing among them can be difficult in natural hybrid zones. We per formed a common-garden experiment to evaluate four genetic hypotheses: dominance, additivity, elevated hybrid susceptibility, and elevated hybrid resistance. Censuses and cage experiments were used to compare insect responses to basin big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata spp. tridentata), mountain big sagebrush (A. t. vaseyana), and their F-2 progeny. After two growing seasons, hybrid shrubs resembled mountain big sagenbrush in size, but were more similar to basin big sagebrush in flower production. Censuses of naturally colonizing insects (the gall midge Rhopalomyia obovata, the bagworm moth Apterona helix, and the aphid Obtusciauda coweni) tended to support the dominance hypothesis: if the insect clearly discriminated between the two parents, its frequency on hybrids closely resembled that on one of the parents. Moreover, colonization of hybrids in all three cases suggested a dominance deviation toward the susceptible parent rather than toward the resistant parent. In contrast to the censuses, cage experiments involving two insects supported the hybrid-susceptibility hypothesis; both survival and growth of the grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes and growth of the leaf beetle Trirhabda pilosa were higher on hybrid shrubs than on either parent. Because many secondary compounds have been determined to occur at intermediate concentrations in F-2 shrubs, dominance for susceptibility may indicate that insects respond to plant traits (e.g., oviposition stimulants and deterrents) in a threshold manner. Mechanisms underlying increased hybrid susceptibility are less clear, but our experimental design makes environmental explanations (e.g., the plant-stress hypothesis) unlikely. Although we eliminated several confounding factors, our results agree with the conclusion from natural hybrid zones that insect responses to hybrid plants are likely to be idiosyncratic; even congeneric species did not respond similarly to hybrid and parental plants. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT LAND AIR & WATER RESOURCES,DAVIS,CA 95616. US FOREST SERV,USDA,SHRUB SCI LAB,PROVO,UT 84606. RP Messina, FJ (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,LOGAN,UT 84321, USA. NR 53 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD SEP PY 1996 VL 107 IS 4 BP 513 EP 521 DI 10.1007/BF00333943 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VH672 UT WOS:A1996VH67200014 PM 28307395 ER PT J AU Craig, SB Bandini, LG Lichtenstein, AH Schaefer, EJ Dietz, WH AF Craig, SB Bandini, LG Lichtenstein, AH Schaefer, EJ Dietz, WH TI The impact of physical activity on lipids, lipoproteins, and blood pressure in preadolescent girls SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE physical activity; energy expenditure; lipids and lipoproteins; blood pressure; cardiovascular risk factors; dietary intake; preadolescent girls ID LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; CORONARY RISK-FACTORS; BODY-FAT DISTRIBUTION; DOUBLY LABELED WATER; SERUM-LIPIDS; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; CHILDREN; EXERCISE; INSULIN; PLASMA AB Objective. Inconsistent findings reported for the effect of physical activity on lipids, lipoproteins, and blood pressure in children may be due to errors inherent in the methods used to measure physical activity, lack of control for other cardiovascular risk factors, or both. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between physical activity assessed using direct measures of energy expenditure and cardiovascular risk factors, controlling for dietary intake and percent body fat. Methods. Nonresting energy expenditure was determined in 49 8- to 11-year-old girls from measurements of daily energy expenditure (using doubly-labeled water, (H2O)-H-2-O-18) and resting metabolic rate (using indirect calorimetry). Self-reported recall of the hours of participation in physical activities of at least moderate intensity (energy expenditure at least four times the resting metabolic rate, METS greater than or equal to 4) during the previous year was also obtained. Percent body fat was estimated from the measurement of total body water with (H2O)-O-18. Concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apo B), apo A-I, lipoprotein (a), insulin, and estradiol, as well as the waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and dietary intake from 7-day food records were measured. Data were analyzed using Pearson product-moment correlation and stepwise multiple regression. Results. Self-reported hours of participation in activities with METS (metabolic equivalents) of 4 or greater significantly predicted LDL-C and apo B concentrations, even after adjustment for percent body fat and percentage of dietary energy from saturated fat. Nonresting energy expenditure adjusted for weight, a measure of the energy spent on physical activity, did not predict LDL-C or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Body mass index and insulin concentration predicted systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. Conclusions. These findings suggest that the intensity of physical activity may be a more important determinant of LDL-C in children than the energy spent on physical activity. C1 TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV GASTROENTEROL & NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. MIT,CLIN RES CTR,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR 00088]; NIDDK NIH HHS [P30 DK 46200, DK/HD 50537] NR 53 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD SEP PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 389 EP 395 PN 1 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA VF506 UT WOS:A1996VF50600007 PM 8784362 ER PT J AU Antonious, GF Kasperbauer, MJ Byers, ME AF Antonious, GF Kasperbauer, MJ Byers, ME TI Light reflected from colored mulches to growing turnip leaves affects glucosinolate and sugar contents of edible roots SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FAR-RED LIGHT; CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES; RELEASED GLUCOSE; FIELD CONDITIONS; ACCUMULATION; RESPONSES; PRODUCTS; PLANTS; GROWTH; FRUIT AB Plastic mulches are widely used to conserve water and control weeds with less applied herbicides in production of food crops, Both yield and quality are important and can be affected by reflected blue (B), red (R) and far-red (FR) light combinations received during growth and development, Photosynthate allocation among growing plant parts and flavor of edible roots were studied in turnip (Brassica rapa L.) grown in trickle-irrigated field plots with blue, green and white mulches, The blue and green mulches reflected different amounts of B, but they both reflected FR/R ratios higher than the ratio in incoming sunlight. The white mulch reflected more photosynthetic light and a lower FR/R ratio than the blue or green mulches. Plants grown with blue and green mulches did not differ significantly in leaf length, root size and shoot/root biomass ratio, Those grown with white had shorter leaves and larger roots, Taste testers found that plants grown with blue mulch developed roots with a sharp flavor, and roots from plants grown with green mulch had a mild flavor. Those grown with white had a less distinct flavor, Roots grown with blue mulch had the greatest concentrations of total glucosinolates (GSL) and ascorbic acid, Reducing sugar concentrations were higher in roots grown with green than in those grown with blue mulches, The comparison of chemical composition of roots from plants grown with blue versus green mulches is important because the main difference was the amount of reflected B, suggesting that B influenced an enzyme involved in the pathway from glucose to GSL, We conclude that the spectrum of light reflected from mulch on the soil surface can influence not only shoot/root biomass ratio but also flavor-related chemical composition of field-grown food crop plants. C1 USDA ARS, COASTAL PLAIN RES CTR, FLORENCE, SC 29501 USA. KENTUCKY STATE UNIV, ATWOOD RES FACIL, FRANKFORT, KY 40601 USA. NR 38 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 64 IS 3 BP 605 EP 610 DI 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03112.x PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA VG533 UT WOS:A1996VG53300031 ER PT J AU WaltersVertucci, C Crane, J Vance, NC AF WaltersVertucci, C Crane, J Vance, NC TI Physiological aspects of Taxus brevifolia seeds in relation to seed storage characteristics SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE chemical composition; desiccation damage; differential scanning calorimetry; freezing damage; isotherm; lipid; longevity; maturation; orthodox; recalcitrant; seeds; sugar content; Taxus; water; yew ID DESICCATION TOLERANCE; MOISTURE CONTENTS; THEORETICAL BASIS; SOYBEAN SEEDS; TISSUE WATER; LONGEVITY; AXES; CRYOPRESERVATION; TEMPERATURES; PROTOCOLS AB Water relations, desiccation tolerance and longevity of Taxus brevifolia (Nutt.) seeds were studied to determine the optimal stage of development and storage conditions for seeds of this species. Seeds equilibrated to a range of relative humidities (RHs) had unusually low water contents which can be accounted for by the high lipid content of gametophyte tissues (71% of the dry mass). Water relations of embryonic tissue were more typical of those reported for other seed species. The water content below which freezing transitions were not observable in the embryo was ca 0.24 g H2O (g dry weight)(-1) (g g(-1)) for all maturity classes studied. Embryos did not achieve significant levels of desiccation tolerance (survival to water contents less than 0.5 g g(-1)) until the latter stages of development when dry matter was maximal. Mature embryos could be dried to 0.025 g g(-1) (seed water content of 0.010 g g(-1)) with no loss of viability. Thus, at the latter stages of development, embryo water content could be optimized to avoid both desiccation and freezing damage: Survival of mature seeds declined over a 2-year period when seeds were stored at temperatures between 5 and 35 degrees C and RHs between 14 and 75%, corresponding to seed water contents between 0.015 and 0.07 g g(-1). The deterioration rate was slowest for seeds stored at the lowest RH and temperature. Our data indicate that seeds of Taxus brevifolia show orthodox rather than recalcitrant storage characteristics, but that the optimum water content for storage was extremely low. The results suggest that even if stored at optimal water contents and low temperatures, T. brevifolia seeds will be relatively short lived. The high quantity of lipids or reducing sugars may be contributing factors in the poor storage characteristics. C1 US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP WaltersVertucci, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL SEED STORAGE LAB, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 USA. NR 49 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 98 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VJ373 UT WOS:A1996VJ37300001 ER PT J AU Redinbaugh, MG Huber, SC Huber, JL Hendrix, KW Campbell, WH AF Redinbaugh, MG Huber, SC Huber, JL Hendrix, KW Campbell, WH TI Nitrate reductase expression in maize leaves (Zea mays) during dark-light transitions. Complex effects of protein phosphatase inhibitors on enzyme activity, protein synthesis and transcript levels SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE corn; enzyme activation; gene expression; maize; microcystin-LR; nitrate reductase; okadaic acid; protein phosphatase; Zea mays ID INDUCIBLE GENE-EXPRESSION; PROMOTER OKADAIC ACID; SPINACH LEAVES; ENVIRONMENTAL NITRATE; SYNTHASE ACTIVITIES; CIRCADIAN-RHYTHM; RAPID MODULATION; BARLEY LEAVES; HIGHER-PLANTS; IN-VITRO AB The effects of cytoplasmic protein synthesis and protein phosphatase activity on NADH:nitrate reductase (NR) activity, protein and transcript were examined in maize (Zea mays L.) seedling leaves. A rapid increase in NR activity, measured in the presence of 5 mM Mg2+, was found upon exposure of excised leaves to light. Inhibitors of protein phosphatase activity (okadaic acid [OKA] and microcystin [MC]-LR) completely prevented the increase in NR activity. The cytoplasmic protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHX), did not affect Mg2+ inhibition of NR activity during the dark-to-light transition. V-max NR activity, measured in the presence of P-i and EDTA, remained constant or increased slightly in maize leaves during the first 2 h of the light period. OKA, MC-LR or CHX treatment caused a 40 to 50% reduction in V-max NR activity during this time. Incorporation of S-35-Met into NR protein was reduced more than 90% by CHX and 80% by OKA. The inhibition of NR protein synthesis by CHX and OKA correlated with a 50 to 60% decrease in S-35-Met incorporation into total soluble protein over the treatment period. The increase in NR mRNA levels early in the light period was prevented by OKA and MC-LR, but not by CHX. OKA had a similar effect on sucrose phosphate synthase mRNA levels, but did not affect Catalase 1 or Catalase3 mRNA accumulation. The data suggest that light-induced decreases in Mg2+ inhibition of NR activity and transcript levels are independent of new protein synthesis. The effects of OKA and MC-LR indicate that protein phosphatase activities could be involved, directly or indirectly, in the regulation of NR activity, protein synthesis and transcript accumulation. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,PHYTOTECHNOL RES CTR,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,DEPT SCI BIOL,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. RP Redinbaugh, MG (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 55 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 98 IS 1 BP 67 EP 76 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VJ373 UT WOS:A1996VJ37300008 ER PT J AU Cutler, HG Lauren, DR Wilkins, AL Holland, PT Hill, RA Dugan, FM AF Cutler, HG Lauren, DR Wilkins, AL Holland, PT Hill, RA Dugan, FM TI Ruakuric acid: A natural product from Aspergillus fumigatus SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus fumigatus; coral lichen; 6-acetyl-5-hydroxy-4-methoxychroman-2-carboxylic acid ID DIPLODIA-MACROSPORA; MYCOTOXIN; TOXIN AB A new chroman derivative, named ruakuric acid, was isolated from a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus growing in conjunction with a coral lichen. The structure was determined as 6-acetyl-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-chroman-2-carboxylic acid (mixture of 2,4-cis,trans isomers). C1 HORT & FOOD RES INST NEW ZEALAND LTD,RUAKURA RES CTR,HAMILTON,NEW ZEALAND. AMER TYPE CULTURE COLLECT,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852. RP Cutler, HG (reprint author), USDA,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD SEP PY 1996 VL 43 IS 1 BP 209 EP 214 DI 10.1016/0031-9422(96)00224-5 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA VE052 UT WOS:A1996VE05200036 PM 8987516 ER PT J AU Pratt, RG AF Pratt, RG TI Screening for resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum in alfalfa by inoculation of excised leaf tissue SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STEM ROT; DISK ASSAY; SELECTION; CROWN; CULTIVARS; GENOTYPES; RESPONSES; PLANTS AB Excised leaf tissues of alfalfa were inoculated with Sclerotinia trifoliorum to determine whether leaf-inoculation techniques may be used to screen for heritable and effective resistance to the pathogen. Leaf tissues were placed on water agar in petri plates, inoculated with mycelia of S. trifoliorum, and incubated at 17 degrees C. Host responses were evaluated according to the rate and extent of necrosis that developed during 1 week. One thousand plants of cultivar Delta were screened for resistance by successive inoculation of excised unifoliate leaves, first trifoliate leaflets, and disks of tissue from later leaves. The five plants considered most resistant were intercrossed, and progeny were compared with those of five plants selected for susceptibility, five selected at random, and the parent cultivar. Progeny of resistant plants had significantly (P = 0.05) less severe disease than did progenies of susceptible and random plants and the parent cultivar when evaluated by inoculation of unifoliate leaves, first trifoliate leaflets, leaf disks, excised stems, and whole plants. In field experiments with natural infection during two growing seasons, progeny of resistant plants had less severe disease and produced significantly (P = 0.05) higher yields of forage through the first or second harvests than did progenies of susceptible and random plants and the parent cultivar. These results establish that inoculation of excised leaf tissue is an effective and efficient means to screen for resistance to S. trifoliorum in alfalfa. RP Pratt, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS,FORAGE RES UNIT,POB 5367,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 1996 VL 86 IS 9 BP 923 EP 928 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-923 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VE724 UT WOS:A1996VE72400004 ER PT J AU Nikolaeva, OV Karasev, AV Powell, CA Gumpf, DJ Garnsey, SM Lee, RF AF Nikolaeva, OV Karasev, AV Powell, CA Gumpf, DJ Garnsey, SM Lee, RF TI Mapping of epitopes for citrus tristeza virus-specific monoclonal antibodies using bacterially expressed coat protein fragments SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Epitopes for a panel of 30 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for citrus tristeza virus (CTV) were mapped on the CTV coat protein (CP) expressed in bacterial cells. Expression constructs that generated different portions of the CTV CP were screened against MAbs by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All MAbs analyzed could be placed into five groups (I to V), four of which have continuous sequential epitopes. Group I has an epitope within the nine C-terminal amino acids (aa), 215 to 223, that reacted only to MAb 4H6; the group II epitope was mapped between aa 173 and 215 and reacted to MCA-14; the group III epitope was mapped between aa 118 and 128 and reacted to five MAbs, including MCA-13; and the group IV epitope was mapped between aa 2 and 121 and reacted to four MAbs. Epitope(s) for a large group of MAbs (group V) either were conformational or included a conformational element, because they only reacted with the complete CP fusion protein and not with its fragments. Specific proteolytic cleavage of a CP fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli as a peptide fused to a maltose-binding protein (MBP) released a full-size CP with essentially no reactivity with MAbs from group V. Additional studies will be needed to differentiate members of this group. The linear, continuous epitope for MCA-13 (aa 118 to 128), which distinguishes Florida quick decline-inducing (D-I) CTV isolates from mild isolates, was expressed in E. coli cells as a peptide fused to an MBP. This fusion protein was purified and used as antigen to generate a rabbit polyclonal antiserum. The aa 118 to 128-specific polyclonal antiserum had the same serological properties as MAb MCA-13 and reacted with Florida quick D-I CTV isolates but not with mild isolates. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,CTR AGR RES & EDUC,CTR CITRUS RES & EDUC,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850. UNIV FLORIDA,INDIAN RIVER RES & EDUC CTR,FT PIERCE,FL 34945. UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,ORLANDO,FL 32803. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 1996 VL 86 IS 9 BP 974 EP 979 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-974 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VE724 UT WOS:A1996VE72400012 ER PT J AU Mehta, RA Warmbardt, RD Mattoo, AK AF Mehta, RA Warmbardt, RD Mattoo, AK TI Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pik-Red) leaf carboxypeptidase: Identification, N-terminal sequence, stress-regulation, and specific localization in the paraveinal mesophyll vacuoles SO PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carboxypeptidase (immunolocalization); ethylene; immunogold electron microscopy; oxidative stress; protein turnover; senescence ID CYSTEINE PROTEINASE; INVIVO DEGRADATION; MALTED BARLEY; EXPRESSION; METABOLISM; ENZYMES; FRUIT; ENDOPEPTIDASE; SENESCENCE; SPIRODELA AB Wounding of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) leaves causes systemic induction of a serine-type carboxypeptidase activity. We find this activity to be present in several isoforms. Antibodies raised against the leaf carboxypeptidase inhibited the enzyme activity and the immunoprecipitates were resolved into a 69-kDa polypeptide and a doublet of 35/37-kDa proteins on SDS-PAGE. Immunoblot analysis of the leaf proteins also immunodecorated the 69-kDa and 35/37-kDa proteins. Amino acid sequence analysis of the amino-terminus of the tomato leaf 69-kDa carboxypeptidase showed it to be similar to the barley A-chain carboxypeptidase I [Sorenson et al. (1986) Carlsberg Res. Commun. 51: 475], sharing Ala as the N-terminus and the sequences, AlaProGln and LeuProGlyPhe. Superimposition of a chemical stress (copper treatment) on wounding apparently lowered wound-induced carboxypeptidase activity in the leaf, suggesting that cupric ions might interact with the wound signal. Immunogold electron microscopy indicated that the leaf carboxypeptidase was specifically localized within the inclusions of vacuoles of vascular parenchyma cells, In cupric ion-treated tissues, carboxypeptidase was found redistributed to other parts of the cell, indicating that this treatment, but not wounding, causes general vacuolar membrane damage. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PLANT MOL BIOL LAB,REE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT BIOL SCI,CATONSVILLE,MD 21228. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PLANT PHOTOBIOL LAB,REE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RI Mattoo, Autar/G-9863-2011 NR 45 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU JAPANESE SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI KYOTO PA SHIMOTACHIURI OGAWA HIGASHI KAMIKYOKU, KYOTO 602, JAPAN SN 0032-0781 J9 PLANT CELL PHYSIOL JI Plant Cell Physiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 37 IS 6 BP 806 EP 815 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA VG680 UT WOS:A1996VG68000012 PM 8888619 ER PT J AU Eardly, BD Wang, FS vanBerkum, P AF Eardly, BD Wang, FS vanBerkum, P TI Corresponding 16S rRNA gene segments in Rhizobiaceae and Aeromonas yield discordant phylogenies SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th North American Conference on Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation CY AUG 13-17, 1995 CL NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV, RALEIGH, NC HO NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV DE Agrobacterium; population genetics; Rhizobium; systematics; taxonomy ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA; SEQUENCES; VULGARIS AB Previous evidence has indicated that the 16S rRNA genes in certain species of Aeromonas may have a history of lateral transfer and recombination. A comparative analysis of patterns of 16S nucleotide sequence polymorphism among species of Rhizobium and Agrobacterium was conducted to determine if there is similar evidence for chimeric 16S genes in members of the Rhizobiaceae. Results from phylogenetic analyses and comparison of patterns of nucleotide sequence polymorphism in portions of rhizobial 16S genes revealed the same type of segment-dependent polymorphic site partitioning that was previously reported for Aeromonas. These results support the hypothesis that certain 16S segments in rhizobia may have a history of lateral transfer and recombination. C1 ARS,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD. RP Eardly, BD (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 19610, USA. NR 13 TC 29 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD SEP PY 1996 VL 186 IS 1 BP 69 EP 74 DI 10.1007/BF00035057 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WD380 UT WOS:A1996WD38000010 ER PT J AU Kuykendall, LD Hashem, FM Hunter, WJ AF Kuykendall, LD Hashem, FM Hunter, WJ TI Enhanced competitiveness of a Bradyrhizobium japonicum mutant strain improved for nodulation and nitrogen fixation SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th North American Conference on Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation CY AUG 13-17, 1995 CL NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV, RALEIGH, NC HO NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV DE competitiveness; inoculant; nitrogen fixation; nodulation; soybean; yield ID LEGUMES AB Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain TA-11NOD(+), with altered indole biosynthesis, exhibited enhanced nodulation and nitrogen fixation on soybean in previous greenhouse studies. In this study, field experiments were conducted at Upper Marlboro, Maryland, in the summers of 1988 and 1993. In 1988, the site used was essentially free of soybean-nodulating bacteria and seed yield in plots inoculated with either I-110ARS or TA-11NOD(+) was significantly higher by 12 or 20%, respectively, than that of the uninoculated controls. The 1993 site had an indigenous soil population (about 10(4) cells g(-1)) of symbiotically ineffective soybean-nodulating bacteria. Nevertheless, six-week-old 'Morgan' soybean plants inoculated with strain TA-11NOD(+) had 44% more nodules and exhibited 50% more nitrogen fixation by acetylene reduction when compared with plants that received the parental strain I-110ARS. Nodule occupancy, as determined using genetic markers for rifampicin and streptomycin resistance, was significantly higher for strain TA-11NOD(+) than for strain I-110ARS. Overall, for the two years and the two soybean genotypes, the yield obtained with TA-11NOD(+) was 6% higher than that obtained with I-110ARS. Competition experiments were conducted in the greenhouse and strain TA-11NOD(+) was significantly more competitive than strain I-110ARS in competition with strains USDA 6 or USDA 438. C1 ARS,SOIL PLANT NUTR RES UNIT,USDA,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. RP Kuykendall, LD (reprint author), ARS,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,USDA,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD SEP PY 1996 VL 186 IS 1 BP 121 EP 125 DI 10.1007/BF00035065 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WD380 UT WOS:A1996WD38000018 ER PT J AU Hashem, FM Kuykendall, LD Udell, SE Thomas, PM AF Hashem, FM Kuykendall, LD Udell, SE Thomas, PM TI Phage susceptibility and plasmid profile analysis of Sinorhizobium fredii SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th North American Conference on Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation CY AUG 13-17, 1995 CL NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV, RALEIGH, NC HO NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV DE host range; megaplasmid; phage typing; rhizobiophage; Rhizobium fredii ID INTRINSIC ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; INDIGENOUS RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI; BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; HOST-RANGE; NODULATION; STRAINS; LEGUMINOSARUM; DIVERSITY; NODULES; BACTERIOPHAGES AB This is the first report identifying bacteriophages and documenting megaplasmids of Sinorhizobium fredii. Plasmid DNA content and bacteriophage typing of eighteen strains of S fredii were determined. S. fredii strains fell into ten plasmid profile groups containing 1 to 6 plasmids, some evidently larger than 1000 MDa. Twenty-three S. fredii lytic phages were isolated from soil, and they lysed six different S. fredii strains. The host range and plaque morphology of these phages were studied. Susceptibility to S. fredii phages was examined for S. meliloti; Rhizobium leguminosarum bvs. viceae, trifolii and phaseoli; R, loti; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; B. elkanii and Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis). Several phages that originally lysed S. fredii strain USDA 206 also lysed strains of all three S. fredii serogroups described originally by Sadowsky et al. Phages that infected S. fredii strains USDA 191 and USDA 257 were highly specific and lysed only serogroup 193 strains. S. meliloti strains L5-30 and USDA 1005 were lysed by three of the phages that lysed S. fredii strain USDA 217. No other Rhizobium or Bradyrhizobium strain tested was susceptible to lysis by any of the S. fredii phages. The present investigation indicates that phage susceptibility in conjunction with plasmid profile analysis may provide a rapid method for identification and characterization of strains of S. fredii. RP Hashem, FM (reprint author), ARS,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,USDA,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BLDG 011,HH-19,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 43 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD SEP PY 1996 VL 186 IS 1 BP 127 EP 134 DI 10.1007/BF00035066 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WD380 UT WOS:A1996WD38000019 ER PT J AU Devine, TE Kuykendall, LD AF Devine, TE Kuykendall, LD TI Host genetic control of symbiosis in soybean (Glycine max L) SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th North American Conference on Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation CY AUG 13-17, 1995 CL NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV, RALEIGH, NC HO NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV DE Bradyrhizobium; legumes; nitrogen fixation; Nod Factors; nodulation; Rhizobium ID EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE COMPOSITION; BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM BACTEROIDS; RHIZOBIUM-FREDII USDA257; RHIZOBITOXINE PRODUCTION; CONTROLLING NODULATION; HYDROGENASE PHENOTYPE; SUBSEQUENT CROPS; NODULE FORMATION; STRAIN USDA-205; DNA HOMOLOGY AB Genes controlling nitrogen-fixing symbioses of legumes with specialized bacteria known as rhizobia are presumably the products of many millions of years of evolution. Different adaptative solutions evolved in response to the challenge of survival in highly divergent complexes of symbionts. Whereas efficiency of nitrogen fixation appears to be controlled by quantitative inheritance, genes controlling nodulation are qualitatively inherited. Genes controlling nodulation include those for non-nodulation, those that restrict certain microsymbionts, and those conditioning hypernodulation, or supernodulation. Some genes are naturally occurring polymorphisms, while others were induced or were the result of spontaneous mutations. The geographic patterns of particular alleles indicate the role of coevolution in determining symbiont specificities and compatibilities. For example, the Rj4 allele occurs with higher frequency (over 50%) among the soybean (G. max) from Southeast Asia. DNA homology studies of strains of Bradyrhizobium that nodulate soybean indicated two groups so distinct as to warrant classification as two species. Strains producing rhizobitoxine-induced chlorosis occur only in Group II, now classified as B. elkanii. Unlike B, japonicum, B, elkanii strains are characterized by (1) the ability to nodulate the rjl genotype, (2) the formation of nodule-like structures on peanut, (3) a relatively high degree of ex planta nitrogenase activity, (4) distinct extracellular polysaccharide composition, (5) distinct fatty acid composition, (6) distinct antibiotic resistance profiles, and (7) low DNA homology with B. japonicum. Analysis with soybean lines near isogenic for the Rj4 versus rj4 alleles indicated that the Rj4 allele excludes a high proportion of B. elkanii strains and certain strains of B. japonicum such as strain USDA62 and three serogroup 123 strains. These groups, relatively inefficient in nitrogen fixation with soybean, tend to predominate in soybean nodules from many US soils. The Rj4 allele, the most common allelic form in the wild species, has a positive value for the host plants in protecting them from nodulation by rhizobia poorly adapted for symbiosis. C1 ARS, SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP Devine, TE (reprint author), ARS, PLANT MOL BIOL LAB, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 92 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD SEP PY 1996 VL 186 IS 1 BP 173 EP 187 DI 10.1007/BF00035072 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA WD380 UT WOS:A1996WD38000025 ER PT J AU ONeill, NR Farr, DF AF ONeill, NR Farr, DF TI Miscanthus blight, a new foliar disease of ornamental grasses and sugarcane incited by Leptosphaeria sp, and its anamorphic state Stagonospora sp SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE sugarcane; sugarcane leaf blight AB Leaf spot and leaf blight were observed on the ornamental grass Miscanthus sinensis during the late summer and fall of 1993, 1994, and 1995 in three counties in Maryland. Severe disease symptoms occurred on residential landscape plants, nursery container stock, and commercial plantings of Miscanthus sinensis, M. s. var. gracillimus, M. s. var. variegatus, and M. s. var. zebrinus. The disease is characterized by reddish brown spots to oval streaks on leaves and sheaths. Leaf margins, leaf tips, and older leaves become necrotic. Younger plants become completely necrotic. Pycnidia and conidia of a species of Stagonospora with a Leptosphaeria teleomorph were observed on naturally infected necrotic Miscanthus leaves. The fungus was readily isolated in pure culture from affected plant parts. The fungus is homothallic, and both the anamorphic and teleomorphic states were produced on inoculated Miscanthus and sugarcane foliage, and on autoclaved sugarcane leaves. The anamorph may be morphologically distinct from other Stagonospora pathogens described from sugarcane, but the teleomorph is similar to Leptosphaeria taiwanensis (anamorph Stagonospora tainanensis), cause of sugarcane leaf blight. In growth chamber inoculations, conidia produced by the Miscanthus fungus and by S. tainanensis from sugarcane were highly virulent and caused similar blight symptoms on four Miscanthus varieties and six sugarcane clones. Sugarcane leaf blight is a serious disease in Taiwan but has not been reported from the United Stales. The name proposed for the new disease on Miscanthus is Miscanthus blight, caused by Leptosphaeria sp. and its conidial state Stagonospora sp. RP ONeill, NR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 80 IS 9 BP 980 EP 987 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VD423 UT WOS:A1996VD42300005 ER PT J AU Bonde, MR Peterson, GL FuentesDavila, G Aujla, S Nanda, GS Phillips, JG AF Bonde, MR Peterson, GL FuentesDavila, G Aujla, S Nanda, GS Phillips, JG TI Comparison of the virulence of isolates of Tilletia indica, causal agent of Karnal bunt of wheat, from India, Pakistan, and Mexico SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE disease resistance; partial bunt; smut AB Four Tilletia indica teliospore field populations, two from Mexico and one each from India and Pakistan, were tested for virulence on five Karnal bunt-resistant cultivars, one moderately susceptible, and two Karnal bunt highly susceptible wheat cultivars. The five resistant cultivars represented the most Karnal bunt-resistant germ plasm in the breeding programs at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo [CIMMYT]), Mexico, and the Department of Plant Breeding, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. Rants at the boot stage were inoculated by injecting into the boot 1 ml of a water suspension containing 10,000 allantoid sporidia per ml, incubated in a mist chamber for 3 days, then maintained until maturity in a greenhouse. All inoculated and control wheat spikes were harvested individually, and percentages of T. indica-infected seeds were determined. In addition, infected seeds from 10 randomly selected infected spikes per treatment were examined to estimate the proportion of each infected seed converted to a sorus. On the most resistant wheat cultivar (HD-29), percentage of seeds infected varied from 10 to 30%, depending on pathogen aggressiveness. On the most susceptible cultivar (Bacanora), infection varied from 55 to 84%. Although there were differences in pathogen aggressiveness, there was no evidence of the existence of races among the field populations. Wheat cultivars resistant to the Mexican fungal populations also were resistant to those from Asia, and vice versa; there was a significant correlation (P less than or equal to 0.05) between percentage of seeds infected and extent of fungal colonization of infected seeds with all but one pathogen population when comparing resistant versus other wheat cultivars. C1 CIMMYT,MEXICO CITY 06600,DF,MEXICO. PUNJAB AGR UNIV,DEPT PLANT BREEDING,LUDHIANA 141004,PUNJAB,INDIA. USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. RP Bonde, MR (reprint author), ARS,USDA,FOREIGN DIS WEED SCI RES,FT DETRICK,MD 21702, USA. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 80 IS 9 BP 1071 EP 1074 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VD423 UT WOS:A1996VD42300020 ER PT J AU Schnell, RJ Ploetz, RC AF Schnell, RJ Ploetz, RC TI Outbreak of avocado black streak in Dade County, Florida. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 UNIV FLORIDA,HOMESTEAD,FL 33031. RP Schnell, RJ (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NATL CLONAL GERMPLASM REPOSITORY,MIAMI,FL 33199, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 80 IS 9 BP 1079 EP 1079 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VD423 UT WOS:A1996VD42300023 ER PT J AU Johnson, JF Allan, DL Vance, CP Weiblen, G AF Johnson, JF Allan, DL Vance, CP Weiblen, G TI Root carbon dioxide fixation by phosphorus-deficient Lupinus albus - Contribution to organic acid exudation by proteoid roots SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMINO-ACIDS; NITRATE ASSIMILATION; NODULE DEVELOPMENT; NITROGEN-FIXATION; INORGANIC CARBON; L SEEDLINGS; RHIZOSPHERE; PHOSPHATE; METABOLISM; TOMATO AB When white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is subjected to P deficiency lateral root development is altered and densely clustered, tertiary lateral roots (proteoid roots) are initiated. These proteoid roots exude large amounts of citrate, which increases P solubilization. In the current study plants were grown with either 1 mM P (+P-treated) or without P (-P-treated). Shoots or roots of intact plants from both P treatments were labeled independently with (CO2)-C-14 to compare the relative contribution of C fixed in each with the C exuded from roots as citrate and other organic acids. About 25-fold more acid-stable C-14, primarily in citrate and malate, was recovered in exudates from the roots of -P-treated plants compared with +P-treated plants. The rate of in vivo C fixation in roots was about 4-fold higher in -P-treated plants than in +P-treated plants. Evidence from labeling intact shoots or roots indicates that synthesis of citrate exuded by -P-treated roots is directly related to nonphotosynthetic C fixation in roots. C fixed in roots of -P-treated plants contributed about 25 and 34% of the C exuded as citrate and malate, respectively. Nonphotosynthetic C fixation in white lupin roots is an integral component in the exudation of large amounts of citrate and malate, thus increasing the P available to the plant. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, PLANT SCI RES UNIT, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. HARVARD UNIV HEBARIA, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA. OI Johnson, Jane/0000-0002-1687-4007 NR 47 TC 156 Z9 178 U1 4 U2 33 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 112 IS 1 BP 19 EP 30 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VJ093 UT WOS:A1996VJ09300005 ER PT J AU Johnson, JF Vance, CP Allan, DL AF Johnson, JF Vance, CP Allan, DL TI Phosphorus deficiency in Lupinus albus - Altered lateral root development and enhanced expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM; CARBON-DIOXIDE FIXATION; MESEMBRYANTHEMUM-CRYSTALLINUM; PROTEOID ROOTS; PHOSPHATE STARVATION; INEFFECTIVE NODULES; CELLS; RHIZOSPHERE; INDUCTION; PLANTS AB The development of clustered tertiary lateral roots (proteoid roots) and the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31) in roots were studied in white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) grown with either 1 mM P (+P-treated) or without P (-P-treated). The +P-treated plants initiated fewer clustered tertiary meristems and the emergence of these meristems was delayed compared with -P-treated plants. Proteoid root zones could be identified 9 d after emergence in both P treatments. Amounts of PEPC mRNA, PEPC specific activity, and enzyme protein were greater in proteoid roots than in normal roots beginning at 10, 12, and 14 d after emergence, respectively. The increases in PEPC mRNA, PEPC enzyme, and PEPC specific activity suggest that this enzyme is in part under transcriptional regulation. Recovery of organic acids from root exudates coincided with the increases in PEPC specific activity. The -P-treated plants exuded 40-, 20-, and Ei-fold more citrate, malate, and succinate, respectively, than did +P-treated plants. Data presented support the hypothesis that white lupin has concerted regulation of proteoid root development, transcriptional regulation of PEPC, and biosynthesis of organic acids for exudation in response to P deficiency. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. OI Johnson, Jane/0000-0002-1687-4007 NR 59 TC 207 Z9 237 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 112 IS 1 BP 31 EP 41 DI 10.1104/pp.112.1.31 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VJ093 UT WOS:A1996VJ09300006 PM 8819319 ER PT J AU Zook, M Hohn, T Bonnen, A Tsuji, J Hammerschmidt, R AF Zook, M Hohn, T Bonnen, A Tsuji, J Hammerschmidt, R TI Characterization of novel sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis in tobacco expressing a fungal sesquiterpene synthase SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-SUSPENSION CULTURES; SAGE SALVIA-OFFICINALIS; SQUALENE SYNTHETASE; FUSARIUM-SPOROTRICHIOIDES; CYCLASE GENE; INDUCTION; ELICITOR; PURIFICATION; TRICHODIENE; TRICHOTHECENES AB The gene encoding trichodiene synthase (Tri5), a sesquiterpene synthase from the fungus Fusarium sporotrichioides, was used to transform tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Trichodiene was the sole sesquiterpene synthase product in enzyme reaction mixtures derived from unelicited transformant cell-suspension cultures, and both trichodiene and 5-epi-aristolochene were observed as reaction products following elicitor treatment. Immunoblot analysis of protein extracts revealed the presence of trichodiene synthase only in transformant cell lines producing trichodiene. In vivo labeling with [H-3]mevalonate revealed the presence of a novel trichodiene metabolite, 15-hydroxytrichodiene, that accumulated in the transformant cell-suspension cultures. In a trichodiene-producing transformant, the level of 15-hydroxytrichodiene accumulation increased after elicitor treatment. In vivo labeling with [C-14]acetate showed that the biosynthetic rate of trichodiene and 15-hydroxytrichodiene also increased after elicitor treatment. Incorporation of radioactivity from [C-14]acetate into capsidiol was reduced following elicitor treatment of a trichodiene-producing transformant as compared with wild type. These results demonstrate that sesquiterpenoid accumulation resulting from the constitutive expression of a foreign sesquiterpene synthase is responsive to elicitation and that the farnesyl pyrophosphate present in elicited cells can be utilized by a foreign sesquiterpene synthase to produce high levels of novel sesquiterpenoids. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Zook, M (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. NR 27 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 112 IS 1 BP 311 EP 318 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VJ093 UT WOS:A1996VJ09300037 ER PT J AU Saab, IN Sachs, MM AF Saab, IN Sachs, MM TI A flooding-induced xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase homolog in maize is responsive to ethylene and associated with aerenchyma SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZEA-MAYS-L; LOW WATER POTENTIALS; PLANT-CELL WALLS; ENDOTRANSGLYCOSYLASE ACTIVITY; MOLECULAR-CLONING; ABSCISIC-ACID; ROOTS; GROWTH; GENE; MAINTENANCE AB Development of aerenchyma (soft cortical tissue with large intercellular air spaces) in flooded plants results from cell-wall hydrolysis and eventual cell lysis and is promoted by endogenous ethylene. Despite its adaptive significance, the molecular mechanisms behind aerenchyma development remain unknown. We recently isolated a flooding-induced maize (Zea mays L.) gene (wusl1005[gfu]; abbreviated as 1005) encoding a homolog of xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase (XET), a putative cell-wall-loosening enzyme active during germination, expansion, and fruit softening. XET and related enzymes may also be involved in cell-wall metabolism during flooding-induced aerenchyma development. Under flooding, 1005 mRNA accumulated in root and mesocotyl locations that subsequently exhibited aerenchyma development and reached maximum levels within 12 h of treatment. Aerenchyma development was observed in the same locations by 48 h of treatment. Treatment with the ethylene synthesis inhibitor (aminooxy)acetic acid (AOA), which prevented cortical air space formation under flooding, almost completely inhibited 1005 mRNA accumulation in both organs. AOA treatment had little effect on the accumulation of mRNA encoded by adh1, indicating that it did not cause general suppression of flooding-responsive genes. Additionally, ethylene treatment under aerobic conditions resulted in aerenchyma development as well as induction of 1005 in both organs. These results indicate that 1005 is responsive to ethylene. Treatment with anoxia, which suppresses ethylene accumulation and aerenchyma development, also resulted in 1005 induction. However, in contrast to flooding, AOA treatment under anoxia did not affect 1005 mRNA accumulation, indicating that 1005 is induced via different mechanisms under flooding (hypoxia) and anoxia. C1 ARS,USDA,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Saab, IN (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 33 TC 116 Z9 138 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 112 IS 1 BP 385 EP 391 DI 10.1104/pp.112.1.385 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VJ093 UT WOS:A1996VJ09300046 PM 8819334 ER PT J AU McNamara, JR Warnick, GR Leary, ET Wittels, E Nelson, FE Pearl, MF Schaefer, EJ AF McNamara, JR Warnick, GR Leary, ET Wittels, E Nelson, FE Pearl, MF Schaefer, EJ TI Multicenter evaluation of a patient-administered test for blood cholesterol measurement SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; cholesterol screening; coronary artery disease; coronary artery disease risk; home testing; fingerstick blood; capillary blood ID DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; COMPACT ANALYSIS SYSTEMS; UNITED-STATES ADULTS; ANALYZERS AB Background. In order to assess accuracy of a newly developed, noninstrumented, self-administered fingerstick test that measures cholesterol levels in whole blood, the AccuMeter Cholesterol Self-Test was evaluated for home-use by untrained consumers in a multicenter study. Methods. A total of 486 untrained adult volunteers of varying age, occupation, and educational background were recruited at four sites. Participants received written instructions provided in the kit, access to a telephone ''800'' number for additional help, and, if necessary, a short instructional video available to consumers on request. Fingerstick cholesterol results obtained by untrained volunteers were compared with paired venous serum results obtained by the Abell-Kendall cholesterol reference method. After application of exclusion criteria, 79.0% (384/486) of subjects had AccuMeter fingerstick results available for comparison with the reference method. Results. Results obtained with the AccuMeter test correlated well with the Abell-Kendall results (r = 0.91). There was a mean overall bias for the AccuMeter of -0.116 +/- 0.528 mmol/liter (-2.2%), with a mean absolute bias of 0.398 +/- 0.367 mmol/liter (7.6%). Biases at the National Cholesterol Education Program cutpoints of 5.20 and 6.20 mmol/liter were -2.2 and -2.5%, respectively. Subjects with high-risk total cholesterol values (greater than or equal to 6.20 mmol/liter) were correctly classified 80.0% of the time, with an additional 18.8% placed in the borderline category (5.20-6.20 mmol/liter); 1.2% were inappropriately placed in the desirable category. No subjects were placed in the high-risk category by the AccuMeter test if they had a desirable cholesterol value by the reference method, while 9.8% were placed in this category if they were in fact borderline. Conclusions. This test appears to be a useful addition to available options in the effort to increase awareness of cholesterol as a heart disease risk factor. A large portion of untrained consumers were able to perform the AccuMeter Cholesterol Self-Test and obtain comparable results to the reference method, This test for the first time allows consumers to determine their own cholesterol values, with a reasonably good degree of accuracy. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 PACIFIC BIOMETR RES FDN,SEATTLE,WA 98109. METHODIST HOSP,INST PREVENT MED,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NATL SEMICOND CORP,SANTA CLARA,CA 95052. RP McNamara, JR (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,LIPID METAB LAB,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 25 IS 5 BP 583 EP 592 DI 10.1006/pmed.1996.0093 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA VJ934 UT WOS:A1996VJ93400012 PM 8888327 ER PT J AU Mengeling, WL Lager, KM Vorwald, AC AF Mengeling, WL Lager, KM Vorwald, AC TI Virus-induced reproductive diseases of farm animals SO REPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS LA English DT Article C1 ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Mengeling, WL (reprint author), ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0936-6768 J9 REPROD DOMEST ANIM JI Reprod. Domest. Anim. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 437 EP 440 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA V2943 UT WOS:000168876000007 ER PT J AU Fiatarone, MA AF Fiatarone, MA TI Physical activity and functional independence in aging SO RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1996 International Pre-Olympic Scientific Congress on Physical Activity, Sport, and Health CY JUL, 1996 CL DALLAS, TX C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DIV AGING,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,NUTR RES CTR,MEDFORD,MA 02155. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ALLIANCE HEALTH PHYS EDUC REC & DANCE PI RESTON PA 1900 ASSOCIATION DRIVE, RESTON, VA 22091 SN 0270-1367 J9 RES Q EXERCISE SPORT JI Res. Q. Exerc. Sport PD SEP PY 1996 VL 67 IS 3 SU S BP S70 EP S70 PG 1 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Psychology, Applied; Psychology; Sport Sciences SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Psychology; Sport Sciences GA VP687 UT WOS:A1996VP68700009 PM 8902911 ER PT J AU Moore, DJ Tilton, JE Shields, DJ AF Moore, DJ Tilton, JE Shields, DJ TI Economic growth and the demand for construction materials SO RESOURCES POLICY LA English DT Article AB Despite the widespread research on metal demand in recent years, there is little in the professional literature on the demand for construction materials and other non-fuel, non-metallic minerals, A recent and interesting exception is Humphreys (1994), which finds that intersectoral shifts in the UK economy favouring the service sector at the expense of the manufacturing sector have had a negative influence on the intensity of metal use but a positive influence on the intensity of use of construction materials, As a result, the latter has changed very little in the UK over the past 30 years while the former has declined dramatically, In an attempt to determine if Humphreys's findings apply to other countries as well, this study extends his analysis to the USA, The results are quite different, The intensity of use for construction materials has declined dramatically over the past 30 years, more so than the intensity of metal use, Moreover, intersectoral shifts - the decline of manufacturing and the rise of services - appear to influence intensity of use trends for both metals and construction materials less than resource saving technology, material substitution and intrasectoral shifts within the manufacturing sector. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US FOREST SERV, FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA. RP Moore, DJ (reprint author), COLORADO SCH MINES, DIV ECON & BUSINESS, GOLDEN, CO 80401 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0301-4207 J9 RESOUR POLICY JI Resour. Policy PD SEP PY 1996 VL 22 IS 3 BP 197 EP 205 DI 10.1016/S0301-4207(96)00037-2 PG 9 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WH637 UT WOS:A1996WH63700005 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, RH Steffens, GL AF Zimmerman, RH Steffens, GL TI Long-term evaluation of micropropagated apple trees: Vegetative growth, cropping, and photosynthesis SO SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Article DE apple cultivars; Malus domestica; micropropagation; fruit yield AB Micropropagated apple (Malus domestica Borkh,) trees of 20 cultivars, of both standard and spur-type growth habits, were grown for up to 14 years and measurements taken annually of size (trunk cross-sectional area), flowering and yield. For three consecutive years (1988-1990), photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content and specific leaf weight were measured on three trees of each of 16 of these cultivars on at least three dates per year. The data show differences among the cultivars in vegetative vigor, age at which flowering began, fruit yields, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Trees did not display intraclonal variation except for one spur type, 'Redspur Delicious', in which the spur characteristic was variable from tree to tree, The results document growth and yield data for micropropagated trees of a broad range of apple cultivars; no other data are available in the literature for most of these cultivars. RP Zimmerman, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FRUIT LAB,BARC W,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4238 J9 SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM JI Sci. Hortic. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 66 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 76 DI 10.1016/0304-4238(96)00898-9 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VM172 UT WOS:A1996VM17200008 ER PT J AU Khan, MM Hendry, GAF Atherton, NM VertucciWalters, CW AF Khan, MM Hendry, GAF Atherton, NM VertucciWalters, CW TI Free radical accumulation and lipid peroxidation in testas of rapidly aged soybean seeds: A light-promoted process SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE free radicals; glycine max; lipid peroxidation; oxidative stress; seed viability; testa ID DESICCATION AB The role of free radical-induced damage as a cause of loss of vigour in seeds is by no means resolved. In this contribution, the effects of environmental treatments known to reduce viability rapidly were compared with the effects of long-term, low-temperature storage on germination, hypocotyl growth and free radical accumulation and lipid peroxidation in soybean seeds. Accelerated aging was achieved by incubating seeds at 35 degrees C and 1% relative humidity over H2SO4 for up to 69 days in the light and in darkness. In contrast, seeds under long-term storage were maintained at 5 degrees C and 6% moisture content in darkness for up to 6 years. At 35 degrees C there were rapid and significant reductions in rates of seed germination and hypocotyl extension. Loss of viability and declining vigour were associated with increases in lipid peroxidation and free radical build-up but the latter, surprisingly, was largely confined to the testa rather than the cotyledon. Exposure to light greatly enhanced lipid peroxidation and increased organic free radical accumulation in the translucent testas of seeds, but not in the cotyledons. Similar responses to light were recorded in testas detached from seeds. These results show that in soybean the testa is a significant locus of free radical degenerative events induced by high temperature combined with low moisture. C1 UNIV SHEFFIELD,DEPT ANIM & PLANT SCI,UNIT COMPARAT PLANT ECOL,NERC,SHEFFIELD S10 2TN,S YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND. UNIV SHEFFIELD,DEPT CHEM,SHEFFIELD S10 2TN,S YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND. USDA ARS,NATL SEED STORAGE LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. NR 18 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA WALLINGFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX10 8DE SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Deed Sci. Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 101 EP 107 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VN914 UT WOS:A1996VN91400003 ER PT J AU Liedl, BE McCormick, S Mutschler, MA AF Liedl, BE McCormick, S Mutschler, MA TI Unilateral incongruity in crosses involving Lycopersicon pennellii and L-esculentum is distinct from self-incompatibility in expression, timing and location SO SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE tomato; interspecific hybridization; incongruity; self incompatibility; reproductive barriers ID INTIMATE PARTNER RELATIONSHIPS; PERICLINAL CHIMERAS; PETUNIA-HYBRIDA; POLLEN; PERUVIANUM; PLANTS; CHROMOSOME-1; POLLINATION AB Both interspecific and intraspecific mechanisms restrict the exchange of genes between plants. Much research has focused on self incompatibility (SI), an intraspecific barrier, but research on interspecific barriers lags behind. We are using crosses between Lycopersicon esculentum and L. pennellii as a model with which to study interspecific crossing barriers. The cross L. esculentumL. pennellii is successful, but the reciprocal cross fails. Since the cross can be successfully made in one direction but not the other, gross genomic imbalance or chromosomal abnormality are precluded as causes. We showed that the lack of seed set observed in the cross L. pennelliixL. esculentum is due to the inability of pollen tubes to grow more than 2-3 mm into the style, whereas SI crosses show continued slow pollen tube growth but, also, fail to set seed. These results indicate that the unilateral response is a barrier distinct from SI, differing from SI in the timing and location of expression in the style. We therefore suggest that this unilateral response in the L. pennelliixL. esculentum cross is more accurately referred to as ''unilateral incongruity'' (UI) rather than interspecific incompatibility. Periclinal chimeras were used to determine the tissues involved in UI. The results of crosses with the available chimeras indicate that the female parent must be L. pennellii at either LI (layer 1) or both LI and LII (layer 2) and the male parent must be L. esculentum at either LII or both LI and LII to observe UI similar to that seen in the L. pennelliixL. esculentum cross. Pollinations with a mixture of pollen from L. pennellii and from transgenic L. esculentum plants harboring a pollen-specific GUS reporter gene marker were used to ascertain whether the growth of the pollen tubes of either species was modified as a possible means of overcoming UI. We found no evidence of communication between the two types of pollen tubes to either enhance or restrict all pollen tube growth. C1 CORNELL UNIV, DEPT PLANT BREEDING, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, ARS, CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS, USDA, ALBANY, CA 94710 USA. NR 63 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0934-0882 J9 SEX PLANT REPROD JI Sex. Plant Reprod. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 9 IS 5 BP 299 EP 308 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology SC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology GA VQ181 UT WOS:A1996VQ18100008 ER PT J AU Patil, AR Goetsch, AL Park, KK Kouakou, B Galloway, DL Johnson, ZB AF Patil, AR Goetsch, AL Park, KK Kouakou, B Galloway, DL Johnson, ZB TI Influence of grass source and legume level on net flux of nutrients across splanchnic tissues in sheep SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sheep; grass; legume; metabolism; net flux ID ACID-TREATED ALFALFA; FEED-INTAKE REGULATION; STEERS FED ALFALFA; ORCHARDGRASS SILAGES; VOLUNTARY INTAKE; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; PERENNIAL RYEGRASS; CONCENTRATE DIET; BEEF STEERS; WARM-SEASON AB Crossbred catheterized wethers (20 months old; 45 kg BW, SE 0.7) consumed ad libitum warm ((W) bermudagrass; Cynodon dactylon) or cool ((C) ryegrass-wheat mixture; Lolium multiflorum and Triticum aestivum, respectively) season grass hay with 0%, 20% or 40% legume hay ((L) alfalfa; Medicago sativa). Legume, W and C had 54%, 80% and 68% NDF and 17%, 14% and 10% CP, respectively (DM basis). Apparent digestible energy intake was 3.22, 3.42, 3.66, 3.23, 3.57 and 3.67 (SE 0.208) Mcal day(-1), and apparent digestible N intake was 17.6, 20.2, 23.4, 10.1, 14.0 and 17.3 (SE 1.09) g day(-1) for W:0% L, W:20% L, W:40% L, C:0% L, C:20% L and C:40% L, respectively. Splanchnic bed oxygen consumption (306, 364, 380, 261, 316 and 383 mmol h(-1): P = 0.02) and portal-drained viscera (PDV) releases of alpha-amino N (24.8, 37.6, 38.6, 24.4, 38.4 and 41.7 mmol h(-1); P = 0.04) and propionate (14.4, 19.4, 20.5, 14.3, 23.6 and 21.1 mmol h(-1) for W:0% L, W:20% L, W:40% L, C:0% L, C:20% L and C:40% L, respectively; P = 0.08) were greater with L than without. However, splanchnic bed net releases of alpha-amino N and glucose were similar among treatments. In conclusion, dietary L inclusion had similar effects on splanchnic tissue oxygen consumption and net fluxes of nutrients regardless of grass source, which differed in concentrations of NDF and CP but not in apparent digestible energy intake. These results suggest that potential improvement of animal performance by substituting 20% or 40% legume for warm or cool season grass, consumed ad libitum by mature ruminants, would not be attributable to change in extra-splanchnic tissue availabilities of energy (based on the difference between apparent digestible energy intake and splanchnic tissue energy consumption), amino acids or glucose. C1 USDA ARS,S CENT FAMILY FARM RES CTR,BOONEVILLE,AR 72927. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT ANIM SCI,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. NR 57 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 22 IS 2 BP 111 EP 122 DI 10.1016/S0921-4488(96)00878-4 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VU327 UT WOS:A1996VU32700003 ER PT J AU YontsShepard, S AF YontsShepard, S TI A conspiracy of optimism, management of the national forests since World War Two - Hirt,PW SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Book Review RP YontsShepard, S (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20090, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 9 IS 5 BP 552 EP 554 PG 3 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA VR544 UT WOS:A1996VR54400009 ER PT J AU Wright, SF Upadhyaya, A AF Wright, SF Upadhyaya, A TI Extraction of an abundant and unusual protein from soil and comparison with hyphal protein of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID AGGREGATION; STABILITY; CARBON; ROOT AB It has been speculated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) produce extracellular compounds and that these are involved in soil stabilization, An unusual and abundant protein was found on hyphae of AMF, and it was hypothesized that the hyphal protein could be found in soil, The purpose of this work was to test extraction conditions for soil protein on a range of soils collected from undisturbed sites, to compare protein from hyphae with protein from soils, and to examine the relationship between soil protein and percent of total dry weight of soil made up of ca. 1 to 2-mm water stable aggregates. The A-horizons of 12 acidic soils collected from the midAtlantic area of the United States were used to develop a protocol for protein extraction, Protein was measured by the Bradford assay, with bovine serum albumin as the standard, Also, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using the monoclonal antibody that had been used to detect the protein on hyphae of AMF, was performed on 0.5 mu g of protein from soil or hyphae, Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of denatured protein was used to compare soil protein with hyphal protein,The extraction conditions that gave the best results for total protein were 0.25 g soil in 2 mL of 50 mM citrate, pH 8.0, for 90 min at 121 degrees C yielding a range of 4.4 to 14.4 mg protein/g of soil for these soils, Highest ELISA values were obtained by using 20 mM citrate, pH 7.0, for 30 min at 121 degrees C, but less protein was extracted under these conditions, Crude extracts of protein from hyphae and soil showed the same banding patterns and density of bands on SDS-PAGE gels. ELISA values for soils were between 60 and 107% of hyphal ELISA values. Total protein concentration was correlated linearly with organic carbon in soil (r(2) = 0.85, P less than or equal to 0.001),The percent dry weight of soil composed of water-stable aggregates was correlated positively (P less than or equal to 0.05) with silt and ELISA values and correlated negatively with sand, The possible contribution of this protein to soil stabilization is discussed. RP Wright, SF (reprint author), USDA ARS,SOIL MICROBIAL SYST LAB,BARCE,BLDG 318,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 26 TC 296 Z9 346 U1 11 U2 95 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 161 IS 9 BP 575 EP 586 DI 10.1097/00010694-199609000-00003 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VJ177 UT WOS:A1996VJ17700003 ER PT J AU Stout, JE Zobeck, TM AF Stout, JE Zobeck, TM TI The Wolfforth field experiment: A wind erosion study SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SALTATION; SEDIMENT; DUST; SAMPLER AB The goal of this field study was to obtain a detailed account of wind erosion processes within a single agricultural field during a regional dust storm in the Southern High Plains of West Texas, The field, located in Wolfforth, Texas, was observed as the wind grew in strength, peaked, and later weakened. Sediment transport was monitored by an array of samplers spaced across the field, and meteorological information was obtained from a 10-m tower erected within the field. Erosion activity was monitored by a piezoelectric sensor that responded to the impact of saltating grains and provided a means for detecting the threshold of soil movement. Attempts were made to relate the observed temporal and spatial variations of sediment transport to meteorological factors and surface conditions, The results indicate that at the beginning of the storm, threshold was around 7 to 8 m/s, As the storm progressed, threshold appeared to slowly shift downward with time, suggesting a surface that was becoming increasingly erodible, Mass flux measurements showed substantial temporal variations that reflected changes of wind strength and changes in surface erodibility, The pattern of mass flux variation across the field was dependent on the height of measurement. The near surface dow of saltating grains (z < 0.25 m) was found to vary according to surface conditions, especially surface roughness. At greater heights, the flow of fine dust was less affected by surface conditions immediately beneath the point of measurement, Within the fully developed surface layer (z < 0.25 m), the mass Aux profile was found to follow a modified power-law function, The near surface mass flux consisted of a broad range of particle sizes ranging from 50 mu m to 300 mu m, whereas farther from the surface the mode shifted distinctly toward smaller particle sizes with few particles larger than 100 mu m. We show that it is possible to display graphically the relative contribution of the various grain sizes to the mass flux at each height in a way that makes it possible to visualize the zones of saltation and suspension, and the region of transition between these regimes. RP Stout, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,LUBBOCK,TX 79401, USA. RI Zobeck, Ted/A-6126-2012 NR 37 TC 103 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 161 IS 9 BP 616 EP 632 DI 10.1097/00010694-199609000-00006 PG 17 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VJ177 UT WOS:A1996VJ17700006 ER PT J AU Wu, L Allmaras, RR Lamb, JB Johnson, KE AF Wu, L Allmaras, RR Lamb, JB Johnson, KE TI Model sensitivity to measured and estimated hydraulic properties of a Zimmerman fine sand SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL AB Water retention and hydraulic conductivity are necessary for simulating solute transport in process-oriented models because of the fundamental role of water flow, Accuracy and extension of soil hydraulic properties are crucial for using models to give site-specific predictions, yet these evaluations are infrequent and often lack rigor. The objectives of this study were to compare measured and estimated hydraulic properties and their effects on simulation of held soil-water regime, Water contents (theta) and hydraulic conductivities (K) at specific matric potentials (psi) alternatively measured in the laboratory and field or estimated from other soil properties were fitted to water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions to obtain parameters according to the van Genuchten formulation. The estimated parameters were inputs for the Root Zone Water Quality Model to simulate water movement in a Zimmerman fine sand (mixed, frigid Argic Udipsamment), Simulated and in situ measured water contents were compared to assess methods used for measuring or estimating hydraulic properties, Simulation using hydraulic functions generated from field-measured theta(psi) and K(psi) was closest to measured total water depth in the 1.5-m profile as well as water contents at the 0.2-m depth, Arbitrary variations of a and n in the van Genuchten equations had larger effects on theta(psi) and K(psi) functions compared with variations caused by methods to measure and estimate hydraulic functions, This test demonstrated the crucial role and importance of soil hydraulic properties in simulating water storage and movement even in a sandy soil. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. ARS,USDA,ST PAUL,MN 55108. ARS,USDA,GPSR,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. RP Wu, L (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. NR 21 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 5 BP 1283 EP 1290 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VH791 UT WOS:A1996VH79100001 ER PT J AU Kozak, E Pachepsky, YA Sokolowski, S Sokolowska, Z Stepniewski, W AF Kozak, E Pachepsky, YA Sokolowski, S Sokolowska, Z Stepniewski, W TI A modified number-based method for estimating fragmentation fractal dimensions of soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; AGGREGATE FRAGMENTATION; MODEL; MASS AB Fractal theory has been applied to the characterization of particle- and aggregate-size distributions in soils. We used a number-based method for estimating fragmentation fractal dimensions from these distributions. This method has several inconsistencies. The objectives of our study were to: (i) propose a modified number-based method, (ii) evaluate the modified method using published data on particle- and aggregate-size distributions, and (iii) apply the modified method to a large particle-size distribution data base to analyze the validity of fractal scaling. Assuming scale-invariant fragmentation to be a valid model of particle-size distribution within size ranges of fractions, we derived a formula expressing the characteristic grain size as a function of the fractal dimension and limits of the grain size range. Parameters of Turcotte's fractal fragmentation model were found by minimizing the sum of squares of differences between measured and calculated masses of grain fractions. Comparison berween original and modified number-based methods showed that the modified method generally resulted in lower fragmentation fractal dimensions than the original method. The modified method was applied to a data set of particle-size distributions of 2600 soil samples. In 80% of samples, the fractal scaling was not applicable across the whole range of particle size between 0.002 and 1 mm, since errors of the fractal fragmentation model were statistically significantly larger than measurement errors, and estimates of the fractal dimension were larger than 3. It appears that models more sophisticated than scale-invariant fragmentation are required to simulate soil particle-size distributions. C1 ARS,USDA,SYST RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. POLISH ACAD SCI,INST AGROPHYS,PL-20236 LUBLIN,POLAND. MARIE CURIE SKLODOWSKA UNIV,FAC CHEM,COMP LAB,PL-20031 LUBLIN,POLAND. RI Stepniewski, Witold/F-2082-2010; OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 20 TC 55 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 5 BP 1291 EP 1297 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VH791 UT WOS:A1996VH79100002 ER PT J AU Logsdon, SD Gimenez, D Allmaras, RR AF Logsdon, SD Gimenez, D Allmaras, RR TI Fractal characterization of aggregate-size distribution: The question of scale invariance SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENTATION; DIMENSIONS; NUMBER; MASS; SOILS; MODEL AB Aggregate-size distributions are often described as fractal based on the power law relationship between cumulative aggregate number and aggregate size. The slope of the natural log of cumulative number of aggregates as a function of natural log of diameter is the fractal dimension. If aggregate density, shape, and relative diameter (diameter as a fraction of the smallest diameter of the size-class) are scale invariant, then aggregate number can be calculated from mass. These three factors can be combined into a single unknown factor, G(i). The objectives of this study were to test the assumption of a scale invariant G(i) and to compare the fractal dimension from calculated cumulative number of aggregates with the fractal dimension from counted cumulative number of aggregates. Numbers of aggregates were counted for each size class of two data sets. Calculations for the 48 samples of Data Set 1 spanned six classes ranging from sizes 1 to 32 mm, and calculations for 12 samples of Data Set 2 spanned four classes ranging from sizes 0.5 to 8 mm. The fractal dimension from counted cumulative number of aggregates was significantly smaller than the fractal dimension determined from calculated cumulative number of aggregates for Data Set 1 (2.44 vs. 2.51) but significantly larger for Data Set 2 (2.41 vs. 2.03). The G(i) factor was significantly different across many of the size classes for both data sets. Since G(i) consisted of subcomponents (density, shape, relative diameter), we cannot be certain which subcomponent(s) was (were) scale variant. Scale variant G(i) complicates the use of fractal mathematics to describe dry soil aggregate distributions. C1 ARS,USDA,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MINNESOTA,ARS,USDA,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Logsdon, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. RI Gimenez, Daniel/A-6193-2013 NR 20 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 5 BP 1327 EP 1330 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VH791 UT WOS:A1996VH79100006 ER PT J AU Sikora, LJ Yakovchenko, V AF Sikora, LJ Yakovchenko, V TI Soil organic matter mineralization after compost amendment SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE COMPOST; CARBON MINERALIZATION; DECOMPOSITION; NITROGEN AB The addition of composts and manures to soils has often resulted in increased plant yields that are not obviously related to the nutrients in the added organic material. A study was conducted to determine if compost additions to soil resulted in increased mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM). The organic matter of a Sassafras sandy loam soil (fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludult) was labeled with C-14 by incubating uniformly labeled wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw with the soil through a minimum of 60 wetting-drying cycles during 2 yr. A municipal solid waste-biosolids compost (MSWC) or a biosolids compost (BC) was added to the labeled soil or to acid-washed sand and incubated for 1440 h. Decomposition of MSWC was low with 95% of the compost-C remaining in sand or soil after 1440 h. Ninety-two percent of BC-C remained in sand and 86% remained in soil after 1440 h. Total and (CO2)-C-14 data indicated that neither compost stimulated SOM decomposition. Municipal solid waste-biosolids compost reduced slightly SOM decomposition at 545 and 715 h, The soil, however, stimulated BC decomposition. Nitrogen mineralization of the BC + soil mixture was greater than soil alone, and the N apparently came from the compost. The benefits from addition of BC to Sassafras soil was not attributed to increased mineralization of SOM. RP Sikora, LJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,SOIL MICROBIAL SYST LAB,BLDG 318,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 26 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 5 BP 1401 EP 1404 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VH791 UT WOS:A1996VH79100016 ER PT J AU McCarty, GW BlicherMathiesen, G AF McCarty, GW BlicherMathiesen, G TI Automated chromatographic analysis of atmospheric gases in environmental samples SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The need for a single-injection gas chromatographic procedure for detection of the principal atmospheric gases found in environmental samples has led to development of an automated system that permits measurement of CO2, N2O, O-2-Ar, and N-2 in a single detector without interference from water vapor in samples. The injection of gas samples on the system was automated by interfacing a commercial headspace sampler with a gas chromatograph (GC) that was fitted with an ultrasonic detector and two automated multiport switching valves. The first switching valve was configured with short precolumns of Porapak Q (PQ) to retain and vent the water vapor in samples. The other valve was configured with two analytical columns connected in series that permit separation of the gas components. After water is removed by the precolumn, the gas sample Bows onto a PQ column a here CO2 and N2O are retained and separated while the composite peak of N-2 and O-2-Ar elutes onto a molecular sieve (MS) column. The valve is then switched, causing reversal of the order of columns with respect to the gas Row without reversing the direction of Bow through the columns. This allows the CO2 and N2O peaks to elute from the PQ column to the detector while the O-2-Ar and N-2 components are separated on the MS column and later Bow to the detector. The system has proven to be robust in that it permits routine, unattended analyses of moist gas samples with high sensitivity and without interference from water peaks. This, in conjunction with the highly controlled equilibrium conditions permitted by use of the headspace sampler, makes the system suitable for gas analysis of environmental samples including dissolved gas analysis of natural water samples. C1 NATL ENVIRONM RES INST,DEPT FRESHWATER ECOL,SILKEBORG,DENMARK. RP McCarty, GW (reprint author), ARS,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 9 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 5 BP 1439 EP 1442 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VH791 UT WOS:A1996VH79100022 ER PT J AU Westermann, DT Sojka, RE AF Westermann, DT Sojka, RE TI Tillage and nitrogen placement effects on nutrient uptake by potato SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL COMPACTION; ROOT-GROWTH; PHOSPHORUS; YIELD; WATER; CORN AB Deep tillage of compacted soils can improve potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber yield and quality if no other production factors are limiting. We hypothesized that within-row subsoiling and N placement would affect tuber yields and availability of plant nutrients. Potato (cv. Russet Burbank) was grown after winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 1989 and after dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in 1990 on a furrow irrigated Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Durixerollic Calciorthid). Fall tillage treatments (disking, chiseling, and mold-board plowing) were split with zone subsoiling after planting. Nitrogen was broadcast before planting or banded beside the seed piece at planting across all tillage combinations. We estimated plant nutrient status and uptake each year with whole-plant and petiole samplings during tuber growth. Final tuber yield and quality were determined in early October. Fall tillage did not influence nutrient concentration and uptake, tuber yield, or quality. Zone subsoiling increased average plant dry weights 9%, total tuber yields 10% (4 Mg ha(-1)), and quality, and increased P uptake an average of 11.6% (1.8 kg P ha(-1)) without appreciably changing whole-plant or petiole P concentrations. Banding N increased average plant dry weight 6.4%, total tuber yield 9%, and N uptake 28% compared with broadcast N. Petiole NO3-N, P, K, and Zn concentrations were higher where N was banded. There were no consistent zone subsoiling x N placement interactions. Higher nutrient applications may be required with zone subsoiling or to compensate for soil compaction problems. RP Westermann, DT (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NW IRRIGAT & SOILS RES LAB,3793 N 3600 E,KIMBERLY,ID 83341, USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 11 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 5 BP 1448 EP 1453 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VH791 UT WOS:A1996VH79100024 ER PT J AU Sharpley, AN AF Sharpley, AN TI Availability of residual phosphorus in manured soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS; LONG-TERM AB In many areas with confined animal operations, continual manure application has increased soil P above amounts sufficient for optimum crop yields. In these areas, it is of economic and environmental importance to determine how long high-P soils will remain above crop sufficiency and identify soils where P contents would decrease most rapidly under similar management conditions. Thus, the surface 5 cm of 23 high-P soils (85-419 mg kg(-1) Mehlich-3 P) in Oklahoma and Texas, which had received beef feedlot, poultry, or swine manure (90-1880 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1) for up to 35 yr) were successively extracted with Fe-oxide-impregnated paper strips to investigate residual soil P availability. A decrease in strip P with successive extractions followed the equation: Strip P = a(extraction number)(-b) (r(2) of 0.88-0.98). The rate of P release to strips (exponent b) decreased more rapidly as soil P sorption saturation increased (R(2) of 0.79). Phosphorus saturation also accounted for 85% of the variation in the total amount of P released to strips from manured soils in 15 successive extractions (51-572 mg kg(-1)). Fractionation of soil P before and after strip extraction showed bicarbonate inorganic P contributed most of the P released to strips (46%). The above equation also described soil P release in several published held studies (r(2) of 0.77-0.98). Thus, successive strip extraction of soil has the potential to describe soil factors controlling the availability of residual P and identify soils where high P contents may be less buffered and, thus, decrease more rapidly than others under similar management conditions. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CURTIN RD,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 28 TC 84 Z9 88 U1 4 U2 18 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 5 BP 1459 EP 1466 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VH791 UT WOS:A1996VH79100026 ER PT J AU Sauer, TJ Hatfield, JL Prueger, JH AF Sauer, TJ Hatfield, JL Prueger, JH TI Corn residue age and placement effects on evaporation and soil thermal regime SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION TILLAGE SYSTEMS; WATER-CONTENT; TEMPERATURE; GROWTH; TRANSPORT; MOISTURE; REMOVAL; MAIZE; YIELD AB Differentiation between tillage- and residue-induced effects on soil moisture and thermal regimes is necessary to improve residue management practices, The objective of this research was to quantify the influence of corn (Zea mays L.) residue age and placement on evaporation from and heat Bow in two soils, Soil temperature, thermal conductivity, heat Bur, and moisture content were monitored in duplicate monoliths (0.45 [length] by 0.35 [width] by 0.5 [height] m) of Nicollet loam (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) and Monona silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludoll) in a controlled environment chamber, Mass changes of one monolith of each soil were measured with load cells to estimate evaporation, Surface co, ef types consisted of a bare soil surface (B), fresh residue (F), weathered residue (W), and weathered residue with a 0.15-m-wide bare strip (S), Bare-soil evaporation averaged 9.97 +/- 0.66 mm for both soils during a 96-h period and was reduced to an average of 5.76 +/- 0.70 mm with residue cover, Nicollet soil with weathered residue had an average evaporation rate of 1.33 to 1.4 mm d(-1). By comparison, evaporation rates measured in a field having Nicollet and associated soils with weathered corn residue averaged 1.37 and 1.11 mm d(-1). Residue cover had no significant effect on thermal conductivity measured at 0.15 m that averaged 1.22 and 1.35 W m(-1) K-1 for the Nicollet and Monona soils, respectively. Phase shift in soil temperature and average daily conductive soil heat flux were similar for field and chamber measurements but the amplitude of the soil temperature wave and conductive soil heat flux were much greater in the field. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. RP Sauer, TJ (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS,USDA ARS,BIOMASS RES CTR,SO PLAINS AREA,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701, USA. NR 25 TC 40 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 5 BP 1558 EP 1564 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VH791 UT WOS:A1996VH79100040 ER PT J AU Robinson, JS Sharpley, AN AF Robinson, JS Sharpley, AN TI Reaction in soil of phosphorus released from poultry litter SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FESCUEGRASS PLOTS; RUNOFF; NITROGEN; QUALITY AB Poultry production generates large amounts of litter or manure, which can be a valuable source of P for crops. However, litter application rates are usually based on data for mineral P fertilizer recommendations. In order to determine if this is agronomically and environmentally sound, the availability, fractions, and sorptivity of P from poultry litter or KH2PO4 were determined in six Oklahoma soils following incubation for up to 28 d. An average 50% more P from KH2PO4-treated (78 mg kg(-1)) than from leachate-treated soils (52 mg kg(-1)) was bioavailable, as determined by extraction with Fe-oxide-impregnated paper strips, after 28-d incubations. Conversely, more NaHCO3-extractable P was found in leachate-treated (66 mg kg(-1)) than KH2PO4-treated soils (42 mg kg(-1)). Calculated from Langmuir isotherms, P sorption maxima averaged 548 mg kg(-1) for leachate-treated and 304 mg kg(-1) for KH2PO4-treated soils, while binding energies averaged 0.527 and 0.456 L mg(-1), respectively. The higher P sorption maxima and binding energies of leachate-treated soils may result from the formation of Ca-P complexes, given the increased Ca content of these soils. The different reaction in soil of P added as poultry litter leachate to that added as KH2PO4, indicates manure application rates should be based on soil tests that are sensitive to P source-dependent sorption characteristics and/or manure trials, and not just on mineral fertilizer trials. C1 USDA ARS,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RES LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. UNIV READING,DEPT SOIL SCI,READING RG6 2DW,BERKS,ENGLAND. NR 33 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 5 BP 1583 EP 1588 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VH791 UT WOS:A1996VH79100044 ER PT J AU He, ZL Baligar, VC Martens, DC Ritchey, KD Kemper, WD AF He, ZL Baligar, VC Martens, DC Ritchey, KD Kemper, WD TI Kinetics of phosphate rock dissolution in acidic soil amended with liming materials and cellulose SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AVAILABILITY; TIME AB Phosphate rock (PR), coal combustion by-product (CCBP), limestone, and organic materials are promising amendments for low P, acid soils, and two or more of the amendments are commonly applied to improve crop yields in acid soil. However, the interactions between these amendments in acid soil are not fully understood. The effects of CCBP, limestone, and cellulose application on dissolution of North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) in an acid Lily loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludult) from West Virginia were examined in an incubation study. Based on the Delta P-NaOH estimation method, approximate to 30% of the added NCPR was dissolved after 60 d of incubation. The NCPR dissolution decreased drastically with increasing rate of CCBP, particularly when it was applied together with limestone, whereas cellulose addition tended to enhance NCPR dissolution. Dissolution of NCPR was well described by first-order, Elovich, and Langmuir kinetic equations. The average r(2) values between the experimental data of NCPR dissolution and the three models were 0.829*, 0.851**, and 0.930**, respectively, for 17 soil samples with and without amendments. Half-life (t(1/2)) from the first-order reaction could be employed as a simple measure of the NCPR dissolution rate. Constants A and b derived from the Elovich equation were related to the initial and average dissolution rate of NCPR. The potential maximum dissolution of PR from the Langmuir equation provided an estimate of the dissolution extent of NCPR. All four kinetic parameters, particularly t(1/2) and A, were closely correlated with CCBP application rates. These parameters appeared useful in evaluating the effects of CCBP application on NCPR dissolution in the acid soil and might also be applicable to predicting PR dissolution for a wide range of soils with different properties. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,BECKLEY,WV 25802. ZHEJIANG AGR UNIV,DEPT LAND USE & APPL CHEM,HANGZHOU,PEOPLES R CHINA. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL ENVIRONM SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. USDA ARS,NPS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RI He, Zhenli/R-1494-2016 OI He, Zhenli/0000-0001-7761-2070 NR 24 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 5 BP 1589 EP 1595 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VH791 UT WOS:A1996VH79100045 ER PT J AU He, ZL Baligar, VC Martens, DC Ritchey, KD Kemper, WD AF He, ZL Baligar, VC Martens, DC Ritchey, KD Kemper, WD TI Factors affecting phosphate rock dissolution in acid soil amended with liming materials and cellulose SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AVAILABILITY; PHOSPHORUS; ALUMINUM; TIME AB Coal combustion by-product (CCBP; a wallboard-quality gypsum), limestone, and cellulose had been found to influence the dissolution of North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) in an acid Lily loam soil (fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludult). Laboratory and incubation experiments were carried out in this study to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the reduced dissolution of NCPR from CCBP application. The major factors responsible for the reduced PR dissolution were (i) an increase in exchangeable Ca + Mg derived from the CCBP, (ii) an increase in soil pH from the small amounts of CaCO3 in the CCBP material; and (iii) sulfate released from the CCBP resulting in a decrease in P sorption capacity of the amended soil due to competitive sorption between sulfate and phosphate. The further reduction in NCPR dissolution by limestone addition was probably due to the increase in pH and exchangeable Ca relative to CCBP application alone. An increased NCPR dissolution from cellulose addition probably reflected an accelerated depletion of labile P by the cellulose-induced microbial growth and, hence, biomass production. The four kinetic dissolution parameters, i.e., the half-life (t(1/2)) from a first-order rate equation, the initial dissolution rate- and the average dissolution rate-related constants (A and b) from an Elovich equation, and the potential maximum dissolution of phosphate rock from a Langmuir equation were significantly correlated with pH, the content of exchangeable (Ca + Mg), and P sorption capacity of the CCBP-amended soil. The t(1/2) and A of NCPR in the acid soil could be predicted with 95% confidence by the three soil variables, i.e. soil pH, P sorption capacity, and exchangeable (Ca + Mg). Both t(1/2) and A could serve as an indicator of the NCPR dissolution potential in soils. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,BECKLEY,WV 25802. ZHEJIANG AGR UNIV,DEPT LAND USE & APPL CHEM,HANGZHOU,PEOPLES R CHINA. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL ENVIRONM SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. USDA ARS,NPS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RI He, Zhenli/R-1494-2016 OI He, Zhenli/0000-0001-7761-2070 NR 33 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 60 IS 5 BP 1596 EP 1601 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VH791 UT WOS:A1996VH79100046 ER PT J AU Prihar, SS Jalota, SK Steiner, JL AF Prihar, SS Jalota, SK Steiner, JL TI Residue management for reducing evaporation in relation to soil type and evaporativity SO SOIL USE AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE crop residues; incorporation; cutting; evaporation; soil types (textural); India; USA AB Usual residue-management options are to remove the residue, use it as mulch with or without undercutting or to incorporate it into the soil. While the role of surface mulch in evaporation has been widely studied, the information on the effect on evaporation of mulch with undercutting or residue incorporated into soil, particularly in relation to soil type and evaporativity (E(o)) is lacking. We studied the effect of wheat straw used in various ways on the course of evaporation loss from soil columns with three soils at Ludhiana, India and one soil at Bushland, Texas, USA, under two E(o)'s. Energy-limited evaporation rates under mulch (E(om)) followed the soil-specific relation E(om)/E(o) = a e((bRes+cEo)), where Res is residue rate t/ha and a, b and c are constants; E(o) is expressed in mm/d. In an effort to model the total evaporation (CE) during the energy limited stage 'U' was obtained from appropriate CE versus time curves and (CE-U) was regressed over (t-ti)(0.5) to obtain the slope 'alpha' (Ritchie 1972) for the soil-limited evaporation stage. The observed 'U' was independent of mulch rate and E(o) but was strongly affected by soil type. Values of 'alpha' decreased with increase in mulch rate and decrease in E(o) and coarseness of soil. The otherwise short lived benefit of evaporation reduction with mulch per se, which peaked after a few days was maintained when residue was mixed with soil at the stage when evaporation reduction reached a maximum; this benefit continued for several weeks. Cumulative evaporation values computed from 'U' and 'alpha' agreed closely with the observed values under strarr mulch for loamy sand and clay loam soils and for 'undercut' and 'residue mixed' treatments on all soils regardless of E(o), and for all situations under small E(o). However, for sandy loan and silt loam soils under E(o) of 10 mm/d, the modified square root of the time function of Jalota et al. (1988) gave a better fit. RP Prihar, SS (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,PO DRAWER 10,BUSHLAND,TX 79012, USA. NR 18 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA WALLINGFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX10 8DE SN 0266-0032 J9 SOIL USE MANAGE JI Soil Use Manage. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 12 IS 3 BP 150 EP 157 DI 10.1111/j.1475-2743.1996.tb00536.x PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VE773 UT WOS:A1996VE77300007 ER PT J AU Flint, HM Antilla, L Leggett, JE Parks, NJ AF Flint, HM Antilla, L Leggett, JE Parks, NJ TI Seasonal infestation by pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) of transgenic cotton, containing the Bollgard(TM) gene, planted in commercial fields in central Arizona SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS TOXIN; LEPIDOPTERA; GELECHIIDAE AB Bells from transgenic cotton NuCOTN 33 (Delta and Pine Land Co.), containing the Bollgard(TM) gene (Monsanto Co.) and from the parental cultivar DPL-5415 were examined for fourth-instar larvae of the pink bollworm (78,240 total bells). Bells from five paired fields were collected in the Queen Creek, Buckeye, and Gila Bend, AZ, areas, and a composite of ten fields of each cultivar were collected in the Paloma Ranch area near Gila Bend, AZ. Collections of 100 or 80 bells per field were made weekly from July through November 1995. Numbers of pink bollworm larvae were very low in all fields through August and thereafter increased steadily in the control fields. Numbers of fourth-instar larvae in transgenic cotton were extremely low or zero throughout the season, even in fields which were adjacent to heavily infested control fields. Observations of infestations of the cotton leafperforator, Bucculatrix thurberiella Busck, in the paired field study also indicated greatly reduced leaf damage in NuCOTN 33 compared to DPL-5415. These results show that NuCOTN 33 retained a high degree of efficacy for preventing the development of fourth-instar pink bollworm larvae late in the season into diapause. Most important, these data provide baseline information against which efficacy in subsequent years can be compared. RP Flint, HM (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,4135 E BROADWAY RD,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 7 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 21 IS 3 BP 229 EP 235 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VR733 UT WOS:A1996VR73300002 ER PT J AU Shaver, TN Lopez, JD AF Shaver, TN Lopez, JD TI Ovipositional response of the tobacco budworm and bollworm to chickpea SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Ovipositional response of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens F., to chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., was determined using fruiting terminals and methylene chloride extracts of fruiting terminals. Also, comparisons of ovipositional responses were made between chickpea and cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., for the tobacco budworm and bollworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie). Of the total eggs oviposited by tobacco budworm, 86% were deposited on chickpea in a choice test between fruiting forms of chickpea and cotton. Mean numbers of eggs laid per female in a night were the same in comparisons of cotton versus chickpea and cotton versus cotton indicating preference for oviposition on chickpea. The presence of chickpea did not stimulate tobacco budworm moths to lay more eggs. Leaf texture of chickpea was not a factor in the ovipositional preference as determined by covering chickpea terminals with black broadcloth. There was no significant difference in the numbers of eggs oviposited by bollworm on chickpea or cotton. An ovipositional attractant was extracted with methylene chloride as evidenced by a significant preference of tobacco budworm moths to oviposit on broadcloth treated with a methylene chloride extract compared to a solvent blank. RP Shaver, TN (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,AREAWIDE PEST MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 21 IS 3 BP 277 EP 282 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VR733 UT WOS:A1996VR73300007 ER PT J AU Bay, DE Meola, SM White, SL AF Bay, DE Meola, SM White, SL TI Scanning electron microscopy of the ovipositor of the horn fly SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID LUCILIA-CUPRINA C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. LILLY RES LAB,GREENFIELD,IN 46140. RP Bay, DE (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 21 IS 3 BP 337 EP 339 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VR733 UT WOS:A1996VR73300014 ER PT J AU Everitt, JH Judd, FW Escobar, DE Alaniz, MA Davis, MR MacWhorter, W AF Everitt, JH Judd, FW Escobar, DE Alaniz, MA Davis, MR MacWhorter, W TI Using remote sensing and spatial information technologies to map sabal palm in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID REFLECTANCE CHARACTERISTICS; SYSTEM; VIDEO AB This paper describes an application of airborne video data with global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies for distinguishing and mapping the distribution of sabal palm (Sabal mexicana) in the lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of southern Texas. Field reflectance measurements suggested that sabal palm may be remotely distinguished fr om associated vegetation during the late summer and fall as a result of the presence of senesced (brown) leaves and mature fruit clusters within the canopy. Sabal palm could be distinguished on aerial color-infrared (CIR) video imagery during this phenological stage because it had a brownish-red image response. integration of GPS with video imagery permitted latitude/longitude coordinates of sabal palm populations to be recorded on each image. Global positioning system coordinates were entered into a GIS to produce maps depicting the distribution of sabal palm in the LRGV. RP Everitt, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,REMOTE SENSING RES UNIT,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 41 IS 3 BP 218 EP 226 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WT893 UT WOS:A1996WT89300002 ER PT J AU Bradow, JM Hinojosa, O Wartelle, LH Davidonis, G SassenrathCole, GF Bauer, PJ AF Bradow, JM Hinojosa, O Wartelle, LH Davidonis, G SassenrathCole, GF Bauer, PJ TI Applications of AFIS fineness and maturity module and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy in fiber maturity evaluation SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Worldwide round-testing and calibration of the nep-counting and fiber-length modules of the Zellweger Uster advanced fiber information system (AFIS) are well advanced. Lack of appropriate quantitative calibration standards for fiber maturity has limited similar development of the prototypic AFIS fineness and maturity (F&M) module. A combination of calcium x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (Ca-XRF) and AFIS-F&M mapping of fiber quality from twenty-one days post anthesis (DPA) to bell opening (56 DPA) permits direct comparisons of AFIS-determined fiber physical maturity (as micronAFIS, circularity, and cross-sectional area) with fiber chronological maturity (as DPA) and physiochemical maturity (as Ca-XRF). The AFIS-F&M module is a powerful tool that makes possible quantitative comparisons of fiber maturity across time (during fiber development and in different crop years), across space (different boll and locule positions and different growing areas), within single bolls and locules, and between cotton varieties and species. C1 ARS,USDA,CROP SIMULAT UNIT,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. ARS,USDA,COASTAL PLAINS SOIL & WATER RES CTR,FLORENCE,SC 29502. RP Bradow, JM (reprint author), ARS,USDA,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 66 IS 9 BP 545 EP 554 DI 10.1177/004051759606600902 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA VD816 UT WOS:A1996VD81600002 ER PT J AU SzewcMcFadden, AK Kresovich, S Bliek, SM Mitchell, SE McFerson, JR AF SzewcMcFadden, AK Kresovich, S Bliek, SM Mitchell, SE McFerson, JR TI Identification of polymorphic, conserved simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in cultivated Brassica species SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE DNA marker; genetic analysis; genetic diversity; genotyping; microsatellite ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; EUKARYOTIC GENOMES; MICROSATELLITE DNA; NAPUS L; ABUNDANCE; CLONING; MARKERS; SITES AB The application of simple sequence repeat (SSR) genotyping for the characterization of genetic variation in crop plants has been hindered bq ready access to useful primer pairs and potentially limited conservation of the repeat sequences among related species. In this phase of work, we report on the identification and characterization of SSRs that are conserved in Brassica napus L. (rape seed) and its putative progenitors, B. oleracea L. (cabbage, and related vegetable types) and B. rapa (vegetable and oil types). Approximately 140 clones from a size-fractionated genomic library of B. napus were sequenced, and primer pairs were designed for 21 dinucleotide SSRs. Seventeen primer pairs amplified products in the three species and. among these, 13 detected variation between and within species. Unlike findings on SSR information content in human no relationship could be established between the number of tandem repeats within the target sequence and heterozygosity. All primer pairs have been designed to work under identical amplification conditions: therefore: single-reaction, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with these SSRs is possible. Once moderate numbers of primer pairs are accessible to the user community, SSR genotyping may provide a useful method for the characterization, conservation, and utilization of agricultural crop diversity. C1 UNIV GEORGIA, PLANT GENET RESOURCES CONSERVAT UNIT, USDA ARS, GRIFFIN, GA 30223 USA. CORNELL UNIV, PLANT GENET RESOURCES UNIT, USDA ARS, GENEVA, NY 14456 USA. NR 29 TC 116 Z9 133 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 93 IS 4 BP 534 EP 538 DI 10.1007/BF00417944 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA VG221 UT WOS:A1996VG22100007 PM 24162344 ER PT J AU Magee, JP McMahon, TE Thurow, RF AF Magee, JP McMahon, TE Thurow, RF TI Spatial variation in spawning habitat of cutthroat trout in a sediment-rich stream basin SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; BROWN TROUT; SNAKE RIVER; SURVIVAL; REDDS; IDAHO; COHO; SELECTION; GRAVEL; FORK AB We examined distribution and habitat characteristics of spawning sites of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki at various spatial scales to assess effects of sedimentation within a large basin in Montana. Redd density varied widely across the basin; nearly all (99%) of the 362 redds observed occurred in two high-elevation headwater tributaries. Redd density at the reach scale was positively correlated (r(2) = 0.72, P = 0.001) with abundance of spawning gravels. Other habitat variables, such as gradient, width, depth, embeddedness, bank stability, and percent riffle, were not significantly correlated to redd density. Taylor Fork redds contained some of the highest proportions of fine sediments (<6.35 mm, mean = 41.6%; <0.85 mm, 17.9%) observed in egg pockets of salmonid redds in the Rocky Mountain region. Cache Creek, a highly disturbed subbasin, had significantly greater proportions of fine sediments smaller than 0.85 mm in redds than the undisturbed Wapiti Creek subbasin. High fine-sediment levels in redds led to very low estimated embryo survival (mean, 8.5%, but sedimentation did not appear to limit recruitment. Our data suggest that compensatory juvenile survival and high embryo survival in the small proportion of redds with good substrate quality may buffer the effects of the high sediment levels in the basin. C1 MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,FISH & WILDLIFE PROGRAM,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,BOISE,ID 83702. NR 41 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 125 IS 5 BP 768 EP 779 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0768:SVISHO>2.3.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA VJ089 UT WOS:A1996VJ08900012 ER PT J AU Sudduth, KA Hummel, JW AF Sudduth, KA Hummel, JW TI Geographic operating range evaluation of a NIR soil sensor SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE organic matter; soil moisture; spectrophotometry; instrumentation; precision agriculture ID ORGANIC-MATTER CONTENT; REFLECTANCE; MOISTURE; SPECTROPHOTOMETER AB A previously developed prototype soil sensor which used near infrared (NIR) reflectance techniques was tested in the laboratory. The test set of soils included 30 Illinois soils and another 33 soils collected from across the continental U.S., all prepared at soil moisture tensions ranging from 1.5 MPa (wilting point) to 0.033 MPa (field capacity). As the geographic range represented by the included samples was increased, the predictions of organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and soil moisture became less accurate. Calibrations obtained with soils from several states of the lower Corn Belt (Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, and Ohio) were only slightly less predictive of soil organic carbon than calibrations developed for the Illinois soils alone. Extension of the geographic range westward or northward from this area reduced the organic carbon prediction accuracy to an unacceptable level. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, USDA ARS, CROP PROTECT RES UNIT, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. RP Sudduth, KA (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI, USDA ARS, CROPPING SYST & WATER QUAL RES UNIT, AGR ENGN BLDG, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 USA. NR 21 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1599 EP 1604 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VQ591 UT WOS:A1996VQ59100002 ER PT J AU Columbus, EP Mangialardi, GJ AF Columbus, EP Mangialardi, GJ TI Cottonseed moisture and seed damage at gins SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE cottonseed; cotton; harvesting AB Cottonseed merchants are concerned about damage to cottonseed that occurs at the cotton gin. Because of these concerns a two-year study was conducted to determine the effect of cottonseed moisture levels and seed cotton feedrates during ginning on cottonseed damage and the occurrence of seed coat fragments (SCF) in the lint. Five cottonseed moisture levels were tested the first year whereas four were used the second year Two feedrate levels were considered each year During the first-year experiment, the higher feedrate gave significantly higher seed damage while the SCF count only showed a higher trend. However neither seed damage nor SCF numbers were significantly affected by the feedrates in the second-year experiment although both parameters tended to be higher for the higher feedrate. Seed damage increased with moisture content with the largest increase occurring at seed moisture levels above 12%. Seed coat fragment numbers and weights in ginned lint tended to be larger for the higher moisture contents. The study indicated cottonseed was more susceptible to damage at higher moisture contents and that high feedrates seem to accelerate the damage process. RP Columbus, EP (reprint author), ARS,US COTTON GINNING LAB,USDA,POB 256,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1617 EP 1621 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VQ591 UT WOS:A1996VQ59100005 ER PT J AU Nachabe, MH Ahuja, LR AF Nachabe, MH Ahuja, LR TI Quasi-analytical solution for predicting the redistribution of surface-applied chemicals SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE fertilizer; application; transport ID PROFILES; MODELS AB We introduce a quasi-analytical solution to predict the redistribution of a surface-applied chemical in the soil profile. The quasi-analytical solution is based on a finite difference scheme of the advection-dispersion transport equation. The solution, however allows for sorption to the soil matrix and nutrient uptake by the roots. The redistribution of a non-uniform concentration profile is simulated by the method of superposition. Temporal variability of water content, water flux, and dispersion are incorporated into the solution by assuming quasi-steady state flow. The quasi-analytical solution is accurate and simple. This is attractive for scientists and engineers because the redistribution of a chemical can now be predicted with a hand-held calculator The quasi-analytical solution can be used to study the redistribution of surface-applied chemicals to (1) analyze the efficiency of fertilizer use, and (2) determine leaching losses from the root zone. C1 ARS,USDA,GPSR,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1659 EP 1664 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VQ591 UT WOS:A1996VQ59100010 ER PT J AU Edwards, DR Daniel, TC Murdoch, JE Moore, PA AF Edwards, DR Daniel, TC Murdoch, JE Moore, PA TI Quality of runoff from four northwest Arkansas pasture fields treated with organic and inorganic SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE runoff; manure; fertilizer application; ammonium nitrate; soil; water quality ID PHOSPHORUS; EUTROPHICATION; MANAGEMENT; LAKES; SOIL AB Long-term land application of animal manures, even at agronomic rates, can promote accumulation of soil phosphorus (P) which can, in turn, contribute to increased P loadings to downstream waters. The objective of this study was to assess the soil and runoff effects of replacing animal manure as a soil amendment with inorganic fertilizer (ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3) an fields that had been treated previously with animal manures. Runoff from two pairs of small fields (0.57 to 1.46 ha) was sampled fr om September 1991 to April 1994. All fields had been treated previously with animal manures; after runoff monitoring began, one field of each pair received only NH4NO3, while the other of each pair continued to receive animal manure. Both soil and runoff P concentrations exhibited statistically significant decreasing trends over the monitoring period. The results demonstrate the potential for positively influencing runoff quality in a relatively short duration by replacing animal manures with ammonium nitrate for fields already having sufficient soil. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT AGR ENGN,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. UNIV ARKANSAS,USDA ARS,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. RP Edwards, DR (reprint author), UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGR & BIOSYST ENGN,LEXINGTON,KY 40546, USA. NR 20 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1689 EP 1696 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VQ591 UT WOS:A1996VQ59100014 ER PT J AU Trout, TJ AF Trout, TJ TI Furrow irrigation erosion and sedimentation: On-field distribution SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE irrigation; furrow; erosion ID WATER AB Erosion created by furrow irrigation is a serious problem in some states and has resulted in reduced crop yields. Most furrow erosion assessments have been based on measured sediment discharge from the field, which results in an average erosion rate for the whole field. However erosion theory predicts that the erosion rate should decrease with distance from the head (inflow) end of the furrow The purpose of this study was to quantify soil erosion and deposition distribution within furrow irrigated fields. Within-field sediment discharge measurements on two silt loam fields in southern Idaho showed that over half of the soil that eroded from the head end of the furrows deposited on the lower portions of the field as furrow flow rates decreased. Erosion rates on the upper quarter of uniformly-sloped furrows were 6-20 times greater than average rates from the field. The measurements demonstrate the need to measure erosion rates on the head ends as well as for the whole field, and explain visible erosion damage from head ends where field average erosion rates are not high. RP Trout, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WATER MANAGEMENT RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. OI Trout, Thomas/0000-0003-1896-9170 NR 14 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1717 EP 1723 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VQ591 UT WOS:A1996VQ59100017 ER PT J AU Shuman, D Coffelt, JA Weaver, DK AF Shuman, D Coffelt, JA Weaver, DK TI A computer-based electronic fall-through probe insect counter for monitoring infestation in stored products SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE monitoring system; insect detection; electronic sensors; grain quality instrumentation; post-harvest technology ID GRAIN; PITFALL; TRAPS AB Current commercial infestation monitoring methods for insect pests of stored products are labor intensive, expensive, and insensitive to low population densities. An automated system has been developed to provide continuous monitoring of insects at multiple sites within large volumes of stored products and to remotely display acquired data indicative of infestation levels at these sites. The system uses custom-designed infrared beam sensor heads to detect insects that crawl into and drop through perforated cylindrical tubes (modified commercial grain probe traps) distributed throughout the storage volume. Sensor outputs are transmitted to a computer that analyzes the signals and makes time-stamped records of detections. The software also includes system self-testing, automatic data backup and recovery, and data management utilities. Laboratory testing across the full range of pertinent species' size resulted in counting accuracy ranging from 88 to 99%. By employing a modular design, the system's size and features can be configured for a variety of applications such as a laboratory instrument, a small farm bin, or a large grain elevator complex. RP Shuman, D (reprint author), USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,1700 SW 23RD DR,GAINESVILLE,FL 32608, USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1773 EP 1780 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VQ591 UT WOS:A1996VQ59100025 ER PT J AU Edwards, RH Miller, E Becker, R Mossman, AP Irving, DW AF Edwards, RH Miller, E Becker, R Mossman, AP Irving, DW TI Twin screw extrusion processing of diet for mass rearing the pink bollworm SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE twin screw extrusion; insect diet; pink bollworm; mass rearing; thiamine ID COOKING AB The use of a long barreled twin screw extruder (L/D = 39.7) for continuous processing of diet (63% moisture, w.b.) for mass rearing of the pink bollworm moth (Pectinora gossypiella) was studied. Heating to obtain sterile to near-sterile product (T > 134 degrees C) required the use of a two-step process. Feed at 45 to 50% moisture was heated to the treatment temperature, then additional water was added to 63% moisture. One or more pairs of restriction discs were required between the heating and dilution sections. Products with rough surfaces were formed by steam expansion or air atomization. No significant losses of thiamine occurred during processing. The process is now in operation in a large scale mass rearing facility. C1 USDA,APHIS,PPQ,PBM,PHOENIX,AZ. RP Edwards, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1789 EP 1797 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VQ591 UT WOS:A1996VQ59100027 ER PT J AU Bausch, WC Duke, HR AF Bausch, WC Duke, HR TI Remote sensing of plant nitrogen status in corn SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE chlorophyll meter; N sufficiency index; canopy reflectance; N reflectance index ID CHLOROPHYLL METER; REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS; LEAVES; LIGHT; RATIO AB Excessive nitrates in ground and surface water supplies are impacting nitrogen (N) fertilizer management schemes in many agricultural areas. Small amounts of N fertilizer applied ''as needed'' to a crop have potential for alleviating nitrate leaching below the crop root zone. To effectively apply this N management scheme, techniques must be developed that provide rapid assessment of the plant N status on a frequent basis, Ground-based canopy reflectance was measured perpendicular to the crop surface and in discrete wavebands over irrigated corn wish several imposed N treatments for comparison to SPAD chlorophyll meter measurements and to plant tissue total N concentration. An N reflectance index (a ratio of a treatment near-infrared (NIR) to green (G) canopy reflectance to the NIR/G ratio of a well N-fertilized treatment) was developed. The N reflectance index produced a near 1:1 relationship with the N sufficiency index (average SPAD reading for a treatment divided by the average SPAD reading for a well N-fertilized treatment) for corn growth stages VII to R4. For the N reflectance index to be a practical, useable technique, it must represent plant N status as early as the V6 growth stage. Soil background influence on canopy reflectance during early vegetative growth is a major obstacle; consequently, procedures must be developed to minimize its effect on this index. RP Bausch, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS,AERC,WATER MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,CSU FOOTHILLS,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. NR 25 TC 119 Z9 127 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1869 EP 1875 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VQ591 UT WOS:A1996VQ59100037 ER PT J AU Park, B Chen, YR Nguyen, M Hwang, H AF Park, B Chen, YR Nguyen, M Hwang, H TI Characterizing multispectral images of tumorous, bruised, skin-torn, and wholesome poultry carcasses SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE intensified multispectral image; NIR imaging; image processing; machine vision; chicken inspection; tumor; bruise; skin-tear; classification AB A multispectral imaging system which provides image information of poultry carcasses in the spatial and the frequency domains was developed. This article discusses the spectral image characterization of poultry carcasses for separating tumorous, bruised and skin-torn carcasses from the normal carcasses based on the gray-scale intensity, Fourier power spectrum, and fractal analyses of the spectral images. Tumorous, bruised, and other damaged carcasses were scanned by an intensified multispectral camera with various wavelength filters (542-847 nm). The results showed that the spectral images scanned at the optical wavelengths of 542 and 700 nm were useful for separating the tumorous from the normal carcasses in the spatial domain. Fractal dimension, roughness and slope were calculated from the Fourier spectra of each carcass. The mean fractal dimension of the normal carcasses scanned at 542 nm wavelength was larger than that of tumorous carcasses (P < 0.005) and skin-torn carcasses (P < 0.1). Fractal dimension of tumor (542 nm) was smaller than that of bruised carcasses of 542 nm spectral images (P < 0.01). The fractal slope mean values of the normal carcasses were larger than the tumor (P < 0.005) and the bruise (P < 0.05). Whereas, the slope of bruised carcass scanned at 542 nm was much smaller than the slope of bruise scanned at 700 nm (P < 0.005). Neural network classifier performed with 91.4% accuracy for the separation of tumorous carcasses from normals based on the spectral images scanned at both 542 and 700 nm wavelengths. C1 SUNGKYUNKWAN UNIV, DEPT MECHATRON ENGN, SUWON, SOUTH KOREA. RP Park, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, INSTRUMENTAT & SENSING LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1933 EP 1941 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VQ591 UT WOS:A1996VQ59100044 ER PT J AU Baker, RA Wicker, L AF Baker, RA Wicker, L TI Current and potential applications of enzyme infusion in the food industry SO TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOUND AROMA COMPOUNDS; AGARICUS-BISPORUS; IMBIBITION; FIRMNESS; CONSTITUENTS; TECHNOLOGY; INHIBITORS; PEACHES; STORAGE; POTATO AB Enzyme infusion can alter the texture, flavor and other sensory attributes of foods. A limitation of this process in the case of intact fruit and vegetables is the molecular size of the enzyme; some sort of driving force is required to facilitate entry of the enzyme into intact tissues. Pressure-assisted infusion and vacuum-assisted infusion of fresh tissues and imbibition of dried tissues have been used to effect enzyme infusion of fruit and vegetables. At least one application of enzyme infusion, which utilizes pectinases to peel fresh citrus fruit, has been commercialized. The application of enzyme infusion to alter the texture or flavor of fruit and vegetables has also been described. This article reviews these successful applications, and other potential uses of this technology. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Baker, RA (reprint author), ARS,USDA,CITRUS & SUBTROP PROD LAB,POB 1909,WINTER HAVEN,FL 33880, USA. NR 48 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0924-2244 J9 TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH JI Trends Food Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 7 IS 9 BP 279 EP 284 DI 10.1016/0924-2244(96)10030-3 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA VK116 UT WOS:A1996VK11600001 ER PT J AU Musselman, RC Hudnell, L Williams, MW Sommerfeld, RA AF Musselman, RC Hudnell, L Williams, MW Sommerfeld, RA TI Water chemistry of Rocky Mountain front range aquatic ecosystems SO USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE water chemistry; alpine/subalpine lakes and streams; atmospheric deposition; nitrogen saturation; ecosystems; aquatic ID NITROGEN SATURATION; FOREST AB A study of the water chemistry of Colorado Rocky Mountain Front Range alpine/subalpine lakes and streams in wilderness ecosystems was conducted during the summer of 1995 by the USDA Forest Service Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests and Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, and the University of Colorado Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research. Data were collected to examine the water chemistry of Front Range high-elevation lakes and their sensitivity to atmospheric deposition, particularly nitrogen saturation. Water chemistry data from synoptic surveys of high-elevation lakes in wilderness areas of other National Forests in Colorado are also included in this report. Because of the extent, uniqueness, and potential value of the data collected, the entire water chemistry data base including over 265 samples from more than 130 lakes and streams is presented. Preliminary data examination indicates that many lakes have detectible nitrate concentrations, nitrate concentrations are higher early in the season and decrease as the season progresses, and inlets often have higher nitrate concentrations than outlets. Detailed data analysis and interpretation, its relationship to landscape characteristics, and the implications for ecosystem response and management will be presented by the authors in subsequent manuscripts in preparation. RP Musselman, RC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN, FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROCKY MT FOREST RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION PI FT COLLINS PA 3825 EAST MULBERRY ST, FT COLLINS, CO 80524-8597 SN 0502-5001 J9 USDA FOR SERV RM RES JI USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mt. For. Range Exp Stn. Res. Pap. PD SEP PY 1996 IS RM-325 BP 1 EP + PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WN385 UT WOS:A1996WN38500001 ER PT J AU Goff, BSL AF Goff, BSL TI Effect of dexamethasone treatment of tuberculous cattle on results of the gamma-interferon test for Mycobacterium bovis SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium bovis; bovine tuberculosis; dexamethasone; interferon gamma ID ASSAY; DIAGNOSIS AB The purpose of this project was to determine the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) treatment of tuberculous cows on antigen-stimulated gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) production in a commercial Mycobacterium bovis gamma-interferon test (gamma-IFN test) developed for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. In the gamma-IFN test an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is used to detect bovine gamma-IFN in the plasma from whole blood samples cultured with M. bovis and Mycobacterium avium tuberculin purified protein derivatives (PPDs). DEX is a synthetic glucocorticoid commonly used as a potent anti-inflammatory agent, and experimentally as a model of stress-induced immunosuppression in cattle. DEX treatment has previously been associated with decreased lymphocyte response to mitogens in cattle, which led to the current hypothesis that DEX treatment would suppress stimulated gamma-IFN production resulting in false negative results in the gamma-IFN test. In replicate studies using naturally infected dairy cows, blood was drawn daily for at least 2 days prior to DEX treatment, during 3 days of DEX treatment, and for at least 9 days post-DEX. Results of the gamma-IFN test were evaluated by optical density (OD), and by three OD calculation methods: two different methods suggested by the manufacturer, and a method adapted from the evaluation of a bovine gamma-IFN test used in Australia. Prior to DEX treatment all cows had positive gamma-IFN tests by each calculation method. As early as 24 h after the first DEX injection a decline in PPD-stimulated gamma-IFN production was reflected in OD data for all cows. Calculated gamma-IFN test results were negative after DEX treatment for all but one cow, which was known to produce relatively large amounts of gamma-IFN as measured by this test, The degree of gamma-IFN suppression, and the number of days that gamma-IFN test results were negative after DEX treatment (1-8 days), varied by cow and by data calculation method. Treatment with DEX is associated with suppressed PPD-stimulated gamma-IFN production, which may be reflected as false negative results in the gamma-IFN test depending on the data calculation method applied. The results have implications for the management conditions and medical treatment schedule under which samples for the gamma-IFN test are collected. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 53 IS 1-2 BP 39 EP 47 DI 10.1016/0165-2427(96)05601-2 PG 9 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA VU741 UT WOS:A1996VU74100004 PM 8941967 ER PT J AU Trout, JM Lillehoj, HS AF Trout, JM Lillehoj, HS TI T lymphocyte roles during Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella infections SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CD8+ LYMPHOCYTES; IMMUNITY; TRANSPORT; CHICKEN; SPOROZOITES; COCCIDIOSIS; VERMIFORMIS; MICE AB This study evaluated the effects of selective depletion of T lymphocytes on Eimeria infections in chickens. Cell depletions were initiated in day- or week-old Hyline SC strain chickens using intra-peritoneal injections of monoclonal antibodies to CD4, CD8, or T cell receptor (TCR) alpha/beta. Control chickens received injections of irrelevant monoclonal antibody or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Following the establishment of cell depletion, chickens were infected orally with E. acervulina or E. tenella, 1 x 10(4) oocysts for primary infections and 2 x 10(5) oocysts for secondary infections. Chickens treated with anti CD4 monoclonal antibody produced significantly more oocysts than controls following primary E. tenella but not E. acervulina infections. Development of resistance to challenge infection was unaffected. These results suggest that CD4(+) lymphocytes are important in controlling primary infection with E. tenella. Chickens treated with anti-CD8 or anti-TCR alpha/beta monoclonal antibodies produced significantly fewer oocysts than controls following primary infection but significantly more oocysts than controls following secondary infection with both E. tenella and E. acervulina. Additionally, anti-CD8 treatment abrogated resistance to challenge infection. CD8-depleted chickens may exhibit decreased oocyst production following primary infection due to a lack of CD8(+) lymphocytes to serve as transporting cells for sporozoites. The abrogation of resistance to secondary infection in CD8- and TCR alpha/beta-depleted chickens suggests that these cells are necessary for the development of protective immunity to coccidia. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 23 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 53 IS 1-2 BP 163 EP 172 DI 10.1016/0165-2427(95)05544-4 PG 10 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA VU741 UT WOS:A1996VU74100014 PM 8941977 ER PT J AU Dean, HJ Miller, JM Ackermann, MR Gao, XY Anderson, LL Jacobson, CD Cheung, AK AF Dean, HJ Miller, JM Ackermann, MR Gao, XY Anderson, LL Jacobson, CD Cheung, AK TI Replication and pathogenicity after intranasal and intracranial inoculation of swine with a recombinant pseudorabies virus containing a deletion at the UL/IR junction SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; PRION PROTEIN; NEUROVIRULENCE; GENE; TYPE-1; BRAIN; VIRULENCE; INFECTION; SCRAPIE; MOUSE AB Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a neurotropic herpesvirus of swine. Previously, we described construction of a recombinant strain of PRV (LLT beta Delta 2) which contains a 3.0-kb deletion spanning the junction of the unique long and internal repeat sequences. Compared to the parental strain, Indiana-funkhauser, and a virus rescued for the deleted sequences (LLT beta res), LLT beta Delta 2 replicated efficiently at the site of inoculation, yet exhibited significantly reduced virulence when inoculated intranasally in pigs. In this report, we investigated the effect of the deletion on PRV replication and virulence after intracranial inoculation of swine, in comparison to replication and virulence after intranasal inoculation, in order to more precisely locate the defect in LLT beta Delta 2. Four-day-old pigs were infected intranasally with LLT beta Delta 2 or LLT beta res and necropsied al various times postinfection. Compared to LLT beta res-infected pigs, tissue distribution of virus, PRV antigen, and lesions of LLT beta Delta 2-infected pigs were comparable in all peripheral tissues examined, including trigeminal ganglia, but were reduced in tissues from the central nervous system (CNS). LLT beta Delta 2 was able to replicate in the CNS after intracranial inoculation into the cerebral cortex of 2-day-old piglets and to spread from CNS to peripheral tissues. Neurovirulence of LLT beta Delta 2 was somewhat reduced, as demonstrated by delayed onset of neurological signs and death in intracranially inoculated pigs, These results indicate that decreased neurovirulence after intranasal inoculation is not due to inability of LLT beta Delta 2 to replicate in CNS tissues. The difference in the amount of antigen detected in CNS tissues after intracranial inoculation compared to intranasal inoculation suggests that one defect in LLT beta Delta 2 is reduced ability to spread from peripheral neurons to the CNS after intranasal inoculation. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL SWINE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,RESP & NEUROL DIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AVIAN & SWINE RESP DIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. SHANGHAI ANIM & PLANT QUARANTINE BUR,SHANGHAI,PEOPLES R CHINA. IOWA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT ANIM SCI,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT ANAT,AMES,IA 50011. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD SEP 1 PY 1996 VL 223 IS 1 BP 19 EP 28 DI 10.1006/viro.1996.0451 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA VF962 UT WOS:A1996VF96200003 PM 8806536 ER PT J AU Simunek, J vanGenuchten, MT AF Simunek, J vanGenuchten, MT TI Estimating unsaturated soil hydraulic properties from tension disc infiltrometer data by numerical inversion SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID STEP OUTFLOW EXPERIMENTS; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; CONDUCTIVITY; FLOW; EQUATION; MODELS; WATER; INFILTRATION; METHODOLOGY; TRANSPORT AB Tension disc infiltrometers are becoming increasingly popular devices for in situ measurement of the unsaturated hydraulic properties of soil. Tension infiltration data are generally used to evaluate the parameters K-s and alpha in Gardner's exponential model of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Either two measurements using different disc diameters or measurements with a single disc but using multiple pressure heads are then used. In this paper we describe a parameter estimation procedure which combines the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear parameter optimization method involving weighted least squares, with a quasi-three-dimensional numerical model which solves the variably saturated flow equation. By numerical inversion of Richards' equation the unknown parameters in van Genuchten's model of the unsaturated soil-hydraulic properties are estimated from observed cumulative infiltration data during transient water flow. Additional measurements of the pressure head or water content, as well as a penalty function for constraining the unknown parameters to remain in some feasible region (Bayesian estimation), can be optionally included into the parameter estimation procedure. The problem of optimal sampling design, that is, selecting the best points in space and time for making measurements, is addressed by studying the sensitivity of the objective function to changes in the optimized hydraulic parameters. We calculate objective functions based on available cumulative infiltration, pressure head, and water content measurements and also on several combinations of these data. The behavior of the objective function in three-dimensional parameter space is evaluated by means of a series of two-dimensional response surfaces. The utility of the parameter estimation procedure is demonstrated using numerically generated data. The sensitivity of the procedure to different initial estimates of the model parameters is also discussed. RP Simunek, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,450 W BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 42 TC 154 Z9 158 U1 3 U2 21 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 32 IS 9 BP 2683 EP 2696 DI 10.1029/96WR01525 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA VE901 UT WOS:A1996VE90100004 ER PT J AU Wilcock, PR Barta, AF Shea, CC Kondolf, GM Matthews, WVG Pitlick, J AF Wilcock, PR Barta, AF Shea, CC Kondolf, GM Matthews, WVG Pitlick, J TI Observations of flow and sediment entrainment on a large gravel-bed river SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BEDLOAD TRANSPORT RATES; CRITICAL SHEAR-STRESS; MIXED-SIZE SEDIMENT; TEMPORAL VARIATIONS; STREAMS; SAND; LOAD; MOBILITY; MOTION AB Constant-discharge reservoir releases on the Trinity River, California, provide an unusual opportunity to unambiguously relate flow and gravel entrainment on a large gravel-bed river. Bed shear stress tau(0) was estimated using local observations of depth-averaged velocity, Gravel entrainment was measured using large tracer gravel installations. Lateral variability of tau(0) is large, even for straight channels with simple, trough-like geometry. No simple relation exists between local and cross-section mean values of tau(0). Fine grains (less than 8 mm; 20-30% of the bed material) are transported at lower discharges than coarse grains. Scour to the base of the bed surface layer occurs at a dimensionless shear stress tau(g)* approximate to 0.035, for tau(g)* formed using local tau(0)and the median grain size of the gravel portion of the bed. The dimensionless reference transport rate W* = 0.002, often used as a surrogate for the threshold of grain motion, occurs at nearly the same tau(g)*. At smaller tau(g)*, entrainment and transport rates decrease rapidly, becoming vanishingly small at tau(g)* approximate to 0.031. Even at very small gravel transport rates, all sizes are transported: although the coarsest sizes are in a state of partial transport in which only a portion of the exposed grains are entrained. Both entrainment and cumulative transport observations suggest that maximum scour depth for plane-bed transport is slightly less than twice the surface layer thickness. C1 US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,BOISE,ID 83702. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,CTR ENVIRONM DESIGN RES,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOG,BOULDER,CO 80302. PARSONS BRINCKERHOFF INC,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. RP Wilcock, PR (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT GEOG & ENVIRONM ENGN,BALTIMORE,MD 21218, USA. RI Wilcock, Peter/A-3299-2010 NR 30 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 32 IS 9 BP 2897 EP 2909 DI 10.1029/96WR01628 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA VE901 UT WOS:A1996VE90100022 ER PT J AU Wilcock, PR Kondolf, GM Matthews, WVG Barta, AF AF Wilcock, PR Kondolf, GM Matthews, WVG Barta, AF TI Specification of sediment maintenance flows for a large gravel-bed river SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MOBILITY; SAND AB Reservoir releases may be specified to flush interstitial fine sediment from gravel beds in the river downstream. Choice of an effective flow depends on trade-offs among discharge, flow duration, and pool dredging as they determine rates of bed mobilization, sand removal, and gravel loss. A basis for evaluating these trade-offs is developed with an approximate method appropriate to the sparse data typically available. Sand and gravel transport are represented with rating curves. Approximate methods are introduced for estimating effective gravel entrainment, subsurface sand supply, and pool sediment trapping. These are combined in a sand routing algorithm to evaluate flushing alternatives for the Trinity River, California. A sediment maintenance flow of moderate size, just sufficient to entrain the bed surface over the duration of the release, limits gravel loss and maximizes sand trapping by pools. Larger discharges produce more fines removal but at the cost of greater gravel loss and reduced selective transport of fines. Dredged pools increase sand removal efficiency by providing multiple exits from the channel and minimize gravel loss if dredged sediment is screened and gravel returned to the river. C1 US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,BOISE,ID 83702. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,CTR ENVIRONM DESIGN RES,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Wilcock, PR (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT GEOG & ENVIRONM ENGN,BALTIMORE,MD 21218, USA. RI Wilcock, Peter/A-3299-2010 NR 25 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 32 IS 9 BP 2911 EP 2921 DI 10.1029/96WR01627 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA VE901 UT WOS:A1996VE90100023 ER PT J AU Pagel, JE Bell, DA Norton, BE AF Pagel, JE Bell, DA Norton, BE TI De-listing the American peregrine falcon: Is it premature? SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE de-listing; peregrine falcon; population viability; species recovery ID EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE; CONSERVATION C1 US FOREST SERV, MEDFORD, OR 97501 USA. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 24 IS 3 BP 429 EP 435 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA VK740 UT WOS:A1996VK74000007 ER PT J AU Lancia, RA Braun, CE Collopy, MW Dueser, RD Kie, JG Martinka, CJ Nichols, JD Nudds, TD Porath, WR Tilghman, NG AF Lancia, RA Braun, CE Collopy, MW Dueser, RD Kie, JG Martinka, CJ Nichols, JD Nudds, TD Porath, WR Tilghman, NG TI ARM! For the future: Adaptive resource management in the wildlife profession SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; RELIABLE KNOWLEDGE; SCIENTIFIC METHOD; SCIENCE; ECOLOGY; POLICY; UNCERTAINTY; FIELD; WORLD C1 COLORADO DIV WILDLIFE,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. NATL BIOL SERV,FOREST & RANGE ECOSYST SCI CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,LOGAN,UT 84322. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,LA GRANDE,OR 97850. NATL BIOL SERV,FT COLLINS,CO 80525. NATL BIOL SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. UNIV GUELPH,DEPT ZOOL,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. MISSOURI DEPT CONSERVAT,COLUMBIA,MO 65203. US FOREST SERV,ASHEVILLE,NC 28802. RP Lancia, RA (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,BOX 8002,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 65 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 24 IS 3 BP 436 EP 442 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA VK740 UT WOS:A1996VK74000008 ER PT J AU Phillips, RL Cummings, JL Notah, G Mullis, C AF Phillips, RL Cummings, JL Notah, G Mullis, C TI Golden eagle predation on domestic calves SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Aquila chrysaetos; domestic calves; golden eagle; New Mexico; predation C1 USDA,ANIM DAMAGE CONTROL PROGRAM,LAS CRUCES,NM. USDA,ANIM DAMAGE CONTROL PROGRAM,ALBUQUERQUE,NM. RP Phillips, RL (reprint author), USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,POB 25266,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 24 IS 3 BP 468 EP 470 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA VK740 UT WOS:A1996VK74000012 ER PT J AU Hatfield, JS Gould, WR Hoover, BA Fuller, MR Lindquist, EL AF Hatfield, JS Gould, WR Hoover, BA Fuller, MR Lindquist, EL TI Detecting trends in raptor counts: Power and Type I error rates of various statistical tests SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE autocorrelation; bald eagle; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; raptor; serial correlation; statistical power analysis; survey; trend analysis ID DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; ANNUAL CENSUSES; SERIES; POPULATION AB We conducted simulations that estimated power and Type I error rates of statistical tests for detecting trends in raptor population count data collected from a single monitoring site. Results of the simulations were used to help analyze count data of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) from 7 national forests in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin during 1980-1989. Seven statistical tests were evaluated, including simple linear regression on the log scale and linear regression with a permutation test. Using 1,000 replications each, we simulated n = 10 and n = 50 years of count data and trends ranging from -5 to 5% change/year. We evaluated the tests at 3 critical levels (alpha = 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10) for both upper- and lower-tailed tests. Exponential count data were simulated by adding sampling error with a coefficient of variation of 40% from either a log-normal or autocorrelated log-normal distribution. Not surprisingly, tests performed with 50 years of data were much more powerful than tests with 10 years of data. Positive autocorrelation inflated alpha-levels upward from their nominal levels, making the tests less conservative and more likely to reject the null hypothesis of no trend. Of the tests studied, Cox and Stuart's test and Pollard's test clearly had lower power than the others. Surprisingly, the linear regression t-test, Collins' linear regression permutation test, and the nonparametric Lehmann's and Mann's tests all had similar power in our simulations. Analyses of the count data suggested that bald eagles had increasing trends on at]east 2 of the 7 national forests during 1980-1989. C1 US FOREST SERV,DULUTH,MN 55801. RP Hatfield, JS (reprint author), NATL BIOL SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,11510 AMER HOLLY DR,LAUREL,MD 20708, USA. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1996 VL 24 IS 3 BP 505 EP 515 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA VK740 UT WOS:A1996VK74000019 ER PT J AU Conner, RN Saenz, D AF Conner, RN Saenz, D TI Woodpecker excavation and use of cavities in polystyrene snags SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID TREES; CUT AB We examined woodpecker excavation and use of artificial polystyrene snags in four forest types in eastern Texas for five years. Twenty-three of 47 artificial snags were used by Downy Woodpeckers (Picoides pubescens) for cavity excavation and subsequent nocturnal roosting; they did not use the artificial snags for nesting. Although six other species of woodpeckers were present in the area, only Downy Woodpeckers excavated cavities in the artificial cavity substrate. Entrances to cavities in artificial snags became enlarged within several months of excavation. Other wildlife species using abandoned cavities in artificial snags were Carolina Chickadees (Parus carolinensis), Prothonotary Warblers (Protonotaria citrea), southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans), and red wasps (Polistes sp.). In one instance, Carolina Chickadees excavated their own cavity and nested within a polystyrene snag. Until an artificial cavity substrate acceptable for both woodpecker excavation and nesting can be found, the utility of artificial snags as a means to augment woodpecker nesting substrate remains inadequate. RP Conner, RN (reprint author), STEPHEN F AUSTIN STATE UNIV,COLL FORESTRY,WILDLIFE HABITAT & SILVICULTURE LAB,USDA FOREST SERV,NACOGDOCHES,TX 75962, USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 108 IS 3 BP 449 EP 456 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA VM537 UT WOS:A1996VM53700003 ER PT J AU DeGraaf, RM Maier, TJ AF DeGraaf, RM Maier, TJ TI Effect of egg size on predation by white-footed mice SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ARTIFICIAL-NEST EXPERIMENTS; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; DEPREDATION AB We compared predation by wild-trapped, caged white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) on eggs of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix) and Zebra Finches (Poephila guttata) to test the effect of egg size. Nine male and nine female mice were weighed, acclimated to cages for 24 h, and presented with two wicker nests, one containing a Japanese Quail egg (33 x 23 mm) and the other a Zebra Finch egg (16 x 12 mm). Nests were checked at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 24 h; after 24 h, no quail eggs were depredated, but 16 of 18 finch eggs were destroyed. Given their ability to consume small eggs and their ubiquity and abundance, white-footed mice are potentially significant nest predators. RP DeGraaf, RM (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,NE FOREST EXPT STN,US FOREST SERV,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 17 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1996 VL 108 IS 3 BP 535 EP 539 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA VM537 UT WOS:A1996VM53700011 ER PT J AU Adams, PE Feil, VJ Paulson, GD AF Adams, PE Feil, VJ Paulson, GD TI Metabolism of C-14-sulphadimethoxane in swine SO XENOBIOTICA LA English DT Article ID SULFONAMIDE DRUG; FROZEN STORAGE; SULFADIMETHOXINE; SULFAMETHAZINE; PHARMACOKINETICS; IDENTIFICATION; DISPOSITION; BIOAVAILABILITY; TRIMETHOPRIM; CHICKEN AB 1. C-14-sulphadimethoxine (4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethoxy-4-pyrimidinyl)benzene-[U-C-14]-sulphonamide; C-14-SDM) was given orally (60 mg/kg body weight) to eight swine (weight 27-32 kg). Urine and faeces were collected from 0 to 72 h after dosing and tissue samples were collected from animals exsanguinated at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after dosing. The concentration of total C-14-labelled residues (C-14-SDM equivalents) in tissues other than the gastrointestinal tract ranged from 99.1 ppm (plasma) to 13.8 ppm (adipose tissue) 12 h after dosing. Seventy-two hours after dosing tissue concentrations ranged from 5.4 ppm (plasma) to 0.5 ppm (skeletal muscle). The concentration in the large intestine was substantially higher (10.4 ppm) than in the stomach (2.8 ppm) and small intestine (1.4 ppm) 72 h after dosing. 2. Of the C-14, 77% was excreted in the urine from 0 to 72 h after dosing with C-14-SDM, mostly in the 0-24-h collection. Fifteen percent was excreted in the faeces from 0 to 72 h after dosing, with most of this occurring 36-72 h post-dosing. 3. C-14-SDM accounted for 24% (liver) to 66% (adipose tissue) and the N-4-acetyl derivative of SDM (N-4-Ac-SDM) accounted for 10% (skeletal muscle) to 35% (kidney) of the total C-14 in the tissues 12 h after dosing. The N-4-glucose conjugate of SDM (G-SDM) was a major C-14-labelled compound in skeletal muscle (21% of total) and liver (28%) but it was not detected in adipose tissue or kidney. The N-4-glucuronic acid conjugate of SDM (GA-SDM) was a minor metabolite in kidney, but was not detected in other tissues collected 12 h after dosing. Desamino SDM was a minor metabolite in the kidney. A minor metabolite in plasma was identified as the sulphate ester of 3-hydroxysulphadimethoxine. 4. C-14-labelled fractions isolated from 0 to 6-h urine included N-4-Ac-SDM (82%), SDM (3%) and GA-SDM (6%). C1 USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,FARGO,ND 58105. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNDPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0049-8254 J9 XENOBIOTICA JI Xenobiotica PD SEP PY 1996 VL 26 IS 9 BP 921 EP 933 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VK226 UT WOS:A1996VK22600004 PM 8893039 ER PT J AU Moreland, DE Fleischmann, TJ Corbin, FT McFarland, JE AF Moreland, DE Fleischmann, TJ Corbin, FT McFarland, JE TI Differential metabolism of the sulfonylurea herbicide prosulfuron (CGA-152005) by plant microsomes SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE microsomes; prosulfuron; cytochrome P450; mixed function oxidases; herbicide metabolism ID AVOCADO PERSEA-AMERICANA; CYTOCHROME-P-450; TRIASULFURON; OXIDATION; MESOCARP; FRACTION; WHEAT AB Microsomes isolated from excised shoots of 3-day-old, dark grown, grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Funk G522DR and DK 41Y] and corn seedlings [Zea mays (L.), Pioneer 3245] metabolized the sulfonylurea herbicide prosulfuron (CGA-152005). Corn microsomes predominantly formed a single major metabolite that resulted from hydroxylation of the phenyl ring at the C5 position. However, sorghum microsomes formed two major metabolites in an approximate 1:1 ratio. One was the 5-hydroxyphenyl metabolite, whereas the second metabolite resulted from O-demethylation at C4 of the triazine ring. metabolite identity was established by mass spectrometry and co-chromatography with authentic standards. Metabolism in both corn and sorghum was greatly enhanced by pretreatment of the seed with naphthalic anhydride and by subirrigation with 2.5% ethanol 24 h prior to harvest. Metabolism required a induced pyridine nucleotide and was affected by several cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitors (carbon monoxide, tetcyclacis, piperonyl butoxide, 1 amino-benzotriazole, and SKF-525A). The inhibitors differentially affected metabolism of prosulfuron. Microsomal oxidations from both untreated and inducer-treated tissue responded similarly to the inhibitors. In exploratory studies, microsomes isolated from shoots of wheat [Triticum aestivum L. Pioneer 2548], barley [Hordeum vulgare L., Boone], oats [Avena sativa L., Southern States 76-30-P242] and rife [Oryza sativa L., Gulfmont], and room ripened avocado [Persen americana Mill., Hass] mesocarp tissue also primarily formed the 5 hydroxyphenyl metabolite. Titration of seven different avocado microsomal preparations with prosulfuron provided typical type I difference spectra from which an average binding constant (K-s) of 187 +/- 35 mu M was obtained. C1 CIBA GEIGY CORP,CIBA CROP PROTECT,GREENSBORO,NC 27419. RP Moreland, DE (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU VERLAG Z NATURFORSCH PI TUBINGEN PA POSTFACH 2645, W-7400 TUBINGEN, GERMANY SN 0939-5075 J9 Z NATURFORSCH C JI Z.Naturforsch.(C) PD SEP-OCT PY 1996 VL 51 IS 9-10 BP 698 EP 710 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA VP572 UT WOS:A1996VP57200015 ER PT J AU Harris, KF PesicVanEsbroeck, Z Duffus, JE AF Harris, KF PesicVanEsbroeck, Z Duffus, JE TI Morphology of the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) relative to virus transmission SO ZOOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHLOROTIC DWARF VIRUS; ENATION MOSAIC-VIRUS; HELPER COMPONENT; APHID VECTOR; LOCALIZATION; PARTICLES; FOREGUT; FATE AB The stylet bundle of the sweet potato whitefly, Bemesia tabaci, consists of paired mandibles and maxillae. The latter interlock to form the food and salivary canals. Its salivary system consists of paired primary and accessary glands in the thorax. Primary and accessory gland ducts on each side of the nerve cord fuse to form lateral ducts that course anteroventrally to the midline and continue in parallel down the hypopharynx to eventually fuse to form the single afferent duct of the salivary pump. Saliva exiting the pump via the efferent duct enters the salivary canal of the maxillae. Food from the maxillary food canal passes from the antecibarium to the postcibarium or sucking pump and, per os, to the pharynx and esophagus of the foregut. The esophagus extends from the head to the base of the abdomen where it and the anterior midgut intimately mingle with the anterior hindgut to form a filter chamber. The midgut then proceeds dorsocaudally before looping anteroventrally to join the hindgut. The latter gives off two fingerlike Malpighian tubules before entering the filter chamber, whence it proceeds dorsocaudally to the anus within the vasiform orifice, Where possible, the morphology of Bemisia is discussed in relation to plant virus transmission and the morphologies of more thoroughly studied homopteran vectors such as aphids and leafhoppers. C1 USDA ARS,SUGAR BEET PROD RES LAB,SALINAS,CA 93905. RP Harris, KF (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,VIRUS VECTOR RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 41 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 11 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0720-213X J9 ZOOMORPHOLOGY JI Zoomorphology PD SEP PY 1996 VL 116 IS 3 BP 143 EP 156 PG 14 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Zoology SC Anatomy & Morphology; Zoology GA VK585 UT WOS:A1996VK58500005 ER PT J AU Suckow, J Markiewicz, P Kleina, LG Miller, J KistersWoike, B MullerHill, B AF Suckow, J Markiewicz, P Kleina, LG Miller, J KistersWoike, B MullerHill, B TI Genetic studies of the Lac repressor .15. 4000 single amino acid substitutions and analysis of the resulting phenotypes on the basis of the protein structure SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lac repressor; Pur repressor; phenotype analysis; molecular modeling; functional analysis ID ARABINOSE-BINDING PROTEIN; X-RAY STRUCTURE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; SUGAR-BINDING; DNA-BINDING; OPERATOR AB Each amino acid from position 2 to 329 of Lac repressor was replaced by 12 or 13 of the 20 natural occurring amino acids. The resulting phenotypes are discussed on the basis of (1) the recently published structure of the Lac repressor core complexed with the inducer IPTG and (2) a model of the dimeric Lac repressor built by homology modelling from the X-ray structure of the purine repressor-corepressor-operator complex. This phenotype analysis, based on 4000 well-defined mutants, yields a functional description of each amino acid position of Lac repressor. In most cases, mutant effects can be directly correlated with the structure and function of the protein. This connection between the amino acid position and the structure and function of the protein is in most cases direct and not complicated: amino acids which are directly involved in sugar binding are affected in Lac repressor mutants of the I-S type; small amino acids which can only be replaced by other small acids are located in the core of the protein; positions at which nearly all amino acids are tolerated are in most cases located on the surface of the protein. Amino acids which are highly conserved throughout the LacI family of repressors, and not directly involved in specific functions of the protein like DNA recognition or sugar binding, form a network of contacts with other amino acids. Such amino acids are either located inside one subunit, mostly at the interface between secondary structure elements, or are involved in the dimerisation interface. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST MOL BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,GREENPORT,NY 11944. RP Suckow, J (reprint author), UNIV COLOGNE,INST GENET,WEYERTAL 121,D-50931 COLOGNE,GERMANY. NR 48 TC 155 Z9 156 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0022-2836 J9 J MOL BIOL JI J. Mol. Biol. PD AUG 30 PY 1996 VL 261 IS 4 BP 509 EP 523 DI 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0479 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA VE479 UT WOS:A1996VE47900001 PM 8794873 ER PT J AU Jordan, JA DeLoach, JR Luque, J Diez, JC AF Jordan, JA DeLoach, JR Luque, J Diez, JC TI Targeting of mouse erythrocytes by band 3 crosslinkers SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENERAL SUBJECTS LA English DT Article DE crosslinking; erythrocyte; band 3 ID ANION-TRANSPORT PROTEIN; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; IN-VITRO; CARRIER ERYTHROCYTES; CROSS-LINKING; MEMBRANE; EXCHANGE; SURVIVAL; ENCAPSULATION; PHAGOCYTOSIS AB Chemical conditions of crosslinking mouse erythrocytes with BS3 and DTSSP have been studied. These two crosslinking reagents seem to react with band 3 protein in mouse erythrocytes membrane. Extent of crosslinking is dependent on the concentration of the reagent used. Similar cell volumes were observed in crosslinked erythrocytes with respect to control erythrocytes. In vivo behaviour of these modified erythrocytes revealed prominent targeting of crosslinked erythrocytes to liver. This effect is clearly evident when concentrations of 5 mM BS3 or DTSSP were used and can be dependent of reagent concentration. Consequently, from our results BS3 and DTSSP can be considered as very useful tools to control and modulate targeting of crosslinked erythrocytes. C1 UNIV ALCALA DE HENARES, DEPT BIOQUIM & BIOL MOL, E-28871 ALCALA DE HENARES, SPAIN. USDA ARS, FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB, COLLEGE STN, TX 77845 USA. RI Diez Ballesteros, Jose Carlos/S-2776-2016 OI Diez Ballesteros, Jose Carlos/0000-0002-6435-505X NR 42 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4165 J9 BBA-GEN SUBJECTS JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gen. Subj. PD AUG 29 PY 1996 VL 1291 IS 1 BP 27 EP 34 DI 10.1016/0304-4165(96)00040-2 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA VD966 UT WOS:A1996VD96600004 PM 8781521 ER PT J AU Carson, JW AF Carson, JW TI The role of the USDA in adulteration testing. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA,AMS,DIV SCI & TECHNOL,CITRUS LAB,WINTER HAVEN,FL 33880. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 4 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500004 ER PT J AU Kersten, PJ AF Kersten, PJ TI Biological markers of wood decay as targets for the development of new wood preservatives. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 4 EP CELL PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500551 ER PT J AU LeNoir, J Seiber, J McConnell, L AF LeNoir, J Seiber, J McConnell, L TI Pesticides in rain and snow in Sierra Nevada Mountains from 1995-96 sampling surveys. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV NEVADA,CTR ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,DEPT ENVIRONM RESOURCES SCI,RENO,NV 89557. USDA ARS,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 5 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500141 ER PT J AU Steinheimer, TR Scoggin, KD AF Steinheimer, TR Scoggin, KD TI Simultaneous determination of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr in surface and ground water from agricultural fields SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 7 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500143 ER PT J AU Volz, SA Mauldin, RE Goodall, MJ Johnston, JJ AF Volz, SA Mauldin, RE Goodall, MJ Johnston, JJ TI Gas chromatographic method for the determination of zinc phosphide residues in alfalfa and corn. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 11 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500147 ER PT J AU Yokoyama, WH Knuckles, BE Chiu, MC Fitch, TE Hudson, CA AF Yokoyama, WH Knuckles, BE Chiu, MC Fitch, TE Hudson, CA TI Plasma cholesterol of hamsters fed raw and processed oat diets. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94701. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 13 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500013 ER PT J AU Edwards, JH Walker, RH AF Edwards, JH Walker, RH TI Application of uncomposted waste paper and other organics. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,AUBURN,AL 36830. AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,AUBURN,AL 36849. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 15 EP FERT PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501796 ER PT J AU Rowell, RM AF Rowell, RM TI Mechanism of biological resistance based on chemical modification SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 19 EP CELL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500566 ER PT J AU Dailey, OD Dowler, CC AF Dailey, OD Dowler, CC TI Herbicidal evaluation of polymeric microcapsules of cyanazine .2. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,SRRC,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. USDA ARS,CROPS RES UNIT,GEORGIA COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31793. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 26 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500162 ER PT J AU Hallfrisch, J AF Hallfrisch, J TI Beneficial health effects of Oatrim. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,MNIL,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 26 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500026 ER PT J AU Behall, KM AF Behall, KM TI Beneficial lipid reduction with Oatrim. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,DHPL,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 27 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500027 ER PT J AU Inglett, GE AF Inglett, GE TI Z-trim: New dietary fiber gel for calorie-reduced foods. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 28 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500028 ER PT J AU Jacks, TJ DeLucca, AJ Cotty, PJ Cleveland, TE AF Jacks, TJ DeLucca, AJ Cotty, PJ Cleveland, TE TI Potential of non-plant peroxidases to provide new antimicrobial protection in plants transgenically. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 28 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500164 ER PT J AU Warner, K Inglett, GE AF Warner, K Inglett, GE TI Flavor and texture characteristics of foods containing Z-Trim corn and oat fibers as fat and flour replacers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FOOD QUAL & SAFETY RES & BIOPOLYMER RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 29 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500029 ER PT J AU Ibach, RE AF Ibach, RE TI In situ polymerization of bioactive monomers in wood. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 31 EP CELL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500578 ER PT J AU Shogren, RL Lawton, JW Doane, WM Tiefenbacher, KF AF Shogren, RL Lawton, JW Doane, WM Tiefenbacher, KF TI Structure and morphology of baked starch foams. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,PLANT POLYMER RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. FRANZ HAAS MACHINERY,RICHMOND,VA 23231. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 31 EP CARB PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500515 ER PT J AU Revear, LG Hotchkiss, AT Lewin, RA Cheng, L Maruyama, T AF Revear, LG Hotchkiss, AT Lewin, RA Cheng, L Maruyama, T TI Maltose turnover and malto-oligosaccharide processing in the marine symbiont Prochloron (Prochlorophyta) SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. MARYLAND BIOTECHNOL INST,SHIMIZU LAB,TOKYO,JAPAN. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 32 EP CARB PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500516 ER PT J AU Tunick, MH Malin, EL Shieh, JJ Holsinger, VH AF Tunick, MH Malin, EL Shieh, JJ Holsinger, VH TI Use of thermal and rheological methods to detect mislabeled cheese. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA,ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 32 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500032 ER PT J AU Xu, R Huang, X Kramer, KJ Hopkins, TL AF Xu, R Huang, X Kramer, KJ Hopkins, TL TI Insect cuticle sclerotization: Characterization of adducts of catecholamine quinones and amino acid residues of cuticular proteins. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. USDA,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 32 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500168 ER PT J AU Chen, GC AF Chen, GC TI Synthesis and evaluation of boric acid-diol complexes as wood preservatives. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 43 EP CELL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500590 ER PT J AU Freeman, BA Wilson, RE Binder, RG Wong, RY Harden, LA Haddon, WF AF Freeman, BA Wilson, RE Binder, RG Wong, RY Harden, LA Haddon, WF TI Semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations for chlorinated 2,5-pyrrolidinediones provide an accurate prediction of their bacterial mutagenicity in Ames tester strain TA-100. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 45 EP TOXI PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91501081 ER PT J AU Moats, WA Romanowski, RD AF Moats, WA Romanowski, RD TI Determination of penicillin G in beef and pork tissues using an automated lc cleanup. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,MEAT SCI RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 45 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500045 ER PT J AU Neucere, JN Cleveland, TE AF Neucere, JN Cleveland, TE TI Interactions of fungal spores and corn proteins that affect growth of Aspergillus flavus. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 49 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500049 ER PT J AU Rendleman, JA AF Rendleman, JA TI High yields of cyclodextrin from conversion of starch in the presence of a debranching enzyme. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 57 EP CARB PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500545 ER PT J AU Snook, ME AF Snook, ME TI Hydroxycinnamic acid esters of tartaric acid, organic acids and sugars in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) roots with varying levels of resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,ATHENS,GA 30604. USDA ARS,TIFTON,GA 31793. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 59 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500059 ER PT J AU Bond, TC Legendre, MG Gallagher, JB Baker, LO White, FC Ford, JH AF Bond, TC Legendre, MG Gallagher, JB Baker, LO White, FC Ford, JH TI Magnetic particle-based immunoassay: Using a carbendazim (MBC) assay to screen for thiabendazole (TBZ) in fresh produce. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA,NATL MONITORING & RESIDUE ANAL LAB,GULFPORT,MS 39503. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 66 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500201 ER PT J AU Baker, LO Legendre, MG Gallagher, JB Bond, TC White, FC Ford, JH AF Baker, LO Legendre, MG Gallagher, JB Bond, TC White, FC Ford, JH TI A sensitivity enhancement system for immunoassay of fresh produce. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA,NATL MONITORING & RESIDUE ANAL LAB,GULFPORT,MS 39503. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 67 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500202 ER PT J AU Marmer, WN Cardamone, JM Bao, GP Francis, A AF Marmer, WN Cardamone, JM Bao, GP Francis, A TI Treatments for promoting the union dyeing of wool/cotton blends SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 68 EP CELL PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500615 ER PT J AU Muldoon, MT Buckley, SA Rocco, RM Deshpande, SS Stanker, LH AF Muldoon, MT Buckley, SA Rocco, RM Deshpande, SS Stanker, LH TI Development of a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA for the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfadimethoxine: Application for the analysis of incurred residue tissues. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. IDETEK INC,SUNNYVALE,CA 94089. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 84 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500219 ER PT J AU Beier, RC Buckley, SA Stanker, LH Dutko, TJ AF Beier, RC Buckley, SA Stanker, LH Dutko, TJ TI Application of an immunoassay for the detection of halofuginone residues in chicken livers as a potential method for use in the FSIS regulatory program. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. USDA,FOOD SAFETY INSPECT SERV,ST LOUIS,MO 63120. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 85 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500220 ER PT J AU Stanker, LH Buckley, SA Muldoon, MT Beier, RC AF Stanker, LH Buckley, SA Muldoon, MT Beier, RC TI Application of an immunoassay for the analysts of ceftiofur in bovine tissue and fluids. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 86 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500221 ER PT J AU Hoagland, RE Zablotowicz, RM Locke, MA AF Hoagland, RE Zablotowicz, RM Locke, MA TI An integrated phytoremediation strategy for chloroacetamides in soil. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 89 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500224 ER PT J AU Zablotowicz, RM Locke, MA Hoagland, RE Duke, SO AF Zablotowicz, RM Locke, MA Hoagland, RE Duke, SO TI Aromatic nitroreduction of acifluorfen in soils, rhizospheres and pure cultures of rhizobacteria. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 91 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500226 ER PT J AU Wagner, SC Zablotowicz, RM AF Wagner, SC Zablotowicz, RM TI Utilization of plant material for remediation of herbicide-contaminated soils. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 92 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500227 ER PT J AU Nedumpara, MJ AF Nedumpara, MJ TI Impact of corn and Glomus epigaeus on uptake and degradation of atrazine in soil. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,AMES,IA 50011. USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 95 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500230 ER PT J AU Houtman, CJ Agarwat, UP AF Houtman, CJ Agarwat, UP TI Fourier-transform Raman as a tool for the determination of lignin content in wood pulps. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RI Houtman, Carl/I-4469-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 104 EP CELL PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500651 ER PT J AU Berhow, MA AF Berhow, MA TI Biomodulation of flavonoid accumulation in citrus: Studies with callus model systems and application to developing fruit. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 107 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500107 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Vance, NC Watrud, LS AF Entry, JA Vance, NC Watrud, LS TI Selection of plants for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with radionuclides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,AUBURN,AL 36849. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US EPA,TERR ECOL BRANCH,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 108 EP AGRO PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500243 ER PT J AU Manthey, JA Grohmann, K Castle, WS AF Manthey, JA Grohmann, K Castle, WS TI Changes in flavonoid concentrations in citrus leaf tissue in response to blight and zinc-deficiency. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,US CITRUS & SUBTROP PROD LAB,WINTER HAVEN,FL 33881. UNIV FLORIDA,CTR AGR RES & EDUC,IFAS,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 108 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500108 ER PT J AU Shofran, BG Fleming, HP McFeeters, RF Breidt, F AF Shofran, BG Fleming, HP McFeeters, RF Breidt, F TI Antimicrobial properties of sinigrin hydrolysis products. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 124 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500124 ER PT J AU Buttery, RG Ling, LC AF Buttery, RG Ling, LC TI Dynamic headspace isolation of water soluble food volatiles using excess sodium sulfate to bind moisture. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 130 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500130 ER PT J AU Dunn, LB Majewski, SL AF Dunn, LB Majewski, SL TI Sweet and bitter glycosides: Sensory and molecular modeling evaluation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 133 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500133 ER PT J AU Takeoka, GR Buttery, RG Ling, LC AF Takeoka, GR Buttery, RG Ling, LC TI Flavor constituents of crackers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 134 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500134 ER PT J AU McFeeters, RF AF McFeeters, RF TI Use and removal of sulfite in the preservation of cucumbers for further processing. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 135 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500135 ER PT J AU Dao, LT Full, GH Takeoka, GR AF Dao, LT Full, GH Takeoka, GR TI Potential health hazards in frying oils. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA,WRRC,CPU,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 136 EP AGFD PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VA915 UT WOS:A1996VA91500136 ER PT J AU Petroski, RJ Bowe, HJ AF Petroski, RJ Bowe, HJ TI New glassware for small-scale distillation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOACT AGENTS RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. ACE GLASS INC MANUFACTURERS,VINELAND,NJ 08360. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 25 PY 1996 VL 212 BP 406 EP ORGN PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA VB009 UT WOS:A1996VB00900405 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Shemin, D Lapane, KL Sutherland, P Nadeau, MR Wilson, PWF Yoburn, D Bausserman, L Tofler, G Jacques, PF Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH AF Bostom, AG Shemin, D Lapane, KL Sutherland, P Nadeau, MR Wilson, PWF Yoburn, D Bausserman, L Tofler, G Jacques, PF Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH TI Hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and lipoprotein (a) excess in maintenance dialysis patients: A matched case-control study SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE fibrinogen; Lp(a); end-stage renal disease; arteriosclerosis ID STAGE RENAL-DISEASE; AMBULATORY PERITONEAL-DIALYSIS; ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT DILATION; SERUM TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; CONTAINING AMINO-ACIDS; RISK FACTOR; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE AB Maintenance dialysis patients experience an exceedingly high incidence of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) events that are poorly predicted by traditional CVD risk factor indices. We evaluated the prevalence of three non-traditional CVD risk factors, i.e. hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) excess, and combined hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and Lp(a) excess, in maintenance dialysis patients. Fasting total plasma homocysteine (Hey), fibrinogen, Lp(a), glucose, and total and HDL cholesterol levels, and traditional CVD risk factor (i.e. glucose tolerance, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia) prevalences were assessed in 71 dialysis patients and 71 age, sex, and race matched Framingham Study controls free of clinical renal disease, with normal serum creatinine (less than or equal to 1.5 mg/dl). Mean plasma Hey (23.7 vs. 9.9 mu M P = 0.0001), fibrinogen (457 vs. 309 mg/dl, P = 0.0001), and Lp(a) (30 vs. 17 mg/dl, P = 0.0070) levels were substantially increased in the dialysis patients. Matched odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals), dialysis patients/controls, for hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and Lp(a) excess, alone or combined, were markedly greater in the dialysis patients, with no evidence of confounding by the traditional CVD risk factors: hyperhomocysteinemia, 105.0 (29.9-368.9); hyperfibrinogenemia, 16.6 (6.6-42.0); Lp(a) excess, 3.5 (1.5-8.4); all three combined 35.0 (5.7-199.8). Given in vitro evidence that Hcy, Lp(a), and fibrinogen interact to promote atherothrombosis, combined hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and Lp(a) excess may contribute to the high incidence of vascular disease sequelae experienced by dialysis patients, which is inadequately explained by traditional CVD risk factors. Controlled, prospective studies of well-characterized maintenance dialysis cohorts are urgently required to substantiate this hypothesis. C1 RHODE ISL HOSP,DIV RENAL DIS,PROVIDENCE,RI 02902. MEM HOSP RHODE ISL,DEPT HLTH EDUC,PAWTUCKET,RI. FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA. MIRIAM HOSP,LIPID METAB LAB,PROVIDENCE,RI. DEACONESS HOSP,INST PREVENT CARDIOVASC DIS,BOSTON,MA. RP Bostom, AG (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 79 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD AUG 23 PY 1996 VL 125 IS 1 BP 91 EP 101 DI 10.1016/0021-9150(96)05865-0 PG 11 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA UZ298 UT WOS:A1996UZ29800010 PM 8831931 ER PT J AU McKelvey, TA Lynn, DE GundersenRindal, D Guzo, D Stoltz, DA Guthrie, KP Taylor, PB Dougherty, EM AF McKelvey, TA Lynn, DE GundersenRindal, D Guzo, D Stoltz, DA Guthrie, KP Taylor, PB Dougherty, EM TI Transformation of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) cell lines by infection with Glyptapanteles indiensis polydnavirus SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID CAMPOLETIS-SONORENSIS VIRUS; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; DNA; EXPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSMISSION; PERSISTENCE; DROSOPHILA; SEQUENCES AB Glytapanteles indiensis, a species of braconid parasitic wasp, infects its host Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) with a polydnavirus (GiPDV) to suppress the host immune system during parasitization. Here it is shown that GiPDV can infect L. dispar cell lines and that a portion of the GiPDV genome is stably maintained in infected cells. Results of Southern hybridization analyses suggested that this portion of the GiPDV genome is integrated into the L, dispar cellular genome. This is the first report of an insect viral DNA molecule that can apparently integrate into lepidopteran insect cells. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 ARS,USDA,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. DALHOUSIE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,HALIFAX,NS B3H 4H7,CANADA. ARS,USDA,NEWARK,DE 19713. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD AUG 23 PY 1996 VL 225 IS 3 BP 764 EP 770 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1248 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA VE458 UT WOS:A1996VE45800012 PM 8780687 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Cupples, LA Jenner, JL Ordovas, JM Seman, LJ Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Castelli, WP AF Bostom, AG Cupples, LA Jenner, JL Ordovas, JM Seman, LJ Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Castelli, WP TI Elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease in men aged 55 years and younger - A prospective study SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PRE-BETA LIPOPROTEIN; ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT DILATION; LP(A) LIPOPROTEIN; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; ARTERY DISEASE; HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEIN(A); GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; LDL CHOLESTEROL; RISK; QUANTIFICATION AB Objective.-To establish whether elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], detected as a sinking pre-beta-lipoprotein band on electrophoresis of fresh plasma, is an independent risk factor for the development of premature coronary heart disease (CHD) in men. Design and Setting.-Prospective study of the Framingham offspring cohort. Participants.-A total of 2191 men aged 20 to 54 years old who were free of cardiovascular disease when they were examined between 1971 and 1975. Main Outcome Measures.-Incident CHD (myocardial infarction, coronary insufficiency, angina pectoris, or sudden cardiac death) occurring by age 55 years. Results.-After a median follow-up of 15.4 years, there were 129 CHD events. The relative risk (RR) estimates (with 95% confidence intervals [Cls]) for premature CHD derived from a proportional hazards model that included age, body mass index, and the dichotomized risk factor covariables elevated plasma Lp(a) level, total cholesterol level of 6.2 mmol/L (240 mg/dL) or more, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level less than 0.9 mmol/L (35 mg/dL), smoking, glucose intolerance, and hypertension were as follows: elevated Lp(a) level, RR, 1.9 (95% Cl, 1.2-2.9), prevalence, 11.3%; total cholesterol level of 6.2 mmol/L or more, RR, 1.8 (95% Cl, 1.2-2.7), prevalence, 14.3%; HDL level of less than 0.9 mmol/L, RR, 1.8 (95% Cl, 1.2-2.6), prevalence, 19.2%; smoking, RR, 3.6 (95% Cl, 2.2-5.5), prevalence, 46.7%; glucose intolerance, RR, 2.7 (95% Cl, 1.4-5.3), prevalence, 2.6%; hypertension, RR, 1.2 (95% Cl, 0.8-1.8), prevalence, 26.3%. Conclusions.-Elevated plasma Lp(a) is an independent risk factor for the development of premature CHD in men, comparable in magnitude and prevalence (ie, attributable risk) to a total cholesterol level of 6.2 mmol/L (240 mg/dL) or more, or an HDL level less than 0.9 mmol/L (35 mg/dL). C1 FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,EPIDEMIOL & BIOMETRY PROGRAM,FRAMINGHAM,MA. BOSTON UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT,BOSTON,MA. TUFTS UNIV,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,LIPID METAB LAB,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Bostom, AG (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,VITAMIN BIOAVAILABIL LAB,USDA,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-35243, HV-83-03] NR 70 TC 315 Z9 327 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 21 PY 1996 VL 276 IS 7 BP 544 EP 548 DI 10.1001/jama.276.7.544 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VC101 UT WOS:A1996VC10100030 PM 8709403 ER PT J AU Byrne, PF McMullen, MD Snook, ME Musket, TA Theuri, JM Widstrom, NW Wiseman, BR Coe, EH AF Byrne, PF McMullen, MD Snook, ME Musket, TA Theuri, JM Widstrom, NW Wiseman, BR Coe, EH TI Quantitative trait loci and metabolic pathways: Genetic control of the concentration of maysin, a corn earworm resistance factor, in maize silks SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE flavonoid; insect resistance; Helicoverpa zea; Zea mays ID ZEA-MAYS; POPULATION; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; BIOSYNTHESIS; INHERITANCE; FLAVONOIDS; COORDINATE; GERMPLASM; INBREDS AB Interpretation of quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies of agronomic traits is limited by lack of knowledge of biochemical pathways leading to trait expression, To more fully elucidate the biological significance of detected QTL, we chose a trail that is the product of a well-characterized pathway, namely the concentration of maysin, a C-glycosyl flavone, in silks of maize, Zea mays L. Maysin is a host-plant resistance factor against the corn earworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie). We determined silk maysin concentrations and restriction fragment length polymorphism genotypes at flavonoid pathway loci or linked markers for 285 F-2 plants derived from the cross of lines GT114 and GT119, Single-factor analysis of variance indicated that the pi region on chromosome 1 accounted for 58.0% of the phenotypic variance and showed additive gene action. The pi locus is a transcription activator for portions of the flavonoid pathway. A second QTL, represented by marker umc105a near the brown pericarp1 locus on chromosome 9, accounted for 10.8% of the variance. Gene action of this region was dominant for low maysin, but was only expressed in the presence of a functional pi allele, The model explaining the greatest proportion of phenotypic variance (75.9%) included pi, umc105a, umc166b (chromosome 1), r1 (chromosome 10), and two epistatic interaction terms, pi x amc105a and pi x r1. Our results provide evidence that regulatory loci have a central role acid that there is a complex interplay among different branches of the flavonoid pathway in the expression of this trait. C1 USDA ARS,PHYTOCHEM RES UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613. USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793. RP Byrne, PF (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 38 TC 126 Z9 143 U1 5 U2 11 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD AUG 20 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 17 BP 8820 EP 8825 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.17.8820 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VD434 UT WOS:A1996VD43400007 PM 11607699 ER PT J AU Abidi, SL Mounts, TL AF Abidi, SL Mounts, TL TI Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of molecular species of phospholipid derivatives SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE mobile phase composition; phospholipids; quaternary ammonium compounds; phosphatidic acid; phosphatidylethanolamine; phosphatidylcholine ID PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS; RETENTION BEHAVIOR; SEPARATION; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE AB Molecular species of phospholipid (PL) derivatives in two structural series phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were separated on octadecylsilica by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV detection. Using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanol-water-quaternary ammonium phosphate (QAP), the individual PLs derived from egg phosphatidylcholine were resolved into six major molecular species. The QAP electrolytes served as ion-pair counter-ions or ion-interactants depending on PL structures and on the QAP concentrations. Correlation of logarithmic capacity factors (k') of anionic PLs with the number of carbon atoms in QAP established linear relationships. The ln k' values of compounds in PA and PE series containing respective O-H and N-H functionalities were not linearly proportional to the number of carbon atoms in their corresponding O-alkyls and N-methyls. The k' values of negatively charged PLs increased with increasing QAP concentrations. Conversely, inverse relationships between the QAP concentrations and k' values of PE derivative were observed in HPLC with low QAP concentrations. PA derivatives were useful for trace analyses. RP Abidi, SL (reprint author), USDA,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD AUG 16 PY 1996 VL 741 IS 2 BP 213 EP 222 DI 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00172-0 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA VE399 UT WOS:A1996VE39900006 ER PT J AU Beckett, PR Hardin, DS Davis, TA Nguyen, HV WrayCahen, D Copeland, KC AF Beckett, PR Hardin, DS Davis, TA Nguyen, HV WrayCahen, D Copeland, KC TI Spectrophometric assay for measuring branched-chain amino acid concentrations: Application for measuring the sensitivity of protein metabolism to insulin SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE; WHOLE-BODY; EUGLYCEMIC HYPERINSULINEMIA; DIABETIC-PATIENTS; LEUCINE; INVIVO; INFUSION; PROTEOLYSIS; HYPERAMINOACIDEMIA; KINETICS AB Plasma amino acid concentrations fall during insulin infusion. Amino acid concentrations can be maintained using an infusion of amino acids if their plasma concentration can be determined within a few minutes. We developed a spectrophometric assay which determines the total concentration of all three branched-chain amino acids in plasma within 1 min. The enzyme leucine dehydrogenase oxidatively deami nates leucine, isoleucine, and valine, with stoichiometric reduction of NAD that is measured using a spectro photometer. The assay was developed in both a kinetic and end-point format. For the kinetic assay the buffer conditions were formulated to obtain equivalent rates with all three amino acids so that it could be used in samples containing unknown mixtures. For the end-point assay additional enzyme was added so that an end-point could be reached within 1 min. The application of the kinetic assay for ''clamping'' the branched-chain amino acids during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps in humans is demonstrated. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV TEXAS,HOUSTON MED SCH,PEDIAT ENDOCRINOL & DIABET CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP Beckett, PR (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,DEPT ENDOCRINOL & METAB SECT,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474] NR 19 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD AUG 15 PY 1996 VL 240 IS 1 BP 48 EP 53 DI 10.1006/abio.1996.0329 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA VD843 UT WOS:A1996VD84300008 PM 8811878 ER PT J AU Wittum, TE Woollen, NE Perino, LJ Littledike, ET AF Wittum, TE Woollen, NE Perino, LJ Littledike, ET TI Relationships among treatment for respiratory tract disease, pulmonary lesions evident at slaughter, and rate of weight gain in feedlot cattle SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE bovine species; feedlot; respiratory tract ID CALVES AB Objective-To quantify the effects of treatment for clinical respiratory tract disease and pulmonary lesions identified at slaughter on rate of weight gain in feedlot cattle. Design-Prospective longitudinal study. Animals-469 feedlot steers. Procedure-Clinical respiratory tract disease was monitored between birth and slaughter. Steers were weaned at approximately 6 months old and entered into the feedlot for a mean of 273 days. Mean daily weight gain (MDG) was monitored during the feeding period. Lungs were collected at slaughter and evaluated for gross lesions indicative of active or resolved pneumonia. Results-Mean daily weight gain during the feeding period was 1.30 kg, and ranged from 1.16 to 1.46 kg within individual pens. Thirty-five percent of steers received treatment for respiratory tract disease between birth and slaughter, whereas 72% had pulmonary lesions evident at slaughter. Among steers treated for clinical respiratory tract disease, 78% had pulmonary lesions, whereas 68% of untreated steers had pulmonary lesions. Pulmonary lesions at slaughter were associated (P <0.01) with a 0.076-kg reduction in MDG during the feeding period. Treatment for clinical disease was not associated with MDG after adjustment for the effect of pulmonary lesions. Clinical Implications-Treatment of clinically affected feedlot cattle may be inadequate to prevent significant production losses attributable to respiratory tract disease. C1 USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. UNIV NEBRASKA,GREAT PLAINS VET EDUC CTR,DEPT VET & BIOMED SCI,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. NR 17 TC 113 Z9 120 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 15 PY 1996 VL 209 IS 4 BP 814 EP & PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VB694 UT WOS:A1996VB69400037 PM 8756886 ER PT J AU Brennan, RJ Kandikonda, S Khrimian, AP DeMilo, AB Liquido, NJ Schiestl, RH AF Brennan, RJ Kandikonda, S Khrimian, AP DeMilo, AB Liquido, NJ Schiestl, RH TI Saturated and monofluoro analogs of the oriental fruit fly attractant methyl eugenol show reduced genotoxic activities in yeast SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methyl eugenol; genotoxicity; recombination; fluorination ID INDUCE INTRACHROMOSOMAL RECOMBINATION; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; SALMONELLA MUTAGENICITY; CARCINOGENS; RAT; DERIVATIVES; ASSAY; CELLS; CYTOCHROME-P-450; METABOLISM AB Methyl eugenol, is a commercially used fruit fly attractant and a suspected carcinogen, Several phenylpropenes, including methyl eugenol and the known carcinogen safrole, score negative in the Salmonella assay but score positive in the yeast DEL assay that selects for intrachromosomal recombination events in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In an attempt to dissociate the beneficial properties of methyl eugenol from its genotoxic properties, saturated or fluorinated analogs were evaluated for their ability to induce intrachromosomal (DEL) recombination in yeast, Field tests have previously shown that all of the analogs used have appreciable properties as fruit fly attractants, The analogs 1,2-dimethoxy-4-ethylbenzene, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoro-2-propenyl)benzene 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)benzene and 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(3-fluoro-2-propenyl)benzene all showed reduced toxicity and reduced recombinagenicity in yeast compared to methyl eugenol, These results confirm the validity of fluorination and/or removal of the 2-propenyl moiety in reducing the toxicity and recombinagenicity of methyl eugenol derivatives. C1 ARS, TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB, USDA, HILO, HI 96720 USA. ARS, INSECT CHEM ECOL LAB, INST PLANT SCI, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP HARVARD UNIV, SCH PUBL HLTH, DEPT MOL & CELLULAR TOXICOL, 665 HUNTINGTON AVE, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA. NR 34 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-1218 J9 MUTAT RES-GENET TOX JI Mutat. Res.-Genet. Toxicol. PD AUG 12 PY 1996 VL 369 IS 3-4 BP 175 EP 181 DI 10.1016/S0165-1218(96)90024-5 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA VE346 UT WOS:A1996VE34600004 PM 8792836 ER PT J AU Adlof, RO AF Adlof, RO TI Analysis of fatty acid mono- and diacylglycerol positional isomers by silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE monoacylglycerols; diacylglycerols; triacylglycerols; lipids ID TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; QUANTITATION; SEPARATION; TRIGLYCERIDES; DIGLYCERIDES AB Mono- and diacylglycerol positional isomer pairs were separated (as acetates) by silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography on a commercially available column using an isocratic solvent system of 1.2% (v/v) acetonitrile in hexane and flame ionization detection. The acetate derivative(s) from the 1- and 2-monoacylglycerols and 1,2- and 1,3-diacylglycerols were prepared by acetic anhydride-pyridine. Conversion of the thermodynamically less stable 2-mono- and 1,2- diacylglycerols to triacylglycerols containing acetate(s) in the 1-, 3- and 2-positions, respectively, resulted in <3% isomerization. Conversion of the thermodynamically more stable 1-mono- and 1,3-diacylglycerol analogues yielded <1% isomers. Less than 0.5% inter-esterification by-products were noted. The triacylglycerol, the diacylglycerol-monoacetate isomer pair, the monoacylglycerol-diacetate isomer pair and triacetin were completely separated for the 16:0 and 18:1 fatty acid series. The triacylglycerols eluted first and the triacetin eluted last. The 16:0 elution pattern is unusual, since silver ion chromatographic separations are generally ascribed to the interaction of silver ions with carbon-carbon double bond pi-electrons, a condition absent in the 16:0 series. RP Adlof, RO (reprint author), ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,USDA,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD AUG 9 PY 1996 VL 741 IS 1 BP 135 EP 138 DI 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00258-0 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA VE271 UT WOS:A1996VE27100014 ER PT J AU Bland, JM AF Bland, JM TI The first synthesis of a member of the iturin family, the antifungal cyclic lipopeptide, iturin-A2 SO JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; BACILLOMYCIN-F; MYCOSUBTILIN; ANTIBIOTICS; ACID RP Bland, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124, USA. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0022-3263 J9 J ORG CHEM JI J. Org. Chem. PD AUG 9 PY 1996 VL 61 IS 16 BP 5663 EP 5664 DI 10.1021/jo960452n PG 2 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA VD350 UT WOS:A1996VD35000078 ER PT J AU Whitham, S McCormick, S Baker, B AF Whitham, S McCormick, S Baker, B TI The N gene of tobacco confers resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in transgenic tomato SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE hypersensitive response; plant disease resistance ID PLANT-DISEASE RESISTANCE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; MEDIATED RESISTANCE; COAT PROTEIN; EXPRESSION; STRAIN; RPS2; TRANSPOSITION; GENOME; PTO AB It has been proposed that cloned plane disease resistance genes could be transferred from resistant to susceptible plant species to control important crop plant diseases. The recently cloned N gene of tobacco confers resistance to the viral pathogen, tobacco mosaic virus. We generated transgenic tomato plants bearing the N gene and demonstrate that N confers a hypersensitive response and effectively localizes tobacco mosaic virus to sites of inoculation in transgenic tomato, as it does in tobacco. The ability to reconstruct the N-mediated resistance response to tobacco mosaic virus in tomato demonstrates the utility of using isolated resistance genes to protect crop plants from diseases, and it demonstrates that all the components necessary for N-mediated resistance are conserved in tomato. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF ALBANY,PLANT GENE EXPRESS CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. USDA ARS,ALBANY,CA 94710. RI Baker, Barbara/L-7198-2016 OI Baker, Barbara/0000-0002-1276-971X NR 30 TC 152 Z9 175 U1 0 U2 21 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD AUG 6 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 16 BP 8776 EP 8781 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.16.8776 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA VB325 UT WOS:A1996VB32500113 PM 8710948 ER PT J AU Antolic, S KojicProdic, B Tomic, S Nigovic, B Magnus, V Cohen, JD AF Antolic, S KojicProdic, B Tomic, S Nigovic, B Magnus, V Cohen, JD TI Structural studies on monofluorinated derivatives of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (auxin) SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN-BOND ACCEPTORS; C-H...O; AROMATIC RINGS; BINDING-SITE; CRYSTALS; PROTEINS; PACKING; HALOGEN; WHEAT; PEA AB As part of the molecular recognition studies on the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) a series of fluorinated IAA's has been examined. The phenyl ring substitution at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 resulted in four compounds, which were analyzed. Structure-activity correlation includes the analysis of their molecular conformations, based on the X-ray diffraction and computational chemistry results, and bioactivity determinations in the Avena coleoptile and the Pisum sativum stem straight-growth tests, lipophilicity and UV absorbance. The conformations of monofluorinated IAA's and a free hormone are defined by rotations about two bonds: one describes the relative orientation of a side chain towards the indole plane and the second the orientation of the carboxylic group. The results of X-ray structure analysis revealed the folded shape of the molecules in all compounds studied. Molecular mechanics and dynamics located the folded conformation as the local minimum, but failed to detect the planar conformation as one of the local minima, which according to ab initio results on IAA and 4-Cl-IAA could also be possible. Crystal data at 295 K for 4-F-IAA and at 297 K for 5-F-IAA, and at 100 K for 6-F-IAA and 7-F-IAA using Mo K alpha radiation (lambda = 0.71073 Angstrom) and Cu K alpha (lambda = 1.5418 Angstrom, for 7-F-IAA), are as follows: 4-F-IAA, C10H8NO2F, M(r) = 193.18, monoclinic, C2/c, a = 17.294 (5), b = 13.875 (4), c = 7.442 (4) Angstrom, alpha = 103.88 (6)degrees, V = 1734 (1) Angstrom(3), Z = 8, D-x = 1.480 g cm(-3), mu = 1.1 cm(-1), F(000) = 800, R = 0.043, wR = 0.044 for 823 symmetry-independent [I greater than or equal to 3 sigma(I)] reflections; 5-F-IAA, C10H8NO2F, monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a = 19.284 (5), b = 5.083 (4), c = 9.939 (4) Angstrom, beta = 117.28 (6)degrees, V = 865.9 (1) Angstrom(3), Z = 4, D-x = 1.482 g cm(-3), mu = 1.1 cm(-1), F(000) = 400, R = 0.062, wR = 0.057 for 729 symmetry-independent [I greater than or equal to 3 sigma(I)] reflections; 6-F-IAA, C10H8NO2F, monoclinic, P2(1)/a, a = 9.360 (1), b = 5.167 (4), c = 17.751 (4) Angstrom, beta = 93.75 (1)degrees, V = 856.7 (8) Angstrom(3), Z = 4, D-x = 1.498 g cm(-3), mu = 1.1 cm(-1), F(000) = 400, R = 0.048, wR = 0.048 for 1032 symmetry-independent [I greater than or equal to 2 sigma(I)] reflections; 7-F-IAA, C10H8NO2F, monoclinic, P2(1)/a, a = 9.935 (5), b = 5.0059 (4), c = 17.610 (1) Angstrom(3), beta = 102.13 (1)degrees, V = 856.3 (1) Angstrom(3), Z = 4, D-x = 1.498 g cm(-3), mu = 9.8 cm(-1) (Cu K alpha), F(000) = 400, R = 0.035, wR = 0.040 for 1504 symmetry-independent [I greater than or equal to 2 sigma(I)] reflections. C1 AGR RES SERV,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Antolic, S (reprint author), RUDJER BOSKOVIC INST,POB 1016,ZAGREB 10000,CROATIA. RI Tomic, Sanja/J-3929-2012; OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 55 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0108-7681 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR B JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B-Struct. Commun. PD AUG 1 PY 1996 VL 52 BP 651 EP 661 PN 4 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA VG083 UT WOS:A1996VG08300011 ER PT J AU Pausch, RC Mulchi, CL Lee, EH Forseth, IN Slaughter, LH AF Pausch, RC Mulchi, CL Lee, EH Forseth, IN Slaughter, LH TI Use of C-13 and N-15 isotopes to investigate O-3 effects on C and N metabolism in soybeans .1. C fixation and translocation SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ozone; Glycine max; soybean; C-13; stable isotope; translocation; net photosynthesis; gas exchange; root nodules; carbon uptake ID TERM OZONE EXPOSURE; SOIL-WATER DEFICIT; OPEN-TOP CHAMBERS; AGRICULTURAL CROPS; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; CARBON ECONOMY; DOUGLAS-FIR; GROWTH; YIELD; ALLOCATION AB Short- and long-term C uptake/transaction dynamics were studied using stable isotope techniques and leaf gas exchange to investigate the mechanism(s) of O-3 action on plant yield and C partitioning. Glycine mar (L.) Merr. (soybean) plants were grown in open-top chambers and exposed to one of three O-3, regimes: half-ambient, ambient, or 2 x ambient for nearly the entire growing season. The seasonal 7 h average O-3 concentrations (nl l(-1)) were 25, 43, and 76 nl l(-1), respectively. Whole plant C translocation was measured using pulse-labeled (CO2)-C-13 (99 atom %C-13) at two distant growth stages (R2 and R5). Translocation parameters were as follows: %C-13 (sink strength), % C-13/g dry weight (sink intensity), and % C-13/% Organ dry weight (relative specific uptake). Single leaf photosynthesis (P-n) was measured at four growth stages (V7, R2, R3, and R4). Ozone significantly affected translocation, but the effect was dependent upon growth stage and the time following the C-13 pulse. At the stage of rapid seed fill within the pods (R5), and at 42 h post-labeling, all three leaf translocation parameters had a significant positive linear relationship with O-3 exposure. Conversely, root nodule values were all inversely related to O-3 exposure. Generally, at 0.5 h post-labeling, no significant effects were observed for leaves and nodule translocation patterns, with the exception of an inverse relationship between sink strength and O-3 exposure. No significant differences were observed for single leaf P-n among treatments. Our results indicate that the mechanism of chronic O-3 action involves inhibition of translocation, implying reduced phloem loading and the inhibition may be occurring without a concomitant reduction in the amount of C fixed. In addition, C-13 pulse labeling appears to be a very useful technique for investigating integrated long-term C translocation dynamics which might not otherwise be evident using instantaneous methods such as short-term labeling or limited leaf gas exchange measurements. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. ARS,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT BOT,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. NR 45 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 59 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 80 DI 10.1016/0167-8809(96)01042-0 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VJ800 UT WOS:A1996VJ80000007 ER PT J AU Variyam, JN Blaylock, J Smallwood, D AF Variyam, JN Blaylock, J Smallwood, D TI A probit latent variable model of nutrition information and dietary fiber intake SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE diet; health information; nutrition education ID NUTRIENT CONSUMPTION; EQUATION MODEL; HEALTH; INDICATORS; SMOKERS AB Nutrition information and intake data for a sample of U.S. household meal planners are used to estimate the effects of fiber-specific information on dietary fiber intake. The information variables are measured using survey questions on fiber content of foods. attitude toward consuming fiber-rich foods, and awareness of fiber-health Links. The evidence confirms the influence of nutrition information on fiber intake. Household income, meat planner age, smoking status, vegetarian status, race, and ethnicity are major determinants of both information and intake. Education exerts a sizable intake effect by enhancing the information level. Direct and indirect effects of exogenous variables are reported. C1 USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP Variyam, JN (reprint author), UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGR ECON,LEXINGTON,KY 40506, USA. NR 30 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 78 IS 3 BP 628 EP 639 DI 10.2307/1243280 PG 12 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA VN895 UT WOS:A1996VN89500013 ER PT J AU MacDonald, JM Ollinger, ME Nelson, KE Handy, CR AF MacDonald, JM Ollinger, ME Nelson, KE Handy, CR TI Structural change in meat industries: Implications for food safety regulation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ASSA Conference CY JAN, 1996 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP ASSA RP MacDonald, JM (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 4 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 78 IS 3 BP 780 EP 785 DI 10.2307/1243304 PG 6 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA VN895 UT WOS:A1996VN89500037 ER PT J AU Liefert, WM Sedik, DJ Koopman, RB Serova, E Melyukhina, O AF Liefert, WM Sedik, DJ Koopman, RB Serova, E Melyukhina, O TI Producer subsidy equivalents for Russian agriculture: Estimation and interpretation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ASSA Conference CY JAN, 1996 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP ASSA RP Liefert, WM (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 78 IS 3 BP 792 EP 798 DI 10.2307/1243306 PG 7 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA VN895 UT WOS:A1996VN89500039 ER PT J AU Rim, YW Beuselinck, PR AF Rim, YW Beuselinck, PR TI Cytology of 2N pollen formation and pollen morphology in diploid Lotus tenuis (Fabaceae) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Fabaceae; genetics; lotus; reproduction; trefoil ID 3 MECHANISMS; RED-CLOVER; POTATOES; CROSSES; ALFALFA AB Two genotypes of Lotus tenuis Waldst & Kit. ex Willd. PI 204882, a diploid (2n = 2x = 12), were identified as producing 2n pollen (maximum = 6%). The objectives of this research were: (1) to determine the mechanism(s) of 2n pollen formation in the L. tenuis genotypes and (2) to morphologically describe n and 2n pollen using light and scanning electron microscopy. Meiotic studies revealed that 2n pollen resulted from tripolar spindles during anaphase II of microsporogenesis. The 2n pollen germinated well, although abnormal pollen tubes were observed. The genetic constitution of 2n pollen resulting from tripolar spindles is equivalent to first division restitution (FDR) of meiosis. Fresh and air-dried pollen samples exhibited differences in size and shape under light and scanning electron microscopy. The size of diploid (2n) pollen was larger than that of haploid (ln) pollen. Normal haploid (ln) pollen was globose-prolate in shape, while diploid (2n) pollen was tetrahedral in shape. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,PLANT SCI UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,USDA ARS,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1057 EP 1062 DI 10.2307/2445995 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VD025 UT WOS:A1996VD02500012 ER PT J AU Schanler, RJ AF Schanler, RJ TI Human milk fortification for premature infants SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; BREAST-MILK; PRETERM; MULTICENTER; GROWTH C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,SECT NEONATOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP Schanler, RJ (reprint author), BAYLOR UNIV,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA,ARS,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 9 TC 20 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 64 IS 2 BP 249 EP 250 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UZ129 UT WOS:A1996UZ12900019 PM 8694028 ER PT J AU Emeson, EE Shen, ML Bell, CGH Qureshi, A AF Emeson, EE Shen, ML Bell, CGH Qureshi, A TI Inhibition of atherosclerosis in CD4 T-cell-ablated and nude (nu/nu) C57BL/6 hyperlipidemic mice SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEIN-B; GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA; TRANSGENIC MICE; DEFICIENT MICE; FATTY STREAKS; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; LYMPHOCYTES-T; ATHYMIC MICE AB T lymphocytes and monocyte/macrophages are prominent components of atherosclerotic lesions, and many of these cells are activated and secreting cytokines. To determine the role of these cells in the pathogenesis of athersclerosis, we studied its development in T-cell-deficient mice fed a high fat atherogenic diet Depleting euthymic mice of their CD4(+) lymphocytes by 20 weekly injections of CD4 monoclonal antibodies reduced the mean area of their aortic lesions by approximately 70%. Similarly, the mean lesion area of T-cell-deficient nude (nu/nu) mice was 10% of the size of that of their heterozygote (nu/+) litter mates. Flow cytometric studies of splenic T cells and analyses of serum total and HDL cholesterol of these mice indicated that the differences in mean lesion areas among the experimental groups were most closely correlated with differences in splenic T cell content. These studies suggest that in these two models T lymphocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of early atherosclerotic lesions and that a further understanding of this phenomenon may provide future approaches toward the prevention and treatment of the disease. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,COLL MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,CHICAGO,IL 60612. UNIV CHICAGO,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637. USDA,CEREALS CROPS RES LABS,MADISON,WI. RP Emeson, EE (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,COLL MED,DEPT PATHOL,M-C 947,1819 W POLK ST,CHICAGO,IL 60612, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [2 507 RR05 369-28]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL48794]; NIAAA NIH HHS [AA09674] NR 56 TC 78 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC INVESTIGATIVE PATHOLOGY, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-3993 SN 0002-9440 J9 AM J PATHOL JI Am. J. Pathol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 149 IS 2 BP 675 EP 685 PG 11 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA UZ763 UT WOS:A1996UZ76300031 PM 8702005 ER PT J AU Tilden, J Young, W McNamara, AM Custer, C Boesel, B LambertFair, M Majkowski, J Vugia, D Werner, SB Hollingsworth, J Morris, JG AF Tilden, J Young, W McNamara, AM Custer, C Boesel, B LambertFair, M Majkowski, J Vugia, D Werner, SB Hollingsworth, J Morris, JG TI A new route of transmission for Escherichia coli: Infection from dry fermented salami SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID O157-H7; ESCHERICHIA-COLI-0157-H7; MEAT AB Objectives. This study evaluated the production of dry fermented salami associated with an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Washington State and California. Methods. Facility inspections, review of plant monitoring data, food handler interviews, and microbiological testing of salami products were conducted. Results. Production methods complied with federal requirements and industry-developed good manufacturing practices. No evidence suggested that postprocessing contamination occurred. Calculations suggested that the infectious dose was smaller than 50 E. coli O157:H7 bacteria. Conclusions. Dry fermented salami can serve as a vehicle of transmission for O157:H7 strains. Our investigation and prior laboratory studies suggest that E. coli O157:H7 can survive currently accepted processing methods. C1 FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,EPIDEMIOL & EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROGRAM,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,BALTIMORE,MD. INSPECT OPERAT FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,ALAMEDA,CA. FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,SCI & TECHNOL PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,DIV COMMUN DIS CONTROL,BERKELEY,CA 94704. NR 16 TC 278 Z9 287 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD AUG PY 1996 VL 86 IS 8 BP 1142 EP 1145 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.8_Pt_1.1142 PN 1 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VB448 UT WOS:A1996VB44800021 PM 8712275 ER PT J AU Cheville, NF Olsen, SC Jensen, AE Stevens, MG Palmer, MV Florance, AM AF Cheville, NF Olsen, SC Jensen, AE Stevens, MG Palmer, MV Florance, AM TI Effects of age at vaccination on efficacy of Brucella abortus strain RB51 to protect cattle against brucellosis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MUTANT STRAINS; RESPONSES AB Objective-To establish that female calves vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain RB51 at 3, 5, and 7 months of age are protected against infection and abortion when challenged exposed during their first pregnancy. Animals-Polled Hereford heifer calves obtained from a brucellosis-free herd. Procedure-Calves were inoculated SC at 3, 5, or 7 months of age with strain RB51 (n = 26), strain 19 (n = 16), or sterile saline solution (n = 15). Calves were bred at 16 to 17 months of age and challenged exposed during the first pregnancy with virulent B abortus strain 2308. Results-After vaccination, none of the heifers given strain RB51 developed serum antibodies that reacted in the standard tube agglutination test, but reacted in a dot-blot assay, using RB51 antigen. B abortus was cultured from biopsy specimens of superficial cervical lymph nodes in the RB51 and S19 vaccinates at 10 weeks, hut not at 12 weeks after vaccination. All 4 heifers that had been vaccinated with RB51 at 3 months of age were protected against infection and abortion when challenged exposed. Vaccination at 5 and 7 months of age gave equivalent protection. Heifers given strain 19 were 95% protected and controls (given saline solution) had a high incidence of infection and abortion. Conclusions-Strain RB51 is protective at doses comparable to those of strain 19 in calves 3 to 10 months of age. Clinical Relevance-lmmunogenicity and failure to induce antibodies that interfere with the serologic diagnosis of field infections of B abortus make strain RB51 an effective vaccine. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. RP Cheville, NF (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,BRUCELLOSIS RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 15 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 57 IS 8 BP 1153 EP 1156 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VA590 UT WOS:A1996VA59000009 PM 8836366 ER PT J AU Purdy, CW Straus, DC Sutherland, RJ Ayres, JR AF Purdy, CW Straus, DC Sutherland, RJ Ayres, JR TI Efficacy of a subcutaneously administered, ultraviolet light-killed Pasteurella haemolytica A1-containing vaccine against transthoracic challenge exposure in goats SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BOVINE PNEUMONIC PASTEURELLOSIS; CALVES; LIVE; MODEL; LEUKOTOXIN AB Objective-To determine the effectiveness of Pasteurella haemolyrica biovar A, serovar 1 (Ph A1) killed by UV light and incorporated with an oil adjuvant or carriers. Animals-40 weanling male Spanish goats. Procedure-Goats were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatment groups: 4 Ph A1 bacterins (agar beads, polyacrylate beads [PA], phosphate-buffered saline solution, Freund's incomplete adjuvant), live Ph A1 with polyacrylate beads (LiPhPA), and polyacrylate beads (UnVac). Each of 4 Ph A1 vaccines was administered SC twice, 21 days apart, to ? of 4 groups; another group received only PA beads SC, and the last group received live Ph Al with PA beads by trans thoracic injection into the left lung. 14 days after the second vaccination, ail goats were challenge exposed with live Ph Al by transthoracic injection into the right lung, and 4 days later, all goats were euthanatized and necropsied. Results-Mean volume of consolidated right lung tissue was 1.02 cm(3) for the LiPhPA group, 168.1 cm(3) for the UnVac group, 2.3 cm(3) for the Freund's incomplete adjuvant bacterin group, 5.53 cm(3) far the PA bacterin group, 9.01 cm(3) for the agar heads bacterin group, and 7.51 cm(3) for the phosphate-buffered saline solution bacterin group. Mean volume of consolidated lung tissue was significantly different between the UnVac group and the other 5 groups. Conclusion-The LiPhPA group and 4 bacterin groups developed protective immunity against live Ph A1 challenge exposure. Clinical Relevance-An SC administered, UV light-killed Ph A1 bacterin induced protective immunity equal to that induced by virulent live Ph A1 injected into the target organ, the lung. C1 TEXAS TECH UNIV,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,LUBBOCK,TX 79403. TEXAS A&M UNIV,TEXAS VET MED DIAGNOST LAB,AMARILLO,TX 79106. RP Purdy, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,PO DRAWER 10,BUSHLAND,TX 79012, USA. NR 42 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 57 IS 8 BP 1168 EP 1174 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VA590 UT WOS:A1996VA59000012 PM 8836369 ER PT J AU Smith, GW Constable, PD Smith, AR Bacon, CW Meredith, FI Wollenberg, GK Haschek, WM AF Smith, GW Constable, PD Smith, AR Bacon, CW Meredith, FI Wollenberg, GK Haschek, WM TI Effects of fumonisin-containing culture material on pulmonary clearance in swine SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; INTRAVASCULAR MACROPHAGES; CORN SCREENINGS; EQUINE LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; CHICKEN MACROPHAGE; TOXICITY; CONTAMINATION; MYCOTOXINS; B-1; INVITRO AB Objective-To determine the potential effects of feeding fumonisin-containing culture material on the pulmonary clearance of blood-borne particulates and bacteria in swine. Animals-21 healthy male pigs randomly assigned to control and treated groups. Procedure-Control pigs were fed a standard grower ration while culture material containing fumonisins (20 mg of hydrolyzed fumonisin B-1/kg of body weight/d) was added to the feed of treated pigs for 7 days. On day 8, pigs were anesthetized with halothane and catheterized, using a sterile cut-down procedure. 18 hours after recovery from anesthesia, Monastral Blue or Pseudomonas aeruginosa was infused into the right atrium of treated and control pigs for 30 minutes and pulmonary clearance was determined. Results-Pigs that were fed fumonisin-containing culture material had a significantly (P < 0.05) decreased ability to clear Monastral Blue and P aeruginosa, Ultrastructural examination of the lung indicated that uptake of copper pigment by pulmonary intravascular macrophages was decreased in treated pigs. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Fumonisins, even when fed to pigs at sub-lethal concentrations, can inhibit pulmonary intravascular macrophages from removing particulate matter and bacteria from the circulation, thus potentially predisposing swine to infectious disease. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CLIN MED,URBANA,IL 61801. USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613. RP Smith, GW (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 32 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 57 IS 8 BP 1233 EP 1238 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VA590 UT WOS:A1996VA59000024 PM 8836381 ER PT J AU Bowen, JM Cole, RJ Bedell, D Schabdach, D AF Bowen, JM Cole, RJ Bedell, D Schabdach, D TI Neuromuscular effects of toxins isolated from Southern Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis) bark SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Objective-To define the nature and mechanisms of neuromuscular effects of toxic principles in bark of Southern Prickly Ash tree (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis) that might contribute to its clinical toxicity in cattle. Animals-31 rats, 1 dog, and 4 rabbits. Procedures-Extracts were prepared from bark samples, using 2 extraction methods, Contractile responses, resting potentials, miniature end-plate potentials (MEPP), and end-plate potentials of rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations were recorded. Blood pressure and contractile responses of the cranial tibial muscle to nerve stimulation were recorded in an anesthetized dog. Topical anesthetic activity in rabbits was determined by evaluation of the corneal reflex. Results-One extract usually stimulated muscle contractile response, whereas the other inhibited this response when evoked by nerve stimulation, but not when evoked by direct muscle stimulation. Inhibitory extract (X(I)) had a hypotensive effect, but lacked topical anesthetic activity and effect on resting potentials. This extract also reduced amplitude of MEPP and end-plate potentials, but did not affect their time course or the frequency of MEPP. Stimulatory extract was not active in presence of neuromuscular blocking agent tubocurarine. Conclusion-Active principles in Southern Prickly Ash extracts appear to exert their action on neuromuscular transmission probably through blockade of postjunctional, end-plate receptors (X(I)) or enhanced release of neurotransmitter (stimulatory extract). Clinical Relevance-Signs of clinical toxicity in cattle were best correlated with effects of X(I), which can be antagonized by Ca2+ and neostigmine. C1 USDA ARS,NATL PEANUT RES LAB,DAWSON,GA 31742. UNIV GEORGIA,COOPERAT EXTENS SERV,TIFTON,GA 31794. RP Bowen, JM (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,DEPT PHYSIOL & PHARMACOL,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 57 IS 8 BP 1239 EP 1244 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VA590 UT WOS:A1996VA59000025 PM 8836382 ER PT J AU Ashwell, MS Rexroad, CE Miller, RH VanRaden, PM AF Ashwell, MS Rexroad, CE Miller, RH VanRaden, PM TI Mapping economic trait loci for somatic cell score in Holstein cattle using microsatellite markers and selective genotyping SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE dairy cattle; ETL; selective genotyping; somatic cell score ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; DAIRY-CATTLE; CLINICAL MASTITIS; COMPLEX; ASSOCIATION; DISEASE; HEALTH; COUNT; MILK AB Marker-assisted selection (MAS) uses genetic marker genotypes to predict an animal's production potential and will provide additional selection information for progeny testing. With the discovery of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers, the tools now exist to begin the search for economic trait loci (ETL), which is the first step toward MAS. The objective of this study was to identify ETL for somatic cell score in an existing Holstein population. Using the granddaughter design, sons from seven grandsire families were genotyped with 20 autosomal microsatellites from five chromosomes (4, 8, 13, 17, 23), with an emphasis on chromosome 23, which is the location of the bovine major histocompatibility complex (BoLA). Selective genotyping was used to reduce the number of genotypes required, in which the 10 highest and 10 lowest sons from the phenotypic distribution curve were tested (140 sons in seven families). One marker (513), located near BoLA, showed evidence of an ETL in three of five polymorphic families. Additional sons were genotyped from the five families to estimate the effect and to compare selective and 'complete' genotyping. Both methods detected an ETL at marker 513, but in different families. This study provides evidence of the usefulness of microsatellite markers and the granddaughter design in the detection of ETL; however, additional markers need to be evaluated to determine the usefulness of selective genotyping. Based on the results from the 20 studied markers, the most likely position of a somatic cell score ETL lies near marker 513, located on chromosome 23. C1 USDA ARS,ANIM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Ashwell, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 21 TC 48 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 27 IS 4 BP 235 EP 242 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA VJ246 UT WOS:A1996VJ24600003 PM 8856920 ER PT J AU Bonner, FT AF Bonner, FT TI Responses to drying of recalcitrant seeds of Quercus nigra L SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Quercus nigra L; desiccation rate; temperature; recalcitrant; leachate conductivity; germination; viability ID DESICCATION TOLERANCE; STORAGE; GERMINATION AB It has been suggested that rate of desiccation can influence the expression of recalcitrant behaviour in seeds, thus complicating the task of determining which seeds are truly recalcitrant. The objective of this study was to see if variable rates of desiccation influenced such behaviour in Quercus nigra L., a tree seed known to be recalcitrant. Acorn moisture content, leachate conductivity, and germination were determined at various times during desiccation at three rates at 27 and 40 degrees C. Moisture contents and germination decreased as the severity of desiccation increased. Leachate conductivity increased slightly but was not a sensitive indicator of loss of viability. The critical (lethal) moisture content for these acorns was 10-15%, although rehydration within 48 h of reaching this level prevented death in about 25% of the acorns. At 27 degrees C any desiccation treatment that produced losses of 30-50 mg of moisture per g of acorn dry weight per day should be suitable as a test for recalcitrance in the genus. Apparent physiological or fungal damage at 40 degrees C rules out the higher temperature for such a test. (C) 1996 Annals of Botany Company RP Bonner, FT (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,STARKVILLE,MS, USA. NR 28 TC 27 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 13 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 78 IS 2 BP 181 EP 187 DI 10.1006/anbo.1996.0111 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VD247 UT WOS:A1996VD24700007 ER PT J AU Sullivan, JT Eardly, BD VanBerkum, P Ronson, CW AF Sullivan, JT Eardly, BD VanBerkum, P Ronson, CW TI Four unnamed species of nonsymbiotic rhizobia isolated from the rhizosphere of Lotus corniculatus SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; CICER-ARIETINUM-L; LEGUMINOSARUM BIOVAR TRIFOLII; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; SP-NOV; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; NODULATION GENES AB Previously, me found that genetically diverse rhizobia nodulating Lotus corniculatus at a held site devoid of naturalized rhizobia had symbiotic DNA regions identical to those of ICMP3153, the inoculant strain used at the site (J. T. Sullivan, H. N. Patrick, W. L. Lowther, D. B. Scott, and C. W. Ronson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:8985-8989, 1995), In this study, we characterized seven nonsymbiotic rhizobial isolates from the rhizosphere oft. corniculatus. These included two from plants at the field site sampled by Sullivan et al, and five from plants at a new field plot adjacent to that site, The isolates did not nodulate Lotus species or hybridize to symbiotic gene probes but did hybridize to genomic DNA probes from Rhizobium loti. Their genetic relationships with symbiotic isolates obtained from the same sites, with inoculant strain ICMP3153, and with R. loti NZP2213(T) were determined by three methods. Genetic distance estimates based on genomic DNA-DNA hybridization and moltilocus enzyme electrophoresis were correlated but were not consistently reflected by 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence divergence. The nonsymbiotic isolates represented four genomic species that were related to X. loti; the diverse symbiotic isolates from the site belonged to one of these species, The inoculant strain ICMP3153 belonged to a fish genomic species that was more closely related to Rhizobium huakuii. These results support the proposal that nonsymbiotic rhizobia persist in soils in the absence of legumes and acquire symbiotic genes from inoculant strains upon introduction of host legumes. C1 UNIV OTAGO, DEPT MICROBIOL, DUNEDIN, NEW ZEALAND. PENN STATE UNIV, READING, PA 19610 USA. USDA ARS, SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. OI Ronson, Clive/0000-0002-2217-9676 NR 63 TC 112 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 62 IS 8 BP 2818 EP 2825 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UZ996 UT WOS:A1996UZ99600021 PM 8702274 ER PT J AU Lee, MK You, TH Young, BA Cotrill, JA Valaitis, AP Dean, DH AF Lee, MK You, TH Young, BA Cotrill, JA Valaitis, AP Dean, DH TI Aminopeptidase N purified from gypsy moth brush border membrane vesicles is a specific receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis CryIAc toxin SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BUTTERFLY PIERIS-BRASSICAE; MANDUCA-SEXTA MIDGUT; DELTA-ENDOTOXINS; INSECTICIDAL TOXIN; BINDING-PROTEIN; LARVAL MIDGUT; BOMBYX-MORI; IDENTIFICATION; RESISTANCE; MECHANISM AB We have evaluated the binding of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins to aminopeptidase N (APN) purified from Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) brush border membrane vesicle (BBMV), CryIAc toxin bound strongly to APN, while either the structurally related CryIAa and CryIAb toxins or CryIC, CryIIA, and CryIIIA toxins showed weak binding to APN, An in vitro competition binding study demonstrated that the binding of CryIAc to L. dispar BBMV was inhibited by APN, Inhibition of short circuit current for CryIAc, measured by voltage clamping of whole L. dispar midgut, was substantially reduced by addition of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, which is known to release APN from the midgut membrane, In contrast, addition of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C had only a marginal effect on the inhibition of short circuit current for CryIAa. These data suggest that APN is the major functional receptor for CryIAc in L. dispar BBMV, A ligand blotting experiment demonstrated that CryIAc recognized a 120-kDa peptide (APN), while CryIAa and CryIAb recognized a 210-kDa molecule in L. dispar BBMV, In contrast, CryIAa and CryIAb bound to both the 120- and 210-kDa molecules in Manduca sexta BBMV, while CryIAc recognized only the 120-kDa peptide, The 120-kDa peptide (APN) in L. dispar BBMV reacted with soybean agglutinin, indicating that N-acetylgalactosamine is a component of this glycoprotein. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. UNIV MINNESOTA,MOL CELLULAR DEV BIOL & GENET PROGRAM,ST PAUL,MN 55308. FOREST SERV,USDA,NE FOREST EXPT STN,DELAWARE,OH 43015. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI 29092] NR 30 TC 60 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 62 IS 8 BP 2845 EP 2849 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UZ996 UT WOS:A1996UZ99600025 PM 8702277 ER PT J AU Harp, JA Fayer, R Pesch, BA Jackson, GJ AF Harp, JA Fayer, R Pesch, BA Jackson, GJ TI Effect of pasteurization on infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water and milk SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OUTBREAK AB Cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of diarrheal disease in humans and has been identified in 78 other species of mammals, The oocyst stage, excreted in feces of infected humans and animals, has been responsible for recent waterborne outbreaks of human cryptosporidiosis. High temperature and long exposure time have been shown to render oocysts (suspended in water) noninfectious, but for practical purposes, it is important to know if high-temperature-short-time conditions (71.7 degrees C for 15 s) used in commercial pasteurization are sufficient to destroy infectivity of oocysts, In this study, oocysts were suspended in either water or whole milk and heated to 71.7 degrees C for 15, 10, or 5 s in a laboratory-scale pasteurizer. Pasteurized and nonpasteurized (control) oocysts were then tested for the ability to infect infant mice, No mice (0 of 177) given 10(5) oocysts pasteurized for 15, 10, or 5 s in either water or milk were found to be infected with C. parvum on the basis of histologic examination of the terminal ileum. In contrast, all (80 of 80) control mice given nonpasteurized oocysts were heavily infected. These data indicate that high-temperature-short-time pasteurization is sufficient to destroy the infectivity of C. parvum oocysts in water and milk. C1 BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,IMMUN & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. US FDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. RP Harp, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 13 TC 53 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 62 IS 8 BP 2866 EP 2868 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UZ996 UT WOS:A1996UZ99600029 PM 8702279 ER PT J AU KlemanLeyer, KM SiikaAho, M Teeri, TT Kirk, TK AF KlemanLeyer, KM SiikaAho, M Teeri, TT Kirk, TK TI The cellulases endoglucanase I and cellobiohydrolase II of Trichoderma reesei act synergistically to solubilize native cotton cellulose but not to decrease its molecular size SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PILOT SCALE PRODUCTION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; SPECIFICITY; HYDROLYSIS; COMPONENTS; GLUCANASE; SEQUENCE; FAMILIES; DOMAINS; BINDING AB Degradation of cotton cellulose by Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase I (EGI) and cellobiohydrolase II (CBHII) was investigated by analyzing the insoluble cellulose fragments remaining after enzymatic hydrolysis, Changes in the molecular-size distribution of cellulose after attack by EGI, alone and in combination with CBHII, were determined by size exclusion chromatography of the tricarbanilate derivatives, Cotton cellulose incubated with EGI exhibited a single major peak, which with time shifted to progressively lower degrees of polymerization (DP; number of glucosyl residues per cellulose chain), In the later stages of degradation (8 days), this peak was eventually centered over a DP of 200 to 300 and was accompanied by a second peak (DP, approximate to 15); a final weight loss of 34% was observed. Although CBHII solubilized approximately 40% of bacterial microcrystalline cellulose, the cellobiohydrolase did not depolymerize or significantly hydrolyze native cotton cellulose, Furthermore, molecular-size distributions of cellulose incubated with EGI together with CBHII did not differ from those attacked solely by EGI. However, a synergistic effect was observed in the reducing-sugar production by the cellulase mixture, From these results we conclude that EGI of T. reesei degrades cotton cellulose by selectively cleaving through the microfibrils at the amorphous sites, whereas CBHII releases soluble sugars from the EGI-degraded cotton cellulose and from the more crystalline bacterial microcrystalline cellulose. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT BACTERIOL, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. US FOREST SERV, INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL, FOREST PROD LAB, USDA, MADISON, WI USA. VALT TEKNILLINEN TUTKIMUSKESKUS BIOTECHNOL & FOOD, ESPOO, FINLAND. RI Teeri, Tuula/E-7509-2013 NR 39 TC 96 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 EI 1098-5336 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 62 IS 8 BP 2883 EP 2887 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UZ996 UT WOS:A1996UZ99600032 PM 16535380 ER PT J AU Cornick, NA Allison, MJ AF Cornick, NA Allison, MJ TI Anabolic incorporation of oxalate by Oxalobacter formigenes SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SP-NOV; CLOSTRIDIUM-THERMOACETICUM; METABOLISM; BACTERIA; GROWTH; SERINE; ASSAY AB Cell-free lysates of the strict anaerobe Oxalobacter formigenes contained the following enzymatic activities: oxalyl coenzyme A reductase, glyoxylate carboligase, tartronic semialdehyde reductase, and glycerate kinase. NAD(P)-linked formate dehydrogenase, serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase, and NAD(P) transhydrogenase activities were not detected. These results support the hypothesis that O. formigenes assimilates carbon from oxalate by using the glycerate pathway, whereby oxalate is reduced to 3-phosphoglycerate before entering common biosynthetic pathways. C1 ARS,ENTER DIS & FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL IMMUNOL & PREVENT MED,AMES,IA 50010. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 62 IS 8 BP 3011 EP 3013 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UZ996 UT WOS:A1996UZ99600052 PM 16535386 ER PT J AU Berthier, YT Bruckart, WL Chaboudez, P Luster, DG AF Berthier, YT Bruckart, WL Chaboudez, P Luster, DG TI Polymorphic restriction patterns of ribosomal internal transcribed spacers in the biocontrol fungus Puccinia carduorum correlate with weed host origin SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GAEUMANNOMYCES-PHIALOPHORA COMPLEX; MUSK THISTLE; RNA GENES; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; PYCNOCEPHALUS; HETEROGENEITY; ORGANIZATION; TENUIFLORUS; SEQUENCE AB The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA were amplified by PCR and used to develop genetic markers for isolates of Puccinia carduorum being evaluated for biological control of Carduus thoermeri (musk thistle). Unique patterns were produced upon restriction of ITS DNA amplified from four separate Puccinia spp. Restriction patterns of ITS DNA of isolates of P. carduorum from Carduus acanthoides and C. thoermeri were distinct from those of P. carduorum from Carduus tenuiflorus and Carduus pycnocephalus. By this technique, isolates of P. carduorum from four different weed hosts can be differentiated from other Puccinia spp. and separated into two host groups. C1 ARS,USDA,FT DETRICK,FREDERICK,MD 21702. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 62 IS 8 BP 3037 EP 3041 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UZ996 UT WOS:A1996UZ99600059 PM 8702298 ER PT J AU Uri, ND Beach, ED AF Uri, ND Beach, ED TI The significance of quality differences for the United States and Canada wheat trade SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID HEDONIC PRICE FUNCTIONS; INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE; HOMOGENEOUS PRODUCT; DIFFERENTIATION; MARKET AB Some insights are provided as to why the United States, the fifth largest wheat producer in the world, imports a significant amount of wheat from Canada. After reviewing intra-industry trade theory and the relevant empirical constructs, an implicit price function of the import demand for wheat focusing on the physical and intrinsic characteristics of wheat is estimated. The results are revealing. There is a premium for the protein content and the percentage of heat-damaged kernels in wheat. Clearly, the fact that wheat is a differentiated commodity possessing a mix of physical and intrinsic characteristics together with price considerations helps to explain why the import of Canadian wheat by the United States exists and why this became a significant issue in 1993. C1 OHIO DEPT AGING,COLUMBUS,OH. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA,SERV ECON RES,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 71 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4P 4EE SN 0003-6846 J9 APPL ECON JI Appl. Econ. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 28 IS 8 BP 985 EP 997 PG 13 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA VG300 UT WOS:A1996VG30000008 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI Crude-oil price volatility and agricultural employment in the USA SO APPLIED ENERGY LA English DT Article ID UNEMPLOYMENT; MACROECONOMY; TESTS AB This study begins by asking whether fluctuations in the price of crude oil have affected agricultural employment in the USA. After reviewing previous assessments of the issue, the existence of an empirical relationship between agricultural employment and crude-oil price volatility is established using Granger causality. Subsequently, the nature of the relationship is estimated with the results suggesting that at least three full years are required before the measurable impacts of a percentage change in the real price of crude oil on the change in agricultural employment are exhausted. Finally, the structural stability of the functional relationship between the change in agricultural employment and the volatility of the price of crude oil, the percentage changes in expected net farm income, realized technological innovation, and the wage rate are examined. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM DIV,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 41 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0306-2619 J9 APPL ENERG JI Appl. Energy PD AUG PY 1996 VL 54 IS 4 BP 355 EP 373 DI 10.1016/0306-2619(96)00005-0 PG 19 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA VF315 UT WOS:A1996VF31500006 ER PT J AU Reeves, JB AF Reeves, JB TI Improvement in Fourier near- and mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopic calibrations through the use of a sample transport device SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE forages; diffuse reflectance; FT-IR; FT-NIR; NIR; MIR ID PARTICLE-SIZE MORPHOLOGY; CARBOHYDRATE SYSTEMS; TREATED FORAGES; PLANT MATERIALS; BY-PRODUCTS; DILUTION; SPECTRA AB The objective of this research was to determine whether diffuse reflectance calibrations using a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) could be improved by increasing the scanned sample area. A linear motion sample transport (TRANSCELL) was attached to the MTS, which increased the area scanned from 2 mm in diameter (stationary cell or STATCELL) to 2 x 50 mm. Sodium chlorite-treated forages and by-products (N = 174) were scanned in the near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) with the use of the TRANSCELL and STATCELL. Samples were analyzed for fiber, digestibility, lignin, protein, and lignin nitrobenzene oxidation products (NOPs). Overall, the best results for fiber, lignin, and digestibility were achieved by using MIR spectra and the TRANSCELL. Results in the NTR (FTS) with the use of the TRANSCELL were also improved over those obtained with the STATCELL. While the TRANSCELL was an improvement over the STATCELL for Fourier NIR analysis of NOPs, in the MIR, results for NOPs mere about equal for the TRANSCELL and STATCELL. In conclusion, the use of a TRANSCELL can improve calibrations from Fourier transform spectrometers, although the degree of improvement depends on the spectral region and specific calibration under study. RP Reeves, JB (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NUTRIENT CONSERVAT & METAB LAB,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,BLDG 200,ROOM 124,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA PO BOX 1438, FREDERICK, MD 21701 SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 50 IS 8 BP 965 EP 969 DI 10.1366/0003702963905358 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA VD855 UT WOS:A1996VD85500004 ER PT J AU Willis, GH Smith, S McDowell, LL Southwick, LM AF Willis, GH Smith, S McDowell, LL Southwick, LM TI Carbaryl washoff from soybean plants SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COTTON PLANTS; SIMULATED RAINFALL; METHYL PARATHION; INITIAL RAINFALL; TIME; PERMETHRIN; AZINPHOSMETHYL; INSECTICIDES; TOXAPHENE; FOLIAGE AB Both the efficacy and fate of most foliar-applied pesticides may be affected by weather variables, especially rain. A multiple-intensity rainfall simulator was used to determine the effects of rainfall intensity and amount on concentrations of carbaryl (Sevin(R) XLS Plus) washed from soybean plants. Two hours after carbaryl was applied at 1.12 kg/ha, 25 mm of rain was applied at intensities of 13.0, 27.4, 53.8, or 105.1 mm/h. About 67% of the carbaryl on the plants was washed off by 25 mm of rain. Rainfall intensity affected carbaryl concentrations in washoff; higher concentrations occurred at lower intensities. Even though the experimental conditions were designed for ''worst-case'' conditions, washoff patterns suggested improved carbaryl rainfastness when compared to carbaryl (formulated as a wettable powder) washoff from cotton plants in earlier studies. Rainfall amount had a greater effect on carbaryl concentrations in washoff than rainfall intensity. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,OXFORD,MS 38655. RP Willis, GH (reprint author), USDA ARS,SOIL & WATER RES UNIT,4115 GOURRIER AVE,BATON ROUGE,LA 70808, USA. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 31 IS 2 BP 239 EP 243 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VE112 UT WOS:A1996VE11200013 PM 8783550 ER PT J AU AzeredoEspin, AML Schroder, RFW Roderick, GK Sheppard, WS AF AzeredoEspin, AML Schroder, RFW Roderick, GK Sheppard, WS TI Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) SO BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Colorado potato beetle; mitochondrial DNA; genetic variation; heteroplasmy ID GEOGRAPHIC POPULATIONS; HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA; EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS; WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS; SIZE VARIATION; BARK WEEVILS; HETEROPLASMY; MELANOGASTER; SYSTEMATICS; TEMPERATURE AB Restriction endonuclease analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to examine genetic variability and population structure in Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). A group of three enzymes, EcoRI, HpaI, and PstI, was used to reveal polymorphism both within and among some of the 10 populations tested yielding 16 haplotypes in combination. The frequencies of these 16 haplotypes differed significantly across geographic regions, indicating some partitioning of mtDNA haplotypes. Estimates of mtDNA sequence divergence (delta) between haplotypes ranged from 0.016 to 0.135%, suggesting local differentiation of mtDNA in some populations. Analysis of these data suggests that Texas was colonized by more than one mtDNA lineage, most likely originating in Mexico. We hypothesize that a larger founder size for the initial introductions or high levels of variability in the parent population at the edge of the CPB expanding range led to the initial partitioning of haplotypes observed in samples from Texas. C1 UNIV ESTADUAL CAMPINAS,DEPT GENET & EVOLUC,BR-13083970 CAMPINAS,BRAZIL. UNIV ESTADUAL CAMPINAS,CTR BIOL MOL & ENGN GENET,BR-13083970 CAMPINAS,BRAZIL. USDA ARS,BEE RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV HAWAII,CTR CONSERVAT RES & TRAINING,HONOLULU,HI 96822. RI Azeredo Espin, Ana/N-2213-2015 NR 50 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0006-2928 J9 BIOCHEM GENET JI Biochem. Genet. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 34 IS 7-8 BP 253 EP 268 DI 10.1007/BF02399946 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA VK705 UT WOS:A1996VK70500001 PM 8894048 ER PT J AU Wheeler, GS Center, TD AF Wheeler, GS Center, TD TI The influence of Hydrilla leaf quality on larval growth and development of the biological control agent Hydrellia pakistanae (Diptera: Ephydridae) SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE biological control of weeds; hydrilla; Ephydridae; Hydrellia pakistanae; leaf toughness; nitrogen; aquatic weed; submersed macrophyte ID DIOECIOUS HYDRILLA; GYPSY-MOTH; VERTICILLATA; LEPIDOPTERA; TOUGHNESS; HERBIVORY; NITROGEN; PYRALIDAE; NUTRIENTS; PREDATION AB Hydrilla leaf quality was studied as a factor that may influence larval survival, growth, and development of the biological control agent Hydrellia pakistanae. Nitrogen content of plants and leaf toughness varied among different sites, within a site, and within each hydrilla apical tip. Percent nitrogen of the plants averaged from 1.2 to 3.6% (dry weight = dw) at different sites and the hydrilla apical tips (2.7-3.7% dw) had the highest concentration of nitrogen compared with tissues 15 cm from the tip (1.5-2.9% dw), Leaf toughness also varied at different sites, averaging from 190.4 to 235.3 g/mm(2). The apical tip (136.9-210.3 g/mm(2)) contained the softest leaves, whereas leaf toughness was greater in leaves 15 cm from the tip (159.0-252.9 g/mm(2)). H. pakistanae individuals reared from neonate larvae to the adult stage on poorer quality hydrilla (low nitrogen, higher toughness) had higher mortality, longer developmental periods, and at one site, decreased female biomass compared with larvae fed the more nutritious hydrilla (high nitrogen, lower toughness). Additionally, when fed leaves of poorer quality, all instars moved among the leaves of the hydrilla stem and most frequently fed and pupated on the more nutritious leaves in the tip. The larvae fed hydrilla of higher nutritional quality fed and pupated most often in the fifth whorl from the apical tip, possibly to avoid predation by tip-foraging natural enemies. The biological control of hydrilla by H. pakistanae may be reduced by the latter's apparent sensitivity to poor plant quality; however, the ability of the larvae to exploit the more nutritious leaves may mitigate these negative effects. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP Wheeler, GS (reprint author), ARS,USDA,AQUAT PLANT CONTROL RES UNIT,3205 COLL AVE,FT LAUDERDALE,FL 33314, USA. NR 47 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD AUG PY 1996 VL 7 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1006/bcon.1996.0056 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA UZ333 UT WOS:A1996UZ33300001 ER PT J AU Conti, E Jones, WA Bin, F Vinson, SB AF Conti, E Jones, WA Bin, F Vinson, SB TI Physical and chemical factors involved in host recognition behavior of Anaphes iole Girault, an egg parasitoid of Lygus hesperus Knight (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae; Heteroptera: Miridae) SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE insecta; Anaphes iole; egg parasitoid; Lygus hesperus; embedded egg; plant wound; host selection; host recognition; physical interaction; chemical interaction ID TELENOMUS-HELIOTHIDIS; TRISSOLCUS-BASALIS; NEZARA-VIRIDULA; KAIROMONE; SECRETION AB Factors involved in host recognition by the egg parasitoid Anaphes iole Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) have been investigated in the laboratory toward Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae). The female parasitoid readily recognized all the host eggs when they were embedded by L. hesperus in an artificial substrate, as well as the eggs that were artificially reembedded at a normal depth, i.e., with only the egg cap protruding above the substrate. However, the percentage of acceptance decreased and the examination time before acceptance increased if the eggs were deeply embedded or more exposed. Completely exposed eggs, with no substrate wounds involved, were accepted in half of the cases after a long examination, suggesting that although plant wound is not necessary for recognition, it affects the parasitoid's host selection behavior. In fact, even artificial wounds not containing eggs or host-derived chemicals were sometimes probed. Almost all eggs soaked with different solvents were also accepted, but when applied to a smooth glass surface, chemicals extracted from the eggs elicited intense examination. Nevertheless, when solvent extracts were applied to glass cylinders, simulating host eggs, acceptance did not increase compared to untreated glass cylinders. It is suggested that both the host-derived chemical cues and the exudates from the substrate are involved in A. iole host recognition behavior together with physical factors, although a contemporary combination of all these factors is not indispensable for host acceptance. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 ARS,BIOL CONTROL PESTS RES UNIT,USDA,WESLACO,TX 78596. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP Conti, E (reprint author), UNIV PERUGIA,INST AGR ENTOMOL,BORGO XX GIUGNO,I-06121 PERUGIA,ITALY. RI Conti, Eric/G-6400-2014 NR 22 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD AUG PY 1996 VL 7 IS 1 BP 10 EP 16 DI 10.1006/bcon.1996.0057 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA UZ333 UT WOS:A1996UZ33300002 ER PT J AU Dougherty, EM Guthrie, KP Shapiro, M AF Dougherty, EM Guthrie, KP Shapiro, M TI Optical brighteners provide Baculovirus activity enhancement and UV radiation protection SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE nuclear polyhedrosis virus; Lymantria dispar; Trichoplusia ni; cabbage looper; fluorescent brightener; gypsy moth ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA AB Fluorescent brighteners increase insect viral activity and provide protection against UV inactivation. The relative amount of viral UV protection has not previously been determined due to the dual nature of these compounds. In this study, two distinct viral-host systems, a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) infecting its homologous host and a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the alfalfa looper (Autographa californica) infecting the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), were treated with various regimes of UV light from 0.5 to 120 min and fluorescent brightener 28 and were subsequently assayed with and without fluorescent brightener 28. A comparison of LC(50)s from the various treatments produced similar viral bioassay profiles in both systems. The fluorescent brighteners protected insect viruses from UV inactivation and enhanced residual activity of active virus. For the gypsy moth virus, the enhancement was 214-fold for its homologous host and for the A. californica virus, the enhancement was 41-fold for T. ni. RP Dougherty, EM (reprint author), ARS,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,INST PLANT SCI,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 9 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD AUG PY 1996 VL 7 IS 1 BP 71 EP 74 DI 10.1006/bcon.1996.0067 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA UZ333 UT WOS:A1996UZ33300012 ER PT J AU McGuire, RG Hagenmaier, RD AF McGuire, RG Hagenmaier, RD TI Shellac coatings for grapefruits that favor biological control of Penicillium digitatum by Candida oleophila SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Citrus paradisi; Candida oleophila; Penicillium digitatum; green mold; biological control; fruit coating; postharvest; quarantine ID POSTHARVEST DISEASES; VEGETABLES; YEASTS; FRUITS; BIOCONTROL; CITRUS AB Shellac coatings that support significantly high populations of the yeast Candida oleophila for biocontrol of Penicillium digitatum were formulated for postharvest application to grapefruits. An aqueous shellac latex was not toxic to the yeast and was suitable for testing constituents of commercial shellac coatings. Alteration of this product to contain 2% ethanol was nontoxic, but 4, 6, 8, and 10% ethanol killed 90 of the yeast cells within 24, 4, 2, and 0.5 h, respectively. Above a pH of 8.25, cell death was rapid when amine bases were incorporated. This level of toxicity resulted from addition to the shellac latex of more than 1.5% morpholine or 0.3% ammonia; a similar death rate developed nearer to pH 9.0 with incorporation of approximately 1.5% KOH. Although higher concentrations of base were required for the preparation of experimental formulations derived from bleached shellac, shellac ester, and wood resin ester, the relationship between the pH of the liquid coating and yeast survival persisted. Particularly with wood resin ester, KOH solutions maintained higher populations of yeast. When applied to grapefruits postharvest, a shellac latex formulation and a dissolved shellac/shellac ester formulation supported surface populations of yeasts between 10(4) and 10(5) CFU/cm(2) throughout 4 months of storage at 13 degrees C, These preparations significantly improved shelf-life when compared to fruits coated with a commercial shellac formulation. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP McGuire, RG (reprint author), ARS,USDA,13601 OLD CUTLER RD,MIAMI,FL 33158, USA. NR 13 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD AUG PY 1996 VL 7 IS 1 BP 100 EP 106 DI 10.1006/bcon.1996.0071 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA UZ333 UT WOS:A1996UZ33300016 ER PT J AU Jackson, MA Shasha, BS Schisler, DA AF Jackson, MA Shasha, BS Schisler, DA TI Formulation of Colletotrichum truncatum microsclerotia for improved biocontrol of the weed hemp Sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE microsclerotia; sclerotia; corn flour; cornstarch; bioherbicide; formulation; Colletotrichum truncatum; Sesbania exaltata ID EFFICACY; CULTURE; STARCH; MYCOHERBICIDE; GERMINATION; CONIDIATION; STORAGE; AGENTS AB Submerged cultures of the biocontrol fungus Colletotrichum truncatum produce high concentrations of microsclerotia (MS) when grown under specific nutritional conditions. Previous studies have shown that MS survived drying, remained viable following longterm storage at 4 degrees C, and killed hemp sesbania seedlings when incorporated into potting soil. In this study, dried preparations of C. truncatum MS were encapsulated in wetted formulations of pregelatinized corn hour pregelatinized cornstarch, or a mixture of the two (1:1). Germination rates of microsclerotia immediately after formulation and drying were not significantly different, After storage at 4 degrees C for 18 months, MS germination rates were significantly lower for all formulations compared to nonformulated MS, Dried MS were capable of producing mycelia or spores upon germination when plated on water agar. After 3 days of growth on Noble agar, the MS-flour formulations produced significantly more conidia than those made with starch, starch-hour or nonformulated MS. By the 10th day of incubation, significantly more conidia were produced in formulations containing starch-flour (similar to 10-fold) and flour (similar to 50-fold) than in MS starch formulations and nonformulated MS. Bioassays showed that all MS preparations incorporated into potting soil incited disease in emerging hemp sesbania seedlings. A significantly higher incidence of disease was seen in seedlings grown in potting soil containing flour-formulated MS. These results suggest that corn flour formulations of C. truncatum microsclerotia can be used to increase the effectiveness of this bioherbicide for controlling the weed hemp sesbania and that increased conidial production may play a role in improving biocontrol efficacy. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 ARS,PLANT POLYMER RES UNIT,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,USDA,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD AUG PY 1996 VL 7 IS 1 BP 107 EP 113 DI 10.1006/bcon.1996.0072 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA UZ333 UT WOS:A1996UZ33300017 ER PT J AU Vail, PV Hoffmann, DF Tebbets, JS AF Vail, PV Hoffmann, DF Tebbets, JS TI Effects of a fluorescent brightener on the activity of Anagrapha falcifera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus to four noctuid pests SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE baculovirus; stilbene brighteners; celery looper; virus enhancement ID GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS; LYMANTRIIDAE; INFECTIVITY; ENHANCEMENT; LOOPER AB The influence of Calcofluor white M2R (=Tinopal LPW = fluorescent brightener 28), a fluorescent brightener, on the laboratory activity of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AfMNPV) isolated from the celery looper Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby) was determined. The species challenged with and without M2R included Heliothis virescens (Fabricius), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), and Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), all economically important pest species of a number of food and fiber crops. Levels of enhancement as determined by LC(50) values varied from 2.9- to 13.6-fold, whereas levels of LC(95) values ranged from 3.7- to 16-fold, depending on the species. The greatest enhancement occurred among T. ni larvae. LT(50) values were significantly affected particularly when lower concentrations of polyhedra were fed. The presence of M2R reduced LT(50) values up to 2.1-fold among the species tested. The optimum concentrations for M2R enhancement were between 0.25 and 1% (wt/vol). Choice tests between water- and M2R-treated diet showed that larvae preferred non-M2R-treated diet. The implications of these data for use of M2R as an adjuvant for AfMNPV and other baculoviruses are discussed. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP Vail, PV (reprint author), ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,USDA,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 14 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD AUG PY 1996 VL 7 IS 1 BP 121 EP 125 DI 10.1006/bcon.1996.0074 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA UZ333 UT WOS:A1996UZ33300019 ER PT J AU Herrick, JE Lal, R AF Herrick, JE Lal, R TI Dung decomposition and pedoturbation in a seasonally dry tropical pasture SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE decomposition; termites; cattle dung; pedoturbation; tropical pastures; soil restoration ID CATTLE DUNG; BEETLES SCARABAEIDAE; PRODUCTIVITY; AUSTRALIA; SURVIVAL; INSECT; BURIAL; FIELD; FLY AB Rates of dung decomposition and the associated accumulation of soil transported to the surface were compared for dung deposited during a dry and a wet season in a Costa Rican pasture. Average decomposition rates for the first 140 days after deposition were significantly lower for dung patches deposited at the beginning of the dry season than for patches deposited at the beginning of the wet season (0.73 vs. 1.50 g/day(-1) on a dry weight basis). A strong linear relationship was found between dung removal and soil accumulation at the original soil surface, with an average of 2.0 g soil accumulated for every gram of dung which was removed. This relationship was not affected by deposition season. The lack of a seasonal difference, along with the relatively low decomposition rates during the wet season, were explained by the dominance of termites in the dung patches throughout the year. Evidence of dung beetle activity was never recorded during the dry season and was found in only 18 of the 45 dung patches recovered during the wet season. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,SCH NAT RESOURCES,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP Herrick, JE (reprint author), NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT 3JER,USDA ARS,JORNADA EXPT RANGE,BOX 30003,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003, USA. RI Lal, Rattan/D-2505-2013 NR 30 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD AUG PY 1996 VL 23 IS 2 BP 177 EP 181 DI 10.1007/BF00336060 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VM708 UT WOS:A1996VM70800014 ER PT J AU Schreiner, RP Bethlenfalvay, GJ AF Schreiner, RP Bethlenfalvay, GJ TI Mycorrhizae, biocides, and biocontrol .4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE fungicides; Glomus; Gigaspora; populations; sporulation; mycorrhizae ID INFECTION; GROWTH; COLONIZATION; SPECIFICITY; POPULATIONS; BACTERIA; SATIVA; ROOTS; SOIL; CORN AB The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg(-1) soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants. RP Schreiner, RP (reprint author), AGR RES & EDUC SERV, USDA, HORT CROPS RES LAB, 3420 NW ORCHARD AVE, CORVALLIS, OR 97330 USA. NR 38 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD AUG PY 1996 VL 23 IS 2 BP 189 EP 195 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VM708 UT WOS:A1996VM70800016 ER PT J AU Moniruzzaman, M Dien, BS Ferrer, B Hespell, RB Dale, BE Ingram, LO Bothast, RJ AF Moniruzzaman, M Dien, BS Ferrer, B Hespell, RB Dale, BE Ingram, LO Bothast, RJ TI Ethanol production from AFEX pretreated corn fiber by recombinant bacteria SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ZYMOMONAS-MOBILIS; KLEBSIELLA-OXYTOCA; FERMENTATION; STRAINS; XYLOSE; GENES AB Fermentation of an enzymatic hydrolyzate of ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) pretreated corn fiber (containing a mixture of different sugars including glucose, xylose, arabinose, and galactose) by genetically-engineered Escherichia coli strain SL40 and KO11 and Klebsiella oxytoca strain P2 was investigated under pH-controlled conditions. Both E. coli strains (SL40 and KO11) efficiently utilized most of the sugars contained in the hydrolyzate and produced a maximum of 26.6 and 27.1 g/l ethanol, respectively, equivalent to 90 and 92% of the theoretical yield. Very little difference was observed in cell growth and ethanol production between fermentations of the enzymatic hydrolyzate and mixtures of pure sugars, simulating the hydrolyzate. These results confirm the fermentability of the AFEX-treated corn fiber hydrolyzate by ethanologenic E. coli. K. oxytoca strain P2, on the other hand, showed comparatively poor growth and ethanol production (maximum 20 g/l) from both enzymatic hydrolyzate and simulated sugar mixtures under the same fermentation conditions. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT CHEM ENGN,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT MICROBIOL & CELL SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. OI Dien, Bruce/0000-0003-3863-6664 NR 16 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 18 IS 8 BP 985 EP 990 DI 10.1007/BF00154635 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA VC342 UT WOS:A1996VC34200025 ER PT J AU Kustas, WP Schmugge, TJ Hipps, LE AF Kustas, WP Schmugge, TJ Hipps, LE TI On using mixed-layer transport parameterizations with radiometric surface temperature for computing regional scale sensible heat flux SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIELD EXPERIMENT FIFE; LES-LANDES FOREST; BOUNDARY-LAYER; HAPEX-MOBILHY; ROUGHNESS LENGTHS; SKIN TEMPERATURE; EVAPORATION; VEGETATION; ENERGY; MODEL AB Recent mixed-layer formulations for computing large-scale surface energy fluxes under daytime convective conditions do not require the estimation of surface-layer parameters, such as the roughness lengths for momentum and heat. This greatly simplifies approaches using operational satellite measurements of surface temperature for computing the surface energy balance at regional scales because the surface roughness parameters are not well known for many landscapes. The utility of such mixed-layer formulations is tested using data from several recent multidisciplinary field experiments (HAPEX-MOBILHY, FIFE and Monsoon 90). The results indicate that specific mixed-layer formulations adequately simulate surface sensible heat fluxes in the grassland and shrubland sites. However, use of the original values of proposed empirical coefficients for the forested site yield poor results. This is probably due to the fact that the forested site has significantly different surface geometry and associated distribution of temperature among the surface components (especially the relative importance of soil background temperatures) compared to the other sites. Therefore, the relationship between aerodynamic and radiometric surface temperature may have greatly differed between the forested site and the other locations. However, differences in aerodynamic roughness between the experimental sites were not correlated with changes required in the values of the coefficients. Instead, a two-source model which makes the distinction between aerodynamic and radiative temperature is proposed, as a means to determine which surface properties significantly affect the magnitude of the mixed-layer coefficients. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,SCH PLANTS SOILS & BIOMETEROL,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP Kustas, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Hipps, Lawrence/0000-0002-7658-8571 NR 44 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 80 IS 3 BP 205 EP 221 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VU198 UT WOS:A1996VU19800001 ER PT J AU Bacon, CW Hinton, DM AF Bacon, CW Hinton, DM TI Symptomless endophytic colonization of maize by Fusarium moniliforme SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Gibberella fujikuroi; endophyte; toxic fungus; maize; fusarium toxins; corn disease ID FUJIKUROI MATING POPULATION; GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; SECTION LISEOLA; EQUINE LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; FUMONISIN PRODUCTION; KERNEL INFECTION; TALL FESCUE; CORN; STRAINS; RESISTANCE AB Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon is a nonobligate parasite of maize that produces several mycotoxins. This fungus causes systemic infections of maize kernels, which then serve as dissemination vehicles and inoculum sources. Infected plants may or may not show disease symptoms. Symptomless infection was studied in maize plants and was compared with plants that eventually showed symptoms of seedling disease. Three isolates of F. moniliforme, a hygromycin-resistant mutant of two of these isolates, and Fusarium fujikuroi were used to infect surface and internally sterilized maize kernels, and symptomatic and symptomless infections were observed for 8 weeks. The results indicated that in symptomless infected plants, hyphae were intercellular only and distributed throughout the plant, whereas in plants showing disease symptoms, the fungus was both intercellular and intracellular. Symptomless plants remained symptomless throughout the observation period, and at the ultrastructural level there was no evidence of an antagonistic relationship. This indicates that the symptomless state persists beyond the seedling stage and could contribute, without visual signs, to the total mycotoxin contaminants of maize both before and during kernel development. RP Bacon, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 45 TC 128 Z9 137 U1 1 U2 27 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 74 IS 8 BP 1195 EP 1202 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VE136 UT WOS:A1996VE13600001 ER PT J AU Ruess, RW VanCleve, K Yarie, J Viereck, LA AF Ruess, RW VanCleve, K Yarie, J Viereck, LA TI Contributions of fine root production and turnover to the carbon and nitrogen cycling in taiga forests of the Alaskan interior SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; TANANA RIVER FLOODPLAIN; ABIES-AMABILIS STANDS; DOUGLAS-FIR; ORGANIC-MATTER; WESTERN WASHINGTON; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; CO2 EVOLUTION; ECOSYSTEMS; BIOMASS AB Fine root production and turnover were studied in hardwood and coniferous taiga forests using three methods. (1) Using soil cores, fine root production ranged from 1574 +/- 76 kg . ha(-1). year(-1) in the upland white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) stand to 4386 +/- 322 kg . ha(-1). year(-1) in the floodplain balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) stand, accounting for 49% of total production for coniferous stands and 32% of total production for deciduous stands. Fine root turnover rates were higher in floodplain (0.90 +/- 0.06 year(-1)) stands than in upland (0.42 +/- 0.10 year(-1)) stands. Across all sites, the ratio of fine root turnover to litter fall averaged 2.2 for biomass and 2.8 for N. Both values were higher in floodplain stands than in upland stands, and in coniferous stands than in deciduous stands. (2) The C budget method showed that C allocation to fine roots varied from 150 to 425 g C . m(-2). year(-1) and suggested that soil respiration was more dependent on C derived from roots than from aboveground inputs. The C allocation ratio (C to roots : C to litter fall) was inversely correlated with litter-fall C and varied from 0.3 to 69.5; there was a tendency for higher proportional belowground allocation in coniferous stands than in deciduous stands and the highest levels were at the earliest successional sites. (3) Estimates of apparent N uptake (N-u), N allocation to fine roots, and fine root production based on N budget calculations showed that annual aboveground N increments exceeded N-u estimates at half the sites, indicating that the method failed to account for large amounts of N acquired by plants. This suggests that plant and (or) mycorrhizal uptake of soil organic N may be more significant to ecosystem N cycling than mineral N turnover by the soil microbial biomass. C1 UNIV ALASKA,FOREST SOILS LAB,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. US FOREST SERV,INST NO FORESTRY,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. RP Ruess, RW (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA,INST ARCTIC BIOL,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775, USA. NR 54 TC 158 Z9 190 U1 1 U2 35 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1326 EP 1336 DI 10.1139/x26-148 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VF701 UT WOS:A1996VF70100002 ER PT J AU Bettinger, P Bradshaw, GA Weaver, GW AF Bettinger, P Bradshaw, GA Weaver, GW TI Effects of geographic information system vector-raster-vector data conversion on landscape indices SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PATCH SIZE; ERROR; PATTERNS; MAP AB The effects of geographic information system (GIS) data conversion on several polygon-and landscape-level indices were evaluated by using a GIS vegetation coverage from eastern Oregon, U.S.A. A vector-raster-vector conversion process was used to examine changes in GIS data. This process is widely used for data input (digital scanning of vector maps) and somewhat less widely used fur data conversion (output of GIS data to specific formats). Most measures were sensitive to the grid cell size used in the conversion process. At the polygon level, using the conversion process with grid cell sizes of 3.05, 6.10, and 10 m produced relatively small changes to the original polygons in terms of In(polygon area), In(polygon perimeter), and 1/(fractal dimension). When grid cell size increased to 20 and 30 m, however, polygons were significantly different (p < 0.05) according to these polygon-level indices. At the landscape level, the number of polygons, polygon size coefficient of variation (CV), and edge density increased, while mean polygon size and an interspersion and juxtaposition index (IJI) decreased. The youngest and oldest age-class polygons followed the trends of overall landscape only in terms of number of polygons, mean polygon size, CV, and IJI. One major side effect of the conversion process was that many small polygons were produced in and around narrow areas of the original polygons. An alleviation process (referred to as the dissolving process) was used to dissolve the boundaries between similarly attributed polygons. When we used the dissolving process, the rate of change for landscape-level indices slowed; although the number of polygons and CV still increased with larger grid cell sizes, the increase was less than when the dissolving process was not used. Mean polygon size, edge density, and fractal dimension decreased after use of the dissolving process. Trends for the youngest and oldest age-class polygons were similar to those for the total landscape, except that IJI was greater for these age-classes than for the total landscape. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Bettinger, P (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. OI Bettinger, Pete/0000-0002-5454-3970 NR 38 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1416 EP 1425 DI 10.1139/x26-158 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VF701 UT WOS:A1996VF70100012 ER PT J AU Harrington, TB Edwards, MB AF Harrington, TB Edwards, MB TI Structure of mixed pine and hardwood stands 12 years after various methods and intensities of site preparation in the Georgia Piedmont SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID LOBLOLLY-PINE AB In the Georgia Piedmont (U.S.A.), size, abundance, and species diversity of trees were quantified in a plantation of Pinus taeda L. 12 years after various methods and intensities of site preparation. In clear-cut only versus site-prepared plots, greater hardwood abundance (27% vs. 8% of the total basal area) and size (8.6 vs. 7.4 m in height) were associated with reduced pine volume (73 vs. 123 m(3)/ha) and increased Simpson and Shannon diversity indices. Tree-species richness was greater in plots where residual trees from clear-cutting had been removed with a chainsaw versus large machinery (10 vs. 7 species). With increasing site-preparation intensity, reductions in basal area of volunteer pines coincided with proportionate increases (R(2) = 0.80) in basal area of planted pines. As a result of this compensatory effect, total volume of all pines varied little (122-134 m(3)/ha) among site-preparation intensities. Research results suggest that site-preparation treatments can be selected to facilitate the development of a variety of stand structures, including those that favor evenness (clear-cut only) or richness (manual cutting) of tree species, low-cost production of pine fiber (manual cutting), and stand uniformity for management of pine sawtimber (mechanical and herbicide). C1 US FOREST SERV, SO RES STN, HITCHITI EXPT FOREST, JULIETTE, GA 31046 USA. RP Harrington, TB (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA, DANIEL B WARNELL SCH FOREST RESOURCES, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1490 EP 1500 DI 10.1139/x26-166 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VF701 UT WOS:A1996VF70100020 ER PT J AU Schaffer, KL George, MF Peleg, M Garrett, HE Cecich, RA AF Schaffer, KL George, MF Peleg, M Garrett, HE Cecich, RA TI Pistillate flower development in eastern black walnut SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID JUGLANS-REGIA L; NIGRA L; DIFFERENTIATION; HETERODICHOGAMY AB Preliminary observations of terminal bud development in eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L. cv. Ogden) were made from midwinter through early May of 1987 using light microscopy. Flattened meristems, characteristic of pistillate flower initiation, were present in late February. Pistillate flower differentiation progressed significantly during early and mid-April, with sepal and ovule development being evident. Terminal bud swelling was clearly visible by the last week of April, and pistillate flowers were fully expanded by the first week of May. During the spring of 1988, a more detailed sequence of pistillate flower formation was recorded. In mid-April, pistillate flower meristems were clearly present and were enclosed in involucre tissue. Sepal development was also evident. By the end of April, a single pistil had emerged in the center of the meristem. As development continued, a single orthotropous ovule was formed and was surrounded by one integument. Concomitant with the growth of the ovule during early May, stigmatic regions enlarged, involutions developed, and avascular tissue became differentiated. Blooming occurred during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of May. During the 3rd and 4th weeks of May fertilized flowers with endosperm tissue were observed. In 1991, field observations of bud swell, catkin development, bud break, stem elongation, leaf expansion, and pistillate flower development were made to supplement the histological observations made in 1988. Overall, the developmental sequence of pistillate flower formation is similar to that of protandrus cultivars of English walnut (Juglans regia L.). C1 UNIV MISSOURI,SCH NAT RESOURCES,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP Schaffer, KL (reprint author), NW MISSOURI STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,MARYVILLE,MO 64468, USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 26 IS 8 BP 1514 EP 1519 DI 10.1139/x26-170 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VF701 UT WOS:A1996VF70100024 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ Arshad, MA AF Franzluebbers, AJ Arshad, MA TI Water-stable aggregation and organic matter in four soils under conventional and zero tillage SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aggregation; soil organic matter; soil texture; tillage ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; STABILITY; SIZE; FRACTIONS; CARBON AB Zero tillage management reduces soil exposure and disturbance and, therefore, may improve soil aggregation and organic matter sequestration under some environments. We determined the distribution and soil organic C (SOC) content of five water-stable aggregate (WSA) classes at depths of 0-50, 50-125, and 125-200 mm in a loam, a silt loam, a clay loam, and a clay soil managed for 4-16 yr under conventional shallow tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT) in the Peace River region of northern Alberta and British Columbia. Macroaggregation (> 0.25 mm) and mean weight diameter (MWD) were greater under ZT than under CT in coarse-textured soils at a depth of 0-125 mm. Under CT, macroaggregation and MWD increased with increasing clay content, thereby reducing the potential of ZT to improve these properties in soils with high clay content. Concentration of SOC tended to be greatest in macroaggregates and lowest in microaggregates of coarse-textured soils, but was not different among WSA classes of fine-textured soils. Soil organic C content of macroaggregates under ZT was 0.34, 0.40, 0.62, and 0.16 kg m(-2) greater than under CT at a depth of 0-200 mm in the loam, silt loam, clay loam, and clay soil, respectively. Our results suggest that implementation of ZT in this cold semiarid climate can quickly improve WSA of coarse-textured soils and potentially increase SOC sequestration, albeit more slowly than in warmer more humid climates, when macroaggregation is improved. C1 AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,NO AGR RES CTR,BEAVERLODGE,AB T0H 0C0,CANADA. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO PIEDMONT CONSERVAT RES CTR,1420 EXPT STN RD,WATKINSVILLE,GA 30677, USA. NR 20 TC 76 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 10 PU AGR INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA SUITE 907 151 SLATER ST, OTTAWA ON K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-4271 J9 CAN J SOIL SCI JI Can. J. Soil Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 76 IS 3 BP 387 EP 393 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VG591 UT WOS:A1996VG59100016 ER PT J AU Cornish, K Siler, DJ AF Cornish, K Siler, DJ TI Alternative natural rubber SO CHEMTECH LA English DT Article ID PARTHENIUM-ARGENTATUM GRAY; TRANSFERASE-ACTIVITY; PRENYL TRANSFERASES; HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS; IGE ANTIBODIES; LATEX GLOVES; PROTEINS; GUAYULE; BIOSYNTHESIS; PARTICLES RP Cornish, K (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013 NR 51 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0009-2703 J9 CHEMTECH JI Chemtech PD AUG PY 1996 VL 26 IS 8 BP 38 EP 44 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA VB505 UT WOS:A1996VB50500011 ER PT J AU Laird, DA AF Laird, DA TI Model for crystalline swelling of 2:1 phyllosilicates SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE crystalline swelling; 2, 1 phyllosilicates ID BEHAVIOR AB A macroscopic energy balance model for crystalline swelling of 2:1 phyllosilicates is presented. Crystalline swelling for a static system is modeled by a balance among the potential energies of attraction, repulsion and resistance. The potential energy of attraction is due to both the electrostatic interaction between the interlayer cations and the negative surface charge sites and to van der Waals attraction between layers. The potential energy of repulsion is due to the net hydration energy for the interlayer cations, the net, hydration energy for the negative surface charge sites and Born repulsion. The potential energy of resistance represents irreversible work needed to overcome the mechanical resistance of the clay water system to both expansion and collapse. The potential energy of resistance is responsible for both hysteresis and the stepwise nature of crystalline swelling. A numerical solution of the crystalline swelling model is presented and shown to yield reasonable estimates of basal spacings for octahedrally charged clays. Measured and predicted basal spacings are directly compared and are in general agreement (r(2) = 0.39). Most of the scatter for the measured vs. predicted basal spacing relationship is attributed to inaccuracies of the assumptions used for the numerical solution. The crystalline swelling model readily accounts for the effects of layer charge and nature of the interlayer cations upon crystalline swelling, but does not account for the effect of charge site location upon crystalline swelling. RP Laird, DA (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 18 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 9 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 44 IS 4 BP 553 EP 559 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1996.0440415 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA VF393 UT WOS:A1996VF39300015 ER PT J AU Harmon, ME Harmon, JM Ferrell, WK Brooks, D AF Harmon, ME Harmon, JM Ferrell, WK Brooks, D TI Modeling carbon stores in Oregon and Washington forest products: 1900-1992 SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID LAND-USE CHANGE; TROPICAL FORESTS; MANAGED FORESTS; STORAGE; BIOMASS; ATMOSPHERE; DIOXIDE; BALANCE; CYCLE; SOILS AB A new model, FORPROD, for estimating the carbon stored in forest products, considers both the manufacture of the raw logs into products and the fate of the products during use and disposal. Data for historical patterns of harvest, manufacturing efficiencies, and product use and disposal were used for estimating the accumulation of carbon in Oregon and Washington forest products from 1900 to 1992. Pools examined were long- and short-term structures, paper supplies, mulch, open dumps, and landfills. The analysis indicated that of the 1,692 Tg of carbon harvested during the selected period, only 396 Tg, or 23%, is currently stored. Long-term structures and landfills contain the largest fraction of that store, holding 74% and 20%, respectively. Landfills currently have the highest rates of accumulation, but total landfill stores are relatively low because they have been used only in the last 40 years. Most carbon release has occurred during manufacturing, 45% to 60% lost to the atmosphere, depending upon the year. Sensitivity analyses of the effects of recycling, landfill decomposition, and replacement rates of long-term structures indicate that changing these parameters by a factor of two changes the estimated fraction of total carbon stored less than 2%. C1 US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Harmon, ME (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,PEAVY HALL 154,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 85 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD AUG PY 1996 VL 33 IS 4 BP 521 EP 550 DI 10.1007/BF00141703 PG 30 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VG027 UT WOS:A1996VG02700007 ER PT J AU Latta, SC Wunderle, JM AF Latta, SC Wunderle, JM TI The composition and foraging ecology of mixed-species flocks in pine forests of Hispaniola SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE mixed-species flocks; pine forest; Hispaniola; foraging behavior; Nearctic migratory birds; nuclear species ID WESTERN MEXICO; BIRD FLOCKS; GROUP-SIZE; ADVANTAGES; BEHAVIOR AB We determined the flocking propensity of 48 species of birds occurring in native pine forest in the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic, and the species composition of 180 mixed-species flocks. Flocks were unusually ubiquitous, with 46 species occurring in at least one flock, 11 species regularly present, and all insectivorous species and all migrant species participating. Most birds encountered were permanent residents, but winter residents (Nearctic migrants) were an important component of the flocks and, as a group, had the highest flocking propensity. Flocks were cohesive and the resident insectivore, the Black-crowned Palm Tanager (Phaenicophilus palmarum) often served as the nuclear species. Censuses suggest species richness within flocks reflects the species present in the habitat, but agonistic interactions indicate that intraspecific aggression may limit the number of individuals of a species in these flocks. Species co-occurrence data indicate that species do not occur independently of one another in flocks. Positive associations were far more common than negative co-occurrences, suggesting mutual habitat dependencies or species interactions within flocks. A non-random association of nearest neighbors also indicated that species may be gaining feeding benefits from flocking by associating as close neighbors with an individual of another species, but we were not able to rule out the possibility that predation is an important selective agent. Intraspecific comparisons of foraging behavior between hocking and solitary birds provides some evidence that individuals modify foraging locations and foraging tactics upon joining mixed-species flocks, and that their foraging behavior tends to converge with the feeding behavior of the nuclear species. An increase in the feeding rate was recorded for one species. These data suggest that at least some species may accrue feeding advantages as hock participants. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,INT INST TROP FORESTRY,PALMER,PR 00721. NR 32 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 12 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 595 EP 607 DI 10.2307/1369572 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA VG525 UT WOS:A1996VG52500014 ER PT J AU Weaver, JL Paquet, PC Ruggiero, LF AF Weaver, JL Paquet, PC Ruggiero, LF TI Resilience and conservation of large carnivores in the Rocky Mountains SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID INDUSTRIAL RESOURCE EXTRACTION; GRIZZLY BEAR POPULATION; BANFF-NATIONAL-PARK; SOUTHERN UTAH; WOLF DISTRIBUTION; PREY SELECTIVITY; SURVIVAL RATES; FOOD-HABITS; GRAY WOLVES; CANIS-LUPUS AB Large carnivore evolved behaviors and life-history traits that conferred resilience to environmental disturbances at various temporal and spatial scales. We synthesize empirical information for each large carnivore species in the Rocky Mountains regarding three basic mechanisms of resilience at different bierarchical levels: (1) behavioral plasticity in foraging behavior that ameliorates flux in food availability, (2) demographic compensation that mitigates increased exploitation, and (3) dispersal that provides functional connectivity among fragmented populations. With their high annula productivity and dispersal capabilities. Wolves (Canis Lupus) possess resiliency to modest levels of human disturbance of habitat and populations. Congars (Puma concolor) appear to have slightly less resiliency because of more specific requirements for stalking habitat and lower biennial productivity. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) possess much less resiliency because of their need for quality forage in spring and fall, their low triennial productivity, and the strong philopatry of female offspring to maternal home ranges. Based upon limited information, wolverines (Gulo gulo) appear more susceptible to natural fluctuations in scavenging opportunities and may have lower lifetime productivity than even grizzly bears. By accelerating the rate and expanding the scope of disturbance, humans have undermined the resiliency mechanisms of large carnivores and have caused widespread declines. Both the resiliency profiles and the historical record attest to the need for some form of refugia for large carnivores. With their productivity and dispersal capability, wolves and cougars might respond adequately to refugia that are well distributed in several units across the landscape at distances scaled to successful dispersal (e.g., less than five home range diameters). With their lower productivity and dispersal capability, grizzly bears ans wolverines might fare better in a landscape dominated by larger or more contiguous refugia. Refugia must encompass the full array of seasonal habitats needed by large carnivores and should be connected to other refugia through landscape linkages. C1 UNIV CALGARY, DEPT BIOL, CALGARY, AB T2N 1N4, CANADA. UNIV CALGARY, FAC ENVIRONM DESIGN, CALGARY, AB T2N 1N4, CANADA. US FOREST SERV, INTERMT RES STN, MISSOULA, MT 59812 USA. RP Weaver, JL (reprint author), NO ROCKIES CONSERVAT COOPERAT, BOX 8594, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA. NR 126 TC 144 Z9 152 U1 16 U2 124 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 964 EP 976 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10040964.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VC103 UT WOS:A1996VC10300014 ER PT J AU Avery, ML Decker, DG Humphrey, JS Laukert, CC AF Avery, ML Decker, DG Humphrey, JS Laukert, CC TI Mint plant derivatives as blackbird feeding deterrents SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE bird repellent; blackbirds; pulegone; rice AB Naturally occurring plant constituents are potentially useful as avian feeding deterrents. To a series of cage trials, pulegone, a compound found in various species of mint, suppressed consumption of rice seed by red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) more effectively than methyl anthranilate. Furthermore, pennyroyal oil, from which pulegone is obtained, was nearly as effective as pulegone itself. Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) were more sensitive to pulegone than were redwings, but female boat-tailed grackles (Quiscalus major) were less sensitive. Because pulegone produces both sensory irritation and post-ingestive distress, it has potential for seed treatment and other bird deterrent applications. RP Avery, ML (reprint author), APHIS,USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,2820 E UNIV AVE,GAINESVILLE,FL 32641, USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 15 IS 5 BP 461 EP 464 DI 10.1016/0261-2194(96)00010-5 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UU659 UT WOS:A1996UU65900007 ER PT J AU Williamson, ER Folwell, RJ Knight, A Howell, JF AF Williamson, ER Folwell, RJ Knight, A Howell, JF TI Economics of employing pheromones for mating disruption of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE codling moth; pheromones; mating disruption ID AZINPHOSMETHYL RESISTANCE; LEPIDOPTERA; APPLE; TORTRICIDAE AB The costs of using mating disruption versus traditional insecticide applications for controling the codling moth in Washington apple orchards were examined. Successful mating disruption prevents the codling moth from ovipositing and consequently there are no larvae to damage apples. The spray records of central Washington apple producers and research orchards were analyzed. Analysis of these budgets revealed that on average mating disruption is' more expensive by $188.22 per hectare. Mating disruption was more economical under low codling moth population pressure. The years 1991 and 1992 were considered low and high codling moth population years, respectively. On the average, it was $97.46 more expensive per hectare to use mating disruption in 1992 than in 1991. A risk analysis or price/cost sensitivity analysis confirmed that changes in pheromone prices, cover spray use and cullage could alter the outcome of the economic analysis to where pheromone control would be the economically desirable control method. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS,YAKIMA AGR RES LAB,YAKIMA,WA 98902. RON BRITT ASSOCIATES,YAKIMA,WA 98902. RP Williamson, ER (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR ECON,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 15 IS 5 BP 473 EP 477 DI 10.1016/0261-2194(96)00013-0 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UU659 UT WOS:A1996UU65900009 ER PT J AU Rojas, RR Leopold, RA AF Rojas, RR Leopold, RA TI Chilling injury in the housefly: Evidence for the role of oxidative stress between pupariation and emergence SO CRYOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MANGANESE-SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; INSECT COLD-HARDINESS; ZEA-MAYS L; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; DESICCATION TOLERANCE; BUTYL HYDROPEROXIDE; REDUCED GLUTATHIONE; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; INDUCTION; MAIZE AB The hypothesis that oxidative stress plays a role in chilling injury in the housefly was investigated by determining the effect of chilling on two important components of the insect's antioxidant defense system: (i) the superoxide anion scavenging enzyme, superoxide dismutase, and (ii) the tripeptide, glutathione, which is significant in maintaining the cellular redox status of the cell. The observations that led to this hypothesis are: (i) the housefly exhibited an U-shaped curve in O-2 consumption rate during development at 28 degrees C from pupariation to the pharate adult stage when sampled at 24-h intervals and (ii) O-2 consumption rates of these different age groups prior to chilling was negatively correlated to the time after acute transfer to 7 degrees C required to observe a 50% reduction in adult emergence (LT(50)s) after their return to 28 degrees C. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity changed during this period of development at 28 degrees C in an inverted U-shaped manner and was positively correlated to their LTS,s when acutely transferred and stored at 7 degrees C. The SOD activity increased in the 12-24 h and 36-48 h postpupariation age groups at 7 and 10 degrees C compared to the activity prior to chilling (Day 0). The 60-72 h postpupariation group and older showed initial reductions in SOD activity during cold storage when compared to Day 0. Total glutathione (GSH and GSSG) in the different age groups was typically decreased by cold storage. The percentage loss of glutathione in the different age groups after 7 days at 7 degrees C was negatively correlated to their LT(50)s at 7 degrees C. The significance of these changes in SOD activity and glutathione levels to chilling injury in the housefly is discussed. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP Rojas, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,1605 ALBRECHTS BLVD,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 45 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0011-2240 J9 CRYOBIOLOGY JI Cryobiology PD AUG PY 1996 VL 33 IS 4 BP 447 EP 458 DI 10.1006/cryo.1996.0045 PG 12 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA VD784 UT WOS:A1996VD78400007 ER PT J AU Jackson, D AF Jackson, D TI Plant morphogenesis: Designing leaves SO CURRENT BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEAF DEVELOPMENT; HOMEOBOX GENE; EXPRESSION; MERISTEM; SHOOT; KNOTTED-1; FATES AB Leaf shape and architecture vary greatly throughout the plant kingdom, and even within an individual plant during different phases of growth, Now, the development of a compound leaf architecture in tomato has been shown to he associated with the expression of the knotted1 homeobox gene in leaf primordia. RP Jackson, D (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,USDA ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 5 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 34-42 CLEVELAND STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND W1P 6LB SN 0960-9822 J9 CURR BIOL JI Curr. Biol. PD AUG 1 PY 1996 VL 6 IS 8 BP 917 EP 919 DI 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00625-5 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA VB225 UT WOS:A1996VB22500007 PM 8805319 ER PT J AU Chen, DQ Campbell, BC Purcell, AH AF Chen, DQ Campbell, BC Purcell, AH TI A new Rickettsia from a herbivorous insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SP-NOV; ENDOSYMBIONTS; WHITEFLIES; MEALYBUGS; HOMOPTERA; DISTINCT; DNA AB An undescribed, maternally heritable, rod-shaped bacterium (or ''tertiary symbiont'') was detected by microscopy in hemolymph of about half (59/122) of pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] clones collected from widely separated locations in California, On the basis of molecular phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences, the bacterium was clearly placed among other Rickettsia in the a-subgroup of Proteobacteria, close to Rickettsia bellii - a rickettsia found in ticks. A PCR assay was developed to detect this bacterium in pea aphid clones with specific 16S rDNA PCR primers. Results of PCR-based assays completely correlated with detection by microscopy. This is the first confirmed detection of a Rickettsia in a herbivorous insect. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI POLICY & MANAGEMENT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 25 TC 111 Z9 116 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 33 IS 2 BP 123 EP 128 DI 10.1007/s002849900086 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UX966 UT WOS:A1996UX96600010 PM 8662184 ER PT J AU Johnson, LA AF Johnson, LA TI Gender preselection in mammals: An overview. SO DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT LA German DT Article ID X-CHROMOSOME-BEARING; SEX PRESELECTION; SPERM; DNA; SPERMATOZOA; SEPARATION; PREVENTION AB Recent advances in the separation of X and Y chromosome bearing spermatozoa have led to the availability of a method (Beltsville Sperm Sexing Technology) to preselect the sex in several mammals. Progeny using this procedure have been produced in cattle, sheep, swine and laboratory animals. Mammalian sperm are inherently different in that the X sperm carries from 2.8 to 7.5 % more DNA than the Y sperm. Individual sperm DNA can be determined and used as the differentiating characteristic with flow cytometry and cell sorting instrumentation especially modified to measure small amounts of DNA in sperm. The process utilizes the fluorochrome Hoechst 33342 to bind to the DNA. The relative DNA is measured by passing the living sperm through a laser beam and collecting the light energy from the individual sperm. Data is acquired and used to select the particular sperm for deflection into collection tubes. The proportions of sorted X and Y sperm in each tube can be validated by reanalyzing an aliquot for DNA content. This value is then used to predict the outcome of fertilization and subsequent gestation. The sorted sperm are used to inseminate eggs via in vitro fertilization (NF) or by surgical insemination into the oviduct or the uterus of appropriate females. Sperm are sorted at the rate of 0.5 million per hour for most species with the expectation of 90 % or greater of one sex or the other being born. Progeny in cattle using IVF have been produced at greater than 90 % accuracy. Rabbits have produced greater than 90 % females using this process. Progeny produced from pigs average 85 % for one sex or the other. All progeny produced (N=>300) have exhibited completely normal morphological appearance and normal reproductive function. Because of the inability to obtain large numbers of sorted sperm in a short amount of time, the technologies use for regular artificial insemination would not be practical in most domestic species. This sexing technology however is very applicable where IVF, intrauterine or intratubal insemination are convenient means for producing offspring. In addition, the recent advent of ultrasound guided insemination in cattle may provide and opportunity to use this technology for much lower numbers of sperm per insemination than previously thought possible. Using less than 2 x 10 sorted X or Y sperm would move the technology one step closer to practicality. RP Johnson, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU M H SCHAPER GMBH CO KG PI ALFELD PA POSTFACH 16 42 16 52 KALANDSTRASSE 4, W-3220 ALFELD, GERMANY SN 0341-6593 J9 DEUT TIERARZTL WOCH JI Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. PD AUG-SEP PY 1996 VL 103 IS 8-9 BP 288 EP 291 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VK641 UT WOS:A1996VK64100002 PM 8840588 ER PT J AU Christensen, NL Bartuska, AM Brown, JH Carpenter, S DAntonio, C Francis, R Franklin, JF MacMahon, JA Noss, RF Parsons, DJ Peterson, CH Turner, MG Woodmansee, RG AF Christensen, NL Bartuska, AM Brown, JH Carpenter, S DAntonio, C Francis, R Franklin, JF MacMahon, JA Noss, RF Parsons, DJ Peterson, CH Turner, MG Woodmansee, RG TI The report of the ecological society of America committee on the scientific basis for ecosystem management SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review ID BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; NATURAL COMMUNITIES; LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY; UNITED-STATES; OLD-GROWTH; DISTURBANCE; MARINE; FIRE; STABILITY; SUSTAINABILITY AB Ecosystem management is management driven by explicit goals, executed by policies, protocols, and practices, and made adaptable by monitoring and research based on our best understanding of the ecological interactions and processes necessary to sustain ecosystem composition, structure, and function. C1 USDA, WASHINGTON, DC 20090 USA. UNIV NEW MEXICO, DEPT BIOL, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87131 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, CTR LIMNOL, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT INTEGRAT BIOL, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. UNIV WASHINGTON, FISHERIES RES INST, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA. UNIV WASHINGTON, COLL FOREST RESOURCES, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA. UTAH STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOL, LOGAN, UT 84322 USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE, CORVALLIS, OR 97330 USA. US FOREST SERV, USDA, LEOPOLD INST, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA. UNIV N CAROLINA, INST MARINE SCI, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT ZOOL, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. COLORADO STATE UNIV, RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. RP Christensen, NL (reprint author), DUKE UNIV, NICHOLAS SCH ENVIRONM, DURHAM, NC 27708 USA. RI Turner, Monica/B-2099-2010 NR 165 TC 781 Z9 841 U1 20 U2 192 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 665 EP 691 DI 10.2307/2269460 PG 27 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ412 UT WOS:A1996UZ41200001 ER PT J AU Thomas, JW AF Thomas, JW TI Forest service perspective on ecosystem management SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article RP Thomas, JW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 17 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 703 EP 705 DI 10.2307/2269465 PG 3 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ412 UT WOS:A1996UZ41200006 ER PT J AU Meyer, JL Swank, WT AF Meyer, JL Swank, WT TI Ecosystem management challenges ecologists SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE-USE MANAGEMENT C1 US FOREST SERV, USDA, COWEETA HYDROL LAB, OTTO, NC 28763 USA. RP Meyer, JL (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA, INST ECOL, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. NR 10 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 738 EP 740 DI 10.2307/2269477 PG 3 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ412 UT WOS:A1996UZ41200018 ER PT J AU Ringold, PL Alegria, J Czaplewski, RL Mulder, BS Tolle, T Burnett, K AF Ringold, PL Alegria, J Czaplewski, RL Mulder, BS Tolle, T Burnett, K TI Adaptive monitoring design for ecosystem management SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 BUR LAND MANAGEMENT,US DEPT INTERIOR,OREGON STATE OFF,PORTLAND,OR 97208. US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,PORTLAND,OR 97208. NATL BIOL SERV,US DEPT INTERIOR,FOREST & RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW REG OFF,PORTLAND,OR 97208. RP Ringold, PL (reprint author), US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 28 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 12 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 745 EP 747 DI 10.2307/2269479 PG 3 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ412 UT WOS:A1996UZ41200020 ER PT J AU Conroy, MJ Noon, BR AF Conroy, MJ Noon, BR TI Mapping of species richness for conservation of biological diversity: Conceptual and methodological issues SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biological diversity; conservation; decision theory; gap analysis; GIS; landscape modeling; mapping; population modeling; reserve design; sampling; scaling ID RESERVE DESIGN; HABITAT QUALITY; SELECTION; POPULATIONS; LANDSCAPES; STRATEGIES; INDICATOR; NETWORKS; DENSITY; RARE AB Biodiversity mapping (e.g., the Gap Analysis Program [GAP]), in which vegetative features and categories of land use are mapped at coarse spatial scales, has been proposed as a reliable tool for land use decisions (e.g., reserve identification, selection, and design). This implicitly assumes that species richness data collected at coarse spatiotemporal scales provide a first-order approximation to community and ecosystem representation and persistence. This assumption may be false because (1) species abundance distributions and species richness are poor surrogates for community/ecosystem processes, and are scale dependent; (2) species abundance and richness data are unreliable because of unequal and unknown sampling probabilities and species-habitat models of doubtful reliability; (3) mapped species richness data may be inherently resistant to ''scaling up'' or ''scaling down''; and (4) decision-making based on mapped species richness patterns may be sensitive to errors from unreliable data and models, resulting in suboptimal conservation decisions. We suggest an approach in which mapped data are linked to management via demographic models, multiscale sampling, and decision theory. We use a numerical representation of a system in which vegetation data are assumed to be known and mapped without error, a simple model relating habitat to predicted species persistence, and statistical decision theory to illustrate use of mapped data in conservation decision-making and the impacts of uncertainty in data or models on the decision outcome. C1 US FOREST SERV, REDWOOD SCI LAB, ARCATA, CA 95521 USA. RP UNIV GEORGIA, NATL BIOL SERV, GEORGIA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. NR 47 TC 83 Z9 87 U1 5 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 763 EP 773 DI 10.2307/2269481 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ412 UT WOS:A1996UZ41200022 ER PT J AU Bennetts, RE White, GC Hawksworth, FG Severs, SE AF Bennetts, RE White, GC Hawksworth, FG Severs, SE TI The influence of dwarf mistletoe on bird communities in Colorado ponderosa pine forests SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Arceuthobium vaginatum; bird abundance; bird communities; bird diversity; cavity-nesting birds; Colorado; dwarf mistletoe; forest pest; mistletoe infestation; ponderosa pine; snag; species richness ID CAVITY-NESTING BIRDS; OREGON; DIVERSITY; HABITAT; SNAGS AB Dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp.) are parasitic plants that are widely distributed in coniferous forests of the northern hemisphere. Because the effects of dwarf mistletoes on their host trees include stunted growth, reduced seed production, and death, these mistletoes may have a substantial influence on forest structure. Studies of the effects of dwarf mistletoe on forest communities have focused primarily on their influence on timber production. We studied the effects of southwestern ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe (A. vaginatum) on the abundance and diversity of bird communities in central Colorado. Four stands, which ranged in level of mistletoe infestation from none to heavy, were selected at each of two locations. Each stand was surveyed approximately once per week during the avian breeding seasons of 1989 and 1990 by spot mapping. The number of bird registrations and bird species richness were positively correlated with the level of dwarf mistletoe, and this pattern was consistent among 24 of 28 avian species. No species had a significant negative correlation with the level of dwarf mistletoe. The relative abundance of bird species (i.e., evenness) did not differ among stands. The number of cavity-nesting birds detected also was positively correlated with both dwarf-mistletoe levels and number of snags. The number of snags and dwarf-mistletoe levels also were highly correlated. Most snags had been infected as live trees by dwarf mistletoe and the mistletoe probably contributed to their death. While dwarf mistletoe has traditionally been viewed as a forest pest because of reductions in timber volume, we suggest that in areas where management goals are not strictly focused on timber production, control of dwarf mistletoe may not be justified, practical, or even desirable. Our data suggest that dwarf mistletoes may have positive influence on wildlife habitat. Consequently, we suggest that eradication efforts be reconsidered given that dwarf mistletoes have been a part of these forest ecosystems for thousands, and possibly millions, of years. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV, DEPT FISHERY & WILDLIFE BIOL, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. COLORADO STATE UNIV, PROGRAM ECOL STUDIES, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. USDA, US FOREST SERV, ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN, FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA. NR 66 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 5 U2 22 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 899 EP 909 DI 10.2307/2269493 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ412 UT WOS:A1996UZ41200034 ER PT J AU Gottfried, R Wear, D Lee, R AF Gottfried, R Wear, D Lee, R TI Institutional solutions to market failure on the landscape scale SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1994 Association-of-Environmental-and-Resource-Economists Workshop on Integrating the Environment and the Economy - Sustainable Development and Economic/Ecological Modeling CY JUN 06, 1994 CL BOULDER, CO SP Assoc Environm & Resource Economists DE landscape ecology; land value; ecosystem management; externalities AB This paper offers an ecologically-based view of land and land value, building upon the multiproduct nature of ecosystems and upon landscape ecology, The paper questions the ability of markets to create optimal landscapes, even when traditional methods of internalizing externalities are applied, and concludes that attempting a complete valuation of ecosystems is quixotic. Achieving sustainable landscapes requires both sufficient ecological knowledge and institutions capable of overcoming landscape-scale market failure. Accordingly, the paper examines forms of public and private ownership in the United States to assess how well particular institutional conditions might facilitate ecological adaptation there. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,SEATTLE,WA 98195. UNIV SOUTH,DEPT ECON,SEWANEE,TN 37383. US FOREST SERV,USDA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709. NR 16 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 18 IS 2 BP 133 EP 140 DI 10.1016/0921-8009(96)00008-0 PG 8 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA VC421 UT WOS:A1996VC42100004 ER PT J AU Prokopy, RJ Duan, JJ Vargas, RI AF Prokopy, RJ Duan, JJ Vargas, RI TI Potential for host range expansion in Ceratitis capitata flies: Impact of proximity of adult food to egg-laying sites SO ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; host range expansion; oviposition; food ID MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLIES; TEPHRITIDAE; OVIPOSITION; DIPTERA; EVOLUTION; FLY AB 1. In field cage and field tests, female Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), in trees alighted in significantly greater numbers upon sticky-coated (non-odour-emitting) kumquats, Fortunella japonica, that were in the vicinity of odorous natural proteinaceous food (bird faeces) or synthetic food odour than on similar kumquats distant from bird faeces or synthetic food odour. 2. In field cage tests, oviposition in non-sticky kumquats nearby bird faeces was significantly greater than in non-sticky kumquats distant from bird faeces. 3. In field tests, medflies laid significantly more eggs in host kumquat and non-host hawthorn, Crataegus mollis, fruit adjacent to bird faeces and synthetic food odour than in fruit of these types distant from food-type stimuli. 4. These findings suggest that odour of natural food of medflies could lure flies to plants whose fruit emit little or no attractive odour and are not permanent hosts but which are nonetheless susceptible to egg-laying and larval development, resulting in temporary expansion of host range. C1 USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,HONOLULU,HI. RP Prokopy, RJ (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT ENTOMOL,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0307-6946 J9 ECOL ENTOMOL JI Ecol. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 21 IS 3 BP 295 EP 299 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VA267 UT WOS:A1996VA26700011 ER PT J AU Legaspi, BC Carruthers, RI MoralesRamos, JA AF Legaspi, BC Carruthers, RI MoralesRamos, JA TI Functional response as a component of dynamic simulation models in biological control: The Catolaccus-boll weevil system SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE boll weevil; Catolaccus grandis; host-parasite interaction; pest management ID GRANDIS BURKS HYMENOPTERA; GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; HOUSE-FLIES DIPTERA; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; PATCHY ENVIRONMENTS; PTEROMALIDAE; COLEOPTERA; MUSCIDAE; RATES; PREDATION AB A simulation model using Time Varying Distributed Delays was created on the HERMES (Hierarchical Environment for Research Modelling of Ecological Systems) of the USDA/ARS with the purpose of evaluating different forms of functional response components in dynamic simulations of biological control systems. The specific host-parasitoid life system used in the evaluation was the boil weevil-Catolaccus grandis system. Four forms of functional response equations were tested: Type I, Type II, a Type II modified to yield constant attack probabilities under constant host:parasitoid ratios, and a temperature-dependent Type II. Simulation runs showed that the parasitoid is potentially capable of considerable suppression of the host population. Predicted host numbers under Type I and II equations did not differ markedly, because realistic host numbers per parasitoid were often found in the linear portion of the Type II equation. The probability of attack using a Type I equation was always near 100% despite arbitrarily increasing the host population to create a wide range of host:parasitoid ratios. The Type II equation resulted in fluctuating attack probabilities which steadily declined as host:parasitoid ratio exceeded 100:1. The modified Type II equation yielded attack probabilities starting at 52% and steadily declining to about 8% when host:parasitoid ratios neared 1000:1. We introduced a realistic, but hypothetical, relationship between functional response and temperature. Simulations using actual weather data from the Rio Grande Valley of Texas suggest that there is little difference between using Types I or II equations, but that the effect of temperature on attack rates is substantial in this system. Caution should be used when incorporating data from experiments into simulation models because experimental conditions are often unrealistically optimal. We discuss the possible importance of temperature and other diurnal or environmental events on functional response and the value of relevant data in this and other simulation models of biological control. C1 TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN, WESLACO, TX 78596 USA. RP USDA ARS, BIOL CONTROL PEST RES UNIT, SPA, 2413 E HWY 83, WESLACO, TX 78596 USA. OI Morales-Ramos, Juan/0000-0002-3506-3859 NR 47 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 EI 1872-7026 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 89 IS 1-3 BP 43 EP 57 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(95)00119-0 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UR219 UT WOS:A1996UR21900005 ER PT J AU Lemly, AD AF Lemly, AD TI Winter stress syndrome: An important consideration for hazard assessment of aquatic pollutants SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID FISH; SIZE AB Winter Stress Syndrome (WSS) is a condition of severe lipid depletion in fish brought on by external stressors in combination with normal reductions in feeding and activity during cold weather, Fish can develop this syndrome in response to chemical stressors, such as water pollutants, or biological stressors such as parasites, Substantial mortality can result, potentially changing year-class strength and population structure of the affected species and altering community-level ecological interactions. Aquatic contaminants should be evaluated in the context of seasonal metabolic changes that normally occur in test organisms. WSS could be an important, but as yet unquantified, cause of mortality in many circumstances, Wastewater discharges may pose a greater toxic threat to fish during winter than at other times of the year. A comprehensive protocol for aquatic hazard assessment should include testing for WSS. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP Lemly, AD (reprint author), VIRGINIA TECH UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE SCI,COLDWATER FISHERIES RES UNIT,US FOREST SERV,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 22 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 34 IS 3 BP 223 EP 227 DI 10.1006/eesa.1996.0067 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VE718 UT WOS:A1996VE71800004 PM 8812191 ER PT J AU VanMantgem, PJ Wu, L Banuelos, GS AF VanMantgem, PJ Wu, L Banuelos, GS TI Bioextraction of selenium by forage and selected field legume species in selenium-laden soils under minimal field management conditions SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID ACCUMULATION; SALINITY AB A forage plant, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), and a selected field legume species, sour clover (Melilotus indica), were examined for their selenium (Se) bioextraction abilities in Se-laden soils under minimal management conditions. Natural vegetations in a 2-acre plot adjacent to the forage plots were also studied for Se accumulation comparisons. During the dry season, in the fall of 1994, the field plots were either irrigated weekly or without irrigation. No fertilization and weed control were applied. The plants were harvested in May 1995. There were considerable differences in the ability of Se uptake between the forage and the legume species and among the naturally established plant species; the amount of Se accumulated per land area was largely dependent on their respective biomass production. Comparing Se concentration between preplant and postharvest, there was a detectable reduction in the soil selenate, selenite, and water-extractable organic Se in the tall fescue and melilotus plots. The held irrigation provided more favorable conditions for bioextractions and dissipation of Se by the plants. However, the available soil Se only accounts for less than 10% of the total soil Se and no detectable reduction of total soil Se was found. This may be due to the large inventory and variation of Se concentrations in the held soils and therefore obscured the detectable differences. For practical considerations, the forage plants can be repeatedly harvested and used for rangelands of Se deficiency currently seen in some northern California counties. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 ARS,WATER MANAGEMENT RES LAB,USDA,FRESNO,CA 93727. RP VanMantgem, PJ (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT ENVIRONM HORT,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 34 IS 3 BP 228 EP 238 DI 10.1006/eesa.1996.0068 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA VE718 UT WOS:A1996VE71800005 PM 8812192 ER PT J AU Naranjo, SE Flint, HM Henneberry, TJ AF Naranjo, SE Flint, HM Henneberry, TJ TI Binomial sampling plans for estimating and classifying population density of adult Bemisia tabaci in cotton SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE insecta; sweetpotato whitefly; Bemisia tabaci Biotype B; Bemisia argentifolii; binomial sampling models; sequential sampling; pest management; decision-making; Gossypium spp ID WHEAT APHID HOMOPTERA; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; ALEYRODIDAE; POTATO AB We used an empirical relationship to develop models for estimating and for classifying the population density of adult Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in cotton based on the proportion of infested leaves. We examined models based on tally thresholds (the minimum number of insects present before a leaf is considered infested) of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 adults per fifth mainstem node leaf from the terminal. For the estimation of density, sampling precision (SE/mean) increased with higher tally thresholds (T); however, there was negligible improvement in precision with T greater than or equal to 3 adults per leaf. Using T = 3 as few as 30 samples were necessary to achieve a precision of 0.25 over a wide range of population densities. To evaluate these binomial models for the classification of population density for pest management application, we used simulation analyses Co determine operating characteristic curves (error probabilities), and to estimate average sample size and cost functions. Error probabilities and average sample sizes declined with higher values of T, but there was negligible decline in error probabilities using T greater than or equal to 3 adults per leaf, and the overall cost of sampling was lowest for T = 3. Wald's sequential probability ratio test was used to formulate sequential sampling stop lines for classifying population density relative to two nominal action thresholds, 5 or 10 adults per leaf. Simulation analysis indicated that by using T = 3, fewer than 30 samples, on average, were needed to classify populations relative to either action threshold. However, simulated error probabilities consistently exceeded the nominal error probabilities used to initially formulate sequential sampling stop lines regardless of the tally threshold. Comparing binomial models using T = 1 or T = 3 to independent data from four field sites, the model for T = 1 was generally biased towards overprediction of mean density, but the T = 3 model was a robust and relatively unbiased predictor of mean density. The binomial sampling plans presented here should permit the rapid estimation of population density and enhance the efficiency of pest management programs based on the prescriptive suppression of B. tabaci in cotton. RP Naranjo, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,4135 E BROADWAY RD,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 29 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 80 IS 2 BP 343 EP 353 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VC946 UT WOS:A1996VC94600003 ER PT J AU Jackson, DM Kester, KM AF Jackson, DM Kester, KM TI Effects of diet on longevity and fecundity of the spined stilt bug, Jalysus wickhami SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Hemiptera; Berytidae; Cotesia congregata; Braconidae; tobacco hornworm; Manduca sexta; tobacco aphid; Myzus nicotianae; predation; nutritional ecology ID INTRAGUILD PREDATION; HEMIPTERA; REPRODUCTION; HETEROPTERA; LYGAEIDAE; TOBACCO AB We evaluated the suitability of selected food items for the adult spined stilt bug, Jalysus wickhami Van Duzee (Hemiptera: Berytidae), by providing one of seven diet treatments: (1) prepupae of the parasitoid, Cotesia congregata (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), on a leaf of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., 'NC 2326') (Solanaceae); (2) C. congregata prepupae alone (i.e., no tobacco leaf); (3) eggs of the parasitoid's host, Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), on a tobacco leaf; (4) M. sexta eggs alone; (5) tobacco aphids, Myzus nicotianae Blackman (Homoptera: Aphididae), on a tobacco leaf; (6) a tobacco leaf alone; and (7) no prey and no tobacco. A tobacco leaf was necessary for the long-term survival of stilt bugs, but prey source did not affect longevity. Regardless of the prey type, stilt bugs with access to a tobacco leaf lived 21-23 days, while stilt bugs without access to tobacco lived less than 12 days. Animal prey provided a protein source required for egg deposition in J. wickhami, and prey species differed in their relative nutritive values. Female stilt bugs that fed on M. sexta eggs or on C. congregata prepupae were significantly more fecund (102 and 106 nymphs per female, respectively) than females that fed on tobacco aphids (24 nymphs per female). Results suggest that stilt bugs may feed on tobacco aphids and C. congregata prepupae when other prey are unavailable. C1 USDA ARS,CROPS RES LAB,OXFORD,NC 27565. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ENTOMOL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 80 IS 2 BP 421 EP 425 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VC946 UT WOS:A1996VC94600011 ER PT J AU Fatzinger, CW Dixon, WN AF Fatzinger, CW Dixon, WN TI Degree-day models for predicting levels of attack by slash pine flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) and the phenology of female strobilus development on slash pine SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gnophothrips fuscus; Pinus elliottii; degree-day model ID SEED ORCHARDS; PHYSIOLOGICAL TIME; INSECTS; ACEPHATE; CONE AB Degree-day models were developed for predicting different levels of attack by slash pine flower thrips, Gnophothrips fuscus (Morgan), on female strobili (flowers) and for predicting the appearance of different morphological stages of flower development. The models were based on 5-yr data collected from a north Florida slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelmann variety elliottii, seed orchard. Different starting dates and lower threshold temperatures for models were compared. Starting dates included the Ist annual incidence of temperatures below 4.4 degrees C (40 degrees F) and a range of biofix dates (20 November through 10 December). Lower threshold temperatures were compared over a range of -1.1-12.8 degrees C (30-55 degrees F). Degree-day models with a 4.4 degrees C (40 degrees F) lower threshold temperature appeared to be suitable predictors of the appearance of stage 2 flowers and the 50% level of attack by slash pine flower thrips. These models should facilitate implementation of insecticide application programs based on predicting levels of thrips attack and flower phenology. RP Fatzinger, CW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO RES STN,POB 70,OLUSTEE,FL 32072, USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 25 IS 4 BP 727 EP 735 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VB003 UT WOS:A1996VB00300003 ER PT J AU Yee, WL Hendrix, DL Toscano, NC Chu, CC Henneberry, TJ AF Yee, WL Hendrix, DL Toscano, NC Chu, CC Henneberry, TJ TI Diurnal field patterns of honeydew sugar secretion by Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) nymphs on cotton SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; honeydew sugar; diurnal patterns ID CARBOHYDRATE; TABACI; INSECT AB Honeydew secretion by nymphal field populations of silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, on cotton was documented during 10-, 14-, or 24-h periods in tile Imperial Valley, California Honeydew drops were collected on water-sensitive paper by placing 5th main stem node leaves inside open-ended plastic bags with strips of paper. Honeydew drops were also collected directly on open-ended plastic bags placed on leaves, and honeydew sugars were analyzed using gradient anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography. No consistent diurnal patterns oi honeydew drop secretion emerged, but on I of the 4 d drop numbers were higher in tire morning (0500-1100 hours) than in the afternoon and evening (1500-1900 hours), and drops were collected throughout one 24-h period. On 3 of the 4 d, higher quantities of honeydew sugars were collected in the morning (0500 hours) than in the evening (1500-1900 hours). Quantities and percentages of honeydew sugars ranked as follows: trehalulose > melezitose > sucrose > fructose > glucose. This ranking, with minor exceptions, did not change during the day (0500-1900 hours). Trehalulose accounted for approximate to 30% of the total sugar mass in the honeydew. Honeydew sugar secretion and composition did not show a clear or consistent relationship with either leaf water potentials or temperatures. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,BRAWLEY,CA 92227. RP Yee, WL (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT ENTOMOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 25 IS 4 BP 776 EP 782 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VB003 UT WOS:A1996VB00300009 ER PT J AU Mitchell, MJ Driscoll, CT Kahl, JS Likens, GE Murdoch, PS Pardo, LH AF Mitchell, MJ Driscoll, CT Kahl, JS Likens, GE Murdoch, PS Pardo, LH TI Climatic control of nitrate loss from forested watersheds in the northeast United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CATSKILL MOUNTAINS; SOIL-NITROGEN; NEW-YORK; ECOSYSTEM; PATTERNS; STREAMS; LAKES AB Increased losses of nitrate from watersheds may accelerate the depletion of nutrient cations and affect the acidification and trophic status of surface waters. Patterns of nitrate concentrations and losses were evaluated in four forested watersheds (East Bear Brook Watershed, Lead Mountain, ME; Watershed 6, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, White Mountains, NH; Arbutus Watershed, Huntington Forest, Adirondack Mountains, NY; Biscuit Brook, Catskill Mountains, NY) located across the northeastern United States. A synchronous pattern was observed in nitrate concentrations of drainage waters from these four sites from 1983 through 1993. Most notably, high concentrations and high drainage water losses followed an anomalous cold period (mean daily temperature -11.4 to -16 degrees C in December 1989) for all four sites. After high nitrate losses during the snowmelt of 1990, nitrate concentrations and fluxes decreased at all sites. These results suggest that climatic variation can have a major effect on nitrogen flux and cycling and may influence temporal patterns of nitrate loss in a region. C1 SYRACUSE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,SYRACUSE,NY 13244. UNIV MAINE,SAWYER ENVIRONM RES CTR,ORONO,ME 04469. INST ECOSYST STUDIES,MILLBROOK,NY 12545. USDI GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,ALBANY,NY 12201. US FOREST SERV,USDA,BURLINGTON,VT 05402. RP Mitchell, MJ (reprint author), SUNY SYRACUSE,COLL ENVIRONM SCI & FORESTRY,FAC ENVIRONM & FOREST BIOL,SYRACUSE,NY 13210, USA. RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; OI Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 33 TC 218 Z9 222 U1 3 U2 28 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 30 IS 8 BP 2609 EP 2612 DI 10.1021/es9600237 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VA637 UT WOS:A1996VA63700052 ER PT J AU Boyce, TG Koo, D Swerdlow, DL Gomez, TM Serrano, B Nickey, LN HickmanBrenner, FW Malcolm, GB Griffin, PM AF Boyce, TG Koo, D Swerdlow, DL Gomez, TM Serrano, B Nickey, LN HickmanBrenner, FW Malcolm, GB Griffin, PM TI Recurrent outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis infections in a Texas restaurant: Phage type 4 arrives in the United States SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article AB In recent years infection caused by Salmonella serotype Enteritidis (SE) phage type 4 has spread through Europe but has been uncommon in the USA. The first recognized outbreak of this strain in the USA occurred in a Chinese restaurant in El Paso, Texas, in April 1993; no source was identified. In September 1993, a second outbreak caused by SE phage type 4 was associated with the same restaurant. To determine the cause of the second outbreak, we compared food exposures of the 19 patients with that of two control groups. Egg rolls were the only item significantly associated with illness in both analyses (first control group: odds ratio [OR] 8.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-31.6; second control group: OR 13.1, 95% CI 2.1-97.0). Retrospective analysis of the April outbreak also implicated egg rolls (OR 32.4, 95% CI 9.1-126.6). Egg roll batter was made from pooled shell eggs and was left at room temperature throughout the day. These two outbreaks of SE phage type 4 likely could have been prevented by using pasteurized eggs and safe food preparation practices. C1 USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,VET SERV,ATLANTA,GA. TEXAS DEPT HLTH,EL PASO,TX. EL PASO CITY CTY HLTH & ENVIRONM DIST,EL PASO,TX. RP Boyce, TG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 23 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 117 IS 1 BP 29 EP 34 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA VF747 UT WOS:A1996VF74700004 PM 8760947 ER PT J AU Barrow, PA Desmidt, M Ducatelle, R Guittet, M vanderHeijden, HMJF Holt, PS intVelt, JHJH McDonough, P Nagaraja, KV Porter, RE Proux, K Sisak, F Staak, C Steinbach, G Thorns, CJ Wray, C vanZijderveld, F AF Barrow, PA Desmidt, M Ducatelle, R Guittet, M vanderHeijden, HMJF Holt, PS intVelt, JHJH McDonough, P Nagaraja, KV Porter, RE Proux, K Sisak, F Staak, C Steinbach, G Thorns, CJ Wray, C vanZijderveld, F TI World Health Organisation - Supervised interlaboratory comparison of ELISAs for the serological detection of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis in chickens SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED CHICKENS; ANTIBODY; POULTRY; TYPHIMURIUM; FLOCKS AB A collaborative exercise, supervised by the World Health Organisation, was set up to compare ELISAs used for the serological detection of Salmonella enteritica serotype Enteritidis in chickens. The aim was to ascertain how far agreement could be reached on the interpretation of optical density readings for high titre, intermediate titre and low titre sera. Two sets of sera were sent to 14 participants. The first set compared high, medium and low titre sera raised in specified-pathogen-free and commercial broiler breeder chickens. The second set comprised 20 sera of different antibody titres raised in commercial birds reared under laboratory conditions and sent blind. Both indirect and double-antibody sandwich blocking ELISAs were used with a number of different detecting antigens. With a few exceptions good agreement was reached on the interpretation of results obtained from high and low titre sera from the optical density obtained with a single serum dilution. Differences were observed in the interpretation of medium titre sera. The results suggested that most ELISAs produce reasonably comparable results and that practical problems may arise from interpretation of the results mainly as a result of the choice of the criteria used for differentiating sera obtained from infected and uninfected chickens. These problems are discussed. C1 STATE UNIV GHENT,FAC VET MED,B-9000 GHENT,BELGIUM. CNEVA,LAB CENT RECH AVICOLE & PORCINE,F-22440 PLOUFRAGAN,FRANCE. STICHING GEZONDHEIDSDIENST DIEREN ZUID NEDERLAND,NL-5280 AA BOXTEL,NETHERLANDS. USDA,SE POULTRY RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30604. UNIV UTRECHT,FAC VET MED,DEPT FOOD SCI & ANIM ORIGIN,UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS. CORNELL UNIV,NEW YORK STATE COLL VET MED,DIAGNOST LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. UNIV MINNESOTA,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. PURDUE UNIV,ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. VET RES INST,BRNO 62132,CZECH REPUBLIC. BUNDERINST GESUNDHEITLICHEN VERBRAUCHERSCHUTZ & V,D-14191 BERLIN,GERMANY. BUNDERINST GESUNDHEITLICHEN VERBRAUCHERSCHUTZ & V,D-07722 JENA,GERMANY. MAFF,CENT VET LAB,WEYBRIDGE KT15 3NB,SURREY,ENGLAND. CENT VET INST,CD DLO,NL-8200 AB LELYSTAD,NETHERLANDS. RP Barrow, PA (reprint author), INST ANIM HLTH,COMPTON LAB,NEWBURY RG20 7NN,BERKS,ENGLAND. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 117 IS 1 BP 69 EP 77 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA VF747 UT WOS:A1996VF74700009 PM 8760952 ER PT J AU Humphrey, TJ Williams, A McAlpine, K Lever, MS GuardPetter, J Cox, JM AF Humphrey, TJ Williams, A McAlpine, K Lever, MS GuardPetter, J Cox, JM TI Isolates of Salmonella enterica Enteritidis PT4 with enhanced heat and acid tolerance are more virulent in mice and more invasive in chickens SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID PHAGE TYPE-4; LAYING HENS; YOUNG CHICKENS; INFECTED HENS; EGGS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; EXPRESSION; STRAINS AB Two Enteritidis PT4 isolates which differed in inherent tolerance to heat, acid, H2O2 and the ability to survive on surfaces were used to infect mice, day-old chicks or laying hens. The acid-, heat-, H2O2- and surface-tolerant isolate was more virulent in mice and more invasive in laying hens, particularly in reproductive tissue. However, no significant differences were observed in behaviour in chicks. Both PT4 isolates were able to infect chicks housed in the same room as infected birds, although the heat-tolerant isolate survived significantly better than the heat-sensitive one in aerosols. C1 PUBL HLTH LAB SERV,CTR APPL MICROBIOL & RES,SALISBURY SP4 0JG,WILTS,ENGLAND. USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. UNIV NEW S WALES,DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,SYDNEY,NSW 2052,AUSTRALIA. RP Humphrey, TJ (reprint author), PHLS,FOOD MICROBIOL RES UNIT,CHURCH LANE,EXETER EX2 5AD,DEVON,ENGLAND. NR 29 TC 69 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 117 IS 1 BP 79 EP 88 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA VF747 UT WOS:A1996VF74700010 PM 8760953 ER PT J AU VanKessel, JAS Russell, JB AF VanKessel, JAS Russell, JB TI The effect of pH on ruminal methanogenesis SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rumen; methanogenesis; pH; volatile fatty acid ID ANION ACCUMULATION; RUMEN; ACIDS; FERMENTATION; EMISSIONS; TOXICITY; CATTLE AB When a fistulated cow was fed an all forage diet, ruminal pH remained more or less constant (6.7 to 6.9). The ruminal pH of a concentrate-fed cow decreased dramatically in the period soon after feeding, and the pH was as low as 5.45. Mixed ruminal bacteria from the forage-fed cow converted CO2 and H-2 to methane, but the ruminal fluid from the concentrate-fed cow did not produce methane. When the pH of the ruminal fluid from the concentrate-fed cow was adjusted to pH 7.0, methane was eventually detected, and the absolute rate constant of methane production was as high as the one observed with ruminal fluid from the forage fed cow (0.32 h(-1)). Based on the zero-time intercepts of methane production, it appeared that the concentrate-fed cow had fewer methanogens than the forage-fed cow. When the mixed ruminal bacteria were incubated in a basal medium containing 100 mM acetate, methanogenesis was pH-dependent, and no methane was detected at pH values less than 6.0. Because the removal of acetic acid completely reversed the inhibition of methanogenesis, it appeared that volatile fatty acids were causing the pH-dependent inhibition. Based on these results, concentrate diets that lower ruminal pH may provide a practical means of decreasing ruminal methane production. C1 CORNELL UNIV, MICROBIOL SECT, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. NR 28 TC 106 Z9 112 U1 2 U2 25 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 20 IS 4 BP 205 EP 210 DI 10.1016/0168-6496(96)00030-X PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VE009 UT WOS:A1996VE00900001 ER PT J AU Ma, YZ MacKown, CT VanSanford, DA AF Ma, YZ MacKown, CT VanSanford, DA TI Differential effects of partial spikelet removal and defoliation on kernel growth and assimilate partitioning among wheat cultivars SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum L; carbohydrate; kernel mass; nitrogen; source-sink relationship ID SINK MANIPULATION; GRAIN-YIELD; DRY-MATTER AB Among soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, compensatory kernel set does not occur with 50% spikelet removal (SR) at anthesis, but there are differential responses in final kernel mass. It seems that these cultivar differences resulted from sink limitations for nonresponsive cultivars and from source limitations for responsive cultivars. Individual kernel masses and kernel growth rates of sink-limited cultivars are not expected to respond to an increased ratio of source to sink and should be less affected than source-limited cultivars when this ratio is reduced. To compare kernel growth traits of six cultivars that differed in response to 50% SR in a previous experiment, a range of SR treatments and defoliation were used to manipulate ratios of source to sink. Two field experiments were conducted for four years. In the first experiment, all spikes on a plant had 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% SR treatments at anthesis. In the second experiment, sink size was reduced at anthesis by restricting 50% SR to a single culm, and source size was reduced at anthesis by removing all leaf blades from a single culm. Partial SR increased final kernel mass of only responsive cultivars (15-25%), but differences in final kernel mass between the 50 and 75% SR-treated plants were not significant. At maturity, water-soluble carbohydrate levels in stems of all cultivars with 75% SR were less than or equal to those with 100% SR, but greater than those with less than or equal to 50% SR. Partial SR increased the kernel growth rate of responsive cultivars, which increased the final mass of individual kernels. Kernel N concentrations also were increased. Defoliation decreased kernel growth rate and individual kernel mass of all cultivars; relative decreases were greater for responsive cultivars than for nonresponsive cultivars. The mass and kernel growth rare of individual kernels of responsive cultivars were normally source-limited, while source and sink strengths of nonresponsive cultivars were more closely balanced than those of responsive cultivars. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. USDA ARS,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. NR 20 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 47 IS 2-3 BP 201 EP 209 DI 10.1016/0378-4290(96)00016-0 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VL916 UT WOS:A1996VL91600012 ER PT J AU Lamikanra, O Grimm, CC Inyang, ID AF Lamikanra, O Grimm, CC Inyang, ID TI Formation and occurrence of flavor components in Noble muscadine wine SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Flavor development in Noble muscadine wine during fermentation and aging was determined with a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The source of 2-phenylethanol, a major aroma component of the wine, is predominantly through biosynthesis during the vinification process, although the alcohol was also found to be present in fresh muscadine grape skin. The involvement of substituted benzene derivatives in the formation of phenyl ethanol during fermentation and aging of wines is proposed. The complexity of the volatile aroma extracts increased with time, especially after fermentable sugars were exhausted. Anaerobic formation of fatty acid esters also commenced after active fermentation had ceased. These compounds constitute major components of the aged muscadine wine. Effluent sniffing indicated that many odorous compounds including phenyl ethanol and methyl succinate contribute significantly to the muscadine wine aroma. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,FLAVOR RES LAB,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. RP Lamikanra, O (reprint author), FLORIDA A&M UNIV,CTR VITICULTURAL SCI & SMALL FARM DEV,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32307, USA. NR 14 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 56 IS 4 BP 373 EP 376 DI 10.1016/0308-8146(95)00183-2 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA VJ650 UT WOS:A1996VJ65000005 ER PT J AU Hasenauer, H Monserud, RA AF Hasenauer, H Monserud, RA TI A crown ratio model for Austrian forests SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE stand simulation; logistic function; allometric; even-aged; uneven-aged; mixed-species ID RIDGE REGRESSION; NONORTHOGONAL PROBLEMS; BRANCH GROWTH; LOBLOLLY-PINE; DOUGLAS-FIR; INCREMENT; RECESSION; PINACEAE AB A crown ratio model for individual trees is developed for all major tree species in Austria. The study is part of a comprehensive project developing a distance-independent single tree growth simulator for the full range of stand conditions in Austria. Data were obtained from the Austrian National Forest Inventory and consist of more than 42000 trees growing on over 5000 permanent plots measured during 1981 and 1985, Crown ratio was predicted using nonlinear regression with a logistic function. The argument of the logistic was a linear combination of tree size characteristics, stand density measures, and topographic site factors. The total variation explained by the model varied from 49% for larch to 17% for the 'other broadleaf species'. The model explained 41% of the variation in crown ratio for the principal species, Norway spruce. The model explained less than a quarter of the variation for all the broadleaf species and for stone pine. The effect of the size variables is approximately equal in importance to the variables representing competition for the major species. The set of topographic site factors explained the least amount of variation, less than 10% in all cases. Because the height/diameter ratio, the most important size variable, can also be considered to be an integrator of past competition, the crown ratio model is dominated by competition measures. A validation test using independent data from permanent research plots for the main species (Norway spruce, white fir, Scots pine, and beech) demonstrated that the models appear to be well behaved and robust for both pure even-aged and mixed uneven-aged stand types in Austria. Analyses of the residuals from permanent research plots representing a wide variety of thinning treatments indicate that the effect of management seems to be adequately represented by the model. C1 AGR UNIV VIENNA,INST WALDWACHSTUMSFORSCH,A-1190 VIENNA,AUSTRIA. US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,MOSCOW,ID 83843. NR 53 TC 75 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 84 IS 1-3 BP 49 EP 60 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(96)03768-1 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VH048 UT WOS:A1996VH04800005 ER PT J AU Wilmot, TR Ellsworth, DS Tyree, MT AF Wilmot, TR Ellsworth, DS Tyree, MT TI Base cation fertilization and liming effects on nutrition and growth of Vermont sugar maple stands SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Acer saccharum; calcium; forest fertilization; nutrients; potassium; tree growth ID FOLIAR NUTRIENT STATUS; QUEBEC APPALACHIANS; SOUTHEASTERN QUEBEC; LOWER LAURENTIANS; NORTHERN VERMONT; CROWN CONDITION; FOREST DECLINE; SOIL; CHEMISTRY; DIEBACK AB Soil and foliar nutrition, crown condition, and wood growth were measured in three mature sugar maple stands in northern Vermont before and after fertilization with base cations (107 kg ha(-1) K, 53 kg ha(-1) Ca and 11 kg ha(-1) Mg) with or without 3000 kg ha(-1) supplemental lime in order to test the effectiveness of such treatments in ameliorating base cation deficiencies in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Pre-fertilization analyses indicated multiple cation deficiencies in these stands, since foliar K, Ca and Mg were all near or below sufficiency standards suggested for sugar maple, Fertilization with cations in addition to liming elevated soil pH from 3.6 to 4.5 in the first year after treatment, and elevated soil pH was maintained over two additional growing seasons along with significantly improved soil Ca and decreased soil Al. Foliar K, Ca and P concentrations were all significantly improved (P < 0.05) compared with controls for the three growing seasons following the first treatment, while only foliar K concentration showed significant improvement in plots treated with the base cation fertilizer without lime. By the third growing season following treatment, trees in limed plots had significantly less crown dieback than controls or trees in plots treated with the base cation fertilizer alone. Diameter growth showed marginal improvement in the plots treated with cations, annual. diameter growth increased 200% compared with controls in the limed plots, Despite these positive results, the long term contribution of increased soil pH and soil calcium to soil nutrient pools and root distribution remains to be determined, as does the sustainability of growth increases, We conclude that in northern Vermont sugar maple stands on relatively infertile podzols with low pH, base cation limitations may be especially important in controlling sugar maple tree health or growth, while fertilization to ameliorate base cation deficiencies may be effective only at relatively high base cation addition rates. C1 BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT APPL SCI,BIOSYST & PROC SCI DIV,UPTON,NY 11973. UNIV VERMONT,PROCTOR MAPLE RES CTR,UNDERHILL CTR,VT 05490. US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,BURLINGTON,VT 05402. OI Ellsworth, David/0000-0002-9699-2272 NR 35 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 84 IS 1-3 BP 123 EP 134 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(96)03743-7 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VH048 UT WOS:A1996VH04800011 ER PT J AU Reynolds, KM Holsten, EH AF Reynolds, KM Holsten, EH TI Classification of spruce beetle hazard in Lutz and Sitka spruce stands on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE spruce beetle; Dendroctonus rufipennis; Alaska; hazard ID RISK AB Stand data from Lutz and Sitka spruce forest types occurring on the Kenai Peninsula were analyzed by tree-based classification and abductive inference to develop decision models for classifying spruce beetle hazard. Model development and validation data sets contained 286 and 88 stand observations, respectively. The final decision-tree structure yielded 13 possible hazard outcomes based on total stand basal area, percentage of total basal area composed of spruce, percentage of spruce basal area composed of trees with diameter > 25 cm, stand elevation, and stand aspect, Four paths in the decision tree led to low-hazard outcomes (spruce basal area loss less than or equal to 10%); two paths each led to low-medium, medium, and medium-high hazard outcomes (spruce basal area loss of less than or equal to 40%, 11-40%, and > 10%, respectively); and three led to high-hazard outcomes (spruce basal area loss > 40%). Results of model verification were considered very acceptable; in the worst case, predictions of high hazard were correct for 67% of the observations. Model validation results also were considered acceptable, but predictions of medium and high hazard showed a marked drop from verification results. For comparison, the same analysis was performed using abductive inference to test a modeling method better suited to automatic processing of numerous stands for landscape-level analysis, There was a high degree of correspondence between predictions of the two analytical methods. C1 US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,USDA,FOREST HLTH MANAGEMENT REG 10,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. RP Reynolds, KM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS FORESTRY SCI LAB,USDA,3200 SW JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. OI Reynolds, Keith/0000-0002-5286-4754 NR 17 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 84 IS 1-3 BP 251 EP 262 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VH048 UT WOS:A1996VH04800022 ER PT J AU Olsen, WK Schmid, JM Mata, SA AF Olsen, WK Schmid, JM Mata, SA TI Stand characteristics associated with mountain pine beetle infestations in ponderosa pine SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Dendroctonus ponderosae; beetle infestation; spatial patterns; stand management; microcosm stands ID PERMUTATION PROCEDURES AB Stand characteristics associated with mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), infestations with in a 2.15 ac (0.87 ha) plot were analyzed to determine characteristics most strongly correlated with the infestations, Trees per acre, basal area, quadratic mean diameter, minimum diameter, and the range of diameters in MPB infested groups were significantly different from those in noninfested groups. Maximum diameter was not different between infested and noninfested groups. The results are discussed in regard to the mountain pine beetle-host relationship and stand management. RP Olsen, WK (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,240 W PROSPECT RD,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 24 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 310 EP 327 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VB050 UT WOS:A1996VB05000005 ER PT J AU Adams, DM Alig, RJ McCarl, BA Callaway, JM Winnett, SM AF Adams, DM Alig, RJ McCarl, BA Callaway, JM Winnett, SM TI An analysis of the impacts of public timber harvest policies on private forest management in the United States SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE timber supply; investment; market model AB Past studies of the impacts of changes in public timber harvest have commonly assumed that the extent and intensity of private forest management would remain unchanged in the face of shifting log prices and demand. This study reexamines the issue of public harvest im pacts using a model of intertemporal log markets in which prices, private harvests, and timber management investment are endogenous. The model considers two classes of private owners in nine regions and subdivides the basic timber inventory into a large number of classes that influence yields and costs, including, site quality, species group, and past management. Six product groups are recognized with opportunities for substitution. Given the perfect market and foresight structure of the model, simulation results suggest a far more elastic market response to changes in public cut than found in past studies. Shifts in intertemporal patterns of private investment act to reduce the price and aggregate harvest impacts of public cut changes over time. Underlying these moderated market impacts, however, are larger interregional shifts in harvest and private owner welfare than suggested in earlier analyses. Through changing management investment, including conversion of lands from hardwood to softwood species types, some of the largest economic and biological/ecological impacts may be realized outside of the regions in which public forestlands are concentrated. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PNW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT AGR ECON,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RISO NATL LAB,DK-4000 ROSKILDE,DENMARK. US EPA,CLIMATE & POLICY ASSESSMENT DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. RP Adams, DM (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. RI McCarl, Bruce/E-9445-2011 NR 30 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 343 EP 358 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VB050 UT WOS:A1996VB05000008 ER PT J AU Reed, WJ Haight, RG AF Reed, WJ Haight, RG TI Predicting the present value distribution of a forest plantation investment SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE loblolly pine; risk and uncertainty; stochastic stumpage price; stochastic yield; timber harvesting ID STOCHASTIC PRICES; VALUATION; RESOURCES; ROTATION; STUMPAGE; MARKETS; DENSITY; GROWTH; RISK AB Forestry investment decisions may be based on the probability distribution of financial return in addition to a point estimate of mean return. This study describes an approach to predicting the present value distribution of a plantation investment using actual data on timber price and yield. Changes in stumpage price are modeled with a lognormal diffusion process called geometric Brownian motion (GEM), Timber yield is modeled with a variant of GEM that includes an age-dependent growth component. Model parameters are estimated with time-series observations of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) price and yield in the southeastern United States. Because GEM models have lognormally distributed errors, present value distributions are skewed with extremely long right-hand tails. The median and quartiles of the distribution provide a better measure of central tendency and spread than do the mean and standard deviation. A median-maximizing feedback cutting rule does not perform any better than a median-maximizing fixed rotation age suggesting that no economic gain can be obtained by monitoring timber price and yield under the assumptions of our models, The forecast error, measured by the distance between quartiles, is about twice the size of the median present value. System error is the primary cause, and error in the price process contributes more to the variability in present value than does error in the yield process, Parameter uncertainty increases forecast error 15 to 35%. The large forecast error raises the question of whether better predictive models can be built or whether the present value of a plantation investment is inherently uncertain. C1 UNIV VICTORIA,DEPT MATH & STAT,VICTORIA,BC V8W 3P4,CANADA. RP Reed, WJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,1992 FOLWELL AVE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 378 EP 388 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VB050 UT WOS:A1996VB05000011 ER PT J AU King, MJ Buchmann, SL AF King, MJ Buchmann, SL TI Sonication dispensing of pollen from Solanum laciniatum flowers SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bumble-bees; buzz pollination; pollen release; pollination; vibration ID COLLECTION; BEES; VIBRATION; MECHANISM AB 1. Sonication is a seemingly effective method for foraging insects to extract pollen rapidly from poricidal anthers. However, without a dispensing mechanism to limit the pollen extraction a single forager might be able to glean all of the pollen from a flower in a single visit. 2. The vibratory release mechanism of a buzz-pollinated flower species, Solanum laciniatum, and its relationship with time was investigated. 3. The sonication vibration magnitude required to eject pollen from the anthers increased with frequency; vibrations at frequencies below 180 Hz were particularly effective owing to the low (124 Hz) natural frequency of the stamens and the good transmission of low-frequency vibration by the anthers. The natural frequency of stamens was low compared with the sonication frequencies of bumble-bees and did not change significantly when sonicated, 4. Large amounts of pollen (72 000 grains) were released in initial sonications, but this was a small percentage (18%) of the total available pollen; pollen release continued in metered quantities over time, 5. The stamen vibration mode created centrifugal forces, which forced pollen out of the apical pores, and the gradual dehydration of the tapetal fluid remaining in lower regions of dehiscent poricidal anthers produced a timed release mechanism, 6. The frequency increase from the flight wing-beat frequency to the sonication buzz enables bumble-bees to generate high accelerations, which are able to release pollen from the anthers, using thoracic vibrations, which are limited by the maximum possible displacement of the indirect flight muscles. C1 USDA ARS,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR,TUCSON,AZ 85719. RP King, MJ (reprint author), IND RES LTD,POB 20028,CHRISTCHURCH,NEW ZEALAND. NR 12 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0269-8463 J9 FUNCT ECOL JI Funct. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 449 EP 456 DI 10.2307/2389937 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VN668 UT WOS:A1996VN66800004 ER PT J AU Panter, KE Hartley, WJ James, LF Mayland, HF Stegelmeier, BL Kechele, PO AF Panter, KE Hartley, WJ James, LF Mayland, HF Stegelmeier, BL Kechele, PO TI Comparative toxicity of selenium from seleno-DL-methionine, sodium selenate, and Astragalus bisulcatus in pigs SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXICOSIS AB Selenium is an essential micronutrient, although ingestion in excess in pigs can cause disease conditions including neurological dysfunction and chronic skin and hoof lesions. Controlled feeding trials in growing swine, using the same Se content in feed sources, resulted in higher concentrations (p less than or equal to 0.05) of Se in blood and organs of pigs fed seleno-DL-methionine compared with those receiving Astragalus bisulcatus or sodium selenate, Clinical signs of Se toxicity including neurological signs of paralysis were more severe and occurred sooner in the A. bisulcatus group than in the sodium selenate or seleno-DL-methionine groups. All five pigs fed A, bisulcatus developed neurological signs of paralysis, and in four the signs occurred within 5 days of the start of treatment, Four of five pigs fed sodium selenate also developed paralysis, but this occurred 4 to 21 days after treatment began. The fifth pig in the group developed signs of chronic selenosis, Two of five pigs fed seleno-DL-methionine developed paralysis on 9 and 24 days, respectively, and the remaining three developed chronic selenosis, Selenium fed to pigs in three forms [plant (A. bisulcatus), sodium selenate, or seleno-DL-methionine] resulted in neurological dysfunction and lesions of symmetrical poliomyelomalacia. These were most severe in the A. bisulcatus group, which also had polioencephalomalacia, Although seleno-DL-methionine caused the greater increase in tissue and blood Se concentrations, this did not correlate with severity of pathological changes, since animals fed A, bisulcatus developed more severe and disseminated lesions. C1 TARONGA ZOO,MOSMAN,NSW 2088,AUSTRALIA. USDA ARS,NW IRRIGAT & SOILS RES LAB,KIMBERLY,ID 83341. RP Panter, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84341, USA. NR 11 TC 55 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 32 IS 2 BP 217 EP 223 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0124 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA VC365 UT WOS:A1996VC36500009 PM 8921324 ER PT J AU Chao, SM Gardiner, JM MeliaHancock, S Coe, EH AF Chao, SM Gardiner, JM MeliaHancock, S Coe, EH TI Physical and genetic mapping of chromosome 9S in maize using mutations with terminal deficiencies SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID MUTATOR-INDUCED DELETIONS; SHORT ARM; TELOMERIC REPEATS; WHEAT; ENDS; MAP; LINES; DNA AB Deletion mapping was employed to determine the physical order of five morphological variants, pyd1, yg2, wd1, v28 and v31, with respect to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers located at the distal end of chromosome 9S in maize. The genetic materials used were a series of terminal-deficiency mutants, newly derived with MCCLINTOCK's original stocks developed in the 1940s, via breakage-fusion-bridge cycles. A combined physical map and genetic map has been constructed based on data gathered from both genetic complementation tests and RFLP analysis. The location of nu 31 in relation to RFLP markers was further determined by interval mapping. The physical distance between the healed telomeric end and the most distal RFLP marker in two terminal-deficiency lines was established by using pulsed field gel electrophoresis and verified by Bal31 digestion. The results from this study set a foundation for studies on the mechanism of healing of broken chromosome ends in higher plants. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. ARS,USDA,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 36 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD AUG PY 1996 VL 143 IS 4 BP 1785 EP 1794 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA VA244 UT WOS:A1996VA24400025 PM 8844164 ER PT J AU Lee, JH Arumuganathan, K Kaeppler, SM Kaeppler, HF Papa, CM AF Lee, JH Arumuganathan, K Kaeppler, SM Kaeppler, HF Papa, CM TI Cell synchronization and isolation of metaphase chromosomes from maize (Zea mays L) root tips for flow cytometric analysis and sorting SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE flow karyotype; hydroxyurea; plant chromosome sorting; trifluralin ID PLANT CHROMOSOMES; TOMATO AB Accumulation of cells containing metaphase chromosomes is an important step in cytological analyses and chromosome sorting procedures. The goal of this research was to optimize treatment parameters to synchronize the cell cycle of maize root tip meristem cells. Levels of hydroxyurea, a DNA synthesis inhibitor, were assessed for their utility in accumulating cells at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Trifluralin, amiprophos-methyl, and colchicine were used to accumulate cells containing metaphase chromosomes upon release from hydroxyurea inhibition. Optimal mitotic indices were achieved by treating seedlings with 5 mM hydroxyurea for 18 h, incubating for 1 h without chemical treatment to release the hydroxyurea block, and then treating emerging roots with 1 mu M trifluralin for 4 h. The mitotic index of synchronized maize root tips was over 70%. Uniformity of synchronization depended upon selection of seeds with emerging radicles that were similar in length at the time of treatment. Suspensions of intact chromosomes were prepared by a simple slicing procedure. The chromosome preparations were found to be suitable for flow cytometric characterization and sorting. Chromosome peaks of the observed flow karyotype resembled the predicted flow karyotype calculated on the basis of maize chromosome size. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,CTR BIOTECHNOL,LINCOLN,NE 68588. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,WHEAT SORGHUM & FORAGE RES UNIT,LINCOLN,NE 68583. OI Kaeppler, Shawn/0000-0002-5964-1668 NR 16 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 697 EP 703 DI 10.1139/g96-088 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA VE250 UT WOS:A1996VE25000011 PM 18469929 ER PT J AU Lee, EA Coe, EH Darrah, LL AF Lee, EA Coe, EH Darrah, LL TI Genetic variation in dosage effects in maize aneuploids SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE quantitative traits; corn; B-A translocations; dosage analysis ID LONG ARM; SERIES AB In maize (Zen mays L.), the consequences of aneuploidy have been well documented, however, genetic variation in the responses to aneuploidy has not been examined. Using simple B-A translocation stocks to generate a dosage series involving segments from 14 chromosome arms, we tested for the presence of genetic variation for dosage responses in maize by examining reciprocal and maternal genotype effects on the dosage responses. Reciprocal effects examined whether there were differences between two distinctly different inbred backgrounds, Mo17Ht and B73Ht, in how they responded to loss or gain of a B73Ht segment in the Mo17Ht x B73Ht (TB) F-1 cross versus a Mo17Ht segment in the B73Ht x Mo17Ht (TB) F-1 cross. Maternal genotype effects questioned whether different inbred backgrounds, Sc41R, T8, and either Mo17Ht or B73Ht (depending on the male), when used as females responded differently to the loss or gain of a chromosome arm segment from the same male (either B73Ht TB or Mol7Ht TB) in an F-1 cross. Numerous examples of reciprocal and maternal genetic effects were identified in this study. Most of the genetic effects were due to differences in magnitude of response rather than direction; however, tassel-branch number involving the 5S chromosome segment in the B73Ht male background and the 7L chromosome segment in the Mo17Ht male background showed a trend toward the maternal genotype effects being due to differences in the direction of the response. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 711 EP 721 DI 10.1139/g96-090 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA VE250 UT WOS:A1996VE25000013 PM 18469931 ER PT J AU Gardiner, JM Coe, EH Chao, S AF Gardiner, JM Coe, EH Chao, S TI Cloning maize telomeres by complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE maize; telomere; RFLP; telomeric ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; 3' TERMINUS; YEAST; DNA; SEQUENCE; REGION; POLYMORPHISM; VARIABILITY; CHROMOSOMES; VECTORS AB Maize teIomeric restriction fragments were cloned by virtue of their ability to function as telomeres on a linear plasmid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nine maize telomeric YAC transformants (MTYs) were selected by hybridization to the Arabidopsis telomere repeat (CCCTAAA) from a pool of 1537 primary transformants. Bal31 digestion of MTY3 and MTY9 DNA indicated that the telomere hybridizing tracts are located at the terminus of the linear chromosome and therefore function as telomeres in yeast. Subclones generated fur pMTY7 (pMTY7SC1) and pMTY9 (pMTY9ER) hybridized to Bal31 sensitive restriction fragments in maize DNA, indicating that maize telomeric restriction fragments had been cloned. Both pMTY7SC and PMTY9ER detected teIomeric RFLPs, allowing the endpoints of seven chromosome arms to be determined. Additionally, pMTY7ER mapped to the centromeric regions of chromosomes 2 and 3, suggesting a relationship between centromeric and telomeric sequences. DNA sequencing of pMTY7SC and pMTY9ER revealed that both subclones contained Ca-rich regions with sporadic occurrences of the telomere repeat and its degenerate repeats. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 43 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 736 EP 748 DI 10.1139/g96-093 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA VE250 UT WOS:A1996VE25000016 PM 8776865 ER PT J AU Ritchie, JC Rango, A AF Ritchie, JC Rango, A TI Remote sensing applications to hydrology: Introduction SO HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES LA English DT Editorial Material RP Ritchie, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 3 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU IAHS PRESS, INST HYDROLOGY PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O SARAH CAGE, WALLINGFORD, ENGLAND OX10 8BB SN 0262-6667 J9 HYDROLOG SCI J JI Hydrol. Sci. J.-J. Sci. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 41 IS 4 BP 429 EP 431 DI 10.1080/02626669609491518 PG 3 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA UZ648 UT WOS:A1996UZ64800001 ER PT J AU Rango, A AF Rango, A TI Spaceborne remote sensing for snow hydrology applications SO HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES LA English DT Article ID WATER EQUIVALENT; MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY; MOUNTAIN BASIN; COVER AB Certain satellite-based remote sensing for snow hydrology applications has been very positive, namely, snow areal extent mapping using visible and near-infrared sensors and snow water equivalent using passive microwave techniques. Although certain problems are yet to be solved, very specific applications have become operational. Data from the NOAA-AVHRR sensor are used to produce snow extent maps for about 4000 basins in North America and the data are distributed electronically by the NWS National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center. At the Canadian Climate Centre, a method has been developed for real time estimation of areal snow water equivalent over the Canadian prairies using microwave brightness temperatures, and the snow water equivalent maps are distributed to operational hydrological forecasters. Current research may also prove fruitful for estimates of snow wetness or active melting, snow albedo and snow grain size. It appears that forthcoming improvements in passive microwave spatial resolution should increase the applicability of the data for snow hydrology. The spectral and spatial resolution of the visible/near-infrared data will also be improved with the launch of EOS/MODIS. Combinations of sensors and integration with other types of data will further improve the suitability of spaceborne data. RP Rango, A (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 47 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU IAHS PRESS, INST HYDROLOGY PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O SARAH CAGE, WALLINGFORD, ENGLAND OX10 8BB SN 0262-6667 J9 HYDROLOG SCI J JI Hydrol. Sci. J.-J. Sci. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 41 IS 4 BP 477 EP 494 DI 10.1080/02626669609491521 PG 18 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA UZ648 UT WOS:A1996UZ64800004 ER PT J AU Kustas, WP Norman, JM AF Kustas, WP Norman, JM TI Use of remote sensing for evapotranspiration monitoring over land surfaces SO HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES LA English DT Review ID THERMAL-INFRARED DATA; SOIL HEAT-FLUX; SPECTRAL VEGETATION INDEX; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SEMIARID RANGELAND BASIN; ENERGY-BALANCE; NET-RADIATION; REGIONAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION; DAILY EVAPORATION AB Monitoring evapotranspiration (ET) at large scales is important for assessing climate and anthropogenic effects on natural and agricultural ecosystems. This paper describes techniques used in evaluating ET with remote sensing, which is the only technology that can efficiently and economically provide regional and global coverage. Some of the empirical/statistical techniques have been used operationally with satellite data for computing daily ET at regional scales. The more complex numerical simulation models require detailed input parameters that may limit their application to regions containing a large database of soils and vegetation properties. Current efforts are being directed towards simplifying the parameter requirements of these models. Essentially all energy balance models rely on an estimate of the available energy (net radiation less soil heat flux). Net radiation is not easily determined from space, although progress is being made. Simplified approaches for estimating soil heat flux appear promising for operational applications. In addition, most ET models utilize remote sensing data in the shortwave and thermal wavelengths to measure key boundary conditions. Differences between the radiometric surface temperature and aerodynamic temperature can be significant and progress in incorporating this effect is evident. Atmospheric effects on optical data are significant, and optical sensors cannot see through clouds. This has led some to use microwave observations as a surrogate for optical data to provide estimates of surface moisture and surface temperature; preliminary results are encouraging. The approaches that appear most promising use surface temperature and vegetation indices or a time rate of change in surface temperature coupled to an atmospheric boundary layer model. For many of these models, differences with ET observations can be as low as 20% from hourly to daily time scales, approaching the level of uncertainty in the measurement of ET and contradicting some recent pessimistic conclusions concerning the utility of remotely sensed radiometric surface temperature for determining the surface energy balance. RP Kustas, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20750, USA. NR 115 TC 282 Z9 307 U1 13 U2 77 PU IAHS PRESS, INST HYDROLOGY PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O SARAH CAGE, WALLINGFORD, ENGLAND OX10 8BB SN 0262-6667 J9 HYDROLOG SCI J JI Hydrol. Sci. J.-J. Sci. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 41 IS 4 BP 495 EP 516 DI 10.1080/02626669609491522 PG 22 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA UZ648 UT WOS:A1996UZ64800005 ER PT J AU Jackson, TJ Schmugge, J Engman, ET AF Jackson, TJ Schmugge, J Engman, ET TI Remote sensing applications to hydrology: Soil moisture SO HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES LA English DT Article ID SURFACE SOIL; MICROWAVE EMISSION AB Passive and active microwave remote sensing instruments are capable of measuring the surface soil moisture (0-5 cm) and can be implemented on high altitude platforms, e.g. spacecraft, for repetitive large area observations. The amount of water present in a soil affects its dielectric properties. The dielectric properties, along with several other physical characteristics, determine the microwave measurement. In addition, the significance of the dielectric properties depends upon the sensor design, especially the wavelength. Instruments operating at longer wavelengths (>5 cm) have fewer problems with the atmosphere and vegetation, sense a deeper soil layer and maximize soil moisture sensitivity. Another instrument concern is whether to use an active or passive microwave approach. Active approaches, especially synthetic aperture radar, can provide extremely good ground resolution from space (<100 m). Passive methods currently provide much coarser resolution data (>10 km). The existing data interpretation algorithms for passive data are well tested for bare soil and vegetation and can be applied to a wide range of conditions. At the present time, the active microwave algorithms have not been widely verified. There has been a significant amount of recent research using both active and passive methods as a result of the availability of new sensor systems. With these new instruments have also come greater efforts to integrate the observations in large scale multidisciplinary investigations. A greater emphasis on the spatial distribution and temporal behaviour of soil moisture has produced some very interesting and valuable data sets that demonstrate the potential of a dedicated observing system for scientific and operational studies. RP Jackson, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 28 TC 115 Z9 130 U1 1 U2 26 PU IAHS PRESS, INST HYDROLOGY PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O SARAH CAGE, WALLINGFORD, ENGLAND OX10 8BB SN 0262-6667 J9 HYDROLOG SCI J JI Hydrol. Sci. J.-J. Sci. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 41 IS 4 BP 517 EP 530 DI 10.1080/02626669609491523 PG 14 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA UZ648 UT WOS:A1996UZ64800006 ER PT J AU Ritchie, JC AF Ritchie, JC TI Remote sensing applications to hydrology: Airborne laser altimeters SO HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-TOPOGRAPHY; CANOPY COVER; ICE-SHEET; ROUGHNESS; SYSTEM; FLUORESCENCE; VEGETATION; ACCURACY; HEIGHT; LIDAR AB Shortly after the development of the first laser instrument in 1960, studies began on using laser distancing technology from airborne platforms to measure surface features on the landscape. Airborne laser altimeter studies in the 1960s and 1970s were used to measure terrain features and sea ice roughness. Research in the 1980s and 1990s has shown that airborne laser measurements can be used to measure directly topography, stream channel cross sections, gully cross sections, soil surface roughness, and vegetation canopy height, cover and distribution. These laser measurements can be used to estimate forest biomass and volume, aerodynamic roughness and leaf area indices. Airborne laser altimeters provide quick and accurate measurements for evaluating changes in land surface features and can be an additional tool in the arsenal of remote sensing equipment used to understand watershed properties and to develop plans to manage water resources. RP Ritchie, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 60 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 9 PU IAHS PRESS, INST HYDROLOGY PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O SARAH CAGE, WALLINGFORD, ENGLAND OX10 8BB SN 0262-6667 J9 HYDROLOG SCI J JI Hydrol. Sci. J.-J. Sci. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 41 IS 4 BP 625 EP 636 DI 10.1080/02626669609491529 PG 12 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA UZ648 UT WOS:A1996UZ64800012 ER PT J AU Zhu, DP Conners, RW Schmoldt, DL Araman, PA AF Zhu, DP Conners, RW Schmoldt, DL Araman, PA TI A prototype vision system for analyzing CT imagery of hardwood logs SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN AND CYBERNETICS PART B-CYBERNETICS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-DEFECTS; TOMOGRAPHY; WOOD AB To fully optimize the value of material produced from a hardwood log requires information about type and location of internal defects in the log, This paper describes a prototype vision system that automatically locates and identifies certain classes of defects in hardwood logs, This system uses computer tomograph (CT) imagery, The system uses a number of processing steps, First, an adaptive filter smoothes each 2-Dimensional CT image to eliminate annual ring structure while preserving other image details, Second, a multi-threshold 2-D segmentation scheme is used to separate potential defect areas from areas of clear wood on each CT image. This differentiation is based on density variations and the fact that most of the log is clear wood, Third, by generalizing 8-neighbor connectivity to 3-dimensions, sequences of consecutive, segmented 2-D slices are then analyzed to find connected 3-D regions, Because of the natural variability of wood and the variety of ways defects manifest themselves in logs, there is considerable imprecision and ambiguity in assigning labels to these 3-D regions, One consequence of this variability is that exact 3-D geometric models seemingly cannot be used In the recognition process, Therefore, a set of basic features are defined to capture basic 3-D characteristics of wood defects, For 3-D object (defect) recognition, a set of hypothesis tests are employed that use this set of features, To further help cope with the above mentioned variability, the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidential reasoning is used to classify defect objects. Results of preliminary experiments employing two very different types of hardwood logs are given, The logs used are southern red oak, a group of ring porous species, and yellow poplar, a diffuse porous species, These two log types represent the two extremes in hardwood anatomy, Initial experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed vision system. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,BRADLEY DEPT ELECT ENGN,SPATIAL DATA ANAL LAB,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,USDA FOREST SERV,SE FOREST EXPT STN,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. NR 44 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 SN 1083-4419 J9 IEEE T SYST MAN CY B JI IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B-Cybern. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 26 IS 4 BP 522 EP 532 DI 10.1109/3477.517028 PG 11 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA UY967 UT WOS:A1996UY96700002 PM 18263051 ER PT J AU McIntosh, AH Grasela, JJ Matteri, RL AF McIntosh, AH Grasela, JJ Matteri, RL TI Identification of insect cell lines by DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insect cell lines; PCR; DNA; fingerprint; amplification ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA; REPLICATION; HELIOTHIS; ELECTROPHORESIS; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE AB Fingerprint profiles were generated from twenty insect cell lines spanning the Orders, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Homoptera employing DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) with arbitrarily selected primers. The fingerprint pattern is a stable characteristic of the cell line because high and low passages generated the same profile. In addition, insect hosts and homologous cell lines generated similar profiles, All cell lines could be distinguished from each other with the following exceptions: Plutella xylostella (BClRL-PX2-HNU3) and Mamestra brassicae (IZD-MB-0503) produced identical patterns to Trichoplusia ni (TN-CL1). Also Spodoptera exigua (UCR-SE-1C) produced the same profile as Spodoptera frugiperda (SF9) and the parent cell line IPLB-SF21. All these cases of identical patterns are believed to be due to cross contamination or mislabelling of cultures, DAF will serve as an additional, valuable and reliable technique for the identification of insect cell lines. C1 USDA ARS, BIOL CONTROL INSECTS RES LAB, COLUMBIA, MO 65203 USA. UNIV MISSOURI, CTR ANIM SCI, COLUMBIA, MO USA. NR 41 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 5 IS 3 BP 187 EP 195 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2583.1996.tb00053.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA UT391 UT WOS:A1996UT39100005 PM 8799737 ER PT J AU Yu, XC Atalla, RH AF Yu, XC Atalla, RH TI Production of cellulose II by Acetobacter xylinum in the presence of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article DE Acetobacter xylinum; 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile; cellulose II ID HERBICIDE 2,6-DICHLOROBENZONITRILE; COTTON FIBERS; TOMATO CELLS; GROWTH; WALLS AB This report provides X-ray diffraction and Raman spectral evidence that, when 2,6-dichlorobezonitrile is present in the culture medium, Acetobacter xylinum, which is a model system for investigation of the biosynthesis of native cellulose, produces cellulose II, as well as cellulose I. The significance of the observations with respect to the mechanism of biosynthesis of cellulose is discussed briefly. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT CHEM ENGN,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Yu, XC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 10 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0141-8130 J9 INT J BIOL MACROMOL JI Int. J. Biol. Macromol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 19 IS 2 BP 145 EP 146 DI 10.1016/0141-8130(96)01109-9 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Polymer Science SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Polymer Science GA VA536 UT WOS:A1996VA53600009 PM 8842778 ER PT J AU Babic, I Roy, S Watada, AE Wergin, WP AF Babic, I Roy, S Watada, AE Wergin, WP TI Changes in microbial populations on fresh cut spinach SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE spinach; microorganisms; low temperature scanning electron microscopy ID YEAST FLORA; VEGETABLES; SPOILAGE; PSEUDOMONAS; MICROFLORA; CARROTS; BROCCOLI; BACTERIA; LISTERIA; FRUITS AB The microbial populations found on fresh-cut spinach leaves that were stored in gas permeable bags at 10 degrees C for 12 days were examined and identified. The microorganisms consisted of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, Pseudomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. Populations of mesophiles, psychrotrophs, Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae increased sharply during the storage period. The initial populations were 10(7), 10(6), 10(6) and 10(4) CFU . g(-1) respectively. Populations reached 10(10) for the mesophiles, psychrotrophs and Pseudomonadaceae and 10(7) CFU . g(-1) for Enterobacteriaceae after 12 days of storage. Micrococcaceae, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts remained constant (10(3)-10(4) CFU . g(-1)). The majority of the bacterial isolates were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aeromonas caviae and Staphylococcus xylosus. The yeasts, which were most frequently isolated, were classified in the genus Cryptococcus. No pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella were detected. Observations with low temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) indicated that the microoganisms were not present on the surface of healthy unbroken leaves. Alternatively, they were found in areas where the cuticle was broken and could be seen infecting the internal palisade parenchyma. C1 AGR RES SERV, USDA, HORT CROPS QUAL LAB, BARC W, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. AGR RES SERV, USDA, ELECTRON MICROSCOPE LAB, BARC W, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 31 IS 1-3 BP 107 EP 119 DI 10.1016/0168-1605(96)00969-5 PG 13 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA VG479 UT WOS:A1996VG47900008 PM 8880301 ER PT J AU Whiting, RC Sackitey, S Calderone, S Merely, K Phillips, JG AF Whiting, RC Sackitey, S Calderone, S Merely, K Phillips, JG TI Model for the survival of Staphylococcus aureus in nongrowth environments SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE temperature; pH; salt; NaCl; lactic acid; nitrite; inactivation; foodborne pathogens ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; INACTIVATION; SAUSAGE; MEAT; ENTEROTOXIN; CHEESE; GROWTH; PH AB A model was developed to estimate the survival times of Staphylococcus aureus in nongrowth environments. A four strain mixture of S. aureus was inoculated into BHI broth that had a lactate buffer with various combinations of pH (3-7) and lactate (0-1%), NaCl (0.5-20%) and NaNO2 (0-200 ppm) and stored at different temperatures (4-42 degrees C). At appropriate times the survivors were enumerated by sampling and spreading on TSA plates. The survival curves were modeled with two forms of a logistic equation and the D values were determined. Polynomial regression equations were then calculated to predict the effect of the environmental factors on the D values. Survival times were increased with higher pH values, lower temperatures, and lower nitrite and lactate concentrations. Added salt increased survival times until the salt concentrations exceeded that of most foods. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,N ATLANTIC AREA,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. RP Whiting, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 22 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 31 IS 1-3 BP 231 EP 243 DI 10.1016/0168-1605(96)01002-1 PG 13 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA VG479 UT WOS:A1996VG47900018 PM 8880311 ER PT J AU Neucere, JN AF Neucere, JN TI Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus growth by silk extracts of resistant and susceptible corn SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aflatoxins; antifungal; enzyme inhibitors; hydrolases ID BETA-1,3-GLUCANASE; VARIETIES; PROTEINS RP Neucere, JN (reprint author), ARS,SO REG RES CTR,USDA,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 44 IS 8 BP 1982 EP 1983 DI 10.1021/jf950609x PG 2 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VC709 UT WOS:A1996VC70900003 ER PT J AU Moreau, RA Powell, MJ Hicks, KB AF Moreau, RA Powell, MJ Hicks, KB TI Extraction and quantitative analysis of oil from commercial corn fiber SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE corn fiber; ferulate esters; ferulate-phytosterol esters; corn; Zea mays ID RICE BRAN OIL; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CHOLESTEROL; IDENTIFICATION; ESTERS AB Extraction of commercial corn fiber with hexane or supercritical CO2 yielded an oil that comprised from 0.54 to 3.68 wt % of the fiber. An HPLC method with sensitive evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD) was developed to analyze the lipid classes in corn fiber oil. Triacylglycerols were the most abundant lipid class, but the oil also contained sterol esters, free fatty acids, phytosterols, and very low levels of tocopherols. All fiber samples contained ferulate esters, similar in structure to ''oryzanol'', a cholesterol-lowering substance found in rice bran and rice bran oil. Much more oil (up to 10-fold) and more ferulate esters (up to 2-fold) could be obtained from the fiber by grinding it before hexane extraction. The finer the fiber was ground, the more oil and ferulate esters were removed. Essentially all of the extractable oil and all of the ferulate esters were removed by extraction with hexane for 1 h at 25 degrees C. RP Moreau, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 12 TC 132 Z9 135 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 44 IS 8 BP 2149 EP 2154 DI 10.1021/jf950743h PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VC709 UT WOS:A1996VC70900035 ER PT J AU Abbott, TP Nabetani, H Sessa, DJ Wolf, WJ Liebman, MN Dukor, RK AF Abbott, TP Nabetani, H Sessa, DJ Wolf, WJ Liebman, MN Dukor, RK TI Effects of bound water on FTIR spectra of glycinin SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE soy protein; glycinin; bound water; FTIR; infrared; secondary structure ID IR-SPECTRA; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; PROTEINS; SPECTROSCOPY; GLOBULIN; SUBTRACTION; RATIO AB Soy protein is a major food component; but the secondary structure of its major proteins is not well established, especially after heat treatment in the presence of moisture. To study secondary structure changes that take place in glycinin upon hydration using infrared spectroscopy, the effect of bound water must be removed from the protein spectra. This study examined the effects of added water on glycinin infrared spectra. Samples hydrated from 2.6 to 95% water, but not heated, showed significant broadening in the amide I region and changes in the amide I to amide II maximum absorbance ratio as water content increased. A spectral ratio method to derive coefficients for multiplying and subtracting spectra was used to obtain the bound water component spectrum and protein component spectra. The spectrum of dry glycinin could then be regenerated by subtracting the bound water component from glycinin that had added water. Curve-fitting of deconvoluted spectra gave the same secondary structure at all levels of added water after bound water had been subtracted from the spectra (30% beta, 24% helical, 35% turns, and 11% unordered). Spectra of glycinin in aqueous buffer were also determined. Side-chain contributions were removed, and the resulting secondary structure was found to be 33% beta, 25% helical, 31% turns, and 12% unordered. This compares to 32% beta, 21% helical, 34% turns, and 14% unordered before side-chain contributions were subtracted. The data indicate that glycinin has the same structure in solution and in hydrated solids. C1 NATL FOOD RES INST,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. VYSIS INC,DOWNERS GROVE,IL 60515. RP Abbott, TP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 18 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 44 IS 8 BP 2220 EP 2224 DI 10.1021/jf950340h PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VC709 UT WOS:A1996VC70900045 ER PT J AU Kays, SE Windham, WR Barton, FE AF Kays, SE Windham, WR Barton, FE TI Prediction of total dietary fiber in cereal products using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dietary fiber; near-infrared spectroscopy; nutrition labeling ID FORAGES; FOODS; ACID AB The Nutritional Labeling and Education Act of 1990 has increased the need for more rapid, efficient, and nonpolluting techniques of analyzing the nutrients in foods, particularly dietary fiber. The use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIPS) for the prediction of total dietary fiber content of cereal products was investigated in this study. Cereal and grain products, including breakfast cereals, flours, brans, crackers, and samples containing commercial oat and wheat fibers, were selected for analysis. Products (n = 91) were dry milled, and total dietary fiber was measured by the AOAC (991.43) enzymatic-gravimetric method. Total dietary fiber values ranged from <1 to 52% of dry weight. Milled cereal products (n = 91) were scanned from 1100 to 2498 nm with a NIRSystems 6500 monochromator. Using ISI software for scanning and data analysis, a dietary fiber calibration was obtained with partial least squares as the regression method. The standard error of cross validation and multiple coefficient of determination were 1.58% and 0.99, respectively. For equation validation, an independent-group of cereal products (n = 31) was dry milled, and total dietary fiber was determined. The samples were scanned, and total dietary fiber was predicted by NIPS. Samples were predicted with a standard error of performance of 1.51%, coefficient of determination of 0.99, bias of -0.38, and slope of 1.06. This study shows that NIRS can be used to rapidly and accurately predict total dietary fiber content in a wide range of cereal products. RP Kays, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 21 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 44 IS 8 BP 2266 EP 2271 DI 10.1021/jf960053t PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VC709 UT WOS:A1996VC70900053 ER PT J AU Dao, L Friedman, M AF Dao, L Friedman, M TI Comparison of glycoalkaloid content of fresh and freeze-dried potato leaves determined by HPLC and colorimetry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE glycoalkaloids; alpha-chaconine; alpha-solanine; potato leaves; biosynthesis; high-performance liquid chromatography; colorimetry; transgenic plants; pathogen resistance ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; PULSED AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION; ALPHA-CHACONINE; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; CARBOHYDRATE GROUPS; PRODUCTS; ACID; HYDROLYSIS; ALKALOIDS AB As part of a program to control the biosynthesis of Solanum glycoalkaloids in potatoes, we used an HPLC assay to measure the specific alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine content of greenhouse-grown potato leaves at different stages of maturity. Comparative studies were done with the bromophenol blue titration assay for total glycoalkaloids. We found that foliar glycoalkaloids can be extracted with 5% aqueous acetic acid, that analysis of glycoalkaloids with freeze-dried leaf powders was more reproducible than with fresh leaves, and that the bromophenol colorimetric method gave higher values than HPLC. As little as one leaf from a growing plantlet can be analyzed with the HPLC assay. Large variations in both alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine contents of fresh leaves suggest that potato foliar glycoalkaloids should be determined by HPLC from freeze-dried rather than fresh leaves. C1 USDA ARS, WESTERN REG RES CTR, ALBANY, CA 94710 USA. NR 45 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 44 IS 8 BP 2287 EP 2291 DI 10.1021/jf9502820 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VC709 UT WOS:A1996VC70900057 ER PT J AU Norton, RA Dowd, PF AF Norton, RA Dowd, PF TI Effect of steryl cinnamic acid derivatives from corn bran on Aspergillus flavus, corn earworm larvae, and driedfruit beetle larvae and adults SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus flavus; aflatoxin; steryl ferulates; driedfruit beetle; corn earworm; corn bran; triglycerides ID CUTICULAR LIPIDS; FALL ARMYWORM; AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION; MAIZE; RESISTANCE; KERNELS; GENOTYPES; ESTERS; WHEAT; RICE AB Steryl esters of ferulic and p-coumaric acids were tested for their effect on corn fungal pathogens and insects. The steryl ester fraction from corn bran had no effect on corn earworm larvae or driedfruit beetle adults, but driedfruit beetle larvae showed a significant increase in weight and the triglyceride fi action was active. Bioassays of pure ferulate esters and the ester fraction from both corn and rice showed no appreciable effect at 100 ppm on spore germination or germ tube growth of Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium moniliforme, or Diplodia maydis. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was inhibited 75-90% by the total steryl ester fraction from corn and approximately 50% by the ester fraction from rice bran oil. Stigmastanyl and campestanyl ferulate showed little or no inhibition. The steryl ester fraction increased aflatoxin B-1 level in A. flavus NRRL 6536 significantly at 0.33 and 1.0 mg/mL. However, the esters had no effect on A. flavus NRRL 3357. The steryl ferulate and p-coumarate ester fraction from corn was not inhibitory to the corn pathogens tested, but it may increase the level of aflatoxin formation in corn infected by some strains of A. flavus. RP Norton, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 44 IS 8 BP 2412 EP 2416 DI 10.1021/jf950819+ PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VC709 UT WOS:A1996VC70900079 ER PT J AU Stanker, LH Muldoon, MT Buckley, SA Braswell, C KampsHoltzapple, C Beier, RC AF Stanker, LH Muldoon, MT Buckley, SA Braswell, C KampsHoltzapple, C Beier, RC TI Development of a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay to detect furosemide in cow's milk SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE furosemide; immunoassay; residue detection; milk ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; QUANTITATIVE-DETERMINATION; PLASMA AB Furosemide is a potent diuretic drug used in both human and veterinary medicine. High-performance liquid chromatographic methods (HPLC) were developed to detect furosemide in blood and urine samples. Recently, immunoassay kits have appeared to measure furosemide; these were developed for the race horse industry where furosemide is used to treat epistaxis. In dairy cattle, furosemide is used for treatment of physiological parturient edema and there is a 48-h withdrawal period before milk from treated animals can be used. We report here the development of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting furosemide in milk. In addition, we report on the development of an HPLC method for detection of furosemide in milk that is an adaptation of published methods for its detection in serum and blood. Unlike the HPLC method, no sample preparation is necessary for the ELISA. Raw milk is added directly into the assay, or if needed, it is diluted with assay buffer. The immunoassay had a lower limit of quantification of 2 ppb and a lower limit of detection of approximately 0.5 ppb. Good correlations were observed between the HPLC and ELISA methods when samples with both incurred and spiked furosemide residues were analyzed. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DAIRY CATTLE SCI CTR,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP Stanker, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,ROUTE 5,2881 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 44 IS 8 BP 2455 EP 2459 DI 10.1021/jf9503624 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VC709 UT WOS:A1996VC70900086 ER PT J AU Lamberson, WR Sterle, JA Matteri, RL AF Lamberson, WR Sterle, JA Matteri, RL TI Relationships of serum insulin-like growth factor II concentrations to growth, compositional, and reproductive traits of swine SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; IGF-I; IGF-II; growth; composition; reproduction ID BINDING-PROTEINS; BARROWS; FETAL; MICE AB Insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and -II) are peptide hormones involved in metabolic regulation of growth. The objective of this study was to determine whether IGF-II concentration was predictive of growth, compositional, and reproductive traits of pigs. Forty male and sixty female pigs, divided equally between two locations, were weighed at 3-wk intervals from birth to 21 wk and bled at 9 and 21 wk of age. At each sampling, two blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture at an interval of at least 1 h. Serum was separated and IGF-I, IGF-II, and growth hormone (GH) concentrations were determined via RIA. Traits measured included age at puberty and first parity litter size for gilts and backfat and longissimus muscle area. Blood was collected from a random sample of 52 progeny from 13 litters at 9 wk of age and serum was assayed for IGF-II concentrations. Effects of age, sex, location, and pig within sex x location on square-root transformed IGF-II concentrations were determined by analyzing data as a split-plot. Performance traits were fitted to a model including the effects of IGF-II concentration and combinations with IGF-I concentration, sex, location, and interactions. Concentrations of IGF-II were greater at 9 than at 21 wk of age (226.7 vs 159.3 ng/mL, respectively; P < .001) but did not differ between sexes. The correlation between serum IGF-II concentrations assayed from samples collected at 9 and 21 wk was .08. The partial correlations between IGF-I and IGF-II concentrations were .33 and .14 at 9 and 21 wk, respectively. The heritability of IGF-II concentration estimated from offspring-midparent regression was .08 +/- .20. Nine-week IGF-II concentration was positively associated with increased weight from weaning to 12 wk (P < .001). However, the sum of 9-wk IGF-I and IGF-II concentrations had a greater relationship to weight and gain in the growing phase than the concentration of either hormone alone. Concentration of IGF-II at 9 or 21 wk alone did not affect backfat thickness, longissimus muscle area, percentage lean, days to 100 kg, weight at 21 wk, age at puberty, or litter size. The sum of IGF-I and IGF-II concentrations was, however, associated with increased backfat and decreased days to 100 kg. C1 ARS,ANIM PHYSIOL UNIT,USDA,COLUMBIA,MO. RP Lamberson, WR (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 74 IS 8 BP 1753 EP 1756 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VC616 UT WOS:A1996VC61600002 PM 8856427 ER PT J AU Moody, DE Pomp, D Newman, S MacNeil, MD AF Moody, DE Pomp, D Newman, S MacNeil, MD TI Characterization of DNA polymorphisms in three populations of hereford cattle and their associations with growth and maternal EPD in line 1 Herefords SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE DNA; polymorphism; gene frequency; Hereford; EPD; markers ID MILK PROTEIN POLYMORPHISMS; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; DAIRY-CATTLE; KAPPA-CASEIN; BOVINE; IDENTIFICATION; CHROMOSOME; HORMONE; AMPLIFICATION AB Three populations of Hereford cattle differing in inbreeding levels and genetic potential for growth were genotyped for seven DNA polymorphisms. The populations were compared to determine differences in allele frequency and genetic variation. Significant differences in allele frequency among the populations were found at six of the seven polymorphisms genotyped, and average genetic variation differed as expected when inbreeding levels were considered. Effects of several polymorphisms on growth and maternal EPD were evaluated for one population (Miles City Line 1 Herefords) using regression analysis. Substitution of a B allele for an A allele of the kappa-casein polymorphism accounted for significant decreases in direct birth weight and maternal 180-d gain from birth to weaning EPD, explaining 15% and 8%, respectively, of EPD variability. Several other significant effects accounting for small portions of EPD variability were also detected. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,STILLWATER,OK 74078. USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,MILES CITY,MT 59301. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 44 TC 54 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 74 IS 8 BP 1784 EP 1793 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VC616 UT WOS:A1996VC61600007 PM 8856432 ER PT J AU MacNeil, MD Snelling, WM AF MacNeil, MD Snelling, WM TI Systematic error in genetic evaluation of miles city line 1 Hereford cattle resulting from preadjustment for age of dam SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic improvement; beef cattle; maternal effects; best linear unbiased estimation; errors ID HETEROSIS; SELECTION; WEIGHT; GROWTH; ANGUS AB Differences in preweaning growth of calves nursing 2- and 3-yr-old dams compared with contemporaries nursing older dams are accentuated in the Miles City Line 1 Hereford herd relative to age-of-dam (AOD) effects implied by preadjustment of 205-d weight in national cattle evaluation. Mixed-model analyses of 205-d weight that fit random individual direct effects and maternal genetic and permanent environmental effects on 4,998 calves were conducted to 1) determine the magnitude of residual AOD effects after preadjustment (PA) using industry-standard procedures and 2) compare changes in genetic predictions resulting from either PA or simultaneous adjustment (SA) for AOD. Expressed as differences from the 5- to 10-yr-old age effect, simultaneously estimated AOD effects were 45 +/- 1, 19 +/- 1, 6 +/- 1, and 19 +/- 3 kg for 2, 3, 4, and 11+ AOD classes, respectively. Comparable estimates of residual AOD effects after PA were 20 +/- 1, 6 +/- 1, 1 +/- 1, and 14 +/- 3 kg. Rank correlations of direct (BVd) and maternal (BVm) breeding values (BV) for 205-d weight from the analysis using PA with BV predicted using SA for AOD were .98 and .77, respectively. Estimated genetic trends were also affected by the method of accounting for AOD effects. One hundred fifty replicate simulations of 205-d weights with pedigree, fixed effect, and variance-covariance structures corresponding to the experimental population were used to establish correlations (r) of predicted BV with underlying true values. The r of predicted BVd with true values were reduced less than .02 by PA compared to SA in accounting for AOD. However, r of predicted BVm with true values were reduced more than .13 by PA compared to SA in accounting for AOD. These data indicate potential for systematic error in genetic evaluations that apply standard adjustments for AOD to 205-d weight. RP MacNeil, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,MILES CITY,MT 59301, USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 74 IS 8 BP 1794 EP 1800 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VC616 UT WOS:A1996VC61600008 PM 8856433 ER PT J AU VanVleck, LD Gregory, KE Bennett, GL AF VanVleck, LD Gregory, KE Bennett, GL TI Direct and maternal genetic covariances by age of dam for weaning weight SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; heritability; genetic correlation; growth ID GROWTH TRAITS; BEEF-CATTLE AB Weaning weights of calves of dams at ages in years of 2, 3, and older were modeled to be three separate traits. Fixed effects were sex of calf-year of birth combinations for nine pure breeds and sex of calf-year of birth-generation for three composite populations. Random effects fitted for each trait were correlated direct and maternal genetic, maternal permanent environmental, and temporary environmental. Direct and maternal effects were correlated across traits. A multiple-trait, derivative-free REML algorithm was used to estimate the 30 (co)variance components. Number of animals per breed group ranged from 1,244 to 4,326. For the three traits for pure breeds, average proportions of phenotypic variance were .34, .31, and .27 for direct genetic; .16, .15, and .12 for maternal genetic; and .18, .20, and .17 for maternal environmental effects. Average correlations among the three traits were .84 for direct genetic, .78 for maternal genetic, and .71 for maternal environmental effects. Average of direct-maternal genetic correlations for pure breeds was .05. For the composite breeds, average proportions of phenotypic variances were .44, .46, and .36 for direct genetic; .06, .06, and .05 for maternal genetic; and .16, .14, and .14 for maternal environmental effects. Average correlations among the three traits were .93 for direct genetic, .76 for maternal genetic, and .85 for maternal environmental effects. Average direct-maternal genetic correlation was .09 for composites. No evidence was found for greater direct-maternal genetic correlation for earlier than for later ages of dam. Sign and magnitudes of direct-maternal genetic correlations seemed to differ among pure breeds and were reflected in composites from those parent breeds. C1 ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,USDA,LINCOLN,NE 68583. USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. NR 7 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 74 IS 8 BP 1801 EP 1805 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VC616 UT WOS:A1996VC61600009 PM 8856434 ER PT J AU Eisemann, JH Huntington, GB Catherman, DR AF Eisemann, JH Huntington, GB Catherman, DR TI Patterns of nutrient interchange and oxygen use among portal-drained viscera, liver and hindquarters of beef steers from 235 to 525 kg body weight SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bovine; growth; metabolism ID GROWTH; CATTLE; FLUX; HEIFERS; TISSUES; PROTEIN AB Our objective was to quantify changes in supply and use of nutrients and O-2 by large-frame, multicatheterized beef steers as they grew from 235 to 525 kg BW. Steers consumed 5.25 to 9.87 kg DM/d of a 62% concentrate diet that provided 126 to 217 g N/d and 1 kg ADG. Steers were assigned to three groups (eight, nine, and eight steers each) that divided the BW range into thirds. Weights at first sampling for the three groups were 236, 319, and 445 kg, respectively. Each group was sampled twice. Groups were killed after the second sampling. Tissue weights and hindquarters (HQ) contents of fat, protein, and ash were measured. Blood flow, oxygen uptake, and net uptake or release of metabolites were regressed against functions of BW.75 to assess changes during growth. Blood flow in all tissues except liver and oxygen use by all tissues decreased per unit tissue weight as BW.75 and age increased. Changes with age per unit liver weight were as follows: decreased uptake of propionate and lactate, increased uptake of alpha-amino N and glutamine, decreased production of urea and glutamate, and increased production of acetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Glucose and urea production per unit liver weight was constant. Changes with age per unit HQ weight were as follows: increased uptake of glucose, decreased uptake of alpha-amino N and glutamate, decreased release of lactate, and increased release of glutamine. Weight of the portal-drained viscera (PDV) increased from 91 to 97 g/kg EBW as BW increased from 236 to 522 kg; PDV fat increased from 375 to 552 g/kg PDV tissues. Liver decreased from 16 to 12 g/kg EBW. Hindquarters decreased from 286 to 266 g/kg EBW; HQ protein was 200, 197, and 200 g/kg HQ tissue for Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Corresponding fat was 131, 182, and 177 g/kg HQ tissue. Changes in net flux reflect changes in nutrient partitioning and tissue deposition as steers grew and aged. C1 ARS,USDA,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. ARS,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 27 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 74 IS 8 BP 1812 EP 1831 PG 20 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VC616 UT WOS:A1996VC61600011 PM 8856436 ER PT J AU Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M Shackelford, SD AF Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M Shackelford, SD TI Effect of vitamin C concentration and co-injection with calcium chloride on beef retail display color SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; calcium chloride; color; injection; vitamin C ID WARMED-OVER FLAVOR; QUALITY TRAITS; ASCORBIC-ACID; POSTMORTEM INJECTION; LIPID STABILITY; IMPROVEMENT; DIETARY; STEAKS; SUPPLEMENTATION; TENDERNESS AB The objectives of these experiments were to determine 1) the most effective vitamin C concentration to stabilize color of beef cuts during retail display and 2) the effect on color of incorporating vitamin C into a calcium chloride (CaCl2) injection solution. Top round cuts (semimembranosus and adductor) were injected with 5% by weight of a 0, .25, .5, 1, 2, or 4% sodium ascorbate solution (Exp. 1) or a 0, .5, 1, or 1.5% sodium ascorbate solution (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, vitamin C resulted in more (P < .05) stable lean color during 9 degrees C display, and .5, 1, and 2% vitamin C were most (P < .05) effective. In Exp. 2, all concentrations of vitamin C maintained redder (P < .05) steaks after 3, 5, and 7 d of display than control steaks and had a lower (P < .05) percentage of surface discoloration after 5 and 7 d of display at 1 degrees C. Experiment 3 used beef bottom round cuts (biceps femoris) to compare control, vitamin C- (1%), CaCl2-(200 mM) and vitamin C + CaCl2-treated steaks displayed at 1 degrees C. Calcium chloride-treated steaks were more (P < .05) brown and had a higher (P < .05) percentage of surface discoloration an d 5 and 7 than control steaks, whereas steaks treated with vitamin C or vitamin C + CaCl2 were more (P < .05) red and had lower (P < .05) discoloration on d 5 and 7 than control steaks. Vitamin C can be injected into beef subprimals to enhance lean color stability and extend retail display life. Vitamin C also can be used in combination with CaCl2 to offset potential color deterioration, after 5 d of display, due to salt-induced oxidation. RP Wheeler, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 24 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 74 IS 8 BP 1846 EP 1853 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VC616 UT WOS:A1996VC61600014 PM 8856439 ER PT J AU Wishmeyer, DL Snowder, GD Clark, DH Cockett, NE AF Wishmeyer, DL Snowder, GD Clark, DH Cockett, NE TI Prediction of live lamb chemical composition utilizing electromagnetic scanning (ToBEC(TM))(1) SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE lambs; body composition; electromagnetic scanning ID BODY ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; FAT-FREE MASS; BIOELECTRICAL-IMPEDANCE; NONDESTRUCTIVE METHOD; CARCASS EVALUATION; WATER; SWINE; VALIDATION; TOBEC; BIRDS AB Electromagnetic scanning was investigated to determine its accuracy in predicting chemical composition in live lambs. Forty-seven Rambouillet wether lambs were scanned with an electromagnetic instrument (ToBEC(TM) Model HA-2). Lambs were serially scanned and slaughtered over the weight range of 29.5 to 63.5 kg. Each lamb was scanned twice: before and immediately after 24 h of food deprivation. Chemical composition was determined from whole-animal ground samples by AOAC methods for percentage of DM, CP, ether extract (EE), and Ash. Percentage of fat-free mass (FFM) was calculated from the percentage of moisture and CP. Correlation and stepwise regression procedures were used to identify the most reliable independent variables for predicting chemical composition. Independent variables included electromagnetic scan data and live animal measures for weight, body length, and chest girth circumference. Electromagnetic data included the average scan response curve (PHO) and Fourier transformations (P1T, P1R, P2T, and P2R). Repeatability of the HA-2 model was extremely high (r = .98). Reliable prediction equations were obtained for DM, CP, EE, and FFM (R(2) > .66). The percentage of ash could not be predicted from the independent variables. Electromagnetic scan responses contributed little to the model sum of squares. Body weight accounted for the majority of the model sum of squares. Depriving lambs of food for 24 h slightly improved the R(2) value and significantly decreased scan responses (P < .01). Body weight was a better predictor of chemical composition over a large weight range than any of the scan responses. Further investigation of the HA-2 is needed to determine whether it is effective in determining differences in live body composition between animals of equal weight. C1 ARS,US SHEEP EXPT STN,USDA,DUBOIS,ID 83423. UTAH STATE UNIV,LOGAN,UT 84322. ARS,USDA,LOGAN,UT 84322. NR 36 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 74 IS 8 BP 1864 EP 1872 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VC616 UT WOS:A1996VC61600016 PM 8856441 ER PT J AU Mariscal, DV Wolfe, PL Bergfeld, EG Cupp, AS Kojima, FN Fike, KE Sanchez, T Wehrman, ME Johnson, RK Kittok, RJ Ford, JJ Kinder, JE AF Mariscal, DV Wolfe, PL Bergfeld, EG Cupp, AS Kojima, FN Fike, KE Sanchez, T Wehrman, ME Johnson, RK Kittok, RJ Ford, JJ Kinder, JE TI Comparison of circulating concentrations of reproductive hormones in boars of lines selected for size of testes or number of ovulations and embryonal survival to concentrations in respective control lines SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE follicle-stimulating hormone; luteinizing hormone; testosterone; estrogen; ovulation; boars ID FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; LITTER SIZE; PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT; CORRELATED RESPONSE; POSTPUBERTAL BOARS; TESTICULAR SIZE; MALE PIGS; SWINE; ESTRADIOL AB The objectives of this study were to determine whether circulating concentrations of gonadotropins and gonadal hormones of boars were altered as a result of selection of pigs for size of testes or for embryonal survival and(or) number of ovulations. Included in Exp. 1 and 2 were boars with the greatest estimated paired weight of testes (TS) and boars from a control (C) line. Concentrations of FSH were similar(P >.10) in boars from the TS and C lines. In Exp. 3, 4, and 5, circulating concentrations of FSH and 17 beta-estradiol (E(2)) were evaluated in neonates, during pubertal development, and in mature boars of lines selected for an index of number of ovulations and embryonal survival (I), and data were compared to those for boars from a respective C line. Concentrations of E(2) were not different in boars from the I line and those from the C line during the early neonatal period but were greater (P <.05) in boars of the C line than in those from the I line during pubertal development. Concentrations of FSH were greater(P <.05) in mature boars from the I line than in those from the C line. In summary, selection for size of testes did not influence circulating concentrations of FSH in mature boars. The secretory pattern of E(2) in boars before puberty changed as a result of selection for embryonal survival and number of ovulations in females of the I line, and the different patterns of circulating E(2) early in life may result in enhanced circulating concentrations of FSH in adult boars of the I line compared with boars of the C line. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ANIM SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68533. USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. NR 43 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 74 IS 8 BP 1905 EP 1914 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VC616 UT WOS:A1996VC61600020 PM 8856445 ER PT J AU Pekas, JC AF Pekas, JC TI Immunogenicity of cholecystokinin octapeptide-conjugated antigens in pigs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE gastrointestinal hormones; neuropeptides; antigenic determinants ID ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; BEEF HEIFERS; FOOD-INTAKE; GROWTH; RATS; LH AB An improved antigen is required to raise antiserum titers against cholecystokinin higher than those observed in previous studies to demonstrate the effect of immunoneutralization of cholecystokinin on feed intake in swine. Four immunogenic carrier proteins were compared. Unsulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8ns) was conjugated to each of human serum globulin (HSG), BSA, Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and Tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD). Forty crossbred swine (four from each of 10 litters, 78 d of age, 22 kg BW) were randomly assigned to the four conjugated antigens by litter. The primary and three booster doses of antigen were injected at 14-d intervals. A blood sample was drawn before the primary dose on d 1 to assess basal nonspecific binding of antigen. Additional blood samples were drawn on d 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 57, 71, and 92 to follow the time course of antiserum titer expression (d 1 = day of primary dose). Titer is the serum dilution that binds 50% of 1 fmol of radiolabeled antigen. Titers, compared by ANOVA of log titer values, were different between antigens (P <.01) and between litters (P <.01). Mean titer (n = 40; 10 pigs, four samples/pig) during the period after the immune response (d 50, 57, 71, and 92) was 55, 115, 176, and 535 for BSA, HSG, KLH, and PPD, respectively. It is concluded that the carrier protein component has an important effect on immunogenicity of conjugated CCK antigens in pigs; BSA was inferior and KLH and PPD were superior to HSG. RP Pekas, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 74 IS 8 BP 1953 EP 1958 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VC616 UT WOS:A1996VC61600025 PM 8856450 ER PT J AU Fett, WF Cescutti, P Wijey, C AF Fett, WF Cescutti, P Wijey, C TI Exopolysaccharides of the plant pathogens Pseudomonas corrugata and Ps-flavescens and the saprophyte Ps-chlororaphis SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACIDIC EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE; ALGINATE PRODUCTION; POLYSACCHARIDES; SIMILARITIES; AERUGINOSA; MENDOCINA; STRAINS AB The rRNA-DNA homology group I pseudomonads Pseudomonas asplenii, Ps. corrugata, Ps. flavescens (plant pathogens), Ps. alcaligenes, Ps. pseudoalcaligenes subsp, pseudoalcaligenes (opportunistic human pathogens), Ps. aureofaciens and Ps. chlororaphis (saprophytes) were examined for their ability to produce exopolysaccharides (EPSs) when cultured on various solid and liquid complex media with glucose, glycerol or gluconate as primary sources of carbon. All three strains (388, 717 and ATCC 29736) of Ps. corrugata produced alginate, a polyuronan. An EPS composed of glucose, fucose, mannose and an unidentified uronic acid substituted with lactic acid was produced by one (B62) of two strains of Ps. flavescens. Of four strains of Ps. chlororaphis tested, only strain NRRL B-2075 produced EPS. The extracellular material purified by anion-exchange chromatography appeared to be a mixture of alginate plus an acidic hexosamine-containing polymer(s). Production of EPS by the other pseudomonads was not supported by any of the media tested. C1 UNIV TRIESTE,DEPT BIOCHEM BIOPHYS & MACROMOL CHEM,TRIESTE,ITALY. RP Fett, WF (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 38 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0021-8847 J9 J APPL BACTERIOL JI J. Appl. Bacteriol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 81 IS 2 BP 181 EP 187 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb04497.x PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VB444 UT WOS:A1996VB44400011 ER PT J AU Hinton, A Hume, ME AF Hinton, A Hume, ME TI Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium by the products of tartrate metabolism by a Veillonella species SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH AB The inhibition of the growth of Salmonella typhimurium by a Veillonella species grown on media supplemented with tartrate was examined. Growth of Salmonella typhimurium was not inhibited by the concentrations of products metabolized by Veillonella cultures on media supplemented with 0 or 50 mmol l(-1) of tartrate, but was inhibited on media supplemented with 100 or 150 mmol l(-1) of tartrate. Inhibition of Salm. typhimurium was correlated with the increased production of acetate and propionate from tartrate bf the Veillonella species. C1 AUBURN UNIV,DEPT BOT & MICROBIOL,AUBURN,AL 36849. USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0021-8847 J9 J APPL BACTERIOL JI J. Appl. Bacteriol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 81 IS 2 BP 188 EP 190 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb04498.x PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VB444 UT WOS:A1996VB44400012 PM 8760327 ER PT J AU DegrandiHoffman, G Thorp, R Loper, G Eisikowitch, D AF DegrandiHoffman, G Thorp, R Loper, G Eisikowitch, D TI Describing the progression of almond bloom using accumulated heat units SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chilling requirement; cross-pollination; flowering; nut trees; phenology ID CROSS-POLLINATION; MODEL AB 1. The duration of the blossoming period and fraction of open blossoms over time are defined as a function of growing degree-days for five almond (Prunus dulcis) cultivars. Separate base temperature estimates and equations describing the progression of bloom are derived for each cultivar. 2. Earlier blooming cultivars had lower base temperatures for bloom progression than cultivars blooming later. 3. Equations that were derived from 1987 and 1988 data predicted the progression of bloom for each cultivar in 1989 and 1990 with greater accuracy during the pre-peak bloom than in the post-peak bloom period. 4. The use of base temperature and bloom progression equations, in combination with chill unit requirements to break rest and with heat unit requirements to start bloom, can provide a basis for choosing cultivar combinations that will enhance cross-pollination and nut set. RP DegrandiHoffman, G (reprint author), USDA,ARS,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES & BIOL CONTROL CTR,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 33 IS 4 BP 812 EP 818 DI 10.2307/2404951 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VQ850 UT WOS:A1996VQ85000015 ER PT J AU Bhagwat, AA Gross, KC Tully, RE Keister, DL AF Bhagwat, AA Gross, KC Tully, RE Keister, DL TI beta-glucan synthesis in Bradyrhizobium japonicum: Characterization of a new locus (ndvC) influencing beta-(1->6) linkages SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; CYCLIC BETA-1,2-GLUCANS; FAMILY RHIZOBIACEAE; GENE-PRODUCT; PROTEIN; YEAST; IDENTIFICATION; USDA-110 AB Bradyrhizobium japonicum synthesizes periplasmic cyclic beta-(1-->3),beta-(1-->6)-D-glucans during growth in hypoosmotic environments, and evidence is growing that these molecules may have a specific function during plant-microbe interactions in addition to osmoregulation. Site-directed Tn5 mutagenesis of the DNA region upstream of ndvB resulted in identification of a new gene (ndvC) involved in beta-(1-->3),beta-(1-->6)-glucan synthesis and in nodule development. The predicted translation product was a polypeptide (ca. 62 kDa) with several transmembrane domains. It contained a sequence characteristic of a conserved nucleoside-sugar-binding motif found in many bacterial enzymes and had 51% similarity with a beta-glucanosyltransferase from Candida albicans. B. japonicum carrying a Tn5 insertion in ndvC resulted in synthesis of altered cyclic beta-glucans composed almost entirely of beta-(1-->3)-glycosyl linkages. The mutant strain was only slightly sensitive to hypoosmotic growth conditions compared with the ndvB mutant, but it was severely impaired in symbiotic interactions with soybean (Glycine max). Nodulation was delayed by 8 to 10 days, and many small nodule-like structures apparently devoid of viable bacteria were formed. This finding suggests that the structure of the beta-glucan molecule is important for a successful symbiotic interaction, and beta-glucans may have a specific function in addition to their role in hypoosmotic adaptation. C1 USDA ARS,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP Bhagwat, AA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,BLDG 011,HH-19,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 61 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 178 IS 15 BP 4635 EP 4642 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UZ047 UT WOS:A1996UZ04700036 PM 8755895 ER PT J AU Krall, EA DawsonHughes, B Hannan, MT Kiel, DP AF Krall, EA DawsonHughes, B Hannan, MT Kiel, DP TI Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy protects against tooth loss. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,HEBREW REHABIL CTR AGED,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 11 SU 1 BP 39 EP 39 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VA495 UT WOS:A1996VA49500038 ER PT J AU Bai, Y Hunt, CD AF Bai, Y Hunt, CD TI Dietary boron modulates the immune response in the chick. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 11 SU 1 BP M554 EP M554 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VA495 UT WOS:A1996VA49500901 ER PT J AU DawsonHughes, B Fowler, SE Dalsky, G Gallagher, C AF DawsonHughes, B Fowler, SE Dalsky, G Gallagher, C TI Sodium excretion influences calcium homeostasis in elderly men and women. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,NUTR CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. HENRY FORD SCI,DETROIT,MI. UNIV CONNECTICUT,FARMINGTON,CT. CREIGHTON UNIV,OMAHA,NE 68178. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 11 SU 1 BP T662 EP T662 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VA495 UT WOS:A1996VA49501480 ER PT J AU James, DG Bartelt, RJ Moore, CJ AF James, DG Bartelt, RJ Moore, CJ TI Mass-trapping of Carpophilus spp (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in stone fruit orchards using synthetic aggregation pheromones and a coattractant: Development of a strategy for population suppression SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Carpophilus mutilatus; Carpophilus davidsoni; Carpophilus hemipterus; Coleoptera; Nitidulidae; aggregation pheromones; mass-trapping; stone fruit; population suppression ID CALIFORNIA DATE GARDEN; TETRAENE HYDROCARBONS; HEMIPTERUS COLEOPTERA; C-HEMIPTERUS; SAP BEETLES; ATTRACTION; RESPONSES; MUTILATUS AB Experiments were conducted in southern New South Wales to evaluate the potential of mass-trapping using synthetic aggregation pheromones and a coattractant as a control option for Carpophilus spp. in stone fruit orchards. A cordon of 54 pipe and 54 funnel traps (one trap of each type per perimeter tree) baited with pheromones of C. mutilatus and C. davidsoni and coattractant (fermenting bread dough) was maintained around an apricot orchard for three weeks prior to harvest. The incidence of Carpophilus spp. in ripe fruit in the center of the orchard was significantly reduced compared to a nearby orchard or the perimeter trees containing traps. A cordon of 16 water-filled Magnet funnel traps baited with pheromones of C. mutilatus and C. davidsoni and coattractant was placed around a 9 x 9 block of trees in a peach orchard (single traps on alternate perimeter trees). This trapping regime significantly reduced infestation of fruit baits by Carpophilus spp. in the center tree over a period of six weeks compared to fruit baits in trap trees and distant (100 m) control trees. However, cordons of eight pheromone traps within 1 m of single trees or a single trap adjacent to a tree increased Carpophilus spp. infestation of fruit baits by up to 7.5 x compared to trees without pheromone traps. Mass-trapping based on perimeter positioning of pheromone traps (at a yet to be determined distance from protected trees) appears to show potential as a control strategy for Carpophilus spp. in stone fruit orchards during fruit ripening and harvest but traps too close to trees must be avoided. Development of a strategy for population suppression is discussed with respect to trap type, efficacy, positioning, and density; pheromone and coattractant delivery systems; and orchard sanitation. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOACT CONSTITUENTS UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. QUEENSLAND DEPT PRIMARY IND,ANIM RES INST,YEERONGPILLY,QLD 4105,AUSTRALIA. RP James, DG (reprint author), NSW AGR,YANCO AGR INST,YANCO,NSW 2703,AUSTRALIA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 9 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1541 EP 1556 DI 10.1007/BF02027730 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VL352 UT WOS:A1996VL35200013 PM 24226254 ER PT J AU Parks, OW Shadwell, RJ Lightfield, AR Maxwell, RJ AF Parks, OW Shadwell, RJ Lightfield, AR Maxwell, RJ TI Determination of melengestrol acetate in supercritical fluid-solid phase extracts of bovine fat tissue by HPLC-UV and CC-MS SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. NR 9 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 34 IS 8 BP 353 EP 357 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA VB318 UT WOS:A1996VB31800001 PM 8759324 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ Lee, PDK Pivarnik, JM Bukar, JG Gesundheit, N AF Ellis, KJ Lee, PDK Pivarnik, JM Bukar, JG Gesundheit, N TI Changes in body composition of human immunodeficiency virus-infected males receiving insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID IGF-BINDING PROTEINS; CATABOLISM AB Weight loss is a common, persistent characteristic of long term human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection; its full etiology remains unknown. Because treatment with GH has induced nitrogen retention in various catabolic conditions, we designed this study to determine whether a moderate dose of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) combined with a low GH dose could impede the catabolic response seen in HIV-1 infection. A double blind, placebo-controlled study design was used. Subjects in the GH/IGF-I treatment group (n = 44) and control group (n = 22) continued to receive their routine stable antiretroviral therapy. No patient had a recent history of opportunistic infection, malignancy, or Kaposi's sarcoma and had dietary intakes of at least 25 Cal/kg weight . day at study entry. During the la-week study period, dietary instruction was given, and subjects were encouraged to maintain an intake of 35 Cal/kg and 1 g protein/kg. All subjects had a body mass index of 19.8 kg/m(2) or less at the time of study entry or a weight loss of 10% or more of their premorbid weight and a body mass index below 26.1 kg/m(2). The treatment group received 0.34 mg (0.68 mg/day) GH, twice daily, and 5.0 mg (10 mg/day) IGF-I, twice daily. Changes in body composition of total body potassium (TBK), total body nitrogen (TBN), fat-free mass (FFM), and body fat (Fat) were examined at 6 and 12 weeks during the treatment period. TBK, TBN, FFM, and Fat for the treatment and placebo groups were, on the average, below normal at study entry. At 6 weeks, the GH/IGF-I group showed a significant increase in FFM (P < 0.0001), a minimal increase in TBK (P < 0.05), and a substantial decrease in Fat (P < 0.01) compared with baseline values. The loss of body fat continued to be significant (P < 0.01) in the GH/IGF-I group treatment at 12 weeks, whereas the increase in FFM was minimal (P < 0.05). No significant changes in the mean body composition occurred at 6 or 12 weeks in the placebo group. By 12 weeks, neither TBK (body cell mass) nor TBN (total protein mass) had significantly increased relative to the values at baseline, although the FFM remained elevated. Thus, the combined GH and IGF-I doses used in this study in adult males with HIV-associated weight loss were ineffective in producing a sustained anabolic response and, in fact, resulted primarily in a significant loss of body fat. C1 USDA ARS, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. GENENTECH INC, S SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94080 USA. RP Ellis, KJ (reprint author), TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP, BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT PEDIAT, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, 1100 BATES ST, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. NR 27 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X EI 1945-7197 J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 81 IS 8 BP 3033 EP 3038 DI 10.1210/jc.81.8.3033 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VC901 UT WOS:A1996VC90100049 PM 8768870 ER PT J AU Neibergs, HL Bosworth, BT Reinhardt, TA AF Neibergs, HL Bosworth, BT Reinhardt, TA TI Nucleotide sequence of the bovine vitamin D-3 receptor SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nucleotide; sequence; vitamin D-3 receptor ID CLONING C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 11 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 79 IS 8 BP 1313 EP 1315 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VG923 UT WOS:A1996VG92300001 PM 8880453 ER PT J AU Basch, JJ Wickham, ED Farrell, HM AF Basch, JJ Wickham, ED Farrell, HM TI Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in lactating bovine mammary glands SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE milk secretion; enzymes; proline ID AMINO-ACID UTILIZATION; ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE; SOLUBLE FORM; ORNITHINE; PROTEIN; FAT; COW AB The occurrence and subcellular distribution of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase have been studied in lactating bovine mammary glands. The enzyme appears to have only a cursory association with the mitochondrial fraction, because significant amounts of the enzyme are found in other membrane-containing fractions and in the cytosol. Polyamines stimulate the enzyme in vitro, supporting the mediation of cursory attachment to membrane fractions by these compounds. The enzyme is selective for NADPH but can utilize NADH as well. Long-chain coenzyme A derivatives, which are generated during lipid metabolism, almost completely inhibit this enzyme, which is responsible for the synthesis of a portion of the proline needed for casein production. Overall, the enzyme concentration in the gland correlates well with a role in the conversion of an intermediate, L-Delta(1)- pyrroline-5-carboxylate, into proline, an important amino acid for the mammary secretory process, especially casein synthesis. RP Basch, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,DAIRY PROD RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 79 IS 8 BP 1361 EP 1368 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VG923 UT WOS:A1996VG92300008 PM 8880459 ER PT J AU Krause, DO Russell, JB AF Krause, DO Russell, JB TI How many ruminal bacteria are there? SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rumen; bacteria; phylogeny; ribosomal ribonucleic acid ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; SELENOMONAS-RUMINANTIUM; LACTATE-DEHYDROGENASE; AMMONIA PRODUCTION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SP-NOV; RUMEN; DNA; BACTEROIDES; CLASSIFICATION AB With the development of strictly anaerobic techniques and habitat-simulating media, a variety of bacteria were isolated from the rumen in the 1940s and 1950s. Based on standard morphological and physiological characteristics, the microbial ecosystem of the rumen contains a very complex population of bacteria. In recent years, ruminal bacteria have been re-evaluated with newer, more objective, and genetically valid methods of classification. Ribosomes are complicated structures, and their DNA-encoding sequences are relatively free from selective pressure. Because ribosomes have evolved slowly, they provide a long-term natural history of evolution. The invariable and hypervariable regions of rRNA genes can be used to group bacteria into kingdoms, genera, and species. The 16S rRNA sequences have provided a basis for renaming some ruminal species (Bacteroides amylophilus is now Ruminobacter amylophilus and Bacteroides succinogenes is now Fibrobacter succinogenes) and for classifying at least one recently isolated ruminal bacterium (e.g., Clostridium aminophilum). The DNA:DNA hybridization is a more sensitive method of assessing bacterial relatedness than is 16S rRNA. Bacterial strains within a species should have a high degree of DNA:DNA homology, but some species of ruminal bacteria (e.g., Prevotella ruminicola and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens) had highly unrelated strains. Studies of 16S rRNA and DNA:DNA hybridization indicate that the diversity of ruminal bacteria has been greatly underestimated. Traditional studies of phylogeny of ruminal bacteria were stymied by the fastidious growth requirements of many ruminal bacteria, and enumeration was tedious and inaccurate. Modern methods of bacterial classification do not require in vitro culture and have the potential of detecting even a single cell. C1 CORNELL UNIV, MICROBIOL SECT, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. CORNELL UNIV, USDA ARS, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. NR 80 TC 62 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 79 IS 8 BP 1467 EP 1475 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VG923 UT WOS:A1996VG92300021 PM 8880472 ER PT J AU Wells, JE Russell, JB AF Wells, JE Russell, JB TI Why do many ruminal bacteria die and lyse so quickly? SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rumen; bacteria; death; lysis ID LIMITED SELENOMONAS-RUMINANTIUM; ADENYLATE ENERGY-CHARGE; MIXED RUMEN BACTERIA; FIBROBACTER-SUCCINOGENES; BACTEROIDES-SUCCINOGENES; NUTRIENT STARVATION; STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS; GLUCOSE-TRANSPORT; CILIATE PROTOZOA; GROWTH AB Studies using N-15 have indicated that as much as 50% of the microbial mass turns over before N passes to the lower gut, and this N recycling significantly decreases the availability of microbial protein. Protozoa digest bacteria and smaller protozoa, but bacterial protein can turn over even if protozoa are not present. Fibrobacter succinogenes cultures lyse even when they are growing, and the lysis rate is independent of growth rate. When extracellular sugar is depleted, F. succinogenes secretes an extracellular proteinase that inactivates the autolysins. This method of autolytic regulation decreases the turnover of stationary cells. Bacteriophage and anaeroplasma can cause lysogeny, but, as yet, there is little proof that these processes are important determinants of bacterial turnover in vivo. Dietary manipulations (e.g., salt feeding and particle size reduction) that increase liquid and solid dilution rates can increase bacterial now by decreasing bacterial residence time and turnover. Some dead ruminal bacteria are able to maintain their cellular integrity, and the ratio of dead to live cells in ruminal fluid may be as great as 10:1. Bacterial survival appears to be at least partially explained by the method of sugar transport. When bacteria rely solely on mechanisms of ion-coupled sugar symport, an energized membrane is necessary for the reinitiation of growth. If group translocation (phosphotransferase system) is the mechanisms of transport, uptake can be driven by phosphoenolpyruvate, and an energized membrane and the storage of intracellular reserve materials are not an absolute criteria for survival. In some cases, N deprivation accelerates death. When Prevotella ruminicola was limited for N under conditions of excess energy, methylglyoxal production caused a rapid decrease in viability. The impact of bacterial death in the rumen is not clear-cut. If the rate of fermentation is zero-order with respect to cell concentration (substrate-limited), cell death would have little impact on digestion. C1 CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,MICROBIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 97 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 79 IS 8 BP 1487 EP 1495 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VG923 UT WOS:A1996VG92300023 PM 8880474 ER PT J AU Weimer, PJ AF Weimer, PJ TI Why don't ruminal bacteria digest cellulose faster? SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rumen; digestion; cellulolytic microbes; fiber ID FED CONTINUOUS-CULTURE; FIBROBACTER-SUCCINOGENES; RUMEN BACTERIA; RUMINOCOCCUS-FLAVEFACIENS; FIBER DIGESTION; PURE CULTURES; DILUTION RATE; BOVINE RUMEN; FERMENTATION; MICROORGANISMS AB The bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Ruminococcus albus generally are regarded as the predominant cellulolytic microbes in the rumen. Comparison of available data from the literature reveals that these bacteria are the most actively cellulolytic of all mesophilic organisms described to date from any habitat. In light of numerous proposals to improve microbial cellulose digestion in ruminants, it is instructive to examine the characteristics of these species that contribute to their superior cellulolytic capabilities and to identify the factors that prevent them from digesting cellulose even more rapidly. As a group, these species have extreme nutritional specialization. They are able to utilize cellulose (or in some cases xylan) and its hydrolytic products as their nearly sole energy sources for growth. Moreover, each species apparently has evolved to similar maximum rates of cellulose digestion (first-order rate constants of 0.05 to 0.08 h(-1)). Active cellulose digestion involves adherence of cells to the fibers via a glycoprotein glycocalyx, which protects cells from protozoal grazing and cellulolytic enzymes from degradation by ruminal proteases while it retains-at least temporarily-the cellodextrin products for use by the cellulolytic bacteria. These properties result in different ecological roles for the adherent and nonadherent populations of each species, but overall provide an enormous selective advantage to these cellulolytic bacteria in the ruminal environment. However, major constraints to cellulose digestion are caused by cell-wall structure of the plant (matrix interactions among wall biopolymers and low substrate surface area) and by limited penetration of the nonmotile cellulolytic microbes into the cell lumen. Because of these constraints and the highly adapted nature of cellulose digestion by the predominant cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen, transfer of cellulolytic capabilities to noncellulolytic ruminal bacteria (e.g., by genetic engineering) that display other desirable properties offers limited opportunities to improve ruminal digestion of cellulose. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BACTERIOL,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Weimer, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,1925 LINDEN DR W,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 45 TC 87 Z9 90 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 79 IS 8 BP 1496 EP 1502 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VG923 UT WOS:A1996VG92300024 PM 8880475 ER PT J AU Russell, JB Wilson, DB AF Russell, JB Wilson, DB TI Why are ruminal cellulolytic bacteria unable to digest cellulose at low pH? SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rumen; bacteria; cellulose; pH ID PROTON MOTIVE FORCE; BACTEROIDES-SUCCINOGENES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; RUMEN BACTERIA; ACETIC-ACID; CLOSTRIDIUM-THERMOCELLUM; STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS; ANION ACCUMULATION; LIPOPHILIC ACIDS; INTRACELLULAR PH AB Ruminant animals depend on cellulolytic ruminal bacteria to digest cellulose, but these bacteria cannot resist the low ruminal pH that modern feeding practices can create. Because the cellulolytic bacteria cannot grow on cellobiose at low pH, pH sensitivity is a general aspect of growth and not just a limitation of the cellulases per se. Acid-resistant ruminal bacteria have evolved the capacity to let their intracellular pH decrease, maintain a small pH gradient across the cell membrane, and prevent an intracellular accumulation of VFA anions. Cellulolytic bacteria cannot grow with a low intracellular pH, and an increase in pH gradient leads to anion toxicity. Prevotella ruminicola cannot digest native cellulose, but it grows at low pH and degrades the cellulose derivative, carboxymethylcellulose. The Prevotella ruminicola carboxymethylcellulase cannot bind to cellulose, but a recombinant enzyme having the Prevotella ruminicola catalytic domain and a binding domain from Thermomonspora fusca was able to bind and had cellulase activity that was at least 10-fold higher. Based on these results, gene reconstruction offers a means of converting Prevotella ruminicola into a ruminal bacterium that can digest cellulose at low pH. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,MICROBIOL SECT,WING HALL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 55 TC 238 Z9 253 U1 3 U2 37 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 79 IS 8 BP 1503 EP 1509 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA VG923 UT WOS:A1996VG92300025 PM 8880476 ER PT J AU Snodgrass, GL AF Snodgrass, GL TI Insecticide resistance in field populations of the tarnished plant bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) in cotton in the Mississippi delta SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lygus lineolaris; insecticide resistance; glass vial bioassay ID TOBACCO BUDWORM LEPIDOPTERA; HESPERUS KNIGHT HEMIPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; PYRETHROIDS; TOXICITY AB Adult tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), collected in July and August from 4 cotton fields in the Mississippi Delta with plant bug control problems were tested;vith a glass vial bioassay for resistance to insecticides. Resistance levels determined for the different field populations were compared with those found by using the glass vial bioassay and susceptible plant bugs collected from weeds near Crossett, AR. Significantly higher levels of pyrethroid resistance were found in plant bugs from all 4 cotton fields as compared with pyrethroid resistance in bugs from Crossett. Plant bugs from one cotton field near Schlater, MS, were reared through 9 generations in the laboratory and tested in various generations for resistance to 4 pyrethroid, 5 organophosphorus, and 1 cyclodiene insecticide. Plant bugs in this resistant strain had multiple insecticide resistance to all 3 classes of insecticides. The highest levels of insecticide resistance were to pyrethroids, suggesting that the resistance resulted from selection with these insecticides in cotton. High levels of permethrin resistance were unstable and declined in plant bugs seared in the laboratory in the absence of any insecticide selection pressure. When reared in the laboratory, resistant bugs from Schlater had lower fecundity than a susceptible laboratory strain, and survival from egg hatch to adults was lower than in the susceptible strain. The distribution of insecticide resistance in tarnished plant bug populations from the Mississippi Delta is unknown, but control of populations with multiple insecticide resistance will be difficult. Compliance with the insecticide resistance management plan currently recommended for control of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi (by not using pyrethroids in cotton until July) is probably the best strategy for preventing the development of plant bug populations with multiple insecticide resistance in July and August. RP Snodgrass, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,POB 346,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 25 TC 86 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 89 IS 4 BP 783 EP 790 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VA950 UT WOS:A1996VA95000002 ER PT J AU Prabhaker, N Toscano, NC Henneberry, TJ Castle, SJ Weddle, D AF Prabhaker, N Toscano, NC Henneberry, TJ Castle, SJ Weddle, D TI Assessment of two bioassay techniques for resistance monitoring of silverleaf whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in California SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; insecticide resistance; resistance monitoring; monitoring technique; bifenthrin; endosulfan ID TOBACCO BUDWORM LEPIDOPTERA; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; EVOLUTION; MANAGEMENT; NOCTUIDAE AB The relative toxicities of bifenthrin and endosulfan to silverleaf whiteflies, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, were compared by 2 methods-treated glass vials and insecticide-coated yellow sticky cards-in tests in 4 field populations from cotton in Imperial Valley, California. Both techniques detected relative susceptibilities of B. argentifolii adults to bifenthrin and endosulfan. The LC(50)s of bifenthrin ranged from 0.007 to 0.07 mu g/vial for the 4 populations with the vial technique and from 0.77 to 3.55 mu g(AI)/ml with the yellow sticky card technique. Relative tolerance levels to bifenthrin ranging from 2.2- to 10.1-fold were observed in the 4 populations with the yellow sticky card technique. The vial technique showed lower relative response levels (0.2- to 2.3-fold). With endosulfan, the range was similar for both techniques, (1.2- to 5.1-fold with vials; 0.5- to 7.0-fold with the yellow sticky card technique). The frequency of resistance to 4 insecticides compared with a greenhouse susceptible strain was evaluated with the vial system against 11 populations of silverleaf whiteflies collected from various crops in Imperial Valley during 1992. Resistance to endosulfan was substantial (maximum, 48-fold), but relative tolerance was considerably lower to bifenthrin (RR = 0.4- to 8-fold). The insecticide-coated yellow sticky card technique was used for monitoring in Imperial Pale Verde, and San Joaquin Valleys in California in the following year. Considerable differences in resistance ratios for the 4 insecticide treatments were observed among whitefly populations from the 3 geographic regions. Bioassays indicated that methomyl was effective against adults in all locations. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. IMPERIAL CTY AGR COMMISSIONERS OFF,EL CENTRO,CA 92243. RP Prabhaker, N (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT ENTOMOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 89 IS 4 BP 805 EP 815 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VA950 UT WOS:A1996VA95000005 ER PT J AU McGuire, MR Shasha, BS Eastman, CE OloumiSadeghi, H AF McGuire, MR Shasha, BS Eastman, CE OloumiSadeghi, H TI Starch- and flour-based sprayable formulations: Effect on rainfastness and solar stability of Bacillus thuringiensis SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; formulation; microbial pesticide; cornstarch; corn flour; cabbage ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; FIELD-EVALUATION; LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE; SUNLIGHT AB Microbial pesticides such as those based on Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner exhibit short residual activity when applied as foliar sprays. Formulation ingredients may be able to counter the effects of environmental factors by offering protection from rainfall or sunlight or both. We report on the use of pregelatinized cornstarch and corn flour as formulation ingredients for sprayable B. thuringiensis preparations. In 2 field tests, residual activity was measured by feeding treated leaves to diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), larvae. In the Ist test (1989), pregelatinized starch mixed with equal amounts of sucrose and tank mixed at a total of 4% solids (4 g/100 mi) provided protection of B. thuringiensis on cabbage leaves for up to 5 d under sunny field conditions. A commercial B. thuringiensis product lost activity after 3 d. In the 2nd study (1991), pregelatinized flour mixed with sucrose also provided protection in the presence of rainfall. In this study, 1, 2, and 4% solids were used to test the effects of amounts of formulation materials required to achieve protection of B. thuringiensis. In the presence of rain, 4% solids was required for optimum protection. Treatments that included 1 or 2% solids did not provide rainfastness as measured against a commercial product. Inclusion of sun screening agents did not affect longevity of activity. In both studies, overall efficacy of all B. thuringiensis preparations against 3 Lepidoptera species was excellent. Laboratory tests demonstrated the protective effects of the flour formulations against artificial sunlight. Formulations with only 0.5% solids protected B. thuringiensis equally well as formulations with 4% solids. Artificial rainfall tests, however, did not support results obtained in the field. All formulations were washed equally from cotton plants in response to 6 cm rain applied over a l-h period. These experiments, considered together reinforce the proposition that formulation ingredients such as corn flour can increase residual activity of B. thuringiensis. C1 ILLINOIS NAT HIST SURVEY,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. RP McGuire, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 17 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 89 IS 4 BP 863 EP 869 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VA950 UT WOS:A1996VA95000013 ER PT J AU Jones, SC Lenz, M AF Jones, SC Lenz, M TI Fenoxycarb-induced caste differentiation and mortality in Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Formosan subterranean termite; fenoxycarb; insect growth regulators; protozoa ID INSECT GROWTH-REGULATORS; SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE ISOPTERA; PROPORTION; COLONIES; SURVIVAL AB In no-choice feeding bioassays, Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, exposed to the insect growth regulator (ICR) fenoxycarb underwent dosage and time-dependent caste differentiation and mortality. Survival curves for 2 colonies indicated a decline in the number of workers over time at fenoxycarb concentrations ranging from 10 to 3,162 ppm, with a steeper decline generally at higher concentrations and after 2 wk exposure. Termite workers in the 2 colonies differed significantly in their response to the IGR. The worker population of colony A was reduced because of differentiation into intercastes, presoldiers, and soldiers. Reduction in the worker population of colony B resulted primarily from death of undifferentiated individuals. Termites accepted the treated blocks as a food source as evidenced by consumption data. Protozoan populations were reduced significantly in both colonies, but generally not eliminated in workers exposed to fenoxycarb for 4 wk. This study provides further evidence that responses of different termite colonies to IGRs can be extremely variable. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO RES STN,GULFPORT,MS 39505. CSIRO,DIV ENTOMOL TERMITES,CANBERRA,ACT 2601,AUSTRALIA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 89 IS 4 BP 906 EP 914 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VA950 UT WOS:A1996VA95000019 ER PT J AU Hogsette, JA AF Hogsette, JA TI Development of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in sand containing varying amounts of manure solids and moisture SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Musca domestica; larval development; adult survival; nutrient content ID STABLE FLIES; HOUSE-FLIES AB House flies, Musca domestica L., developed in 200 cm(3) of coarse sand containing just 1 ml (0.47%) of dairy manure solids and 10 mi (4.74%) of moisture. At these levels, development was slow (21.5 d from Ist instar to adult), adult survival was low (7.5%), but successful development did occur. At higher manure and moisture levels, rates of development and survival were similar to those reported previously. All soil samples collected from a feedlot dairy contained higher levels of manure solids than the highest level tested in the laboratory. The implications for fly control in soil/manure mixtures and the need for additional studies are discussed. RP Hogsette, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 89 IS 4 BP 940 EP 945 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VA950 UT WOS:A1996VA95000023 PM 8768892 ER PT J AU Jang, EB AF Jang, EB TI Systems approach to quarantine security: Postharvest application of sequential mortality in the Hawaiian grown 'sharwil' avocado system SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE systems approach; quarantine security; sequential mortality; tephritid fruit fly ID FRUIT-FLIES DIPTERA; CODLING MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; FLY DIPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; INFESTATION; TORTRICIDAE; HARVEST AB Natural mortality of eggs and larvae after 24 h in mature green avocado fruit and efficacy of a heat treatment (40 degrees C) applied to infested fruit were determined for 3 species of tephritid fruit flies. The estimated populations of each immature developmental stage in the fruit were calculated from estimates of the total numbers of eggs or larvae placed in the fruit or from actual numbers of insects that survived to pupae in untreated (control) fruit. Significant natural mortality was associated with the insects being present in the fruit without a postharvest heat treatment. A subsequent heat treatment (40 degrees C, 24 h) further reduced the estimated surviving population by 99.5-100%. A hypothetical population of 100,000 eggs or larvae was subjected to a sequential mortality model in which the likelihood of survival of the various immature stages in the fruit, as well as after a heat treatment was determined based on the above mortality estimates. Immatures that survived both the initial natural mortality within fruit and the heat treatment were once again subjected to further stage-specific mortality within fruits. Application of the sequential mortality concept to both Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), and melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet), in the avocado system would be sufficient to meet probit 9 (99.9968% mortality) security using our model. Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), eggs and 3rd instars would not meet probit 9 quarantine security. The implications of this study to systems approaches to quarantine security and risk are discussed. RP Jang, EB (reprint author), USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,POB 4459,HILO,HI 96720, USA. NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 89 IS 4 BP 950 EP 956 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VA950 UT WOS:A1996VA95000025 ER PT J AU Webb, RE Dill, NH McLaughlin, JM Kershaw, LS Podgwaite, JD Cook, SP Thorpe, KW Farrar, RR Ridgway, RL Fuester, RW Shapiro, M Argauer, RJ Venables, L White, GB AF Webb, RE Dill, NH McLaughlin, JM Kershaw, LS Podgwaite, JD Cook, SP Thorpe, KW Farrar, RR Ridgway, RL Fuester, RW Shapiro, M Argauer, RJ Venables, L White, GB TI Blankophor BBH as an enhancer of nuclear polyhedrosis virus in arborist treatments against the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; adjuvant; formulation; optical brightener; virus enhancement; stilbene disulfonic acid ID OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS; GYPCHEK; EFFICACY; DENSITY; TREES AB Doses of a commercial candidate formulation of gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) were applied with and without several concentrations of an enhancing adjuvant, Blankophor BBH, to individual trees against natural gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), populations. Amounts of Blankophor BBH adhering to foliage after application were measured at 1,322, 227, and 37 mu g/g dry weight of leaf for the 0.5, 0.1, and 0.02% treatments, respectively. The highest dose of the candidate formulation used without the adjuvant failed to increase significantly 1st-generation after-treatment LdMNPV mortality (direct infection caused by feeding on applied virus) above background levels, to reduce late season (instars 5 and 6) larval populations in treated trees or to provide significant foliage protection. However, Blankophor BBH added to the tank mix at concentrations of 0.5 or 0.1% (wt:vol) resulted in significantly increased levels of 1st-generation after-treatment LdMNPV, significantly reduced late-season larval populations, and significant levels of foliage protection, compared with untreated control trees. The resulting recommended tank mix (0.1% Blankophor BBH and 2x 10(10) PIBs per 75 liters final spray solution per tree) should give excellent foliage protection against gypsy moth at a cost of about $3 per tree. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 18 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 89 IS 4 BP 957 EP 962 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VA950 UT WOS:A1996VA95000026 ER PT J AU Hennessey, MK King, JR AF Hennessey, MK King, JR TI Abamectin bait for Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha suspensa; avermectin; bait; citrus; quarantine; toxicity ID MEDFLY ERADICATION PROJECT; CALIFORNIA AB Abamectin in sugar-yeast hydrolysate bait was tested on colony-reared adult Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), in the laboratory in a no-choice design. The EC(99)s (irreversible knockdown followed rapidly by death) for sexually mature females and males were 12.2 and 19.6 ppm, respectively, at 48 h. Abamectin is a promising alternative to malathion in bait control programs in Florida citrus production. RP Hennessey, MK (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP HORT RES LAB,13601 OLD CUTLER RD,MIAMI,FL 33158, USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 89 IS 4 BP 987 EP 989 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VA950 UT WOS:A1996VA95000030 ER PT J AU Byers, RA Kendall, WA Peaden, RN Viands, DW AF Byers, RA Kendall, WA Peaden, RN Viands, DW TI Field and laboratory selection of Medicago plant introductions for resistance to the clover root curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sitona hispidulus; alfalfa; resistance; Medicago ID LADINO CLOVER; ALFALFA; SITONA; SURVIVAL; KENTUCKY AB Taproots of Medicago sativa L. plant introductions grown in field nurseries for 2 yr were evaluated for injury by larvae of the clover root curculio, Sitona hispidulus (F.). Most plants had approximate to 20-25% of the taproot surface injured by larvae, but PI 183060 and PI 183263 averaged < 10%. Half-sibling progenies of plants with < 10% taproot injury were infested with clover root curculio eggs in the laboratory and grown in cone containers for 5 wk. Significantly less taproot injury was found on PI 183060, PI 183263, and PI 183404, and larval survival was lower on PI 315456-3, compared with the control. Half-sibling progeny and hand-pollinated crosses of other plant introductions that had low amounts of tap root feeding were seeded in an advanced nursery. Progeny of PI 464719 x PI 445871 had significantly less taproot injury than the control. Choice tests for antixenosis to adult feeding on Ist trifoliate in the greenhouse showed that PI 494661 and PI 516906 had significantly less feeding than the control. Overall, there was no correlation between adult feeding in the greenhouse and larval injury to the taproot in the held. Evaluating alfalfa plant introductions in the field for 2 yr followed by evaluation of their half-sibling progenies is a useful strategy for identifying sources of resistance to taproot injury by the clover root curculio. RP Byers, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RES LAB,US REG PASTURE RES LAB BLDG,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 89 IS 4 BP 1033 EP 1039 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VA950 UT WOS:A1996VA95000037 ER PT J AU Wiseman, BR Snook, ME Widstrom, NW AF Wiseman, BR Snook, ME Widstrom, NW TI Feeding responses of corn earworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on corn silks of varying flavone content SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa tea; plant resistance; antibiosis; flavones; maysin; bioassay ID MAYSIN; GROWTH AB Silks of 50 field corn, Zen malls L., inbreds were evaluated in 4 separate bioassays (fresh silks, 2- and 4-g oven-dried silks/100 ml diet, and silk methanol extract deposited on celufil) for their effects on the growth of corn earworm, Helicoverpa sen (Boddie) larvae. The silks also were assayed for maysin, isomaysin, and apimaysin plus 3'-methoxymaysin content. Significant differences in larval growth were found among silks from inbreds within each bioassay. The dried silk bioassay was easier to mix and dispense and permitted the use of silks of germplasm with varying maturity. A highly significant negative relationship was found between weight of larvae and maysin content from fresh silk, and maysin and isomaysin content from oven-dried silk. The correlation between larval weight and apimaysin plus 3'-methoxymaysin was not significant. The correlation between larval weight and total flavones from oven dried silks was enhanced (-0.667 for maysin alone to -0.979 for total flavones) compared with that between larval weight and maysin alone. RP Wiseman, BR (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 89 IS 4 BP 1040 EP 1044 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VA950 UT WOS:A1996VA95000038 ER PT J AU Serraj, R Sinclair, TR AF Serraj, R Sinclair, TR TI Inhibition of nitrogenase activity and nodule oxygen permeability by water deficit SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; N-2 fixation; soybean; oxygen permeability; water deficit ID SOYBEAN ROOT-NODULES; GAS-PERMEABILITY; DROUGHT STRESS; FIXATION; DIFFUSION; ACETYLENE; REDUCTION; SALT; DEHYDRATION; LIMITATION AB Short-term effects of water deficit on nitrogenase activity were investigated with hydroponically grown soybean plants (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Biloxi) by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the hydroponic solution and measuring nitrogenase activity, nodule respiration, and permeability to oxygen diffusion (P-o). These experiments showed a rapid decrease in acetylene reduction activity (ARA) and nodule respiration. A consequence of the decreased respiration rate was that P-o calculated by Pick's Law also decreased. However, these results following PEG treatment were in direct conflict with a previous report of stability in P-o determined by using an alternative technique. To resolve this conflict, an hypothesis describing a sequence of responses to the initial PEG treatment is presented, An important finding of this study was that the response to water deficit induced by PEG occurred in two stages, The first stage of decreased nodule activity was O-2-limited and could be reversed by exposing the nodules to elevated pO(2). The second stage which developed after 24 h of exposure to PEG resulted in substantial loss in nodule activity and this activity could not be recovered with increased pO(2). Severe water deficit treatments disrupt nodule activity to such a degree that O-2 is no longer the major limitation. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. FAC SCI SEMLALIA,DEPT BIOL,LAB PHYSIOL VEGETALE,MARRAKECH,MOROCCO. NR 32 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 47 IS 301 BP 1067 EP 1073 DI 10.1093/jxb/47.8.1067 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VJ007 UT WOS:A1996VJ00700010 ER PT J AU Bush, DR Chiou, TJ Chen, LS AF Bush, DR Chiou, TJ Chen, LS TI Molecular analysis of plant sugar and amino acid transporters SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on the Transport of Photoassimilates CY AUG 13-17, 1995 CL UNIV KENT, CANTERBURY, ENGLAND HO UNIV KENT DE symporter; plasma membrane; assimilate partitioning ID PLASMA-MEMBRANE VESICLES; BETA-VULGARIS L; RICINUS-COMMUNIS L; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; SUCROSE TRANSPORT; BEET LEAVES; HEXOSE CARRIER; DELTA-PH; EXPRESSION; SYMPORT AB Although plants are photoautotrophic organisms, they are composed of many heterotrophic tissue systems that must import sugars and amino acids in a process known as assimilate partitioning. While the general features of assimilate partitioning were well described by the early 1980s, little was known about the various transport proteins involved in this essential activity associated with multicellular growth. In the past seven years, however, significant progress has been made in describing the transport properties and molecular genetics of these critical transport systems. Initially, these porters were well characterized using purified membrane vesicles and imposed proton electrochemical potential differences. This approach allowed for a detailed analysis of their transport kinetics, bioenergetics, and substrate specificity. Subsequently, several transporters were cloned using differential hybridization and functional complementation of yeast transport mutants. At first, isolation of transporter genes seemed to simplify our understanding by filling in gaps associated with transporter function. However, it has become increasingly clear that assimilate partitioning has many levels of complexity yet to be penetrated. This is best illustrated by the large number of carriers cloned. For example, at least 12 genes encoding putative sugar transporters in the Major Facilitator Superfamily have been identified in plants. Moreover, recent work in this laboratory has demonstrated that sugar beet member of this superfamily is targeted to the tonoplast membrane, thus implicating that porter in intracellular sugar partitioning. Similar complexity is emerging in the number of plant amino acid transporters identified. Therefore, a detailed analysis of AAP1/NAT2 as a prototypical example of one class of amino acid carriers has been initiated. The topology of this porter is being mapped, and site-directed and random mutagenesis are being used to identify functionally important amino acid residues and protein domains. The major challenges facing this field are to determine the unique contributions made by these many transport systems, to understand their structure and function relationships and, ultimately, to identify the mechanisms which regulate activity and integrate assimilate distribution in the plant as a multicellular organism. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PLANT BIOL,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Bush, DR (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA ARS,PHOTOSYNTH RES UNIT,196 ERML,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 47 SI SI BP 1205 EP 1210 DI 10.1093/jxb/47.Special_Issue.1205 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VK060 UT WOS:A1996VK06000011 PM 21245250 ER PT J AU Venkitanarayanan, KS Khan, MI Faustman, C AF Venkitanarayanan, KS Khan, MI Faustman, C TI Detection of meat spoilage bacteria by using the polymerase chain reaction SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE meat spoilage; Pseudomonas; PCR; DNA probe; beef ID OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; DNA PROBES; FRESH MEAT; AMPLIFICATION; HYBRIDIZATION; POPULATIONS; CELLS; LIFE; FOOD AB The growth of spoilage bacteria results in a shorter shelf life of meat, causing economic losses to the meat industry. Based on 23S rDNA sequence data of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two primers designated as PF (23 bases) and PR (20 bases) were synthesized for use in the polymerase chain reaction. A unique 207-base-pair DNA product from nine different bacteria typically associated with meat spoilage was amplified by the primers. Dot blot analysis with the internal DNA probe specific for the amplified products confirmed that the amplified DNA sequence is specific for the spoilage bacteria studied. C1 UNIV CONNECTICUT, DEPT ANIM SCI, STORRS, CT 06269 USA. UNIV CONNECTICUT, DEPT PATHOBIOL, STORRS, CT 06269 USA. ARS, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. OI Faustman, Cameron/0000-0002-8061-5907 NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 59 IS 8 BP 845 EP 848 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA VD346 UT WOS:A1996VD34600009 ER PT J AU Miller, AJ Brown, T Call, JE AF Miller, AJ Brown, T Call, JE TI Comparison of wooden and polyethylene cutting boards: Potential for the attachment and removal of bacteria from ground beef SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE cutting boards; ground beef; microbial attachment ID CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; PRODUCTS AB The potentials for removal of beef bacterial microflora from unscored polyethylene and hardwood cutting boards were compared. Ground beer was placed for 0 to 90 min onto cutting boards at room temperature and then removed; the surfaces were swabbed and the bacteria were enumerated. The boards were cleaned with various cleaning agents and then analyzed for bacterial removal. In addition, aqueous extracts from eight hardwoods were incubated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 for 0 to 30 h at 37 degrees C to determine their inhibitory potential. Differences between the bacterial levels on wooden and plastic boards were not significant regardless of contact time. Washing with any cleaner, including water, removed most bacteria from either type of board. White ash extracts reduced E. coli O157:H7 levels to undetectable within 24 h; black cherry and red oak exhibited low inhibitory activity. Slight growth was observed in extracts from all other hardwoods, including hard maple, suggesting that aqueous extractable agents that are active against E. coli O157:H7 are not generally present in hardwoods. This study demonstrates the need to control cutting board sanitation regardless of composition. RP Miller, AJ (reprint author), ARS,USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 24 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 59 IS 8 BP 854 EP 858 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA VD346 UT WOS:A1996VD34600011 ER PT J AU Palumbo, SA Call, J Huynh, B Fanelli, J AF Palumbo, SA Call, J Huynh, B Fanelli, J TI Survival and growth potential of Aeromonas hydrophila in reconditioned pork-processing-plant water SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Pathogen survival; pathogen growth; reused water; Aeromonas hydrophila; pork processing ID DRINKING-WATER; MOTILE AEROMONAS; TROPHIC STATE; FRESH-WATERS; KINETICS AB The growth and survival of Aeromonas hydrophila K144 was studied in reconditioned pork-processing-plant water. Neutralization of residual chlorine by thiosulfate permitted growth and long-term survival of the bacterium at temperatures ranging from 5 to 28 degrees C; growth was also observed at 37 and 42 degrees C but survival times were shorter. The coliform growth response, a bioassay system to measure the amount of nutrients available for microbial growth, for the reconditioned water was 2.91 +/- 0.61, which agreed with our observation that this water contained sufficient nutrients to support about 3 log units of growth of A. hydrophila. Our results indicate that residual chlorine levels are necessary to prevent the growth of any A. hydrophila which might contaminate reconditioned water. RP Palumbo, SA (reprint author), ARS,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 59 IS 8 BP 881 EP 885 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA VD346 UT WOS:A1996VD34600016 ER PT J AU Thomas, JW Huke, S AF Thomas, JW Huke, S TI The Forest Service Approach to healthy ecosystems SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article RP Thomas, JW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,ECOSYST MANAGEMENT STAFF,POB 96090,WASHINGTON,DC 20090, USA. NR 10 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 BP 14 EP 18 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VA752 UT WOS:A1996VA75200006 ER PT J AU More, TA AF More, TA TI Forestry's fuzzy concepts - An examination of ecosystem management SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article RP More, TA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,POB 968,BURLINGTON,VT 05402, USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 BP 19 EP 23 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VA752 UT WOS:A1996VA75200007 ER PT J AU Twery, MJ Gottschalk, KW AF Twery, MJ Gottschalk, KW TI Forest health: Another fuzzy concept SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 FOREST SERV,USDA,NE FOREST EXPT STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,MORGANTOWN,WV. RP Twery, MJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,NE FOREST EXPT STN,AIKEN FORESTRY SCI LAB,BURLINGTON,VT 05402, USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 BP 20 EP 20 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VA752 UT WOS:A1996VA75200008 ER PT J AU Bednar, LF Shainsky, LJ AF Bednar, LF Shainsky, LJ TI The concept of overcontrolled systems: Implications for forest management SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 WOLFTREE INC,PORTLAND,OR. RP Bednar, LF (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,POB 3890,PORTLAND,OR 97208, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 94 IS 8 BP 29 EP 33 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VA752 UT WOS:A1996VA75200010 ER PT J AU Cook, BJ Chen, AC Pryor, N AF Cook, BJ Chen, AC Pryor, N TI Structure and activity of the intrinsic and external muscle networks of the malpighian tubules of the stable fly SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROCKEFELLER UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 222 E 70TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10021 SN 0022-1295 J9 J GEN PHYSIOL JI J. Gen. Physiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 108 IS 2 BP 56 EP 56 PG 1 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA VA935 UT WOS:A1996VA93500059 ER PT J AU Bischoff, DS Slavicek, JM AF Bischoff, DS Slavicek, JM TI Characterization of the Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus 25K FP gene SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA; PLAQUE VARIANTS; ALFALFA LOOPER; SERIAL PASSAGE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; DNA INSERTIONS; CELL-CULTURE; BACULOVIRUS; MUTANTS AB The Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) gene encoding the 25K FP protein has been cloned and sequenced. The 25K FP gene codes for a 217 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 24870 Da. Expression of the 25K FP protein in a rabbit reticulocyte system generated a 27 kDa protein, in close agreement with the molecular mass predicted from the nucleotide sequence. The gene is located between 40 . 3 and 40 . 8 map units on the viral genome. It is transcribed in a counterclockwise direction with respect to the circular map at late times during the infection cycle from a consensus baculovirus late promoter. The LdMNPV and Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) 25K FP proteins exhibit 52% amino acid identity with several regions showing greater than 75% identity. Homologues to the AcMNPV orf59 and orf60 were also identified upstream (with respect to the genome) of the 25K FP gene in LdMNPV and exhibit 52% and 45% amino acid identity, respectively. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,NE FOREST EXPT STN,FOREST SCI LAB,DELAWARE,OH 43015. NR 27 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA HARVEST HOUSE 62 LONDON ROAD, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 5AS SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 77 BP 1913 EP 1923 DI 10.1099/0022-1317-77-8-1913 PN 8 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA VA537 UT WOS:A1996VA53700037 PM 8760443 ER PT J AU Shields, FD Gippel, CJ AF Shields, FD Gippel, CJ TI Prediction of effects of woody debris removal on flow resistance - Closure SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID GRAVEL C1 UNIV MELBOURNE,CTR ENVIRONM APPL HYDRO,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA. RP Shields, FD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,POB 1157,OXFORD,MS 38655, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD AUG PY 1996 VL 122 IS 8 BP 471 EP 472 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:8(471.2) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA UY472 UT WOS:A1996UY47200010 ER PT J AU Dionigi, CP Ahten, TS Wartelle, LH AF Dionigi, CP Ahten, TS Wartelle, LH TI Effects of several metals on spore, biomass, and geosmin production by Streptomyces tendae and Penicillium expansum SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE off-flavor; heavy metals; geosmin production; Streptomyces tendae; Penicillium expansum ID BIOSYNTHESIS; 2-METHYLISOBORNEOL; FIBERGLASS; STRAINS; GROWTH; WATER AB Cultures of Streptomyces tendae and Penicillium expansum grown on Actinomyces and Czapek's media, respectively, were exposed to 5 mg L(-1) of manganese, magnesium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc, supplied as sulfate salts. Only copper markedly increased geosmin (1 alpha, 10 beta-dimethyl-9 alpha-decalol), biomass, and spore production. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometric analysis of S. tendae and P. expansum cells did not indicate an accumulation of copper. Both 1 and 5 mg L(-1) copper, as copper sulfate, increased total geosmin production in cultures of S. tendae on several media, but decreased production on others, suggesting that substrate composition affects responses to copper. RP Dionigi, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL JI J. Indust. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 17 IS 2 BP 84 EP 88 DI 10.1007/BF01570048 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA VW894 UT WOS:A1996VW89400005 ER PT J AU Zhao, S Meng, J Doyle, MP Meinersman, R Wang, G Zhao, P AF Zhao, S Meng, J Doyle, MP Meinersman, R Wang, G Zhao, P TI A low molecular weight outer-membrane protein of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with adherence to INT407 cells and chicken caeca SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SHIGA-LIKE TOXINS; EAE GENE; 60-MEGADALTON PLASMID; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; SEROTYPE O157-H7; EXPRESSION; TNPHOA; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PATHOGENESIS; DETERMINANTS AB Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 and O26:H11 have been shown to produce a low mol. wt outer-membrane protein (OMP) that is unique to a few serotypes of E. coli. A mutant (A10) of E. coli O157:H7 strain HA1 deficient in the OMP was constructed by TnphoA mutagenesis and assayed for its adherent ability. Adherence of A10 to intestinal epithelial cells (INT407) was significantly less than that of its parent strain (HA1). Adherence of HA1 to INT407 cells was significantly decreased by treatment with a monoclonal antibody (4E8C12) that specifically binds to the OMP. When chickens were infected experimentally with E. coli O157:H7 strains, the average number of cfu of strain A10 recovered from chicken caeca was significantly less than those of strain HA1 and wild-type strain 932 at 14 and 21 days after peroral inoculation. These data suggest that the OMP of EHEC is associated with adherence of E. coli O157:H7 to epithelial cells in vitro and chicken caeca in vivo. C1 UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL, GRIFFIN, GA 30223 USA. ARS, RUSSELL RES CTR, USDA, ATHENS, GA 30613 USA. RP Zhao, S (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA, CTR FOOD SAFETY & QUAL ENHANCEMENT, GRIFFIN, GA 30223 USA. NR 36 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-2615 EI 1473-5644 J9 J MED MICROBIOL JI J. Med. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 45 IS 2 BP 90 EP 96 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VB256 UT WOS:A1996VB25600004 PM 8683557 ER PT J AU Jones, TH Torres, JA Snelling, RR Spande, TF AF Jones, TH Torres, JA Snelling, RR Spande, TF TI Primary tetradecenyl amines from the ant Monomorium floricola SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID VENOM CHEMISTRY AB In contrast to other ants in the genus Monomorium that produce cyclic amines, extracts of Monomorium floricola contain (Z)-7-tetradecenylamine (1) and (Z)-9-tetradecenylamine (2). The structures of these compounds were established from their spectral data and by comparison with synthetic 2. C1 UNIV PUERTO RICO,DEPT BIOL,SAN JUAN,PR 00931. US FOREST SERV,IITF,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928. LOS ANGLES CTY MUSEUM NAT HIST,LOS ANGELES,CA 90007. NIDDK,BIOORGAN CHEM LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP Jones, TH (reprint author), VIRGINIA MIL INST,DEPT CHEM,LEXINGTON,VA 24450, USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOGNOSY PI CINCINNATI PA LLOYD LIBRARY & MUSEUM 917 PLUM ST, CINCINNATI, OH 45202 SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 59 IS 8 BP 801 EP 802 DI 10.1021/np960350s PG 2 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA VE379 UT WOS:A1996VE37900021 PM 8792628 ER PT J AU Qureshi, AA Lehmann, JW Peterson, DM AF Qureshi, AA Lehmann, JW Peterson, DM TI Amaranth and its oil inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in 6-week-old female chickens SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE amaranth; tocols; cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase; cholesterol; chickens ID NUTRITIONAL-VALUE; GRAIN AMARANTH; METABOLISM; SEEDS; FIBER AB All amaranth varieties contain tocotrienols and squalene compounds which are known to affect cholesterol biosynthesis. Therefore, in the present study, the influence of dietary supplementation of whole seed, popped, and milled amaranth and amaranth oil on cholesterogenesis was studied in 6-wk-old female chickens. Serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were lowered 10-30% and 7-70% (P < 0.01), respectively, in birds fed amaranth-containing diets. HDL-cholesterol was not affected by amaranth supplementation. Activities of liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (the enzyme responsible for cholesterol breakdown into bile acids) were 10-18% higher (P < 0.01) than those of controls for birds fed most forms of amaranth and its oil, whereas activities of liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis) were lowered by about only 9% (P < 0.01) by popped, milled amaranth and its oil. This lack of marked inhibition of this enzyme suggests the presence of some other potent cholesterol inhibitor(s) apart from tocotrienols and squalene in amaranth. C1 USDA ARS,CEREAL CROPS RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 29 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 126 IS 8 BP 1972 EP 1978 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VA164 UT WOS:A1996VA16400004 PM 8759369 ER PT J AU Zarlenga, DS Aschenbrenner, RA Lichtenfels, JR AF Zarlenga, DS Aschenbrenner, RA Lichtenfels, JR TI Variations in microsatellite sequences provide evidence for population differences and multiple ribosomal gene repeats within Trichinella pseudospiralis SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; HUMAN DNA; RNA; GAP; CONSERVATION; SPIRALIS AB Enzymatic amplification of expansion segment 5 sequences within domain IV of the large subunit ribosomal DNA generated distinct results among geographical isolates of Trichinella pseudospiralis from Russia, North America, and Australia from both avian and mammalian hosts. Discrete, multiple DNA fragments ranging in approximate size from 285 to 360 bp were observed within and among each of the isolates tested. Polymerase chain reaction performed on individual adult parasites from each isolate resulted in multiple DNA fragments that were comparable to those generated from pooled genomic DNA. Sequence analysis of cloned, representative amplified fragments demonstrated that fragment length variation resulted primarily from the dinucleotide (TG)(n) and trinucleotide (TGC)(n) microsatellite repeats present within the expansion segment. Results are consistent with both population differences within the species as well as the presence of multiple alleles of the large subunit ribosomal RNA genes within individual parasites. C1 IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. BIOSYSTEMAT & NATL PARASITE COLLECT UNIT,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Zarlenga, DS (reprint author), USDA,ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 82 IS 4 BP 534 EP 538 DI 10.2307/3283777 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA VC057 UT WOS:A1996VC05700003 PM 8691360 ER PT J AU Lindsay, DS Kelly, EJ McKown, RD Stein, FJ Plozer, J Herman, J Blagburn, BL Dubey, JP AF Lindsay, DS Kelly, EJ McKown, RD Stein, FJ Plozer, J Herman, J Blagburn, BL Dubey, JP TI Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in coyotes (Canis latrans) and experimental infections of coyotes with Neospora caninum SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOGS; TRANSMISSION; CALIFORNIA; DIAGNOSIS; KANSAS; DEER; WILD AB Antibodies to Neospora caninum were detected in 5 (10%) of 52 coyotes from Texas. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were detected in 32 (62%) of 52 samples from these same coyotes. Four (80%) of the 5 coyotes that were seropositive for N. caninum also had antibodies to T. gondii. Nineteen (37%) of the coyotes did not have antibodies to either parasite. Three coyote pups were inoculated with the brains from mice infected with 3 strains of N. caninum originally isolated from dogs. None of the pups developed neosporosis or excreted N. caninum oocysts in their feces. The pups developed anti-N. caninum antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:800 but did not develop antibodies to T. gondii. Results of this study indicate that antibodies to T. gondii are more common than antibodies to N. caninum in coyotes. Additionally, young coyotes appear to be resistant to experimental N. caninum infection. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,PROVO DIAGNOST LAB,PROVO,UT 84606. TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLL VET MED,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. USDA ARS,LPSI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Lindsay, DS (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOBIOL,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 22 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 82 IS 4 BP 657 EP 659 DI 10.2307/3283798 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA VC057 UT WOS:A1996VC05700024 PM 8691381 ER PT J AU Lichtenfels, JR Colglazier, ML AF Lichtenfels, JR Colglazier, ML TI Aurel Overton Foster - 1906-1996 - In memoriam SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Item About an Individual RP Lichtenfels, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,LPSI,BNPCU,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 82 IS 4 BP 686 EP 686 PG 1 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA VC057 UT WOS:A1996VC05700036 ER PT J AU Johnson, EL Foy, CD AF Johnson, EL Foy, CD TI Biomass accumulation and alkaloid content in leaves of Erythroxylum coca and Erythroxylum novogranatense var novogranatense grown in soil with varying pH SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Erythroxylan coca var coca Lam; Erythroxylum novogranatense var novogranatense (Morris) Hieron; alkaloids; calcicole; calcifuge; cocaine; cis-cinnamoylcocaine; cuscohygrine; hygrine; methyl ecgonine; plant stress; trans-cinnamoylcocaine; tropacocaine; tropinone ID CINNAMOYLCOCAINE AB Erythroxylum coca var. coca Lam. (E. cord) and Erythroxylum novagranatense var. novogranatense (Morris) Hieron (E. nova. novogranatense) were grown in greenhouse pots of Monmouth sandy loam, over a pH range of 3.5 through 7.0, to determine patterns for biomass accumulation and the content of hygrine, tropinone, methyl ecgonine, cuscohygrine, tropacocaine, cocaine, cis- and trans-cinnamoylcocaine in their leaves. Optimal growth for E. coca occurred at pH 3.5, and for E. nova. novogranatense at pH 4.7 through 6.0. The pH extreme (sub-optimal biomass accumulation, above and below optimal pH) for E. cord was greater than or equal to 6.5 and for E. nova. novogranatense less than or equal to 3.5 and greater than or equal to 6.5. Hence, E. coca is tentatively termed a calcifuge (Al-tolerant, Fe-inefficient) while E. nova. novogranatense more nearly resembles a calcicole (Fe-efficient, Al-sensitive). Increases in leaf alkaloid content observed at the pH extremes for E. coca and E. novo. novogranatense appeared to be caused by plant stress. E. nova. novogranatense was more tolerant to the high pH extreme than E. coca. Twenty-two months after transplanting, 55% of E. coca plants grown at soil pH 7.0 died, and those that remained were chlorotic. In addition, among E. coca plants grown at soil pH 6.5, only 55% were alive at the third harvest. Cocaine concentration in E. coca was independent of leaf biomass. Leaves of E. coca grown in soil at pH 3.5 through 6.0 had higher concentrations of cocaine than those of E. nova. novogranatense. Conversely, leaves of E. nova. novogranatense contained a higher concentration of trans- and cis-cinnamoylcocaine and methyl ecgonine than those of E. coca. The least abundant alkaloid observed in E. coca and E. nova. novogranatense was tropinone which was low or commonly not detected. Of the eight alkaloids monitored in leaves of E. novo novagranatense grown in soils at various pH levels, methyl ecgonine was the most abundant. C1 ARS, USDA, NAT RESOURCES INST, CLIMATE STRESS LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP Johnson, EL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, INST PLANT SCI, WEED SCI LAB, BARC W, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 149 IS 3-4 BP 444 EP 450 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VH802 UT WOS:A1996VH80200033 ER PT J AU Sauter, JJ Wisniewski, M Witt, W AF Sauter, JJ Wisniewski, M Witt, W TI Interrelationships between ultrastructure, sugar levels, and frost hardiness of ray parenchyma cells during frost acclimation and deacclimation in poplar (Populus x canadensis Moench ) wood SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Populus x canadensis ; acclimation; frost hardiness; protoplast dehydration; ray parenchyma cells; sugar content; ultrastructure; wood ID PEACH PRUNUS-PERSICA; KOIDZ CV GOROJI; COLD-ACCLIMATION; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; PROTEIN-METABOLISM; FREEZING TOLERANCE; MULBERRY TWIGS; STORAGE TISSUE; BETA-VULGARIS; L BATSCH AB Ray parenchyma cells of poplar wood (Populus x canadensis Moench ''robusta'') were studied for changes in ultrastructure and in the level of various sugars in fall, winter and spring in relation to freezing resistance as measured by LT(50) (temperature at which 50% of the cells are injured). Before acclimation (mid-October), frost hardiness is low (LT(50) -3 to -5 degrees C), sugar levels have not yet increased while the ray cell protoplast has already become dense in structure. This is due mainly to the elimination of large vacuoles, their replacement by small storage protein vacuoles, and the vast accumulation of storage material in general, i.e. in amyloplasts, protein bodies, and oleosomes. Frost acclimation started during leaf fall (end of October) concomitant with a sudden increase of total sugar content,consisting mainly of sucrose and its galactosides. An increase in these sugars is paralleled at the ultrastructural level by a prominent vesicular and cisternal ER-system originating in the cytoplasm. Full acclimation (LT(50) lower than -50 degrees C) is obtained within 3 weeks (mid-November) and coincides with maximum content of sucrose and its galactosides (reaching 300 mu g mg(-1) DW in ray cells) and with a prominent development of vesicular and cis-ternal ER. The evidence for the accumulation in this elaborated ER-system of these sugars is discussed and a proposal for its functional significance both as an intrinsic device for dehydrating the protoplast during frost hardening and for delivery of membrane material to the plasma membrane is made. Transient rises of winter temperature above freezing were paralleled by a noticeable decrease in frost resistance (LT(50) -40 to -30 degrees C), declining sugar levels, and by gradual diminution of the particular ER-vesicles in cytoplasm. In March, at temperatures of 5 to 10 degrees C, sugar content rapidly lowers concomitantly with complete vanishment of vesicles from the cells. A decrease in frost resistance, in contrast; begins later, e.g. in mid-April, suggesting the involvement in frost hardiness of non-sugar compounds at this stage. C1 USDA ARS,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. RP Sauter, JJ (reprint author), CHRISTIAN ALBRECHTS UNIV KIEL,INST BOT,OLSHAUSENSTR 40,D-24098 KIEL,GERMANY. NR 48 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 16 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA WOLLGRASWEG 49, D-70599 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 149 IS 3-4 BP 451 EP 461 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VH802 UT WOS:A1996VH80200034 ER PT J AU Fan, XT Mattheis, JP Fellman, JK AF Fan, XT Mattheis, JP Fellman, JK TI Inhibition of apple fruit 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase activity and respiration by acetylsalicylic acid SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Malus domestica; apple; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase; acetylsalicylic acid; aspirin; ethylene; respiration ID ETHYLENE-FORMING ENZYME; SALICYLIC-ACID; BIOSYNTHESIS; SYNTHASE AB Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) inhibited ethylene production of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Granny Smith) fruit discs in a concentration and time-dependent fashion. Activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase was inhibited both in vivo and in vitro by acetylsalicylic acid, both V-max and K-m decreased as acetylsalicylic acid concentration increased. The apparent Ki was 0.12 mmol . L(-1). We conclude acetylsalicylic acid inhibits ethylene production by inhibiting ACC oxidase activity. For unknown reasons, acetylsalicylic acid also inhibited fruit respiration. C1 ARS,USDA,TREE FRUIT RES LAB,WENATCHEE,WA 98801. RP Fan, XT (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT & LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 14 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA WOLLGRASWEG 49, D-70599 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 149 IS 3-4 BP 469 EP 471 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VH802 UT WOS:A1996VH80200037 ER PT J AU Kennedy, E Ohls, J Carlson, S Fleming, K AF Kennedy, E Ohls, J Carlson, S Fleming, K TI The healthy eating index needs further work - Reply SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 MATH POLICY RES,PRINCETON,NJ. USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. TECH ASSESSMENT SYST INC,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Kennedy, E (reprint author), CTR NUTR POLICY & PROMOT,WASHINGTON,DC, USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 96 IS 8 BP 752 EP 752 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00207-6 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VF445 UT WOS:A1996VF44500018 ER PT J AU Taylor, MM AF Taylor, MM TI Introduction of the 1996 John Arthur Wilson Memorial Lecture SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Taylor, MM (reprint author), USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 91 IS 8 BP 210 EP 210 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA VX971 UT WOS:A1996VX97100002 ER PT J AU Piazza, GJ Foglia, TA Nunez, A AF Piazza, GJ Foglia, TA Nunez, A TI Soybean lipoxygenase-promoted oxidation of free and esterified linoleic acid in the presence of deoxycholate SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE deoxycholate; diacylglycerol; Glycine max; hydroperoxide; linoleate; lipoxygenase; monoacylglycerol ID OXYGENATION; HYDROPEROXIDE; KINETICS AB Lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) catalyzes the reaction between oxygen and polyunsaturated fatty acids to give fatty acid hydroperoxides. Recent work showed that soybean lipoxygenase 1 can oxidize diacylglycerols when deoxycholate is present in the reaction medium. Conditions were sought to maximize 1,3-dilinolein oxidation with a commercial soybean lipoxygenase preparation. It was found that dilinolein was oxidized most rapidly in a multicomponent buffer medium that contained 10 mM deoxycholate between pH 8 and 9. When dilinoelin oxidation was conducted in the individual components of the multicomponent buffer, the oxidation rate decreased two- to threefold. Addition of 0. 2 M NaCl to one of the components, Tricine buffer, caused a twofold increase in the oxidation rate, demonstrating that high ionic strength is a major factor promoting rapid oxidation in the multicomponent buffer. In the deoxycholate multicomponent buffer, the order of reactivity toward oxidation was monolinolein > methyl linoleate approximate to linoleic acid > dilinolein. Competition experiments in which mixtures of the substrates were presented simultaneously to lipoxygenase in the presence of deoxycholate showed that linoleic acid was the most reactive substrate. When no surfactant was present or when the surfactant was Tween 20, linoleic acid was the most rapidly oxidized substrate. Overall, the results demonstrate that monolinolein and methyl linoleate are just as reactive, or more so, as linoleic acid to oxidation by lipoxygenase under specified reaction conditions. In competition experiments, linoleic acid oxidation predominates, probably because its free carboxyl functionality allows it to be preferentially bound to the active site of lipoxygenase. RP Piazza, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,ERRC,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. OI Piazza, George/0000-0003-4896-4928 NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 73 IS 8 BP 1045 EP 1049 DI 10.1007/BF02523414 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA VC723 UT WOS:A1996VC72300014 ER PT J AU Gay, JM Ebel, ED Kearley, WP AF Gay, JM Ebel, ED Kearley, WP TI Commingled grazing as a risk factor for trichomonosis in beef herds SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE bovine species; production medicine; trichomonosis ID FETUS INFECTION; PREVALENCE AB Objective-To evaluate commingled grazing on public lands as a risk factor for Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef herd bulls. Design-Case-control study. Sample Population-Based on 1994 data from the mandatory Idaho bull testing program, all 65 infected herds (case herds), 78 randomly selected test-negative herds that tested < 10 nonvirgin bulls, and 81 randomly elected test-negative herds that tested greater than or equal to 10 nonvirgin bulls (control herds). Procedure-Managers of government-owned grazing lands in Idaho identified producers who had grazing permits for an allotment under their jurisdiction in 1993 and for that allotment recorded the number of animals the producer was permitted to graze on the allotment, the number of herds with grazing permits, The total number of animals permitted, and the dates on which grazing began and ended. The number of bulls tested, number of times tested, and test results were collated from the testing database. Results-The relative sensitivity of bacterial culture of preputial smegma was 81%. The attributable fraction of T foetus infection associated with commingled grazing was 33%, and the odds ratio of infection was 9.0 for herds commingled with greater than or equal to 14 other herds. The total number of animals permitted on an allotment, the use of public lands, and type of public lands used were not significantly associated with infection status. Clinical implications-These results suggest that to control the spread of trichomonosis, the number of herds commingling on a grazing allotment should be minimized and commingled herds should be managed collectively. C1 ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,VET SERV,BOISE,ID 83709. IDAHO DEPT AGR,BUR ANIM HLTH,DIV ANIM IND,BOISE,ID 83707. RP Gay, JM (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET CLIN SCI,FIELD DIS INVEST UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 11 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 1 PY 1996 VL 209 IS 3 BP 643 EP & PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VA271 UT WOS:A1996VA27100051 PM 8755988 ER PT J AU Brown, CC Piccone, ME Mason, PW McKenna, TSC Grubman, MJ AF Brown, CC Piccone, ME Mason, PW McKenna, TSC Grubman, MJ TI Pathogenesis of wild-type and leaderless foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BINDING-PROTEIN COMPLEX; INFECTION; HYBRIDIZATION; CLEAVAGE AB Four calves were experimentally infected via aerosol with foot-and-mouth disease virus. Two were infected with a wild-type virus derived from a full-length infectious clone (A12-IC), and two were infected with a clone-derived virus lacking the leader gene (A12-LLV2), with euthanasia and tissue collection at 24 and 72 h postexposure (hpe). Clinical disease was apparent only in the animal given A12-IC and euthanized at 72 hpe. In situ hybridization revealed that the animal infected with A12-IC and euthanized at 24 hpe had abundant viral nucleic acid in the lung, present in clusters of positive tells in the respiratory bronchiolar epithelium and associated subepithelial regions. At 72 hpe in the A12-IC-infected calf, viral nucleic acid in the lung was present in interstitial areas, and in addition, viral nucleic acid was detectable in epithelial tissues around histologically apparent vesicles. In animals infected with A12-LLV2, viral nucleic acid was detectable in the lung at both 24 and 72 hpe, but staining revealed a more localized distribution with less nucleic acid than was found in animals given A12-IC. Therefore, it appears that after aerosol exposure to A12-IC, early replication is in the region of the lung, with subsequent dissemination to distal sites, In comparison, the A12-LLV2 virus is much less widely disseminated in the lung at 24 hpe, with no lesions or virus detectable in secondary sites at 72 hpe. The greatly reduced pathogenicity of A12-LLV2 may make it an excellent candidate for a modified live viral vaccine. C1 USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,GREENPORT,NY 11944. USDA,FOREIGN ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,VET SERV,GREENPORT,NY 11944. NR 17 TC 76 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 70 IS 8 BP 5638 EP 5641 PG 4 WC Virology SC Virology GA UX582 UT WOS:A1996UX58200090 PM 8764079 ER PT J AU Chambers, M Dougan, G Newman, J Brown, F Crowther, J Mould, AP Humphries, MJ Francis, MJ Clarke, B Brown, AL Rowlands, D AF Chambers, M Dougan, G Newman, J Brown, F Crowther, J Mould, AP Humphries, MJ Francis, MJ Clarke, B Brown, AL Rowlands, D TI Chimeric hepatitis B virus core particles as probes for studying peptide-integrin interactions (vol 70, pg 4045, 1996) SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Correction, Addition C1 INST ANIM HLTH,PIRBRIGHT 9U24 0NF,SURREY,ENGLAND. UNIV MANCHESTER,SCH BIOL SCI,MANCHESTER M13 9PT,LANCS,ENGLAND. WELLCOME RES LABS,DEPT VIROL,BECKENHAM BR3 3BS,KENT,ENGLAND. USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,GREENPORT,NY 11944. RP Chambers, M (reprint author), UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,LONDON SW7 2AZ,ENGLAND. RI Chambers, Mark/C-9470-2009 OI Chambers, Mark/0000-0002-8073-8069 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 70 IS 8 BP 5740 EP 5740 PG 1 WC Virology SC Virology GA UX582 UT WOS:A1996UX58200110 ER PT J AU Nickle, DA Heymann, EW AF Nickle, DA Heymann, EW TI Predation on orthoptera and other orders of insects by tamarin monkeys, Saguinus mystax mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis nigrifrons (Primates: Callitrichidae), in north-eastern Peru SO JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AERIAL LEAF LITTER; FEEDING ECOLOGY; MOUSTACHED TAMARINS; AMAZONIA; BEHAVIOR; DIET; PLATYRRHINI; FOREST AB Katydids and related insects are an important component in the diets of moustached (Saguinus mystax mystax) and saddle back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis nigrifrons). Based on preliminary data of captured prey, trends suggest that partitioning occurs regarding orthopterans as a limited food resource. Of species captured as prey, only three were shared by both tamarin species. Saddle-back tamarins appeared to specialize more on understorey species (0-4 m), concentrating on pseudophylline katydids. Moustached tamarins incorporated a greater percentage of phaneropterine katydids from the lower to middle canopy into their diet of insects. Although most prey species were exposed to view during the diurnal feeding period of the tamarins, only the saddle-back tamarin fed on katydids that spend the dal concealed from view within dead curled leaves. Differentiation of the prey spectrum may represent a critical pattern of niche differentiation in these two sympatric tamarin species, which show a high overlap in their plant food resources. C1 DEUTSCH PRIMATENZENTRUM GMBH,AG VERHALTENFORSCH OKOL,D-37077 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY. SMITHSONIAN INST,US NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,USDA,ARS,PSI,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. NR 83 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 14 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0952-8369 J9 J ZOOL JI J. Zool. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 239 BP 799 EP 819 PN 4 PG 21 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VC582 UT WOS:A1996VC58200014 ER PT J AU Boyle, KJ Johnson, FR McCollum, DW Desvousges, WH Dunford, RW Hudson, SP AF Boyle, KJ Johnson, FR McCollum, DW Desvousges, WH Dunford, RW Hudson, SP TI Valuing public goods: Discrete versus continuous contingent-valuation responses SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID MALL-INTERCEPT; BID DESIGN; EMPIRICAL MEASURES; WELFARE CHANGE; MARKET GOODS; OPTION VALUE; CHOICE; SENSITIVITY; WILLINGNESS; MODELS AB Independent applications of open-ended and dichotomous-choice formats are compared using tests of means, estimating joint likelihood functions and nonparametric tests of distributions. The null hypothesis of no difference in the open-ended and dichotomous-choice estimates of central tendency cannot be rejected for two out of three data sets, while estimated standard deviations are significantly different for all three data sets. In addition, actual dichotomous-choice means and standard deviations exceed those from comparable synthetic dichotomous-choice data sets, suggesting either open-ended questions underestimate values or dichotomous-choice bid structures may lead to systematic overestimates. C1 US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO. TRIANGLE ECON RES,DURHAM,NC. RP Boyle, KJ (reprint author), UNIV MAINE,ORONO,ME 04469, USA. NR 48 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 13 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 72 IS 3 BP 381 EP 396 DI 10.2307/3147204 PG 16 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VC430 UT WOS:A1996VC43000008 ER PT J AU Kaufmann, H Yamage, M Roditi, I Dobbelaere, D Dubey, JP Holmdahl, OJM Trees, A Gottstein, B AF Kaufmann, H Yamage, M Roditi, I Dobbelaere, D Dubey, JP Holmdahl, OJM Trees, A Gottstein, B TI Discrimination of Neospora caninum from Toxoplasma gondii and other apicomplexan parasites by hybridization and PCR SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES LA English DT Article DE Neospora caninum; Toxoplasma gondii; Sarcocystis; Apicomplexa; DNA probe; PCR ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; PROTOZOAN; DOGS; INFECTION; PHYLOGENY; DISEASE AB Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite which causes neurological problems in dogs and abortion in cattle. As N. caninum is difficult to distinguish morphologically from Toxoplasma gondii, we developed a molecular tool capable of discriminating between the two parasites. Genomic DNA was isolated from in vitro cultured N. caninum tachyzoites and cloned into a plasmid vector. Resulting colonies were subsequently screened by differential hybridization using N. caninum and T. gondii DNA. Two clones were characterized in detail: one clone, termed pNc5, was found to be specific for N. caninum whereas the second clone, pNc1, hybridized with DNA from both parasites. The sequence of pNc5 was determined and different oligonucleotide primers were designed for use in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A 944 bp fragment was specifically amplified from N. caninum DNA, but not from DNA extracted from T. gondii or different Sarcocystis species. Positive signals in PCR were obtained with as little as 100 pg parasite template DNA. In addition, dual PCR with primer pairs specific for N. caninum and T. gondii allowed the detection of either parasite in mixed samples. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited C1 UNIV BERN,FAC MED,INST PARASITOL,CH-3001 BERN,SWITZERLAND. UNIV BERN,INST GEN MICROBIOL,CH-3012 BERN,SWITZERLAND. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI,DEPT PARASITOL,S-75007 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. UNIV LIVERPOOL,LIVERPOOL SCH TROP MED,LIVERPOOL L3 5QA,MERSEYSIDE,ENGLAND. RI Dobbelaere, Dirk/A-3885-2013 OI Dobbelaere, Dirk/0000-0003-0672-8468 NR 17 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0890-8508 J9 MOL CELL PROBE JI Mol. Cell. Probes PD AUG PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 289 EP 297 DI 10.1006/mcpr.1996.0038 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA VB776 UT WOS:A1996VB77600006 PM 8865177 ER PT J AU Holtzapple, CK Carlin, RJ Rose, BG Kubena, LF Stanker, LH AF Holtzapple, CK Carlin, RJ Rose, BG Kubena, LF Stanker, LH TI Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to aflatoxin M1 and molecular modeling studies of related aflatoxins SO MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE molecular modeling; aflatoxin M1; ELISA; antibody binding; anti-aflatoxin antibody ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; BINDING-SITE; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; HERBICIDE AB Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and seven structural analogs were used to investigate the correlation between antibody binding and the conformational and electronic properties of these molecules. Mice were immunized with AFM1-BSA and hybridomas secreting anti-AFM1 antibodies were isolated and characterized. The cross-reactivities of seven structurally similar aflatoxins were determined by competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). In an effort to correlate antibody binding with three-dimensional properties of the analogs, all of the aflatoxins (and the immunogen) were modeled and global energy minima were determined using molecular, mechanical and quantum mechanical methods. The results demonstrate that, for these molecules, loss of optimum structure and introduction of steric hindrance in the portion of the molecule that would fit into the antibody binding site are more important to binding than simply loss of a determinant group. Molecular computational techniques can give reasons for the wide variation in IC50 values observed between structural analogs and can be used as a tool for determining which conformational and electronic properties of molecules are most important for antibody binding. RP Holtzapple, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,2881 F & B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 19 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0161-5890 J9 MOL IMMUNOL JI Mol. Immunol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 33 IS 11-12 BP 939 EP 946 DI 10.1016/S0161-5890(96)00050-8 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA VX071 UT WOS:A1996VX07100006 PM 8960118 ER PT J AU Lin, KC Bushnell, WR Szabo, LJ Smith, AG AF Lin, KC Bushnell, WR Szabo, LJ Smith, AG TI Isolation and expression of a host response gene family encoding thaumatin-like proteins in incompatible oat-stem rust fungus interactions SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE gene-specific probe; phylogenetic analysis ID PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS; PLANT-DISEASE RESISTANCE; VIRUS-INFECTION; ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; TOBACCO-LEAVES; CDNA CLONING; BARLEY; OSMOTIN; MILDEW AB Four cDNA clones (corresponding to tlp-1, -2, -3, and -4 genes) encoding thaumatin-like (TL), pathogenesis-related proteins were isolated from oat (Avena sativa) infected by an incompatible isolate Pga-1H of the oat stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae), All four cDNA clones contained an open reading frame predicted to encode a 169-amino acid polypeptide with a signal peptide of 21 amino acids at the N-terminus, suggesting that these proteins are transported through a secretory pathway. The amino acid sequences revealed high homology among the four cDNA clones, 80 to 99% identity and 86 to 100% similarity, The tlp genes and several TL protein genes of certain cereals are clustered into a small group that is phylogenetically separate from the major group of TL protein genes of several plant species, In plants infected with the incompatible isolate Pga-1H, or an inappropriate isolate Pgt-8D of P. graminis f. sp, tritici, high levels of tlp gene transcripts accumulated at 42 to 48 h AI and thereafter when hypersensitive host cell death occurred and hyphal growth was inhibited, whereas in plants infected with a compatible isolate Pga-6A, relatively lower amounts of transcripts were detected, Overall, transcript levels were higher with tlp-1 than with the three other genes, Spray with a light mineral oil used as a spore carrier induced transient expression of tlp-1, -2, and -3 genes at 16 to 30 h AT which obscured the initial induction of the tlp genes in response to infection by the pathogens, In contrast, tlp-4 was induced very little by oil spray, so that induction was clearly observed in response to either compatible, incompatible, or inappropriate isolates at 24 to 30 h AI, Wounding leaves by either slicing or puncturing them strongly induced tlp-1 and tlp-3, moderately induced tlp-2, but had no effect on tlp-4. Taken together, the results showed that tlp genes displayed differential responses to oil spray, mechanical wounding, and pathogen infection and that the expression of tip genes, especially tlp-1, in oat is associated with resistance reactions in response to infection by incompatible and inappropriate isolates of the stem rust fungi. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA,CEREAL RUST LAB,AGR RES SERV,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT HORT SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 51 TC 41 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 9 IS 6 BP 511 EP 522 DI 10.1094/MPMI-9-0511 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA UZ733 UT WOS:A1996UZ73300010 PM 8755626 ER PT J AU Samuels, GJ AF Samuels, GJ TI Trichoderma: A review of biology and systematics of the genus SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; PROTOPLAST FUSION; SECTION LONGIBRACHIATUM; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; SOILLESS MIX; FOREST SOIL; DAMPING-OFF; HARZIANUM; BIOCONTROL AB Species of Trichoderma, a genus of hyphomycetes, are ubiquitous in the environment, but especially in soils. They have been used or encountered in many human activities, including commercial applications in production of enzymes and biological control of plant disease. They are the cause of disease in commercially produced mushrooms, and have been identified as causal agents of disease in immunosuppressed humans. Knowledge about what constitutes a species of Trichoderma, or about interspecific relationships, has not kept pace with the expanding number of applications or frequency of encounter of Trichoderma by biotechnologists, plant pathologists and medical personnel. This review presesents an overview of the interaction between humans and Trichoderma, and a more intensive review of knowledge of systematics and taxonomy of the genus. RP Samuels, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB, ROOM 304, B-011A, BARC-W, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 151 TC 164 Z9 202 U1 6 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 100 BP 923 EP 935 PN 8 PG 13 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA VF676 UT WOS:A1996VF67600002 ER PT J AU Quail, PH AF Quail, PH TI A new vision for plant productivity SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT News Item ID PHYTOCHROME FAMILY; PERCEPTION; LIGHT C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), USDA,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATURE PUBLISHING CO PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 SN 1087-0156 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL JI Nat. Biotechnol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 14 IS 8 BP 945 EP 945 DI 10.1038/nbt0896-945 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UZ199 UT WOS:A1996UZ19900016 PM 9631030 ER PT J AU Means, JE Harris, RR Sabin, TE McCain, CN AF Means, JE Harris, RR Sabin, TE McCain, CN TI Spatial variation in productivity of Douglas-fir stands on a valley floor in the western Cascades Range, Oregon SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LEAF-AREA AB We studied 80 to 130 yr-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France) stands occurring on fluvial terraces and alluvial fans in the French Pete Creek valley. Our primary goals were to estimate productivity of these stands, examine relationships among landform characteristics, stand characteristics and productivity measures, and determine if productivity differs on terraces and fans. Productivity was measured as sire index, leaf area index, mean annual volume increment, and periodic annual volume increment. Productivity on terraces did not differ significantly from that on fans for any measure. Spatial variability (due to plots within stands) in height (p=0.0002) and site index (p=0.004) was significantly greater within terrace stands than fan stands. Site index of Douglas-fir stands (King 1966) on the valley floor (34 m) was greater than that estimated for surrounding uplands (31, 25 or 24 m depending on data source). In the South Fork McKenzie basin only 16-28 % of the riparian zones are on wide alluvial deposits similar to those on our French Pete valley floor study area. In part for this reason the results of this study cannot be extended directly to the nearby landscape. The current President's Plan (USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management 1994) calls for approximately 4,400,000 ha of riparian reserves on which timber harvest would be significantly restricted. This study indicates that when riparian reserves in the Western Cascades include wide valley floors, they may include some of the more productive stands in a basin. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT FORESTRY & RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. SIUSLAW NATL FOREST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. RP Means, JE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,3200 JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 70 IS 3 BP 201 EP 212 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VM142 UT WOS:A1996VM14200002 ER PT J AU Minore, D Weatherly, HG Cartmill, M AF Minore, D Weatherly, HG Cartmill, M TI Seeds, seedlings, and growth of Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Extensive logging damage and harvesting for taxol depleted many Pacific yew populations in western North America, and successful natural regeneration is needed to restore those populations. Field measurements of seed and seedling distribution, growth, and age indicate that yew seeds may remain dormant in the soil seed bank for more than three years. Seeds tend to be concentrated under the crowns of mature yew trees, and they can produce abundant seedlings on some clearcut-and-burned sires. Clearcutting, burning, or other major stand disturbances are not essential for seed germination and seedling survival, however; Pacific yew can also regenerate in the understory of undisturbed stands. RP Minore, D (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, USDA, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 70 IS 3 BP 223 EP 229 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VM142 UT WOS:A1996VM14200004 ER PT J AU Scherer, G Zamora, B Everett, R Roche, B AF Scherer, G Zamora, B Everett, R Roche, B TI Habitat characteristics and morphological differences of Trifolium thompsonii populations SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Trifolium thompsonii (Morton) is a rare and threatened legume of the Eastern Cascades previously known only in Swakane Canyon of Chelan County, Washington. Recent wildfire disturbances and new population sightings prompted investigation of the habitat characteristics of this taxon. Transect sampling and cluster analysis identified T. thompsonii occurrence in four plant associations: Pseudotsuga menziesii/Calmagrostis rubescens (PSME/CARU), Pinus ponderosa/Agropyron spicatum (PIPO/AGSP), Artemisia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum (ARTR/AGSP), and Artemisia tridentata-vaseyana/Agropyron spicatum (ARVA/AGSP). Thompson's clover occurs in a mosaic pattern characteristic of fire disturbed and grazed communities with 24-69 percent cover of forbs and grasses and 0-36 percent cover of trees and shrubs. Morphological expression of T. thomsonii ranged from tall (32 cm) multifloral stands in mesic PSME to relatively small (25 cm) individuals with only one flowerhead in the xeric ARTR. In contrast, plant density was low in PSME st 0.6 plants-m(-2) but high in ARTR at 6.4 plants-m(-2). This study confirms T. thompsonii to be a vigorous and dominant fort, component of early seral communities in the ponderosa pine-shrub steppe ecotone. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT NAT RESOURCE SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP Scherer, G (reprint author), USDA,FORESTRY SCI LAB,1133 WESTERN AVE,WENATCHEE,WA 98801, USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 70 IS 3 BP 242 EP 251 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VM142 UT WOS:A1996VM14200006 ER PT J AU Findholt, SL Johnson, BK Bryant, LD Thomas, JW AF Findholt, SL Johnson, BK Bryant, LD Thomas, JW TI Corrections for position bias of a LORAN-C radio-telemetry system using DGPS SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRIANGULATION; ACCURACY; ERROR AB Position estimates determined from Long Range Navigation-C (LORAN-C) can be biased because of rugged topography, power lines, and mineral deposits. We corrected position bias of a LORAN-C automated animal tracking system used on the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range in northeast Oregon to track movements of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and cattle (Bos taurus). LORAN-C time differences were obtained from 386 Differential Global Positioning System sites located systematically throughout the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. We used geostatistics to interpolate position-dependent LORAN-C distortions in the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range to improve the absolute positioning accuracy of the automated animal tracking system. Time differences were obtained from LORAN-C collars placed at 20 random sites. Positions were calculated after correcting these time differences for bias. These positions were compared for accuracy against the same positions determined by a Differential Global Positioning System (accuracy level within 2-5 m, Trimble Navigation, Inc.). Positioning accuracy increased for the original automated animal tracking system (P < 0.05) when two corrected time differences were used to obtain positions but not in the upgraded automated animal tracking system (P > 0.05) when 3-4 corrected time differences were used to determine positions. However, uncorrected positions from the upgraded automated animal tracking system were as accurate as corrected positions from the original automated animal tracking system. We are 90% confident that each LORAN-C position, after correcting for bias, was within a 3.4 ha area in the original automated animal tracking system and a 3.1 ha area in the upgraded automated animal tracking system, respectively. We believe that this attained level of accuracy will be adequate for habitat studies given the size distribution of habitat polygons within the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. Methods presented to identify and correct bias of radio-telemetry positions can also be used to increase positioning accuracy of non-LORAN-C based radio-telemetry. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,LA GRANDE,OR 97850. RP Findholt, SL (reprint author), OREGON DEPT FISH & WILDLIFE,1401 GEKETER LANE,LA GRANDE,OR 97850, USA. NR 17 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 2 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 70 IS 3 BP 273 EP 280 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VM142 UT WOS:A1996VM14200009 ER PT J AU Kahlon, TS Chow, FI Irving, DW Sayre, RN AF Kahlon, TS Chow, FI Irving, DW Sayre, RN TI Cholesterol response and foam cell formation in hamsters fed two levels of saturated fat and various levels of cholesterol SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; plasma; liver; hamster; saturated fat ID DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN TRANSPORT; HYPERLIPIDEMIC HAMSTER; DIETARY-CHOLESTEROL; RICE BRAN; OAT BRAN; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; STREAK FORMATION; AORTIC-ARCH; METABOLISM; ATHEROSCLEROSIS AB Two levels of saturated fat (31 and 39% of the calories) and several levels of cholesterol were fed to weanling male hamsters in order to evaluate their atherogenicity and foam cell formation in the aortic arch, Diets contained 5% cellulose, 20% casein, and either 15% butterfat plus 0, 0.05, 0.5 or 3% cholesterol (C) or 20% butterfat plus 0 or 0.5% C, Total plasma cholesterol (TC) was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) elevated when dietary fat was increased from 15 to 20% with no added cholesterol (232 vs 262 mg/dl). Addition of 0.05, 0.5 or 3% C to 15% fat diet, or 0.5% C to 20% fat diet resulted in significant TC elevations compared with their respective no added C controls (301, 383 and 533 vs 232 and 490 vs 262 mg/dl, respectively). With 0.5% added C, plasma cholesterol values with 20% fat diet were significantly greater than those with 15% fat (490 vs 383 mg/dl). Increased TC was mainly due to significant elevations in VLDL and LDL cholesterol levels, which resulted in a significant decrease in HDL/LDL cholesterol ratios. Elevations in TC and reductions in HDL/LDL cholesterol ratios were similar in hamsters fed 15% fat with 3% cholesterol or 20% fat with 0.5% cholesterol, Liver cholesterol increased significantly with increased dietary cholesterol up to 0.5%, Foam cell formation was significantly greater in animals fed 0.5 or 3% added cholesterol with 15 or 20% fat diet compared with low (0 or 0.05% added) C diets. Significant plasma and liver cholesterol elevations, lower HDL/LDL cholesterol ratios and increased foam cell formation indicate that a diet containing a higher level of saturated fat and lower cholesterol is as atherogenic as a diet with lower fat and high cholesterol, Significant foam cell formation in 6 weeks by feeding 0.5% cholesterol and 20% butterfat diet to hamsters suggests that this model is suitable for atherosclerosis progression and regression studies within a reasonable time frame. RP Kahlon, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 39 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 16 IS 8 BP 1353 EP 1368 DI 10.1016/0271-5317(96)00143-1 PG 16 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UZ324 UT WOS:A1996UZ32400008 ER PT J AU Schatzki, TF Young, R Haff, RP Eye, JG Wright, GR AF Schatzki, TF Young, R Haff, RP Eye, JG Wright, GR TI Visual detection of particulates in x-ray Images of processed meat products SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE x rays; meat; processed products; manual inspections; frequency and type of contaminants; recognition rates AB A study was conducted to test the efficacy of detecting particulate contaminants in processed meat samples by visual observation of line-scanned x-ray images. Six hundred field-collected processed-product samples were scanned at 230 cm(2)/s using 0.5 x 0.5-mm resolution and 50 kV, 13 mA excitation. The x-ray images were image corrected, digitally stored, and inspected off-line, using interactive image enhancement. Forty percent of the samples were spiked with added contaminants to establish the visual recognition of contaminants as a function of sample thickness (1 to 10 cm), texture of the x-ray image (smooth/ textured), spike composition (wood/bone/glass), size (0.1 to 0.4 cm), and shape (splinter/round). The results were analyzed using a maximum likelihood logistic regression method. In packages less than 6 cm thick, 0.2-cm-thick bone chips were easily recognized, 0.1-cm glass splinters were recognized with same difficulty, while 0.4-cm-thick wood was generally missed. Operational feasibility in a Lime-constrained setting was confirmed. One half percent of the samples arriving from the field contained bone slivers >1 cm long, 1/2% contained metallic material, while 4% contained particulates exceeding 0.3 cm in size. All of the latter appeared to be bone fragments. (C) 1996 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 USDA,FSIS,MIDWESTERN TECH SERV LAB,ST LOUIS,MO 63120. RP Schatzki, TF (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC PHOTO-OPT INSTRUM ENG PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 35 IS 8 BP 2286 EP 2291 DI 10.1117/1.601010 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA VD091 UT WOS:A1996VD09100025 ER PT J AU Aronov, EV Clark, L AF Aronov, EV Clark, L TI Degradation studies of the non-lethal bird repellent, methyl anthranilate SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE animal damage control; bird repellent; methyl anthranilate; photolysis; hydrolysis; partition coefficient ID CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; DIMETHYL AB Methyl anthranilate (MA), a food grade flavor and fragrance additive, has been reported to be an effective non-lethal bird repellent in a variety of situations. Despite the experimental success of MA, field studies have yielded widely differing levels of efficacy. Diminished efficacy in some field trials probably results from the failure of specific formulations to retain or protect the active ingredient under natural conditions. Therefore, a clearer understanding of the physical and chemical factors affecting the stability of MA is needed. We undertook a series of laboratory studies on hydrolysis, photolysis and microbial degradation of MA, the results of which could be useful in the development of appropriate formulation strategies and residue analyses. We found the n-octanol:water partition coefficient, (P) to be 84. MA is not subject to hydrolysis at 25 degrees C in phosphate buffer media at pH 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0. MA slowly photodegrades under simulated UV 'sunlight'. Forty-four percent of MA is lost after 432 h illuminance at 1.25 mW cm(-2), which is equivalent to approximately 1200 h natural sunlight (40 degrees N, noontime, June). Kinetic data indicate that the initial step of photolysis, subsequent to excitation, is a second-order reaction with respect to MA. A major photodegradation product appeared in an amount of about 10% of the mass balance and was determined to be an oxidized trimer of MA. MA is primarily affected by aerobic microbial degradation. For a 12:12 h light:dark, under laboratory illumination, 12% of water-solubilized material can be lost in the first seven days. Losses were 30% and 42% at 16 and 27 days, respectively. Under conditions of optimal bacterial growth (warmth and darkness) loss of MA was 22% at nine days and 100% by 20 days. The susceptibility of MA to microbial degradation is promising for the prospects of developing formulated, environmentally safe, bird repellents. C1 MONELL CHEM SENSES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. USDA,NATL WILDLIFE RES CTR,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 47 IS 4 BP 355 EP 362 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199608)47:4<355::AID-PS429>3.3.CO;2-V PG 8 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA VB673 UT WOS:A1996VB67300007 ER PT J AU Burkey, KO Gizlice, Z Carter, TE AF Burkey, KO Gizlice, Z Carter, TE TI Genetic variation in soybean photosynthetic electron transport capacity is related to plastocyanin concentration in the chloroplast SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE barley; cytochrome f; Photosystem I; Photosystem II; soybean; spinach ID SPINACH-CHLOROPLASTS; PHOTOSYSTEM-I; SEED YIELD; PLASTOQUINONE; MEMBRANE; BARLEY AB Fifteen ancestral genotypes of United States soybean cultivars were screened for differences in photosynthetic electron transport capacity using isolated thylakoid membranes. Plants were grown in controlled environment chambers under high or low irradiance conditions. Thylakoid membranes were isolated from mature leaves. Photosynthetic electron transport was assayed as uncoupled Hill activity using 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP). Soybean electron transport activity was dependent on genotype and growth irradiance and ranged from 6 to 91 mmol DCIP reduced [mol chlorophyll](-1) s(-1). Soybean plastocyanin pool size ranged from 0.1 to 1.3 mol plastocyanin [mol Photosystem I](-1). In contrast, barley and spinach electron transport activities were 140 and 170 mmol DCIP reduced [mol chlorophyll](-1) s(-1), respectively, with plastocyanin pool sizes of 3 to 4 mol plastocyanin [mol Photosystem I](-1). No significant differences in the concentrations of Photosystem II, plastoquinone, cytochrome b(6)f complexes, or Photosystem I were observed. Thus, genetic differences in electron transport activity were correlated with plastocyanin pool size. The results suggested that plastocyanin pool size can vary significantly and may limit photosynthetic electron transport capacity in certain species such as soybean. Soybean plastocyanin consisted of two isoforms with apparent molecular masses of 14 and 11 kDa, whereas barley and spinach plastocyanins each consisted of single polypeptides of 8 and 12 kDa, respectively. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Burkey, KO (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,BOX 7631,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 49 IS 2 BP 141 EP 149 DI 10.1007/BF00117664 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VY821 UT WOS:A1996VY82100004 PM 24271611 ER PT J AU Somers, DJ Briggs, KG Gustafson, JP AF Somers, DJ Briggs, KG Gustafson, JP TI Aluminum stress and protein synthesis in near isogenic lines of Triticum aestivum differing in aluminum tolerance SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE aluminum; isogenic; protein; proteinase; Triticum aestivum; wheat ID ROOT APICES; WHEAT; TOXICITY; RESISTANT; CULTIVARS AB Aluminum (Al) stress was examined in three lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by measuring root lengths, protein synthesis and protein accumulation in seedling root tips Brown in a hydroponic system, An Al-sensitive, recurrent wheat parent (cv. Katepwa) showed very little root growth in low Al concentrations. In contrast, an Al-tolerant near isogenic line (Alikat) and Al-tolerant donor (cv. Maringa) had much greater root growth, Segregation data from an F-2 population (Katepwa x Alikat) showed that one major gene controlled Al tolerance based on root growth (chi(2) = 0.651). All three lines showed an approximately 2-fold increase in [S-35]-Met incorporation in root tips after 3 days in Al and a comparable increase in root-tip dry weight. Maringa and Alikat root tips showed an increased total protein content while Katepwa root tips showed no increase in total protein content during the Al stress, Based on higher specific activities, insoluble proteins were preferentially translated in all three lines during Al stress. Proteinase activity in Katepwa root tips was 1.7-fold higher during Al stress, with Maringa and Alikat showing no change in proteinase activity. The Al-induced increased proteinase activity in Katepwa appeared to inhibit soluble protein accumulation. C1 UNIV ALBERTA, FAC AGR FORESTRY & HOME ECON, DEPT PLANT SCI, EDMONTON, AB T6G 2P5, CANADA. UNIV MISSOURI, USDA ARS, PLANT GENET RES UNIT, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 USA. RP Somers, DJ (reprint author), AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA, RES CTR, 107 SCI PL, SASKATOON, SK S7N 0X2, CANADA. NR 17 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 97 IS 4 BP 694 EP 700 DI 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00533.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VD034 UT WOS:A1996VD03400009 ER PT J AU Oliver, MJ AF Oliver, MJ TI Desiccation tolerance in vegetative plant cells SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE desiccation tolerance; mRNPs; recovery; rehydrins; Tortula ruralis; translational control ID MOSS TORTULA-RURALIS; CRATEROSTIGMA-PLANTAGINEUM; ABSCISIC-ACID; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; POLYPODIUM-VIRGINIANUM; WATER-STRESS; REHYDRATION; EXPRESSION; ABA; ACCUMULATION AB Plants that can withstand desiccation of their vegetative tissues represent all but one class (the gymnosperms) within the kingdom Plantae. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that this trait has evolved a minimum of twelve separate occasions. Nevertheless desiccation-tolerant plants can be grouped into two categories: (1) the desiccation-tolerant plants whose internal water content rapidly equilibrates to the water potential of the environment and (2) the modified desiccation-tolerant plants that all employ mechanisms to retard and control the rate of water loss. Desiccation tolerance can be achieved by mechanisms that incorporate one of two alternatives, viz. cellular protection or cellular recovery (repair). The majority of plants probably utilize aspects of both. Studies to date indicate that modified desiccation-tolerant plants (angiosperms and pteridophytes) appear to rely more heavily upon drying-induced (abscisic acid controlled) cellular protection strategies for survival. Desiccation-tolerant species, in particular the moss Tortula ruralis, appear to utilize a tolerance strategy that combines a constitutive protection system and a rehydration-inducible recovery mechanism. The moss is capable of storing mRNAs during slow drying that are rapidly utilized upon rehydration. Rapidly dried moss has to rely on rapid synthesis of the same mRNAs upon rehydration. Analysis of protein profiles upon rehydration has facilitated the identification of several ''rehydrins,'' proteins whose synthesis is specific to the rehydration phase. Northern analysis of rehydrin cDNAs confirm the importance of translational controls in producing rehydrin proteins and an additional role of transcription and/or mRNA stability in the response of Tortula to desiccation. These studies indicate that there is more to desiccation tolerance mechanisms than protection of the cells from drying, but rather rehydration-induced events are important in the over all manifestation of desiccation tolerance. RP Oliver, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST RES LAB,PLANT STRESS UNIT,BOX 215 ROUTE 3,LUBBOCK,TX 79424, USA. NR 55 TC 86 Z9 97 U1 2 U2 8 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 97 IS 4 BP 779 EP 787 DI 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00544.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VD034 UT WOS:A1996VD03400020 ER PT J AU Larkin, RP Hopkins, DL Martin, FN AF Larkin, RP Hopkins, DL Martin, FN TI Suppression of Fusarium wilt of watermelon by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other microorganisms recovered from a disease-suppressive soil SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium oxysporum f sp niveum; Citrullus lanatus; rhizoplane; rhizosphere; soil microbiology ID VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY GROUPS; F-SP NIVEUM; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA; CHLAMYDOSPORE GERMINATION; STRAINS; FLUORESCENT; RESISTANCE; CUCUMBER; MECHANISMS AB Nearly 400 microorganism isolates, including bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, were collected from watermelon roots growing in soils suppressive and nonsuppressive to Fusarium wilt of watermelon. These isolates were screened for their ability to restore suppressiveness to microwave-treated suppressive soil and to reduce disease incidence in conducive field soil. Specific isolates of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum from suppressive soil were the only organisms consistently effective in reducing disease (35 to 75% reduction) in both microwave-treated and natural field soils. Thus, we concluded that F. oxysporum was the primary antagonist responsible for suppression in this suppressive soil, although other organisms may contribute to suppressiveness. Selected isolates of F. oxysporum were effective in reducing disease when added to field soils at inoculum levels as low as 50 to 100 chlamydospores per g of soil, which was comparable to or below pathogen inoculum levels (100 to 200 CFU/g of soil). Root colonization data indicated that reduction of disease was not directly related to the ability of the antagonist to colonize roots extensively or to reduce colonization by the pathogen. Effective antagonists were not associated with specific vegetative compatibility groups, indicating antagonists represent diverse isolates. In split-root experiments, in which the antagonist and the pathogen were physically separated from each other, root colonization by selected isolates of F. oxysporum reduced disease incidence, verifying the mechanism of action as induced systemic resistance. Several isolates of F. oxysporum from this suppressive soil have potential for development as biocontrol agents. C1 ARS, USDA, SALINAS, CA 93905 USA. UNIV FLORIDA, CENT FLORIDA RES & EDUC CTR, LEESBURG, FL 34748 USA. RP Larkin, RP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 43 TC 123 Z9 135 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 1996 VL 86 IS 8 BP 812 EP 819 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-812 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VB246 UT WOS:A1996VB24600004 ER PT J AU Guo, BZ Russin, JS Cleveland, TE Brown, RL Damann, KE AF Guo, BZ Russin, JS Cleveland, TE Brown, RL Damann, KE TI Evidence for cutinase production by Aspergillus flavus and its possible role in infection of corn kernels SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mycotoxin; parasitism; Zea mays ID F-SP-PISI; PLANT-PATHOGENIC FUNGI; MAIZE KERNELS; COLLETOTRICHUM-GLOEOSPORIOIDES; AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION; VENTURIA-INAEQUALIS; COTTON BOLLS; 1973 CORN; GENE; HARVEST AB Aspergillus flavus can infect nondamaged corn kernels and produce aflatoxins before harvest. Experiments were conducted to determine if A. flavus produces cutinase and, if so, to investigate its possible role in kernel infection. Plate assays in vitro showed that A. flavus can grow on purified cutin as the sole carbon source and that it secretes extracellular cutinase. A. flavus grew better in Liquid culture at pH 8 than at pH 6. Most cutinase substrate (p-nitrophenyl butyrate [PNB]) hydrolysis activity was in the 30% ammonium sulfate fraction. Two proteins with different PNB hydrolysis activity, designated C-1 and C-2, were isolated from A, flavus culture filtrates using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & CROP PHYSIOL,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. NR 60 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 1996 VL 86 IS 8 BP 824 EP 829 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-824 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VB246 UT WOS:A1996VB24600006 ER PT J AU Stockwell, VO Johnson, KB Loper, JE AF Stockwell, VO Johnson, KB Loper, JE TI Compatibility of bacterial antagonists of Erwinia amylovora with antibiotics used to control fire blight SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control ID PEAR BLOSSOMS; STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE; PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; STIGMA; OXYTETRACYCLINE; HERBICOLA; APPLE AB In field experiments, two bacterial antagonists that suppress fire blight, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 and a streptomycin-resistant mutant of Erwinia herbicola strain C9-1 (C9-1S), were sprayed onto apple blossoms at 30% bloom, Water, streptomycin sulfate, or oxytetracycline were sprayed onto blossoms 2 and 7 days after the antagonist applications to determine the effect of these chemicals on the population dynamics of P. fluorescens strain A506 and E. herbicola strain C9-1S during bloom. Incidences of recovery (the proportion of blossoms supporting detectable bacterial populations) and population sizes of P. fluorescens strain A506 and E. herbicola strain C9-1S on stigmas within individual blossoms were estimated with a dilution plating assay before and after each antibiotic application. Maximum incidences of recovery of P. fluorescens strain A506 and E. herbicola strain C9-1S from blossoms treated subsequently with water ranged from 58 to 100% and 47 to 100%, respectively; average population sizes of both strains were 10(4) to 10(6) CFU/flower. Streptomycin did not reduce the incidence of recovery or the population size of either antagonist. Oxytetracycline applications made 2 and 7 days after the antagonist applications reduced the incidence of recovery by 23 to 58% and also reduced the population size of both P. fluorescens strain A506 and E. herbicola strain C9-1S by 10- to 100-fold. In contrast, when the first oxytetracycline treatment was delayed to 7 days after the application of the antagonists, only a slight reduction in the incidence of recovery and the population size of either antagonist was observed. The population dynamics of P. fluorescens strain A506 and E. herbicola strain C9-1S, and presumably the degree of protection that they provide, need not be adversely affected by the concomitant usage of chemical antibiotics within the same season. Optimal integration of biological and chemical methods for suppression of fire blight, however, may require that oxytetracycline applications be delayed until after epiphytic populations of antagonists have become established on flowers. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Stockwell, VO (reprint author), ARS,USDA,HORT CROPS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. NR 27 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 1996 VL 86 IS 8 BP 834 EP 840 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-834 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VB246 UT WOS:A1996VB24600008 ER PT J AU Dominguez, J MeleroVara, JM Ruso, J Miller, J FernandezMartinez, JM AF Dominguez, J MeleroVara, JM Ruso, J Miller, J FernandezMartinez, JM TI Screening for resistance to broomrape (Orobanche cernua) in cultivated sunflower SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Helianthus annuus; Orobanche cernua; disease resistance; high virulence; resistance; screening AB Racial evolution of sunflower broomrape (Olobanche cernua) has been very rapid in Spain during recent years, in which resistance has been overcome several times and there has been an important increase in areas infested with this parasitic angiosperm. In order to find resistance to a highly virulent population of sunflower broomrape that could be used directly in breeding programmes, three different sets of cultivated plant material composed of 429 entries were tested by artificial inoculation. All evaluated inbred lines from Morden, Canada, were fully susceptible. Out of the 240 P.I, accessions tested, only 10 segregated for resistance to broomrape, the rest being susceptible. From the 160 USDA breeding lines evaluated, 5% were resistant and 19% segregated for resistance to O. cernua. These lines traced back mainly to crosses of RHA 274 and RHA 801 with Russian, Turkish and Romanian hybrids. The origin of P.I. accessions that segregated for resistance were primarily derived from the former USSR and from Romania. C1 CSIC,INST AGR SOSTENIBLE,E-14080 CORDOBA,SPAIN. ARS,USDA,FARGO,ND 58105. RP Dominguez, J (reprint author), CIDA,DEPT MEJORA & AGRON,APDO 4240,E-14080 CORDOBA,SPAIN. RI Fernandez-Martinez, Jose/A-7193-2010; Ruso, Juan/C-1089-2009; DOMINGUEZ, JUAN/J-1466-2012; OI Ruso, Juan/0000-0001-5909-6754; Fernandez Martinez, Jose Maria/0000-0003-1413-0642 NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 115 IS 3 BP 201 EP 202 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0523.1996.tb00903.x PG 2 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA VH597 UT WOS:A1996VH59700013 ER PT J AU Chuck, G Lincoln, C Hake, S AF Chuck, G Lincoln, C Hake, S TI KNAT1 induces lobed leaves with ectopic meristems when overexpressed in Arabidopsis SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM; HOMEO BOX GENE; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; VEGETATIVE SHOOT; LEAF DEVELOPMENT; MAIZE; EXPRESSION; THALIANA; MORPHOLOGY; KNOTTED-1 AB Plant development depends on the activity of apical meristems, which are groups of indeterminate cells whose derivatives elaborate the organs of the mature plant, Studies of knotted1 (kn1) and related gene family members have determined potential roles for homeobox genes in the function of shoot meristems, The Arabidopsis kn1-like gene, KNAT1, is expressed in the shoot apical meristem and not in determinate organs, Here, we show that ectopic expression of KNAT1 in Arabidopsis transforms simple leaves into lobed leaves. The robes initiate in the position of serrations yet have features of leaves, such as stipules, which form in the sinus, the region at the base of two robes, Ectopic meristems also arise in the sinus region close to veins. Identity of the meristem, that is, vegetative or floral, depends on whether the meristem develops on a rosette or cauline leaf, respectively, Using in situ hybridization, we analyzed the expression of KNAT1 and another kn1-like homeobox gene, SHOOT MERISTEMLESS, in cauliflower mosaic virus 35S::KNAT1 transformants, KNAT1 expression is strong in vasculature, possibly explaining the proximity of the ectopic meristems to veins. After leaf cells have formed a layered meristem, SHOOT MERISTEMLESS expression begins in only a subset of these cells, demonstrating that KNAT1 is sufficient to induce meristems in the leaf, The shootlike features of the lobed leaves are consistent with the normal domain of KNAT1's expression and further suggest that kn1-related genes may have played a role in the evolution of leaf diversity. C1 USDA,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. DUKE UNIV,DEV CELL & MOL BIOL GRP,DURHAM,NC 27708. NR 41 TC 337 Z9 353 U1 4 U2 26 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD AUG PY 1996 VL 8 IS 8 BP 1277 EP 1289 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA VE732 UT WOS:A1996VE73200006 PM 8776897 ER PT J AU Ingersoll, JC Heutte, TM Owens, LD AF Ingersoll, JC Heutte, TM Owens, LD TI Effect of promoter-leader sequences on transient expression of reporter gene chimeras biolistically transferred into sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) suspension cells SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article ID INHIBITOR-II GENE; MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT; OSMOTIN GENE; TOBACCO; MAIZE; TRANSFORMATION; IDENTIFICATION; THAUMATIN; BARLEY; POLLEN AB Chimeric constructs consisting of the gas coding region fused downstream of promoter-untranslated leader sequences from the tobacco osmotin and PR-S genes, the potato proteinase inhibitor 2 gene (pin2), and the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter were biolistically transferred into sugarbeet suspension cells. Each construct was expressed in recipient cells at 6 h after bombardment with maximum levels observed between 12 and 48 h. Expression of the PR-S construct mimicked the time-course expression of the constitutively expressed 35S construct but reached levels almost 50% higher. The pin2-promoter construct was ultimately expressed at levels similar to that of PR-S. Expression of the osmotin promoter-leader construct was highest, reaching levers approximately 2.5-fold higher than those of the 35S construct. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PLANT MOL BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD AUG PY 1996 VL 15 IS 11 BP 836 EP 840 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VC926 UT WOS:A1996VC92600010 PM 24178220 ER PT J AU Alderman, SC Coats, DD Crowe, FJ AF Alderman, SC Coats, DD Crowe, FJ TI Impact of ergot on Kentucky bluegrass grown for seed in northeastern Oregon SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID CLAVICEPS-PURPUREA AB The impact of ergot on production of Kentucky bluegrass grown for seed in northeastern Oregon was determined. High levels of ergot occurred in only two of the six cultivars examined. In susceptible cultivars as many as 504 sclerotia per gram of seed were detected. This equated to 47% ergot by weight, or 25% infected seed. Ergot severity (percent sclerotia by weight) in Kentucky bluegrass seed in 1991 to 1994 was estimated at 0.20, 0.04, 0.07, and 1.15%, respectively, based on total seed production in northeastern Oregon. Percent seed replaced by sclerotia in 1991 to 1994 was 0.05, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.44%, respectively A significant relationship between ergot severity and yield was not detected. However, a 9% reduction in marketable seed weight occurred when seed lots contaminated with ergot were recleaned to meet purity standards. C1 CENT OREGON AGR EXPT STN,MADRAS,OR 97741. RP Alderman, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL FORAGE SEED PRODUCT RES CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 80 IS 8 BP 853 EP 855 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UY568 UT WOS:A1996UY56800005 ER PT J AU Jin, H Hartman, GL Nickell, D Widholm, JM AF Jin, H Hartman, GL Nickell, D Widholm, JM TI Phytotoxicity of culture filtrate from Fusarium solani, the causal agent of sudden death syndrome of soybean SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID TOXIN PRODUCTION; PLANT-REGENERATION; SEPTORIA-GLYCINES; CALLUS-CULTURES; RESISTANT; PATHOTOXIN; SELECTION; PATHOGENICITY; BLIGHT; LINES AB An isolate of Fusarium solani that caused sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean war grown in a semidefined liquid medium. The phytotoxicity oi cell-free fungal culture filtrates was determined on soybean calli grown on tissue culture medium amended with fungal culture filtrate. The mean calli brown rating increased as culture filtrate increased in the medium. There were significant (P < 0.05) positive correlations between SDS severity from field microplot data and calli browning due to culture filtrates. Seedlings of five soybean cultivars inoculated with the fungus under greenhouse conditions had significantly (P < 0.05) different foliar severity ratings and relative plant fresh weights. Sensitivity of calli of the same five cultivars to culture filtrate also had significantly (P < 0.05) different brown ratings and relative fresh weights. Then were significant (P < 0.05) correlations between variables measured on inoculated soybean seedlings and calli sensitivity, Pathogenicity and phytotoxicity of F. solani isolates from different hosts were tested on soybean plants and calli, respectively. Isolates from hosts other than soybean did not cause SDS symptoms, and their culture filtrates had significantly lower toxicity to soybean calli than did that of soybean SDS-causing isolates. C1 USDA ARS,PROTECT RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 34 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 80 IS 8 BP 922 EP 927 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UY568 UT WOS:A1996UY56800018 ER PT J AU BrownGuedira, GL Gill, BS Bockus, WW Cox, TS Hatchett, JH Leath, S Peterson, CJ Thomas, JB Zwer, PK AF BrownGuedira, GL Gill, BS Bockus, WW Cox, TS Hatchett, JH Leath, S Peterson, CJ Thomas, JB Zwer, PK TI Evaluation of a collection of wild timopheevi wheat for resistance to disease and arthropod pests SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID PYRENOPHORA-TRITICI-REPENTIS; HESSIAN FLY; DURUM-WHEAT; TAN SPOT; CECIDOMYIIDAE; INHERITANCE; TEMPERATURE; ARARATICUM; EXPRESSION; TAUSCHII AB Wild relatives of wheat (Triticum aestivum) are important sources of genes for resistance to disease and insect pests. A collection of the wild tetraploid wheal species Triticum timopheevii var. araraticum was evaluated for reaction to Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor), wheat curl mite (Eriophyes tulipae), and six foliar diseases: leaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici), stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici), stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis), powdery mildew (caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici), tan spot (caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis), and Septoria blotch (caused by Septoria tritici). All accessions tested were resistant io Septoria blotch and a very high percentage were resistant to tan spot. Resistance was detected to lour obligate fungal pathogens, although accessions with leaf rust resistance were more frequent in the collection than those with resistance to stripe rust, stem rust, or powdery mildew. Resistance to Hessian fly biotype D and wheat curl mite was detected in 91 and 27% of the tested accessions, respectively. Variation was noted in reaction of a subset of accessions when tested with biotype L of Hessian fly. Thirty-one accessions with intermediate to high levels of resistance to at least five pests each were identified. Accessions from northern Iraq had the highest frequency of resistances. This collection of wild timopheevi wheat represents a diverse gene pool that may be useful for improvement of common wheal. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,RES STN,LETHBRIDGE,AB T1J 4B1,CANADA. OREGON STATE UNIV,COLUMBIA BASIN AGR RES CTR,PENDLETON,OR 97810. RP BrownGuedira, GL (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,THROCKMORTON HALL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 31 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 80 IS 8 BP 928 EP 933 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UY568 UT WOS:A1996UY56800019 ER PT J AU Parks, CG Bull, EL Filip, GM Gilbertson, RL AF Parks, CG Bull, EL Filip, GM Gilbertson, RL TI Wood-decay fungi associated with woodpecker nest cavities in living western larch SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP Parks, CG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,FORESTRY & RANGE SCI LAB,LA GRANDE,OR 97850, USA. NR 2 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 80 IS 8 BP 959 EP 959 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UY568 UT WOS:A1996UY56800025 ER PT J AU Subramaniam, K Abbo, S Ueng, PP AF Subramaniam, K Abbo, S Ueng, PP TI Isolation of two differentially expressed wheat ACC synthase cDNAs and the characterization of one of their genes with root-predominant expression SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ACC synthase; differential expression; ethylene; root-specific expression; Triticum aestivum ID 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE; ETHYLENE; ARABIDOPSIS; CHROMOSOMES; SENESCENCE; LEAVES; REGULATOR; PROTEINS; ENCODES; FAMILY AB Two partial 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase cDNA clones (pWAS1, 1089 bp; and pWAS3, 779 bp) were isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using cDNA to total mRNA purified from etiolated wheat seedlings as template and degenerate oligonucleotides synthesized based on the regions of the ACC synthase amino acid sequence that are highly conserved among different plants. Northern analysis showed that the expression of the corresponding genes are differentially regulated. While the transcripts of pWAS1 were found in all the tissues of wheat that were tested with a maximum level at the early stages of spike development, pWAS3 mRNA was present almost exclusively in the root. A 5590-bp genomic clone, TA-ACS2, corresponding to pWAS3 cDNA has been isolated. The TA-ACS2 sequence consists of a 589-bp 5'-upstream region, 2743 bp of transcribed region with four exons and three introns and a 3'-downstream region of 2257 bp. Expression in Escherichia coli confirmed the ACC synthase activity of TA-ACS2 polypeptide. Sequence comparisons show that the two wheat ACC synthases are more similar to each other and to the rice ACC synthase, OS-ACS1, at the nucleotide level than at the amino acid level. The amino acid sequence of TA-ACS2 is most similar (66.1% identity) to that of broccoli. The chromosomal location of both wheat ACC synthase genes have been determined by aneuploid analysis. TA-ACS1 is located on the short arm of chromosomes 7A and 7D and on the long arm of chromosome 4A. TA-ACS2 is located on the long arm of homoeologous group 2 chromosomes. C1 HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,FAC AGR,DEPT FIELD CROPS VEGETABLES & GENET,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL. RP Subramaniam, K (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLANT MOL BIOL LAB,BARC W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 44 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1009 EP 1020 DI 10.1007/BF00040719 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA VK932 UT WOS:A1996VK93200006 PM 8843943 ER PT J AU Cheng, WH Im, KH Chourey, PS AF Cheng, WH Im, KH Chourey, PS TI Sucrose phosphate synthase expression at the cell and tissue level is coordinated with sucrose sink-to-source transitions in maize leaf SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BUNDLE SHEATH-CELLS; GENE-EXPRESSION; ZEA-MAYS; PROTEIN-PHOSPHORYLATION; NITRATE REDUCTASE; LIGHT-MODULATION; SPINACH LEAVES; CLONING; PLANTS; CARBON AB Immunohistological analyses for sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) show that the protein is localized in both bundle-sheath cells (BS) and mesophyll cells (M) in maize (Zea mays) leaves. In young leaves, SPS protein was predominantly in the BS, whereas mature leaves showed nearly equal levels of signal in both BS and M. A cell-type-specific response was also seen in light and dark treatments. Dark treatments led to reduced signal in M; however, little or no change was detected in BS. We suggest that SPS in BS is engaged in sucrose biosynthesis by both photoassimilatory and starch turnover reactions in maize leaves. In addition, we suggest that the enzyme in BS may play a major role in the early biosynthesis of sucrose in young leaves. These cell-specific changes in expression in situ were in agreement with the estimates of extractable enzyme activity from isolated BS and M of mature leaves (R. Ohsugi, S.C. Huber [1987] Plant Physiol 84: 1096-1101). In contrast, western blot analyses did not show any significant changes in the levels of SPS protein in either young or mature leaves subsequent to similar dark treatments. It is interesting that the northern blot analyses indicate that the steady-state levels of SPS transcripts were markedly reduced after dark treatments of >12 h. Overall, our results indicate that Sps gene expression in maize leaf is modulated at multiple levels of controls by both developmental and environmental factors. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,PROGRAM PLANT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT AGRON,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. USDA ARS,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. NR 38 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 111 IS 4 BP 1021 EP 1029 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VD688 UT WOS:A1996VD68800008 ER PT J AU Zhang, NY Jones, BL AF Zhang, NY Jones, BL TI Purification and partial characterization of a 31-kDa cysteine endopeptidase from germinated barley SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE endopeptidase purification; germination; Hordeum; malting; protein hydrolysis; storage protein ID GREEN MALT; ENDOPROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES; ASPARTIC PROTEINASE; ALEURONE LAYERS; CATHEPSIN-D; IDENTIFICATION; HORDEIN; WHEAT; GRAIN AB Proteolytic enzymes hydrolyze cereal seed storage proteins into small peptides and amino acids, which are very important for seed germination and the malting process. A cysteine-class endopeptidase was purified from 4d-germinated barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Morex). Four purification steps were used, carboxymethyl cellulose cation-exchange chromatography, chromatofocusing, size-exclusion chromatography, and electroelution from a polyacrylamide gel. The endopeptidase was most active at pH 4.5. It's isoelectric point (pi) was 4.4, as determined by isoelectric focusing, and it's SDS-PAGE molecular size was 31 kDa. The enzyme specifically hydrolyzed peptide bends when the S-2 site contained relatively large hydrophobic amino acids. The N-terminal amino acid sequence residues (1-9) of the 31-kDa endopeptidase had high homology to those of the EP-A and EP-B cysteine proteinases reported previously. The 31-kDa endopeptidase had a hydrolytic specificity similar to that of the Morex green malt 30-kDa endopeptidase we characterized previously, and also reacted with the antibody raised against the purified 30-kDa proteinase, but the two had different mobilities on non-denaturing PAGE. The hydrolytic specificities of both 30- and 31-kDa endopeptidases are such that both would very quickly cleave hordein (barley storage) proteins to small glutamine- and proline-rich peptides that could be quickly degraded to amino acids by barley exopeptidases. C1 USDA ARS, CEREAL CROPS RES UNIT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT AGRON, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. NR 28 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0032-0935 EI 1432-2048 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD AUG PY 1996 VL 199 IS 4 BP 565 EP 572 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VE719 UT WOS:A1996VE71900013 PM 8818295 ER PT J AU Allen, PC Danforth, HD Morris, VC Levander, OA AF Allen, PC Danforth, HD Morris, VC Levander, OA TI Association of lowered plasma carotenoids with protection against cecal coccidiosis by diets high in n-3 fatty acids SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE coccidiosis; n-3 fatty acids; oxidative stress; cecal lesion reduction; carotenoids ID MENHADEN OIL; PERFORMANCE; MALARIA; POULTRY; CELLS AB A series of four experiments was run to assess the effectiveness of diets containing high amounts of n-3 fatty acids in reducing the pathological effects of cecal coccidiosis in chickens caused by Eimeria tenella. To determine whether the dietary effects were related to development of oxidative stress, plasma samples were analyzed for tocopherols and carotenoids. Plasma vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) values were not consistent between experiments. Total plasma carotenoids, however, were significantly decreased by 2.5 to 20% diet supplementation with fish oil in several experiments. These decreases coincided with significant reductions in lesion scores. Under the experimental conditions, total plasma carotenoid concentrations may serve as a sensitive indicator for oxidative stress, which may be a factor in reducing cecal lesions in E. tenella infections. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS & FUNCT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Allen, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 75 IS 8 BP 966 EP 972 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UY052 UT WOS:A1996UY05200005 PM 8829228 ER PT J AU Oscar, TP AF Oscar, TP TI Down-regulation of glucagon receptors on the surface of broiler adipocytes SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adipocyte; desensitization; down-regulation; glucagon; lipolysis ID HETEROLOGOUS DESENSITIZATION; ADENYLATE-CYCLASE; PRIMARY CULTURES; LIPOLYSIS; LIVER; HEPATOCYTES AB A radioreceptor assay that specifically measures the affinity and concentration of glucagon receptors on the surface of broiler adipocytes was used to determine whether down-regulation of glucagon receptors is involved in the mechanism whereby glucagon induces desensitization of its ability to acutely stimulate lipolysis. Adipocytes from abdominal fat of 42- to 49-d-old female broilers were preincubated in vitro with 0 to 8 nM glucagon for 0 to 24 h before removal of glucagon by washing and assessment of lipolysis during a subsequent 1 h incubation at 37 C and binding of ([(125)]iodo-Tyr(10))glucagon during an ensuing 6 h incubation at 12 C. In Experiment 1, pretreatment of adipocytes with 0 to 8 nM glucagon for 24 h reduced lipolysis 70% with a preincubation dose of glucagon (ED(50)) of 0.4 +/- 0.04 nM, whereas glucagon binding was decreased 75% with an ED(50) of 0.7 +/- 0.1 nM. In Experiment 2, pretreatment of adipocytes with 5.4 nM glucagon for 0 to 2 h decreased lipolysis 60% with a time of preincubation with glucagon (T-1/2) of < 1 min, whereas glucagon binding was reduced 40% with a T-1/2 of 2 +/- 0.6 min. In Experiment 3, detailed analysis of lipolysis and glucagon binding to adipocytes pretreated with 5.4 NM glucagon for 5 min, 2 h, or 24 h revealed that sensitivity of adipocytes to acute stimulation of lipolysis by glucagon and the number of glucagon receptors on the adipocyte surface were decreased by glucagon pretreatment. The assay concentration of glucagon (EC(50)) for glucagon stimulation of lipolysis, a measure of adipocyte sensitivity, increased 0.8-fold at 5 min, 1.6-fold at 2 h, and 4.9-fold at 24 h of preincubation. The number of low-affinity glucagon receptors decreased 12% at 5 min, 20% at 2 h, and 50% at 24 h of preincubation with glucagon. Throughout this study, decreased glucagon binding was closely associated with reduced lipolysis, implicating down-regulation of cell-surface glucagon receptors in the mechanism whereby glucagon induces desensitization of its ability to acutely stimulate lipolysis in broiler adipocytes. RP Oscar, TP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NAA,POULTRY FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,UMES,1124 TRIGG HALL,PRINCESS ANNE,MD 21853, USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 75 IS 8 BP 1027 EP 1034 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UY052 UT WOS:A1996UY05200013 PM 8829236 ER PT J AU Donoghue, AM AF Donoghue, AM TI The effect of twenty-four hour in vitro storage on sperm hydrolysis through the perivitelline layer of ovipositioned turkey eggs SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sperm penetration; storage; fertility; artificial insemination; turkey ID SPERMATOZOA; NUMBERS; HENS; POULTRY; SEMEN AB Counting the holes in the perivitelline layer surrounding the germinal disc of freshly laid eggs has been used as a means of assessing sperm attachment, their ability to undergo an acrosome reaction, and penetration of the ovum, all necessary steps in the process of fertilization. The objective of this study was to compare the number of holes in the perivitelline layer of eggs after insemination with fresh turkey semen or with semen stored in vitro for 24 h. Hens (n = 40) were inseminated weekly with either 100 x 10(6) or 10 x 10(6) viable sperm within 90 min of collection or 24 h after in vitro storage at 5 C. A minimum of 20 eggs per treatment group were evaluated for the number of holes in the perivitelline layer. Fertility and hatchability were determined for all other eggs. The number of holes in eggs from hens inseminated with 100 x 10(6) sperm was higher (P < 0.05) for fresh (119 +/- 23 holes per egg) vs stored (75 +/- 5 holes per egg) semen treatments over the 10-wk study period. Holes observed in the perivitelline layer of eggs from hens inseminated with 100 x 10(6) sperm were more numerous than those inseminated with 10 x 10(6) sperm (P < 0.05). The number of holes observed for fresh and stored 10 x 10(6) groups were 6 +/- 3 and 7 +/- 4 holes per egg, respectively. Fertility was higher for the eggs from hens inseminated with 100 x 10(6) sperm than for those from hens inseminated with 10 x 10(6) sperm (P < 0.05). Hatchability of fertile eggs was higher for the 100 x 10(6) dose eggs than for eggs that received the low dose but did not differ between fresh and stored treatments. This report shows that the number of sperm that hydrolyze through the perivitelline layer is reduced after in vitro storage of semen. RP Donoghue, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 22 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 75 IS 8 BP 1035 EP 1038 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UY052 UT WOS:A1996UY05200014 PM 8829237 ER PT J AU Menke, AS Fernandez, F AF Menke, AS Fernandez, F TI Illustrated keyed to subfamilies, tribes, and genera of neotropical sphecidae (Apoidea: Sphecodae) SO REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL LA Spanish DT Review ID SPECIES HYMENOPTERA; GENUS AB 141 genera of Sphecidae, representing 1,628 species, are known from the Neotropical Region. Illustrated keys to genera, tribes, and subfamilies are presented in Spanish and English. These have been modified and updated from those in Bohart & Menke's 1976 book, Sphecid Wasps of the World. The validity of a few genera recognized by Bohart & Menke is now in question and the keys are annotated to alert users to these problems. A List of neotropical genera and higher taxa is included. Names in the list are appended with significant literature published since 1976. The history and current status of subfamilies are reviewed. Ten subfamilies are recognized. Family characters and biology are summarized. Morphological terms are illustrated and a glossary provided. RP Menke, AS (reprint author), NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,USDA ARS,PSI,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,NHB 168,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 112 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL PI SAN JOSE PA UNIVERSIDAD DE COSTA RICA CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA, SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA SN 0034-7744 J9 REV BIOL TROP JI Rev. Biol. Trop. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 44 SU 2 BP 1 EP 68 PG 68 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA VU766 UT WOS:A1996VU76600001 PM 9395412 ER PT J AU Dennell, RE Brown, SJ Beeman, RW AF Dennell, RE Brown, SJ Beeman, RW TI Evolution of the organization and function of insect homeotic complexes SO SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE development; evolution; homeotic; Hox; insect ID DROSOPHILA-BITHORAX COMPLEX; RED FLOUR BEETLE; GENE PROBOSCIPEDIA; FUSHI-TARAZU; ABDOMINAL-A; HOX GENES; DEVELOPMENTAL ANALYSIS; ANTENNAPEDIA COMPLEX; TRIBOLIUM-CASTANEUM; LOCUST SCHISTOCERCA AB In Drosophila, the Antennapedia complex (ANTC) and bithorax: complex (BXC) include homeotic (Hox) genes regulating developmental commitments in the relatively anterior and posterior portions of the embryo, respectively. The ANTC includes other developmentally significant genes as well. The beetle Tribolium has a single complex including orthologs of all of the homeotic genes and at least the non-homeotic genes zerknullt and fushi tarazu; a single complex is likely to be typical of insects in general. Available data suggest that the Tribolium complex includes large transcription units and intergenic distances important to the elaborate regulation of some Drosophila homeotic genes. Expression patterns and mutant phenotypes of homeotic genes in Tribolium indicate that if shares with Drosophila a colinearity between chromosomal order and function along the anterior-posterior axis (with one exception in common as well). However differences between Drosophila, Tribolium and some other species suggest that changes in homeotic gene function have accompanied evolution of the impressive morphological diversity displayed by insects. C1 USDA,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. RP Dennell, RE (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV,DIV BIOL,232 ACKERT HALL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 67 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 1084-9521 J9 SEMIN CELL DEV BIOL JI Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 7 IS 4 BP 527 EP 538 DI 10.1006/scdb.1996.0067 PG 12 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA VK483 UT WOS:A1996VK48300010 ER PT J AU Bolin, CA AF Bolin, CA TI Diagnosis of leptospirosis: A reemerging disease of companion animals SO SEMINARS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY-SMALL ANIMAL LA English DT Article ID IGG-SPECIFIC ELISA; CANINE LEPTOSPIROSIS; SEROLOGICAL SURVEY; DOGS; INTERROGANS; ANTIBODIES; INFECTION; SEROVARS; ONTARIO; URINE RP Bolin, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ZOOMOT DIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010, USA. RI Green, Jenni/C-1618-2012 NR 34 TC 87 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 14 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0882-0511 J9 SEMIN VET MED SURG JI Semin. Vet. Med. Surg.-Small Anim. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 11 IS 3 BP 166 EP 171 PG 6 WC Surgery; Veterinary Sciences SC Surgery; Veterinary Sciences GA VQ599 UT WOS:A1996VQ59900006 PM 8942213 ER PT J AU Roberts, DP Marty, AM Dery, PD Yucel, I Hartung, JS AF Roberts, DP Marty, AM Dery, PD Yucel, I Hartung, JS TI Amino acids as reduced carbon sources for Enterobacter cloacae during colonization of the spermospheres of crop plants SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PREEMERGENCE DAMPING-OFF; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; CHROMOSOMAL INSERTION; PYTHIUM; TRANSPOSON; SEED; SELECTION; CUCUMBER; BACTERIA; PEA AB Enterobacter cloacae 501R3 grew in vitro and in natural soil on seven amino acids, commonly found in seed exudates, when these compounds were supplied as sources of reduced C. A collection of transposon mutants of E. cloacae strain 501R3, each deficient in some aspect of amino acid utilization, was used to determine the nutritional role of these amino acids during growth in spermosphere soil. Mutant strains M2 and M59 were reduced, or deficient in, the ability to use all seven amino acids when these compounds were supplied as sources of reduced C in vitro or in natural soil. However, these two strains were similar to strain 501R3 in growth on amino acids supplied as N sources and in other nutritional tests. Populations of strains R2 and M59 were significantly less (P less than or equal to 0.05) than populations of strain 501R3 after 45 h in growth assays in corn and cucumber spermosphere soils. Growth by strain M2 was also significantly less than strain 501R3 in pea spermosphere soil (P less than or equal to 0.05). However, growth by strains M2 and 501R3 was similar in bean, cowpea, radish and sunflower spermosphere soils while growth by strains M59 and 501R3 was similar in pea and radish spermosphere soils. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that amino acids are not required as sources of reduced C for E. cloacae during growth in spermosphere soil. The data suggest, however, that amino acids are important as sources of reduced C for growth in some, but not all, spermosphere environments. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 USDA,INST PLANT SCI,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Roberts, DP (reprint author), USDA,BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 28 IS 8 BP 1015 EP 1020 DI 10.1016/0038-0717(96)00062-4 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VK892 UT WOS:A1996VK89200005 ER PT J AU Roberts, DP Dery, PD Hartung, JS AF Roberts, DP Dery, PD Hartung, JS TI Peptide utilization and colonization of corn, radish and wheat spermospheres by Enterobacter cloacae SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SEED C1 USDA,INST PLANT SCI,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Roberts, DP (reprint author), USDA,INST PLANT SCI,BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 28 IS 8 BP 1109 EP 1111 DI 10.1016/0038-0717(96)00084-3 PG 3 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VK892 UT WOS:A1996VK89200018 ER PT J AU Nassar, IN Benjamin, JG Horton, R AF Nassar, IN Benjamin, JG Horton, R TI Thermally induced water movement in uniform clayey soil SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EVAPORATION; HEAT AB Drying of a soil surface can lead to cracking, thereby creating large channels for waste to leach out of a landfill site, Temperature affects the rate of drying, Water movement induced by thermal gradients was studied with physical experiments using soil columns and with numerical experiments using a computer program, Clay soil material was moistened to 0.407 or 0.392 m(3)/m(3) water content, The moistened soil was packed and compacted to a density of 1.45 Mg/m(3) into 0.3-m long columns. The soil columns were closed at the top end using black plastic discs and closed at the bottom end using plexiglas discs. The soil columns moistened at 0.407 m(3)/m(3) were subjected to natural radiation for 55 days and those moistened at 0.392 m(3)/m(3) were subjected to elevated radiation levels provided by heat lamps for 54 days, Both levels of radiation create periodic temperature boundaries at the ends of soil columns. The numerical model describes coupled heat and water transfer in the soils,The soil columns receiving elevated radiation had more net water movement from the hot ends toward the cold ends of the soil columns than did the soil columns exposed to natural radiation. The model predicted the soil water content distributions well along the soil column compared with the measured water content. The study shows that there may be some drying of compacted soil under a plastic landfill liner as a result of temperatures and thermal gradients created when the liner is exposed to the high periodic temperature regime in comparison with the low periodic temperature regime, The drying was limited to the surface 20 mm. The computer program was also used to simulate the condition of constant boundary temperatures. Temperatures of 50 and 20 degrees C were used at the hot and cold ends, respectively. The numerical study with constant thermal gradients showed that, compared with periodic temperature regimes, large amounts of water migrated, The drying was extended to a depth of 70 mm, Decomposing buried waste that generates heat can lead to a constant thermal gradient in the clay liner,This can cause more severe drying and cracking than a liner surface exposed to the natural periodic heating and cooling of the environment, Generated heat may accelerate deterioration of the plastic liner as well. C1 UNIV ALEXANDRIA,FAC AGR,ALEXANDRIA,EGYPT. USDA ARS,GREAT PLAINS SYST RES UNIT,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. RP Nassar, IN (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 161 IS 8 BP 471 EP 479 DI 10.1097/00010694-199608000-00001 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VD272 UT WOS:A1996VD27200001 ER PT J AU Evans, SD Lindstrom, MJ Voorhees, WB Moncrief, JF Nelson, GA AF Evans, SD Lindstrom, MJ Voorhees, WB Moncrief, JF Nelson, GA TI Effect of subsoiling and subsequent tillage on soil bulk density, soil moisture, and corn yield SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE subsoiling; compaction; soil moisture; bulk density; penetrometer resistance ID COMPACTION; PERSISTENCE AB Many producers use subsoilers periodically to alleviate suspected compaction caused by traffic from tillage, planting, and harvesting equipment, In the fall of 1988 a study was initiated in the upper Midwest region of the USA near Morris, Minnesota to study the effects of a one-time subsoiling and its interaction with four subsequent primary tillage systems (fall moldboard plowing, fall chisel plowing, spring disking, and no-tilling) on soil compaction, soil moisture, penetrometer resistance, and corn (Zea mays L,) growth and grain yield, The experiment was established on a Hamerly clay loam (Aeric Calciaquoll)-Aastad clay loam (Pzchic Udic Haploboroll) complex, Subsoiling was performed in the fall of 1988 and the study was cropped to continuous corn from 1989 to 1991 on a site that had been farmed many years by normal 6-row, 76-cm row width equipment, Results show that subsoiling had very little effect on plant growth and no effect on grain yield over three cropping seasons following the subsoiling operation, Subsoiling had significant effects on soil bulk density and volumetric soil moisture content in 1989, but by 1990-1991 these effects were not significant. Volumetric soil moisture content generally increased in relation to soil bulk density increases. Tillage impacted surface residue accumulation, but did not affect soil bulk density, volumetric soil moisture, or grain yield, Results from this study indicate that subsoiling soils does not necessarily result in better yields or better soil moisture availability, particularly if compaction problem are not evident. C1 USDA ARS,N CENT SOIL CONSERVAT RES LAB,MORRIS,MN 56267. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Evans, SD (reprint author), W CENT EXPT STN,STATE HWY 329,POB 329,MORRIS,MN 56267, USA. NR 13 TC 26 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 38 IS 1-2 BP 35 EP 46 DI 10.1016/0167-1987(96)01020-3 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VK882 UT WOS:A1996VK88200003 ER PT J AU Saenz, D Conner, RN AF Saenz, D Conner, RN TI Sexual dimorphism in head size of the Mediterranean gecko Hemidactylus turcicus (Sauria: Gekkonidae) SO TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CLUTCH SIZE; DIETARY DIVERGENCE; EGG-SIZE; LIZARDS; SNAKES; MORPHOLOGY; SELECTION; EVOLUTION AB Comparisons were made between 53 female and 67 male Mediterranean geckos (Hemidactylus turcicus) collected from the campus of Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas. Head dimensions (length, depth and width) and weight of adult males and females were compared with analysis of covariance using snout-vent-length as a covariate. Males were significantly larger in head size and weight at a given snout-vent-length. Males and females did not differ significantly in snout-vent-length. Larger heads in males may be the result of sexual selection, as males with larger heads may exhibit greater success in intrasexual encounters. There may also be an ecological advantage for larger body size in females resulting in parallel increases in body size in both sexes. Larger females may produce better quality eggs which may enhance survival rates in offspring. RP Saenz, D (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,WILDLIFE HABITAT & SILVICULTURE LAB,NACOGDOCHES,TX 75962, USA. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU TEXAS ACAD SCI PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, LUBBOCK, TX 79401 SN 0040-4403 J9 TEX J SCI JI Tex. J. Sci. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 48 IS 3 BP 207 EP 212 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA VL146 UT WOS:A1996VL14600003 ER PT J AU Heller, SR AF Heller, SR TI The TrAC Internet column: A status report SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article RP Heller, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BLDG 005,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 15 IS 7 BP 251 EP 256 DI 10.1016/0165-9936(96)00040-4 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA VH847 UT WOS:A1996VH84700010 ER PT J AU Tortorello, ML Stewart, DS Cray, WC AF Tortorello, ML Stewart, DS Cray, WC TI Rapid identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine feces using the antibody-direct epifluorescent filter technique (Ab-DEFT) SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Escherichia coli O157:H7; cattle; diagnosis bacteria; Ab-DEFT ID SEROTYPE O157-H7; ENUMERATION; 0157-H7; CATTLE; BEEF AB The antibody-direct epifluorescent filter technique (Ab-DEFT) was adapted for direct detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine feces. The method involved suspension of bovine feces in buffer, centrifugation for 30 s, treatment of the supernatant with trypsin and Triton X-100 at 50 degrees C for 10 min, pre-filtration through 5 and 12 mu m pore filters, and filtration through a 0.4 mu m pore filter. The final filter was stained with fluorescein-labeled polyclonal antibody specific for the O157 antigen acid examined by epifluorescence microscopy. The Ab-DEFT was correlated with viable plate counts for enumeration of the pathogen in artificially inoculated bovine feces (r = 0.96). The limit of detection was approximately 10(4)-10(5) CFU/g feces. The procedure provided a clean background for microscopic visualization of cells; however, cell loss and inaccurate quantitation sometimes resulted, E. coli O157:1-17 was detected in feces of an inoculated calf for more than 3 weeks post-inoculation. The Ab-DEFT may be useful for rapid screening of cattle for the presence of the E. coli O157:H7 and as an analytical method in ecological studies of the pathogen. C1 USDA, NATL ANIM DIS CTR, AMES, IA 50010 USA. RP Tortorello, ML (reprint author), US FDA, NATL CTR FOOD SAFETY & TECHNOL, SUMMIT ARGO, IL 60501 USA. FU FDA HHS [FD-000431] NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 51 IS 3-4 BP 343 EP 349 DI 10.1016/0378-1135(96)00041-7 PG 7 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA VD360 UT WOS:A1996VD36000013 PM 8870195 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI WAAVP and Pfizer Award for excellence in veterinary parasitology research - Pursuing life cycles and transmission of cyst-forming coccidia of animals and humans SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; SARCOCYSTIS-NEURONA; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; NEOSPORA-CANINUM; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; 2 HORSES; DOGS; CATS; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; APICOMPLEXA RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS,USDA,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 13 EP 20 DI 10.1016/0304-4017(96)00960-0 PG 8 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA VJ269 UT WOS:A1996VJ26900003 PM 8893460 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI Strategies to reduce transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to animals and humans SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference of the World-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Veterinary-Parasitology on Control of Parasitic Diseases, Food Safety and the Environment CY AUG 30-SEP 02, 1995 CL YOKOHAMA, JAPAN SP World Assoc Adv Vet Parasitol DE Toxoplasma gondii; toxoplasmosis; vaccine; tissue cysts; oocysts ID TISSUE CYSTS; CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS; SWINE FARMS; PIGS; CATS; INFECTIVITY; PERSISTENCE; IRRADIATION; IMMUNITY; ILLINOIS AB Toxoplasma gondii is found in the tissues of food animals and is an important cause of abortion and mortality in sheep and goats throughout the world. It causes mental retardation and loss of vision in congenitally infected children and death in immunosuppressed patients. A live vaccine, using a nonpersistent strain of T. gondii, is available in New Zealand, the UK and Europe which prevents T. gondii abortion in sheep. A live vaccine using a mutant strain of T. gondii (T-263) is being developed in the USA to reduce oocyst shedding by cats. As yet, there are no drugs to kill T. gondii tissue cysts in human or animal tissues. Freezing to -12 degrees C, cooking to an internal temperature of 67 degrees C, or gamma irradiation (0.5 kGy) can kill tissue cysts in meat. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS,USDA,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 39 TC 85 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 65 EP 70 DI 10.1016/0304-4017(96)00961-2 PG 6 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA VJ269 UT WOS:A1996VJ26900007 PM 8893464 ER PT J AU Owens, RA Steger, G Hu, Y Fels, A Hammond, RW Riesner, D AF Owens, RA Steger, G Hu, Y Fels, A Hammond, RW Riesner, D TI RNA structural features responsible for potato spindle tuber viroid pathogenicity SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN-KINASE DAI; GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; SECONDARY STRUCTURES; BINDING; SEQUENCE; REGION; DOMAIN; SITE; PKR; CONSTRUCTION AB The native structure of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) contains a series of short double helices and small internal loops that are organized into five structural domains. Nucleotides within the pathogenicity domain are known to play a critical role in modulating PSTVd symptom expression, and it has been suggested that disruption of a comparatively unstable ''premelting region'' within the pathogenicity domain may be required for disease induction. We have used a combination of quantitative bioassays, temperature gradient gel electrophoresis of circularized RNA transcripts, and thermodynamic calculations to compare the biological and structural properties of 12 representative PSTVd sequence variants. Certain mutations appeared to act indirectly, downregulating pathogenicity by suppressing the rate of PSTVd replication/accumulation. The effects of other mutations appeared to be more direct, but there was no consistent correlation between symptom severity and melting temperature. Taking into account the three-dimensional shape of RNA helices, comparison of the optimal secondary structures for these variants point to major differences in the geometry of their pathogenicity domains; i.e., variants producing intermediate symptoms possess a linear arrangement of three consecutive helices, whereas for variants producing mild or severe symptoms this domain is bent in opposing directions. Such alterations in RNA structure together with concomitant alterations in RNA-protein interaction(s) may be the primary cause of viroid pathogenicity. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV DUSSELDORF,INST PHYS BIOL,D-4000 DUSSELDORF,GERMANY. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT PLANT BIOL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP Owens, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,MOL PLANT PATHOL LAB,INST PLANT SCI,ROOM 252,BLDG 011A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 48 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD AUG 1 PY 1996 VL 222 IS 1 BP 144 EP 158 DI 10.1006/viro.1996.0405 PG 15 WC Virology SC Virology GA VB377 UT WOS:A1996VB37700014 PM 8806495 ER PT J AU Faulkner, D McIntyre, S AF Faulkner, D McIntyre, S TI Persisting sediment yields and sediment delivery changes SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE erosion; sedimentation; cesium-137 dating; land use change; channel incision; sediment conveyance ID FALLOUT CS-137; NORTH-CAROLINA; UNITED-STATES; STORAGE; RIVER; ACCUMULATION; MANAGEMENT; WISCONSIN; BUDGET; RATES AB The Buffalo River is a tributary to the Mississippi River in west-central Wisconsin that drains a watershed dominated by agricultural land uses. Since 1935, backwater from Lock and Dam 4 on the Mississippi River has inundated the mouth of the Buffalo's valley. Resurveys of a transect first surveyed across the lake in 1935 and cesium-137 dating of backwater sediments reveal that sedimentation rates at the Buffalo's mouth have remained unchanged since the mid-1940s. Study results indicate that sediment yields from the watershed have persisted at relatively high levels over a period of several decades despite pronounced trends toward less cultivated land and major efforts to control soil erosion from agricultural land. The maintenance of sediment yields is probably due to increased channel conveyance capacities resulting from incision along some tributary streams since the early 1950s. Post-1950 incision extended the network of historical incised tributary channels, enhancing the efficient delivery of sediment from upland sources to downstream sites. C1 USDA ARS,NATL AGR WATER QUAL LAB,DURANT,OK 74701. RP Faulkner, D (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT GEOSCI,5100 ROCKHILL RD,KANSAS CITY,MO 64110, USA. NR 40 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 22070-5528 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 32 IS 4 BP 817 EP 829 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA VE209 UT WOS:A1996VE20900016 ER PT J AU Flerchinger, GN Hanson, CL Wight, JR AF Flerchinger, GN Hanson, CL Wight, JR TI Modeling evapotranspiration and surface energy budgets across a watershed SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PARTIAL CANOPY COVER; RESIDUE-SOIL SYSTEM; ARTEMISIA-TRIDENTATA; BALANCE METHOD; HEAT; SIMULATION; PLANT; FLOW; WYOMINGENSIS; TEMPERATURE AB Transport of mass and energy between and within soils, canopies, and the atmosphere is an area of increasing interest in hydrology and meteorology. On arid and semiarid rangelands, evapotranspiration (ET) can account for over 90% of the precipitation, making accurate knowledge of the surface energy balance particularly critical, Recent advances in measurement and modeling have made the accurate estimate of ET and the entire surface energy balance possible. The Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model, a detailed physical process model capable of simulating the effects of a multispecies plant canopy on heat and water transfer, was applied to 2 years of data collected for three vegetation types (low sagebrush, mountain big sagebrush, and aspen) on a semiarid watershed. Timing and magnitude of ET from the three sites differed considerably. Measured and simulated ET for approximately 26 days of measurement in 1990 were 41 and 44 mm, respectively, for the low sagebrush, 74 and 69 mm fur the mountain big sagebrush, and 85 and 89 mm for the aspen. Simulated and measured cumulative ET for up to 85 days of measurement at the three sites in 1993 differed by 3-5%. Simulated diurnal variation in each of the surface energy balance components compared well with measured values. Model results were used to estimate total ET from the watershed as a basis for a complete water budget of the watershed. RP Flerchinger, GN (reprint author), USDA ARS,NW WATERSHED RES CTR,800 PK BLVD,SUITE 105,BOISE,ID 83712, USA. NR 44 TC 79 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 32 IS 8 BP 2539 EP 2548 DI 10.1029/96WR01240 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA VA834 UT WOS:A1996VA83400019 ER PT J AU Lasat, MM DiTomaso, JM Hart, JJ Kochian, LV AF Lasat, MM DiTomaso, JM Hart, JJ Kochian, LV TI Resistance to paraquat in Hordeum glaucum is temperature dependent and not associated with enhanced apoplasmic binding SO WEED RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID INTACT MAIZE SEEDLINGS; MECHANISMS; TRANSPORT; LEPORINUM; BIOTYPE; CONYZA; ROOTS AB Response to paraquat was investigated in two Hordeum glaucum Steud. (wall barley) biotypes grown at warm (30 degrees C) and cool (15 degrees C) temperatures. Paraquat-resistant (R) plants were nearly seven-fold more tolerant when grown at 15 degrees C than when grown at 30 degrees C. In contrast, there was a tendency for susceptible (S) plants to be more tolerant when grown at the higher temperature. The difference in response between the two biotypes grown at 30 degrees and 15 degrees C increased from 3- to >40-fold. Forty-eight hours after foliar application, 62% less radiolabelled paraquat had translocated basipetally in the R compared with the S biotype. In addition, 26% more herbicide was retained within the treated zone of R compared with S plants. Thus, paraquat movement was restricted in the R biotype. It has been postulated that reduced mobility of the herbicide in the R plants is due to enhanced apoplasmic binding. In this study, paraquat binding to the cell walls and its release into the external solution was investigated in roots of R and S biotypes of H. glaucum grown under warm or cool conditions. No significant differences between the two biotypes were measured at either growth temperature. We propose that the mechanism of resistance to paraquat may involve a temperature-dependent alteration in symplasmic transport of the herbicide. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT SOIL CROP & ATMOSPHER SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP Lasat, MM (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,TOWER RD,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 14 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0043-1737 J9 WEED RES JI Weed Res. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 303 EP 309 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1996.tb01660.x PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VH134 UT WOS:A1996VH13400003 ER PT J AU Paulson, GD Feil, VJ AF Paulson, GD Feil, VJ TI The disposition of C-14-levamisole in the lactating cow SO XENOBIOTICA LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; LEVAMISOLE; PHARMACOKINETICS; MILK; RABBITS; PLASMA AB 1. C-14-Levamisole {1(-)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl[U-C-14]imidazo[2,1-b]-thiazole} was administered orally and subcutaneously to lactating cows (8 mg/kg body weight). Urine, faeces, milk and blood samples were collected from 0.48 h after dosing and tissues mere collected 48 h after dosing. 2. C-14-Labelled residues (ppm C-14-levamisole equivalents) in blood were highest at 3 h (2 2 ppm, oral dose) or 6 h (2 1 ppm, subcutaneous dose) and then declined to less than 05 ppm 48 h after dosing. 3. C-14-Labelled residues in milk were highest in samples collected from 0-12 h after dosing (1.55 ppm and 1.86 ppm of levamisole equivalents from oral and subcutaneously dosed animals, respectively) and declined to 0.06 ppm in milk collected from 36-48 h after dosing. Milk collected from 0-48 h after dosing accounted for 0.2% (oral dose) and 0.6% (subcutaneous dose) of the total C-14-activity administered as C-14-levamisole. The parent compound, C-14-levamisole, accounted for 12% or less (declined with time after dosing) of the total C-14-activity in the milk. Three C-14-labelled metabolites (formed by oxidation of imidazoline ring and/or opening of thiazolidine ring) in the milk were isolated and identified. 4. Urinary excretion accounted for 83% and 84% and faecal excretion accounted for 11% and 9% of the total C-14-activity given orally and subcutaneously, respectively, as C-14-levamisole. No C-14-levamisole was detected in the urine; the major urinary metabolite (formed by opening of thiazolidine ring) was isolated and identified. 5. The C-14-activity remaining in the animals 48 h after dosing was widely distributed in body tissues; however, the concentration in the liver was substantially higher than in all other tissues examined. Less than 5% of the C-14-activity in the liver was present as C-14-levamisole. RP Paulson, GD (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,POB 5674,UNIV STA,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNDPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0049-8254 J9 XENOBIOTICA JI Xenobiotica PD AUG PY 1996 VL 26 IS 8 BP 863 EP 875 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA VF344 UT WOS:A1996VF34400008 PM 8879150 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ Hons, FM Zuberer, DA AF Franzluebbers, AJ Hons, FM Zuberer, DA TI Seasonal dynamics of active soil carbon and nitrogen pools under intensive cropping in conventional and no tillage SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PFLANZENERNAHRUNG UND BODENKUNDE LA English DT Article ID POTENTIALLY MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN; WHEAT MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; FUMIGATION-INCUBATION; ORGANIC-CARBON; DECOMPOSITION; RESPIRATION; TEMPERATURE; SORGHUM AB Active fractions of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) can undergo seasonal changes due to environmental and cultural factors, thereby influencing plant N availability and soil organic matter (SOM) conservation. Our objective was to determine the effect of tillage (conventional and none) on the seasonal dynamics of potential C and N mineralization, soil microbial biomass C (SMBC), specific respiratory activity of SMBC (SRAC), and inorganic soil N in a sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation and in a wheat/soybean double crop. A Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas was sampled to 200 mm depth 57 times during a 2-yr period. Potential C mineralization was lowest (approximate to 2 to 3 g . m(-2). d(-1)) midway during the sorghum and soybean growing seasons and highest (approximate to 3 to 4 g . m(-2). d(-1)) at the end of the wheat growing season and following harvest of all crops. Addition of crop residues increased SMBC for one to three months. Potential N mineralization was coupled with potential C mineralization, SRAC, and changes in SMBC at most times, except during the wheat growing season and shortly after sorghum and soybean residue addition when increased N immobilization was probably caused by rhizodeposition and residues with low N concentration. Seasonal variation of inorganic soil N was 19 to 27%, of potential C and N mineralization and SRAC was 8 to 23%, and of SMBC was 7 to 10%. Soil under conventional tillage experienced greater seasonal variation in potential C and N mineralization, SRAC, bulk density, and water-filled pore space than under no tillage. High residue input with intensive cropping and surface placement of residues were necessary to increase the long-term level of active C and N properties of this thermic-region soil due to rapid turnover of C input. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,TEXAS AGR EXPT STN,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO PIEDMONT CONSERVAT RES CTR,1420 EXPT STN,WATKINSVILLE,GA 30677, USA. NR 32 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU VCH PUBLISHERS INC PI DEERFIELD BEACH PA 303 NW 12TH AVE, DEERFIELD BEACH, FL 33442-1788 SN 0044-3263 J9 Z PFLANZ BODENKUNDE JI Z. Pflanzen. Bodenk. PD AUG PY 1996 VL 159 IS 4 BP 343 EP 349 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VG805 UT WOS:A1996VG80500005 ER PT J AU Jursic, BS Zdravkovski, Z French, AD AF Jursic, BS Zdravkovski, Z French, AD TI Molecular modeling methodology of beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM LA English DT Article DE guest-host interaction; inclusion complex; MM3; molecular mechanics calculation ID MECHANICS AB A docking approach for molecular mechanics optimization of beta-cyclodextrin complexes is described. Because of the specific geometry of the cyclodextrins and the class of guests (relatives of tert-butyl benzene), the guest molecule is moved along a vector going through the middle of the cavity. This vector is perpendicular to the mean plane of the acetal oxygen atoms that link the glucose units. At each step along this vector, the geometry of the bimolecular assembly was optimized to give a minimum in the molecular mechanics steric energy. As expected, the energy decreases as the guest molecule enters the cyclodextrin cavity, and again increases as the guest exits from the other side of the cavity. Rotation of the guest within the cavity prior to energy minimization did not result in lower energies; the minimization process found the best rotational orientation of the guest. On the other hand, it was necessary to drive the guest along the vector; the energy minimization process did not pull the guest into an optimal depth of penetration into the cavity. The binding energies calculated at two different dielectric constants were almost identical, indicating that the complex formation is stabilized by dispersive or Van der Waals forces and not electrostatic (dipole-dipole or hydrogen bonding) forces. C1 USDA, SO REG RES CTR, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70179 USA. RP UNIV NEW ORLEANS, DEPT CHEM, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70148 USA. NR 16 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1280 J9 J MOL STRUC-THEOCHEM JI Theochem-J. Mol. Struct. PD JUL 31 PY 1996 VL 366 IS 1-2 BP 113 EP 117 DI 10.1016/0166-1280(96)04521-6 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA VH580 UT WOS:A1996VH58000013 ER PT J AU Knothe, G Bagby, MO Weisleder, D AF Knothe, G Bagby, MO Weisleder, D TI Evaluation of the olefinic proton signals in the H-1-NMR spectra of allylic hydroxy groups in long-chain compounds SO CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF LIPIDS LA English DT Article DE H-1-NMR spectroscopy; rational functions; logarithmic functions; allylic hydroxy groups; fatty acids; fatty esters ID FATTY; BUTYLHYDROPEROXIDE; BONDS; ACID AB The positional isomers of monounsaturated long-chain fatty compounds containing allylic hydroxy groups (shown for trans double bonds) are distinguished by H-1-NMR spectroscopy through the chemical shift differences of the olefinic protons. These differences are expressed as rational functions (the differences being proportional to the negative third power of the position of the unsaturation), or logarithmic functions (the differences being proportional to the position of the unsaturation raised as power). The present results on more sensitive H-1-NMR spectra complement previous work on the C-13-NMR spectra of these compounds. Theoretical models for explaining shifts in C-13-NMR therefore also apply to H-1-NMR. RP Knothe, G (reprint author), NCAUR,USDA ARS,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0009-3084 J9 CHEM PHYS LIPIDS JI Chem. Phys. Lipids PD JUL 30 PY 1996 VL 82 IS 1 BP 33 EP 37 DI 10.1016/0009-3084(96)02559-5 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA VH110 UT WOS:A1996VH11000005 ER PT J AU Harnly, JM Smith, CMM Radziuk, B AF Harnly, JM Smith, CMM Radziuk, B TI Extended calibration ranges for continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with array detection SO SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART B-ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT CSI XXIX Post Symposium on Electrothermal Atomization in Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy CY SEP, 1995 CL UNIV ULM, ULM, GERMANY HO UNIV ULM DE AAS; array detection; calibration; calibration ranges; continuum source AAS; intrinsic ID LINEAR PHOTODIODE-ARRAY AB Computer modeling has been used to construct calibration curves and relative concentration error plots for continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with array detection and graphite furnace atomization. Model results are compared with experimental results obtained with a linear photodiode array detector. The model uses a Lorentzian absorption profile convoluted with a rectangular entrance slit (25, 50, 100, 200, or 500 mu m wide) and detected with an array of pixels (each 25 mu m wide) using a high resolution spectrometer. Transient furnace signals are modeled as triangular functions with a half-width of 2 s whose height and area are linearly dependent on concentration. With detector read noise limiting (characteristic of a photodiode array detector), the best signal-to-noise ratios have been obtained with a 500 mu m entrance slit width and wavelength integrated absorbance (i.e. integration of absorbance over the whole absorption profile). The shapes of the modeled calibration curves agree well with those theoretically predicted and those obtained experimentally. Useful calibration ranges approaching six orders of magnitude of concentration have been achieved using a single calibration curve and integrating over a spectral region equivalent to 60 times the half width of the absorption profile (about 0.16 nm for Cd at 228.8 nm). When concentration is normalized by the intrinsic mass, all elements give the same curve shapes with the inflection point, from a slope of 1.0 to 0.5 (on a logarithmic scale), determined by the stray light. A hyperbolic function has been developed which accurately fits the modeled and experimental data. With photon shot noise limiting (characteristic of a charge coupled device), the signal-to-noise ratio is much less dependent on the entrance slit width. With a 25 mu m entrance slit width, wavelength selected absorbances (i.e. absorbances computed for selected pixels or wavelengths) have been used to construct three calibration curves covering six orders of magnitude of concentration. C1 UNIV COLL CORK,DEPT CHEM,CORK,IRELAND. BODENSEEWERK PERKIN ELMER & CO GMBH,D-88647 UBERLINGEN,GERMANY. RP Harnly, JM (reprint author), ARS,USDA,BHNRC,FCL,BLDG 161,BARC-E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 15 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0584-8547 J9 SPECTROCHIM ACTA B JI Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr. PD JUL 30 PY 1996 VL 51 IS 9-10 BP 1055 EP 1079 DI 10.1016/0584-8547(96)01449-8 PG 25 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA VE757 UT WOS:A1996VE75700012 ER PT J AU Farman, ML Tosa, Y Nitta, N Leong, SA AF Farman, ML Tosa, Y Nitta, N Leong, SA TI MAGGY, a retrotransposon in the genome of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea SO MOLECULAR AND GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Magnaporthe grisea; rice blast; repetitive DNA; retrotransposon ID PYRICULARIA-GRISEA; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; VIRULENCE; SEQUENCE; PATHOGENICITY; RETROELEMENT; EXPRESSION; TRANSPOSON; DIVERSITY; COLOMBIA AB Full-length copies of a previously described repetitive DNA sequence (CH2-8) were isolated from the genome of the Magnaporthe grisea strain 2539, One copy of the complete element was sequenced and found to resemble a gypsy-like LTR retrotransposon. We named this element MAGGY (MAGnaporthe GYpsy-like element). MAGGY contains two internal ORFs putatively encoding Gag, Pol and Env-like proteins which are similar to peptides encoded by retroelements identified in other filamentous fungi. MAGGY was found to be widely distributed among M. grisea isolates from geographically dispersed locations and different hosts. It was present in high copy number in the genomes of all nine rice-pathogenic isolates examined. By contrast, M. grisea strains isolated from other Gramineae were found to possess varying copy numbers of MAGGY and in some cases the element was completely absent. The wide distribution of MAGGY suggests that this element invaded the genome of M. grisea prior to the evolution of rice-specific form(s). It may since have been horizontally transmitted to other sub-specific groups. One copy of MAGGY, corresponding to the element we sequenced, was located at identical locations in the genomes of geographically dispersed strains, suggesting that this copy of the element is a relatively ancient insertion. C1 USDA ARS, PLANT DIS RESISTANCE RES UNIT, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. RI Leong, Sally /I-8550-2012 NR 37 TC 106 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD JUL 26 PY 1996 VL 251 IS 6 BP 665 EP 674 DI 10.1007/BF02174115 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA VF480 UT WOS:A1996VF48000006 PM 8757397 ER PT J AU Farman, ML Taura, S Leong, SA AF Farman, ML Taura, S Leong, SA TI The Magnaporthe grisea DNA fingerprinting probe MGR586 contains the 3' end of an inverted repeat transposon SO MOLECULAR AND GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Magnaporthe grisea; rice blast; repetitive DNA; transposable element ID RICE BLAST FUNGUS; PYRICULARIA-GRISEA; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; VIRULENCE; FAMILY; PATHOGENICITY; SEQUENCES; DIVERSITY; COLOMBIA AB The Magnaporthe grisea repeat (MGR) sequence MGR586 has been widely used for population studies of the rice blast fungus, and has enabled classification of the fungal population into hundreds of genetic lineages. While studying the distribution of MGR586 sequences in strains of M. grisea, we discovered that the plasmid probe pCB586 contains a significant amount of single-copy DNA. To define precisely the boundary of the repetitive DNA in pCB586, this plasmid and four cosmid clones containing MGR586 were;sequenced. Only 740 bp of one end of the 2.6-bp insert in the pCB586 plasmid was common to all clones. DNA sequence analysis of cosmid DNA revealed that all the cosmids contained common sequences beyond the cloning site in pCB586, indicating that the repetitive DNA in the fingerprinting clone is part of a larger element. The entire repetitive element was sequenced and found to resemble an inverted repeat transposon. This putative transposon is 1.86 kb in length and has perfect terminal repeats of 42 bp, which themselves contain direct repeats of 16 bp. The internal region of the transposon possesses one open reading frame which shows similarity at the peptide level to the Pot2 transposon from hi. grisea and Fot1 from Fusarium oxysporum. Hybridization studies using the entire element as a probe revealed that some strains of M. grisea, whose DNA hybridized to the pCB586 probe, entirely lacked MGR586 transposon sequences. C1 USDA ARS, PLANT DIS RESISTANCE RES UNIT, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. RI Leong, Sally /I-8550-2012 NR 28 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD JUL 26 PY 1996 VL 251 IS 6 BP 675 EP 681 DI 10.1007/BF02174116 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA VF480 UT WOS:A1996VF48000007 PM 8757398 ER PT J AU Olien, CR AF Olien, CR TI Energies and latent heats of water in plant tissue interfaces for analysis of freeze stress SO THERMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th North-American-Thermal-Analysis-Society Conference CY SEP 10-13, 1995 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP N Amer Thermal Anal Soc DE freeze stress; water; energy; latent heat AB Water transitions that stress freezing plants, and literature regarding intermolecular bonding of the liquid, have led to the development of a concept that distinguished forms of freeze stress energy. Parameters that characterize equilibrium and nonequilibrium freezing are calculated. The derivation, used previously to identify adhesion as a form of freeze stress, is extended for quantitative biophysical analysis of specific forms of the freeze stresses that alter genetic expression and elicit protective plant responses. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT SOIL SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824. RP Olien, CR (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-6031 J9 THERMOCHIM ACTA JI Thermochim. Acta PD JUL 25 PY 1996 VL 284 IS 1 BP 127 EP 134 DI 10.1016/0040-6031(96)02862-6 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA VC198 UT WOS:A1996VC19800011 ER PT J AU Kuhls, K Lieckfeldt, E Samuels, GJ Kovacs, W Meyer, W Petrini, O Gams, W Borner, T Kubicek, CP AF Kuhls, K Lieckfeldt, E Samuels, GJ Kovacs, W Meyer, W Petrini, O Gams, W Borner, T Kubicek, CP TI Molecular evidence that the asexual industrial fungus Trichoderma reesei is a clonal derivative of the ascomycete Hypocrea jecorina SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE evolution; rRNA; phylogeny; random amplified polymorphic DNA; cellulase producers ID INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACERS; RIBOSOMAL DNA; IDENTIFICATION; PHYLOGENY; HYBRIDIZATION; GLIOCLADIUM; NUCLEAR; GRASS AB The relationship of the important cellulase producing asexual fungus Trichoderma reesei to its putative teleomorphic (sexual) ancestor Hypocrea jecorina and other species of the Trichoderma sect. Longibrachiatum was studied by PCR-fingerprinting and sequence analyses of the nuclear ribosomal DNA region containing the internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene. The differences in the corresponding ITS sequences allowed a grouping of anamorphic (asexual) species of Trichoderma sect. Longibrachiatum into Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma pseudokoningii, and Trichooderma reesei. The sexual species Hypocrea schweinitzii and H. jecorina were also clearly separated from each other. H. jecorina and T. reesei exhibited identical sequences, suggesting close relatedness or even species identity. Intraspecific and interspecific variation in the PCR-fingerprinting patterns supported the differentiation of species based on ITS sequences, the grouping of the strains, and the assignment of these strains to individual species. The variations between T. reesei and H. jecorina were at the same order of magnitude as found between all strains of H. jecorina, but much lower than the observed interspecific variations. Identical ITS sequences and the high similarity of PCR-fingerprinting patterns indicate a very close relationship between T. reesei and H. jecorina, whereas differences of the ITS sequences and the PCR-fingerprinting patterns show a clear phylogenetic distance between T. reesei/H.jecorina and T. longibrachiatum. T. reesei is considered to be an asexual, clonal line derived from a population of the tropical ascomycete H. jecorina. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. VIENNA TECH UNIV,INST BIOCHEM TECHNOL & MIKROBIOL,MIKROBIELLE BIOCHEM ABT,A-1060 VIENNA,AUSTRIA. DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL,DURHAM,NC 27710. CENT BUR SCHIMMELCULTURES,NL-3740 AG BAARN,NETHERLANDS. RP Kuhls, K (reprint author), HUMBOLDT UNIV BERLIN,INST BIOL,CHAUSSEESTR 117,D-10015 BERLIN,GERMANY. RI Meyer, Wieland/G-1204-2015 OI Meyer, Wieland/0000-0001-9933-8340 NR 45 TC 138 Z9 151 U1 2 U2 7 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUL 23 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 15 BP 7755 EP 7760 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.15.7755 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UY930 UT WOS:A1996UY93000062 PM 8755548 ER PT J AU Ishida, T Price, JC AF Ishida, T Price, JC TI A procedure to infer complex refractive index and mean particle radius of soils from visible and near-infrared reflectance data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES; AMERICAN SOILS; SPECTROSCOPY AB In a portion of the visible and near-infrared spectrum (0.40-0.85 mu m), high resolution (0.002 mu m) reflectances from 37 soil samples have been analysed to determine complex refractive indices and the mean radius of soil particles. The method uses an approximation to a radiative transfer model. The approximation assumes that measured spectral reflectances and the imaginary refractive index can be expressed as quadratic functions of wavelength. Using this approximation, three quantities, the real refractive index, the particle radius, and a constant relating to the imaginary index are derived from wavelength coefficients for measured reflectance spectra. The resulting values of particle radius generally increase with an increase in the median radius, which is measured in the laboratory. The complex refractive index is in general agreement with that estimated by using the previously developed analytic model. The spectral reflectance measured strongly depends on the product of the imaginary index and particle radius identified by the approximation, but does not depend on those separately. Based on results of a regression analysis, the imaginary index and particle radius are useful in explaining variations in soil components, which have a major influence on soil colour, such as humus and free Fe2O3. C1 USDA,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Ishida, T (reprint author), KAGAWA UNIV,FAC AGR,DEPT AGR ENGN,KAGAWA 76107,JAPAN. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNDPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUL 20 PY 1996 VL 17 IS 11 BP 2145 EP 2164 PG 20 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA UW885 UT WOS:A1996UW88500011 ER PT J AU Ye, XS Fincher, RR Tang, A ODonnell, K Osmani, SA AF Ye, XS Fincher, RR Tang, A ODonnell, K Osmani, SA TI Two S-phase checkpoint systems, one involving the function of both BIME and Tyr15 phosphorylation of p34(cdc2), inhibit NIMA and prevent premature mitosis SO EMBO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus; BIME; NIMA; S-phase checkpoints; Tyr15 phosphorylation of p34(cdc2) ID CELL-CYCLE CONTROL; ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS; PROTEIN-KINASE; FISSION YEAST; TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; DNA-REPLICATION; CHROMATIN CONDENSATION; CATALYTIC SUBUNIT; MESSENGER-RNA AB We demonstrate that there are at least two S-phase checkpoint mechanisms controlling mitosis in Aspergillus. The first responds to the rate of DNA replication and inhibits mitosis via tyrosine phosphorylation of p34(cdc2). Cells unable to tyrosine phosphorylate p34(cdc2) are therefore viable but are unable to tolerate low levels of hydroxyurea and prematurely enter lethal mitosis when S-phase is slowed. However, if the NIMA mitosis-promoting kinase is inactivated then non-tyrosine-phosphorylated p34(cdc2) cannot promote cells prematurely into mitosis. Lack of tyrosine-phosphorylated p34(cdc2) also cannot promote mitosis, or lethality, if DNA replication is arrested, demonstrating the presence of a second S-phase checkpoint mechanism over mitotic initiation which me show involves the function of BIME. In order to overcome the S-phase arrest checkpoint over mitosis it is necessary both to prevent tyrosine phosphorylation of p34(cdc2) and also to inactivate BIME. Lack of tyrosine phosphorylation of p34(cdc2) allows precocious expression of NIMA during S-phase arrest, and lack of BIME then allows activation of this prematurely expressed NIMA by phosphorylation. The mitosis-promoting NIMA kinase is thus a target for S-phase checkpoint controls. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Ye, XS (reprint author), WEIS CTR RES,GEISINGER CLIN,DANVILLE,PA 17822, USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM42564] NR 65 TC 63 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0261-4189 J9 EMBO J JI Embo J. PD JUL 15 PY 1996 VL 15 IS 14 BP 3599 EP 3610 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA UY922 UT WOS:A1996UY92200013 PM 8670863 ER PT J AU Pursel, VG Wall, RJ AF Pursel, VG Wall, RJ TI Effects of transferred ova per recipient and dual use of donors as recipients on production of transgenic swine SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE transgenic; donor; recipient; embryo transfer; swine ID INVITRO DEVELOPMENT; FARM-ANIMALS; MICROINJECTION; ZYGOTES; GILTS; PRONUCLEI; SELECTION; RABBITS; EMBRYOS; PIGS AB The purpose of the study was to determine whether the number of transferred ova per recipient influenced the efficiency of producing transgenic pigs and whether donor gilts were as effective as unmated gilts as recipients of microinjected ova. Eight genes were microinjected into 4,232 ova that were transferred into 169 recipients over a 5-yr period. Although the farrowing rate and litter size was highest for recipients receiving 31 to 41 ova per recipient, the percentage of transferred ova developing into piglets was highest for recipients receiving 13 to 20 ova (P = 0.021 for all recipients and P = 0.011 for pregnant recipients). Based on these data we conclude transferring more than 20 ova per recipient may incur some loss due to uterine crowding. Gilts used as recipients of microinjected ova immediately after their own ova were flushed from their oviducts had the same farrowing rate, litter size, and ovum development efficiency as unmated gilts that were only used as recipients. However, donor-recipients that ovulated 21 or more ova had smaller litters (P = 0.009) and were less efficient in producing pigs (P = 0.024) and transgenic pigs (P = 0.054) from transferred ova than donor-recipients that ovulated 20 or fewer ova. Dual use of donors as recipients was an effective method of reducing the number of recipients in a transgenic pig project by nearly one-half. RP Pursel, VG (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JUL 15 PY 1996 VL 46 IS 2 BP 201 EP 209 DI 10.1016/0093-691X(96)00178-1 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA VA362 UT WOS:A1996VA36200002 PM 16727891 ER PT J AU Keller, M Clark, DA Clark, DB Weitz, AM Veldkamp, E AF Keller, M Clark, DA Clark, DB Weitz, AM Veldkamp, E TI If a tree falls in the forest ... SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID AMAZON C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT BIOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63121. RP Keller, M (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,INT INST TROP AGR,POB 25000,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928, USA. RI Veldkamp, Edzo/A-6660-2008; Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359 NR 18 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 12 PY 1996 VL 273 IS 5272 BP 201 EP 201 DI 10.1126/science.273.5272.201 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UW787 UT WOS:A1996UW78700029 ER PT J AU Cockett, NE Jackson, SP Shay, TL Farnir, F Berghmans, S Snowder, GD Nielsen, DM Georges, M AF Cockett, NE Jackson, SP Shay, TL Farnir, F Berghmans, S Snowder, GD Nielsen, DM Georges, M TI Polar overdominance at the Ovine callipyge locus SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CHROMOSOME-14 AB An inheritable muscular hypertrophy was recently described in sheep and shown to be determined by the callipyge gene mapped to ovine chromosome 18. Here, the callipyge phenotype was found to be characterized by a nonmendelian inheritance pattern, referred to as polar overdominance, where only heterozygous individuals having inherited the callipyge mutation from their sire express the phenotype. The possible role of parental imprinting in the determinism of polar overdominance is envisaged. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM DAIRY & VET SCI,LOGAN,UT 84322. TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI & FOOD TECHNOL,LUBBOCK,TX 79409. UNIV LIEGE B43,FAC VET MED,DEPT GENET,B-4000 LIEGE,BELGIUM. ARS,USDA,US SHEEP EXPT STN,DUBOIS,ID 83423. OI Berghmans, Stephane/0000-0001-5414-8674 NR 21 TC 187 Z9 205 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 12 PY 1996 VL 273 IS 5272 BP 236 EP 238 DI 10.1126/science.273.5272.236 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UW787 UT WOS:A1996UW78700040 PM 8662506 ER PT J AU ONeill, PE Chauhan, NS Jackson, TJ AF ONeill, PE Chauhan, NS Jackson, TJ TI Use of active and passive microwave remote sensing for soil moisture estimation through corn SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION CANOPIES; EMISSION; SURFACE; BACKSCATTERING; MODEL; LAYER AB Over the past several years NASA, USDA, and Princeton University have collaborated to conduct hydrology field experiments in instrumented research watersheds in Pennsylvania and Oklahoma with a goal of characterizing the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture using microwave sensors. As part of these experiments, L-band radar data from both truck and aircraft sensors were used to validate the performance of a vegetation scattering model in which discrete scatter random media techniques were employed to calculate vegetation transmissivity and scattering. These parameters were then used in a soil moisture prediction algorithm based on a radiative transfer approach utilizing aircraft passive microwave data from the L-band PBMR and ESTAR radiometers. Soil moisture was predicted in both experiments for several large corn fields which represented the densest vegetation canopies of all the test fields. Over the 20 per cent change in soil moisture encountered in the experiments, the match of predicted to measured soil moisture was excellent, with an average absolute error of about 0.02 cm(3) cm(-3). C1 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT ELECT ENGN & COMP SCI,WASHINGTON,DC 20052. ARS,USDA,HYDROL LAB,BARC W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP ONeill, PE (reprint author), NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,HYDROL SCI BRANCH 974,LAB HYDROSPHER PROC,GREENBELT,MD 20771, USA. RI O'Neill, Peggy/D-2904-2013 NR 29 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNDPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUL 10 PY 1996 VL 17 IS 10 BP 1851 EP 1865 PG 15 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA UR078 UT WOS:A1996UR07800004 ER PT J AU Taylor, F Kurantz, MJ Goldberg, N Craig, JC AF Taylor, F Kurantz, MJ Goldberg, N Craig, JC TI Control of packed column fouling in the continuous fermentation and stripping of ethanol SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE yeast; fuel ethanol; flocculation; glucose conversion AB By recycling the contents of a 14 L fermenter through a stripping column to continuously remove ethanol and reduce product inhibition, continuous complete conversion of nutrient feed containing 600 g/L glucose was achieved in a small pilot plant. Ethanol was recovered from the carbon dioxide stripping gas in a refrigerated condenser, and the gas was reheated with steam and recycled by a blower. Productivity of ethanol in the fermentor as high as 15.8 g/L/h and condensate production of up to 10 L/day of almost 50% by volume ethanol were maintained for up to 60 days of continuous operation. Weekly washing of the column packing in situ was required to prevent loss of performance caused by attached growth of yeast cells, which restricts the gas flow rate through the stripping column. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. RP Taylor, F (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 8 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0006-3592 J9 BIOTECHNOL BIOENG JI Biotechnol. Bioeng. PD JUL 5 PY 1996 VL 51 IS 1 BP 33 EP 39 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19960705)51:1<33::AID-BIT4>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UQ521 UT WOS:A1996UQ52100004 PM 18627085 ER PT J AU Coffin, DR Fishman, ML Ly, TV AF Coffin, DR Fishman, ML Ly, TV TI Thermomechanical properties of blends of pectin and poly(vinyl alcohol) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STARCH; FILMS AB Blends of citrus pectin and several types of poly(vinyl alcohol) were investigated to determine the effects of compositional variables and polymer type on Aim properties. Some films were also plasticized with glycerol. Films were cast from water onto Lexan(TM) plates, dried, and removed. Thermomechanical properties were obtained using a dynamic mechanical analyzer, and thermodynamic transitions were also obtained using a differential scanning calorimeter. Increasing the amount of poly(vinyl alcohol) in the blends reduced the storage and loss modulus of the films above the glass transition temperature (T-g). The T-g values observed decreased as the amount of PVOH in the blend increased. Addition of glycerol depressed the PVOH T-g and merged it into the T-g of the pectin/glycerol blend. Changes in the molecular weight and degree of ester hydrolysis of poly(vinyl alcohol) exerted a rather small effect on the blends. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.(dagger) RP Coffin, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 16 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD JUL 5 PY 1996 VL 61 IS 1 BP 71 EP 79 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA UQ661 UT WOS:A1996UQ66100008 ER PT J AU Moran, MS Rahman, AF Washburne, JC Goodrich, DC Weltz, MA Kustas, WP AF Moran, MS Rahman, AF Washburne, JC Goodrich, DC Weltz, MA Kustas, WP TI Combining the Penman-Monteith equation with measurements of surface temperature and reflectance to estimate evaporation rates of semiarid grassland SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID METEOROLOGICAL DATA; VEGETATION INDEX; NET-RADIATION; SOIL; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; COMPONENTS; COVER AB The Penman-Monteith equation is useful for computing evaporation rates of uniform surfaces, such as dense vegetation or bare soil. This equation becomes less useful for evaluation of evaporation rates at the regional scale, where surfaces are generally characterized by a patchy combination of vegetation and soil. This is particularly true in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The approach proposed here is an attempt to use remotely-sensed measurements of surface reflectance and temperature to allow application of the Penman-Monteith theory to partially-vegetated fields without a-priori knowledge of the percent vegetation cover and canopy resistance. Basically, the Penman-Monteith equation was combined with the energy balance equation to estimate the surface temperature (T-s) associated with four states: surfaces characterized by full-cover vegetation and bare soil with evaporation rates at potential and zero. Then, linear interpolations between T-s values computed for full-cover and bare soil conditions were used to provide information at intermediate states based on measurements of actual surface reflectance and temperature. The approach was first tested using ground-based measurements of surface reflectance and temperature at a rangeland site; the results compared well with on-site measurements of surface evaporation rate (RMSE = 29 W m(-2)). Then, the approach was tested based on a set of four Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired in southeast Arizona during 1992. Maps of surface air temperature and wind speed were combined with maps of surface temperature and spectral vegetation index to produce regional estimates of evaporation rates for the grassland biome. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT SOIL & WATER SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT HYDROL & WATER RESOURCES,TUCSON,AZ 85721. USDA ARS,SW WATERSHED RES CTR,TUCSON,AZ. USDA ARS,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD. RP Moran, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. RI Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 34 TC 92 Z9 106 U1 4 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 80 IS 2-4 BP 87 EP 109 DI 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02292-9 PG 23 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UV522 UT WOS:A1996UV52200003 ER PT J AU Miller, DR Yendol, WE Ducharme, KM Maczuga, S Reardon, RC McManus, MA AF Miller, DR Yendol, WE Ducharme, KM Maczuga, S Reardon, RC McManus, MA TI Drift of aerially applied diflubenzuron over an oak forest SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article AB A field study was conducted in a Central Pennsylvania forest to quantify the offsite drift of aerially applied Diflubenzuron. Spray was released along a flight line which was normal to the cross wind and also to a 750 m long line of sampling targets located just above the forest canopy. Short-range deposition (less than 133 m) was sampled with passive targets (Teflon(R) spheres), and active samplers (rotorods) were used at long-range distances (133-755 m). Ten spray trials (replications) were conducted over 3 days in late summer. Profiles of wind, turbulence, temperature, and humidity were measured with instrumentation on a micrometeorology tower at levels up to 20 m above the 20 m tall canopy. Measured deposit patterns showed that significant amounts of the Diflubenzuron (approximately 30%) drifted further than 100 m from the flight line without being delivered to the canopy top. Small amounts of drifting material were transported 750 m downwind on all but one occasion. Downwind from the target area the amount of material present at the canopy top increased with increasing friction velocity, u*. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,STATE COLL,PA 16802. US FOREST SERV,NATL CTR FOREST HLTH,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505. US FOREST SERV,NE CTR BIOL CONTROL FOREST PESTS,NE FOREST EXPT STN,HAMDEN,CT 06514. RP Miller, DR (reprint author), UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT NAT RESOURCES MANAGEMENT & ENGN,STORRS,CT 06269, USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 80 IS 2-4 BP 165 EP 176 DI 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02300-3 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UV522 UT WOS:A1996UV52200006 ER PT J AU Norman, JM Kustas, WP Humes, KS AF Norman, JM Kustas, WP Humes, KS TI Source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature (vol 77, pg 263, 1995) SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Correction, Addition C1 USDA ARS,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Norman, JM (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT SOIL SCI,1525 OBSERV DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 80 IS 2-4 BP 297 EP 297 DI 10.1016/0168-1923(96)02344-1 PG 1 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UV522 UT WOS:A1996UV52200015 ER PT J AU Triplett, GB Dabney, SM Siefker, JH AF Triplett, GB Dabney, SM Siefker, JH TI Tillage systems for cotton on silty upland soils SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM TILLAGE; GROWTH; YIELD; SETHOXYDIM; FLUAZIFOP; ROTATION; EROSION AB No-tillage systems for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L,) production on sloping, upland sites have not been widely adopted in the Mid-South of the USA, even though conventional cotton production creates a serious erosion hazard, A held study was established following sod on a site with loess soils to evaluate tillage system effect on cotton yield and earliness. The sod was tilled prior to establishment of treatments, which included conventional (chisel, disk, bed, cultivate), ridge till (remove ridge tops at planting, cultivate postemergence to rebuild ridges), no-tillage [wheat (Triticum aestivum L,) cover seeded following cotton harvest, killed prior to planting], and minimum tillage (one pass with a mulch finisher prior to planting, cultivate postemergence). During the first year of the study, no-tillage cotton yields were lower and maturity delayed compared with conventional tillage, During Years 3 to 5, no-tillage crop yields were 18 to 42% greater and crop maturity was 6 to 10 d earlier than conventional tillage. Minimum tillage yields were similar to conventional tillage while ridge tillage was lower in two of the last 3 yr of the study. Results of this study indicate viable no-tillage production systems for cotton can be developed for highly erosive loess soils in the Mid-South. C1 USDA ARS, NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB, OXFORD, MS 38655 USA. CORNELL UNIV, DEPT FRUIT & VEGETABLE SCI, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV, MISSISSIPPI AGR & FORESTRY EXPT STN, MISSISSIPPI STATE, MS 39762 USA. RP MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV, DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI, BOX 9555, MISSISSIPPI STATE, MS 39762 USA. NR 28 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 EI 1435-0645 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 4 BP 507 EP 512 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UZ539 UT WOS:A1996UZ53900001 ER PT J AU Torbert, HA Reeves, DW Mulvaney, RL AF Torbert, HA Reeves, DW Mulvaney, RL TI Winter legume cover crop benefits to corn: Rotation vs fixed-nitrogen effects SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FERTILIZER NITROGEN; DRY-MATTER; SOIL; ALFALFA; YIELDS; CLOVER; N-15 AB The use of winter legume cover crops for erosion control and to provide additional N to the soil is well established. Other potential benefits to legume cover crops besides N additions have been recognized, but have not been quantified, The objective of this study was to separate the fixed-N effects from the rotation effects in a winter legume cover cropping system. A field study was initiated in 1989 on a Norfolk loamy sand (fine, loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudult) in east-central Alabama. Corn (Zea mays L.) was grown following (i) 'Tibbee' crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), (ii) a partially ineffective-nodulating crimson clover, CH-1, (iii) rye (Secale cereale L.), and (iv) winter fallow, The plots were split into four Fates of fertilizer N (0, 56, 112, and 168 kg N ha(-1)) in a split-plot experimental plan. An evaluation of different methods of distinguishing fixed-N vs. rotation effects of the winter annual legume cover crop to a subsequent corn crop was made. Regression analysis of the effect of N application rates on Nt fixation by crimson clover (fertilized with 45 kg N ha(-1)) indicated that CH-1 clover biomass contained approximately 40 and 101 kg N ha(-1) and Tibbee clover contained approximately 51 and 119 kg N ha(-1) in 1990 and 1991, respectively. In both years of the study, crimson clover substantially increased corn yield compared with winter fallow, with a yield increase at the highest fertilizer N application level of 7 and 22% for 1990 and 1991, respectively, Estimates of yield increases due to rotation ranged from negative to 40%. The data indicated that winter cover crops improve corn yield and that besides soil N availability, there was very little difference between the beneficial effects of clover and the rye cover crops to corn. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL DYNAM LAB,AUBURN,AL 36831. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT AGRON,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Torbert, HA (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 31 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 4 BP 527 EP 535 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UZ539 UT WOS:A1996UZ53900004 ER PT J AU Gettle, RM George, JR Blanchet, KM Buxton, DR Moore, KJ AF Gettle, RM George, JR Blanchet, KM Buxton, DR Moore, KJ TI Frost-seeding legumes into established switchgrass: Forage yield and botanical composition of the stratified canopy SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN TRANSFER; BIG BLUESTEM; RED-CLOVER; GRASS; BERMUDAGRASS; INDIANGRASS; MIXTURES; QUALITY AB Grasses need adequate N for optimum herbage yield, Legumes could be grown in mixed swards with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) to provide symbiotic N and replace the need for N fertilization, extend the growing season because C-3 species begin growth earlier and continue growth later into the growing season, and increase dry matter (DM) yield, The objective of this held study on a Webster-Nicollet soil (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic, Typic Haplaquoll-Aquic Hapludoll) at Ames, IA, was to compare herbage DM yield and botanical composition for legume-renovated switchgrass with that of N-fertilized switchgrass. Five inoculated forage legumes and a legume mixture were frost-seeded into an excellent stand of established 'Cave-in-Rock' switchgrass in mid-March of 1991 and 1992, Grass-legume DM yield was compared with N fertilization (0, 60, 120, and 240 kg ha(-1)) in the seeding year (YR 1) and the second year (YR 2). Harvested samples were separated into grass and legume components, and further divided into upper and basal canopy, Nitrogen fertilization provided greatest upper and basal canopy yields in both June and July of YR 1. By June YR 2, legume renovation increased upper-canopy yields more than for 240 N, Upper-canopy YR 2 yields of grass-legume mixtures seeded in 1991 remained greater than for 240 N in July, and were similar to 120 N in August. During a wetter and cooler than normal summer, YR 2 yields of upper-canopy grass-legume mixtures seeded in 1992 were similar to 60 and 120 N by July, and similar to both unfertilized and N-fertilized switchgrass by August, We concluded that yields of legume-renovated switchgrass were generally greater than for mid to high levels of N fertilization during YR 2. Because of relatively low herbage production during YR 1, producers should consider frost-seeding legumes into only part of existing switchgrass pastures, while fertilizing the remaining nonrenovated pasture with N to maintain high forage supply and pasture productivity. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. USDA ARS,FIELD CROPS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50011. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 4 BP 555 EP 560 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UZ539 UT WOS:A1996UZ53900009 ER PT J AU Wanjura, DF Mahan, JR Upchurch, DR AF Wanjura, DF Mahan, JR Upchurch, DR TI Irrigation starting time effects on cotton under high-frequency irrigation SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL-TEMPERATURE; GROWTH AB Deciding when to begin irrigating cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is difficult because the positive effect of eliminating water stress may be offset by the negative effect of lowered soil temperature. Different starting times for high-frequency drip irrigation of cotton were investigated in a held having Olton day loam soil (fine, mixed, thermic Aridic Paleustolls). Early irrigation (EI), started when seedlings had 3 mainstem nodes, was compared with delayed irrigation (DI-L), started at squaring when there were 7 mainstem nodes, Another delayed irrigation treatment (DI-H) received an initial large irrigation that equaled the cumulative amount of water applied by that time to the EI treatment. During the early irrigation period, 130 mm of water was applied in 1993 and 120 mm in 1994, Average soil temperature in the top 1000 mm during the early irrigation period was 25 degrees C in the EI treatment, compared with 27 degrees C in the DI treatment. During the late irrigation period, the average soil temperature was 24.5 degrees C for EI and 25.5 degrees C for DI, At first bloom, plants were 30 mm taller in 1993 and 70 mm taller in 1994 in the ET irrigation treatment, compared with the DI-L treatment. Lint production was greatest in the DI-L treatment in both years (1548 and 1630 kg ha(-1)), compared with the DI-H treatment (1467 and 1460 kg ha(-1)) and the EI treatment (1447 and 1481 kg ha(-1)). Water use efficiency, based on the total of irrigation and rainfall, averaged 3.33, 2.42, and 2.36 kg lint ha-mm(-1) for the DI-L, DI-H, and EI irrigation treatments, respectively. Initiating automated irrigation scheduling before squaring in cotton increased seedling height but decreased lint yield and the efficiency of use of total applied water. RP Wanjura, DF (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST RES LAB,ROUTE 3,BOX 215,LUBBOCK,TX 79401, USA. NR 9 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 4 BP 561 EP 566 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UZ539 UT WOS:A1996UZ53900010 ER PT J AU Kiniry, JR Sanderson, MA Williams, JR Tischler, CR Hussey, MA Ocumpaugh, WR Read, JC VanEsbroeck, G Reed, RL AF Kiniry, JR Sanderson, MA Williams, JR Tischler, CR Hussey, MA Ocumpaugh, WR Read, JC VanEsbroeck, G Reed, RL TI Simulating Alamo switchgrass with the ALMANAC model SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RADIATION AB A model for forage yield with adequate details for leaf area, biomass, nutrients, and hydrology would be valuable for making management decisions. The objectives of this study were to develop Alamo switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) parameters for the Agricultural Land Management Alternatives with Numerical Assessment Criteria (ALMANAC) model and demonstrate its accuracy across a wide range of environments. Derived plant parameters included potential leaf area index (LAI), potential biomass growth per unit intercepted light, optimum nutrient concentrations; and growth responses to temperature. The model's simulated yields accounted for 79% of the variability in measured yields for one-cut and two-cut harvest systems from six diverse sites in Texas in 1993 and 1994. Simulated yields for three locations differed in sensitivity to potential LAI, heat units to maturity, radiation use efficiency (RITE), and soil depth. The ALMANAC model shows promise as a management tool for this important forage and bioenergy crop. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,CTR AGR RES & EXTENS,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,BEEVILLE,TX 78102. TEXAS A&M UNIV,CTR AGR RES & EXTENS,DALLAS,TX 75252. TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,LUBBOCK,TX 79409. RP Kiniry, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 21 TC 38 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 4 BP 602 EP 606 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UZ539 UT WOS:A1996UZ53900017 ER PT J AU Harper, LA Bussink, DW vanderMeer, HG Corre, WJ AF Harper, LA Bussink, DW vanderMeer, HG Corre, WJ TI Ammonia transport in a temperate grassland .1. Seasonal transport in relation to soil fertility and crop management SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA; SPRING WHEAT; VOLATILIZATION; NITROGEN; CONSERVATION; DEPOSITION; EXCHANGE; PLANT AB An understanding of N cycling in agricultural systems is necessary to optimize N-use efficiency and reduce N losses to the environment. The objectives of this research were to evaluate N cycling in a highly fertilized grassland in a humid temperate climate and to observe the effects of N surplus and deficit on NH3 absorption-desorption by the grass. Soil, plant, and weather measurements were taken concurrently and soil-plant-atmosphere N transport were determined. After Ei application, soil inorganic N decreased rapidly to background levels, due to possible microbial immobilization and plant N demand. Much of the immobilized N was remobilized during the growth period, but at insufficient rates to avoid Iri stress by the crop, as shown by absorption of NH3. During spring, 452 of the plant N was derived from applied fertilizer, with the balance obtained from mineralized organic N (49%) and absorption of NH3 (6%). During summer, fertilizer N accounted for 60% of accumulated grass N and NH3 absorption accounted for 11% of N not derived from fertilizer (4% of the total N), with the balance coming from mineralized organic N. Soil water content and wind speed were the dominant factors influencing the crop Mt compensation point (CP). The daily NH3 CP was variable, but the average seasonal NH3 CP was about 14 mu g m(-3). C1 NMI, NL-8219 PK LELYSTAD, NETHERLANDS. DLO, AB, RES INST AGROBIOL & SOIL FERTIL, NL-6700 AA WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS. DLO, AB, NL-9750 AC HAREN, NETHERLANDS. RP USDA ARS, SO PIEDMONT CONSERVAT RES CTR, 1420 EXPT STN RD, WATKINSVILLE, GA 30677 USA. NR 44 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 EI 1435-0645 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 4 BP 614 EP 621 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UZ539 UT WOS:A1996UZ53900019 ER PT J AU Bussink, DW Harper, LA Corre, WJ AF Bussink, DW Harper, LA Corre, WJ TI Ammonia transport in a temperate grassland .2. Diurnal fluctuations in response to weather and management conditions SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA; NITROGEN DYNAMICS; GASEOUS AMMONIA; SOIL; VOLATILIZATION; CONSERVATION; PLANT; WHEAT; LEAVES AB Ammonia emission into the atmosphere is of concern because of its potential impact on atmospheric aerosol chemistry and fertilizer N use efficiency. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of N surplus and deficit on soil-plant-atmosphere NH3 exchange in a temperate humid grassland. Plant and soil N measurements were made along with NH3 fluxes using flux-gradient techniques. Ammonia flux was related to the plant ammonia compensation point (NH3 CP), which was controlled by plant N concentration and management practices (such as harvest and fertilization). The measured fluxes were generally much larger during daytime than during nighttime. The daily variation in flux was apparently caused by higher diffusive resistance at night. Generally, there were no significant differences between daytime and nighttime NH3 CP. Ammonia was absorbed in dew and released during dew evaporation; however, nighttime absorption exceeded daytime release, with some of the N apparently being captured by the crop. C1 USDA ARS,WATKINSVILLE,GA 30677. DLO,AB,NL-9750 AC HAREN,NETHERLANDS. RP Bussink, DW (reprint author), NMI,RUNDERWEG 6,NL-8219 PK LELYSTAD,NETHERLANDS. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 4 BP 621 EP 626 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UZ539 UT WOS:A1996UZ53900020 ER PT J AU Feldhake, CM Glenn, DM Peterson, DL AF Feldhake, CM Glenn, DM Peterson, DL TI Pasture soil surface temperature response to drought SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PRAIRIE; GROWTH; HEAT AB Forage persistence during severe drought is dependent on the plant's ability to maintain, at the soil surface, a viable crown from which growth regenerates upon renewed availability of water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the surface soil temperature under a tall fescue canopy during the progression into severe drought. A 2.5- by 2.5- by 2.0-m weighing lysimeter was shielded from precipitation during rainy weather from the summer solstice through the fall equinox of 1992 at Kearneysville, WV. As evapotranspiration decreased to 23% of the calculated potential rate, there was no increase in midday soil heat flux relative to net radiation but a 2.3-fold increase in surface soil temperature relative to levels of net radiation. During severe water stress, daytime surface soil temperatures remained from 0 to 3 degrees C cooler than canopy temperature; however, nighttime surface soil temperatures were typically around 5 degrees C warmer than canopy temperature, suggesting that surface soil temperature was poorly coupled to canopy temperature. Surface soil temperature under complete canopy cover may be useful for quantifying forage water stress by evaluating the magnitude of daytime changes relative to net radiation. The forage canopy provides shielding for the crown. from daytime radiation and high temperatures during water stress; however, this is in part offset by the insulation provided and the resultant higher nighttime temperatures. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES LAB,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. RP Feldhake, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,POB 867,BECKLEY,WV 25802, USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 4 BP 652 EP 656 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UZ539 UT WOS:A1996UZ53900024 ER PT J AU Baker, JM Spaans, EJA Reece, CF AF Baker, JM Spaans, EJA Reece, CF TI Conductimetric measurement of CO2 concentration: Theoretical basis and its verification SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; SOIL-WATER CONTENT; AUTOMATIC RECALIBRATION; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; ANALYZER; MOISTURE; SYSTEM; LINES AB Atmospheric CO2 is important to plant growth and also plays a key role in the global energy balance, Thus, there are needs for reliable methods for measuring CO2 concentrations, [CO2]. One approach has been the conductimetric method, where sampled gas is bubbled through deionized water, Some of the CO2 in the air dissolves and ionizes, causing an increase in solution electrical conductivity, The method is inexpensive relative to other techniques, but usage has been limited, possibly due to its apparently empirical basis and suggestions that it must be frequently checked to correct for shifts due to temperature and other effects. We have derived the fundamental basis for the method and equations that allow [CO2] to be directly determined from measurements of solution electrical conductivity and temperature, with no empirical calibration, The equilibrium constants and ionic conductivities that are used are temperature dependent, but those dependences are well known and easily computed. The approach was tested with a system in which the conductivity was measured with time-domain reflectometry (TDR), using a coaxial cell through which the aerated water was circulated, To maximize sensitivity, a long cell (1 m) of low impedance (19.3 Omega) was used, The system was compared against an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) over a range of [CO2] from 0 to 1000 mu mol mol(-1), at three different temperatures (5, 19, and 34 degrees C). Regression of [CO2] calculated directly from the conductivity measurements against the IRGA measurements produced a slope of 1.00, r(2) Of 0,997 and a standard error of estimate of 16.1 mu mol mol(-1). Resolution was approximately 1 to 2 mu mol mol(-1), too large for micrometeorological flux measurements but sufficient for many monitoring applications. The approach should work with any accurate device for measuring solution conductivity. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Baker, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,1991 UPPER BUFORD CIRCLE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 4 BP 675 EP 682 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UZ539 UT WOS:A1996UZ53900028 ER PT J AU Liebig, MA Doran, JW Gardner, JC AF Liebig, MA Doran, JW Gardner, JC TI Evaluation of a field test kit for measuring selected soil quality indicators SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB A field soil quality test kit was developed to permit rapid assessment of numerous soil characteristics recognized as basic indicators of soil quality. This study was conducted to determine the accuracy and precision of indicator measurements with the field soil quality test kit. Data collected with the test kit were compared with that from standard laboratory analyses using soils from grassland and cropland on two farms in Stutsman County, North Dakota, Results obtained with the test kit for electrical conductivity, soil pH, soil nitrate, and gravimetric water content compared well with those found by standard laboratory analyses, Significant differences in soil respiration between the field and laboratory methods were attributed to the inclusion of root respiration in the test kit measurement and to differences in sampling time, disturbance, and soil depth. Repeated test kit measurements were, for the most part, no more variable than standard laboratory analyses except when the water status of soils neared saturation, This preliminary evaluation demonstrated the field test kit to be an effective screening tool for point-scale assessment of soil quality by providing accurate and precise data over a range of soil conditions. C1 N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,CARRINGTON,ND 58421. RP Liebig, MA (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. RI Liebig, Mark/A-2775-2009 NR 14 TC 30 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 4 BP 683 EP 686 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UZ539 UT WOS:A1996UZ53900029 ER PT J AU Dorgan, JF Reichman, ME Judd, JT Brown, C Longcope, C Schatzkin, A Forman, M Campbell, WS Franz, C Kahle, L Taylor, PR AF Dorgan, JF Reichman, ME Judd, JT Brown, C Longcope, C Schatzkin, A Forman, M Campbell, WS Franz, C Kahle, L Taylor, PR TI Relation of energy, fat, and fiber intakes to plasma concentrations of estrogens and androgens in premenopausal women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE diet; intake; dietary fats; dietary fiber; diet records; estrogens; androgens ID BREAST-CANCER RISK; HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN; PROTEIN-BOUND ESTRADIOL; MENSTRUAL-CYCLE; DIETARY-FAT; NUTRIENT INTAKE; FOOD-INTAKE; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; CIRCULATING LEVELS; ANIMAL PROTEIN AB To evaluate whether diet may influence the incidence of hormone-dependent cancers through an effect on blood estrogen and androgen concentrations, we analyzed diet-blood hormone relations in a cross-sectional study, Dietary energy, fat, and fiber intakes were estimated from 7-d food records completed by 90 premenopausal women on days 14-20 of their menstrual cycles. Fasting blood specimens were collected on days 5-7, 12-15, and 21-23 of each participant's cycle and pooled to create follicular-, midcycle-, and luteal-phase samples, respectively, for analysis. Energy intake was associated inversely with plasma androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), averaged across the three menstrual cycle phases, and directly with the probability of a luteal-phase rise in progesterone. For each additional 1 MJ (239 kcal) consumed, androstenedione decreased by 6.0% (95% CI: -8.4%, -3.6%), DHEAS decreased by 5.1% (95% CI: -9.6%, -0.4%), and the probability of a progesterone rise increased by 60% (95% CI: 5%, 145%). After energy intake was adjusted for, the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat (P:S) in the diet was significantly inversely associated with plasma estradiol and estrone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. For each 0.1 increment in the P:S, there was a 7.6% (95% CI: -14.3%, -0.5%) decrease in estradiol and a 6.8% (95% CI: -12.7%, -0.6%) decrease in estrone. Results of this cross-sectional study support a relation between both energy and fat ingestion and plasma sex hormone concentrations in premenopausal women. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,SCH MED,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,WORCESTER,MA 01605. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,SCH MED,DEPT MED,WORCESTER,MA 01605. INFORMAT MANAGEMENT SERV INC,SILVER SPRING,MD. RP Dorgan, JF (reprint author), NCI,DCPC,CPSB,EXECUT PLAZA N,ROOM 211,6130 EXECUT BLVD,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. NR 72 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 64 IS 1 BP 25 EP 31 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UT904 UT WOS:A1996UT90400005 PM 8669410 ER PT J AU Motil, KJ Davis, TA Montandon, CM Wong, WM Klein, PD Reeds, PJ AF Motil, KJ Davis, TA Montandon, CM Wong, WM Klein, PD Reeds, PJ TI Whole-body protein turnover in the fed state is reduced in response to dietary protein restriction in lactating women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE lactation; protein turnover; nitrogen balance; dietary protein; humans ID NONLACTATING WOMEN; NITROGEN-BALANCE; MATERNAL DIET; YOUNG MEN; METABOLISM; KINETICS; HUMANS; PERFORMANCE; HEIGHT; WEIGHT AB We examined the adaptive responses of body protein metabolism in the fed state to dietary protein restriction in lactating women to determine whether rates of body protein degradation and synthesis were lower than those of nonlactating women. Thirteen healthy women (five lactating, four nonlactating postpartum, four nulliparous) aged 28-32 y were given protein intakes of 1.5, 0.4, and 1.0 g . kg(-1). d(-1) over three consecutive 3-d periods, respectively. At the end of each period, while in the fed state, subjects received orally a single bolus dose of [1-C-13]leucine. A 24-h urine collection was obtained simultaneously. Whole-body protein metabolism was characterized by using the end product model based on nitrogen excretion and leucine catabolism. Nitrogen flux and rates of protein degradation and synthesis in the fed state were significantly lower at a dietary protein intake of 1.0 g . kg(-1). d(-1) in lactating women than in their nonlactating postpartum counterparts. Net protein retention in the fed state was significantly higher at a dietary protein intake of 1.0 g . kg(-1). d(-1) in lactating than in nonlactating postpartum and nulliparous women because of the relatively greater reduction in protein degradation than in protein synthesis. These studies suggest that lactating women rapidly adapt to dietary protein restriction by down-regulating protein metabolism, and that C-13-labeled amino acid tracers in combination with urinary nitrogen excretion serve as useful metabolic markers for the adequacy of the dietary protein content of lactating women. RP Motil, KJ (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 64 IS 1 BP 32 EP 39 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UT904 UT WOS:A1996UT90400006 PM 8669411 ER PT J AU Rumpler, WV Rhodes, DG Baer, DJ Conway, JM Seale, JL AF Rumpler, WV Rhodes, DG Baer, DJ Conway, JM Seale, JL TI Energy value of moderate alcohol consumption by humans SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE energy expenditure; ethanol consumption; humans; metabolic rate ID INDIRECT-CALORIMETRY; NUTRIENT INTAKE; EXPENDITURE; ETHANOL; BODY; CALORIES; DIET; MEN AB We investigated the effects of an equal-energetic substitution of ethanol for dietary carbohydrate in high- and low-fat diets on energy expenditure and body composition. During the controlled feeding study, subjects maintained their weights and consumed only food and drink provided by the US Department of Agriculture Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center's Diet Study Facility. Subjects (16 men and 32 women) were divided equally into two groups and consumed either a high- or low-fat diet for 16 wk. The feeding period was divided into two 8-wk periods during which either ethanol or carbohydrate was added to the diet (5% of total daily energy intake) in a crossover design. The metabolizable energy content of the diets (with supplements) was determined for all subjects through measurement of total food intake and fecal and urinary losses for 7 d during both 8-wk periods. Energy expenditure, measured for 24 h in a room calorimeter at the end of each 8-wk period, was the same for both periods. Metabolizable energy intake and changes in total-body energy content were used to calculate the total amount of energy expended by each subject for 7 wk during each 8-wk period. Total energy expenditure for 7 wk was the same when subjects consumed either ethanol or carbohydrate. These data clearly show that on an energy basis ethanol and carbohydrate are utilized in the diet with the same efficiency. These data are consistent with the efficiency of use of alcohol for maintenance of metabolizable energy being the same as that for carbohydrate. RP Rumpler, WV (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB,BLDG 308,ROOM 206,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Biguzzi, Felipe/E-4724-2015 NR 24 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 64 IS 1 BP 108 EP 114 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UT904 UT WOS:A1996UT90400017 PM 8669405 ER PT J AU Cain, MD AF Cain, MD TI Hardwood snag fragmentation in a pine-oak forest of southeastern Arkansas SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID DYNAMICS AB Because snags are important to forest wildlife as breeding, roosting and foraging sites, resource managers who wish to maintain this component in forest stands need to be aware of snag fragmentation rates. Measurements were taken in uneven-aged pine-hardwood stands in southeastern Arkansas to determine fragmentation rates for hardwood snags 2 to 6 yr after stem injection with herbicides. Crown and hole condition of snags were also assessed. Pinus echinata Mill. and P. taeda L. were the dominant overstory components and were undisturbed. Quercus spp, accounted for 91% of hardwoods >25 cm dbh. Since small diameter snags deteriorated first, snag diameter distributions changed from uneven-sized to even-sized structure as time since mortality increased. Within 3 yr of injection, 57% of snag boles had broken below crown height. Number of wildlife cavities per snag increased with time since mortality. At 6 yr after injection, 44% of residual snags had evidence of wildlife cavities. Less than 50% of hardwoods <25 cm dbh were still standing 5 yr after herbicide injection. RP Cain, MD (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS,US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,MONTICELLO,AR 71656, USA. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 136 IS 1 BP 72 EP 83 DI 10.2307/2426632 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ113 UT WOS:A1996UZ11300006 ER PT J AU Knittle, CE Linz, GM Cummings, JL Davis, JE Johns, BE Besser, JF AF Knittle, CE Linz, GM Cummings, JL Davis, JE Johns, BE Besser, JF TI Spring migration patterns of male red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) from two migratory roosts in South Dakota and Minnesota SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB During March 1985 male red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were marked with aerially applied fluorescent-colored pigments at two migratory roost sites in southeastern South Dakota and western Minnesota to determine their dispersal to breeding areas. Postspray samples revealed that approximately 54% (1.58 million) of the males present were marked with at least one of four pigments used. During late spring, breeding males were shot in 16 predetermined collecting areas in four N-central states in the United States and three central Canadian provinces. Of 3289 males collected, 555 (16.9%) were marked with one or more pigments; 86.8% (482) of the marked birds were from the South Dakota marking site and 13.2% (73) from the Minnesota site. The 16 collecting areas where male redwings were shot were grouped into six recovery regions for chi-square analysis. Results showed unequal proportions of marked breeding males among the recovery areas (P = <0.001). Temporal use of the South Dakota roost site by migrating males also affected breeding male distribution (P = <0.001). Inadequate sample sizes precluded analysis of temporal distribution of marked birds from the Minnesota marking site. Although marked redwings were dispersed over several thousand square kilometers from South Dakota to Alberta, Canada, 76% of the marked male redwings from South Dakota were concentrated in southern Saskatchewan and N-central North Dakota; 74% of the marked birds from Minnesota were concentrated more easterly in southern Manitoba, northeastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota. The N-northwestward distances traveled by migrating male redwings from marking sites to breeding areas was significantly different (P = 0.006) among groups marked at different time intervals at each site. Distances traveled ranged from 856 km to 1093 km. RP Knittle, CE (reprint author), ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,NATL WILDLIFE RES CTR,1716 HEATH PKWY,FT COLLINS,CO 80524, USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 136 IS 1 BP 134 EP 142 DI 10.2307/2426638 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ113 UT WOS:A1996UZ11300012 ER PT J AU Rumble, MA Anderson, SH AF Rumble, MA Anderson, SH TI Feeding ecology of Merriam's turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo merriami) in the Black Hills, South Dakota SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID HABITAT SELECTION AB We studied the feeding ecology of Merriam's turkey (Meleagris gallopavo merriami) in the Black Hills, South Dakota, between 1986 and 1989. Adult birds consumed 78 kinds of food, of which four food categories constituted >79% of winter diets and six food categories constituted >75% of summer diets. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seeds were the preferred winter food and birds selected habitats where pine seed abundance was highest. During drought, ponderosa pine produced fewer seeds and winter turkey diets were predominantly kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) fruits and herbaceous foliage and seeds. Merriam's turkeys consumed more green foliage from late winter through spring. Summer diets were mostly grass seeds and foliage. Arthropods comprised >60% of the poult diets. Poults less than or equal to 3 wk old consumed more arthropods than poults >7 wk old. Grasshoppers (Orthoptera) and beetles (Coleoptera) were the primary arthropods eaten by poults. Brood hens selected macrohabitats where arthropod abundance was highest. Poults selected arthropods with large mass/individual and disregarded some arthropods that were abundant but with low mass/individual. C1 UNIV WYOMING,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,DEPT ZOOL,US DEPT INTERIOR,COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNT,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP Rumble, MA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,501 E ST JOSEPH,RAPID CITY,SD 57701, USA. NR 45 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 9 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 136 IS 1 BP 157 EP 171 DI 10.2307/2426641 PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UZ113 UT WOS:A1996UZ11300015 ER PT J AU Veillon, C Patterson, KY AF Veillon, C Patterson, KY TI Trace elements in a commercial freeze-dried human urine reference material SO ANALYST LA English DT Article DE reference material; trace elements; stable isotopes; isotope dilution; chromium; zinc; selenium; urine ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SELENIUM; ISOTOPES AB A large batch of freeze-dried human urine reference material, Seronorm Trace Elements Urine, Lot 101021, was prepared commercially (Nycomed Pharma AS, Oslo, Norway) for quality control purposes in trace element analysis. Analytes are being determined by a voluntary, international co-operative effort so that the material will be available to the scientific community at modest cost. The material is in stoppered glass vials and is to be reconstituted with 5.00 ml of water prior to use. We have evaluated the trace element content for several elements, including chromium and zinc, elements for which we have two independent methods available for the determinations, namely isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). We also report on other trace elements measured by IDMS alone, such as Se, for which we have enriched stable isotopes available. Results for chromium indicate a mean +/- standard deviation (n = 10) of 1.2 +/- 0.3 (by IDMS) and 1.4 +/- 0.3 (by AAS) ng Cr per ml of reconstituted urine, indicating possible inhomogeneity and/or contamination (21-25% relative standard deviation, RSD). Approximately half of the observed chromium originates from the sample container. The values observed for zinc were 590 +/- 90 ng ml(-1) (15% RSD) for freshly reconstituted material, 760 +/- 60 ng ml(-1) (8% RSD) for material reconstituted 4 d earlier, and 940 +/- 60 ng ml(-1) (6% RSD) 2 months after reconstitution. Selenium values by IDMS were very reproducible, with a mean concentration of 16 +/- 0.15 ng g(-1) (0.9% RSD), suggesting little or no contamination and a high degree of sample homogeneity for this element. The source of potential contaminants has been evaluated by multielement determinations of leachates of the vials and stoppers. Elements noted in significant amounts include B, Ba, Sr, Mo, Cu and Zn, with most of the zinc coming from the rubber stopper. RP Veillon, C (reprint author), USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PD JUL PY 1996 VL 121 IS 7 BP 983 EP 985 DI 10.1039/an9962100983 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA UW725 UT WOS:A1996UW72500018 PM 8757931 ER PT J AU Acock, MC Lydon, J Johnson, E Collins, R AF Acock, MC Lydon, J Johnson, E Collins, R TI Effects of temperature and light levels on leaf yield and cocaine content in two Erythroxylum species SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE coca; cocaine; dry weight; Erythroxylum; leaf yield; light; PPFD; species; temperature AB Published information on the response of Erythroxylum crops to temperature and photosynthetic photon Bur density (PPFD) is more descriptive than quantitative. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of temperature and PPFD on leaf growth and cocaine content in the major cocaine-producing species. Plants of Erythroxylum coca var. coca (Coca) and Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense (Novo) were grown in artificially-lighted controlled environment chambers with a 12 h photoperiod and at day/night temperatures of 20/16, 25/21, 30/26 or 35/31 degrees C and at PPFDs of 155, 250 or 400 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) for 53 d before leaves were harvested for dry weight and cocaine concentration determinations. Subsequently, chamber temperatures were altered to provide constant day/night temperatures of 19, 23 or 27 degrees C. Plants were grown for 180 d under these conditions and harvested a second time. Leaf yields in response to temperature were best expressed as quadratic functions. The optimum average daily temperature for leaf growth was near 27 degrees C in both species. Novo was more vegetatively vigorous than Coca. Leaf mass at the first harvest was lowest in plants grown under 155 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) for both species. At the second harvest the only change was that there was no difference in leaf mass between 155 and 250 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) in Coca. Leaf cocaine concentration was not affected by PPFDs less than or equal to 400 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) but was affected by temperature. In Coca, leaf cocaine concentration was maximum at a mean daily temperature of 24 degrees C at the first harvest and at 19 degrees C at the second harvest. In Novo, leaf cocaine concentration was maximum at a mean daily temperature of 25 degrees C al the first harvest but there was no effect of temperature at the second harvest. Coca leaves had higher cocaine concentration than Novo leaves at all temperatures at the first harvest but at the second harvest, there was no significant difference in leaf cocaine concentration between species except in the lowest temperature treatment when leaf cocaine concentration was higher for Coca. Cocaine production on a per plant basis was largely a function of leaf mass. (C) 1996 Annals of Botany Company C1 USDA ARS,WEED SCI LAB,BARC W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Acock, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS,REMOTE SENSING & MODELING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 78 IS 1 BP 49 EP 53 DI 10.1006/anbo.1996.0094 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UX870 UT WOS:A1996UX87000007 ER PT J AU Macom, TE Porter, SD AF Macom, TE Porter, SD TI Comparison of polygyne and monogyne red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) population densities SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta colony size; respiration; polygyny; metabolism; mounds ID SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA HYMENOPTERA; QUEEN NUMBER; COLONIES; FLORIDA; INVASION; SEXUALS; RATES; BUREN; SIZE AB Polygyne or multiple-queen colonies of red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, are reported to be a substantially greater environmental and economic problem than monogyne or single-queen fire ants because of much higher population densities associated with polygyny. This study compared population densities of polygyne and monogyne fire ant colonies using measures of mound density, worker number ant biomass, metabolic consumption, and standing caloric energy of ant biomass. We began the experiment by counting and measuring mounds at 14 polygyne and 14 monogyne sites located within a 35-km radius of Gainesville,, FL. Average mound densities were 3.03 times larger at polygyne sites than at monogyne sites (470 versus 155 mounds per hectare). To adjust for differences in mound size, 22 monogyne and 21 polygyne mounds of various sizes were excavated from 16 of the experimental sites. Colony size and biomass were regressed on mound volume. These regressions then were used to estimate colony size and colony biomass from the mound volumes measured at the 28 field sites. The estimated colony sizes and colony biomasses at each site were summed and used to estimate field population densities. Polygyne populations contained 1.94 times more workers per unit area (35 million versus 18 million workers per hectare) and 1.86 times more biomass (27.7 versus 14.9 kg wet weight per hectare) than monogyne populations. Energy usage and standing energy of the ants per hectare were, respectively, 2.30 and 1.90 times higher in polygyne populations. Overall, this study indicates that polygyne population densities are approximate to 2 times larger on average than monogyne population densities. C1 UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT ENTOMOL & NEMATOL, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB, GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 USA. NR 50 TC 77 Z9 81 U1 3 U2 15 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 89 IS 4 BP 535 EP 543 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UX707 UT WOS:A1996UX70700006 ER PT J AU MoralesRamos, JA Rojas, MG King, EG AF MoralesRamos, JA Rojas, MG King, EG TI Significance of adult nutrition and oviposition experience on longevity and attainment of full fecundity of Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE boll weevil; host-feeding; parasitoid; nutrition; oogenesis; diet ID BOLL-WEEVIL COLEOPTERA; BURKS HYMENOPTERA; CURCULIONIDAE; PARASITOIDS AB The effect of different concentrations of fructose and glucose on the longevity of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, ectoparasitoid Catolaccus grandis (Burks) was tested. Parasitoid females feeding sugar concentrations of 30% had a significantly increased longevity compared with females feeding 50 and 70% sugar solutions. Host-feeding on boil weevil larvae did not significantly increase longevity. In the absence of a carbohydrate source, host-feeding was ineffective maintaining C. grandis alive for >2.5 d. Dissections showed that C. grandis is a synovigenic and autogenous parasitoid, but providing C. grandis females with diets supplemented with amino acids and boil weevil haemolymph did not increase oogenesis. Females with oviposition experience, on the other hand, produced 4 times as many eggs as did inexperienced females regardless of the quality of the adult diet provided. However, adult nutrition was important for egg production after host contact. Catolaccus grandis females experienced in oviposition produced significantly more eggs when a supplemental diet was provided in the absence of host-feeding opportunities. Exposure of the parasitoids to encapsulated weevil larvae for at least 2 d before the field release is recommended. RP MoralesRamos, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, SUBTROP AGR RES LAB, BIOL PEST CONTROL RES UNIT, WESLACO, TX 78596 USA. OI Morales-Ramos, Juan/0000-0002-3506-3859 NR 31 TC 33 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 89 IS 4 BP 555 EP 563 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UX707 UT WOS:A1996UX70700009 ER PT J AU Keena, MA AF Keena, MA TI Comparison of the hatch of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) eggs from Russia and the United States after exposure to different temperatures and durations of low temperature SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; temperature; diapause; gypsy moth; eggs ID GYPSY-MOTH; MODEL AB Comparisons are made of the effects of temperature and duration of low temperature on egg hatch of North American and Russian gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), under controlled laboratory conditions. Percentage of hatch of embryonated eggs, days to Ist hatch after incubation at warm temperature and temporal distribution of hatch are used to compare hatch of different strains under various conditions. Eggs from 2 Russian gypsy moth strains required less exposure to low temperature to be able to hatch than did eggs from a North American strain. Hatch took longer to begin and proceeded more slowly in eggs held at constant 15 and 20 degrees C. Hatch did not occur for >99% of North American and Russian eggs held at a constant 25 degrees C. Substantial variation in hatch in response to low temperature exists both within and between gypsy moth strains, making adaptation to a wide range of climates possible. Variation in diapause requirements within a strain and between strains can be assessed and compared by holding eggs for 60 d at 5 degrees C followed by incubation at 25 degrees C. RP Keena, MA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE CTR FOREST HLTH RES,HAMDEN,CT 06514, USA. NR 27 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 89 IS 4 BP 564 EP 572 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UX707 UT WOS:A1996UX70700010 ER PT J AU Bogan, BW Schoenike, B Lamar, RT Cullen, D AF Bogan, BW Schoenike, B Lamar, RT Cullen, D TI Manganese peroxidase mRNA and enzyme activity levels during bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil with Phanerochaete chrysosporium SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENT PEROXIDASE; LIGNIN PEROXIDASE; EXTRACELLULAR LIGNINASES; DEGRADATION; BIODEGRADATION; IDENTIFICATION; BENZO(A)PYRENE; OXIDATION; GROWTH AB mRNA extraction from soil and quantitation by competitive reverse transcription-PCR were combined to study the expression of three manganese peroxidase (MnP) genes during removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium grown in presterilized soil. Periods of high mnp transcript levels and extractable MnP enzyme activity were temporally correlated, although separated by a short (1- to 2-day) lag period. This time frame also coincided with maximal rates of fluorene oxidation and chrysene disappearance in soil cultures, supporting the hypothesis that high ionization potential polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are oxidized in soil via MnP-dependent mechanisms. The patterns of transcript abundance over time in soil-grown P. chrysosporium were similar for all three of the mnp mRNAs studied, indicating that transcription of this gene family may be coordinately regulated under these growth conditions. C1 US FOREST SERV, FOREST PROD LAB, INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL, MADISON, WI 53705 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT CELL & MOLEC BIOL, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. NR 48 TC 88 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 62 IS 7 BP 2381 EP 2386 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UV792 UT WOS:A1996UV79200026 PM 8779576 ER PT J AU Kuhner, CH Hartman, PA Allison, MJ AF Kuhner, CH Hartman, PA Allison, MJ TI Generation of a proton motive force by the anaerobic oxalate-degrading bacterium Oxalobacter formigenes SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COENZYME-A DECARBOXYLASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ENERGY-CONSERVATION; CYTOPLASMIC PH; STEADY-STATE; SP-NOV; GRADIENT; MEMBRANE; PURIFICATION; PROTEIN AB The generation of transmembrane ion gradients by Oxalobacter formigenes cells metabolizing oxalate was studied. The magnitudes of both the transmembrane electrical potential (Delta psi) and the pH gradient (internal alkaline) decreased with increasing external pH; quantitatively, the Delta psi was the most important component of the proton motive force, As the extracellular pH of metabolizing cells was increased, intracellular pH increased and remained alkaline relative to the external pH, indicating that O. formigenes possesses a limited capacity to regulate internal pH, The generation of a Delta psi by concentrated suspensions of O. formigenes cells was inhibited by the K+ ionophore valinomycin and the protonophore carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone, but not by the Na+ ionophore monensin. The H+ ATPase inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide inhibited oxalate catabolism but did not dissipate the Delta psi. The results support the concept that energy from oxalate metabolism by O. formigenes is conserved not as a sodium ion gradient but rather, at least partially, as a transmembrane hydrogen ion gradient produced during the electrogenic exchange of substrate (oxalate) and product (formate) and from internal proton consumption during oxalate decarboxylation. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT MICROBIOL IMMUNOL & PREVENT MED,AMES,IA 50011. NR 43 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 62 IS 7 BP 2494 EP 2500 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UV792 UT WOS:A1996UV79200044 PM 8779588 ER PT J AU Hirano, SS Baker, LS Upper, CD AF Hirano, SS Baker, LS Upper, CD TI Raindrop momentum triggers growth of leaf-associated populations of Pseudomonas syringae on field-grown snap bean plants SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL ICE NUCLEATION; PV SYRINGAE; FROST INJURY; EPIPHYTIC POPULATIONS; ACTIVE BACTERIA; CHERRY TREES; BROWN SPOT; DISEASE; SAVASTANOI; MOISTURE AB Observational and microclimate modification experiments were conducted under field conditions to determine the role of the physical environment in effecting large increases in phyllosphere population sizes of Pseudomonas syringae pv, syringae, the causal agent of bacterial brown spot disease of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Comparisons of daily changes in population sizes of P. syringae on three plantings of snap bean cultivar Cascade and one of cultivar Eagle with weather conditions indicated a strong association of rainfalls with periods of 1 to 3 days in duration during which increases in bacterial population sizes were greater than 10-fold and up to 1,000-fold. The effects of rain on populations of P. syringae were explored further by modifying the microclimate of bean plants in the field with polyethylene shelters to shield plants from rain and fine-mesh inert screens to modify the momentum of raindrops. After each of three separate intense rains, the greater-than-10-fold increases in population sizes of P. syringae observed on plants exposed to the rains did not occur on plants in the shelters or under the screens, The screens decreased the velocity and, thus, the momentum of raindrops but not the volume or quality of rainwater that fell on plants under the screens, Thus, the absence of increases in population sizes of P. syringae on plants under the screens suggests that raindrop momentum plays a role in the growth-triggering effect of intense rains on populations of P. syringae on bean plants under field conditions. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,PLANT DIS RESISTANCE RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Hirano, SS (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 38 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 62 IS 7 BP 2560 EP 2566 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UV792 UT WOS:A1996UV79200054 PM 16535362 ER PT J AU Desjardins, AE Plattner, RD Proctor, RH AF Desjardins, AE Plattner, RD Proctor, RH TI Linkage among genes responsible for fumonisin biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; CHEMISTRY; STRAINS AB Most naturally occurring strains of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A produce high levels of tbe mycotoxin fumonisin B-1 (FB1), which is oxygenated at both carbons C-5 and C-10. Some strains, however, produce only FB2 or FB3, suggesting that they lack the ability to hydroxylate position C-10 or C-5, respectively. Genetic analysis indicates that these different phenotypes are due to single gene defects at closely linked loci designated fum2 and fum3. Further allelism tests indicate that both fum2 and fum3 are closely linked to fum1, a previously identified gene that regulates fumonisin production. The recovery frequency of FB1-producing progeny from cross 510 between fum1 and fum2 mutations suggests a map distance of approximately 6.2 cM between these two loci. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of parents and progeny of cross 510 was employed to confirm that the FB1-producing strains are recombinant progeny. We conclude that fum1, fum2, and fum3 constitute a fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster on chromosome 1 of the restriction fragment length-map of G. fujikuroi. RP Desjardins, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, BIOACT AGENTS RES, MYCOTOXIN RES & BIOACT CONSTITUENTS RES, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 62 IS 7 BP 2571 EP 2576 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UV792 UT WOS:A1996UV79200056 PM 8779596 ER PT J AU Rajakumar, S Gaskell, J Cullen, D Lobos, S Karahanian, E Vicuna, R AF Rajakumar, S Gaskell, J Cullen, D Lobos, S Karahanian, E Vicuna, R TI lip-like genes in Phanerochaete sordida, and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, white rot fungi with no detectable lignin peroxidase activity SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEGRADING BASIDIOMYCETE; MANGANESE PEROXIDASE; TRAMETES-VERSICOLOR; CHRYSOSPORIUM; DEGRADATION; EXPRESSION; CLONING; ENZYMES; CDNA AB Lignin peroxidase-like genes were PCR amplified from Phanerochaete sordida and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, fungi lacking lignin peroxidase (LiP) activity. Amplification products were highly similar to previously described LiP genes. Using reverse transcription-coupled PCR a LiP-like cDNA clone was amplified from P. sordida RNA. In contrast, no evidence was obtained for transcription of C. subvermispora LiP genes. C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BACTERIOL,MADISON,WI 53706. CATHOLIC UNIV CHILE,DEPT CELLULAR & MOLEC BIOL,SANTIAGO,CHILE. NR 41 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 62 IS 7 BP 2660 EP 2663 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UV792 UT WOS:A1996UV79200072 PM 8779605 ER PT J AU Chenoweth, PJ Chase, CC Larsen, RE Thatcher, MJD Bivens, JF Wilcox, CJ AF Chenoweth, PJ Chase, CC Larsen, RE Thatcher, MJD Bivens, JF Wilcox, CJ TI The assessment of sexual performance in young Bos taurus and Bos indicus beef bulls SO APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Bos indicus; sex behavior; cattle reproduction; mating behavior; tests ID SERVING CAPACITY; MATING-BEHAVIOR; FERTILITY; SIRE; LIBIDO; DRIVE; PATTERNS; SINGLE; LEVEL AB Yearling beef bulls, representing different Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds, were given two sexual performance assessments (libido score, number of services, time to first mount and time of sexual inactivity) at four test periods (January, April, July and October) in 1991 (Trial 1) and 1992 (Trial 2) at the Subtropical Agricultural Research Station, Brooksville, Florida. Breed and test period, as well as their interactions, influenced most results, Sexual performance assessments generally improved with age in Bos taurus breeds, but not in Bos indicus. The temperate Bos taurus breeds (Angus and Hereford) were most sexually active, the tropically adapted Bos taurus breeds (Senepol and Romosinuano) intermediate and the two Bos indicus breeds (Brahman and Nellore x Brahman) were least active, Service rates were generally low. Seasonal patterns in sexual performance were not apparent, with breed and year differences occurring. Although breeds showed consistent test results, the failure of Bos indicus bulls to service in any test, indicates either sexual immaturity, or inadequate procedures for assessment of sexual performance in this breed group. C1 USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES STN,BROOKSVILLE,FL 34601. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT DAIRY & POULTRY SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610. RP Chenoweth, PJ (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,COLL VET MED,DEPT LARGE ANIM CLIN SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610, USA. NR 37 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1591 J9 APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI JI Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 48 IS 3-4 BP 225 EP 235 DI 10.1016/0168-1591(95)01026-2 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Behavioral Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Behavioral Sciences; Veterinary Sciences GA UW165 UT WOS:A1996UW16500009 ER PT J AU Hyberg, B Uri, ND AF Hyberg, B Uri, ND TI Valuation of the quality characteristics of Japanese soybean imports SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID HEDONIC PRICE FUNCTIONS; WHEAT; MARKET; COMPETITION; PRODUCT AB The implicit prices of the physical and intrinsic characteristics of soybeans exported by the United States are estimated. The results suggest that the US grades and standards assigned to a shipment either do not provide information valued by the market or the existence of US grades and standards has resulted in the definition of a standard of quality that is met by all exporters. Additionally, in Japan there are two identifiable soybean markets - a premium food bean market and a crushing market. The soybeans going into the food market for processing can be identified by their lower oil content, lower percentage of split and damaged beans, and a lower amount of foreign material, as well as smaller shipment sizes. RP Hyberg, B (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 47 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4P 4EE SN 0003-6846 J9 APPL ECON JI Appl. Econ. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 28 IS 7 BP 841 EP 849 PG 9 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA UY164 UT WOS:A1996UY16400010 ER PT J AU Clausen, CA Green, F AF Clausen, CA Green, F TI Characterization of polygalacturonase from the brown-rot fungus Postia placenta SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS-NIGER; OXALIC-ACID; ENDOPOLYGALACTURONASE; PURIFICATION; ENZYMES; PECTIN; ASSAY AB Two extracellular isoenzymes of polygalacturonase, isolated from the brown-rot Fungus Postia placenta. were purified 342-fold by Mono S cation-exchange chromatography. The temperature optimum ranged from 25 degrees C to 37 degrees C, and the pH optimum ranged from 3.2 to 3.9. Apparent pI values of the isoenzymes (3.2 and 3.4) were lower than any previously reported. The estimated molecular mass from a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was 34 kDa. Isoenzymes of polygalacturonase in native PAGE and isoelectric focusing gels were identified by substrate/agar overlays (zymograms). Comparison of viscosity reduction rates with release of reducing sugars indicated that the enzyme from P. placenta is endo-acting. The objective of this study was to isolate polygalacturonase from the brown-rot Fungus P. placenta and characterize the properties of the enzyme. RP US FOREST SERV, USDA, FOREST PROD LAB, 1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0175-7598 EI 1432-0614 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 45 IS 6 BP 750 EP 754 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA VF459 UT WOS:A1996VF45900005 ER PT J AU Chen, YR Huffman, RW Park, B Nguyen, M AF Chen, YR Huffman, RW Park, B Nguyen, M TI Transportable spectrophotometer system for on-line classification of poultry carcasses SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE spectroscopic techniques; artificial neural networks; poultry carcass inspection; visible/near-infrared; instrumentation; on-line system; real time AB This paper describes a transportable spectrophotometer system developed for real-time classification of poultry carcasses on-site at slaughter plants. The system measures the spectral reflectance of poultry carcasses in the visible/near-infrared regions (471 to 963.7 nm). An optimal neural network classifier for real-time classification of poultry carcasses Into normal, septicemic, and cadaver classes with an average accuracy of 93% was obtained. When the classifier was used to classify the carcasses into two classes, normal and abnormal (septicemic: and cadaver), the average accuracy was 97.4%. The percentages of the false positive and the false negative error rates were 2.4 and 2.9%, respectively. This paper also proposes implementing the system at the slaughter plants as a poultry carcass screening system (PCSS). Using two visible/NIR spectrophotometer systems, the PCSS tests both sides of the breast of each bird, With the PCSS, the inspection-passed-bird and inspection-rejected-bird error rates by the spectrophotometer systems would be minimal, and less than 5% of the incoming birds would require further inspection by human inspectors. RP Chen, YR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSTRUMENTAT SENSING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA PO BOX 1438, FREDERICK, MD 21701 SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 50 IS 7 BP 910 EP 916 DI 10.1366/0003702963905583 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA UZ548 UT WOS:A1996UZ54800017 ER PT J AU Rall, LC Rosen, CJ Dolnikowski, G Hartman, WJ Lundgren, N Abad, LW Dinarello, CA Roubenoff, R AF Rall, LC Rosen, CJ Dolnikowski, G Hartman, WJ Lundgren, N Abad, LW Dinarello, CA Roubenoff, R TI Protein metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis and aging - Effects of muscle strength training and tumor necrosis factor alpha SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-HORMONE; WHOLE-BODY; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; HUMANS; MASS; ASSOCIATION; ENRICHMENT; CACHEXIA; RECOVERY AB Objective. To determine the effects of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on whole-body protein metabolism. Methods. We examined protein metabolism and its hormonal and cytokine mediators before and 12 weeks after progressive resistance muscle strength training in 8 healthy young (mean +/- SD age 25 +/- 2 years) and 8 healthy elderly (70 +/- 5 years) men and women, and in 8 adults with RA (42 +/- 13 years). An additional 6 healthy elderly subjects (69 +/- 3 years) served as a swimming-only control group. Results. Subjects with RA had higher rates of protein breakdown than did young or elderly healthy subjects (79.9 +/- 17.2 versus 60.3 +/- 5.8 and 63.7 +/- 12.4 mu moles/gm total body potassium/hour, respectively, P < 0.05), while there was no effect of age per se. Patients treated with methotrexate had normal rates of protein breakdown (P < 0.01 versus RA without methotrexate; P not significant versus healthy young subjects). Increased protein catabolism in RA was no longer evident after strength training, In multiple regression analysis, levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) (r = 0.47, P = 0.01) and growth hormone (r = -0.51, P = 0.006) were associated with protein breakdown, and plasma glucagon levels were inversely correlated with protein synthesis (r = -0.45, P = 0.02), Growth hormone (r = -0.56, P = 0.002) and glucagon (r = 0.45, P = 0.04, levels were associated with protein oxidation. Conclusion. Adults with RA have increased whole-body protein breakdown, which correlates with growth hormone, glucagon, and TNF alpha production. C1 TUFTS UNIV,JMUSDA,HNRCA,BOSTON,MA 02111. ST JOSEPH HOSP,MAINE CTR OSTEOPOROSIS RES & EDUC,BANGOR,ME. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,TUPPER RES INST,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-15614]; NIDDK NIH HHS [P01DK46200, DK-02120] NR 31 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 39 IS 7 BP 1115 EP 1124 DI 10.1002/art.1780390707 PG 10 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA UX384 UT WOS:A1996UX38400006 PM 8670319 ER PT J AU Panigrahy, B Senne, DA Pedersen, JC Shafer, AL Pearson, JE AF Panigrahy, B Senne, DA Pedersen, JC Shafer, AL Pearson, JE TI Susceptibility of pigeons to avian influenza SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian influenza virus; avian influenza; pigeon AB Susceptibility to infection with avian influenza virus (AN) was studied in pigeons inoculated via oculonasal (Experiment 1) or intravenous (Experiment 2) route. Chickens were included as susceptible hosts in both experiments. Two subtypes each of the highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV; HP CK/PA H5N2 and HP CK/Australia H7N7) and nonpathogenic AIV (NPAIV; NP CK/PA H5N2 and NP emu/TX H7N1) at a dose of 10(5) embryo infective dose per bird were used as inoculum. The pigeons inoculated with HP CK/PA H5N2 or HP CK/Australia H7N7 remained apparently healthy throughout the 21-day observation period, did nor shed viruses on 3, 7, 14, and 21 days postinoculation (DPI), and had no demonstrable levels of antibodies on 21 DPI. On the other hand, 3 of 12 chickens inoculated with the HPAIV died of highly pathogenic avian influenza; the viruses were recovered from their respiratory and intestinal tissues, and the surviving chickens had antibodies to AIV. Regarding responses of pigeons to inoculation with NP CK/PA H5N2 or NP emu/TX H7N1, the pigeons remained clinically healthy throughout the 21-day observation period and did nor have detectable levels of antibodies on 21 DPI; only one pigeon yielded the NP emu/TX H7N1 on 3 DPI, The virus was isolated from a tracheal swab and was believed to be the residual inoculum virus. Based on the responses of pigeons to NPAIV and HPAIV, it was concluded that the pigeons were resistant or minimally susceptible to infection with HPAIV or NPAIV. RP Panigrahy, B (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL VET SERV LABS,VET SERV,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,POB 844,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 6 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 40 IS 3 BP 600 EP 604 DI 10.2307/1592270 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VH482 UT WOS:A1996VH48200015 PM 8883790 ER PT J AU Gelb, J King, DJ Wisner, WA Ruggeri, PA AF Gelb, J King, DJ Wisner, WA Ruggeri, PA TI Attenuation of lentogenic Newcastle disease virus strain B-1 by cold adaptation SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE cold adaptation; Temperature sensitivity; Newcastle disease virus; virus attenuation ID INFECTIOUS-BRONCHITIS VIRUS; CHICKENS; ANTIBODY; VACCINE AB The Hitchner B-l strain of Newcastle disease virus was plaque-cloned and then serially passaged 36 times in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos incubated at two different temperatures. Virus passaged at a reduced temperature (29 C) was identified as cold-adapted (Ca) and virus passaged at the normal temperature (37 C) was designated non-cold-adapted (non-Ca). The Ca and non-Ca B-1 viruses were compared with the parent B-1 and a commercial B-1 vaccine. In vitro Ca B-1 characteristics included adaptation for more rapid growth at 29 C and the aquisition of temperature sensitivity indicated by substantially reduced growth at 41 C, properties not seen with non-Ca B-l. Embryo mean death times for the Ca virus (140 hr) were longer than for non-Ca B-1 (107 hr) and parent B-1 (121 hr) viruses. The Ca virus retained a rapid (<2 hr) hemagglutination (Ht) elution rare but lost the property of binding the monoclonal antibody AVS-I typical of other B-l strains. The pathogenicity of the Ca B-l strain was compared to the non-Ca B-l, parent B-l strain, and a commercial B-l strain vaccine in I-day-old broiler-type chickens. Pathogenicity was evaluated by assessing the severity of respiratory disease signs and the incidence of airsacculitis, perihepatitis, and pericarditis lesions in inoculated chicks. A respiratory disease index was calculated for each B-1 strain based on daily observation scores that determined the presence or absence of disease signs (coughing, rales, labored breathing, death) from 1 to 14 days following intratracheal inoculation with 10(6) 50% egg infective doses of virus per chick. The lower respiratory disease index obtained for the Ca B-1 strain (0.075) indicated it was less pathogenic than the commercial B-1 vaccine (0.296) and the non-Ca (0.478) and parent (0.521) B-1 strains. Ca B-1-infected chicks had only a 5% incidence of air sac lesions, compared to chicks given non-Ca (65%), Hitchner B-l (65%), or a commercial B-l vaccine (30%). Immunogenicity tests performed in I-week-old SPF leghorn chickens demonstrated that Ca B-l induced complete protection when administered intraocularly as a single entity. However, when Ca B-l was given in combination with a modified live infectious bronchitis virus vaccine, chickens were only partially protected (60-75%) against Texas GB strain-induced neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease. C1 USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. RP Gelb, J (reprint author), UNIV DELAWARE,COLL AGR SCI,DELAWARE AGR EXPT STN,DEPT ANIM & FOOD SCI,NEWARK,DE 19717, USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 40 IS 3 BP 605 EP 612 DI 10.2307/1592271 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VH482 UT WOS:A1996VH48200016 PM 8883791 ER PT J AU Lessard, M Hutchings, DL Spencer, JL Lillehoj, HS Gavora, JS AF Lessard, M Hutchings, DL Spencer, JL Lillehoj, HS Gavora, JS TI Influence of Marek's disease virus strain AC-1 on cellular immunity in birds carrying endogenous viral genes SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Marek's disease virus; cell-mediated immunity; NK cells; endogenous viral genes ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; EXPRESSION; CHICKENS; ENHANCEMENT; MACROPHAGES; LEUKOSIS; PROLIFERATION; ASSOCIATION; SUPPRESSION; ANTIGENS AB The effects of Marek's disease virus (MDV) strain AC-1 on humoral and cellular immune responses were investigated in two lines of chickens segregating for the endogenous viral (ev) genes ev-6 and eu-12. All birds were vaccinated at 14 days of age against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). At 3 wk of age, 48 birds per line received an intraperitoneal injection of MDV (AC-1 isolate), and 24 were injected with saline. Birds of each group were killed on days 5, 7, 12, and 14 postinfection. Data were first analyzed for each day of resting. Results showed that, for variable measured, treatment effects were similar on days 5 and 7, and on days 12 and 14. Therefore, day 5 and day 7 data, and day 12 and day 14 data were pooled and analyzed. In MDV-infected chickens, proliferative lymphocyte responses to mitogens were suppressed (P < 0.001) after the first and second week of infection, whereas responses to NDV antigen were enhanced (P < 0.001) after the first week and then reduced (P < 0.01) by the end of the second week when compared to uninfected birds. The percentage of CD4+ T cells was higher (P < 0.01), and the percentage of cells expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens was lower (P < 0.001), in MDV-infected chickens than in uninfected birds. The cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells was also enhanced (P < 0.001) in MDV-infected birds when compared to uninfected birds. Antibody responses to NDV were not different among groups, and the presence of ev-6 or ev-12 genes did not influence the immune response parameters measured in both infected and uninfected chickens. In conclusion, a marked increase in the CD4+ T lymphocyte population occurred in the early stage of MDV infection in all chickens regardless of the presence of ev genes, whereas the number of cells expressing MHC class II antigen was severely reduced. C1 AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,ANIM DIS RES INST,NAPPAN ISL,ON K2H 8P9,CANADA. USDA ARS,PARASITE IMMUNOBIOL LAB,LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI INST,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Lessard, M (reprint author), AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,CENT FOOD ANIM RES,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 40 IS 3 BP 645 EP 653 DI 10.2307/1592276 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VH482 UT WOS:A1996VH48200021 PM 8883796 ER PT J AU King, DJ AF King, DJ TI Avian paramyxovirus type 1 from pigeons: Isolate characterization and pathogenicity after chicken or embryo passage of selected isolates SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Newcastle disease; avian paramyxovirus; chicken; pigeon; pathogenicity ID NEWCASTLE-DISEASE VIRUS; RACING PIGEONS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; GREAT-BRITAIN; INFECTIONS; STRAINS AB Nine pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 isolates from the United States and Canada were characterized and three of the isolates were pathotyped before and after passage in chickens and serial passage in chicken embryos. One isolate previously passaged in Madin Darby bovine kidney cells was also pathotyped after chicken and embryo passage. Hemagglutination (HA) titers of all isolates were low when tested by microtiter procedures and all were negative by rapid-plate HA. The HA titers were increased by a factor of 8 to 32 by Tween-ether treatment, and treated antigen had the same reactivity as untreated antigen in hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. All isolates had a slow elution rate and an HA thermostability equal to or greater than 60 minutes. Mean death rimes in embryos were 99 hours or greater, except for one isolate with a mean death time of 81 hours, and intracerebral pathogenicity indices of all isolates were greater than 1. Antigenic differences among the pigeon isolates were identified by three different binding patterns in HI tests against a battery of five Newcastle disease virus (NDV) monoclonal antibodies. Pathogenicity enhancement by bird, embryo, or cell passage was limited to an intravenous pathogenicity index increase for one of three viruses passaged in embryonated eggs. Cloacal samples collected during chicken passage contained higher virus titers than did oral samples. The pigeon isolates reported here, like those of earlier reports, have properties that prevent characterization within a single NDV pathotype. Finally, there was no evidence char any of these isolates was highly virulent for chickens. RP King, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,934 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 27 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 40 IS 3 BP 707 EP 714 DI 10.2307/1592284 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VH482 UT WOS:A1996VH48200029 PM 8883804 ER PT J AU Brugh, M AF Brugh, M TI Pathogenicity of three avian influenza viruses for leghorn hens of different ages SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE chickens; influenza; host age; disease severity AB Pronounced host effects on clinical responses to influenza virus infection were not observed in any of seven trials in which young (26-43 weeks) and old (65-94 weeks) leghorn hens were inoculated with low pathogenic subtype H5N2, H4N8, or H3N2 virus. In two of seven trials, where hens were infected with H4N8 or H3N2 virus, morbidity rates were slightly higher for old hens than for young hens. These observations indicate that host age effects on the severity of uncomplicated influenza virus infections are likely to be minimal in sexually mature chickens. RP Brugh, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,934 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 40 IS 3 BP 725 EP 728 DI 10.2307/1592287 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VH482 UT WOS:A1996VH48200032 PM 8883807 ER PT J AU Kunkle, RA AF Kunkle, RA TI Modification of a technique for support of thin, flexible tissues for microscopic examination: Application to turkey air sac membranes SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE sac membranes; ring stabilization; fixation; microscopy ID AIRSACCULITIS AB Modifications to the ring-stabilization technique for collection of avian air sac membranes were developed to allow dehydration and paraffin embedding of samples to be done by an automated system and to simplify processing for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The modified collection method utilized a pair of rings that were snapped together across an intervening membrane sample. The tissue and ring ensemble was embedded as a unit. Paraffin-embedded tissues were collected with aluminum rings, whereas samples for TEM were collected with rings made of polymerized embedding medium. Tissue sections of excellent quality were obtained with the method. The technique is shown to be applicable to immunohistochemical studies. RP Kunkle, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AVIAN & SWINE RESP DIS RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 40 IS 3 BP 729 EP 735 DI 10.2307/1592288 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VH482 UT WOS:A1996VH48200033 PM 8883808 ER PT J AU Wollenweber, E Roitman, JN AF Wollenweber, E Roitman, JN TI A novel methyl ether of quercetagetin from Chromolaena odorata leaf exudate SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Chromolaena odorata; Compositae; leaf exudate; flavonoid aglycone C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Wollenweber, E (reprint author), TH DARMSTADT,INST BOT,SCHNITTSPAHNSTR 3,D-64287 DARMSTADT,GERMANY. NR 7 TC 12 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 24 IS 5 BP 479 EP 480 DI 10.1016/0305-1978(96)88879-X PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA VR093 UT WOS:A1996VR09300016 ER PT J AU Klemcke, HG Christenson, RK AF Klemcke, HG Christenson, RK TI Porcine placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID CORTICOSTEROID 11-BETA-DEHYDROGENASE; GLUCOCORTICOID EXPOSURE; DEPENDENT ISOFORM; DISTINCT ISOFORMS; PLASMA-CORTISOL; RAT-KIDNEY; RECEPTOR; GROWTH; ENZYME; METABOLISM AB The enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD) reversibly converts biologically active cortisol to inactive cortisone, and when present in placentae may act to protect fetuses from high concentrations of maternal glucocorticoids. Experiments were conducted to characterize placental 11 beta-HSD oxidative activity (conversion of cortisol to cortisone), to measure effects of gestational age and uterine environment on 11 beta-HSD, and to determine any associations between placental 11 beta-HSD and fetal size. Characterization of placental 11 beta-HSD at 100 days of gestation suggests the presence of two different isoforms, one that is NADP(+)-dependent and a second that is NAD(+)-dependent. The putative NAD(+)-dependent isoform has a lower K-m (nM range) and a greater V-max, and is likely to be more biologically relevant. Placentae were then obtained at 50, 75, and 100 days of gestation from uterine environments that subsequent to uterine ligations on Day 2 of gestation were either ''crowded'' (less than or equal to 20 cm/potential embryo) or ''roomy'' (greater than or equal to 25 cm/potential embryo). Fetal weight and length were increased (p less than or equal to 0.015) in the roomy compared with the crowded uterine environment at each gestational age. Both NADP(+)- and NAD(+)-dependent 11 beta-HSD increased almost fivefold between 50 and 100 days of gestation (p < 0.02). At each gestational age, the amount of NAD(+)-dependent 11 beta-HSD was over twofold greater (p < 0.001) than that of NADP(+)-dependent 11 beta-HSD. Significant statistical interactions among gestational age, uterine environment, and fetal sex indicate that the effects of these factors on placental 11 beta-HSD activity are complex. When all factors associated with the experimental model were taken into account, there were no significant associations between fetal or placental size and placental 11 beta-HSD activity. These findings demonstrate the existence of porcine placental 11 beta-HSD activity, suggest the presence of two isoforms, indicate effects of gestational age, and suggest effects of uterine environment and fetal sex on these activities. RP Klemcke, HG (reprint author), USDA ARS, ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR, POB 166, CLAY CTR, NE 68933 USA. NR 55 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1691 MONROE ST,SUITE # 3, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 EI 1529-7268 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 55 IS 1 BP 217 EP 223 DI 10.1095/biolreprod55.1.217 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA VE873 UT WOS:A1996VE87300029 PM 8793078 ER PT J AU Hausman, DB Hausman, GJ Martin, RJ AF Hausman, DB Hausman, GJ Martin, RJ TI Endocrine regulation of fetal adipose tissue metabolism in the pig: Ontogeny of thyroxine influence SO BIOLOGY OF THE NEONATE LA English DT Article DE fetal adipose tissue metabolism, pig; lipogenesis; lipolysis; lipoprotein lipase; ontogeny, adipose tissue metabolism; thyroxine ID FATTY-ACID SYNTHESIS; THYROID-HORMONE; GENE-EXPRESSION; GROWTH-FACTORS; MALIC ENZYME; RAT; TRIIODOTHYRONINE; LIPOGENESIS; DIFFERENTIATION; THERMOGENESIS AB Our previous studies indicated that thyroxine (T-4) markedly enhanced adipose tissue development and metabolism when administered to hypophysectomized fetal pigs from days 70 to 90 of gestation. In this study, hypophysectomized (day 70) fetal pigs were implanted with T-4 pellets, and blood and adipose tissue samples were obtained upon removal on days 73, 75, 80, or 85 of gestation to examine the time course of T-4 response. T-4 treatment in hypophysectomized fetuses resulted in an elevation in serum T-4 levels by day 73 of gestation, with no further increase on day 80 or 85. Quantitative analysis of subcutaneous adipose tissue indicated that hypophysectomy per se had no influence on lipid deposition, whereas the extent of T-4-stimulated lipid deposition increased with fetal age, beginning on day 75. Glucose oxidation and lipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue slices was increased by T-4 treatment in hypophysectomized fetuses by day 73 of gestation and further increased with additional time of treatment. Hypophysectomy per se induced a slight increase in lipogenesis only on days 80 and 85 of gestation. Basal lipolysis was unaffected by age, hypophysectomy, or T-4 treatment. The responsiveness to a variety of lipolytic stimuli was both accelerated and enhanced by T-4 treatment in hypophysectomized fetuses. These results indicate that the T-4 influence on adipose tissue development (1) is already apparent following only 3 days of hormone treatment in the hypophysectomized fetuses, (2) clearly precedes hypophysectomy-induced alterations in cellular and metabolic development of adipose tissue, and (3) is not mediated exclusively by serum concentrations of the hormone. C1 USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. RP Hausman, DB (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT FOOD & NUTR,269 DAWSON HALL,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0006-3126 J9 BIOL NEONATE JI Biol. Neonate PD JUL PY 1996 VL 70 IS 1 BP 41 EP 51 PG 11 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA VA723 UT WOS:A1996VA72300006 PM 8853846 ER PT J AU Crutchfield, DJ Goetsch, AL Johnson, ZB AF Crutchfield, DJ Goetsch, AL Johnson, ZB TI Chemical constituents in different particle size fractions of deep-stacked broiler litter SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE broiler litter; chemical composition; particle size ID DIGESTION; RUMINANTS; FORAGE; DIETS AB The distribution of chemical constituents relating to feeding value for ruminants in different particle size fractions (sieve apertures of 4.75, 2.36, 1.18, 0.6, 0.3, 0.15, 0.075 and 0 mm) using four different sources of deep-stacked broiler litter typical of northwestern Arkansas was determined. Mean particle size of dry matter varied considerably among broiler litter sources. Differences among litter sources in particle sizes at which larger and smaller size fractions each contained 50% of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber did not coincide well with mean particle size of dry matter: Only in dry matter retained on sieves with smallest apertures (i.e. less than 0.15 mm) did concentrations of chemical constituents differ considerably from concentrations in unsieved litter However only minimal dry matter was retained on sieves with the smallest apertures, suggesting little potential to enhance feeding value of broiler litter for ruminants by a simple separation into one small and one large fraction if constituting a similar proportion of total dry matter. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS,S CENT FAMILY FARM RES CTR,BOONVILLE,AR 72927. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT ANIM SCI,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0960-8524 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 57 IS 1 BP 99 EP 104 DI 10.1016/0960-8524(96)00055-7 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA VP466 UT WOS:A1996VP46600016 ER EF