FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Djalankuzov, TD Rubinshtejn, MI Sulejmenov, BU Oshakbaeva, ZO Busscher, WJ AF Djalankuzov, TD Rubinshtejn, MI Sulejmenov, BU Oshakbaeva, ZO Busscher, WJ TI Kazakhstan SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article C1 UU Uspanov Inst Soil Sci, Lab Soil Monitoring, Almaty, Kazakhstan. UU Uspanov Inst Soil Sci, Lab Soil Monitoring & Biol, Almaty, Kazakhstan. USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Res Ctr, Florence, SC USA. RP Djalankuzov, TD (reprint author), UU Uspanov Inst Soil Sci, Lab Soil Monitoring, Almaty, Kazakhstan. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 59 IS 2 BP 34A EP 35A PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 814ZU UT WOS:000221013400006 ER PT J AU Stone, KC Hunt, PG Novak, JM Johnson, MH Watts, DW Humenik, FJ AF Stone, KC Hunt, PG Novak, JM Johnson, MH Watts, DW Humenik, FJ TI Stream nitrogen changes in an eastern Coastal Plain watershed SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE in-stream wetland; nitrogen; nonpoint source pollution; water quality ID NITRATE; QUALITY; MOVEMENT; IMPACT; LOSSES AB Agricultural nonpoint source pollution (NPS) is a major water quality concern throughout the United States and the world. Concerns over agricultural nonpoint source pollution are heightened where intensive agricultural operations exist near environmentally sensitive waters. To address these environmental concerns, a water quality demonstration project involving federal, state, and local agencies, private industry, and local landowners was initiated in 1990 on the Herrings Marsh Run watershed in the Cape Fear River Basin in Duplin County, North Carolina. Best management practices (BMPs) to reduce nutrient losses to the environment included nutrient and animal waste management plans, soil conservation practices, and an in-stream wetland (ISW). Stream nitrate-N and ammonia-N were measured at the watershed outlet and at three subwatershed outlets from 1990-1998 to evaluate the effectiveness of the best management practices. The project was divided into pre-in-stream wetland (September 1990-May 1993) and post-in-stream wetland (June 1993-December 1998) time periods because the majority of the best management practices were implemented at the time of the in-stream wetland establishment. Post-in-steam wetland stream nitrate-N concentrations were significantly reduced on the watershed (56%) and on each of the three subwatersheds (4% to 56%). The watershed nitrate-N concentrations were reduced from 2.01 to 0.88 mg/L (ppm). One subwatershed had stream nitrate-N concentrations reduced from 5.63 to 2.74 mg/L (ppm). Nitrate-N mass export from the watershed was significantly reduced on an annual basis from 7.14 to 3.88 kg/ha (6.37 to 3.46 lb/ac). Ammonia-N concentrations and mass export from the watershed were unchanged from the pre- to post-in-stream wetland periods. The results of this study indicate that the implemented best management practices were effective in reducing nitrogen loss from the Herrings Marsh Run watershed. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Anim Waste Management Programs, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Stone, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC USA. RI Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 59 IS 2 BP 66 EP 72 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 814ZU UT WOS:000221013400011 ER PT J AU Hubbard, R Sheridan, JM Lowrance, R Bosch, DD Vellidis, G AF Hubbard, R Sheridan, JM Lowrance, R Bosch, DD Vellidis, G TI Fate of nitrogen from agriculture in the southeastern Coastal Plain SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE agriculture; coastal plain; leaching; nitrogen; riparian zores; solute transport; water quality ID SHALLOW GROUNDWATER QUALITY; SUBSURFACE FLOW PATTERNS; RIPARIAN FOREST; NUTRIENT ATTENUATION; NITRATE MOVEMENT; BUFFER SYSTEMS; WATER-QUALITY; DENITRIFICATION; TRANSPORT; WETLAND AB Nitrogen (N) contamination of surface and groundwater is a health concern for both humans and animals. Excess nitrogen in surface water bodies may contribute to eutrophication. Elevated nitrate (NO3-N) concentrations in drinking water have caused infant death from the disease methemoglobinemia. Formation of potentially carcinogen c nitrosamines in the soil from nitrite (NO2-N) and secondary amines is also a health concern. Both NO3-N and NC2-N have been shown to negatively affect the metabolism of domestic animals. Movement of NO3-N and NO2-N to groundwater is of particular concern in the southeastern Coastal Plain because of the unique climatic, soil morphology, and geohydrologic regimes of the region. Climatically, the southeastern Coastal Plain is characterized by warm temperatures and relatively high rainfall. Because of the extended growing season, multicropping, which requires multiple applications of nitrogen, is commonly practiced. Annual rainfall distribution often also requires use of supplemental irrigation. The combination of relatively high nitrogen inputs, high rainfall, and use of irrigation for crop production coupled with areas of permeable sandy-textured soils and geologic materials means that large portions of the coastal plain may have high potential for nitrogen contamination of surface and ground waters. Research at the Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory (SEWRL), USDA-ARS, in cooperation with the University of Georgia over the past 20 years has focused on determining factors affecting nitrogen transport and transport rates over a range of coastal plain soils and management scenarios. This paper examines the findings from these extensive studies, reports new findings from a long term study, and synthesizes all information to examine the long-term implications for nitrogen contamination of soil and water from agriculture in the southeastern Coastal Plain. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Hubbard, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 76 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 9 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 59 IS 2 BP 72 EP 86 PG 15 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 814ZU UT WOS:000221013400012 ER PT J AU Bonta, JV AF Bonta, JV TI Concentration-discharge regression parameters in watersheds of varying lithology subjected to surface coat mining and reclamation SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE BMP; duration curves; mine spoil; overburden; strip mining; TMDL; water quality ID 3 OHIO WATERSHEDS; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; IMPACT; QUALITY; HYDROLOGY; EROSION AB Evaluations of the impacts of mining and reclamation require knowledge of changing hydrologic conditions and of changing sources and rates of release of chemicals into stream waters. Not much is known regarding the watershed-scate effects of mining and reclaiming watersheds on relations between surface-water chemical concentrations (C) and instantaneous discharge (Q) for different geological settings. These impacts were evaluated on three geologically dissimilar, small experimental watersheds subjected to surface mining for coal (Co6, Mo9, and J11). Comparisons were made across watersheds during similar types of land disturbances during natural/undisturbed conditions (Phase 1), land disturbances caused by mining and reclamation activities (subphases of Phase 2), incomplete reclamation (subphases of Phase 3), and the final condition of the watersheds (Phase 3F). Regression analysis used a total Of 5,047 laboratory analyses Of 36 constituents. Of 429 regressions, 153 (36%) were statistically significant. More statistically significant regressions using a power equation were found during Phases 1 and 3F at the three sites - relatively stable watershed periods. The stability in log concentration versus log instantaneous discharge relations is quickly achieved for some constituents, mostly for major ions. Constituents for which significant regressions were found across all three watersheds during different phases of watershed disturbance were identified. Sign of the chemical concentrations - instantaneous discharge (C-Q) regression slope parameter (exponent of the power equation) was similar across the three geologically dissimilar watersheds for different phases. This study contains tables that document expected chemical concentrations - instantaneous discharge (C-Q) relations and changes in parameters due to mining coal seams and reclamation activities for 36 chemical constituents, using two mining methods, three reclamation practices, and three distinct geologic settings. The tables also provide guidance for simplified field sampling of streams for correlated and uncorrelated constituents. C1 USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43810 USA. RP Bonta, JV (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43810 USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 59 IS 2 BP 86 EP 101 PG 16 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 814ZU UT WOS:000221013400013 ER PT J AU Pyburn, D AF Pyburn, D TI What's your interpretation? Toxoplasmosis: Silently declining SO JOURNAL OF SWINE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; GONDII C1 USDA, APHIS, VS, Des Moines, IA 50309 USA. RP Pyburn, D (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, VS, 210 Walnut St,Room 891, Des Moines, IA 50309 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE PRACTITIONERS PI PERRY PA 902 1ST AVE, PERRY, IA 50220-1703 USA SN 1537-209X J9 J SWINE HEALTH PROD JI J. Swine. Health Prod. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 12 IS 2 BP 98 EP 99 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 775WT UT WOS:000189084200012 ER PT J AU Taylor, MM Marmer, WN Brown, EM AF Taylor, MM Marmer, WN Brown, EM TI Molecular weight distribution and functional properties of enzymatically modified commercial and experimental gelatins SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 99th Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 19-22, 2003 CL GREENSBORO, NC SP Amer Leather Chem Assoc ID MICROBIAL TRANSGLUTAMINASE; CROSS-LINKING; HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS; SODIUM CASEINATE; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; CHROME SHAVINGS; PROTEIN PRODUCTS; FOOD PROTEINS; COLLAGEN; CROSSLINKING AB Prior research from this laboratory has demonstrated that commercial gelatins can be modified with a microbial transglutaminase with a resulting effect on their physical properties. The gels isolated from those treatments had improved physical properties and films prepared from these modified products had superior mechanical properties. In this present study we modified commercial gelatins and experimental gelatin products isolated from chromium-containing tannery waste and examined the functional properties as well as their molecular weight distributions. On increasing the enzyme concentration, the gelatins become highly polymerized, some to such high molecular weight that the moieties will either not go into the SDS-PAGE gel or, because of their insolubility, cannot even be applied to the gel. Physical, foaming, adhesive and water absorption properties of enzymatically-modified gelatins were improved. The extent of modification of the resulting products was demonstrated by the molecular weight distribution studies and these correlated with changes in physical and functional properties. A particular advantage to using this enzymatic modification was the improvement in physical properties imparted to low quality gelatins. The modified protein has applications in a wide range of products, including adhesives, cosmetics, films, encapsulating agents, fertilizers, and--of significance to the leather industry--as coatings or fillers. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Taylor, MM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM mtaylor@errc.ars.usda.gov NR 52 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 99 IS 3 BP 133 EP 144 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 803GY UT WOS:000220220800004 ER PT J AU Shih, FF Boue, SM Daigle, KW Shih, BY AF Shih, FF Boue, SM Daigle, KW Shih, BY TI Effects of flour sources on acrylamide formation and oil uptake in fried batters SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE acrylamide analysis; additives; batter viscosity; oil absorption; rice flour ID FOODS AB Food batters were formulated using flours of long-grain rice, waxy rice, wheat, or corn. Acrylamide and oil analyses were conducted for the flour and the corresponding fried batter. During frying, the formation of acrylamide ranged from 82 ng/g for the long-grain rice batter to 263 ng/g for the corn batter. Oil uptake ranged from 21.4% for the long-grain rice batter to 47.3% for the wheat batter. The incorporation of 5% pregelatinized rice flour and 1.5-3.0% milk as functional additives into the long-grain rice batter only slightly increased the acrylamide and oil contents. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Shih, FF (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM fshih@srrc.ars.usda.gov NR 10 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 221 W BRADLEY AVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-1827 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 81 IS 3 BP 265 EP 268 DI 10.1007/s11746-004-0893-8 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 809SC UT WOS:000220655400010 ER PT J AU Kenar, JA Knothe, G Copes, AL AF Kenar, JA Knothe, G Copes, AL TI Synthesis and characterization of dialkyl carbonates prepared from mid-, long-chain, and Guerbet alcohols SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE carbonate interchange reaction; dialkyl carbonates; fatty alcohols; Guerbet alcohols; Guerbet carbonates; long-chain carbonates; mass spectrometry; nuclear magnetic resonance ID DIMETHYL CARBONATE; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ORGANIC CARBONATES; ESTERS; MONOXIDE AB A series of organic carbonates derived from mid-, long-chain, and Guerbet alcohols were synthesized in good yields (69-80% isolated yields after purification by distillation or recrystallization) through a carbonate interchange reaction by heating the linear or Guerbet alcohols with diethyl carbonate in the presence of catalyst, n-dibutyltin oxide. The carbonates were isolated by Kugelrohr distillation or recrystallization from acetone and characterized using FTIR, GC, H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy, and GC-MS. El and positive Cl mass-spectral techniques were used to characterize the carbonates. Such materials are currently of commercial interest as lubricants and additives in various industrial applications. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kenar, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM kenarja@ncaur.usda.gov NR 25 TC 23 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 22 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 221 W BRADLEY AVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-1827 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 81 IS 3 BP 285 EP 291 DI 10.1007/s11746-004-0897-4 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 809SC UT WOS:000220655400014 ER PT J AU Cermak, SC Isbell, TA AF Cermak, SC Isbell, TA TI Synthesis and physical properties of cuphea-oleic estolides and esters SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE cloud point; cuphea; estolides; oleic acid; pour point; PSR-23; viscosity ID ACID-CATALYZED CONDENSATION; FATTY-ACIDS; OILS AB Cuphea-oleic estolides and esters were synthesized from cuphea and oleic FA with various amounts of perchloric acid (0.01 to 0.40 equiv) at 60degreesC. Estolide yields ranged from 30 to 65% after Kugelrohr distillation. Estolide number (EN), the average number of FA units added to a base FA, varied with reaction conditions. Cuphea-oleic estolides were esterified with 2-ethylhexanol to obtain high yields of the corresponding ester. A streamlined, one-pot process was used to synthesize the estolide and its ester with 0.05 equiv of HClO4, with esterification incorporated into an in situ second step to provide a functional fluid at a very reasonable cost. The physical properties of the cuphea-oleic estolides and estolide esters, including their viscosities, pour points, and cloud points, were related directly to the amount of oligomerization (EN), i.e., viscosity increased with higher oligomerization. The viscosity index ranged from 132 to 166 cSt for the free-acid estolides, whereas the complex estolide 2-ethylhexyl esters had slightly higher viscosity indices that ranged from 165 to 181 cSt. These new cuphea-oleic estolide esters displayed good low-temperature properties (pour point -42degreesC and cloud point -41degreesC). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Cermak, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM cermaksc@ncaur.usda.gov NR 20 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 221 W BRADLEY AVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-1827 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 81 IS 3 BP 297 EP 303 DI 10.1007/s11746-004-0899-2 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 809SC UT WOS:000220655400016 ER PT J AU Santos, CAF Simon, PW AF Santos, CAF Simon, PW TI Merging carrot linkage groups based on conserved dominant AFLP markers in F-2 populations SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE amplified fragment length polymorphism; coupling linkage maps; Daucus carota; genome coverage; molecular markers ID DAUCUS-CAROTA L; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; ISOZYME LOCI; RAPD MARKERS; SSP SATIVUS; MAPS; GENOME; CONSTRUCTION AB Markers were placed on linkage groups, ordered, and merged for two unrelated F-2 populations of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Included were 277 and 242 dominant Amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and 10 and eight codominant markers assigned to the nine linkage groups of Brasilia x HCM and B493 x QAL F(2)populations, respectively. The merged linkage groups were based on two codominant markers and 28 conserved dominant AFLP markers (based upon sequence and size) shared by both populations. The average marker spacing was 4.8 to 5.5 cM in the four parental coupling phase maps. The average marker spacing in the six merged linkage groups was 3.75 cM with maximum gaps among linkage groups ranging from 8.0 to 19.8 cM. Gaps of a similar size were observed with the linkage coupling phase maps of the parents, indicating that linkage group integration did not double the bias which comes with repulsion phase mapping. Three out of nine linkage groups of carrot were not merged due to the absence of common markers. The six merged linkage groups incorporated similar numbers of AFLP fragments from the four parents, further indicating no significant increase in bias expected with repulsion phase linkage. While other studies have merged linkage maps with shared AFLPs of similar size, this is the first report to use shared AFLPs with highly conserved sequence to merge linkage maps in carrot. The genome coverage in this study is suitable to apply quantitative trait locus analysis and to construct a cross-validated consensus map of carrot, which is an important step toward an integrated map of carrot. C1 Brazilian Agr Res Corp, EMBRAPA, BR-56302970 Petrolina, PE, Brazil. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Simon, PW (reprint author), Brazilian Agr Res Corp, EMBRAPA, Caixa Postal 23, BR-56302970 Petrolina, PE, Brazil. EM psimon@wisc.edu RI santos, carlos antonio/B-8973-2014 OI santos, carlos antonio/0000-0002-6932-6805 NR 38 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 129 IS 2 BP 211 EP 217 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 776HM UT WOS:000189110600012 ER PT J AU Zhang, RB Xu, Y Yi, K Zhang, HY Liu, LG Gong, GY Levi, A AF Zhang, RB Xu, Y Yi, K Zhang, HY Liu, LG Gong, GY Levi, A TI A genetic linkage map for watermelon derived from recombinant inbred lines SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Citrullus; molecular markers; Fusarium; RAPD; ISSR; SCAR ID FUSARIUM-WILT; RESISTANCE; POPULATION; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; RAPD; PCR AB A genetic linkage map was constructed for watermelon using 117 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) (F2S7) descended from a cross between the high quality inbred line 97103 [Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] and the Fusarium wilt (races 0, 1, and 2) resistant U.S. Plant Introduction (PI) 296341 (C. lanatus var. citroides). The linkage map contains 87 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, 13 inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, and four sequenced characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. The map consists of 15 linkage groups. Among them are a large linkage group of 31 markers covering a mapping distance of 277.5 cM, six groups each with 4 to 12 markers covering a mapping distance of 51;7 to 172.2 cM, and eight small groups each with 2-5 markers covering a mapping distance of 7.9 to 46.4 cM. The map covers a total distance of 1027.5 cM with an average distance of 11.7 cM between two markers. The map is useful for the further development of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting fruit qualities and for identification of genes conferring resistance to Fusarium wilt (races 0, 1 and 2). The present map can be used for further construction of a reference linkage map for watermelon based on an immortalized mapping population with progenies homozygous for most gene loci. C1 Natl Engn Res Ctr Vegetables, Beijing 100089, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Xu, Y (reprint author), Natl Engn Res Ctr Vegetables, Beijing 100089, Peoples R China. EM xuyong@nercv.com NR 34 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 129 IS 2 BP 237 EP 243 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 776HM UT WOS:000189110600016 ER PT J AU Lingafelter, SW Micheli, CJ AF Lingafelter, SW Micheli, CJ TI New species of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) from Puerto Rico with records and notes for other species SO JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB An intensive survey for Cerambycidae of El Yunque National Forest and many of the state forests in Puerto Rico showed 49 species representing over half of the hitherto reported species from the Island. Two tribes and four genera are recorded from Puerto Rico for the first time. The description of a new genus, Pseudothonalmus Guerrero, is included. Four new species are described: Elateropsis julio Lingafelter and Micheli, Pseudothonalmus woodleyi Lingafelter, Micheli, and Guerrero, Styloleptus taino Lingafelter and Micheli, and Distenia puertoricensis Lingafelter and Micheli. The larva of Parandra tavakiliani is described. Locality data and method of collection are provided for all encountered Cerambycidae. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, Syst Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Lingafelter, SW (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, Syst Entomol Lab, MRC-168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 42 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA C/O AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST 79TH & CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA SN 0028-7199 J9 J NEW YORK ENTOMOL S JI J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. PD SPR PY 2004 VL 112 IS 1 BP 37 EP 55 DI 10.1664/0028-7199(2004)112[0037:NSOCCF]2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 840PW UT WOS:000222872500003 ER PT J AU Henry, TJ Wilson, MR AF Henry, TJ Wilson, MR TI First records of eleven true bugs (Hemiptera : Heteroptera) from the Galapagos Islands, with miscellaneous notes and corrections to published reports SO JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Hemiptera; Heteroptera; Galapagos islands; distribution; misidentifications; clarification; new records ID RHOPALIDAE AB Eleven species of Heteroptera in seven families, including the first record of the family Alydidae, are reported from the Galapagos Islands. The first Galapagos Island records are given for the following: Alydidae [Neomegalotomus parvus (Westwood)]; Coreidae [Vazuezitocoris andinus Brailovsky = Anasa mimetica Brailovsky]; Miridae [Halticus bractus (Say)]; Pentatomidae [Mecidea minor Ruckes, Nezara viridula (Linnaeus), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), and Podisus distinctus Stal]: Reduviidae [Heza ephippium (Lichtenstein)]: Rhopalidae [Niesthrea ashlocki Froeschner, Niesthrea sidae (Fabricius)]; and Tingidae [Leptobyrsa decora Drake]. For each species, we give a diagnosis, dorsal photograph, a summary of the distribution and host plants, and provide information to facilitate identification. With the discovery of these new taxa and the correction of several misidentifications, the number of Heteroptera known from the Galapagos Islands is increased from 20 families, 71 genera, and 131 species to 21 families, 76 genera, and 140 species. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Amer Hist, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Inst,Syst Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Natl Museum & Galleries Wales, Dept Biodivers & Systemat Biol, Cardiff CF10 3NP, S Glam, Wales. RP Henry, TJ (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Amer Hist, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Inst,Syst Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. EM thenry@sel.barc.usda.gov; Mike.Wilson@nmgw.ac.uk NR 45 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA C/O AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST 79TH & CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA SN 0028-7199 J9 J NEW YORK ENTOMOL S JI J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. PD SPR PY 2004 VL 112 IS 1 BP 75 EP 86 DI 10.1664/0028-7199(2004)112[0075:FROETB]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 840PW UT WOS:000222872500005 ER PT J AU Batzer, DP Palik, BJ Buech, R AF Batzer, DP Palik, BJ Buech, R TI Relationships between environmental characteristics and macroinvertebrate communities in seasonal woodland ponds of Minnesota SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE wetlands; invertebrates; hydroperiod; canopy cover ID INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES; TAXONOMIC RESOLUTION; LIMESINK WETLANDS; SOUTHWEST GEORGIA; TEMPORARY PONDS; USA; ASSEMBLAGES; ECOLOGY; STREAM; LITTER AB We related macroinvertebrate communities and environmental variables in 66 small seasonal woodland ponds of northern Minnesota, USA. These wetlands were relatively pristine, being embedded in 50- to 100-y-old 2(nd)-growth forests. Macroinvertebrate taxon richness in ponds increased as hydroperiods lengthened, tree canopies opened, water pH declined, and litter input decreased. Eighteen macroinvertebrate taxa were widespread (occurred in >50% of ponds), and hydrology, water chemistry, geomorphology, vegetation, occurrence of other macroinvertebrate taxa, and presence of amphibian larvae each explained some variation in relative abundance of widespread macroinvertebrates. The first 4 axes of a canonical correspondence analysis explained 37% of total variation in relative abundance of widespread macroinvertebrate taxa. Overall, however, macroinvertebrates were remarkably unresponsive to environmental variables. Most relationships between macroinvertebrates and environmental variables were nonsignificant, and the few significant relationships observed were weak (<20% of variation). We suggest that this lack of response occurs because most macroinvertebrates in seasonal woodland ponds are habitat generalists. These species routinely endure pronounced and unpredictable environmental changes; hence, they possess a durability that makes them resistant to most natural variation in habitat conditions. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Batzer, DP (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM dbatzer@bugs.ent.uga.edu; bpalik@fs.fed.us NR 39 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 5 U2 53 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 23 IS 1 BP 50 EP 68 DI 10.1899/0887-3593(2004)023<0050:RBECAM>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 777MW UT WOS:000189183000004 ER PT J AU Leyendecker, SA Callaway, TR Anderson, RC Nisbet, DJ AF Leyendecker, SA Callaway, TR Anderson, RC Nisbet, DJ TI Technical note on a much simplified method for collecting ruminal fluid using a nylon paint strainer SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE bovine; ruminal fluid; strainers; fermentation ID AMMONIA; ACIDS; RUMEN AB Collection of ruminal fluid for in vitro experimentation has traditionally been accomplished by straining rumen digesta through multiple layers of cheesecloth or other cumbersome filtering materials, such as surgical gauze, nylon tissues or wire gauzes. We here report a comparison of the gross physical, fermentative and microbial characteristics of ruminal. fluid collected by straining through cheesecloth or through a nylon mesh paint strainer that, because of its pouched shape, is conveniently filled with digesta thus making the collection and straining process much easier. Whether strained through cheesecloth or the nylon mesh strainer, ruminal fluid did not differ (P > 0.05) in dry matter, neutral or acid detergent fiber content or in concentrations of total culturable anaerobes. Total amounts (mm) of volatile fatty acid or ammonia produced after 24 h of incubation of cheesecloth- or nylon mesh-strained ruminal fluid with added tryptose, SigmaCell 50 or starch did not differ (P > 0.05) thus indicating that the microbial populations within the strained fluids possessed similar abilities to ferment these test substrates. Because the physical, fermentative and microbial characteristics of the nylon mesh- and cheesecloth-strained ruminal fluid were essentially equivalent, we conclude that the much easier to use nylon mesh strainers can be incorporated into a faster, more convenient ruminal fluid straining method. Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Anderson, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, Route 5, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM anderson@ffsru.tamu.edu NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 84 IS 4 BP 387 EP 389 DI 10.1002/jsfa.1673 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 777ML UT WOS:000189182100015 ER PT J AU Green, BW Engle, CR AF Green, BW Engle, CR TI Growth of stocker channel catfish to large market size in single-batch culture SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DIETARY-PROTEIN CONCENTRATION; ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS AB Catfish farmers increasingly are producing fish larger than the traditional size of 0.45-0.57 kg/fish in order to meet processing plant requirements for larger fish. Production of larger channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in multiple-batch culture has been investigated in a few studies, but the impact of understocked fingerlings on growth of carry-over fish is unknown. The present study was conducted to quantify growth, feed conversion ratio, net daily yield, and net and total yield of stocker channel catfish grown in single-batch, one-season culture to mean individual weights of 0.60, 0.72, 0.91, or 1.17 kg/fish. Channel catfish (mean weight = 0.26 kg/fish) were stocked into 12 0.1-ha ponds at 11,115 fish/ha. Fish were fed a 32% crude protein floating extruded feed once daily to apparent satiation. When the average weight of the fish population reached the target weight, three randomly selected ponds were harvested. Fish growth was linear in all treatments. Growth rates were similar for fish grown to 0.60, 0.72, and 0.91 kg/fish, and significantly lower (P < 0.05) than for fish grown to 1.17 kg. Variation in individual fish weight increased linearly with increased duration of culture period. Feed conversion ratio averaged 1.9 and did not differ significantly among treatments. The percentage of the fish population at harvest that fell within the 0.57 to 2.04 kg-size range preferred by processing plants increased from 56.6 to 98.5% as the mean weight at harvest increased from 0.60 to 1.17 kg/fish. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Aquaculture Syst Res Unit, Aquaculture Fisheries Ctr Excellence, Pine Bluff, AR 71601 USA. RP Green, BW (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Aquaculture Syst Res Unit, Aquaculture Fisheries Ctr Excellence, 1200 N Univ Dr,MS 4912, Pine Bluff, AR 71601 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 35 IS 1 BP 25 EP 32 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2004.tb01056.x PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 816KY UT WOS:000221110000003 ER PT J AU Straus, DL AF Straus, DL TI Comparison of the acute toxicity of potassium permanganate to hybrid striped bass in well water and diluted well water SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CHANNEL CATFISH; FINGERLINGS; EXPOSURE AB The acute toxicity of potassium perman-ganate (KMnO4) to many species of fish has been studied however, there is no data for hybrid striped bass (female white bass Morone chrysops X male striped bass M. saxatilis). Hybrid striped bass juveniles were exposed to KMnO4 in a series of static toxicity tests in waters composed of filtered (75 mum) well water or filtered well water diluted with deionized water. Estimates of mean 24-h LC50 (median lethal concentration) were 4.47 and 2.97 mg/L KMnO4 in waters having total alkalinities of 109 and 213 mg/L (as CaCO3), respectively. These LC50 values were significantly different (P < 0.05) by the Student-Newman-Keuls means comparison test. Data from the present Study demonstrate that the acute toxicity of KMnO4 to hybrid striped bass juveniles is lower in waters of lower total alkalinity and total hardness. The results indicate that hybrid striped bass juveniles are tolerant to therapeutically relevant concentrations of KMnO4 and such treatments in low alkalinity waters are safer than treatments at higher alkalinity. C1 USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Straus, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, POB 1050, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RI Straus, David/A-9218-2009 NR 22 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 35 IS 1 BP 55 EP 60 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2004.tb01059.x PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 816KY UT WOS:000221110000006 ER PT J AU Wooten, DE Werner, SJ AF Wooten, DE Werner, SJ TI Food habits of lesser scaup Aythya affinis occupying baitfish aquaculture facilities in Arkansas SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CATFISH ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; DIVING DUCKS; MISSISSIPPI; DELTA; DIETS; SIZE; POPULATIONS; LOUISIANA; MIGRATION; MANITOBA AB Lesser scaup Aythya affinis, medium-sized black and white diving ducks, were collected at Arkansas baitfish farms during November-December 1999 (N = 33), January-February 2000 (N = 39), and March-April 2000 (N = 22) to determine seasonal differences in their diet and their relative impact to baitfish production. The mass of gastrointestinal contents was used to determine the proportion of each diet item relative to all items recovered during stomach analyses. Chironomids were the primary food item recovered. Ten of 94 (10.6%) scaup contained identifiable fish biomass. Fish bones and otoliths were found in an additional 14 scaup (14.9%). All fish remains were identified (via otoliths) as those commonly produced at Arkansas baitfish farms (Cyprinidae). Other diet items (ranked by proportional mass) were vegetative seeds, snails, insects, crayfish, and other aquatic worms (class Oligochaeta). Scaup diets were similar among collection periods, between males and females, and between juvenile and mature ducks. We estimated the economic impact of lesser scaup to baitfish production based upon estimated duration of ducks at farms, the proportion of ducks containing fish, and scaup energetic requirements. Provided estimates of scaup abundance and the cost of bird harassment at a particular farm, economic thresholds (i.e., fish replacement cost as a function of scaup predation) will facilitate cost-effective decisions regarding bird damage management at Arkansas baitfish aquaculture facilities. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Werner, SJ (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 36 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 35 IS 1 BP 70 EP 77 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2004.tb01061.x PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 816KY UT WOS:000221110000008 ER PT J AU Bosworth, BG Wolters, WR Wise, DJ Klesius, PH AF Bosworth, BG Wolters, WR Wise, DJ Klesius, PH TI Genetic effects for response to live Edwardsiella ictaluri, killed E-ictaluri, and stress in juveniles from all crosses among USDA 103, USDA 102, and Norris channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus strains SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DISEASE RESISTANCE; ANIMALS; MICE; IMPROVEMENT; IMMUNITY; FEED AB Juveniles from all possible crosses among USDA 102, USDA 103. and Norris channel catfish Ictalurtis Punctatus strains were compared for: 1) survival and anti-Edwardsiella ictaluri antibody after exposure to live E. ictaluri bacterium (isolate S97-458); 2) antibody level after injection with formalin-killed E. ictaluri (S97-458); and 3) pre-stress, post-stress, and stress-recovery serum cortisol levels. Purebred and crossbred USDA 102 strain fish had higher survival (mean of five genetic groups = 87%) and lower anti-E. ictaluri antibody (mean optical density (OD) of five genetic groups = 0.167) 30 d after live E. ictaluri challenge than purebred Norris and USDA 103 strains and their crosses (means of four genetic groups = 60% survival and 0.210 OD antibody level). Significant general combining ability, line effects, and heterosis indicated that the USDA 102 strain contributed additive and dominance genetic effects for increased survival and lower antibody level after live E. ictaluri challenge. Antibody response to formalin-killed, intra-peritoneally injected E. ictaluri was not different among genetic groups (overall mean = 0.198 OD). Serum cortisol was measured prior to (pre-stress), immediately after (post-stress), and 2 h after (stress-recovery) a standard stressor. Serum cortisol level was highest in post-stress fish (35.8 ng/mL). intermediate in stress-recovery fish (10.9 ng/mL), and lowest in prestress fish (6.5 ng/mL). but was not different among genetic groups within a stress time period. Results indicate that differences exist among genetic groups of channel catfish for survival and antibody production after live E. ictaluri challenge, but these differences were not related to antibody response to killed E. ictaluri or serum cortisol levels. C1 USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Delta Res & Extens Ctr, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, Fish Dis & Parasite Res Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. RP Bosworth, BG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, POB 38, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 35 IS 1 BP 78 EP 86 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2004.tb01062.x PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 816KY UT WOS:000221110000009 ER PT J AU Davis, KB Freeman, DW Snyder, GS AF Davis, KB Freeman, DW Snyder, GS TI Comparison of the stress response to seining between hybrid sunshine Morone chrysops x M-saxatilis and palmetto M-saxatilis x M-chrysops bass SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; ACCLIMATION TEMPERATURE; STRIPED BASS; CORTISOL C1 USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Davis, KB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, POB 1050, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 35 IS 1 BP 109 EP 112 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2004.tb01066.x PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 816KY UT WOS:000221110000013 ER PT J AU Norby, B Bartlett, PC Fitzgerald, SD Granger, LM Bruning-Fann, CS Whipple, DL Payeur, JB AF Norby, B Bartlett, PC Fitzgerald, SD Granger, LM Bruning-Fann, CS Whipple, DL Payeur, JB TI The sensitivity of gross necropsy, caudal fold and comparative cervical tests for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; BEEF-CATTLE; SKIN-TEST; PPD; AMPLIFICATION; COMPLEX; STATES; ASSAY AB Bovine tuberculosis (bTb) was diagnosed in 22 cattle herds in the northeast corner of Michigan's lower peninsula. Of these 22 herds, 494 animals in 7 herds were examined by gross necropsy, histopathologic exam, mycobacterial culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay performed only on samples that were histologically compatible for bTb. Results of culture and PCR assay interpreted in parallel were used as the reference test for calculation of the sensitivity of 1) the caudal fold test (CFT), 2) the caudal fold and comparative cervical skin tests used in series (CFTCCTSER), and 3) gross necropsy. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 43 animals. Using all 7 herds, the sensitivities of the CFT, the CFTCCTSER and gross necropsy were 93.02%, 88.37%, and 86.05%, respectively. When the data were stratified by low- and moderate-prevalence herds, the sensitivities were 83.33%, 75.0%, and 83.33% in low-prevalence herds and 96.77%, 93.55%, and 87.10% in moderate-prevalence herds. The sensitivities of the 2 skin tests were slightly higher when 2 or more gross lesions were present, and the sensitivity of gross necropsy was significantly higher (P = 0.049). The sensitivity of the CFT was found to be notably higher than most estimates in other studies; however, a direct comparison was not possible because the amount of purified protein derivative and the reference methods were different in this study compared with other published studies. Although the sensitivities are high, 2 of the 7 herds (29%) would have had 1 or more positive animals left in the herd if a test-and-removal program had been used. This suggests that when positive herds are identified, selective culling of skin test reactors is a less acceptable disease control strategy than is complete depopulation. C1 Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Ctr A107, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Diagnost Ctr Populat & Anim Hlth, Dept Pathobiol & Diagnost Invest, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. USDA, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Bartlett, PC (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Ctr A107, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 16 IS 2 BP 126 EP 131 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 873SY UT WOS:000225302500006 PM 15053363 ER PT J AU Jacobson, ER Heard, D Andersen, A AF Jacobson, ER Heard, D Andersen, A TI Identification of Chlamydophila pneumoniae in an emerald tree boa, Corallus caninus SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID CHLAMYDIAL INFECTION AB Tissues were evaluated from emerald tree boas, Corallus caninus, from a collection in which chlamydiosis was diagnosed. To determine the strain of chlamydia infecting these snakes, tissue samples from 5 frozen snakes were tested by a quantitative TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and a PCR sequence analysis test. Of the 22 samples tested, 9 were categorized as either positive or weakly positive with the TaqMan test, and 6 yielded an amplicon using a serial PCR test that amplified a portion of the 23S ribosomal RNA gene. A PCR product suitable for sequencing was obtained from the heart of one of the snakes. Sequence analysis showed that the snake had been infected with Chlamydophila pneumoniae. These findings show that C. pneumoniae can infect emerald tree boas, broadening the range of reptiles known to be infected by this primarily human pathogen. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Jacobson, ER (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Clin Sci, Box 100126, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NR 8 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 16 IS 2 BP 153 EP 154 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 873SY UT WOS:000225302500011 PM 15053368 ER PT J AU Burrage, TG Lu, Z Neilan, JG Rock, DL Zsak, L AF Burrage, TG Lu, Z Neilan, JG Rock, DL Zsak, L TI African swine fever virus multigene family 360 genes affect virus replication and generalization of infection in Ornithodoros porcinus ticks SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VARIABLE REGIONS; VIRULENCE DETERMINANT; MOUBATA-PORCINUS; ARGASID TICK; FAMILIES; GENOME; DNA; PROTEINS; CELLS; HOST AB Recently, we reported that African swine fever virus (ASFV) multigene family (MGF) 360 and 530 genes are significant swine macrophage host range determinants that function by promoting infected-cell survival. To examine the function of these genes in ASFV's arthropod host, Ornithodoros porcinus porcinus, an MGF360/530 gene deletion mutant (Pr4Delta35) was constructed from an ASFV isolate of tick origin, Pr4. Pr4Delta35 exhibited a significant growth defect in ticks. The deletion of six MGF360 and two MGF530 genes from Pr4 markedly reduced viral replication in infected ticks 100- to 1,000-fold. To define the minimal set of MGF360/530 genes required for tick host range, additional gene deletion mutants lacking individual or multiple MGF genes were constructed. The deletion mutant Pr4Delta3-C2, which lacked three MGF360 genes (3HL, 3Il, and 3LL), exhibited reduced viral growth in ticks. Pr4Delta3-C2 virus titers in ticks were significantly reduced 100- to 1,000-fold compared to control values at various times postinfection. In contrast to the parental virus, with which high levels of virus replication were observed in the tissues of infected adults, Pr4Delta3-C2 replication was not detected in the midgut, hemolymph, salivary gland, coxal gland, or reproductive organs at 15 weeks postinfection. These data indicate that ASFV MGF360 genes are significant tick host range determinants and that they are required for efficient virus replication and generalization of infection. The impaired virus replication of Pr4Delta3-C2 in the tick midgut likely accounts for the absence of the generalized infection that is necessary for the natural transmission of virus from ticks to pigs. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Zsak, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. EM lzsak@piadc.ars.usda.gov NR 53 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 78 IS 5 BP 2445 EP 2453 DI 10.1128/JVI.78.5.2445-2453.2004 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 775AV UT WOS:000189019300028 PM 14963141 ER PT J AU Helmick, KE Heard, DJ Richey, L Finnegan, M Ellis, GA Nguyen, A Tucker, L Weyant, RS AF Helmick, KE Heard, DJ Richey, L Finnegan, M Ellis, GA Nguyen, A Tucker, L Weyant, RS TI A pasteurella-like bacterium associated with pneumonia in captive megachiropterans SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Wahlberg's epauleted fruit bats; Epomophorus wahlbergi; Chiroptera; bacteria; pneumonia; Pasteurella-like organism ID PTEROPUS SP.; BAT; LUNG; SHEEP; FLORA AB A novel Pasteurella-like organism was recovered postmortem from lung tissue of two captive Wahlberg's epauleted fruit bats (Epomophorus wahlbergi), with severe, unilateral pneumonia. The bats had been recently shipped and died shortly after release from a 30-day quarantine. One presented with clinical signs of anorexia and lethargy before death; the other died without prior clinical symptoms. The same Pasteurella-like organism was recovered antemortem from subcutaneous abscesses in two captive little golden mantled flying foxes (Pteropus pumilus) housed with additional E. wahlbergi. The organism was also cultured on tracheal wash from one Malaysian flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus) and another E. wahlbergi, both demonstrating clinical signs of pneumonia. All recovered isolates appeared morphologically and biochemically similar to the initial isolates and were further characterized as either a Pasteurella or Actinobacillus organism on the basis of biochemical and cellular fatty acid profiles. Screening of the current collection using pharyngeal swabs isolated this organism from 12 of 15 E. wahlbergi, two of three P. vampyrus, one of 26 island flying foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus), and one of nine Rodrigues fruit bats (Pteropus rodricensis). The organism was not identified in pharyngeal culture from eight Indian flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus), nine Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegypticus), or an additional 16 P. pumilus. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. Oregon Zoo, Portland, OR 97221 USA. Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Bacteriol & Reference Lab, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Helmick, KE (reprint author), El Paso Zoo, 4001 E Paisano, El Paso, TX 79905 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 35 IS 1 BP 88 EP 93 DI 10.1638/01-083 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 820YD UT WOS:000221425000016 PM 15193080 ER PT J AU Gipson, CA AF Gipson, CA TI A word from USDA SO LAB ANIMAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, APHIS Anim Care, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Gipson, CA (reprint author), USDA, APHIS Anim Care, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0093-7355 J9 LAB ANIMAL JI Lab Anim. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 33 IS 3 BP 19 EP 19 DI 10.1038/laban0304-19b PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 779NW UT WOS:000189307600006 ER PT J AU Clawson, ML Heaton, MP Chitko-McKown, CG Fox, JM Smith, TPL Snelling, WM Keele, JW Laegreid, WW AF Clawson, ML Heaton, MP Chitko-McKown, CG Fox, JM Smith, TPL Snelling, WM Keele, JW Laegreid, WW TI Beta-2-microglobulin haplotypes in US beef cattle and association with failure of passive transfer in newborn calves SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID COLOSTRAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN TRANSFER; NEONATAL FC-RECEPTOR; MAMMARY-GLAND; GLOBULIN LEVELS; ABSORPTION; SERUM; DISEASE; HEALTH; MICE; CALF AB Failure of passive transfer (FPT) is a condition in which neonates do not acquire protective serum levels of maternal antibodies. A principal component of antibody transport is the neonatal receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin, a heterodimer of a MHC-1 alpha-chain homolog (FCGRT) and beta-2-microglobulin (B2M). Previously, two FCGRT haplotypes were associated with differences in immunoglobulin G (IgG) passive transfer in cattle (Laegreid et al. (2002) Mamm Genome 13, 704-710). The present study had two objectives: first, to characterize the B2M haplotype structure in a diverse group of U.S. beef cattle, and second, to evaluate those haplotypes for association with either high or low serum IgG levels in newborn calves. Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), assorted into eight haplotypes, were identified by sequencing regions of B2M exons II and IV in a multi-breed panel of 96 beef cattle. Calves homozygous for one of the eight haplotypes (B2M 2,2) were at increased risk of FPT (odds ratio = 10.60, CI95% 2.07-54.24, p = 0.005). These results indicate that this haplotype is in linkage disequilibrium with genetic risk factors affecting passive transfer of IgG in beef calves, an important determinant of neonatal calf morbidity and mortality. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Clawson, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, Spur 18D,POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM clawson@email.marc.usda.gov OI Clawson, Michael/0000-0002-3355-5390 NR 38 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD MAR PY 2004 VL 15 IS 3 BP 227 EP 236 DI 10.1007/s00335-003-2320-x PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 801YT UT WOS:000220131900008 PM 15014972 ER PT J AU Allen, ML Handler, AM Berkebile, DR Skoda, SR AF Allen, ML Handler, AM Berkebile, DR Skoda, SR TI piggyBac transformation of the New World screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, produces multiple distinct mutant strains SO MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cochliomyia hominivorax; green fluorescent protein; piggyBac; screw-worm; sterile insect technique (SIT); transformation; transgenic insect ID GERM-LINE TRANSFORMATION; MEDIATED ENHANCER DETECTION; YELLOW-FEVER MOSQUITO; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; GENETIC-TRANSFORMATION; FRUIT-FLY; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; MALARIA VECTOR; AEDES-AEGYPTI; DIPTERA AB Sterile insect technique (SIT) programs are designed to eradicate pest species by releasing mass-reared, sterile insects into an infested area. The first major implementation of SIT was the New World Screwworm Eradication Program, which successfully eliminated the New World screwworm (NWS), Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from the Continental US, Mexico and much of Central America. Ionizing radiation is currently used for sterilization, but transgenic insect techniques could replace this method, providing a safer, more cost-effective alternative. Genetic transformation methods have been demonstrated in NWS, and verified by Southern blot hybridization, PCR and sequencing of element insertion junctions. A lethal insertional mutation and enhancer detection-like phenotypic expression variations are presented and discussed. In addition to supporting the eradication efforts, transformation methods offer potential means to identify genes and examine gene function in NWS. C1 ARS, Midw Livestock Insects Lab, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA, Ctr Med & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Allen, ML (reprint author), ARS, Midw Livestock Insects Lab, USDA, 305 Plant Ind Bldg,Univ Nebraska E Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM mallen2@unl.edu OI Allen, Margaret/0000-0002-4758-1290 NR 43 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0269-283X J9 MED VET ENTOMOL JI Med. Vet. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 18 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2004.0473.x PG 9 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 801HU UT WOS:000220087800001 PM 15009439 ER PT J AU Edrington, TS Schultz, CL Bischoff, KM Callaway, TR Looper, ML Genovese, KJ Jung, YS McReynolds, JL Anderson, RC Nisbet, DJ AF Edrington, TS Schultz, CL Bischoff, KM Callaway, TR Looper, ML Genovese, KJ Jung, YS McReynolds, JL Anderson, RC Nisbet, DJ TI Antimicrobial resistance and serotype prevalence of Salmonella isolated from dairy cattle in the southwestern United States SO MICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE-MECHANISMS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DISEASE LA English DT Article ID TYPHIMURIUM DT104 INFECTIONS; CALIFORNIA; HUMANS; INTEGRONS; EVOLUTION; ANIMALS; GENES; FEED; FARM AB Mature dairy cattle were sampled over a 2-year period (2001-2002) on six farms in New Mexico and Texas. Fecal samples (n = 1560) were collected via rectal palpation and cultured for Salmonella, and one isolate from each positive sample was serotyped. Three isolates of each serotype, with the exception of Salmonella Newport (n = 12), were examined for susceptibility to 17 antimicrobial agents. Twenty-two different serotypes were identified from a total of 393 Salmonella isolates. Montevideo was the predominant serotype (27%) followed by Mbandaka (15%), Senftenberg (11.4%), Newport (6.4%), Anatum (4.8%), and Give (4.8%). Salmonella Typhimurium and Dublin, two frequently reported serotypes, accounted for only 1% of the observed serotypes in this study. Sixty-four percent of the serotypes were susceptible to all 17 antimicrobials, 14% were resistant to a single agent, and 22% were multiresistant (2-11 types of resistance). All isolates tested were susceptible to amikacin, apramycin, imipenem, ceftriaxone, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin. The most frequent types of resistance were to sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin (ranging from 8.9 to 22.4%). Serotypes demonstrating multiple resistance included Dublin and Give (resistant to three or more antibiotics), Typhimurium (resistant to five antibiotics), and Newport (four and two isolates resistant to six and nine antibiotics, respectively). Class 1 integrons were present in only two Salmonella Dublin isolates and one Salmonella Newport isolate. The most prevalent resistance patterns observed in this study were toward antimicrobial agents commonly used in cattle, while all Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin, antibiotics used in human medicine. C1 USDA ARS, FFSRU, SPA, Food & Feed Safety Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. USDA ARS, SPA, Dale Bumpers Small Farm Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Edrington, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, FFSRU, SPA, Food & Feed Safety Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM edrington@ffsru.tamu.edu NR 32 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 10 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1076-6294 J9 MICROB DRUG RESIST JI Microb. Drug Resist.-Mechan. Epidemiol. Dis. PD SPR PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 51 EP 56 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 815AO UT WOS:000221015400007 PM 15140394 ER PT J AU Zeller, KA Bowden, RL Leslie, JF AF Zeller, KA Bowden, RL Leslie, JF TI Population differentiation and recombination in wheat scab populations of Gibberella zeae from the United States SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AFLPs; barley; gene flow; genetic diversity; fungi; Fusarium graminearum; random mating ID FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; MULTILOCUS STRUCTURE; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; GRAMINEARUM; DIVERSITY; MUTANTS; FLOW; FUJIKUROI AB In limited previous studies of the Ascomycete fungus Gibberella zeae in North America, the populations examined were genetically and phenotypically diverse and could be viewed as subsamples of a larger population. Our objective in this study was to test the hypothesis that a homogeneous, randomly mating population of G. zeae is contiguous throughout the central and eastern United States across a span of several years. We analysed presence/absence alleles based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) at 30 loci, 24 of which are defined genetically on a linkage map of G. zeae, from > 500 isolates in eight field populations from seven states collected during the 1998, 1999 and 2000 cropping seasons. All these strains had AFLP profiles similar to those of standard isolates of G. zeae phylogenetic lineage 7. All the populations are genetically similar, have high genotypic diversity and little or no detectable genetic disequilibrium, and show evidence of extensive interpopulation genetic exchange. Allele frequencies in some of the populations examined are not statistically different from one another, but others are. Thus, the populations examined are not mere subsamples from a single, large, randomly mating population. Geographic distance and genetic distance between populations are correlated significantly. The observed differences are relatively small, however, indicating that while genetic isolation by distance may occur, genetic exchange has occurred at a relatively high frequency among US populations of G. zeae. We think that these differences reflect the time required for the alleles to diffuse across the distances that separate them, because relatively little linkage disequilibrium is detected either in the population as a whole or in any of the individual subpopulations. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Entomol Res Unit, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Leslie, JF (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Entomol Res Unit, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM jfl@ksu.edu RI Bowden, Robert/E-3268-2013 OI Bowden, Robert/0000-0001-9419-6574 NR 43 TC 101 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 13 IS 3 BP 563 EP 571 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2004.02098.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 772DQ UT WOS:000188825700005 PM 14871361 ER PT J AU Rajapakse, S Nilmalgoda, SD Molnar, M Ballard, RE Austin, DF Bohac, JR AF Rajapakse, S Nilmalgoda, SD Molnar, M Ballard, RE Austin, DF Bohac, JR TI Phylogenetic relationships of the sweetpotato in Ipomoea series Batatas (Convolvulaceae) based on nuclear beta-amylase gene sequences SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article ID L LAM; CHLOROPLAST DNA; TRIFIDA; DON; BRASSICACEAE; SYSTEMATICS; FERTILITY; TAXONOMY; CROSSES AB Phylogenetic relationships of 13 accessions and a cultivar representing the sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., and its wild progenitors, were investigated using the nucleotide sequence variation of a nuclear-encoded beta-amylase gene. A 1.1-1.3 kb fragment of the gene spanning two exons separated by a long intron was PCR-amplified, cloned, and sequenced. Exon sequences proved highly conservative, while intron sequences yielded large differences. Intron analyses grouped species in a phylogenetic context according to the presence of two genome types: A and B. These groups are consistent with results of previous analyses, save for the novel placement of L tiliacea, among the A-genome, species. Sequences specific to both A and B genome species have been identified. Exon sequences indicate that L ramosissima and L umbraticola are quite different from other A-genome species. Placement of L littoralis is questionable; its intron is similar to other B-genome species, but its exons are quite different. Exon evolution indicates that the B-genome has evolved faster than the A-genome. Interspecific intron and exon variation indicates L trifida, L tabascana, and L batatas form a monophyletic group. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Arizona Sonora Desert Museum, Conservat & Sci Dept, Tucson, AZ 85743 USA. USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Rajapakse, S (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. EM rsriyan@clemson.edu NR 33 TC 28 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1055-7903 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 30 IS 3 BP 623 EP 632 DI 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00249-5 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 774AW UT WOS:000188958400011 PM 15012943 ER PT J AU Greslebin, A Nakasone, KK Rajchenberg, M AF Greslebin, A Nakasone, KK Rajchenberg, M TI Rhizochaete, a new genus of phanerochaetoid fungi SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Basidiomycetes; Ceraceomyces americanus; Ceraceomyces fouquieriae; internal transcribed spacer region; Phanerochaetaceae; Phanerochaete borneensis; Phanerochaete filamentoso; Phanerochaete radicata; Polyporales; Rhizochaete brunnea; ribosomal DNA; taxonomy ID PATAGONIAN ANDES FORESTS; CORTICIOID APHYLLOPHORALES BASIDIOMYCOTA; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; DNA-SEQUENCES; ARGENTINA; CORTICIACEAE AB A new basidiomycete genus, Rhizochaete (Phanerochaetaceae, Polyporales), is described. Rhizochaete is characterized by a smooth to tuberculate, pellicular hymenophore and hyphal cords that turn red or violet in potassium hydroxide, monomitic hyphal system of simple or nodose septate hyphae, cystidia, and small, cylindrical to subglobose basidiospores. It morphologically is most similar to Phanerochaete. Analyses of unclear ribosomal and internal-transcribed spacer region sequence data support a close relationship between Rhizochaete and Phanerochaete. The new taxon R. brunnea, from southern Argentina, is described and illustrated. In addition, the new combinations R. americana, R. borneensis, R. filamentosa, R. fouquieriae and R. radicata are proposed. A key to the species of Rhizochaete is provided. C1 Forest Prod Lab, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, Madison, WI 53726 USA. CIEFAP, RA-9200 Esquel, Chubut, Argentina. RP Nakasone, KK (reprint author), Forest Prod Lab, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53726 USA. EM alina@ciefap.cyt.edu.ar; knakasone@fs.fed.us NR 35 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ALLEN PRESS INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 96 IS 2 BP 260 EP 271 DI 10.2307/3762062 PG 12 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 819EG UT WOS:000221296200010 PM 21148853 ER PT J AU Lu, BS Druzhinina, IS Fallah, P Chaverri, P Gradinger, C Kubicek, CP Samuels, GJ AF Lu, BS Druzhinina, IS Fallah, P Chaverri, P Gradinger, C Kubicek, CP Samuels, GJ TI Hypocrea/Trichoderma species with pachybasium-like conidiophores: teleomorphs for T-minutisporum and T-polysporum and their newly discovered relatives SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE anamorph-teleomorph connection; Ascomycetes; endochitinase gene; Hypocreaceae; Hypocreales; ITS; molecular phylogenetics; systematics; translation elongation factor tef1 ID MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; GENUS TRICHODERMA; PHELLINUS-WEIRII; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; SECT LONGIBRACHIATUM; HYPOCREA-JECORINA; ROOTS; SOIL; DNA; REVISION AB We describe or redescribe species of Hypocrea/Trichoderma (Ascomycetes, Hypocreales) having hyaline ascospores and pachybasium-like conidiophores. Teleomorphs are reported for Trichoderma minutisporum (Hypocrea minutispora sp. nov.) and T. polysporum (H. pachybasioides). Hypocrea pilulifera/T. piluliferum is redescribed. Trichoderma croceum is synonymized with T. polysporum. The new species H. parapilulifera, H. stellata and H. lacuwombatensis are described. All of these species fall within the morphological concept of Trichoderma sect. Pachybasium and within the phylogenetic group pachybasium B5 of Kullnig-Gradinger et A (2002). Parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequences from three unlinked loci-ITS1 and 2, endochitinase (ech42) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1)-detects two distinct phylogenetic lineages within the group pachybasium B5. One comprises H. pachybasioides/T. polysporum, H. pilulifera/T.piluliferum, H. parapilulifera and H. stellata; this group, the "polysporum" lineage, is characterized by having conidia that are white in mass and is the only lineage within Hypocrea characterized by such conidia. The second group includes the green conidial T, minutisporum and H. lacuwombatensis. The partition homogeneity test reveals significant recombination within the "polysporum" lineage but not within the "minutisporum" lineage. C1 USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Shanxi Agr Univ, Agron Coll, Dept Plant Pathol, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, Peoples R China. Tech Univ Vienna, Inst Chem Engn, Sect Appl Biochem & Gene Technol, A-1060 Vienna, Austria. Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Buckhoul Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Samuels, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, BARC W, Room 304,B-011A,, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM gary@nt.ars-grin.gov OI Chaverri, Priscila/0000-0002-8486-6033 NR 59 TC 27 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU ALLEN PRESS INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 96 IS 2 BP 310 EP 342 DI 10.2307/3762066 PG 33 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 819EG UT WOS:000221296200014 PM 21148857 ER PT J AU Schroers, HJ Baayen, RP Meffert, JP de Gruyter, J Hooftman, M O'Donnell, K AF Schroers, HJ Baayen, RP Meffert, JP de Gruyter, J Hooftman, M O'Donnell, K TI Fusarium foetens, a new species pathogenic to begonia elatior hybrids (Begonia X hiemalis) and the sister taxon of the Fusarium oxysporum species complex SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE beta-tubulin gene; Fusarium begoniae; Gibberella fujikuroi species complex; Hypocreales; mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal DNA; morphology; phylogeny; translation elongation factor 1 alpha ID F SP DIANTHI; GENE GENEALOGIES; CARNATION; DISEASE; TELEOMORPH; SEQUENCES; REDOLENS; NUCLEAR; WILT AB A new disease recently was discovered in begonia elatior hybrid (Begonia x hiemalis) nurseries in The Netherlands. Diseased plants showed a combination of basal rot, vein yellowing and wilting and the base of collapsing plants was covered by unusually large masses of Fusarium macroconidia. A species of Fusarium was isolated consistently from the discolored veins of leaves and steins. It differed morphologically from F begoniae, a known agent of begonia flower, leaf and stern blight. The Fusarium species resembled members of the F. oxysporum species complex in producing short monophialides on the aerial mycelium and abundant chlamydospores. Other phenotypic characters Such as polyphialides formed occasionally in at least some Strains, relatively long monophialides intermingled with the short monophialides formed on the aerial mycelium, distinct sporodochial conidiomata, and distinct pungent colony odor distinguished it from the F. oxysporum species complex. Phylogenetic analyses of partial sequences of the mitochondrial small subunit of the ribosomal DNA (mtSSU rDNA), nuclear translation elongation factor 1alpha (EF-1alpha) and beta-tubulin gene exons and introns indicate that the Fusarium species represents a sister group of the F. oxysporum species complex. Begonia x hiemalis cultivars Bazan, Bellona and Netja Dark proved to be highly susceptible to the new species. Inoculated plants developed tracheomycosis within 4 wk, and most died within 8 wk. The new taxon was not pathogenic to Euphorbia pulcherrima, Impatiens walleriana and Saintpaulia ionantha that commonly are grown in nurseries along with B. x hiemalis. Inoculated plants of Cyclamen persicum did not develop the disease but had discolored vessels from which the inoculated fungus was isolated. Given that the newly discovered begonia pathogen is distinct in pathogenicity, morphology and phylogeny from other fusaria, it is described here as a new species, Fusarium foetens. C1 Centraalbur Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodivers Ctr, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands. Plant Protect Serv, Mycol Sect, NL-6700 HC Wageningen, Netherlands. Naktuinbouw, NL-2370 AA Roelofarendsveen, Netherlands. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Genomics & Bioproc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Schroers, HJ (reprint author), Centraalbur Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodivers Ctr, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands. EM Hans.Schroers@kis.si NR 29 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 7 PU ALLEN PRESS INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 96 IS 2 BP 393 EP 406 DI 10.2307/3762070 PG 14 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 819EG UT WOS:000221296200018 PM 21148861 ER PT J AU van den Brink, GR Bleuming, SA Hardwick, JCH Schepman, BL Offerhaus, GJ Keller, JJ Nielsen, C Gaffield, W van Deventer, SJH Roberts, DJ Peppelenbosch, MP AF van den Brink, GR Bleuming, SA Hardwick, JCH Schepman, BL Offerhaus, GJ Keller, JJ Nielsen, C Gaffield, W van Deventer, SJH Roberts, DJ Peppelenbosch, MP TI Indian Hedgehog is an antagonist of Wnt signaling in colonic epithelial cell differentiation SO NATURE GENETICS LA English DT Article ID INTESTINAL TREFOIL FACTOR; COLORECTAL-CANCER; EXPRESSION; INHIBITION; CARCINOMA; BUTYRATE; COMPLEX; CULTURE; GROWTH; VILLIN AB Wnt signaling defines the colonic epithelial progenitor cell phenotype(1), and mutations in the gene adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) that activate the Wnt pathway cause the familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP) syndrome and most sporadic colon cancers(2). The mechanisms that regulate the transition of epithelial precursor cells into their differentiated derivatives are poorly characterized. We report that Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is expressed by mature colonocytes and regulates their differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling restricts the expression of Wnt targets to the base of the colonic crypt in vivo, and transfection of Ihh into colon cancer cells leads to a downregulation of both components of the nuclear TCF4-beta-catenin complex and abrogates endogenous Wnt signaling in vitro. In turn, expression of Ihh is downregulated in polyps of individuals with FAP and expression of doxycycline-inducible dominant negative TCF4 (dnTCF4) restores Ihh expression in APC mutant DLD-1 colon cancer cells. These data identify a new Wnt-Hh axis in colonic epithelial renewal. C1 Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Expt Internal Med, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02114 USA. ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA USA. Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Gastroenterol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP van den Brink, GR (reprint author), Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Expt Internal Med, Meibergdreef 9, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. EM g.r.vandenbrink@amc.uva.nl OI Hardwick, James/0000-0002-9575-5099 NR 21 TC 237 Z9 243 U1 2 U2 5 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1061-4036 J9 NAT GENET JI Nature Genet. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 36 IS 3 BP 277 EP 282 DI 10.1038/ng1304 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 778PR UT WOS:000189250400017 PM 14770182 ER PT J AU Prado, PI Norrbom, AL Lewinsohn, TM AF Prado, PI Norrbom, AL Lewinsohn, TM TI New species of Tomoplagia Coquillett (Diptera : Tephritidae) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil SO NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE taxonomy; endophagous insect; host plant; cerrado; campo rupestre ID VERNONIEAE; VEGETATION AB Twelve new species of Tomoplagia reared from capitula of Asteraceae collected in southern and southeastern Brazil are described (T achromoptera n. sp., T aczeli n. sp., T bicolor n. sp., T brasiliensis n. sp., T cipoensis n. sp., T dimorphica n. sp., T grandis n. sp., T interrupta n. sp., T matzenbacheri n. sp., T rupestris n. sp., T variabilis n. sp., and T voluta n. sp.). Five of these species have highly atypical wing markings, differing from the usual pattern for the genus, which includes five oblique yellow bands. Aberrant wing patterns were previously known in only three species. All the new species were reared from capitula of Vernonieae, confirming this Asteraceae tribe as the main host group of Tomoplagia species. Of these new species, five are specialists on the Lychnophorinae, a Vernonieae subtribe endemic to campo rupestre vegetation, which occurs on tops of mountain chains in central and southeastern Brazil. These species of Tomoplagia are probably restricted to the small ranges of these host plants. An addedum to the most recent key to species (Aczel 1955a) is provided, including couplets to all of the species with modified wing patterns. C1 Univ Estadual Campinas, BR-13084971 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, ARS, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Univ Estadual Campinas, Lab Interacoes Inseto Plantas, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. RP Prado, PI (reprint author), Univ Estadual Campinas, C Postal 6166, BR-13084971 Campinas, SP, Brazil. EM prado@unicamp.br; anorrbom@sel.barc.usda.gov; thomasl@unicamp.br RI Prado, Paulo/G-3353-2012; Lewinsohn, Thomas/D-5880-2012 OI Lewinsohn, Thomas/0000-0001-5950-5343 NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY BRASIL PI LONDRINA, PA C POSTAL 481, 86001-970 LONDRINA,, PR, BRAZIL SN 1519-566X J9 NEOTROP ENTOMOL JI Neotrop. Entomol. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 33 IS 2 BP 189 EP 211 DI 10.1590/S1519-566X2004000200010 PG 23 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 865ZH UT WOS:000224742200011 ER PT J AU Zaczek, JJ Lhotka, JM AF Zaczek, JJ Lhotka, JM TI Seedling reproduction established with soil scarification within an oak overwood after overstory removal SO NORTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE Oak regeneration; scarification; northern red oak; red maple; Quercus ID RED OAK; REGENERATION; SHELTERWOOD; DISTURBANCE; ECOLOGY; FORESTS; STANDS; FIRE AB We report on the density and height of seedling reproduction established with and without soil scarification in a mixed-oak two-stage shelterwood after overstory removal. In 1993, shallow soil scarfication was conducted to bury recently disseminated northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) acorns collected from another site and disrupt red maple (Acer rubrum L.) seedling reproduction that dominated the understory. The shelterwood overstory was removed in the winter of 1997/1998. The following spring, seedling density decreased in response to harvest activities. However, one growing season after overstory removal, seedling density for most species or species groups had recovered to preharvest levels. At that time (5 years after soil scarfication), scar fled plots had 16 times more northern red oak (35,119 ha(-1)), 50% fewer (8,076 ha(-1)) red maple, and 37% more total (55,432 ha(-1)) seedlings compared to undisturbed control plots. Other species of oak, which generally lacked mast at the time of scarfication, had significantly reduced density (59% less, at 4,405 ha(-1)), suggesting that scarification treatments should coincide with viable mast or net loss of oak seedlings may result. Five growing seasons after treatment, the greatest proportions of seedlings were in the tallest two height classes (33-122 cm and > 122 cm) and were northern red oak. In summary, 5 Years after incorporating viable mast into the soil with shallow scarification within a mixed-oak shelterwood and 1 year after overstory removal, scarified areas had more advance reproduction dominated by large and vigorously growing oak seedlings, while undisturbed areas had lower seedling density of primarily large red maple. C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Forestry, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow Forestry Sci Lab, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Zaczek, JJ (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Forestry, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. EM zaczek@siu.edu NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0742-6348 J9 NORTH J APPL FOR JI North. J. Appl. For. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 5 EP 11 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 810RS UT WOS:000220722000002 ER PT J AU Brooks, RT AF Brooks, RT TI Early regeneration following the presalvage cutting of hemlock from hemlock-dominated stands SO NORTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE Eastern hemlock; green tree salvage; hemlock wooly adelgid; presalvage harvest; Tsuga canadensis ID NEW-ENGLAND; FORESTS AB Live overstory hemlock were cut from three hemlock hardwood stands on the watershed of the Barkhamsted Reservoir in northwestern Connecticut. The presalvage cuttings occurred during a hemlock looper outbreak and in anticipation of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) infestation. All merchantable and accessible hemlock trees were cut, as were a smaller quantity of other species. The stands were harvested in 1992, 1994, and 1995-96. Over- and understory vegetation were surveyed in the harvested stands and in three nearby uncut, control stands in 1996. Findings suggest that the cut stands will regenerate to hardwoods in the near term. Hemlock regeneration was minimal and insufficient to replace harvested trees. Presalvage cutting of hemlock from hemlock-dominated stands, which typically lack sufficient advance hemlock regeneration, will contribute to the loss of the cover type due to HWA-caused mortality. C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA, US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn,Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr 201, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Brooks, RT (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA, US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn,Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr 201, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM rtbrooks@fs.fed.us RI Brooks, Robert/E-9955-2011 NR 37 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 12 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0742-6348 J9 NORTH J APPL FOR JI North. J. Appl. For. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 12 EP 18 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 810RS UT WOS:000220722000003 ER PT J AU Morin, RS Liebhold, AM Gottschalk, KW AF Morin, RS Liebhold, AM Gottschalk, KW TI Area-wide analysis of hardwood defoliator effects on tree conditions in the Allegheny Plateau SO NORTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE defoliation; cherry scallopshell moth; elm spanworm; gypsy moth; tree mortality; crown dieback ID GYPSY-MOTH; SPRUCE BUDWORM; INSECT DEFOLIATION; ELM SPANWORM; MORTALITY; OAK; GROWTH; LEPIDOPTERA; REGULATORS; MANAGEMENT AB The effects of defoliation caused by three foliage,feeding insects, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), the cherry scallopshell moth (Hydria prunivorata), and the elm spanworm (Ennomos subsignarius), oil tree mortality and crown conditions were evaluated using data collected from 1984 to 1999 in the Allegheny National Forest located in northwestern Pennsylvania. While previous studies have focused on the effects of defoliation on trees in individual stands, this study differed in that it used exhaustive maps of defoliation and an areawide network of plots to assess these effects. A geographic information system was used to map the coincidence of USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis and Forest Health Monitoring plot locations with defoliation polygons derived from aerial surveys to calculate cumulative years of defoliation for each pest. Over 85% of the Allegheny National Forest land area was defoliated at least once during the 16-year period from 1984 to 1999. Frequency of defoliation by specific defoliator species was closely associated with the dominance of their primary hosts in stands. Frequency of defoliation but these relationships were not detectable in all was often associated with crown dieback and mortality, species. These results suggest that when impacts are averaged over large areas (such as in this study) effects of defoliation are likely to be considerably less severe than when measured in selected stands (as is the approach taken in most previous impact studies). C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Morin, RS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 180 Canfield St, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. EM rsmorin@fs.fed.us RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 46 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0742-6348 J9 NORTH J APPL FOR JI North. J. Appl. For. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 31 EP 39 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 810RS UT WOS:000220722000005 ER PT J AU Kochenderfer, JD Kochenderfer, JN Warner, DA Miller, GW AF Kochenderfer, JD Kochenderfer, JN Warner, DA Miller, GW TI Preharvest manual herbicide treatments for controlling American beech in central west Virginia SO NORTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE herbicides; American beech; manual application methods; Appalachian hardwoods; silviculture; economics AB Application costs and efficacy were determined for manual preharvest herbicide treatments applied to control American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) that was interfering with the establishment and development of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in central West Virginia. The treatments consisted of four levels of basal area reduction using combinations of two application methods: hack-and-squirt injection with Accord (41.5%) and basal spraying with Garlon 4 (61.6% butoxyethyl ester). The treatments were applied in late Aug. 2000 and evaluated 12 months after treatment. A numerical rating system ranging from 1 to 7 (0-100% crown affected), based on a visual estimation of top, kill, was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment. Trees receiving a rating of 5 (75% crown control) or greater were considered controlled. After 12 months, almost complete control (99%) was achieved with both application methods. Injection of greater than or equal to 6.0-in. dbh beech stems also controlled 52% and 21.6% of small untreated beech understory stems in the 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh and 1.0- to 5.9-in. dbh classes, respectively. Average application costs (chemical and labor) ranged from $39.28/ac for injection of 159 stems/ac greater than or equal to 6 in. dbh to $80.32/ac for basal spraying 396 stems/ac in the 1.0- to 5.9-in. dbh class and $230.09/ac for basal spraying 3,743 stems/ac in the 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh class. Basal spraying the numerous small 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh stems dramatically increased treatment costs. Black cherry occupied 30% of total stand basal area and accounted for 91% of total stand value ($6,288. 10/ac). Application costs expressed as a percentage of total stand value ranged from < 1% for the injection-only treatment up to 6.5% for combination basal spray and injection treatments. The individual stein herbicide application methods described here are applicable to the steep topographly and small nonindustrial ownerships found in Appalachia. C1 US Forest Serv, Homochitto Natl Forest, Meadville, MS 39653 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. Timberland Consulting, Shanks, WV 26761 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Kochenderfer, JD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Homochitto Natl Forest, 1200 Hwy 184 E, Meadville, MS 39653 USA. EM jdkochenderfer@fs.fed.us NR 36 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 5 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0742-6348 J9 NORTH J APPL FOR JI North. J. Appl. For. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 40 EP 49 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 810RS UT WOS:000220722000006 ER PT J AU Randolph, KC Moser, JW AF Randolph, KC Moser, JW TI An evaluation of changes in tree crown characteristics to assess forest health in two Indiana State Parks SO NORTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE Forest Health Monitoring; crown dieback; foliage transparency; crown density AB An evaluation of tree crown characteristics was conducted by means of a Forest Health Monitoring study in Turkey Ran and Shades State Parks, Indiana. Crown dieback, foliage transparency, and crown density were summarized for three consecutive measurement years, and the short-term changes in these characteristics were quantified in an effort to identify potential forest health concerns. In both Shades and Turkey Ran State Parks, no significant changes were detected in the levels of crown dieback and crown density. Only for Shades hardwoods, and more specifically hickory trees (Carya spp.), was there an unfavorable change in foliage transparency; however, this change did not appear extraordinary given the Forest Health Monitoring measurement quality objectives. This study demonstrated that given the current body of knowledge about the acceptable levels for the crown characteristics, the majority of trees in Shades and Turkey Run State Parks are not exhibiting responses to extreme stress and should be considered healthy. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Knoxville, TN 37919 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Randolph, KC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 4700 Old Kingston Pike, Knoxville, TN 37919 USA. EM krandolph@fs.fed.us NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0742-6348 J9 NORTH J APPL FOR JI North. J. Appl. For. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 50 EP 55 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 810RS UT WOS:000220722000007 ER PT J AU Stephens, SL Finney, MA Schantz, H AF Stephens, SL Finney, MA Schantz, H TI Bulk density and fuel loads of ponderosa pine and white fir forest floors: Impacts of leaf morphology SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MIXED-CONIFER FORESTS; SIERRA-NEVADA; BURNING CHARACTERISTICS; DYNAMICS; COMBUSTION; MORTALITY; BEHAVIOR; NEEDLES; SOIL AB Fire suppression has produced large forest floor fuel loads (ground fuels) in many western coniferous forests. Combustion of the forest floor can produce significant ecological effects due to potentially high fuel loads and proximity to living tissues. Forest floor consumption is estimated from depth changes after burning using species-specific data for bulk density. To quantify forest floor bulk density and fuel loads, 40 white fir and 61 ponderosa pine forest floor samples were randomly collected from Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park. Multivariate ANOVA determined there was a significant difference in both bulk density and fuel load for species and strata. Multiple regression analysis related mean bulk density (Mg ha(-1) cm(-1)) of a given stratum to stratum depth and total depth of the forest floor. Bulk density increased non-linearly with profile depth and varied from 5.35-34.97 Mg ha(-1) cm(-1)(0.053-0.35 g cm(-3)) and 1.84-13.92 Mg ha(-1) cm(-1) (0.018-0.139 g cm(-1)) for white fir and ponderosa pine. Bulk density of the lowest stratum in white fir forest floors is approximately four times greater than ponderosa pine. Forest floor fuel load varied from 6.35-146.02 Mg ha(-1) and 3.68-125.19 Mg ha(-1), for white fir and ponderosa pine. Forest floor bulk density and fuel load were nonlinearly related to depth for both species but negatively related to total depth for ponderosa pine. Leaf morphology and litter quality of the two species probably affected the bulk density of their forest floors. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Ecosys Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. Sequoia & Kings Canyon Natl Pk, Natl Pk Serv, Three Rivers, CA 93271 USA. RP Stephens, SL (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Ecosys Sci, 151 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM stephens@nature.berkeley.edu NR 45 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 11 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SPR PY 2004 VL 78 IS 2 BP 93 EP 100 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 821SC UT WOS:000221481900002 ER PT J AU Orlikowska, EH Deal, RL Hennon, PE Wipfli, MS AF Orlikowska, EH Deal, RL Hennon, PE Wipfli, MS TI The role of red alder in riparian forest structure along headwater streams in southeastern Alaska SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN HEMLOCK FORESTS; JUVENILE COHO SALMON; OREGON COAST RANGE; SITKA SPRUCE; WOODY DEBRIS; TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES; MOUNTAIN STREAM; ALNUS-RUBRA; OLD-GROWTH; VEGETATION AB We assessed the influence of red alder on tree species composition, stand density, tree size distribution, tree mortality, and potential for producing large conifers, in 38-42 yr old riparian forests along 13 headwater streams in the Maybeso and Harris watersheds on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. Red alder ranged from 0 to 53% of the total live basal area of the stands. Tree density, basal area of live and dead trees, and mean diameter of live conifers were not significantly related to the percent of alder as a proportion of total stand live basal area within these riparian forests. The mean diameter of the 100 largest conifers per hectare (the largest trees) was similar among different sites and appeared unrelated to the amount of alder in the stands. The mean diameter of dead conifers increased slightly with increasing proportion of red alder. Most dead trees were small and died standing. Red alder was much more concentrated immediately along stream margins (within 0-1 m distance from the stream bank vs. > 1 m). The presence of red alder did not inhibit the production of large-diameter conifers, and both alder and conifers provided small woody debris for fishless headwater streams in southeastern Alaska. Red alder is an important structural component of young-growth riparian stands. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97205 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Orlikowska, EH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 2770 Sherwood Lane,Suite 2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM eorlikowska@fs.fed.us NR 68 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SPR PY 2004 VL 78 IS 2 BP 111 EP 123 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 821SC UT WOS:000221481900004 ER PT J AU Wender, BW Harrington, CA Tappeiner, JC AF Wender, BW Harrington, CA Tappeiner, JC TI Flower and fruit production of understory shrubs in western Washington and Oregon SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SALAL GAULTHERIA-SHALLON; OEMLERIA-CERASIFORMIS; REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT; SEED PRODUCTION; GROWTH; FORESTS; LIGHT; PATTERNS AB We observed flower and fruit production for nine understory shrub species in western Washington and Oregon and examined the relationships between shrub reproductive output and plant size, plant age, site factors, and overstory density to determine the factors that control flowering or fruiting in understory shrubs. In Washington, 50 or more shrubs or microplots (for rhizomatous species) were sampled for each of eight species. The variables examined were more useful for explaining abundance of flowers or fruit on shrubs than they were for explaining the probability that a shrub would produce flowers or fruit. Plant size was consistently the most useful predictor of flower/fruit abundance in all species; plant age was also a good predictor of abundance and was strongly correlated with plant size. Site variables (e.g., slope) and overstory competition variables (e.g., presence/absence of a canopy gap) also helped explain flower/fruit abundance for some species. At two Oregon sites, the responses of five species to four levels of thinning were observed for 2-4 yr (15 shrubs or microplots per treatment per year). Thinning increased the probability and abundance of flowering/fruiting for two species, had no effect on one species, and responses for two other species were positive but inconsistent between sites or from year to year. We believe reducing overstory density or creating canopy gaps may be useful tools for enhancing shrub size and vigor, thus, increasing the probability and abundance of fruiting in some understory shrub species. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Harrington, CA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. EM charrington@fs.fed.us RI Harrington, Constance/G-6161-2012 NR 30 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 10 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SPR PY 2004 VL 78 IS 2 BP 124 EP 140 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 821SC UT WOS:000221481900005 ER PT J AU Arneson, LC Tepedino, VJ Smith, SL AF Arneson, LC Tepedino, VJ Smith, SL TI Reproductive success of Baker's globe mallow and its association with a native specialist bee SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID POLLINATION SYSTEMS; SELF-FERTILIZATION; PLANTS; EVOLUTION AB Baker's globe mallow, a fire-following mallow endemic to the Modoc Plateau of northeast California and southern Oregon, has recently been designated a sensitive species. Management conservation decisions for such rare species are strengthened by information on natural history, but little is known about this plant. Our objectives are to describe aspects of its reproductive success in several occurrences of different burn age and size, to determine its need for pollinators in sexual reproduction, and to identify important flower-visitors. Reproductive success (fruits/flower, seeds/fruit) for Baker's globe mallow varied significantly across occurrences, and was not associated with age or size of burn. There were significant positive correlations between fruits/flower and site elevation, and with distance to nearest burn. There was no phenological pattern to fruit or seed production, nor were clumped plants more likely to produce fruits or seeds than isolated plants. Flowers did not set fruit or produce seeds without pollinator visitation. The most abundant flower-visitor in most occurrences was Diadasia nitidifrons, a native solitary bee that visits only flowers of plants in the mallow family. Diadasia nitidifrons was present in all Baker's globe mallow occurrences monitored, including those most isolated. The plant's need for pollinators, and the tendency for plants in occurrences with the highest visitation to set the highest proportion of fruits per flower, suggests that Diadasia nitidifrons is vital to the reproductive success of Baker's globe mallow if it proves to be superior to generalist bees at pollen deposition. Pollinator effectiveness comparisons for abundant visitors are needed. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Hlth Protect, NE Calif Shared Serv Area, Susanville, CA 96130 USA. RP Tepedino, VJ (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Dept Biol, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM andrena@biology.usu.edu NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU NORTHWEST SCIENTIFIC ASSOC PI SEATTLE PA JEFFREY DUDA, USGS, WESTERN FISHERIES RES CTR, 6505 NE 65 ST, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0029-344X EI 2161-9859 J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SPR PY 2004 VL 78 IS 2 BP 141 EP 149 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 821SC UT WOS:000221481900006 ER PT J AU Elliott, SR Naiman, RJ Bisson, PA AF Elliott, SR Naiman, RJ Bisson, PA TI Riparian influences on the biophysical characteristics of sestion in headwater streams SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-CARBON; DEBRIS DAMS; MATTER; EXPORT; DYNAMICS; SESTON; HYDROPSYCHIDAE; TRICHOPTERA; ECOLOGY; FOREST AB Suspended particles (seston) in streams are an important source of nutrition for many invertebrates, forming a strong trophic link between plant and animal production. In forested regions the management of riparian corridors may alter allochthonous and autochthonous contributions to streams, ultimately changing the biophysical characteristics of seston. This article examines the effects of riparian condition on the biophysical parameters of seston at summer base-flow from 19 small, headwater streams (1st - 3rd order) on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. Consistent with other studies, seston concentrations and percent of organic matter were not correlated with any single or combination of riparian characteristics. Nevertheless, there are several riparian effects on the biotic characteristics of seston. Chlorophyll-a concentrations were generally <1.0 mg Chl-a-L-1 but correlated significantly with canopy closure, particularly for streams of 1st and 2nd order. C:N ratios ranged from 7.6 to 25.6 and mean values at coniferous sites were significantly higher than those at alder-dominated deciduous sites or at sites with no appreciable riparian cover. Particle diversity showed that diatoms were a significant proportion of total seston diversity (range = 47-66% of the number of particles), although significantly higher concentrations of diatoms were found in sites lacking canopy cover. Surprisingly, wood particles were not well represented (range 2-4% of seston particles) and wood concentration did not vary by riparian cover type or by any other measured parameter. We conclude that riparian condition affects summer food quality, but not the amount of suspended organic matter. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Elliott, SR (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Campus Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM elliott@cwo.com RI Naiman, Robert /K-3113-2012 NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SPR PY 2004 VL 78 IS 2 BP 150 EP 157 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 821SC UT WOS:000221481900007 ER PT J AU Kwit, C Levey, DJ Greenberg, CH Pearson, SF McCarty, JP Sargent, S AF Kwit, C Levey, DJ Greenberg, CH Pearson, SF McCarty, JP Sargent, S TI Cold temperature increases winter fruit removal rate of a bird-dispersed shrub SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE avian seed dispersal; frugivory; seed predation; winter food; yellow-rumped warbler ID SEED DISPERSAL; TEMPORAL VARIATION; FRUGIVOROUS BIRDS; AUTUMN MIGRATION; COSTA-RICA; WARBLERS; ABUNDANCE; LANDBIRDS; PHENOLOGY; RESPONSES AB We tested the hypothesis that winter removal rates of fruits of wax myrtle, Myrica cerifera, are higher in colder winters. Over a 9-year period, we monitored M. cerifera fruit crops in 13 0.1-ha study plots in South Carolina, U.S.A. Peak ripeness occurred in November, whereas peak removal occurred in the coldest months, December and January. Mean time to fruit removal within study plots was positively correlated with mean winter temperatures, thereby supporting our hypothesis. This result, combined with the generally low availability of winter arthropods, suggests that fruit abundance may play a role in determining winter survivorship and distribution of permanent resident and short-distance migrant birds. From the plant's perspective, it demonstrates inter-annual variation in the temporal component of seed dispersal, with possible consequences for post-dispersal seed and seedling ecology. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. RP Kwit, C (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM kwit@srel.edu RI McCarty, John/E-9797-2011 OI McCarty, John/0000-0002-6278-5451 NR 50 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAR PY 2004 VL 139 IS 1 BP 30 EP 34 DI 10.1007/s00442-003-1470-6 PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 801LK UT WOS:000220097200004 PM 14716556 ER PT J AU DeWalt, SJ Denslow, JS Hamrick, JL AF DeWalt, SJ Denslow, JS Hamrick, JL TI Biomass allocation, growth, and photosynthesis of genotypes from native and introduced ranges of the tropical shrub Clidemia hirta SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE common garden; growth rates; invasive species; phenotypic plasticity; shade tolerance ID LEAF LIFE-SPAN; RAIN-FOREST; SEEDLING GROWTH; SHADE TOLERANCE; TREE SEEDLINGS; LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS; INCREASED VIGOR; WOODY-PLANTS; TRADE-OFFS; HERBIVORE AB We tested the hypothesis that the tropical shrub Clidemia hirta appears more shade tolerant and is more abundant in its introduced than native range because of genetic differences in resource acquisition, allocation, and phenotypic plasticity between native and introduced genotypes. We examined growth, biomass allocation, and photosynthetic parameters of C. hirta grown in a greenhouse from seed collected from four populations in part of its native range (Costa Rica) and four populations in part of its introduced range (Hawaiian Islands). Six-month-old seedlings were placed in high (10.3-13.9 mol m(-2) day(-1)) or low (1.4-4.5 mol m(-2) day(-1)) light treatments and grown for an additional 6 months. Our study provided little evidence that Hawaiian genotypes of C. hirta differed genetically from Costa Rican genotypes in ways that would contribute to differences in habitat distribution or abundance. Some of the genetic differences that were apparent, such as greater allocation to stems and leaf area relative to whole plant biomass in Costa Rican genotypes and greater allocation to roots in Hawaiian genotypes, were contrary to predictions that genotypes from the introduced range would allocate more biomass to growth and less to storage than those from the native range. Hawaiian and Costa Rican genotypes displayed no significant differences in relative growth rates, maximal photosynthetic rates, or specific leaf areas in either light treatment. In the high light environment, however, Hawaiian genotypes allocated more biomass to reproductive parts than Costa Rican genotypes. Phenotypic plasticity for only 1 of 12 morphological and photosynthetic variables was greater for Hawaiian than Costa Rican genotypes. We conclude that genetic shifts in resource use, resource allocation, or plasticity do not contribute to differences in habitat distribution and abundance between the native and introduced ranges of C. hirta. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Genet, Dept Plant Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Rice Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, MS 170,6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005 USA. EM sdewalt@rice.edu NR 67 TC 62 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 43 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 EI 1432-1939 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAR PY 2004 VL 138 IS 4 BP 521 EP 531 DI 10.1007/s00442-003-1462-6 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 805KR UT WOS:000220365700004 PM 14689299 ER PT J AU Holowachuk, SA Bal'a, MF Gerard, PD Buddington, RK AF Holowachuk, SA Bal'a, MF Gerard, PD Buddington, RK TI Nonparallel secretion of antibacterial activity and protein in porcine pancreatic juice SO PANCREAS LA English DT Article DE intestine; antimicrobial peptide ID INTESTINAL BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; DIGESTIVE ENZYMES; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; CONSCIOUS RATS; FED PIGS; DOGS; PEPTIDES; PATTERN AB The antimicrobial activity of exocrine pancreatic juice is an important component of gastrointestinal tract innate defenses, yet little is known about whether secretion is regulated in parallel with digestive enzymes. In this study, we used 8 pigs with pancreatic catheters to quantify antibacterial activity and measure protein content ( indicator of enzyme secretion) of pancreatic juice collected hourly from 0700 to 1900, with the animals adapted to being fed at 0800 and 1600. Antibacterial activity in the samples of pancreatic juice was quantified by comparing the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus strain ATCC 6538P relative to a known concentration of gentamicin. Antibacterial activity (U/mL and / min) was highest in samples collected 1 hour prior to feeding ( equivalent to 0.6 mug gentamicin/mL), declined as the meal was consumed, and was lower ( P < 0.05) in samples collected while the meals were being digested (0.41 μg gentamicin/mL). Protein content was negatively correlated with antibacterial activity, with protein secretion lower (mg/mL and /min) before feeding, with an increase as the pigs ate and digested the meals ( P < 0.05). The results indicate that the antibacterial activity in pancreatic juice is not secreted in parallel with protein secretion, suggesting that regulation involves alternative signaling pathways or contrasting responses to shared signals. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Expt Stat Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Buddington, RK (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM rkb1@ra.msstate.edu NR 46 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0885-3177 J9 PANCREAS JI Pancreas PD MAR PY 2004 VL 28 IS 2 BP E32 EP E38 DI 10.1097/00006676-200403000-00017 PG 7 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 802DL UT WOS:000220144100017 PM 15028958 ER PT J AU Sulaiman, IM Fayer, R Yang, CF Santin, M Matos, O Xiao, LH AF Sulaiman, IM Fayer, R Yang, CF Santin, M Matos, O Xiao, LH TI Molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cattle indicates that only some isolates have zoonotic potential SO PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID INTESTINAL MICROSPORIDIOSIS; 1ST DETECTION; HIGH PREVALENCE; FECAL SAMPLES; SURFACE-WATER; DIARRHEA; PIGS; INFECTIONS; GENOTYPES; STRAINS AB In this study, 338 fecal samples were analyzed for Enterocytozoon bieneusi from cattle farms in Florida, Maryland, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Portugal. The internal transcribed spacer region (392 bp) of the rRNA gene of E. bieneusi was amplified using a nested PCR protocol. Thirty-two E. bieneusi-PCR positive samples were sequenced. A high degree of genetic polymorphism represented by five distinct genotypes (BEB1-BEB5) was found among the E. bieneusi isolates from cattle. Most of the isolates formed a distinct cluster consisting of only the four cattle genotypes, but six isolates of a genotype clustered together with E. bieneusi genotypes from humans and other domestic animals. Therefore only some E. bieneusi isolates from cattle may be of public health importance. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Environm Microbial Safety Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS, STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Nova Lisboa, Inst higiene & Med Trop, UPMM, Unidade Protozoarios Oportunistas VIH & Outras Pr, P-1200 Lisbon, Portugal. RP Xiao, LH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM lxiao@cdc.gov RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013; MATOS, OLGA/J-8859-2012; Yang, Chunfu/G-6890-2013; OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727; MATOS, OLGA/0000-0001-5793-7716 NR 26 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0932-0113 J9 PARASITOL RES JI Parasitol. Res. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 92 IS 4 BP 328 EP 334 DI 10.1007/s00436-003-1049-5 PG 7 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 807GV UT WOS:000220490900009 PM 14727187 ER PT J AU Posedi, J Drogemuller, M Schnieder, T Hoglund, J Lichtenfels, JR von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G AF Posedi, J Drogemuller, M Schnieder, T Hoglund, J Lichtenfels, JR von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G TI Microchip capillary electrophoresis-based genetic comparison of closely related cyathostomin nematode parasites of horses using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction SO PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CYLICOCYCLUS-ASHWORTHI NEMATODA; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; AGILENT-2100 BIOANALYZER; STRONGYLOID NEMATODES; PHYLOGENETIC TREES; FREEWARE PROGRAM; DOMESTIC-FOWL; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; SEQUENCE DATA; RAPD ANALYSIS AB The microchip-based capillary electrophoresis technology represents a valuable recent development for the analysis of complex DNA banding patterns. We have used this technology for the differentiation of the closely related cyathostomin species Cylicocyclus elongatus and C. insigne from the horse. We found that the Agilent 2100 bioanalyser in combination with the DNA 7500 Lab Chip were suited to perform a phylogenetic DNA fingerprinting analysis of the parasite species studied. The analysis of the electrophoretic data was optimised and it was possible to resolve a phylogenetic tree where all 12 individual worms of the two Cylicocyclus species studied were assigned to their species as determined by microscopic identification based on morphological traits. Thus, our data indicated that the procedure described here provides an additional powerful tool that can be employed for species delineation of closely related strains or species, such as the two taxa of Cylicocyclus investigated in the present study. Furthermore, by determining the second internal transcribed spacer region of three and nine individual worms for C. elongatus and C. insigne, respectively, low intraspecific variations of only up to 0.3% were demonstrated. C1 Hannover Sch Vet Med, Inst Parasitol, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. Univ Ljubljana, Vet Fac Ljubljana, Inst Microbiol & Parasitol, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Univ Leipzig, Fac Vet Med, Inst Parasitol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. Natl Vet Inst, Dept Parasitol, SWEPAR, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Uppsala, Sweden. ARS, Anim Parasit Dis Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G (reprint author), Hannover Sch Vet Med, Inst Parasitol, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. EM gvsamson@tiho-hannover.de RI von Samson, Georg/R-1123-2016 NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0932-0113 EI 1432-1955 J9 PARASITOL RES JI Parasitol. Res. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 92 IS 5 BP 421 EP 429 DI 10.1007/s00436-003-1067-3 PG 9 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 808JA UT WOS:000220564200011 PM 14963773 ER PT J AU Orellana, RA Kimball, SR Nguyen, HV Bush, JA Suryawan, A Thivierge, MC Jefferson, LS Davis, TA AF Orellana, RA Kimball, SR Nguyen, HV Bush, JA Suryawan, A Thivierge, MC Jefferson, LS Davis, TA TI Regulation of muscle protein synthesis in neonatal pigs during prolonged endotoxemia SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION; AMINO-ACIDS; SEPSIS; TISSUES; GLUCOSE; RATS; MECHANISMS AB In adults, protein synthesis in skeletal muscle is reduced by as much as 50% after a septic challenge, and is associated with repression of translation initiation. Neonates are highly anabolic and their muscle protein synthesis rates are elevated and uniquely sensitive to amino acid and insulin stimulation. In the present study, neonatal piglets were infused with Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) for 20 h at 0 (n = 6) and 13 mug/kg.h (n = 8). During the last 2 h, dextrose and an amino acid mixture were infused to attain fed plasma concentrations of amino acids, glucose, and insulin. Fractional protein synthesis rates and translational control mechanisms were examined. LPS reduced protein synthesis in glycolytic muscles by only 13% and had no significant effect in oxidative muscles. This depression was associated with reductions in the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 (-31%) and S6 K1 (-78%), and a decrease in eIF4G binding to eIF4E (-62%), an event required for formation of the active mRNA binding complex. By comparison, LPS increased protein synthesis in the liver (+29%), spleen (+32%), and kidney (+27%), and in the liver, this increase was associated with augmented eIF4G to eIF4E binding (+88%). In muscle and liver, LPS did not alter eIF2B activity, an event that regulates initiator met-tRNA(i) binding to the 40S ribosomal complex. These findings suggest that during sustained endotoxemia, the high rate of neonatal muscle protein synthesis is largely maintained in the presence of substrate supply, despite profound changes in translation initiation factors that modulate the mRNA binding step in translation initiation. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA, ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Pediat Crit Care Sect, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Penn State Univ, Coll Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. RP Davis, TA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA, ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM tdavis@bcm.tmc.edu FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474, AR4447]; NICHD NIH HHS [T32 HD07445]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK13499, DK15658] NR 48 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT PEDIATRIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 USA SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 55 IS 3 BP 442 EP 449 DI 10.1203/01.PDR.0000110526.02282.F3 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 776HR UT WOS:000189111000016 PM 14681494 ER PT J AU Zavaleta, N Abrams, S Lonnerdal, B AF Zavaleta, N Abrams, S Lonnerdal, B TI Effect of wheat flour fortification with iron with and without zinc, vitamin A and folic acid on serum copper in Peruvian infants SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 41st Annual Meeting of the Latin-American-Society-for-Paediatric-Research (LASPR) CY OCT, 2003 CL MARBELLA, CHILE C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Inst Invest Nutr, Lima, Peru. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT PEDIATRIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 USA SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 55 IS 3 MA 16 BP 530 EP 530 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 776HR UT WOS:000189111000044 ER PT J AU Malone, RW Ahuja, LR Ma, LW Wauchope, RD Ma, QL Rojas, KW AF Malone, RW Ahuja, LR Ma, LW Wauchope, RD Ma, QL Rojas, KW TI Application of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) to pesticide fate and transport: an overview SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE model validation; RZWQM; pesticide sorption; pesticide kinetics; pesticide degradation ID FIELD-MEASURED DATA; SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE; MACROPORE TRANSPORT; ATRAZINE TRANSPORT; NITRATE MOVEMENT; SOIL; MANAGEMENT; COMPONENT; MSEA; GROUNDWATER AB Pesticide transport models are tools used to develop improved pesticide management strategies, study pesticide processes under different conditions (management, soils, climates, etc) and illuminate aspects of a system in need of more field or laboratory study. This paper briefly overviews RZWQM history and distinguishing features, overviews key RZWQM components and reviews RZWQM validation studies. RZWQM is a physically based agricultural systems model that includes sub-models to simulate: infiltration, runoff, water distribution and chemical movement in the soil; macropore flow and chemical movement through macropores; evapotranspiration (ET); heat transport; plant growth; organic matter/nitrogen cycling; pesticide processes; chemical transfer to runoff, and the effect of agricultural management practices on these processes. Research to date shows that if key input parameters are calibrated, RZWQM can adequately simulate the processes involved with pesticide transport (ET, soil-water content, percolation and runoff, plant growth and pesticide fate). A review of the validation studies revealed that (1) accurate parameterization of restricting soil layers (low permeability horizons) may improve simulated soil-water content; (2) simulating pesticide sorption kinetics may improve simulated soil pesticide concentration with time (persistence) and depth and (3) calibrating the pesticide half-life is generally necessary for accurate pesticide persistence simulations. This overview/review provides insight into the processes involved with the RZWQM pesticide component and helps identify model weaknesses, model strengths and successful modeling strategies. Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA, ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, ARS, GPSR, Ft Collins, CO USA. USDA, ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA USA. Environm & Turf Serv, Inc Wheaton, MD USA. RP Malone, RW (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM malone@nstl.gov NR 61 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 28 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 60 IS 3 BP 205 EP 221 DI 10.1002/ps.789 PG 17 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 777NL UT WOS:000189184400001 PM 15025234 ER PT J AU Wauchope, RD Rojas, KW Ahuja, LR Ma, Q Malone, RW Ma, LW AF Wauchope, RD Rojas, KW Ahuja, LR Ma, Q Malone, RW Ma, LW TI Documenting the pesticide processes module of the ARS RZWQM agroecosystem model SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE computer model; RZWQM; pesticide persistence; pesticide pollution; non-point pollution; pesticide leaching; pesticide runoff; pesticide application; pesticide volatilization; pesticide application; pesticide sorption ID WATER-QUALITY MODEL; HENRYS LAW CONSTANTS; ADSORPTION-DESORPTION; SIMULATION-MODEL; HERBICIDE INCORPORATION; METRIBUZIN DEGRADATION; METSULFURON-METHYL; CONCEPTUAL MODELS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; FOLIAR WASHOFF AB We describe the theory and current development state of the pesticide process module of the USDA-Agricultural Research Service Root Zone Water Quality Model, or RZWQM. Several processes which are significant in determining the fate of a pesticide application are included together in this module for the first time, including application technique, root uptake, ionic dissociation, soil depth dependence of persistence, volatilization, wicking upward in soil and aging of residues. The pesticide module requires a large number of parameters to run (as does the RZWQM model as a whole) and it is becoming clear that RZWQM will find most interest and use as part of a 'scenario' in which all data requirements are supplied and the predictions of the system compared with a real (usually partial) data set. Such a scenario may then be modified to examine the response of the system to changes in inputs. It also has significant potential as a technology transfer or teaching tool, providing detailed understanding of a specific agronomic system and its potential impacts on the environment. Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA, ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. USDA, ARS, Great Plains Syst Res, Ft Collins, CO USA. Environm & Turf Serv Inc, Wheaton, MD USA. USDA, ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA USA. RP Wauchope, RD (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, POB 746, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. EM don@tifton.usda.gov NR 157 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 60 IS 3 BP 222 EP 239 DI 10.1002/ps.814 PG 18 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 777NL UT WOS:000189184400002 PM 15025235 ER PT J AU Ma, Q Wauchope, RD Rojas, KW Ahuja, LR Ma, L Malone, RW AF Ma, Q Wauchope, RD Rojas, KW Ahuja, LR Ma, L Malone, RW TI The pesticide module of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM): testing and sensitivity analysis of selected algorithms for pesticide, fate and surface runoff SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE RZWQM; sensitivity analysis; pesticide runoff; pesticide dissipation; chlorpyrifos; alachlor; atrazine; flumetsulam ID IONIZABLE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ESTIMATING SOIL-WATER; FIELD SOILS; MATHEMATICAL-MODEL; TRANSPORT; INFILTRATION; EQUILIBRIUM; GROUNDWATER; SORPTION; EQUATION AB The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) is a one-dimensional, numerical model for simulating water movement and chemical transport under a variety of management and weather scenarios at the field scale. The pesticide module of RZWQM includes detailed algorithms that describe the complex interactions between pesticides and the environment. We have simulated a range of situations with RZWQM, including foliar interception and washoff of a multiply applied insecticide (chlorpyrifos) to growing corn, and herbicides (alachlor, atrazine, flumetsulam) with pH-dependent soil sorption, to examine whether the model appears to generate reasonable results. The model was also tested using chlorpyrifos and flumetsulam for the sensitivity of its predictions of chemical fate and water and pesticide runoff to various input parameters. The model appears to generate reasonable representations of the fate and partitioning of surface- and foliar-applied chemicals, and the sorption of weakly acidic or basic pesticides, processes that are becoming increasingly important for describing adequately the environmental behavior of newer pesticides. However, the kinetic sorption algorithms for charged pesticides appear to be faulty. Of the 29 parameters and variables analyzed, chlorpyrifos half-life, the Freundlich adsorption exponent, the fraction of kinetic sorption sites, air temperature, soil bulk density, soil-water content at 33 kPa suction head and rainfall were most sensitive for predictions of chlorpyrifos residues in soil. The latter three inputs and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil and surface crusts were most sensitive for predictions of surface water runoff and water-phase loss of chlorpyrifos. In addition, predictions of flumetsulam (a weak acid) runoff and dynamics in soil were sensitive to the Freundlich equilibrium adsorption constant, soil pH and its dissociation coefficient. (C) Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Environm & Turf Serv Inc, Wheaton, MD 20902 USA. USDA, Tifton, GA USA. USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. USDA, Ames, IA USA. RP Ma, Q (reprint author), Environm & Turf Serv Inc, 11141 Georgia Ave,Suite 208, Wheaton, MD 20902 USA. EM qinglima@aol.com NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 20 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 60 IS 3 BP 240 EP 252 DI 10.1002/ps.790 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 777NL UT WOS:000189184400003 PM 15025236 ER PT J AU Malone, RW Ma, LW Don Wauchope, R Ahuja, LR Rojas, KW Ma, QL Warner, R Byers, M AF Malone, RW Ma, LW Don Wauchope, R Ahuja, LR Rojas, KW Ma, QL Warner, R Byers, M TI Modeling hydrology, metribuzin degradation and metribuzin transport in macroporous tilled and no-till silt loam soil using RZWQM SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE preferential flow; model validation; pesticide degradation; kinetic sorption ID SURFACE-APPLIED CHEMICALS; WATER-QUALITY MODEL; PESTICIDE; FLOW; RUNOFF; DISSIPATION; COMPONENT; MOVEMENT; GLEAMS AB Due to the complex nature of pesticide transport, process-based models can be difficult to use. For example, pesticide transport can be effected by macropore flow, and can be further complicated by sorption, desorption and degradation occurring at different rates in different soil compartments. We have used the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) to investigate these phenomena with field data that included two management conditions (till and no-till) and metribuzin concentrations in percolate, runoff and soil. Metribuzin degradation and transport were simulated using three pesticide sorption models available in RZWQM: (a) instantaneous equilibrium-only (EO); (b) equilibrium-kinetic (EK, includes sites with slow desorption and no degradation); (c) equilibrium-bound (EB, includes irreversibly bound sites with relatively slow degradation). Site-specific RZWQM input included water retention curves from four soil depths, saturated hydraulic conductivity from four soil depths and the metribuzin partition coefficient. The calibrated parameters were macropore radius, surface crust saturated hydraulic conductivity, kinetic parameters, irreversible binding parameters and metribuzin half-life. The results indicate that (1) simulated metribuzin persistence was more accurate using the EK (root mean square error, RMSE = 0.03 kg ha(-1)) and EB (RMSE = 0.03 kg ha(-1)) sorption models compared to the EO (RMSE = 0.08 kg ha(-1)) model because of slowing metribuzin degradation rate with time and (2) simulating macropore flow resulted in prediction of metribuzin transport in percolate over the simulation period within a factor of two of that observed using all three pesticide sorption models. Moreover, little difference in simulated daily transport was observed between the three pesticide sorption models, except that the EB model substantially under-predicted metribuzin transport in runoff and percolate > 30 days after application when transported concentrations were relatively low. This suggests that when macropore flow and hydrology are accurately simulated, metribuzin transport in the field may be adequately simulated using a relatively simple, equilibrium-only pesticide model. Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA, ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, ARS, Great Plains Syst Res, Ft Collins, CO USA. USDA, ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA USA. Environm & Turf Serv Inc, Wheaton, MD USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Biosyst & Agr Engn, Lexington, KY USA. Zoeller Co, Louisville, KY USA. RP Malone, RW (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM malone@nstl.gov NR 29 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 19 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 60 IS 3 BP 253 EP 266 DI 10.1002/ps.738 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 777NL UT WOS:000189184400004 PM 15025237 ER PT J AU Ma, QL Wauchope, RD Ma, L Rojas, KW Malone, RW Ahuja, LR AF Ma, QL Wauchope, RD Ma, L Rojas, KW Malone, RW Ahuja, LR TI Test of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) for predicting runoff of atrazine, alachlor and fenamiphos species from conventional-tillage corn mesoplots SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE model performance evaluation; RZWQM; daughter product formation and transport-; atrazine; alachlor; fenamiphos; fenamiphos sulfoxide; fenarniphos sulfone ID IONIZABLE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ESTIMATING SOIL-WATER; HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; SIMULATED-RAINFALL; FIELD SOILS; TRANSPORT; PESTICIDE; SORPTION; EQUILIBRIUM; DEGRADATION AB The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) is a comprehensive, integrated physical, biological and chemical process model that simulates plant growth and movement of water, nutrients and pesticides in a representative area of an agricultural system. We tested the ability of RZWQM to predict surface runoff losses of atrazine, alachlor, fenamiphos and two fenamiphos oxidative degradates against results from a 2-year mesoplot rainfall simulation experiment. Model inputs included site-specific soil properties and weather, but default values were used for most other parameters, including pesticide properties. No attempts were made to calibrate the model except for soil crust/seal hydraulic conductivity and an adjustment of pesticide persistence in near-surface soil. Approximately 2.5 ( +/-0.9), 3.0 ( +/-0.8) and 0.3 ( +/-0.2)% of the applied alachlor, atrazine and fenamiphos were lost in surface water runoff, respectively. Runoff losses in the 'critical' events-those occurring 24h after pesticide application-were respectively 91 ( +/-5), 86 ( +/-6) and 96 ( +/-3)% of total runoff losses for these pesticides. RZWQM adequately predicted runoff water volumes, giving a predicted/observed ratio of 1.2 (+/-0.5) for all events. Predicted pesticide concentrations and loads from the 'critical' events were generally within a factor of 2, but atrazine losses from these events were underestimated, which was probably a formulation effect, and fenamiphos losses were overestimated due to rapid oxidation. The ratios of predicted to measured pesticide concentrations in all runoff events varied between 0.2 and 147, with an average of 7. Large over-predictions of pesticide runoff occurred in runoff events later in the season when both loads and concentrations were small. The normalized root mean square error for pesticide runoff concentration predictions varied between 42 and 122%, with an average of 84%. Pesticide runoff loads were predicted with a similar accuracy. These results indicate that the soil-water mixing model used in RZWQM is a robust predictor of pesticide entrainment and runoff. Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Environm & Turf Serv Inc, Wheaton, MD 20902 USA. USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Ma, QL (reprint author), Environm & Turf Serv Inc, Wheaton, MD 20902 USA. EM qinglima@aol.com NR 56 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 15 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 60 IS 3 BP 267 EP 276 DI 10.1002/ps.846 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 777NL UT WOS:000189184400005 PM 15025238 ER PT J AU Malone, RW Weatherington-Rice, J Shipitalo, MJ Fausey, N Ma, LW Ahuja, LR Wauchope, RD Ma, QL AF Malone, RW Weatherington-Rice, J Shipitalo, MJ Fausey, N Ma, LW Ahuja, LR Wauchope, RD Ma, QL TI Herbicide leaching as affected by macropore flow and within-storm rainfall intensity variation: a RZWQM simulation SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE modeling; preferential flow; water quality; infiltration and seepage; agricultural hydrology ID NO-TILL SOIL; SURFACE-APPLIED CHEMICALS; WATER-QUALITY MODEL; GLACIAL TILL; TRANSPORT; EARTHWORM; ATRAZINE; MOVEMENT; COMPONENT; SORPTION AB Within-event variability in rainfall intensity may affect pesticide leaching rates in soil, but most laboratory studies of pesticide leaching use a rainfall simulator operating at constant rainfall intensity, or cover the soil with ponded water. This is especially true in experiments where macropores are present-macroporous soils present experimental complexities enough without the added complexity of variable rainfall intensity. One way to get around this difficulty is to use a suitable pesticide transport model, calibrate it to describe accurately a fixed-intensity experiment, and then explore the affects of within-event rainfall intensity variation on pesticide leaching through macropores. We used the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) to investigate the effect of variable rainfall intensity on alachlor and atrazine transport through macropores. Data were used from an experiment in which atrazine and alachlor were surface-applied to 30 x 30 x 30 cm undisturbed blocks of two macroporous silt loam soils from glacial till regions. One hour later the blocks were subjected to 30-mm simulated rain with constant intensity for 0.5 h. Percolate was collected and analyzed from 64 square cells at the base of the blocks. RZWQM was calibrated to describe accurately the atrazine and alachlor leaching data, and then a median Mid-west variable-intensity storm, in which the initial intensity was high, was simulated. The variable-intensity storm more than quadrupled alachlor losses and almost doubled atrazine losses in one soil over the constant-intensity storm of the same total depth. Also rainfall intensity may affect percolate-producing macroporosity and consequently pesticide transport through macropores. For example, under variable rainfall intensity RZWQM predicted the alachlor concentration to be 2.7 mug ml(-1) with an effective macroporosity of 2.2 E-4 cm(3) cm(-3) and 1.4 mug ml(-1) with an effective macroporosity of 4.6 E-4 cm(3) cm(-3). Percolate-producing macroporosity and herbicide leaching under different rainfall intensity patterns, however, are not well understood. Clearly, further investigation of rainfall intensity variation on pesticide leaching through macropores is needed. (C) Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA, ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Bennett & Williams Environm Consultants Inc, Columbus, OH USA. USDA, ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH USA. USDA, ARS, Soil Drainage Res Unit, Columbus, OH USA. USDA, ARS, Great Plains Syst Res, Ft Collins, CO USA. USDA, ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA USA. Environm & Turf Serv Inc, Wheaton, MD USA. RP Malone, RW (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM malone@nstl.gov OI Shipitalo, Martin/0000-0003-4775-7345 NR 35 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 15 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 60 IS 3 BP 277 EP 285 DI 10.1002/ps.791 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 777NL UT WOS:000189184400006 PM 15025239 ER PT J AU Menasseri, S Koskinen, WC Yen, PY AF Menasseri, S Koskinen, WC Yen, PY TI Sorption of aged dicamba residues in soil SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sorption; degradation; dicamba; herbicide ID 3,6-DICHLOROSALICYLIC ACID; HERBICIDE DICAMBA; WHEAT STRAW; HEAVY CLAY; DEGRADATION; TRANSPORT; ISOPROTURON; ADSORPTION; 2,4-D; DESORPTION AB The effect of aging (residence time in soil) on dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) and a major metabolite, 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid (3,6-DCSA) sorption was determined in an unamended and a carbon-amended sandy loam and in a silt loam soil. During the incubation, sequential solvent extraction with 0.01 M calcium chloride solution and aqueous acetonitrile + hydrochloric acid was used to determine the solution and sorbed concentrations of dicamba and 3,6-DSCA, and sorption coefficients were calculated. Dicamba was weakly sorbed to soil (K-d < 0.7). In contrast to some other classes of pesticides, sorption of dicamba did not significantly increase with aging, at least not until <15% of the applied dicamba remained. 3,6-DSCA was strongly sorbed to soil (K-d > 8) and the Kd-a value increased by a factor of 2-6 during a 28-day aging period. Addition of a carbon source to the soil had minimal effect on the strength of sorption of aged dicamba. However, it did appear to decrease 3,6-DSCA availability to soil micro-organisms; once formed 3,6-DSCA was not further mineralized. While it appears that sorption can be well characterized for weakly sorbed pesticides using the batch equilibration method with freshly treated soils, this procedure may not be adequate for more strongly sorbed pesticides and their degradates. (C) 2003 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ENSAR, Lab Sci Vegetal, Rennes, France. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Koskinen, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1991 Upper Buford Cir,Rm 439, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM koskinen@soils.umn.edu RI UMR SAS, INRA/L-1751-2013; UMR SAS, MOsol/M-5051-2013 NR 44 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 15 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 60 IS 3 BP 297 EP 304 DI 10.1002/ps.773 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 777NL UT WOS:000189184400009 PM 15025242 ER PT J AU Anderson, JV Davis, DG AF Anderson, JV Davis, DG TI Abiotic stress alters transcript profiles and activity of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in Euphorbia esula SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID MAIZE ZEA-MAYS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; MOLECULAR-CLONING; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; DICLOFOP-METHYL; GENE FAMILY; EXPRESSION; ETHYLENE; L.; PURIFICATION AB Glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR) are enzymes that utilize glutathione to play an important role in plant defense mechanisms. In leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.), transcript and activity profiles for these enzymes are differentially influenced in tissue exposed to xenobiotic (diclofop-methyl) and environmental stress (cold and drought). Five different EeGST cDNA (including phi, tau, theta, and zeta class GSTs), one EeGPX cDNA, and one EeGR cDNA showed differential expression patterns in leafy spurge plants exposed to diclofop-methyl-, cold- and drought-stress. Tissue treated with diclofop-methyl also had increased GST, GPX and GR activities that were preceded or paralleled by increased gene expression. Transcript profiles resulting from drought-stressed plants were similar to transcript profiles from diclofop-methyl-treated plants but not cold-stressed plants. GPX activity in leafy spurge protein extracts was not bound to either S-hexylglutathione- or glutathione-agarose columns but instead co-migrated with fractions of GST activity that also were not bound by affinity chromatography. Fractions of GST proteins that were bound to S-hexylglutathione revealed that increased GST activity in diclofop-methyl-treated tissue could be identified as phi- and tau-type GSTs. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Anderson, JV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, 1605 Albrecht Blvd,POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. EM andersjv@fargo.ars.usda.gov OI Anderson, James/0000-0002-1801-5767 NR 49 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 120 IS 3 BP 421 EP 433 DI 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.00249.x PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 776WP UT WOS:000189142600008 ER PT J AU Shaner, DL AF Shaner, DL TI Precision weed management: The wave of the future or just a passing fad? SO PHYTOPARASITICA LA English DT Editorial Material ID HERBICIDES; CROPS; SOIL C1 USDA ARS, NPA Water Management Res, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Shaner, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NPA Water Management Res, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM dale.shaner@ars.usda.gov OI Shaner, Dale/0000-0003-4293-6133 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRIEL PUBL PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2385, REHOVOT 76120, ISRAEL SN 0334-2123 J9 PHYTOPARASITICA JI Phytoparasitica PD MAR PY 2004 VL 32 IS 2 BP 107 EP 110 DI 10.1007/BF02979774 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 804PQ UT WOS:000220311000001 ER PT J AU Fravel, DR Lewis, JA AF Fravel, DR Lewis, JA TI Effect of label and sublabel rates of metam sodium in combination with Trichoderma hamatum, T-harzianum, T-virens, T-viride on survival and growth of Rhizoctonia solani SO PHYTOPARASITICA LA English DT Article DE biological control; biocontrol; Trichoderma hamatum; Trichoderma harzianum; Trichoderma virens; Trichoderma viride; Rhizoctonia solani; metam sodium ID VERTICILLIUM-DAHLIAE; FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM; DAMPING-OFF; SOIL; GLIOCLADIUM; METHAM AB This work was undertaken to determine the effects of Trichoderma spp. combined with label and sublabel rates of metam sodium on survival of Rhizoctonia solani in soil. Soils were infested with wheat bran preparations of Trichoderma hamatum Tri-4, T harzianum Th-58, T virens G1-3, and T viride Ts-1-R3. Soil was also infested with sterile beet seeds that were colonized with R. solani. Beet seeds were later recovered, plated onto water agar plus antibiotics, and the growth of R. solani was recorded. Preliminary experiments showed that T. hamatum and T virens reduced survival and saprophytic activity of R. solani when the biocontrol fungi were incorporated into soil at 1.5% (w:w) or greater. Based on these data, biocontrol fungi in subsequent experiments were incorporated into soil at 2%. Metam sodium at label rate killed all biocontrol fungi and R. solani. At 1:2 and 1:5 dilutions, metam sodium reduced survival of R. solani and all Trichoderma spp. When biocontrol fungi plus the label rate of metam sodium and 1:5, 1:10, 1:50 or 1:100 dilutions of the label rate were tested together, there were no interactions between any biocontrol agent and the fumigant with respect to colony diameter, reflecting that all Trichoderma isolates tested reacted similarly to increasing concentrations of metam sodium. At the label rate of metam sodium, all Trichoderma spp. significantly reduced colony diameter, but not growth rate, of R. solani from beet seed. For the levels of metam sodium tested in combination with Trichoderma, it does not appear feasible to use a reduced rate of metam sodium to control R. solani. However, the combination of Trichoderma with metam sodium does reduce growth of R. solani in comparison with that provided by metam sodium at the label rate. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fravel, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM fraveld@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU PRIEL PUBL PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2385, REHOVOT 76120, ISRAEL SN 0334-2123 J9 PHYTOPARASITICA JI Phytoparasitica PD MAR PY 2004 VL 32 IS 2 BP 111 EP 118 DI 10.1007/BF02979775 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 804PQ UT WOS:000220311000002 ER PT J AU Clements, MJ Maragos, CA Pataky, JK White, DG AF Clements, MJ Maragos, CA Pataky, JK White, DG TI Sources of resistance to fumonisin accumulation in grain and fusarium ear and kernel rot of corn SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE F. moniliforme; F. verticillioides; Gibberella fujikuroi; maize ID SWEET CORN; AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION; ESOPHAGEAL CANCER; MAIZE EARS; MONILIFORME; INFECTION; INHERITANCE; MYCOTOXINS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; TRANSKEI AB Fumonisin is a group Of homologous mycotoxins produced by several species of Fusarium. Fumonisin has been associated with Fusarium ear and kernel rot of corn (Zea mays) and several toxicoses of animals and humans. Corn inbreds with a high level of resistance to fumonisin Production and accumulation in grain have not been identified. The objective Of this Study wits to evaluate a genetically diverse collection of inbreds as potential sources of resistance to fumonisin production and accumulation in grain and Fusarium car and kernel rot when crossed with a commercial "B73-type" line. F, hybrids developed with the inbred FR1064 and 1,589 and 1,030 inbreds were evaluated in inoculated and naturally infected trials, respectively, in 2000. Thirty-five F-1 hybrids with fumonisin concentration in grain of less than or equal to5 mug/g in both trials were selected. Inbreds from which these 35 F-1 hybrids were produced included yellow-, white-, and red-kernelled lines; flint and dent lines: and early- through late-maturing lines. fit 2001, low fumonisin concentration in grain and low ear rot severity were associated with several of the F-1 hybrids and their distinct F-2, and backcross to FR1064 generations. This suggests that several dominant genes are involved in resistance and that alleles for resistance from these inbreds can be transferred to FR1064. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Clements, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM mclements@ars.usda.gov NR 54 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 2004 VL 94 IS 3 BP 251 EP 260 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.3.251 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 807WV UT WOS:000220532500006 PM 18943973 ER PT J AU Jia, YL Wang, ZH Fjellstrom, RG Moldenhauer, KAK Azam, MA Correll, J Lee, FN Xia, YW Rutger, JN AF Jia, YL Wang, ZH Fjellstrom, RG Moldenhauer, KAK Azam, MA Correll, J Lee, FN Xia, YW Rutger, JN TI Rice Pi-ta gene confers resistance to the major pathotypes of the rice blast fungus in the United States SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oryza sativa; pyricularia ID ORYZA-SATIVA L.; MAGNAPORTHE-GRISEA; PYRICULARIA-GRISEA; FIELD-RESISTANCE; DEFENSE RESPONSES; DRAFT SEQUENCE; AVIRULENCE; MARKERS; GENOME; LOCUS AB The Pi-ta gene in rice prevents the infection by Magnaporthe grisea strains containing the AVR-Pita avirulence gene. The presence of Pi-ta in rice cultivars was correlated completely with resistance to two major pathotypes. IB-49 and IC-17, common in the U.S. blast pathogen population. The inheritance of resistance to IC-17 was investigated further using, a marker for the resistant Pi-ta allele in an F-2 population of 1,345 progeny from a cross of cv. Katy with experimental line RU9101001 possessing and lacking, respectively, the Pi-ta resistance gene. Resistance to IC-17 was conferred by a single dominant gene and Pi-ta was not detected in Susceptible individuals. A second F-2 Population of 377 individuals from a reciprocal cross between Katy and RU9101001 was used to verify the conclusion that resistance to IC-17 was conferred by a single dominant gene. In this cross. individuals resistant to IC-17 also were resistant to IB-49. The presence of Pi-ta and resistance to IB-49 also was correlated with additional crosses between 'Kaybonnet' and 'M-204'. which also possess and lack Pi-ta, respectively. A pair of primers that specifically amplified a susceptible pi-ta allele was developed to verify the absence of Pi-ta. We suggest that Pi-la is responsible for resistance to IB-49 and IC-17 and that both races contain AVR-Pita genes. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. Zhejiang Univ, Inst Nucl Agr Sci, Hangzhou 310029, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Rice Res Unit, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. Univ Arkansas, Rice Res & Extens Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. Bangladesh Inst Nucl Agr, Mymensingh 2200, Bangladesh. Univ Arkansas, Dept Plant Pathol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Jia, YL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. EM yjia@spa.ars.usda.gov NR 49 TC 41 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 2004 VL 94 IS 3 BP 296 EP 301 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.3.296 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 807WV UT WOS:000220532500011 PM 18943978 ER PT J AU Pfender, WF AF Pfender, WF TI Role of phenology in host susceptibility and within-plant spread of stem rust during reproductive development of perennial ryegrass SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE graminae; wheat ID F-SP TRITICI; WETNESS DURATION; LOW RECEPTIVITY; LEAF POSITION; RESISTANCE; INFECTION; AGE; TEMPERATURE; PERIOD; WHEAT AB Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was inoculated with urediniospores of Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola at four stages of reproductive tiller development. All developmental stages, from expansion of the penultimate leaf through anthesis. were equally Susceptible to infection measured as number of pustules per total inoculated plant area. However, within each stage from boot through anthesis, there was a negative correlation of susceptibility with age of host tissue, the highest disease severities occurring on expanding or newly expanded leaves, or inflorescences. Within-plant spread of the disease from primary lesions on the flag leaf sheath to the elongating stem of the inflorescence was observed and verified. A single primary infection on the leaf sheath can produce an elongated strip of contiguous secondary infections on the inflorescence head and stein, which is a characteristic sign of stein rust. Position and timing of eruption of the secondary Pustules on the stem can be explained by assuming that infections occur on the stein slightly distal to the overlying sheath lesion and erupt one latent period later, by which time tiller elongation has moved the stem infection site upward. Repeated infections occur as the stem elongates, producing contiguous lesions. Expansion rate and final lesion area on the stein were correlated with elongation rate of the inflorescence. Microscopic observation of plant tissue sections revealed that the fungus sporulates on the inner surface of the sheath, and germinating urediniospores are attached to the stem surface under the covering sheath starting I to 2 cm distal to the location of the sheath infection site. C1 Oregon State Univ, Res Serv, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, USDA,ARS,Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pfender, WF (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Res Serv, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, USDA,ARS,Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM pfenderw@onid.orst.edu NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 2004 VL 94 IS 3 BP 308 EP 316 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.3.308 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 807WV UT WOS:000220532500013 PM 18943980 ER PT J AU Zale, JM Borchardt-Wier, H Kidwell, KK Steber, CM AF Zale, JM Borchardt-Wier, H Kidwell, KK Steber, CM TI Callus induction and plant regeneration from mature embryos of a diverse set of wheat genotypes SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Article DE callus induction; mature embryo; plant regeneration; Triticum species; wheat ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; CULTURE AB This paper compared the behavior of a diverse set of wheat genotypes in their tissue culture response. Significant differences were detected in plant regeneration, culture efficiency, and regeneration capacity when mature embryos of 47 wheat cultivars, breeding lines, and the common wheat progenitors, Triticum monococcum, T. tauschii, and Aegilops speltoides were compared. Although not currently used in wheat tissue culture, mature embryo-derived callus of cv. 'Zak' (SWS), 'Scarlet' (HRS), 'Tara' (SWS), 'Jagger' (HRW), 'UC 1036' (HRS), and 'Kyle' durum showed better or comparable plant regeneration than commonly cultured cultivars 'Fielder' and 'Bobwhite.' Of the three diploid wheat progenitors tested, Ae. speltoides regenerated the most plants. In one replicated experiment, callus induction was correlated with culture efficiency (r = 0.42; p = 0.002) and regeneration capacity (r = 0.39; p = 0.002), and in a second larger screen, callus induction correlated with the total number of plants regenerated (r = 0.6; p = 0.001). Immature and mature embryos of 'Bobwhite' and 'Crocus' were compared for callus induction and plant regeneration. Immature embryos were superior explants in terms of plant regeneration. However, sufficient numbers of plants can be regenerated from mature embryos saving on growth facility resources and time required for the collection of immature embryos. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Wheat Genet Qual Physiol & Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Zale, JM (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, 252 Ellington Plant Sci,2431 Ctr Way, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 10 TC 33 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 76 IS 3 BP 277 EP 281 DI 10.1023/B:TICU.0000009248.32457.4c PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 754WR UT WOS:000187356200005 ER PT J AU McVey, DV Nazim, M Leonard, KJ Long, DL AF McVey, DV Nazim, M Leonard, KJ Long, DL TI Patterns of virulence diversity in Puccinia triticina on wheat in Egypt and the United States in 1998-2000 SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE primary inoculum; race-specific resistance ID LEAF RUST AB Frequent epidemics of leaf rust in Egypt have been attributed to the appearance of new races virulent on commonly grown wheat cultivars. In 1998, 1999, and 2000, 726 isolates of Puccinia triticina collected in Egypt were tested on a set of 20 single Lr gene differential wheat lines, and '160 races were identified. Three races, MBDLQ, MCDLQ, and TCDMQ, were found in Egypt in all 3 years. Race MCDLQ occurred at >20% frequency each year. Virulences to wheat lines with Lr1, 3, 10, 14b, 15, 17, 23, and 26 occurred at >45% each year. Seven races found in Egypt also were found in either Israel, Sudan, Turkey, or Romania in 1998 or 1999, although the one race common to Sudan and Egypt was rare in Egypt (only 1 year, <1%). Four races found in Israel also were found in Egypt, and the similarity of virulence frequencies in Israel and Egypt indicate at least some exchange of inoculum. Romania and Turkey did not appear to be major sources of inoculum for leaf rust epidemics in Egypt. The level of genetic diversity in leaf rust collections in Egypt in 1998 to 2000 was similar to that of collections from the Southern and Central Plains of the United States in 1998 to 2000. The high diversity of races and the recurrence of common races in each year in Egypt as in the Southern and Central Plains of the United States is consistent with oversummer survival of P. triticina within Egypt or in a neighboring country. The buildup of races virulent on cultivars with the most commonly used Lr genes for resistance in Egypt also is consistent with year-round survival within Egypt or cyclical exchange of inoculum between Egypt and a neighboring country. C1 USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Menoufia Univ, Fac Agr, Shibin El Kom, Egypt. RP Leonard, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM kurtl@umn.edu NR 20 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 88 IS 3 BP 271 EP 279 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.3.271 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 804QR UT WOS:000220313700007 ER PT J AU Copes, WE Hendrix, FF AF Copes, WE Hendrix, FF TI Effect of temperature on sporulation of Botryosphaeria dothidea, B-obtusa, and B-rhodina SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE black rot; bot canker; dieback ID PEACH-TREE GUMMOSIS; PHYSALOSPORA-OBTUSA; SPORE RELEASE; INFECTION; CONIDIA; ASCOSPORES; APPLE; PISTACHIO; ORCHARDS; DISEASE AB Three Botryosphaeria spp. were grown on autoclaved apple and peach stems in cotton-plugged tubes with constant moisture at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30degreesC to determine the effect of temperature on sporulation. Number of conidia per pycnidium was determined weekly from 4 to 10 weeks after inoculation. The experiment was repeated three times. Maximum sporulation occurred at 24degreesC with B. dothidea and at 18 and 24degreesC with B. obtusa. Spore production of both fungi showed a quadratic curvilinear response to temperature. Pycnidia were erumpent, typical of their habit in nature. Maximum sporulation of B. rhodina occurred at 12, 24, and 30degreesC instead of at a distinctive peak. Of the three fungi, B. rhodina produced the greatest number of conidia per pycnidium at all temperatures. Mycelia and pycnidia of B. rhodina grew on top of the bark, which is atypical of their habit in nature. For spore production by B. dothidea, there was a significant interaction between temperature and time. Maximum sporulation over the 10-week period occurred in week 4 and/or 6 for B. dothidea at 12, 18, and 24degreesC, with a linear response at 12 and 24degreesC (P less than or equal to 0.05). Conidial maturation of B. obtusa and B. rhodina had a quadratic curvilinear response due to temperature, with a maximum maturation at 12, 18, and 24degreesC with B. obtusa and at 24degreesC with B. rhodina. Spore maturation would affect longevity of conidial viability. Maximum spore production over time and percent pigmented spores over time by B. obtusa, and spore maturation over time by B. rhodina occurred in weeks 8, 9, and 10 with a significant linear response (P less than or equal to 0.05). All three Botryosphaeria spp. produced conidia over the 6 to 30degreesC range and over the 7-week period (weeks 4 to 10), with maximum sporulation or spore maturation at 18 to 24degreesC. C1 USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Copes, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. EM wcopes@ars.usda.gov NR 24 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 88 IS 3 BP 292 EP 296 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.3.292 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 804QR UT WOS:000220313700010 ER PT J AU Paulitz, TC Dugan, F Chen, W Grunwald, NJ AF Paulitz, TC Dugan, F Chen, W Grunwald, NJ TI First report of Pythium irregulare on lentils in the United States. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99163 USA. USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RI Grunwald, Niklaus/B-9535-2008; Grunwald, Niklaus/K-6041-2013; OI Grunwald, Niklaus/0000-0003-1656-7602; Grunwald, Niklaus/0000-0003-1656-7602; Paulitz, Timothy/0000-0002-8885-3803 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 88 IS 3 BP 310 EP 310 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.3.310A PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 804QR UT WOS:000220313700017 ER PT J AU Blodgett, JT Sullivan, KF AF Blodgett, JT Sullivan, KF TI First report of white pine blister rust on Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Hlth Management, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. RP Blodgett, JT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Hlth Management, 1730 Samco Rd, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. NR 2 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 88 IS 3 BP 311 EP 311 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.3.311A PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 804QR UT WOS:000220313700020 ER PT J AU Tsai, WS Shih, SL Green, SK Hanson, P Liu, HY AF Tsai, WS Shih, SL Green, SK Hanson, P Liu, HY TI First report of the occurrence of Tomato chlorosis virus and Tomato infectious chlorosis virus in Taiwan. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 Asian Vegetable Res & Dev Ctr, Tainan 741, Taiwan. USDA ARS, Salinas, CA USA. RP Tsai, WS (reprint author), Asian Vegetable Res & Dev Ctr, Tainan 741, Taiwan. NR 2 TC 25 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 88 IS 3 BP 311 EP 311 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.3.311B PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 804QR UT WOS:000220313700021 ER PT J AU Schornack, S Ballvora, A Gurlebeck, D Peart, J Baulcombe, D Ganal, M Baker, B Bonas, U Lahaye, T AF Schornack, S Ballvora, A Gurlebeck, D Peart, J Baulcombe, D Ganal, M Baker, B Bonas, U Lahaye, T TI The tomato resistance protein Bs4 is a predicted non-nuclear TIR-NB-LRR protein that mediates defense responses to severly truncated derivatives of AvrBs4 and overexpressed AvrBs3 (vol 37, pg 46, 2004) SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Genet, D-06120 Halle Saale, Germany. Inst Sci Vegetales, CNRS, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. John Innes Ctr, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England. IPK, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany. USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Lahaye, T (reprint author), Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Genet, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120 Halle Saale, Germany. RI Baker, Barbara/L-7198-2016; OI Baker, Barbara/0000-0002-1276-971X; Baulcombe, David/0000-0003-0780-6878 NR 1 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 37 IS 5 BP 787 EP 787 DI 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02045.x PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 772WN UT WOS:000188865200014 ER PT J AU Lopez-Millan, AF Ellis, DR Grusak, MA AF Lopez-Millan, AF Ellis, DR Grusak, MA TI Identification and characterization of several new members of the ZIP family of metal ion transporters in Medicago truncatula SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gene expression; Medicago truncatula; metals; plasma membrane; transporters; ZIP genes ID HYPERACCUMULATOR THLASPI-CAERULESCENS; ZINC-TRANSPORTER; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; GENE ENCODES; MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; IRON TRANSPORT; HEAVY-METALS; PROTEIN AB To broaden our understanding of micronutrient metal transport in plants, we have identified cDNAs for six new metal transporters in the model legume Medicago truncatula. All of the predicted proteins have high similarity to the ZIP protein family, and have been designated MtZIP1, MtZIP3, MtZIP4, MtZIP5, MtZIP6, and MtZIP7. The six predicted proteins ranged from 350 to 372 amino acids in length; sequence analysis revealed that all proteins contained eight transmembrane domains and the highly conserved ZIP signature motif. Most of the proteins also exhibited a histidine-rich region in the variable sequence between transmembrane domains III and IV. When MtZIPs were transformed into appropriate metal-uptake defective yeast mutants and grown on metal-limited media, MtZIP1, MtZIP5, and MtZIP6 proteins restored yeast growth on Zn-limited media, MtZIP4 and MtZIP7 proteins restored yeast growth on Mn-limited media, and MtZIP3, MtZIP5, and MtZIP6 proteins restored yeast growth on Fe-limited media. Therefore, we conclude that these proteins function as metal transporters in Medicago truncatula. The expression pattern for each gene was studied by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in roots and leaves from plants grown under various metal supplies. MtZIP1 transcripts were only detected in Zn-deficient roots and leaves. MtZIP3 and MtZIP4 expression was down regulated in leaves from Mn- and Fe-deficient plants and appeared to be upregulated under Zn-deficient conditions in both roots and leaves. MtZIP5 was upregulated in leaves under Zn and Mn deficiency. The expression of MtZIP6 and MtZIP7 was unaffected by the metal supply, at least in root and leaf tissues. Characterizing these proteins in a single organism will allow us to understand the interplay between various ZIP genes, and the role they play in the regulation/execution of plant metal homeostasis. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Grusak, MA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM mgrusak@bcm.tmc.edu RI Lopez-Millan, Ana-Flor/A-7744-2010 NR 64 TC 65 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 20 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 54 IS 4 BP 583 EP 596 DI 10.1023/B:PLAN.0000038271.96019.aa PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 846ZO UT WOS:000223358600008 PM 15316291 ER PT J AU McGrath, JM Shaw, RS de los Reyes, BG Weiland, JJ AF McGrath, JM Shaw, RS de los Reyes, BG Weiland, JJ TI Construction of a sugar beet BAC library from a hybrid with diverse traits SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER LA English DT Article DE BAC library; gene copy number; genetic resource; sugar beet; physical mapping ID BETA-VULGARIS; REGISTRATION; FRAGMENTS; GENOME AB A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of the 750-Mbp sugar beet genome represented in hybrid US H20 was constructed from Hind Ill-digested DNA, with an average insert size of 120 kbp. US H20 is a variety grown in the eastern United States. It exhibits heterosis for emergence and yield, presumably because of its hybridity between eastern and western US germplasm Sources. Filter arrays were used to assess the abundance and distribution of particular nucleotide sequences. An rRNA gene probe found that 1.2% of the library carried sequences similar to these highly repetitive and conserved sequences. A simple sequence repeat element (CA)8 thought to be predominantly distributed throughout centromere regions of all chromosomes was present in 1.7% of clones. For more than half of the 28 randomly chosen expressed sequence tags (ESTs) used as probes, a higher-than-expected number of single-copy hybridization signals was observed. Assuming 6x genome coverage, this suggests that many duplicate genes exist in the beet genome. C1 Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP McGrath, JM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, 494 Plant & Soil Sci Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM mitchmcg@msu.edu NR 21 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT SOC PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PI ATHENS PA UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT BIOCHEMISTRY, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA SN 0735-9640 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL REP JI Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 22 IS 1 BP 23 EP 28 DI 10.1007/BF02773345 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 834DR UT WOS:000222392300003 ER PT J AU Hammer, GL Sinclair, TR Chapman, SC van Oosterom, E AF Hammer, GL Sinclair, TR Chapman, SC van Oosterom, E TI On systems thinking, systems biology, and the in silico plant SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; WATER-DEFICIT; NETWORK; FUTURE; GROWTH; STRATEGIES; NITROGEN; MODELS AB The recent summary report of a Department of Energy Workshop on Plant Systems Biology (P.V. Minorsky [2003] Plant Physiol 132: 404-409) offered a welcomed advocacy for systems analysis as essential in understanding plant development, growth, and production. The goal of the Workshop was to consider methods for relating the results of molecular research to real-world challenges in plant production for increased food supplies, alternative energy sources, and environmental improvement. The rather surprising feature of this report, however, was that the Workshop largely overlooked the rich history of plant systems analysis extending over nearly 40 years (Sinclair and Seligman, 1996) that has considered exactly those challenges targeted by the Workshop. Past systems research has explored and incorporated biochemical and physiological knowledge into plant simulation models from a number of perspectives. The research has resulted in considerable understanding and insight about how to simulate plant systems and the relative contribution of various factors in influencing plant production. These past activities have contributed directly to research focused on solving the problems of increasing biomass production and crop yields. These modeling approaches are also now providing an avenue to enhance integration of molecular genetic technologies in plant improvement (Hammer et al., 2002). C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Commonwlth Sci & Ind Res Org Plant Ind, St Lucia, Qld, Australia. Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Agr Prod Syst Res Unit, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia. Univ Queensland, Sch Land & Food Sci, Agr Prod Syst Res Unit, St Lucia, Qld, Australia. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM trsincl@ifas.ufl.edu RI Hammer, Graeme/A-3785-2008; Chapman, Scott/B-9673-2008 OI Hammer, Graeme/0000-0002-1180-7374; Chapman, Scott/0000-0003-4732-8452 NR 25 TC 74 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 134 IS 3 BP 909 EP 911 DI 10.1104/pp.103.034827 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 805IQ UT WOS:000220360400005 PM 15020754 ER PT J AU Close, TJ Wanamaker, SI Caldo, RA Turner, SM Ashlock, DA Dickerson, JA Wing, RA Muehlbauer, GJ Kleinhofs, A Wise, RP AF Close, TJ Wanamaker, SI Caldo, RA Turner, SM Ashlock, DA Dickerson, JA Wing, RA Muehlbauer, GJ Kleinhofs, A Wise, RP TI A new resource for cereal genomics: 22K barley GeneChip comes of age SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HORDEUM-VULGARE L.; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAYS; DHN GENES; EXPRESSION; MAP AB In recent years, access to complete genomic sequences, coupled with rapidly accumulating data related to RNA and protein expression patterns, has made it possible to determine comprehensively how genes contribute to complex phenotypes. However, for major crop plants, publicly available, standard platforms for parallel expression analysis have been limited. We report the conception and design of the new publicly available, 22K Barley1 GeneChip probe array, a model for plants without a fully sequenced genome. Array content was derived from worldwide contribution of 350,000 high-quality ESTs from 84 cDNA libraries, in addition to 1,145 barley (Hordeum vulgare) gene sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology Information nonredundant database. Conserved sequences expressed in seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum), oat (Avena strigosa), rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and maize (Zea mays) were identified that will be valuable in the design of arrays across grasses. To enhance the usability of the data, BarleyBase, a MIAME-compliant, MySQL relational database, serves as a public repository for raw and normalized expression data from the Barley1 GeneChip probe array. Interconnecting links with PlantGDB and Gramene allow BarleyBase users to perform gene predictions using the 21,439 non-redundant Barley1 exemplar sequences or cross-species comparison at the genome level, respectively. We expect that this first generation array will accelerate hypothesis generation and gene discovery in disease defense pathways, responses to abiotic stresses, development, and evolutionary diversity in monocot plants. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ctr Plant Responses Environm Stresses, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Comp & Elect Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Math, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Interdepartmental Bioinformat & Computat Bio, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Arizona Genome Inst, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Wise, RP (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM rpwise@iastate.edu OI Wing, Rod/0000-0001-6633-6226 NR 27 TC 217 Z9 232 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 134 IS 3 BP 960 EP 968 DI 10.1104/pp.103.034462 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 805IQ UT WOS:000220360400011 PM 15020760 ER PT J AU Hardin, SC Huber, SC AF Hardin, SC Huber, SC TI Proteasome activity and the post-translational control of sucrose synthase stability in maize leaves SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CDPK; maize; phosphorylation; proteasome; sucrose synthase; ubiquitin ID REGULATORY PARTICLE; IN-VIVO; 26S PROTEASOME; PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN; PLANTS; UBIQUITIN; CELLULOSE; MEMBRANE; COMPLEX AB The serine-170 (S170) calcium-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site of maize (Zea mays L.) sucrose synthase (SUS) (EC 2.4.1.13) has been implicated in the post-translational regulation of SUS protein stability. To clarify the proteolytic process and the role of phosphorylation, SUS degradation and proteasome activities were studied in the maize leaf elongation zone. Size-exclusion chromatography resolved two peaks of proteasome-like proteolytic activity. The large molecular mass ( similar to 1350 kDa) peak required Mg2+ and ATP for maximal activity and was inhibited by the proteasome inhibitors MG132 and NLVS. Anion-exchange chromatography resolved a similar proteolytic activity that was activated by ATP, characteristics that are consistent with those of a 26S-proteasome. Appropriately, immunoblotting revealed the presence of a 26S-proteasome subunit and highly ubiquitinated proteins within the active fractions eluted from both columns. The smaller molecular mass (similar to 600 kDa) peak represented only 40% of the total proteasome-like activity and is likely a maize 20S-proteasome as it was activated in vitro by low levels of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). S 170 phosphorylated SUS (pS 170-SUS) was detected as both high molecular mass (HMM) forms and proteolytic fragments that co-eluted with 26S-proteasome activities on both size-exclusion and anion-exchange columns. Conditions that maintained maximal 26S-proteasome activity reduced the amounts of pS170-SUS recovered. In vitro, the 26S-proteasome degraded SUS and proteasome-specific inhibitors reduced SUS proteolysis. HMM-SUS conjugates were produced in vitro and immunoprecipitations suggested that some SUS might be ubiquitinated in vivo. The results suggest that S 170 phosphorylation promotes the formation of HMM, ubiquitin-SUS conjugates that can be targeted for 26S-proteasome-dependent degradation. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier SAS. C1 Univ Illinois, USDA, ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Huber, SC (reprint author), Univ Illinois, USDA, ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM schuber1@life.uiuc.edu NR 40 TC 21 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0981-9428 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL BIOCH JI Plant Physiol. Biochem. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 42 IS 3 BP 197 EP 208 DI 10.1016/j.plaphy.2003.12.004 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 811JQ UT WOS:000220768600004 PM 15051043 ER PT J AU Fung, RWM Wang, CY Smith, DL Gross, KC Tian, MS AF Fung, RWM Wang, CY Smith, DL Gross, KC Tian, MS TI MeSA and MeJA increase steady-state transcript levels of alternative oxidase and resistance against chilling injury in sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Capsicum; AOX; methyl salicylate; methyl jasmonate; antioxidative enzyme; chilling injury ID METHYL JASMONATE; SALICYLIC-ACID; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; PLANT-MITOCHONDRIA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SUPEROXIDE PRODUCTION; RESPIRATORY PATHWAYS; DISEASE RESISTANCE; LOW-TEMPERATURE; BELL PEPPER AB Methyl salicylate (MeSA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) vapors increased resistance against chilling injury in freshly harvested green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv Century). The period within 2 days of cold storage was considered the most critical because chilling injury symptom (surface pitting) was not apparent. The expression patterns of alternative oxidase (AOX) and seven other genes involved in defense against oxidative stress before and during the early chilling period suggested that pre-treatment of pepper fruit with MeSA or MeJA vapors increased preferentially the transcript levels of AOX. Overnight treatment with MeSA or MeJA vapors increased transcript levels of AOX (1.5 kb) even at room temperature of 25 degreesC, whereas no change was observed with untreated control. In addition to the expected 1.5 kb AOX transcript, RNA gel blot analysis revealed an extra 3.5 kb transcript that was induced only at 0 degreesC. At 0 degreesC, both AOX transcripts (1.5 and 3.5 kb) reached maximal levels firstly in MeSA treated fruit, secondly in MeJA treated fruit and lastly in controls. Compared with freshly harvested peppers, overnight treatment of wholesaler peppers with MeJA does not increase AOX transcript level and no differences in chilling injury symptom were observed between treated and control fruit. AOX transcript level in peppers from farm and wholesaler were maintained at a high level as long as the fruits were kept at 0 degreesC. Transcript levels of AOX (1.5 kb) were increased by storage at low temperature but the steady-state mRNA accumulation rate was faster at 0 than at 5 degreesC. Alternative respiratory pathway was proposed to mediate chilling injury. Here, we show that the increase in AOX transcript levels by MeJA or MeSA before cold treatment was correlated with reduced incidence of chilling injury. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Plant Sci Inst, Prod Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Mt Albert Res Ctr, HortRes, Auckland, New Zealand. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Plant Sci Inst, Prod Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM wangc@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 56 TC 85 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 166 IS 3 BP 711 EP 719 DI 10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.11.009 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 777NX UT WOS:000189185400019 ER PT J AU Hacisalihoglu, G Hart, JJ Vallejos, CE Kochian, LV AF Hacisalihoglu, G Hart, JJ Vallejos, CE Kochian, LV TI The role of shoot-localized processes in the mechanism of Zn efficiency in common bean SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE phaseolus vulgaris; zinc defficiency; abiotic stress tolerance; zinc efficiency ID CARBONIC-ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY; DEFICIENT CALCAREOUS SOIL; ZINC EFFICIENCY; WHEAT GENOTYPES; BREAD WHEAT; TRANSPORT; ROOTS; NUTRITION; STRESS; LEAVES AB Zn efficiency (ZE) is the ability of plants to maintain high yield under Zn-deficiency stress in the soil. Two bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes that differed in ZE, Voyager (Zn-efficient) and Avanti (Zn-inefficient), were used for this investigation. Plants were grown under controlled-environment conditions in chelate-buffered nutrient solution where Zn2+ activities were controlled at low (0.1 pM) or sufficient (150 pM) levels. To investigate the relative contribution of the root versus the shoot to ZE, observations of Zn-deficiency symptoms in reciprocal grafts of the two genotypes were made. After growth under low-Zn conditions, plants of nongrafted Avanti, self-grafted Avanti and reciprocal grafts that had the Avanti shoot scion exhibited Zn-deficiency symptoms. However nongrafted and self-grafted Voyager, as well as reciprocal grafts with the Voyager shoot scion, were healthy with no visible Zn-deficiency symptoms under the same growth conditions. More detailed investigations into putative shoot-localized ZE mechanisms involved determinations of leaf biomass production and Zn accumulation, measurements of subcellular Zn compartmentation, activities of two Zn-requiring enzymes, carbonic anhydrase and Cu/Zn-dependent superoxide dismutase (Co/ZnSOD), as well as the non-Zn-requiring enzyme nitrate reductase. There were no differences in shoot tissue Zn concentrations between the Zn-inefficient and Zn-efficient genotypes grown under the low-Zn conditions where differences in ZE were exhibited. Shoot Zn compartmentation was investigated using radiotracer (Zn-65) efflux analysis and suggested that the Zn-efficient genotype maintains higher cytoplasmic Zn concentrations and less Zn in the leaf-cell vacuole, compared to leaves from the Zn-inefficient genotype under Zn deficiency. Analysis of Zn-requiring enzymes in bean leaves revealed that the Zn-efficient genotype maintains significantly higher levels of carbonic anhydrase and Cu/ZnSOD activity under Zn deficiency. While these data are not sufficient to allow us to determine the specific mechanisms underlying ZE, they certainly point to the shoot as a key site where ZE mechanisms are functioning, and could involve processes associated with Zn compartmentation and biochemical Zn utilization. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM lvk1@cornell.edu RI Hacisalihoglu, Gokhan/M-3760-2013; OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0032-0935 EI 1432-2048 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD MAR PY 2004 VL 218 IS 5 BP 704 EP 711 DI 10.1007/s00425-003-1155-8 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 801HT UT WOS:000220087700003 PM 14648115 ER PT J AU Cohen, CK Garvin, DF Kochian, LV AF Cohen, CK Garvin, DF Kochian, LV TI Kinetic properties of a micronutrient transporter from Pisum sativum indicate a primary function in Fe uptake from the soil SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE cadmium; heavy metal; iron; micronutrient; Pisum sativum L.; zinc ID HYPERACCUMULATOR THLASPI-CAERULESCENS; NUTRIENT SOLUTION TECHNIQUE; HEAVY-METAL TRANSPORT; L CV HERTA; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; ZINC TRANSPORTER; GENE ENCODES; IRON NUTRITION; PLANTS; YEAST AB Fe uptake in dicotyledonous plants is mediated by a root plasma membrane-bound ferric reductase that reduces extracellular Fe(III)-chelates, releasing Fe2+ ions, which are then absorbed via a metal ion transporter. We previously showed that Fe deficiency induces an increased capacity to absorb Fe and other micronutrient and heavy metals such as Zn2+ and Cd2+ into pea (Pisum sativum L.) roots [Cohen et al. (1998) Plant Physiol 116:1063-1072). To investigate the molecular basis for this phenomenon, an Fe-regulated transporter that is a homologue of the Arabidopsis IRT1 micronutrient transporter was isolated from pea seedlings. This cDNA clone, designated RIT1 for root iron transporter, encodes a 348 amino acid polypeptide with eight putative membrane-spanning domains that is induced under Fe deficiency and can functionally complement yeast mutants defective in high- and low-affinity Fe transport. Chelate buffer techniques were used to control Fe2+ in the uptake solution at nanomolar activities representative of those found in the rhizosphere, and radiotracer methodologies were employed to show that RIT1 is a very high-affinity Fe-59(2+) uptake system (K-m =54-93 nM). Additionally, radiotracer (Zn-65, Cd-109) flux techniques were used to show that RIT can also mediate a lower affinity Zn and Cd influx (K-m of 4 and 100 muM, for Zn2+ and Cd2+, respectively). These findings suggest that, in typical agricultural soils, RIT1 functions primarily as a high-affinity Fe2+ transporter that mediates root Fe acquisition. This is consistent with recent findings with Arabidopsis IRT1 knockout mutants that strongly suggest that this transporter plays a key role in root Fe uptake and nutrition. However, the ability of RIT1 to facilitate Zn and Cd uptake when these metals are present at elevated concentrations suggests that RIT1 may be one pathway for the entry of toxic metals into the food chain. Furthermore, the finding that plant Fe deficiency status may promote heavy metal uptake via increased expression of this transporter could have implications both for human nutrition and also for phytoremediation, the use of terrestrial plants to sequester toxic metals from contaminated soil. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Acad, Off Int Affairs, Washington, DC 20418 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM lvk1@cornell.edu OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 39 TC 66 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 20 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD MAR PY 2004 VL 218 IS 5 BP 784 EP 792 DI 10.1007/s00425-003-1156-7 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 801HT UT WOS:000220087700012 PM 14648120 ER PT J AU Rose, USR Tumlinson, JH AF Rose, USR Tumlinson, JH TI Volatiles released from cotton plants in response to Helicoverpa zea feeding damage on cotton flower buds SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE flower bud; Gossypium; Helicoverpa; herbivory; semiochemical; volatile ID PARASITIC WASPS; ELECTROANTENNOGRAM RESPONSES; PREDATORY MITES; HOST PLANT; LEPIDOPTERA; ATTRACTION; GOSSYPIUM; EMISSION; IDENTIFICATION; HYMENOPTERA AB Feeding of Helicoverpa zea larvae on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) flower buds (squares) for 24 or 48 h induced the release of a number of terpenes [(E)-beta-ocimene, linalool, (E)-beta-farnesene, (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene], isomeric hexenyl butyrates, 2-methylbutyrates, indole and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. These compounds are not released in significant amounts from undamaged squares and freshly damaged squares. The release of inducible compounds was not limited to the damaged squares themselves. The compounds were also released systemically from the upper undamaged leaves of the same plant after 72 h. However, the composition of the blend of systemically released volatiles differed from the blend released by damaged squares. The compounds that were systemically released from undamaged leaves in response to feeding on the squares were (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-beta-ocimene, linalool, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, (E)-beta-farnesene, (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, and indole. This study shows that insect damage inflicted to the reproductive parts of a plant causes a systemic emission of volatiles from its vegetative parts. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Rose, USR (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Chem Okol, Hans Knoll Str 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany. EM roese@ice.mpg.de RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 46 TC 62 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 24 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD MAR PY 2004 VL 218 IS 5 BP 824 EP 832 DI 10.1007/s00425-003-1162-9 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 801HT UT WOS:000220087700016 PM 14625774 ER PT J AU Reynnells, RD AF Reynnells, RD TI Bioethical considerations in animal production SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bioethics; consumer demand; contemporary issues; dialogue; Western Coordinating Committee-204 AB The Western Coordinating Committee-204 (WCC-204) on animal bioethics is a multistate research committee that was formed through the cooperation of several university and government personnel having diverse backgrounds. The WCC-204 is pleased to provide this symposium to Poultry Science Association (PSA) members and invite their participation in the committee. Generic objectives of the committee include facilitation of dialogue to improve our understanding of complex ethical issues related to animal production and utilization by humans, to encourage research and educational programs in this area, and to create a means for critical analysis of the animal sciences professions. The basis for philosophical discussions and religious implications of bioethical discussions that create profound differences of opinion between people is discussed. The various and often underappreciated contributions of society to the structure of our current food production system, and society's approach to change (taking marketplace responsibility for demands vs. regulations), are briefly discussed. Several factors that may contribute to the creation of conflicts and misunderstandings are listed. Speakers will discuss the WCC-204 organization, the need to define where there is agreement between opposing entities, education of students and others through contemporary issues classes, and global issues related to animal well-being. C1 USDA, CSREES, PAS, NPL,Anim Prod Syst, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Reynnells, RD (reprint author), USDA, CSREES, PAS, NPL,Anim Prod Syst, 800 9th St,SW,Rppm 3130,Waterfront Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. EM rreynnells@csrees.usda.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 83 IS 3 BP 303 EP 306 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 800CF UT WOS:000220005800003 PM 15049478 ER PT J AU Cheng, YH Goff, JP Sell, JL Dallorso, ME Gil, S Pawlak, SE Horst, RL AF Cheng, YH Goff, JP Sell, JL Dallorso, ME Gil, S Pawlak, SE Horst, RL TI Utilizing Solanum glaucophyllum alone or with phytase to improve phosphorus utilization in broilers SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bone; phosphorus; phytase; Solanum glaucophyllum; vitamin D ID MICROBIAL PHYTASE; CESTRUM-DIURNUM; MALACOXYLON; CHICKS; 1,25-DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL; CALCIUM; PHOSPHATE; DIETS; CHOLECALCIFEROL; VITAMIN-D-3 AB Experiments were conducted to determine if Solanum glaucophyllum (SG), a plant containing a glycoside of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, could be used as a feed additive to improve P utilization of broilers. SG leaves (1, 2.5, or 5 g/kg), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (15 mug/kg), or Ca and P (to achieve a 0.92% Ca:0.65% P:0.41% nonphytate P control diet) were added to a 0.56% Ca/0.45% P/ 0.28% nonphytate P basal diet and fed to broilers from 7 to 28 d of age. Birds fed basal ration alone exhibited reduced weight gain, bone density, and bone mineral content when compared with birds fed the 0.92% Ca:0.65% P diet. Adding 5 g SG leaves or 15 mug of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D/kg to the basal diet increased body weight gain, plasma Ca and P, bone ash, and bone density above basal diet levels. Plasma P and weight gain of birds fed 5 g SG or 15 mug of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D/kg basal diet were equivalent to those observed in birds fed the 0.92% Ca:0.65% P diet. In experiment 2, the effect of higher doses of SG, as well as the additive effect of SG with 1,200 phytase units/kg diet, were examined in chicks fed a 0.59% Ca and 0.42% P basal diet. Two levels of SG leaves (7.5 g and 10 g), phytase, or both SG (7.5 g) and phytase were added per kilogram of basal diet. Adding SG or phytase to the basal diet increased weight gain, plasma Ca, plasma P, and bone mineral content over that observed in birds fed basal diet alone. Combining SG with phytase provided no significant gains in growth or bone parameters over treatment with phytase alone. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50010 USA. CAE, RA-1836 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Goff, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM jgoff@nadc.ars.usda.gov NR 32 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 83 IS 3 BP 406 EP 413 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 800CF UT WOS:000220005800018 PM 15049493 ER PT J AU McElroy, AP Caldwell, DJ Proudman, JA Hargis, BM AF McElroy, AP Caldwell, DJ Proudman, JA Hargis, BM TI Modulation of in vitro DNA synthesis in the chicken ovarian granulosa cell follicular hierarchy by follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chicken; granulosa; proliferation; follicle-stimulating hormone; luteinizing hormone ID MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; PREOVULATORY FOLLICLES; DOMESTIC HEN; MATURATION; LAYER AB Folliculogenesis in domestic hens appears to be controlled by numerous factors, particularly the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The involvement of LH in follicular steroidogenesis has been described in some detail; however, the specific role of FSH has remained elusive. In 3 experiments, the effects of ovine (o)- or chicken (c)-derived FSH (oFSH, cFSH) or LH (oLH, cLH) were evaluated on in vitro DNA synthesis [3 H-thymidine (H-3-TdR) incorporation], indicative of cellular proliferation, of granulosa cells from F1, F3, or F5-6 preovulatory follicles. In experiment 1, oFSH or cFSH stimulated (P < 0.05) and oLH or cLH decreased DNA synthesis by F1 granulosa cells. In experiment 2, oFSH resulted in concentration-related changes in DNA synthesis by F5-6 granulosa cells; however, no significant changes were observed in F1 or F3 granulosa cells. No effect of oLH was observed on granulosa cell proliferation from any of the follicles. Similar to oFSH, cFSH resulted in concentration-related increases in DNA synthesis in granulosa cells from F5-6 follicles with smaller magnitude changes in proliferation of F1 or F3 granulosa cells. Granulosa cells from F5-6 or F3 follicles had small increases in DNA synthesis in response to cLH. These data support the proposed role for FSH in granulosa cell proliferation, possibly contributing to follicle growth, and suggest that in vitro H-3-TdR incorporation by granulosa cells may provide a sensitive and selective bioassay for chicken gonadotropin preparations. Furthermore, data suggest that proliferative responsiveness of granulosa cells to FSH or LH may differ depending on position of follicles in the preovulatory hierarchy. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP McElroy, AP (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM amcelroy@vt.edu NR 22 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 83 IS 3 BP 500 EP 506 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 800CF UT WOS:000220005800030 PM 15049505 ER PT J AU Clark, SE Muslin, EH Henson, CA AF Clark, SE Muslin, EH Henson, CA TI Effect of adding and removing N-glycosylation recognition sites on the thermostability of barley alpha-glucosidase SO PROTEIN ENGINEERING DESIGN & SELECTION LA English DT Article DE Hordeum vulgare; maltase; peptide bond cleavage ID ASPERGILLUS-AWAMORI GLUCOAMYLASE; DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; PICHIA-PASTORIS; RESIDUES; AMYLASE; ENZYME; NIGER AB The thermostability of alpha-glucosidase is important because the conversion of starch to fermentable sugars during the industrial production of beer and fuel ethanol typically occurs at relatively high temperatures (60-75degreesC). Barley (Hordeum vulgare) alpha-glucosidase is unstable at these elevated temperatures; however, the alpha-glucosidase from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is stable at these temperatures. An alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of barley and sugar beet alpha-glucosidases revealed considerable differences in the number and position of N-glycosylation recognition sites (NGRS). Other researchers have shown that additions or removals of NGRS resulted in either the stabilization or destabilization of the enzymes at elevated temperatures. NGRS present in the barley sequence and absent in the sugar beet sequence were removed via site-directed mutagenesis from the barley protein. Recognition sites absent in the barley sequence and present in the sugar beet sequence were added via mutagenesis into the barley alpha-glucosidase. Two mutations significantly increased thermostability, one mutation significantly decreased thermostability and five mutations had little effect on alpha-glucosidase thermostability. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Henson, CA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM cahenson@facstaff.wisc.edu NR 16 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1741-0126 J9 PROTEIN ENG DES SEL JI Protein Eng. Des. Sel. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 17 IS 3 BP 245 EP 249 DI 10.1093/protein/gzh028 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 839PP UT WOS:000222797300006 PM 15051866 ER PT J AU Bachvaroff, TR Concepcion, GT Rogers, CR Herman, EM Delwiche, CF AF Bachvaroff, TR Concepcion, GT Rogers, CR Herman, EM Delwiche, CF TI Dinoflagellate expressed indicate massive transfer to the nuclear genome sequence tag data of chloroplast genes SO PROTIST LA English DT Article ID PARASITE PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; HORIZONTAL TRANSFER; CLEAVAGE SITES; PROTEIN; PHYLOGENY; RUBISCO; PATHWAY; ALGA; IDENTIFICATION; CHLOROPHYLL AB The peridinin-pigmented plastids of dinoflagellates are very poorly understood, in part because of the paucity of molecular data available from these endosymbiotic organelles. To identify additional gene sequences that would carry information about the biology of the peridinin-type dinoflagellate plastid and its evolutionary history, an analysis was undertaken of arbitrarily selected sequences from cDNA libraries constructed from Lingulodinium polyedrum (1012 non-redundant sequences) and Amphidinium carterae (2143). Among the two libraries 118 unique plastid-associated sequences were identified, including 30 (most from A. carterae) that are encoded in the plastid genome of the red alga Porphyra. These sequences probably represent bona fide nuclear genes, and suggest that there has been massive transfer of genes from the plastid to the nuclear genome in dinoflagellates. These data support the hypothesis that the peridinin-type plastid has a minimal genome, and provide data that contradict the hypothesis that there is an unidentified canonical genome in the peridinin-type plastid. Sequences were also identified that were probably transferred directly from the nuclear genome of the red algal endosymbiont, as well as others that are distinctive to the Alveolata. A preliminary report of these data was presented at the Botany 2002 meeting in Madison, WI. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Cell Biol & Mol Genet, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Donald Danforth Plant Sci Ctr, Plant Genet Res Unit, St Louis, MO 63132 USA. RP Delwiche, CF (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Cell Biol & Mol Genet, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM delwiche@umd.edu RI Delwiche, Charles/C-6549-2008 OI Delwiche, Charles/0000-0001-7854-8584 NR 52 TC 120 Z9 129 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1434-4610 J9 PROTIST JI Protist PD MAR PY 2004 VL 155 IS 1 BP 65 EP 78 DI 10.1078/1434461000165 PG 14 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 811US UT WOS:000220797400011 PM 15144059 ER PT J AU Doran, JW AF Doran, JW TI Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems - Editorial SO RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Doran, JW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 116 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0889-1893 J9 RENEW AGR FOOD SYST JI Renew. Agr. Food Syst. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 1 BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1079/RAFS200001 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 831BP UT WOS:000222168200001 ER PT J AU Wilhelm, W AF Wilhelm, W TI Local food, local security - Response by William Wilheim SO RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Soil & Water Conservat Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Wilhelm, W (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Soil & Water Conservat Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM wwilhelml@unl.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0889-1893 J9 RENEW AGR FOOD SYST JI Renew. Agr. Food Syst. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 1 BP 3 EP 3 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 831BP UT WOS:000222168200003 ER PT J AU Anderson, RL AF Anderson, RL TI A planning tool for integrating crop choices with weed management in the Northern Great Plains SO RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE cultural practices; ecologically based weed management; rotation design ID MILLET PANICUM-MILIACEUM; SUBSEQUENT CEREAL CROPS; PROSO MILLET; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; CULTURAL SYSTEMS; TILLAGE SYSTEMS; SEMIARID CORN; COMPETITIVENESS; STRATEGIES; EMERGENCE AB Crop production in the Northern Great Plains is rapidly changing because of no-till practices; producers now grow a diversity of crops with winter wheat to increase production as well as to manage weeds. With the multitude of crops available, producers are asking for guidelines to sequence crops in rotations that help weed management. We developed a planning tool that lists various choices with crops when designing a rotation; the choices are arranged by impact on weed dynamics as quantified by research in the region. The tool includes choices among crops, such as varying crops with different life cycles, planting dates, or row spacing, and choices within an individual crop, such as varying cultivar or planting date. Choices among crops impact weeds the most, whereas choices within an individual crop are less effective and usually lead to lower crop yield. For example, rotations comprised of two cool-season crops followed by two warm-season crops can reduce weed populations six- to 12-fold. In contrast, replacing a standard-height cultivar with a taller cultivar that is more competitive with weeds, is often inconsistent for weed management, whereas crop yield may be less. Producers associated with the Northern Plains Sustainable Agricultural Society felt that the planning tool would encourage long-range planning as well as help integrate weed management with the design of cropping systems. The purpose of the tool is to encourage ecologically based weed management, which can reduce herbicide inputs by 50% for Northern Great Plains producers. C1 USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Anderson, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. EM randerson@ngirl.ars.usda.gov NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0889-1893 J9 RENEW AGR FOOD SYST JI Renew. Agr. Food Syst. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 1 BP 23 EP 29 DI 10.1079/RAFS200357 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 831BP UT WOS:000222168200007 ER PT J AU Mahoney, PR Olson, KD Porter, PM Huggins, DR Perillo, CA Crookston, RK AF Mahoney, PR Olson, KD Porter, PM Huggins, DR Perillo, CA Crookston, RK TI Profitability of organic cropping systems in southwestern Minnesota SO RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE net returns; Variable Input Crop Management Systems; high-purchased inputs; low-purchased inputs; organic inputs; cumulative distribution functions; organic premiums; risk; first-degree stochastic dominance; second-degree stochastic dominance AB In spite of concerns, Minnesota's dominant cropping system is the corn-soybean rotation using synthetic pesticides and chemically processed fertilizers. Using experimental data from 1990-99, this study compared the profitability of organic versus conventional strategies. Net return (NR) was calculated from actual yields, operations, inputs, prices and organic premiums. Yields and costs were lower for the 4-year organic strategy. With premiums, the 4-year organic strategy had NRs significantly higher than conventional strategies; without premiums, the NRs were statistically equal (P = 0.05). Thus, the 4-year organic strategy was not less profitable nor its NR more variable than the conventional strategies in this study. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Coll Biol & Agr, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Olson, KD (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM kolson@apec.umn.edu NR 12 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0889-1893 J9 RENEW AGR FOOD SYST JI Renew. Agr. Food Syst. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 1 BP 35 EP 46 DI 10.1079/RAFS200361 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 831BP UT WOS:000222168200009 ER PT J AU Corbin, JD D'Antonio, CM AF Corbin, JD D'Antonio, CM TI Can carbon addition increase competitiveness of native grasses? A case study from California SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE annual grass; coastal prairie grassland; grassland restoration; labile carbon; native perennial grass; nitrogen-enriched soils; sawdust ID PRAIRIE RESTORATION; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; INSECT HERBIVORY; BUSH LUPINE; NITROGEN; SOIL; INVASION; AVAILABILITY; SUCCESSION; MORTALITY AB There is growing interest in the addition of carbon (C) as sucrose or sawdust to the soil as a tool to reduce plant-available nitrogen (N) and alter competitive interactions among species. The hypothesis that C addition changes N availability and thereby changes competitive dynamics between natives and exotics was tested in a California grassland that had experienced N enrichment. Sawdust (1.2 kg/m) was added to plots containing various combinations of three native perennial bunchgrasses, exotic perennial grasses, and exotic annual grasses. Sawdust addition resulted in higher microbial biomass N, lower rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification, and higher concentrations of extractable soil ammonium in the soil. In the first year sawdust addition decreased the degree to which exotic annuals competitively suppressed the seedlings of Nassella pulchra and, to a lesser extent, Festuca rubra, both native grasses. However there was no evidence of reduced growth of exotic grasses in sawdust-amended plots. Sawdust addition did not influence interactions between the natives and exotic perennial grasses. In the second year, however, sawdust addition did not affect the interactions between the natives and either group of exotic grasses. In fact, the native perennial grasses that survived the first year of competition with annual grasses significantly reduced the aboveground productivity of annual grasses even without sawdust addition. These results suggest that the addition of sawdust as a tool in the restoration of native species in our system provided no significant benefit to natives over a 2-year period. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA ARS, Exot Invas Weeds Res Unit, Reno, NV USA. RP Corbin, JD (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, VLSB 3060, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM corbin@socrates.berkeley.edu NR 29 TC 86 Z9 92 U1 5 U2 47 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 12 IS 1 BP 36 EP 43 DI 10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00299.x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776WQ UT WOS:000189142700006 ER PT J AU Derner, JD Polley, HW Johnson, HB Tischler, CR AF Derner, JD Polley, HW Johnson, HB Tischler, CR TI Structural attributes of Schizachyrium scoparium in restored Texas Blackland prairies SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bunchgrass; fragmentation; hollow crown; tussock ID SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; INTRACLONAL REGULATION; HERBIVORY TOLERANCE; BOUTELOUA-GRACILIS; ARRANGEMENT; RECRUITMENT; POPULATIONS; REPLACEMENT; GRASS AB Structural attributes of the C-4, perennial bunchgrass Schizachyrium scoparium in restored prairies may be affected by the time since restoration. One hundred plants each in 8-, 17-, and 23-year-old restored prairies and a native Texas Blackland prairie were assessed for the presence/absence and diameter of a hollow crown (i.e., dead center portion), degree of fragmentation, plant height, and tiller density. Structural attributes of S. scoparium plants were generally (1) different between recent (8 years) and older (17 and 23 years) restored prairies (2) similar between the 17- and 23-year-old restored prairies, and (3) more similar between the 8- and 17-year restored prairies and the native, remnant prairie than between the 23-year restored prairie and the native prairie. Plants were shorter in restored prairies, regardless of time since restoration, than in the native prairie. Mean basal area of plants was 80-163% greater in the 17- and 23-year restored prairies compared with the native and 8-year restored prairies. Percentage of hollow crowns and fragmentation was smallest in the 8-year restored prairie, largest in the 17- and 23-year restored prairies, and intermediate in the native prairie. Tiller density exhibited inverse second-order polynomial decreases with increasing plant basal area for all prairies. In contrast to tiller density, diameter of hollow crowns increased logarithmically with increasing plant basal area. Structural attributes of S. scoparium in restored prairies changed predictably with age, despite growing in different communities. C1 USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Derner, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. EM jderner@npa.ars.usda.gov NR 22 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 12 IS 1 BP 80 EP 84 DI 10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00272.x PG 5 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776WQ UT WOS:000189142700011 ER PT J AU Whiting, SN Reeves, RD Richards, D Johnson, MS Cooke, JA Malaisse, F Paton, A Smith, JAC Angle, JS Chaney, RL Ginocchio, R Jaffre, T Johns, R McIntyre, T Purvis, OW Salt, DE Schat, H Zhao, FJ Baker, AJM AF Whiting, SN Reeves, RD Richards, D Johnson, MS Cooke, JA Malaisse, F Paton, A Smith, JAC Angle, JS Chaney, RL Ginocchio, R Jaffre, T Johns, R McIntyre, T Purvis, OW Salt, DE Schat, H Zhao, FJ Baker, AJM TI Research priorities for conservation of metallophyte biodiversity and their potential for restoration and site remediation SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE conservation of biodiversity; ecosystem; hyperaccumulators; metal tolerance; rehabilitation; remediation engineering; stabilization ID HYPERACCUMULATOR THLASPI-CAERULESCENS; HEAVY-METAL DETOXIFICATION; CELLULAR COMPARTMENTATION; PHYTOREMEDIATION; ZINC; TOLERANCE; NICKEL; PLANTS; SOILS; BIOSOLIDS AB Plants that have evolved to survive on metal-rich soils-metallophytes-have key values that must drive research of their unique properties and ultimately their conservation. The ability of metallophytes to tolerate extreme metal concentrations commends them for revegetation of mines and metal-contaminated sites. Metallophytes can also be exploited in environmental technologies, for example, phytostabilization, phytoremediation, and phytomining. Actions towards conserving metallophyte species are imperative, as metallophytes are increasingly under threat of extinction from mining activity. Although many hundreds of papers describe both the biology and applications of metallophytes, few have investigated the urgent need to conserve these unique species. This paper identifies the current state of metallophyte research, and advocates future research needs for the conservation of metallophyte biodiversity and the sustainable uses of metallophyte species in restoration, rehabilitation, contaminated site remediation, and other nascent phytotechnologies. Six fundamental questions are addressed: (1) Is enough known about the global status of metallophytes to ensure their conservation? (2) Are metallophytes threatened by the activities of the minerals industry, and can their potential for the restoration or rehabilitation of mined and disturbed land be realized? (3) What problems exist in gaining prior informed consent to access metallophyte genetic resources and how can the benefits arising from their uses be equitably shared? (4) What potential do metallophytes offer as a resource base for phytotechnologies? (5) Can genetic modification be used to "design" metallophytes to use in the remediation of contaminated land? (6) Does the prospect of using metallophytes in site remediation and restoration raise ethical issues? C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Bot, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. Massey Univ, Inst Fundamental Sci Chem, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Univ Liverpool, Sch Biol Sci, Liverpool L69 7ZB, Merseyside, England. Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Life & Environm Sci, ZA-4041 Durban, South Africa. Fac Univ Sci Agron Gembloux, Ecol Lab, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. Royal Bot Gardens, Richmond TW9 3AB, Surrey, England. Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England. Univ Maryland, Coll Agr & Nat Resources, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Anim & Environm Sci Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Invest Mineras & Met, Santiago, Chile. IRD, Noumea 98848, New Caledonia. Environm Protect Serv, Environm Technol Adv Directorate, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. Nat Hist Museum, Dept Bot, London SW7 5BD, England. Purdue Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Ecol & Ecotoxicol, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. Rothamsted Res, Agr & Environm Div, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England. Rio Tinto Plc, London SW1Y 4LD, England. RP Baker, AJM (reprint author), Univ Melbourne, Sch Bot, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. EM ajmb@unimelb.edu.au RI Salt, David/B-3864-2009; Zhao, Fang-Jie/A-8339-2008 OI Zhao, Fang-Jie/0000-0002-0164-169X NR 66 TC 149 Z9 158 U1 4 U2 55 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 12 IS 1 BP 106 EP 116 DI 10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00367.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776WQ UT WOS:000189142700014 ER PT J AU Scatena, FN AF Scatena, FN TI A survey of methods for setting minimum instream flow standards in the Caribbean Basin SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE rivers; instream flow methodologies; Caribbean ID STREAM BIOTA; PUERTO-RICO; AMERICA AB To evaluate the current status of instream flow practices in streams that drain into the Caribbean Basin, a voluntary survey of practising water resource managers was conducted. Responses were received from 70% of the potential continental countries, 100% of the islands in the Greater Antilles, and 56% of all the Caribbean. island nations. Respondents identified 'effluent discharges', 'downstream water quality' and 'existing extraction permits' to be the most common sources of instream flow conflicts. In 75% of the countries, some type of 'formal procedures' exist for reviewing permit applications for freshwater extraction. In 82% of the countries, effluent discharge permits state the amount of effluent that can be discharged into a water body while only 69% require that surface water extraction permits explicitly, state the quantity of water that can be extracted. In setting instream flow requirements, record low flow is used over 83% of the time. Freshwater fish were identified as the most important aquatic organism but no country 'always' considers the ecology or habitat requirements of aquatic species in their instream flow determinations and nearly 70% of the respondents indicated that multivariate, ecological-based methods are 'never' used in their country. Survey responses also indicate there is a notable lack of public involvement during the issuing of water permits. Moreover, over 80% of the countries do not provide public announcements or hearings during the permit process. In summary, this, survey indicates that while there is a widespread recognition of the need for instream flows, there is a general lack of regionally based information and public involvement regarding stream flow determination. Published in (C) 2003 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, San Juan, PR 00928 USA. RP Scatena, FN (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 240 S 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. EM fns@sas.upenn.edu NR 22 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1535-1459 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 20 IS 2 BP 127 EP 135 DI 10.1002/rra.738 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 807OO UT WOS:000220511000003 ER PT J AU Baker, CJ Roberts, DP Mock, NM Blount, VL AF Baker, CJ Roberts, DP Mock, NM Blount, VL TI A novel open-system technique to monitor real-time oxygen consumption during early phases of seed germination SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Brassica juncea; Cucumis sativum; Pisum sativum; germination; respiration; oxygen uptake; open system; surface sterilization ID ENTEROBACTER-CLOACAE AB A novel technique allows long-term monitoring of real-time oxygen consumption during seed germination in an open system. Most current techniques used to detect oxygen consumption by seeds measure the decrease in oxygen concentration in a closed chamber. This is not ideal for long-term experiments because the chamber must be replenished with air periodically, subjecting the seeds to abrupt changes in oxygen concentration. The current technique employs an open system, in which seeds are submerged in a continuously aerated aqueous environment. Oxygen electrodes are used to measure the steady-state concentration of oxygen in the solution, which is a function of both the rate of oxygen consumption by the seed and the rate of aeration from the atmosphere. The rate of aeration is directly dependent on the oxygen concentration of the bathing solution; therefore, previous calibration of the system allows the direct conversion of steady-state oxygen concentrations into oxygen consumption rates. Because oxygen is not limiting, the experimental design described here can monitor the same sample non-intrusively every minute for more than 24 h, allowing for greater precision than hourly readings often reported with current techniques. Multiple treatments and/or replicates can be run simultaneously, allowing sensitive comparison of various seed treatments or seed types. To illustrate its potential application, the technique was used to follow the rehydration and pre-emergence phases of germination of cucumber (Cucumis sativum), pea (Pisum sativum) and mustard (Brassica juncea) seeds, detect the inhibitory effects of surface sterilization techniques on seed respiration of cucumber, and follow the interaction of a bacterial biocontrol agent with germinating cucumber and pea seeds. C1 USDA, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Baker, CJ (reprint author), USDA, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM bakerc@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 17 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 17 EP 26 DI 10.1079/SSR2003151 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 814LE UT WOS:000220975400002 ER PT J AU Baskin, JM Davis, BH Baskin, CC Gleason, SM Cordell, S AF Baskin, JM Davis, BH Baskin, CC Gleason, SM Cordell, S TI Physical dormancy in seeds of Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindales, Sapindaceae) from Hawaii SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Dodonaea; far-red light; germination; heating; imbibition; physical seed dormancy; water gap ID RHUS SPECIES ANACARDIACEAE; TRIFOLIATUS VAHL; SIDA-SPINOSA; GERMINATION; IMBIBITION; TESTA; FIRE; SCARIFICATION; LEGUMINOSAE; ANATOMY AB Dormancy in seeds of Dodonaea viscosa is due to a water-impermeable seed coat (physical dormancy, PY). Thus, mechanically scarified seeds imbibed water (c. 95% increase in mass) and germinated to high percentages over a wide range of temperature regimes in both white light and darkness, whereas non-scarified seeds did not take up water. Dry heat at 80-160degreesC and dipping in boiling water for 1-60 s also broke dormancy in a high percentage of the seeds, and continuous far-red light was not inhibitory to germination. However, dry storage in the laboratory for >1 year did not overcome dormancy. Seeds made water-permeable by boiling imbibed water, and thus germinated, at a much slower rate than those made water-permeable by mechanical scarification. We suggest that boiling opened the 'water gap' in the seed coat (not yet described in Sapindaceae but present in other taxa with PY) and that water entered the seed only through this small opening, thereby accounting for the slow rate of imbibition and subsequent germination. Physical dormancy has now been shown to occur in seeds of this polymorphic, worldwide species from Australia, Brazil, Hawaii, Mexico and New Zealand. The low level of dormancy reported for seed lots of D. viscosa in China, India and Pakistan is probably due to collection of seeds before they dried to the critical moisture content for development of water-impermeability of the seed coat. Germination of non-dormant seeds over a wide range of temperatures and in white light, far-red (leaf-canopy shade) light and darkness are part of the germination strategy of D. viscosa and of other taxa whose seeds have PY at maturity. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Biol, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Agron, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. USA, Pohakuloa Training Area, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Baskin, JM (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Biol, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. EM jmbask0@uky.edu NR 77 TC 58 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 20 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 81 EP 90 DI 10.1079/SSR2003157 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 814LE UT WOS:000220975400008 ER PT J AU Pring, DR Tang, HV AF Pring, DR Tang, HV TI Transcript profiling of male-fertile and male-sterile sorghum indicates extensive alterations in gene expression during microgametogenesis SO SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE sorghum; cytoplasmic male sterility; restorer genes; transcript profiling ID GENOME-WIDE EXPRESSION; POLLEN-TUBE GROWTH; MALE GAMETOPHYTE; ARABIDOPSIS POLLEN; FLOWERING PLANTS; MESSENGER-RNAS; ZEA-MAYS; MAIZE; RESTORATION; MATURATION AB Male-sterile sorghum carrying the IS1112C cytoplasm represents an unusual example of aberrant microgametogenesis wherein microspores develop into inviable pollen that remain physically intact until anther exsertion. These inviable pollen grains do not deposit starch, yet fluoresce with the vital stain fluoroscein diacetate. We sought to elucidate the extent of differential gene expression in this subtle example of defective microgametogenesis through cDNA-AFLP transcript profiling of near-isogenic male-fertile and male-sterile plants at an early stage representing early-mid microspores to early pollen, 7-11 days prior to anthesis, and a late stage representing young to nearly mature pollen, spanning the terminal 96 h of pollen development. The transition from early to late stages is characterized by changes in abundance of nearly 33% of shared transcripts, and early- or late-specific expression of about 10% of transcripts. Male-sterile plants exhibit extensive changes in regulatory patterns characteristic of fertile plants, including premature expression of late-specific, and prolonged expression of early-specific, transcripts. Genome-wide transcriptome patterns indicate the expression of an estimated 12,000 genes in early-mid microspores, and the abundance of at least 15% of these transcripts is altered in male-sterile plants. A near-isogenic line restored to male fertility is characterized by apparent normalized expression of most of these transcripts. The development of the microgametophyte is thus characterized by dynamic programmed changes in gene expression, and the expression of male sterility compounds these changes in a complex manner. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Pring, DR (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, 1453 Fifield Hall, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. EM drpg@mail.ifas.ufl.edu RI Scott, M./E-3291-2010 NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0934-0882 J9 SEX PLANT REPROD JI Sex. Plant Reprod. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 16 IS 6 BP 289 EP 297 DI 10.1007/s00497-004-0204-1 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology SC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology GA 803KW UT WOS:000220231000005 ER PT J AU Novak, JM Watts, DW AF Novak, JM Watts, DW TI Increasing the phosphorus sorption capacity of southeastern Coastal Plain soils using water treatment residuals SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Coastal Plain soils; phosphorus sorption; alum; water treatment residuals; best management practices ID CATTLE MANURE; AVAILABILITY; TRANSPORT; RETENTION; RUNOFF; FATE; LAND AB Long-term animal manure applications to many sandy Coastal Plain soils has resulted in the accumulation of excess soil phosphorus (P). When soils contain excessive P concentrations, dissolved phosphorus (DP) can be desorbed with water and transported into streams and rivers via runoff and leaching. The addition of DP into nutrient-sensitive Coastal aquatic ecosystems can then stimulate aquatic weed and algae growth and accelerate eutrophication. Augmenting a soil's P sorption capacity using alum-based water treatment residuals (WTRs) may be a new chemical-based method for increasing the soil's capacity to retain P. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if WTRs mixed into Autryville (Loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults) and Norfolk (Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudults) soils could significantly increase their P sorption capacities. Water treatment residuals were obtained on two different occasions from a North Carolina municipal surface water treatment facility. Both WTRs (G1 and G2) were composed of fine-sized river sediments that were flocculated with liquid alum [Al-2(SO4)(3)]. Phosphorus sorption isotherms were determined on the WTRs, the soils, and soil + WTR mixtures of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% (w/w). The P sorption maximums (p(max)) were determined from the linear form of the Langmuir equation. The P-max values for G1 and G2 (175 and 85 mg P g(-1), respectively) were significantly higher than the P a values for the Autryville or Norfolk soils (<1.0 mg P g(-1)). Mixing WTRs into soils increased their P-max values several-fold (between 1.7 to 8.5 mg P g(-1)) relative to soils with no WTR addition. This experiment demonstrates the feasibility of using alum-based WTRs to increase a sandy soil's ability to sorb more P. Our results suggest that WTR incorporation into sandy soils has the potential to be a new chemical-based best management practice (BMP) for reducing off-site P transport. C1 ARS, USDA, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Novak, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. EM novak@florence.ars.usda.gov NR 38 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 7 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 169 IS 3 BP 206 EP 214 DI 10.1097/01.ss.0000122S22.03492.30 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 804QW UT WOS:000220314200006 ER PT J AU Robinson, DA Lebron, I Lesch, SM Shouse, P AF Robinson, DA Lebron, I Lesch, SM Shouse, P TI Minimizing drift in electrical conductivity measurements in high temperature environments using the EM-38 SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION TECHNIQUES; MULTIPLE LINEAR-REGRESSION; SOIL-SALINITY; PRECISION AGRICULTURE; SPATIAL PREDICTION; IRRIGATED COTTON AB The EM-38 is a noninvasive instrument, commonly used for monitoring salinity, mapping bulk soil properties, and evaluating soil nutrient status. Users in the Southwest USA have observed as much as 20% "drift" in the measurement of bulk soil electrical conductivity (EC) with this instrument. This drift has usually been ignored or compensated for by statistical procedures. We performed laboratory and field experiments to determine if the drift is due to calibration instability of the instrument or to heating of the instrument by the sun. In laboratory experiments, after a warm-up period, the instrument provided constant readings in the range 25 to 40degreesC; above 40degreesC the response of the instrument was unpredictable. In field experiments, where we placed the EM-38 in a fixed location we observed an unexpected response at air temperatures below 40degreesC. Temperature sensors in different locations on the instrument demonstrated that temperature differences between the instrument's transmitting and receiving coils and the control panel (CP) were as great as 20degreesC. As the instrument is temperature compensated from this CP, erroneous compensation occurred when the instrument was placed in direct sunlight. In this study, we demonstrate that differential heating of the EM-38 is one cause of drift and erroneous bulk electrical conductivity measurement; shading the instrument substantially reduced this problem, effectively extending the reliable working temperature range by minimizing drift. C1 USDA ARS, Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Robinson, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM darearthscience@yahoo.com RI Robinson, David/A-6287-2010; lebron, Inma/A-4762-2013 OI Robinson, David/0000-0001-7290-4867; lebron, Inma/0000-0001-8610-9717 NR 21 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 68 IS 2 BP 339 EP 345 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 800PR UT WOS:000220040700001 ER PT J AU Seyfried, MS Murdock, MD AF Seyfried, MS Murdock, MD TI Measurement of soil water content with a 50-MHz soil dielectric sensor SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; LABORATORY CALIBRATION; CAPACITANCE TECHNIQUE; FIELD CALIBRATION; TEMPERATURE; MOISTURE; CONDUCTIVITY; CONSTANT; PROBES; MODEL AB The Hydra Probe(1) is a relatively inexpensive and widely used soil water content (theta m(3) m(-3)) sensor. It measures both the real (epsilon(r)) and imaginary (epsilon(i)) components of the complex soil dielectric constant at 50 MHz. Our objectives were to: (i) determine the accuracy and precision of Hydra Probe dielectric measurements, (ii) establish an electrical conductivity limit for Hydra Probe measurements, (iii) document effects of soil type and temperature, and (iv) relate these results to much more thoroughly studied relationships established for time domain reflectometry (TDR). We evaluated Hydra Probe Er measurement precision and accuracy in air, ethanol, butanol, and water. Electrical conductivity effects were established in a series of aqueous KCl solutions. Effects of soil type on calibration were evaluated with four soils. Temperature sensitivity was tested in air, oven-dried, and nearly saturated soil. Each test was performed with three sensors. We found that, in fluids, the sensors were accurate (epsilon(r) within 0.5), precise (coefficient of variation [CV] < 1%), and that inter-sensor variability was generally low except in KCI solutions with electrical conductivities >0.142 S m(-1) (0.01 M). There was a strong correlation between 0 and E, for all soils tested but the theta-epsilon(r) relationship varied with soil. Deviations of measured theta-epsilon(r) from the Topp equation increased in magnitude with epsilon(i), which may be the key to more general calibrations. Temperature effects on E, were negligible in oven dry soils and different for each soil when nearly saturated. The largest temperature effect relative to 25degreesC was +/-0.03 m(3) m(-3). In general, it appears that differences between Hydra Probe and TDR measurements are related to differences in soil dielectric properties at the measurement frequencies of the two instruments. C1 USDA ARS, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Seyfried, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, 800 Pk Blvd,Plaza 4, Boise, ID 83712 USA. EM mseyfrie@nwrc.ars.usda.gov NR 42 TC 98 Z9 103 U1 2 U2 14 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 68 IS 2 BP 394 EP 403 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 800PR UT WOS:000220040700007 ER PT J AU Kelleners, TJ Soppe, RWO Robinson, DA Schaap, MG Ayars, JE Skaggs, TH AF Kelleners, TJ Soppe, RWO Robinson, DA Schaap, MG Ayars, JE Skaggs, TH TI Calibration of capacitance probe sensors using electric circuit theory SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; SOIL-WATER CONTENT; MOISTURE MEASUREMENT; DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY; FIELD CALIBRATION; MODEL AB Capacitance probe sensors are an attractive electromagnetic technique for estimating soil water content. There is concern, however, about the influence of soil salinity and soil temperature on the sensors. We present an electric circuit model that relates the sensor frequency to the permittivity of the medium and that is able to correct for dielectric losses due to ionic conductivity and relaxation. The circuit inductance L is optimized using sensor readings in a modified setup where ceramic capacitors replace the sensor's capacitance plates. The three other parameters in the model are optimized using sensor readings in a range of nonconductive media with different permittivities. The geometric factor for the plastic access tube g(p) is higher than the geometric factor for the medium g(p) indicating that most of the electromagnetic field does not go beyond the access tube. The effect of ionic conductivity on the sensor readings is assessed by mixing salts in three of the media. The influence is profound. The sensor frequency decreases with increasing conductivity. The effect is most pronounced for the medium with the lowest permittivity. The circuit model is able to correct for the conductivity effect on the sensors. However, as the dielectric losses increase, the frequency becomes relatively insensitive to permittivity and small inaccuracies in the measured frequency or in the sensor constants result in large errors in the calculated permittivity. Calibration of the capacitance sensors can be simplified by fixing two of the constants and calculating the other two using sensor readings in air and water. C1 USDA ARS, Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. RP USDA ARS, Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM tkelleners@ussl.ars.usda.gov RI Robinson, David/A-6287-2010; Soppe, Richard/A-9581-2010 OI Robinson, David/0000-0001-7290-4867; Soppe, Richard/0000-0001-6751-8507 NR 25 TC 55 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 EI 1435-0661 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 68 IS 2 BP 430 EP 439 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 800PR UT WOS:000220040700010 ER PT J AU Haney, RL Franzluebbers, AJ Porter, EB Hons, FM Zuberer, DA AF Haney, RL Franzluebbers, AJ Porter, EB Hons, FM Zuberer, DA TI Soil Carbon and Nitrogen mineralization: Influence of drying temperature SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; ORGANIC-MATTER; TEXTURE; WATER AB Carbon and N mineralization in dried soils that are rewetted has been proposed as a rapid index of C and N mineralization potential and to reflect soil management, but further research is needed on effects of soil type and drying temperature for this approach. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of maintaining soil field moisture or drying soil at 40, 60, or 100degreesC followed by rewetting and a 3-d incubation on C and N mineralization across diverse soil types. Strong correlations between C mineralized in 24 d from field moist soils vs. C mineralized in 24 h from soils dried at 40 or 60degreesC were observed. Carbon mineralization values for 24 vs. 3 d resulted in nearly linear relationships for all drying treatments. Nitrogen mineralization in 24 d from moist vs. dried at 40 or 60degreesC and rewetted soils were also highly correlated with field moist N mineralization. The drying and rewetting pre-incubation of soil followed by a 3-d incubation was shown to be a useful indicator of longer-term (24 d) C mineralization potential. Nitrogen mineralization potential may also be obtained after drying/rewetting at 40 or 60degreesC without the need for keeping soil in a continuously field-moist state. C1 USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Haney, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. EM rhaney@spa.ars.usda.gov NR 19 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 30 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 68 IS 2 BP 489 EP 492 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 800PR UT WOS:000220040700017 ER PT J AU Blanco-Canqui, H Gantzer, CJ Anderson, SH Alberts, EE AF Blanco-Canqui, H Gantzer, CJ Anderson, SH Alberts, EE TI Tillage and crop influences on physical properties for an Epiaqualf SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM TILLAGE; NO-TILL; SOIL PROPERTIES; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE; CORN; RUNOFF; INFILTRATION; MANAGEMENT AB Tillage impacts on soil properties differ among soils. This study investigated tillage, cropping, and wheel traffic (WT) effects of 13-yr of no-tillage (N'T), chisel plow (CP), and moldboard plow (MP) under continuous corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine mar L.) including a check treatment of continuous cultivated fallow (CCF) on bulk density (rho(b)), organic matter (OM), soil-water retention, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-sat) on a Mexico silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic, Aeric Vertic Epiaqualf). Possible relationships between runoff and effective K-sat (K-eff) were also studied. Soil properties were determined on intact cores of 76-mm diam. collected from trafficked and nontrafficked positions for the 0- to 100-mm and 100- to 200-mm depths from the Midwest Research Claypan Farm erosion plots near Kingdom City, MO. Results show that the CCF had lower rho(b), OM, K-sat, and higher surface runoff than other treatments (P < 0.01). Tillage effects on soil properties among NT, CP, and MP were small and crop dependent. Corn had lower K-sat (7.3 mm h(-1)) than soybean (11.7 mm h(-1); P < 0.01). Conversely, corn had slightly higher rho(b) (1.53 Mg m(-3)) than soybean (1.48 Mg m(-3); P < 0.01). The rho(b) increased from 1.47 to 1.52 Mg m(-3) and OM decreased from 15.5 to 14.0 g kg(-1) with depth (P < 0.01). Wheel traffic reduced K-sat, by three times and increased rho(b) by 6% (P < 0.01). Bulk density was a significant predictor of log K-sat, (P < 0.01) but not for soils under CCF management. The K-eff was not related to runoff with the exception of the CCF treatment, which had slightly more runoff and lower K-eff (P < 0.05). Overall, tillage treatments had no significant effects on soil properties; however, cropping and WT had small significant effects on rho(b) and K-sat. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Blanco-Canqui, H (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, 302 Anheuser Busch Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM hb91d@mizzou.edu NR 48 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 20 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 68 IS 2 BP 567 EP 576 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 800PR UT WOS:000220040700028 ER PT J AU Mamo, M Ginting, D Renken, R Eghball, B AF Mamo, M Ginting, D Renken, R Eghball, B TI Stability of ion exchange resin under freeze-thaw or dry-wet environment SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL AB Ion exchange resins have widely been used in mineralization studies of organic materials. However, the stability of resin (anionic and cationic) under changing physical environmental conditions is not well known. Our objective was to evaluate N and P adsorption or desorption characteristics of resins exposed to freeze-thaw or dry-wet cycles. Mixed bed resins (1:1 oven-dry mass strong base anion A464-D and strong acid cation C-249) were subjected to 0, 1, and 30 freeze-thaw or dry-wet cycles. To accomplish the dry-wet cycles, fresh resin was kept in a forced-air oven at 25 (+/-2)degreesC for 28 h and rewetted to initial moisture condition for 20 h. To accomplish the freeze-thaw cycle, fresh resin was frozen for 16 h and thawed to room temperature for 8 h daily. At the end of the freeze-thaw or dry-wet cycles, resin was equilibrated with 3.2 mM L-1 NH4-N, 3.2 mM L-1 NO3-N, or 0.97 mM L-1 PO4-P for a period of 1 h. Dry-wet cycles induced desorption of N and P associated with shrinkage of resins and expulsion of interstitial liquid. At the highest dry-wet cycle, 3.3, 0.35, and 0.15% of the total adsorbed PO4-P, NH4-N, and NO3-N was desorbed, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the dry-wet or freeze-thaw cycles did not alter the physical integrity of these resins. Freeze-thaw cycles had no effects on N and P adsorption or desorption characteristics of resins of the specific resins used in this study. Ion exchange resins used for in situ nutrient monitoring should be screened using similar techniques to assess its adsorption and desorption stability and physical integrity to fluctuating environmental conditions. Resin types and stability should be mentioned when comparisons are made to other studies. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron & Hort, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Mamo, M (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron & Hort, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM mmamo3@unl.edu NR 13 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 68 IS 2 BP 677 EP 681 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 800PR UT WOS:000220040700041 ER PT J AU Natwick, ET Staten, RT Birdsall, SL AF Natwick, ET Staten, RT Birdsall, SL TI Evaluation of cotton stalk destruction for control of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID SHREDDERS AB Three cotton stalk destruction methods were evaluated for their impact on pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), larval mortality. Cotton stalks were shredded using a rotary shredder, a flail shredder, and a forage harvester. The rotary and flail shredders left cotton bolls and shredded stalks in the field. The forage harvester removed much of the cotton residue from the field. The stalk shredding and harvesting treatments were evaluated for destruction of cotton bolls and pink bollworm larvae. Numbers of intact green bolls, intact dry brown bolls, and surviving pink bollworm larvae were similar for the three treatments. Pink bollworm overwintering survival levels in the field were similar for all stalk destruction treatments. Cotton plant residue was removed from the field with a forage harvester and evaluated for pink bollworm overwintering survival. Pink bollworm mortality exceeded 99.9% in shredded stalks from the forage harvester treatment. C1 USDA, APHIS, Phoenix, AZ 85240 USA. RP Natwick, ET (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, 4125 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85240 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 29 IS 1 BP 23 EP 30 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 827YA UT WOS:000221938400003 ER PT J AU Pearl, HM Nagai, C Moore, PH Steiger, DL Osgood, RV Ming, R AF Pearl, HM Nagai, C Moore, PH Steiger, DL Osgood, RV Ming, R TI Construction of a genetic map for arabica coffee SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article ID LINKAGE MAP; SEGREGATION DISTORTION; INTERSPECIFIC HYBRID; AFLP ANALYSIS; L.; CANEPHORA; INTROGRESSION; RECOMBINATION; CULTIVARS; SACCHARUM AB We have used AFLPs to construct a genetic linkage map on a pseudo-F-2 population of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) derived from a cross between the cultivars Mokka hybrid and Catimor. Sixty trees from this population were selected on the basis of plant height distribution to construct a linkage map. A total of 456 dominant markers and eight co-dominant markers were generated from 288 AFLP primer combinations. Of the total number of markers generated, 68% were from cv. Catimor, 30% from cv. Mokka hybrid, and 2% were co-dominant. This distribution suggests that the heterozygosity within the cv. Catimor sub-genomes was twice that within the cv. Mokka hybrid sub-genomes. Linkage groups were constructed using MAPMAKER version 3.0, resulting in 16 major linkage groups containing 4-21 markers, and 15 small linkage groups consisting of 2-3 linked markers each. The total length of the map was 1,802.8 cM, with an average distance of 10.2 cM between adjacent markers. This genetic map will serve as the framework for mapping QTL controlling source-sink traits in the same population. C1 Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. ARS, USDA, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. RP Ming, R (reprint author), Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. EM rming@harc-hspa.com NR 27 TC 28 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 108 IS 5 BP 829 EP 835 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1498-3 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 806HG UT WOS:000220424400008 PM 14605810 ER PT J AU Ma, HM Schulze, S Lee, S Yang, M Mirkov, E Irvine, J Moore, P Paterson, A AF Ma, HM Schulze, S Lee, S Yang, M Mirkov, E Irvine, J Moore, P Paterson, A TI An EST survey of the sugarcane transcriptome SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article ID MATURING INTERNODAL TISSUE; EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAGS; AMINO-ACID SITES; REPRODUCTIVE PROTEINS; GENE-EXPRESSION; SELECTION; GENOMES; HYBRIDIZATION; DROSOPHILA; EVOLUTION AB Its large genome and high polyploidy makes sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) a singularly challenging crop to study and improve using genetic approaches. To provide large numbers of functionally characterized candidate genes that might be tested for direct association (rather than distant linkage) with economically important traits, we sequenced the 5' ends of 9,216 clones from three cDNA libraries (apex, leaf and mature internode), representing 3,401 non-redundant sequences. About 57% of these sequences could be assigned a tentative function based on statistically significant similarity to previously characterized proteins or DNA sequences. Another 28% corresponded to previously identified, but uncharacterized, sequences. Some of the remaining unidentified sequences were predicted to be genes which could potentially be new to plants or unique to sugarcane. Comparisons of the sugarcane ESTs to a large sorghum EST database revealed similar compositions of expressed genes between some different tissues. Comparison to a detailed Arabidopsis protein database showed some highly conserved sequences, which might be useful DNA markers for pan-angiosperm comparative mapping. These EST sequences provide a foundation for many new studies to accelerate isolation of agronomically important genes from the cumbersome sugarcane genome. C1 Univ Georgia, Plant Genome Mapping Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Texas A&M Agr Expt Stn, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Texas A&M Agr Expt Stn, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Aiea, HI USA. RP Paterson, A (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Plant Genome Mapping Lab, 111 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM paterson@dogwood.botany.uga.edu NR 35 TC 29 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 108 IS 5 BP 851 EP 863 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1510-y PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 806HG UT WOS:000220424400011 PM 14647901 ER PT J AU Slavov, GT Howe, GT Yakovlev, I Edwards, KJ Krutovskii, KV Tuskan, GA Carlson, JE Strauss, SH Adams, WT AF Slavov, GT Howe, GT Yakovlev, I Edwards, KJ Krutovskii, KV Tuskan, GA Carlson, JE Strauss, SH Adams, WT TI Highly variable SSR markers in Douglas-fir: Mendelian inheritance and map locations SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article ID CONTROLLING ADAPTIVE TRAITS; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; PATERNITY ANALYSIS; LODGEPOLE PINE; LOCI; IDENTIFICATION; STRATEGIES; PARENTAGE; RAPD AB Twenty-two highly variable SSR markers were developed in Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] from five SSR-enriched genomic libraries. Fifteen PCR primer pairs amplified a single codominant locus, while seven primer pairs occasionally amplified two loci. The Mendelian inheritance of all 22 SSRs was confirmed via segregation analyses in several Douglas-fir families. The mean observed heterozygosity and the mean number of alleles per locus were 0.855 (SE=0.020) and 23 (SE=1.6), respectively. Twenty markers were used in genetic linkage analysis and mapped to ten known linkage groups. Because of their high polymorphism and unambiguous phenotypes, 15 single-locus markers were selected as the most suitable for DNA fingerprinting and parentage analysis. Only three SSRs were sufficient to achieve an average probability of exclusion from paternity of 0.998 in a Douglas-fir seed orchard block consisting of 59 parents. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Norwegian Forest Res Inst Skogforsk, N-1432 As, Norway. Univ Bristol, Funct Genom Grp, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England. US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Slavov, GT (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM gancho.slavov@orst.edu RI Tuskan, Gerald/A-6225-2011; Krutovsky, Konstantin/A-5419-2012; OI Tuskan, Gerald/0000-0003-0106-1289; Krutovsky, Konstantin/0000-0002-8819-7084; Yakovlev, Igor/0000-0002-2731-7433 NR 33 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 108 IS 5 BP 873 EP 880 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1490-y PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 806HG UT WOS:000220424400013 PM 14625671 ER PT J AU Ghislain, M Spooner, DM Rodriguez, F Villamon, F Nunez, J Vasquez, C Waugh, R Bonierbale, M AF Ghislain, M Spooner, DM Rodriguez, F Villamon, F Nunez, J Vasquez, C Waugh, R Bonierbale, M TI Selection of highly informative and user-friendly microsatellites (SSRs) for genotyping of cultivated potato SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article ID SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEATS; SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; RAPD MARKERS; POPULATIONS; AMPLIFICATION; PHUREJA; PLANTS; LOCI; PCR AB Characterization of nearly 1,000 cultivated potato accessions with simple sequence repeats (SSRs; also referred to as microsatellites) has allowed the identification of a reference set of SSR markers for accurate and efficient genotyping. In addition, 31 SSRs are reported here for a potato genetic map, including new map locations for 24 of them. A first criterion for this proposed reference set was ubiquity of the SSRs in the eight landrace cultivar groups of the potato, Solanum tuberosum. All SSRs tested in the present study displayed the same allele phenotypes and allele size range in the diverse germplasm set as in the advanced potato cultivar germplasm in which they were originally discovered. Thirteen of 13 SSR products from all cultivar groups are shown to cross-hybridize with the corresponding SSR product of the source cultivar to ascertain sequence homology. Other important SSR selection criteria are quality of amplification products, locus complexity, polymorphic index content, and well-dispersed location on a potato genetic map. Screening of 156 SSRs allowed the identification of a highly informative and user-friendly set comprising 18 SSR markers for use in characterization of potato genetic resources. In addition, we have identified true- and pseudo-multiplexing SSRs for even greater efficiency. C1 Int Potato Ctr, Lima 12, Peru. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. RP Ghislain, M (reprint author), Int Potato Ctr, POB 1558, Lima 12, Peru. EM m.ghislain@cgiar.org NR 24 TC 82 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 14 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 108 IS 5 BP 881 EP 890 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1494-7 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 806HG UT WOS:000220424400014 PM 14647900 ER PT J AU Hesler, LS Kieckhefer, RW Catangui, MA AF Hesler, LS Kieckhefer, RW Catangui, MA TI Surveys and field observations of Harmonia axyridis and other Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in eastern and central South Dakota SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LADY BEETLE COLEOPTERA; PALLAS COLEOPTERA; NORTH-AMERICA; UNITED-STATES; AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE; POPULATIONS; ALFALFA; WHEAT; ESTABLISHMENT; PREDATORS AB Harmoniat axyridis. a coccinellid native to Asia, was discovered in South Dakota in 1996. but its distribution and habitat use in the state had remained undetermined. We sampled coccinellids front various habitats. including agricultural and natural areas, in eastern and central South Dakota in 2000 and 2001. Tuned searches, sweepnets, blacklight traps and a Malaise trap were used for numerical sampling. We made additional field observations of coccinellids. We sampled 2624 coccinellids, including H. axyridis, Coccinella septempunctata (an established, Eurasian coccinellid), and seven native species (Brachiacantha ursina, Coleomegilla maculata lengi, Cycloneda munda. Hippodamia convergens, H. parenthesis, H. tredecimpunctata tibialis, and Hyperaspis undulata). Hippodamia tredecimpunctata tibialis, H. convergens, and H. axyridis, in order, were the most abundant coccinellids. Hippodamia convergens was the most abundant of eight species sampled by tinted searches, and Coleomegilla maculata lengi was most abundant in sweepnet and Malaise trap samples. Hippodamia tredecimpunctata tibialis, H. convergens, and H. axyridis comprised over 99 percent of coccinellids sampled in blacklight traps. Harmonia axyridis was recorded from seven eastern counties, but we did not find it in central South Dakota. Adult H. axyridis were found in many habitats surveyed, and larvae were found on maize and ornamental plants. We observed adult H. axyridis preying upon Aphis glycines oil buckthorn in autumn 2001. Samples of H. axyridis included the first ebony morph collected from eastern North America. Timed searches, sampling autumnal aggregations, and blacklight traps are all potentially useful in studying H. axyridis in the field, whereas sweepnetting and Malaise trapping appear inefficient. C1 USDA, ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Hesler, LS (reprint author), USDA, ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 39 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0002-8320 J9 T AM ENTOMOL SOC JI Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 130 IS 1 BP 113 EP 133 PG 21 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 816TC UT WOS:000221131200009 ER PT J AU Peterson, JT Thurow, RF Guzevich, JW AF Peterson, JT Thurow, RF Guzevich, JW TI An evaluation of multipass electrofishing for estimating the abundance of stream-dwelling salmonids SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FISH ABUNDANCE; ANIMAL POPULATIONS; MARK-RECAPTURE; TROUT; SIZE; REGRESSION; EFFICIENCY; SELECTION; ERROR AB Failure to estimate capture efficiency, defined as the probability of capturing individual fish, can introduce a systematic error or bias into estimates of fish abundance. We evaluated the efficacy of multipass electrofishing removal methods for estimating fish abundance by comparing estimates of capture efficiency from multipass removal estimates to capture efficiencies measured by the recapture of known numbers of marked individuals for bull trout Salvelinus confluentus and westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi. Electrofishing capture efficiency measured by the recapture of marked fish was greatest for westslope cutthroat trout and for the largest size-classes of both species. Capture efficiency measured by the recapture of marked fish also was low for the first electrofishing pass (mean, 28%) and decreased considerably (mean, 1.71 times lower) with successive passes, which suggested that fish were responding to the electrofishing procedures. On average, the removal methods overestimated three-pass capture efficiency by 39% and underestimated fish abundance by 88%, across both species and all size-classes. The overestimates of efficiency were positively related to the cross-sectional area of the stream and the amount of undercut banks and negatively related to the number of removal passes for bull trout, whereas for westslope cutthroat trout, the overestimates were positively related to the amount of cobble substrate. Three-pass capture efficiency measured by the recapture of marked fish was related to the same stream habitat characteristics that influenced (biased) the removal estimates and did not appear to be influenced by our sampling procedures, including fish marking. Simulation modeling confirmed our field observations and indicated that underestimates of fish abundance by the removal method were negatively related to first-pass sampling efficiency and the magnitude of the decrease in capture efficiency with successive passes. Our results, and those of other researchers, suggest that most electrofishing-removal-based estimates of fish abundance are likely to be biased and that these biases are related to stream characteristics, fish species, and size. We suggest that biologists regard electrofishing-removal-based estimates as biased indices and encourage them to measure and model the efficiency of their sampling methods to avoid introducing systematic errors into their data. C1 Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, US Geol Survey, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Peterson, JT (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, US Geol Survey, Georgia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM peterson@smokey.forestry.uga.edu NR 43 TC 140 Z9 146 U1 0 U2 40 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 133 IS 2 BP 462 EP 475 DI 10.1577/03-044 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 805LA UT WOS:000220366600019 ER PT J AU Prior, SA Raper, RL Runion, GB AF Prior, SA Raper, RL Runion, GB TI Effect of implement on soil Co-2 efflux: Fall vs. spring tillage SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE carbon; chisel; CO2; disk; flux; tillage ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; CROP ROTATIONS; ORGANIC-MATTER; WATER-LOSS; CO2; RESIDUE; SYSTEMS; AGROECOSYSTEMS; MANAGEMENT; EMISSIONS AB Assessing strategies to help mitigate the rise in atmospheric CO2 includes evaluation of management decisions concerning tillage practices that influence soil carbon loss. Information is lacking on seasonal CO2 efflux patterns, as affected by degree of soil disturbance/residue mixing and time of tillage operations. An experiment was conducted following a grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor] (L.) Moench.] crop on a Norfolk loamy sand (Typic Kandiudults) in east-central Alabama to characterize soil CO2 efflux patterns as affected by tillage implement (disk-type, chisel-type, and undisturbed) and time of soil disturbance (fall and spring). Soil CO2 efflux assessment began immediately following fall tillage and continued for a period of about six months. Measures were also taken in the spring after imposing tillage treatments on another set of plots. Concurrent measures were also made on undisturbed plots. For fall measurements, increased CO2 efflux was related to degree of soil disturbance. Losses were similar for the chisel and undisturbed treatments and lower than the disk treatment; cumulative efflux estimates also reflected such differences. With spring tillage, CO2 losses for the undisturbed and disk treatment were similar while the chisel treatment exhibited a slightly lower loss. Results suggest that selection of fall tillage equipment that maintains surface residue and minimizes soil disturbance could help reduce CO2 loss. However, such considerations for spring tillage operations would not result in a substantial reduction in CO2 loss. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. RP Prior, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, 411 S Donahue Dr, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. EM sprior@acesag.auburn.edu NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 47 IS 2 BP 367 EP 373 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 826IG UT WOS:000221822200001 ER PT J AU Krause, CR Zhu, H Fox, RD Brazee, RD Derksen, RC Horst, LE Zondag, RH AF Krause, CR Zhu, H Fox, RD Brazee, RD Derksen, RC Horst, LE Zondag, RH TI Detection and quantification of nursery spray penetration and off-target loss with electron beam and conductivity analysis SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE electron beam analysis; nursery crops; penetration; pesticide; spray drift ID DEPOSITION; FIELD AB Spray penetration and off-target loss from a conventional, air-assist, axial-fan sprayer and a high-clearance, boom-type sprayer were investigated in Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) and Canadian Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) trees located in two different production nurseries. Aqueous tracer solutions of either Ca(NO3)(2) foliar fertilizer or Cu(OH)(2) fungicide were used in the experiments. Spray deposition distributions within canopies and off-target loss to drift and the ground were assessed via residues collected on foliage, electron microscope stubs, artificial plates, vertical and ground- level profile plastic tapes, and high-volume air samplers. Electron beam analysis (EBA) was used to assay residues on stubs, leaves, and needles placed and collected at several locations and heights in the canopy. Plastic tape samples were evaluated with a laboratory spray deposit analyzer using a conductivity detector. Both assessment methods used in the present study were useful for detection and quantification of Ca or Cu spray penetration within nursery canopies. The average spray deposit on upper surfaces of leaves was three times that deposited on lower surfaces within the Honey Locust trees. Spray deposit at the top of Canadian Hemlock tree canopies was 14 times higher than that at the middle and bottom of canopies. Spray deposit on ground targets greatly decreased as the distance from the spray path increased in both nurseries; however airborne spray deposits did not decrease as much with increasing downwind distance as ground deposits. C1 USDA ARS, Applicat Technol Res Unit, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ Extens, Lake Cty, OH USA. RP Zhu, H (reprint author), USDA ARS, Applicat Technol Res Unit, Agr Engn Bldg,1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. EM zhu.16@osu.edu NR 15 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 47 IS 2 BP 375 EP 384 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 826IG UT WOS:000221822200002 ER PT J AU Siemens, MC Wilkins, DE Correa, RF AF Siemens, MC Wilkins, DE Correa, RF TI Development and evaluation of a residue management wheel for hoe-typeno-till drills SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Agricultural-Engineers CY JUL 27-30, 2003 CL Los Vegas, NV SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE barley; canola; direct sowing; drill performance; mustard; no-tillage; no-till drill; residue; row cleaner; seed drills; seedling emergence; stand establishment; yield; wheat ID CROP RESIDUE; NO-TILL; EQUIPMENT; STAND AB Adoption of conservation tillage in the Pacific Northwest lags that of the U.S. in part due to the lack of reliable seeding equipment for planting into the high residue densities encountered in this region. To overcome this problem, a drill attachment was developed to manage heavy residue next to the furrow opening tines of hoe-type no-till drills. The U.S. patented device consists of a fingered rubber wheel, a rubber inner ring, and a spring-loaded arm that pivots about vertical and horizontal axes. The performance of the device was evaluated in terms of stand establishment and yield in Oregon and Washington. Test site locations varied significantly in the amount and condition of crop residue and were planted to a variety of different crops. As compared to the standard no-till drill without the attachment, use of the residue management wheel was found to increase the stand establishment of small seeded crops such as canola and mustard by over 40% and large seeded crops such as wheat and barley by approximately 17%. Increases in stand establishment were attributed to fewer piles of residue covering the seed row. Use of the device also significantly increased crop yield by up to 12% in 8 of the 20 trials conducted (P less than or equal to 0.10). Although the residue management wheel costs $300 per unit to fabricate, using the device may be economically feasible if it results in significant improvements in both stand establishment and yield. C1 USDA ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Siemens, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. EM markc.siemens@oregonstate.edu NR 40 TC 7 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 47 IS 2 BP 397 EP 404 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 826IG UT WOS:000221822200004 ER PT J AU White, KL Haggard, BE Chaubey, I AF White, KL Haggard, BE Chaubey, I TI Water quality at the Buffalo National River, Arkansas, 1991-2001 SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE nutrient concentrations; nutrient yields; stream flow; water quality ID UNITED-STATES; TRENDS; SEDIMENT; LOADS; OHIO; STREAMS; BASINS AB The Buffalo National River (BNR) is a relatively unpolluted, free-flowing river with riffle-pool geomorphology, located in north-central Arkansas. The specific objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate differences between physicochemical properties and concentrations in water quality samples representing base flow and surface runoff conditions, (2) determine trends in physicochemical properties and concentrations using three datasets (all data, data representing base flow conditions, and data representing surface runoff conditions), and (3) compare flow-weighted constituent concentrations and yields at the BNR to relatively undisturbed catchments and a relatively developed catchment. Water quality trends were evaluated (alpha = 0.1) using constituent data from 1991 through 2001 and using subsets of these data representing water quality samples collected during either base flow or surface runoff conditions. Trends were assessed by (1) appropriately transforming water quality data and daily discharge, (2) flow-weighting water quality data using a smoothing technique, and (3) evaluating residuals from smoothing versus time for trends. Trend analyses suggested that only nitrogen, sediment, and E. coli concentrations increased from 1991 through 2001 in the BNR, particularly during surface runoff conditions. Most temporal changes in constituents occurred during surface runoff conditions, and these changes were not necessarily reflected during base flow conditions. Flow-weighted nutrient concentrations and yields were greater at the BNR compared to median values for relatively undeveloped basins across the U.S. Nutrient concentrations and yields at the BNR were only slightly greater than or equal to the values representing the 75th percentile of reference streams. However nutrient concentrations and yields at the BNR were less than at relatively developed basins within the same ecoregion. By evaluating base flow and surface runoff water quality samples separately for trends, we gained additional insight into the particular flow conditions exhibiting significant trends. Identification of flow conditions associated with trends aids in determining constituent sources and hence appropriate constituent abatement. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP White, KL (reprint author), 203 Engn Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM klwhite@uark.edu NR 44 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 47 IS 2 BP 407 EP 417 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 826IG UT WOS:000221822200005 ER PT J AU Chinkuyu, A Meixner, T Gish, T Daughtry, C AF Chinkuyu, A Meixner, T Gish, T Daughtry, C TI The importance of seepage zones in predicting soil moisture content and surface runoff using GLEAMS and RZWQM SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE field; models; runoff; seepage zones; sensitivity; soil moisture ID WATER-QUALITY MODEL; LOSSES; CATCHMENTS; TRANSPORT AB Seepage zones have been shown to be of critical importance in controlling contaminant export,from agricultural catchments. To date, no multi-purpose agricultural water quality model has incorporated seepage zones into its process-level representations. We chose to test two commonly used models of agricultural water quality, Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems (GLEAMS) and the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM), by seeing how well each predicted surface runoff and soil moisture content in two agricultural fields: one with and one without seepage zones. Daily simulated surface runoff and soil moisture content from both calibrated and default (or non-calibrated) GLEAMS and RZWQM were compared with three years of measured surface runoff and soil moisture content in the two fields. The results of the study show that GLEAMS and RZWQM, using default model parameters, were not capable of predicting surface runoff and soil moisture content in either field. Site-calibrated GLEAMS and RZWQM performed well in simulating surface runoff trends from the field with and without seepage zones, but they predicted soil moisture content poorly Several statistical tests were used that showed that although both site-calibrated GLEAMS and RZWQM performed well, RZWQM performed better than GLEAMS and is better suited in assessing the effects of seepage zones on soil moisture content and surface runoff from agricultural fields. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Chinkuyu, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, 104 Bldg 007, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM acinkuyu@hydrolab.arsusda.gov NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 47 IS 2 BP 427 EP 438 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 826IG UT WOS:000221822200007 ER PT J AU Grigg, BC Southwick, LM Fouss, JL Kornecki, TS AF Grigg, BC Southwick, LM Fouss, JL Kornecki, TS TI Climate impacts on nitrate loss in drainage waters from a southern alluvial soil SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE drought; nitrogen loss; runoff; shallow water table; subsurface drainage ID SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE; AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE; TILE DRAINAGE; QUALITY; SURFACE; PHOSPHORUS; TILLAGE; RUNOFF; POLLUTION; SEDIMENT AB Fertilizer nitrogen transported via agricultural drainage has caused eutrophication of nearby surface waters. In the Lower Mississippi River Valley region, periods of drought are occurring more frequently. The impacts of drought on nutrient loss from agricultural lands of this region have not been reported. Field studies were used to evaluate the impact of climate (rainfall) on nitrate loss from agricultural fields in both normal (1996) and drought (1999) periods at the Ben Hur Water Quality Site in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Four replicates of two treatments, surface drainage only (SUR) and surface drainage + deep controlled drainage (DCD), were initiated on 0.21 ha plots planted to corn (Zea mays L.). After each rainfall/runoff event, the volumes of runoff and subsurface drainage were analyzed for soluble nitrate concentration and loss. No significant drainage treatment impacts were found on runoff volume and nitrate loss in runoff. Nitrate loss in runoff was impacted by climate, with a four-fold decrease in nitrate loss during the drought, caused by decreased volume of runoff. Conversely, the mass of nitrate loss in leachate increased two-fold during the drought. Diverting subsurface drainage effluent (DCD) to surface receiving waters increased nitrate transport to these waters by 2.6 times in the normal climate, and over ten-fold during the drought, compared to SUR management. In either climate, but particularly during drought, subsurface drainage could potentially accelerate eutrophication of receiving waters of this region. When compared to DCD, these results suggest that SUR should be the water management practice in this region. C1 USDA ARS, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. RP Grigg, BC (reprint author), USDA ARS, 4115 Gourrier Ave, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. EM bgrigg@msa-stoneville.ars.usda.gov NR 37 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 47 IS 2 BP 445 EP 451 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 826IG UT WOS:000221822200009 ER PT J AU Brabec, DL Maghirang, RG Casada, ME AF Brabec, DL Maghirang, RG Casada, ME TI Effectiveness of a high-pressure water-fogging system in controlling dust emissions at grain receiving SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE airflow; dust control; dust deposits; emissions; fog; grain dust; spray AB Grain dust at the receiving area is afire hazard, a health concern, and a sanitation problem and should be controlled. The effectiveness of a high-pressure water-fogging system in controlling grain dust emissions was evaluated with corn and wheat while spouting 2.1 m(3) (60 bu) of grain into a test chamber Dust/fog emissions and deposits along with entrained airflows were measured for four fog treatments, a control, and an air-blower treatment at each of two grain flow rates. The uncontrolled dust emissions varied with grain type and grain flow rate. Water-fog sprays, when applied across the top of the test chamber redirected the airflow downstream of the spray nozzles and reduced dust emissions significantly. Dust reductions ranged from 60% to 84% for corn and from 35% to 73% for wheat. However the sprays produced significant fog emissions and deposits in proportion to the liquid supply. At the highest spray rate (855 g/min), fog emission was 32 g/min (3.8%), and fog deposits ranged from 1.4 to 7.1 mg/cm(2)/min. C1 USDA ARS, Gain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Brabec, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Gain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. EM dan@gmprc.ksu.edu NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 47 IS 2 BP 505 EP 511 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 826IG UT WOS:000221822200017 ER PT J AU Ray, SJ Pordesimo, LO Wilhelm, LR AF Ray, SJ Pordesimo, LO Wilhelm, LR TI Airflow resistance of some pelleted feed SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE airflow resistance; bin shape; feed; pellets ID BULK-DENSITY; ROUGH RICE; POROSITY; GRAIN AB Cooling and aeration improve or maintain desired quality of pelleted,feed products. By knowing the resistance to airflow through feed products, fans can be selected to efficiently achieve proper aeration. Extensive data defining the relationship between airflow and pressure dropper unit depth of material has been published for several types of biological material. There is not much information on the resistance to airflow of pelleted feed products. This study focuses on air resistance through four pelleted feed sizes (4.0 mm, 6.7 mm, and 19.4 mm diameters and 33.2 x 34.9 mm cubes). Data have been published for sizes similar to the 6.7 mm pellets and the cubes, but no data are available for the other two sizes. Three bin shapes (round, square, rectangular) containing equal airflow areas were tested. A "loose" and a "packed" fill were also tested for each product size except for the cubes, which was tested at a loose fill only. The data obtained were well represented by Shedd's equation. Shape of the test bin appeared to have no effect on measured airflow resistance. The pressure drop increased with the packed fill over the loose fill, but graphically, the variation of airflow with pressure drop appeared to be the same,for both conditions. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Biosyst Engn & Environm Sci, Knoxville, TN USA. RP Pordesimo, LO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Bldg 303,BARC E,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM pordesil@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 47 IS 2 BP 513 EP 519 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 826IG UT WOS:000221822200018 ER PT J AU Billate, RD Maghirang, RG Casada, ME AF Billate, RD Maghirang, RG Casada, ME TI Measurement of particulate matter emissions from corn receiving operations with simulated hopper-bottom trucks SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Agricultural-Engineers CY JUL 28-31, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE dust control; grain dust; PM10; TSP ID DUST GENERATION; GRAIN DUST AB Dust emissions from grain elevator operations can be a safety and health risk as well as a nuisance. Fundamental data on air entrainment and dust emission are needed for designing adequate and effective dust emission control methods. This study measured the amount of entrained air and emitted dust during corn receiving operations at an elevator operated by the USDA-ARSGrain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, Kansas. Shelled corn (maize) was unloaded from a storage bin, representing a hopper-bottom truck, to the receiving pit at rates of 17 to 262 kg/s and drop heights of 38 to 56 cm. Airflow rates were measured with propeller anemometers. The emission rates of total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulate matter smaller than 10 mum aerodynamic diameter (PM10) were measured with high-volume particulate samplers. The amount of air entrained per unit volume of grain decreased with increasing grain flow rate (0.26 to 2.07 m(3)/m(3)). The emission rates of TSP (8.3 to 52.1 g/metric ton of grain received) and PM10 (0.6 to 6.1 g/t) decreased with increasing grain flow rate and decreasing drop height. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Marketing & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS USA. RP Maghirang, RG (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, 147 Seaton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM rmaghir@ksu.edu NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 47 IS 2 BP 521 EP 529 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 826IG UT WOS:000221822200019 ER PT J AU Haff, RP Slaughter, DC AF Haff, RP Slaughter, DC TI Real-time x-ray inspection of wheat for infestation by the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE infestation; weevils; wheat; x-rays ID ACOUSTICAL DETECTION; INSECT INFESTATION; STORED WHEAT; GRAIN; KERNELS; CURCULIONIDAE; COLEOPTERA; SPECTROSCOPY; RADIOGRAPHS; FARM AB A high-resolution real-time x-ray imaging system was assembled using a low-energy, high-current x-ray source, a low-energy x-ray image intensifier and a CCD camera interfaced to a PC. Overall system resolution was measured at 5 line pairs per mm (100 mum), sufficient for identifying infestations of the granary, weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) in kernels of wheat. The field of view for imaging of the system was 6 cm(2), large enough to image approximately 350 kernels of grain in a single frame. The exposure time for a single frame was 149 ms, yielding a maximum potential throughput rate of around 2500 kernels per second. For this study, 1500 wheat kernels were x-rayed, both on film and with the system described above. Of the imaged kernels, 682 contained infestations ranging in maturity from the egg to the adult life stage of the granary weevil, while 818 were uninfested. Both film and digital images were presented to human subjects to compare recognition of the infested kernels. Overall recognition results averaged 84.4% for the images from the intensifier system vs. 90.2% for the film observations. However when considering only infestations more advanced than the 3rd larval instar errors for both sets of images fell below 2% and were not significantly different. C1 USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Haff, RP (reprint author), USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM ron@pw.usda.gov NR 28 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 47 IS 2 BP 531 EP 537 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 826IG UT WOS:000221822200020 ER PT J AU Tarara, JM Ferguson, JC Blom, PE Pitts, MJ Pierce, FJ AF Tarara, JM Ferguson, JC Blom, PE Pitts, MJ Pierce, FJ TI Estimation of grapevine crop mass and yield via automated measurements of trellis tension SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE crop estimation; grapes; load cell; vitis; yield estimation AB A novel approach was devised to estimate vegetative growth and fruit mass (i.e., yield) in grapevines by continuously measuring the tension in the horizontal (cordon) support wire of the trellis. Load cells installed in-line with the cordon wire were connected to an automated data acquisition system, a major departure from the viticulture industry's standard method of collecting fruit samples by hand two or three times per growing season. Each experimental row in the vineyard was calibrated to determine the change in tension in that row in response to an increase in known mass on the cordon wire. The affects of temperature on wire tension were removed by post-processing with a regression-based empirical protocol, which corrected the raw data to a standard temperature. Because data were averaged over 15 min, wind gusts appeared to have little measurable effect on the tension measurement. A smoothing algorithm removed remaining transient disturbances in the data without masking significant events like crop thinning or harvest. Results to date suggest a linear relationship between wire tension and fruit mass that varies among rows, but not within a row, during a single season. Yields were between 4.5 and 20.2 t ha(-1) (2 to 9 t acre(-1)). C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Biosyst Engn, Pullman, WA USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Precis Agr Syst, Pullman, WA USA. RP Tarara, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Unit, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. EM jtarara@wsu.edu NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 47 IS 2 BP 647 EP 657 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 826IG UT WOS:000221822200033 ER PT J AU Cetin, AE Pearson, TC Tewfik, AH AF Cetin, AE Pearson, TC Tewfik, AH TI Classification of closed- and open-shell pistachio nuts using voice-recognition technology SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE acoustic; pistachio; recognition; sound ID SPEECH RECOGNITION AB An algorithm using speech recognition technology was developed to distinguish pistachio nuts with closed shells from those with open shells. It was observed that upon impact with a steel plate, nuts with closed shells emit different sounds than nuts with open shells. Features extracted from the sound signals consisted of mel-cepstrum coefficients and eigenvalues obtained from the principle component analysis (PCA) of the autocorrelation matrix of the sound signals. Classification of a sound signal was performed by linearly combining the mel-cepstrum and PCA feature vectors. An important property of the algorithm is that it is easily trainable, as are most speech-recognition algorithms. During the training phase, sounds of nuts with closed shells and with open shells were used to obtain a representative vector of each class. During the recognition phase, the feature vector from the sample under question was compared with representative vectors. The classification accuracy of closed-shell nuts was more than 99% on the validation set, which did not include the training set. C1 USDA ARS, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Bilkent Univ, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, TR-06533 Ankara, Turkey. Univ Minnesota, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Minneapolis, MN USA. RP Pearson, TC (reprint author), USDA ARS, GMPRC, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. EM tpearson@gmprc.ksu.edu NR 15 TC 19 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 47 IS 2 BP 659 EP 664 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 826IG UT WOS:000221822200034 ER PT J AU Wisniewski, M Bassett, C Arora, R AF Wisniewski, M Bassett, C Arora, R TI Distribution and partial characterization of seasonally expressed proteins in different aged shoots and roots of 'Loring' peach (Prunus persica) SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cold acclimation; dehydrins; dormancy; nitrogen metabolism; pathogenesis-related proteins; storage proteins; stress proteins ID VEGETATIVE STORAGE PROTEINS; COLD-ACCLIMATION; FREEZING-TOLERANCE; EVERGREEN PEACH; L BATSCH; BETULA-PUBESCENS; XYLEM TISSUES; DEHYDRIN GENE; BARK; INDUCTION AB During autumnal leaf senescence, leaf nitrogen in deciduous trees is translocated to storage sites, especially bark and xylem tissues. Proteins that accumulate in large amounts in bark and xylem in winter and are absent from these organs in summer are called storage proteins, and are believed to be vehicles for storing nitrogen reserves. These reserves are important for spring growth and help trees tolerate or recover from both abiotic and biotic stresses. Based on seasonal patterns of accumulation, we previously identified three storage proteins with molecular masses of 60, 19 and 16 kDa in bark tissues of 'Loring' peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). To characterize the distribution of these proteins in different-aged tissues and to determine if they have any function other than nitrogen storage, we examined their seasonal distribution in bark tissues of current-year and 1-year-old shoots, scaffold branches, main trunks and 4-5-year-old roots of 'Loring' peach. Verification of protein identity was based on molecular mass and reactions with antibodies directed against each specific protein. Protein distribution was variable. For all three proteins, the greatest amount was present in mid-winter in current-year and 1-year-old shoots. These tissues also showed the greatest seasonal variation in the amount of protein present. The 16 kDa protein was present only in the youngest shoots, whereas the 19 kDa protein was present in all tissues examined. The 60 kDa protein was absent in root tissue. The amino acid composition and sequence of each protein were determined. The 60 kDa protein was identified as a dehydrin, and the 19 kDa protein appeared to be related to a family of allergen proteins in Rosaceous plants, some members of which are associated with pathogenesis-related proteins. The amino acid sequence of the 16 kDa protein appeared to have no homology with any proteins in the SwissProt database. Therefore, it is likely that the 16 kDa protein, in a strict sense, is a bark storage protein. Defining storage proteins solely by their pattern of accumulation and the extent to which they accumulate may not be a good functional definition. It is possible that storage proteins have functional roles in addition to nitrogen storage. C1 USDA ARS, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Hort, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Wisniewski, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2217 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM mwisniew@afrs.ars.usda.gov NR 26 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 24 IS 3 BP 339 EP 345 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 802SW UT WOS:000220184200010 PM 14704143 ER PT J AU Dong, SF Cheng, LL Scagel, CF Fuchigami, LH AF Dong, SF Cheng, LL Scagel, CF Fuchigami, LH TI Nitrogen mobilization, nitrogen uptake and growth of cuttings obtained from poplar stock plants grown in different N regimes and sprayed with urea in autumn SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomass; fertigation; N-15; populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides ID COMICE PEAR TREES; APPLE LEAVES; ABSORPTION; STORAGE AB Nitrogen mobilization, nitrogen uptake and growth of cuttings obtained from poplar stock plants fertigated with different nitrogen (N) treatments and sprayed with urea in autumn were studied. Stock plants propagated from poplar cuttings were trained to a single shoot and fertigated with 0, 5, 10, 15 or 20 mmol l(-1) N during the first growing season. In October, a subset of stock plants from each N fertigation treatment was sprayed twice with either 3% urea or water, and over-wintered outside. In March, total tree biomass and total N concentration and content of stems were estimated for stock plants in each treatment, and cuttings were taken from the middle of each stock plant and stored in plastic bags at 2 degreesC. In mid-April, cuttings were planted in 7.5-l pots containing N-free medium and grown outdoors with a weekly fertigation with nutrient solution containing 0 or 10 mmol l(-1) (NH4NO3)-N-15-N-15. in mid-July, cuttings were harvested, and new shoot (new stems and leaves), shank (old cutting stem) and roots were analyzed for new biomass growth and total N and N-15 content. Growth of stock plants was positively related to N supply in the previous growing season. Foliar urea application in autumn had no effect on subsequent stock plant growth even though urea sprays increased both N concentration and content in stem tissues. Biomass growth of cuttings obtained from stock plants was closely related to their N content when the cuttings were grown in an N-free medium regardless of previous treatments applied to the stock plants. When N was supplied in the growth medium, the strength of the relationship between regrowth and N content of cuttings was significantly reduced. Cuttings from stock plants treated with foliar urea and grown in a N-free medium remobilized between 75 and 82% of their total N for new growth, whereas cuttings from plants receiving no urea spray remobilized only between 60 and 69% of their total N for new growth. Current N fertilization of the cuttings reduced the percentage of N remobilized. We conclude that new growth of poplar cuttings in spring was more dependent on currently applied N than on reserve N, and urea N applied as a spray in autumn was more easily remobilized than N taken up by roots during the previous season. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Pacific Agri Food Res Ctr, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada. Cornell Univ, Dept Hort, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Dong, SF (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Pacific Agri Food Res Ctr, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada. EM dongs@agr.gc.ca NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 13 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 24 IS 3 BP 355 EP 359 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 802SW UT WOS:000220184200012 PM 14704145 ER PT J AU Vander Wall, SB Longland, WS AF Vander Wall, SB Longland, WS TI Diplochory: are two seed dispersers better than one? SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Review ID AUSTRALIAN ARID ZONE; PINE PINUS-JEFFREYI; RAIN-FOREST; DUNG BEETLES; MEDITERRANEAN MYRMECOCHORE; DIRECTED DISPERSAL; SOUTHEAST BRAZIL; CHIPMUNKS TAMIAS; CENTRAL AMAZONIA; HOWLER MONKEYS AB Diplochory is seed dispersal by a sequence of two or more steps or phases, each involving a different dispersal agent. Here, we describe five forms of diplochory and derive general characteristics of each phase of seed dispersal. The first and second phases of diplochory offer different benefits to plants. Phase one dispersal often results in escape from density-dependent seed and seedling mortality near the parent plant and can result in the colonization of habitat patches far from the parent. Phase two dispersal often moves seeds to discrete and predictable microsites, where the probability of seedling establishment is disproportionately high (i.e. directed dispersal). Diplochory appears to have evolved because combining two means of seed dispersal can increase the benefits of seed dispersal whilst reducing the likelihood of seed mortality. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Biol 314, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. ARS, USDA, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Vander Wall, SB (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Biol 314, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM sv@med.unr.edu NR 57 TC 137 Z9 147 U1 4 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 19 IS 3 BP 155 EP 161 DI 10.1016/j.tree.2003.12.004 PG 7 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 802SS UT WOS:000220183800012 PM 16701247 ER PT J AU Harp, JA Stabel, JR Pesch, BA Goff, JP AF Harp, JA Stabel, JR Pesch, BA Goff, JP TI Expression of adhesion molecules on milk and blood lymphocytes from periparturient dairy cattle with Johne's disease SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Johne's disease; bovine; adhesion molecules; T lymphocytes ID MAMMARY-GLAND; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; MYCOBACTERIUM-AVIUM; T-CELLS; COWS; PARATUBERCULOSIS; PARTURITION; PATTERNS; PERIOD; RECIRCULATION AB Twelve dairy cows infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis were monitored for lymphocyte subsets and expression of adhesion molecules on cells in blood and milk at parturition and at intervals up to 21 days post-partum. Using fluorescent antibody labeling of cells and analysis by flow cytometry, we determined percentages of T cell subsets (CD4+, CD8+, gammadelta+) and expression of adhesion molecules (CD62L, LFA-1, LPAM-1, and CD44) on cells from blood and milk of these cows. Significantly higher percentages of CD8+ cells were found in milk than in blood at all time points; there were no significant differences in percentages of CD4+ or gammadelta+ cells. CD62L, LFA-1, and LPAM-1 were expressed on a significantly higher percentage of all T cell subsets in milk than in blood at various times after parturition. No differences were seen in expression of CD44. Increased percentages of T lymphocytes expressing adhesion molecules in milk compared to blood suggest that a migratory population of cells is being selectively recruited to the mammary gland from the circulation. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Harp, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM jharp@nadc.ars.usda.gov NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 98 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 76 DI 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.10.007 PG 8 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 775KN UT WOS:000189039500008 PM 15127843 ER PT J AU Staszak, J Grulke, NE Prus-Glowacki, W AF Staszak, J Grulke, NE Prus-Glowacki, W TI Genetic differences of Pinus ponderosa [Dougl. ex Laws.] trees tolerant and sensitive to ozone SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE genetic structure; isozymes; ozone injury; Ponderosa pine ID AIR-POLLUTION; SYLVESTRIS POPULATIONS; NORWAY SPRUCE; ZINC SMELTER; SELECTION; ENVIRONMENT; POLLUTANTS; DEPOSITION; DIVERSITY; EXPOSURE AB Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. one of the most sensitive conifers in western North America to tropospheric ozone, and as such, serves as a model for ozone-phytotoxic effects in forest species. In this paper, we demonstrate differences in level of genetic variation and frequencies of some alleles and genotypes between individuals tolerant and sensitive to oxidant exposure. The degree of sensitivity or tolerance was quantitatively described using morphological attributes. Mean value of heterozygosity (Ho) and genotypic polymorphism index (Pg) was statistically significantly higher (pless than or equal to0.05) in tolerant group of trees, on average 32% for (Ho) and 25% for (Pg). The greatest differences in heterozygosity were found at the Got-A, Got-B, and Shdh loci. More individuals with higher number of heterozygotic loci were noted in tolerant group of trees. C1 Adam Mickiewicz Univ Poznan, Dept Genet, Poznan, Poland. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Riverside, CA USA. RP Staszak, J (reprint author), Adam Mickiewicz Univ Poznan, Dept Genet, Poznan, Poland. EM jacstasz@amu.edu.pl NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 153 IS 1-4 BP 3 EP 14 DI 10.1023/B:WATE.0000019937.20297.6a PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 803SE UT WOS:000220250000001 ER PT J AU Min, SH Han, JS Shin, EW Park, JK AF Min, SH Han, JS Shin, EW Park, JK TI Improvement of cadmium ion removal by base treatment of juniper fiber SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cadmium; juniper; saponification; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy; isotherm; kinetics ID INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; CHITOSAN BEADS; HEAVY-METALS; ADSORPTION; ESTERIFICATION; BIOSORPTION; BIOMASS; BINDING; NI(II); PEAT AB Juniper is a small-diameter underutilized lignocellulosic material. We evaluated the efficacy of base-treated juniper fiber (BTJF) for cadmium (Cd2+) sorption and the viability of juniper fiber as a sorbent for removing Cd2+ from water. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that carboxylate ion is a major functional group responsible for Cd2+ sorption. The apparent ideal sodium hydroxide concentration for base treatment is approximately 0.5 M. A batch sorption isotherm test showed that equilibrium sorption data were better represented by the Langmuir model than the Freundlich model. After base treatment, the maximum Cd2+ sorption loading, Q(max), was greatly improved (9.18-29.54 mg/g), despite a decrease in specific surface area. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted well for the sorption of Cd2+ onto BTJF. Initial metal ion concentration and treatment alkalinity were found to be major parameters influencing the kinetics of the sorption reaction. As a result of its strong ability to bind cadmium and its faster kinetics in low concentration, BTJF could be an inexpensive and efficient sorbent for removing heavy metals from stormwater runoff. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Han, JS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. EM jhan@fs.fed.us NR 27 TC 113 Z9 118 U1 3 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1289 EP 1295 DI 10.1016/j.watres.2003.11.016 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 800EY UT WOS:000220012900023 PM 14975662 ER PT J AU Steckel, LE Sprague, CL Stoller, EW Wax, LM AF Steckel, LE Sprague, CL Stoller, EW Wax, LM TI Temperature effects on germination of nine Amaranthus species SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE diurnal temperature; germination rate ID UNITED-STATES; EMERGENCE; PHYTOCHROME AB Germination of weed seed and time of emergence are greatly affected by temperature. The effects of temperature on seed germination of tumble pigweed, prostrate pigweed, smooth pigweed, Palmer amaranth, Powell amaranth, spiny amaranth, redroot pigweed, common waterhemp, and tall waterhemp were examined under constant and alternating temperature regimens at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 C. Averaged over all temperatures, alternating temperature regimens increased total germination of all species, except Powell amaranth, which germinated similarly under both constant and alternating temperatures. In addition, Powell amaranth seed exhibited the highest total germination across all temperatures compared with the other amaranth species. Prostrate pigweed seed demonstrated the lowest total germination. Optimal temperatures for maximum germination were greater than 20 C for all species, except prostrate pigweed. The alternating temperature regimen centering at 30 C was used to compare the germination rates of the nine species. Palmer amaranth and smooth pigweed attained complete germination on the first day. The rate of germination for these species was much more rapid than the other Amaranthus spp., which took 3 to 8 d to reach 50% germination. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Sprague, CL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM csprague@uiuc.edu NR 22 TC 38 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 12 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 52 IS 2 BP 217 EP 221 DI 10.1614/WS-03-012R PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 804UJ UT WOS:000220323300006 ER PT J AU Koger, CH Shaw, DR Reddy, KN Bruce, LM AF Koger, CH Shaw, DR Reddy, KN Bruce, LM TI Detection of pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) by hyperspectral remote sensing. I. Effects of tillage and cover crop residue SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE conventional tillage; discriminant analysis; no tillage; remote sensing ID SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; WEED INFESTATIONS; SPECTRAL PROPERTIES; REFLECTANCE; SOIL; COMPETITION; CANOPIES; INDEXES; PLANTS AB Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of hyperspectral reflectance data collected with a hand-held spectroradiometer to discriminate soybean intermixed with pitted morningglory and weed-free soybean in conventional till and no-till plots containing rye, hairy vetch, or no cover crop residue. Pitted morningglory was in the cotyledon to six-leaf growth stage. Seven 50-nm spectral bands (one ultraviolet, two visible, four near-infrared) derived from each hyperspectral reflectance measurement were used as discrimination variables. Pitted morningglory plant size had more influence on discriminant capabilities than tillage or cover crop residue systems. Across all tillage and residue systems, discrimination accuracy was 71 to 95%, depending on the size of pitted morningglory plants at the time of data acquisition. The versatility of the seven 50-nm bands was tested by using a discriminant model developed for one experiment location to test discriminant capabilities for the other experiment, with discrimination accuracy across all tillage and residue systems of 55 to 73%, depending on pitted morningglory plant size. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Koger, CH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. EM ckoger@ars.usda.gov NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 52 IS 2 BP 222 EP 229 DI 10.1614/WS-03-082R PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 804UJ UT WOS:000220323300007 ER PT J AU Koger, CH Shaw, DR Reddy, KN Bruce, LM AF Koger, CH Shaw, DR Reddy, KN Bruce, LM TI Detection of pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) with hyperspectral remote sensing. II. Effects of vegetation ground cover and reflectance properties SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE conventional tillage; discriminant analysis; linear mixing; no tillage; remote sensing ID WEED; INFESTATIONS AB Field research was conducted to determine the potential of hyperspectral remote sensing for discriminating plots of soybean intermixed with pitted morningglory and weed-free soybean with similar and different proportions of vegetation ground cover. Hyperspectral data were collected using a handheld spectroradiometer when pitted morningglory was in the cotyledon to two-leaf, two- to four-leaf, and four- to six-leaf growth stages. Synthesized reflectance measurements containing equal and unequal proportions of reflectance from vegetation were obtained, and seven 50-nm spectral bands (one ultraviolet, two visible, and four near-infrared) derived from each hyperspectral reflectance measurement were used as discrimination variables to differentiate weed-free soybean and soybean intermixed with pitted morningglory. Discrimination accuracy was 93 to 100% regardless of pitted morningglory growth stage and whether equal or unequal proportions of reflectance from vegetation existed in weed-free soybean and soybean intermixed with pitted morningglory. Discrimination accuracy was 88 to 98% when using the discriminant model developed for one experiment to discriminate soybean intermixed with pitted morningglory and weedfree soybean plots of the other experiment. Reflectance in the near-infrared spectrum was higher for weed-free soybean compared with soybean intermixed with pitted morningglory, and this difference affected the ability to discriminate weed-free soybean from soybean intermixed with pitted morningglory. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Koger, CH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. EM ckoger@ars.usda.gov NR 12 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 52 IS 2 BP 230 EP 235 DI 10.1614/WS-03-083R1 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 804UJ UT WOS:000220323300008 ER PT J AU Boydston, RA Williams, MM AF Boydston, RA Williams, MM TI Combined effects of Aceria malherbae and herbicides on field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) growth SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biocontrol; biological control; gall mite; integrated pest management ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENT; HORRIDUS COLEOPTERA; INTEGRATED CONTROL; HOST-SPECIFICITY; ACARI; WEED; ERIOPHYIDAE; INSECTS; 2,4-D; CURCULIONIDAE AB The effects of a gall mite (Aceria malherbae) and sublethal doses of either 2,4-DB or glyphosate on field bindweed growth were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Mite feeding reduced field bindweed shoot biomass 37 to 48% and root biomass 46 to 50%. 2,4-DB at 0.07 to 0.14 kg ae ha(-1) or glyphosate at 0.14 to 0.28 kg ai ha(-1) reduced field bindweed root biomass 25 to 52%. Combining A. malherbae feeding with either 2,4-DB or glyphosate application reduced root biomass of field bindweed plants more than mites or either herbicide alone. Live A. malherbae were present on field bindweed 3 wk after treatment with either herbicide. Combination of A. malherbae with sublethal herbicide doses may allow for field bindweed suppression while reducing potential herbicide injury to crops and maintaining A. malberbae populations. C1 USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Boydston, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. EM boydston@pars.ars.usda.gov NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 7 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2004 VL 52 IS 2 BP 297 EP 301 DI 10.1614/WS-03-080R1 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 804UJ UT WOS:000220323300018 ER PT J AU De Steven, D Toner, MM AF De Steven, D Toner, MM TI Vegetation of upper coastal plain depression wetlands: Environmental templates and wetland dynamics within a landscape framework SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE Carolina bay; depressional wetlands; environmental gradients; hydrogeologic setting; hydroperiod; landscape; reference wetlands; wetland management; restoration; vegetation types ID SOUTH-CAROLINA; PRAIRIE WETLANDS; SEED BANKS; LAND-USE; USA; MANAGEMENT; HYDROLOGY; CLASSIFICATION; SOUTHEASTERN; ASSEMBLAGES AB Reference wetlands play an important role in efforts to protect wetlands and assess wetland condition. Because wetland vegetation integrates the influence of many ecological factors, a useful reference system would identify natural vegetation types and include models relating vegetation to important regional geomorphic, hydrologic, and geochemical properties. Across the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain, depression wetlands are a major hydrogeomorphic class with diverse characteristics. For 57 functional depression wetlands in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina, we characterized the principal vegetation types and used a landscape framework to assess how local (wetland-level) factors and regional landscape settings potentially influence vegetation composition and dynamics. Wetland sites were stratified across three Upper Coastal Plain landscape settings that differ in soils, surface geology, topography, and land use. We sampled plant composition, measured relevant local variables, and analyzed historical transitions in vegetative cover types. Cluster analysis identified six vegetation types, ranging from open-water ponds and emergent marshes to closed forests. Significant vegetation-environment relationships suggested environmental "templates" for plant community development. Of all local factors examined, wetland hydrologic regime was most strongly correlated with vegetation type, but depression size, soil textural type, and disturbance history were also significant. Because hydrogeologic settings influence wetland features, local factors important to vegetation were partly predictable from landscape setting, and thus wetland types were distributed non-randomly across landscape settings. Analysis of long-term vegetation change indicated relative stability in some wetlands and succession in others. We developed a landscape-contingent model for vegetation dynamics, with hydroperiod and fire as major driving variables. The wetland classification, environmental templates, and dynamics model provide a reference framework to guide conservation priorities and suggest possible outcomes of restoration or management. C1 USDA Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Ctr Forested Wetlands Res, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. New Brunswick Dept Nat Resources & Energy, Fredericton, NB E3B 5H1, Canada. RP De Steven, D (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Ctr Forested Wetlands Res, 2730 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. EM ddesteven@fs.fed.us NR 66 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 9 U2 47 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2004 VL 24 IS 1 BP 23 EP 42 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0023:VOUCPD]2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 806MK UT WOS:000220437800003 ER PT J AU Chimner, RA AF Chimner, RA TI Soil respiration rates of tropical peatlands in Micronesia and Hawaii SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE peatlands; fens; tropical; soil respiration; CO2 ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EVOLUTION; CO2; ACCUMULATION; TEMPERATURE; PEAT; DECOMPOSITION; VEGETATION; EMISSIONS; METHANE; FLUXES AB There are very few published reports of soil respiration rates from tropical peatlands, despite their importance to global carbon cycling. This study quantified in situ soil respiration rates in a suite of tropical peatlands in Micronesia and Hawaii using a soil CO, flux chamber connected to a LI-COR 6400 Portable Photosynthesis Infrared Gas Analyzer. Soil respiration rates were higher in the warmer Micronesian peatlands (2.15-2.54 mumol m(-2) s(-1)) than in the cooler Hawaiian montane peatlands (0.83-1.81 mumol m(-2) s(-1)). The lone exception was the taro-cultivated peatland in Micronesia that had low soil respiration rates likely due to low amount of litterfall, root biomass, and root production. Deep standing water decreased soil respiration rates, while lowered water levels had mixed effects on soil respiration rates. Surprisingly, measured soil respiration rates were lower than rates measured in temperate and boreal peatlands in the summer. However, soil respiration rates in tropical peatlands are not limited by large diurnal or seasonal changes and can continue respiring at the same rates, resulting in higher annual CO2 flux rates compared to other nontropical peatlands. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific SW Res Stn, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Chimner, RA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM rchimner@nrel.colostate.edu NR 31 TC 30 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 27 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2004 VL 24 IS 1 BP 51 EP 56 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0051:SRROTP]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 806MK UT WOS:000220437800005 ER PT J AU Brooks, RT AF Brooks, RT TI Weather-related effects on woodland vernal pool hydrology and hydroperiod SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE hydrology; hydroperiod; potential evapotranspiration; precipitation; vernal pools; woodland vernal pools ID NORTHERN PRAIRIE WETLANDS; SOUTHERN NEW-ENGLAND; CLIMATE-CHANGE; WATER-BALANCE; COASTAL-PLAIN; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; CONSERVATION; DYNAMICS; HABITAT; MODEL AB Woodland vernal pools occur commonly throughout northeastern North America. These pools provide preferred breeding habitat for mole salamanders (Ambystoma spp.) and wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and support an abundant and diverse macroinvertebrate fauna. Vernal pool hydrology, and especially hydroperiod or duration of the wet phase, affects the composition and productivity of pool fauna. The hydrology of ephemeral wetlands is dominated by local weather conditions. In this paper, I report a ten-year record of the relationships between precipitation and evapotranspiration and water-level change and hydroperiod in four typical southern New England vernal pools. Long-term average precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year in the Northeast; potential evapotranspiration peaks in the summer months and exceeds precipitation from mid-June through mid-September. This period of water deficit causes the period of maximum vernal pool drying. Vernal pool hydroperiods were shorter and pools dried earlier in those years with larger cumulative water deficits, especially when early spring ground-water resources were below long-term means and late winter snowpack was reduced or absent. Weekly water-level change in vernal pools was significantly related to precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, with precipitation having 2-5 times greater effect than evapotranspiration. Under climate-change predictions of more episodic precipitation and increased evapotranspiration, vernal pools would dry earlier in the year and remain dry longer. These changes would adversely affect the successful reproduction of pool-breeding amphibians and isolate the remaining productive pools. C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv,Northeastern Res Stn, Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr 201, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Brooks, RT (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv,Northeastern Res Stn, Holdsworth Nat Resources Ctr 201, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM rtbrooks@fs.fed.us RI Brooks, Robert/E-9955-2011 NR 56 TC 51 Z9 57 U1 10 U2 48 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2004 VL 24 IS 1 BP 104 EP 114 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0104:WEOWVP]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 806MK UT WOS:000220437800010 ER PT J AU Chapin, CT Bridgham, SD Pastor, J AF Chapin, CT Bridgham, SD Pastor, J TI pH and nutrient effects on above-ground net primary production in a Minnesota, USA bog and fen SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE net primary production; nutrient limitation; peatlands; pH ID PLANT FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY; SOUTHERN BOREAL ALBERTA; PHOSPHORUS MINERALIZATION; CHAMAEDAPHNE-CALYCULATA; SPHAGNUM-MAGELLANICUM; NORTHERN MINNESOTA; PEATLAND GRADIENT; SHOOT BIOMASS; GROWTH; NITROGEN AB Nutrient limitation is often assumed to be similar among the species of a plant community. However, limitation can differ among ecosystems and among life forms and individual species within a particular ecosystem. Peatlands have some of the lowest nutrient availabilities and highest acidities among wetland types, but the relative roles of nutrient limitation and pH stress in structuring peatland plant communities are unknown. Accordingly, we measured changes in above-ground net primary production (ANPP) and percent cover of plants to additions of low levels of N, P, and calcium carbonate in a bog and fen in northern Minnesota, USA. Plots were treated for three years with a combination of 2 or 6 g N m(-2) yr(-1) as ammonium, 0.67 or 2 g P m(-2) yr(-1), and/or calcium carbonate to raise the pH of the bog from 3.8 to 4.9 and the pH of the fen from 4.9 to 6.4. In the bog, the low N treatment increased ANPP, whereas the high N treatment inhibited ANPP. Lime addition also stimulated ANPP. The whole-community bog response was largely due to bryophytes, which accounted for 76% of ANPP on average. However, the productivity of the shrub community (18% of total ANPP) increased with P additions but only during the third year of fertilizer application. Productivity of the bog graminoids did not respond significantly to any addition. Fen ANPP was stimulated by P addition, but the effect was isolated to graminoids (95% of total ANPP), and this was largely due to the response of Carex exilis. Our results suggest that low nutrient availability does not necessarily imply nutrient limitation of peatland plant communities. Furthermore, life forms and individual species responded differently, indicating that there are several levels of nutrient limitation within each peatland community. In particular, bog Sphagnum mosses appear to have a very low tolerance for N. Production and community structure were controlled by N-availability and pH in the bog and by P-availability in the fen. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. RP Chapin, CT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Federal Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM ctc13@cornell.edu RI Pastor, John/F-6241-2011 NR 78 TC 38 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 34 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2004 VL 24 IS 1 BP 186 EP 201 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0186:PANEOA]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 806MK UT WOS:000220437800017 ER PT J AU Spaeth, DF Bowyer, RT Stephenson, TR Barboza, PS AF Spaeth, DF Bowyer, RT Stephenson, TR Barboza, PS TI Sexual segregation in moose Alces alces: an experimental manipulation of foraging behaviour SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaskan moose; competitive exclusion; feeding behaviour; foraging; sexual segregation; willow ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; BODY-SIZE DIMORPHISM; ALASKAN MOOSE; MULE DEER; MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES; HABITAT SEGREGATION; FOREST SUCCESSION; BIGHORN SHEEP; SELECTION; PREDATION AB We studied Alaskan moose Alces alces gigas to test the hypothesis that sexual segregation among polygynous ruminants is the result of competitive exclusion of males by females. We first examined differences in foraging behaviour between sexes, and then tested whether foraging by females influenced subsequent browsing by males, an outcome necessary to postulate competitive exclusion of males by females. Our experiments during the winter of 1999 and 2000 were made on captive moose at the Kenai Moose Research Center, Alaska, USA. Twig diameters of Barclay willows Salix barclayi affected bite sizes taken by foraging moose, independent of sex, when that relationship was examined with respect to absolute or relative sizes of bites; bite size can not be invoked as an explanation for sexual segregation. Moose of both sexes overcompensated by consuming more second-year growth when feeding on smaller twigs compared with larger ones, ostensibly to adjust for lower nutritional returns in smaller twigs of current annual growth. We modelled the intake rate of moose browsing on willow with multiple-linear regression. The best model included sex, body mass of moose and density of twigs, but not shape of willows. Females had higher bite rates and rates of forage intake than males, and generally took smaller bites of greater variability. Thus, the differences in foraging behaviour between the sexes may relate to sexual dimorphism and allometric differences in digestive morphology, and ultimately to spatial segregation of sexes, as proposed by the gastrocentric hypothesis. No difference, however, occurred in the rate of intake between the sexes foraging on previously browsed willows, which resulted in our rejection of the hypothesis that selective foraging by females could lead to competitive exclusion of males. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Biol & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Soldotna, AK 99669 USA. RP Spaeth, DF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Blue Ridge Ranger Dist, Happy Jack, AZ 86024 USA. EM dspaeth@fs.fed.us; bowyterr@isu.edu; fftrs@uaf.edu; ffpsb@uaf.edu NR 78 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE BIOLOGY PI RONDE PA C/O JAN BERTELSEN, GRENAAVEJ 14, KALO, DK-8410 RONDE, DENMARK SN 0909-6396 EI 1903-220X J9 WILDLIFE BIOL JI Wildlife Biol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 10 IS 1 BP 59 EP 72 PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 807LE UT WOS:000220502200008 ER PT J AU Samson, FB Knopf, FL Ostlie, WR AF Samson, FB Knopf, FL Ostlie, WR TI Great Plains ecosystems: past, present, and future SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Wildlife Management Congress CY DEC, 2003 CL CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND DE biological diversity; conservation planning; ecological drivers; grasslands; management; prairie; restoration ID MIXED-GRASS PRAIRIE; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; FIRE HISTORY; RESTORATION; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; EXTINCTION; MANAGEMENT; HABITAT AB Little question exists that the main bodies of North American prairie (i.e., the tall-grass, mixed, and shortgrass) are among the most endangered resources on the continent. The purpose of this paper is to provide a past and present biological baseline by which to understand North American prairies and to provide a platform for future conservation. Events both immediate to the end of the Pleistocene and historic suggest that the present grassland conditions are different from those within which most of the grassland organisms evolved. Our analysis suggests that few grassland landscapes remain adequate in area and distribution to sustain diversity sufficient to include biota and ecological drivers native to the landscape. A robust and history-based scenario to conserve Great Plains grasslands is to 1) identify areas large enough to sustain an ecological system with all its biodiversity, 2) reverse significant losses in area of native grasslands, 3) ensure that restoration matches the grassland previously existing at that site, 4) refocus the profession of range management, and 5) establish a more meaningful agency design for grassland and natural resource management. C1 US Forest Serv, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Samson, FB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, 200 E Broadway, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM FSamson@fs.fed.us NR 63 TC 116 Z9 122 U1 15 U2 99 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2004 VL 32 IS 1 BP 6 EP 15 DI 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[6:GPEPPA]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 815IF UT WOS:000221035300003 ER PT J AU Schaefer, RR Conner, RN Rudolph, DC Saenz, D AF Schaefer, RR Conner, RN Rudolph, DC Saenz, D TI Red-cockaded Woodpecker nestling provisioning and reproduction in two different pine habitats SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FORAGING BEHAVIOR; SOUTHERN PINES; SELECTION; FOREST AB We obtained nestling provisioning and reproductive data from 24 Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) groups occupying two different pine habitats-longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and a mixture of loblolly (P. taeda) and shortleaf pine (P. echinata)-in eastern Texas during 1990 and 1991. Habitat data were collected within 800 m of each group's cavity-tree cluster. Feeding trips per nest and prey biomass per feeding trip were significantly greater in loblolly-shortleaf pine habitat. There were few significant correlations between reproductive/provisioning and habitat variables in either pine habitat. Pines dying from infestation by southern pine beetles (Dendroctonus frontalis) were more common in loblolly-shortleaf than in longleaf pine habitat. In addition, adult male Red-cockaded Woodpeckers weighed more in loblolly-shortleaf pine habitat. Indices of southern pine beetle abundance in loblolly-shortleaf pine habitat were negatively correlated with number of feeding trips per nestling, but positively correlated with prey biomass delivered to nestlings. We hypothesize that the greater abundance of southern pine beetles and associated arthropods in loblolly-shortleaf pine habitat, and the resulting higher frequency of dying pines containing an abundant food source, were associated with an elevated prey biomass available to both nestling and adult Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. C1 Stephen F Austin State Univ, So Res Stn, USDA, Forest Serv,Arthur Temple Coll Forestry, Nacogdoches, TX 75965 USA. RP Schaefer, RR (reprint author), Stephen F Austin State Univ, So Res Stn, USDA, Forest Serv,Arthur Temple Coll Forestry, 506 Hayter St, Nacogdoches, TX 75965 USA. EM rschaefer01@fs.fed.us NR 34 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 116 IS 1 BP 31 EP 40 DI 10.1676/0043-5643(2004)116[0031:RWNPAR]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 845IN UT WOS:000223235900004 ER PT J AU Hernandez-Torres, I Iracheta, M Galan-Wong, LJ Hernandez, C Contreras, J Jackson, M Pereyra-Alferez, B AF Hernandez-Torres, I Iracheta, M Galan-Wong, LJ Hernandez, C Contreras, J Jackson, M Pereyra-Alferez, B TI A Paecilomyces fumosoroseus mutant over-producing chitinase displays enhanced virulence against Bemisia tabaci SO WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia tabaci; biological control; chitinases; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; pest; whitefly ID BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS; METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; ARGENTIFOLII; CUTICLE; ENZYME AB A Paecilomyces fumosoroseus strain was mutagenized by u.v. Among 200 colonies, one mutant (M84), showed a large and stable chitin hydrolysis-halo. Glucose consumption and biomass production were similar for M84 and the parental strain. Chitinase was inducible by chitin and repressed by glucose in both strains but, when they were grown on minimal medium plus colloidal chitin as sole carbon source, the parental and M84 strains yielded 198 and 690 mumol N-acetylglucosamine, respectively. This results indicate that the mutant strain synthesized a chitinase with a higher activity. Bioassays against Bemisia tabaci nymph, showed that M84 incited a 2-fold higher incidence of disease compared to the parental strain. C1 Univ Autonoma Nuevo Leon, Fac Ciencias Biol, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. ARS, USDA, Peoria, IL USA. RP Pereyra-Alferez, B (reprint author), Univ Autonoma Nuevo Leon, Fac Ciencias Biol, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. EM bpereyra@fcb.uanl.mx NR 15 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0959-3993 J9 WORLD J MICROB BIOT JI World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 20 IS 2 BP 207 EP 210 DI 10.1023/B:WIBI.0000021790.15015.42 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 806TB UT WOS:000220455100013 ER PT J AU Xiao, XM Hollinger, D Aber, J Goltz, M Davidson, EA Zhang, QY Moore, B AF Xiao, XM Hollinger, D Aber, J Goltz, M Davidson, EA Zhang, QY Moore, B TI Satellite-based modeling of gross primary production in an evergreen needleleaf forest SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE VEGETATION sensor; vegetation index; gross ecosystem exchange of CO2; Howland forest ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; LEAF WATER-CONTENT; PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION; GAP FILLING STRATEGIES; VEGETATION SENSOR DATA; LIGHT-USE EFFICIENCY; REMOTE-SENSING DATA; ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY; SEASONAL PATTERNS; SPECTRAL INDEX AB The eddy covariance technique provides valuable information on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2, between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, ecosystem respiration, and gross primary production (GPP) at a variety of CO2 eddy flux tower sites. In this paper, we develop a new, satellite-based Vegetation Photosynthesis Model (VPM) to estimate the seasonal dynamics and interannual variation of GPP of evergreen needleleaf forests. The VPM model uses two improved vegetation indices (Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Land Surface Water Index (LSWI)). We used multi-year (1998-2001) images from the VEGETATION sensor onboard the SPOT-4 satellite and CO2 flux data from a CO2 eddy flux tower site in Howland, Maine, USA. The seasonal dynamics of GPP predicted by the VPM model agreed well with observed GPP in 1998-2001 at the Howland Forest. These results demonstrate the potential of the satellite-driven VPM model for scaling-up GPP of forests at the CO2 flux tower sites, a key component for the study of the carbon cycle at regional and global scales. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03833 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, NW Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Xiao, XM (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03833 USA. EM xiangming.xiao@unh.edu RI Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012; Davidson, Eric/K-4984-2013 OI Davidson, Eric/0000-0002-8525-8697 NR 58 TC 257 Z9 312 U1 12 U2 81 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD FEB 29 PY 2004 VL 89 IS 4 BP 519 EP 534 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.008 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 777GA UT WOS:000189166600010 ER PT J AU Whiting, ML Li, L Ustin, SL AF Whiting, ML Li, L Ustin, SL TI Predicting water content using Gaussian model on soil spectra SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE soil moisture; soil spectra; water spectral absorptions; moisture model; Gaussian model ID REFLECTANCE; MOISTURE AB This paper presents an approach to estimating soil moisture content through fitting an inverted Gaussian function to the continuum in soil spectra. The soil moisture Gaussian model (SMGM) estimates the water content by the declining reflectance in the near infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) regions, 1.2-2.5 mum, due to the spreading of the fundamental water absorption at 2.8 mum. Convex hull boundary points were used to isolate the spectral continuum and to fit the inverted Gaussian function. The function extrapolates the continuum to the fundamental water absorption beyond the wavelength limits of common laboratory, field, and airborne instruments. Of the derived functional parameters, both amplitude and area on the shortwave side of the inverted Gaussian curve were highly correlated with soil water content. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Ctr Spatial Technol & Remote Sensing, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Whiting, ML (reprint author), USDA, Natl Resources Conservat Serv, 430 G St,Suite 4165, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM michael.whiting@usda.gov RI Li, Lin/J-8825-2015 NR 32 TC 118 Z9 131 U1 4 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD FEB 29 PY 2004 VL 89 IS 4 BP 535 EP 552 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.009 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 777GA UT WOS:000189166600011 ER PT J AU Schellekens, J Scatena, FN Bruijnzeel, LA van Dijk, AIJM Groen, MMA van Hogezand, RJP AF Schellekens, J Scatena, FN Bruijnzeel, LA van Dijk, AIJM Groen, MMA van Hogezand, RJP TI Stormflow generation in a small rainforest catchment in the luquillo experimental forest, Puerto Rico SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE runoff generation; rainforest; chemical mixing model; soil water model; geo-electrical survey ID BISLEY EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHEDS; TROPICAL RAINFOREST CATCHMENT; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; HURRICANE-HUGO; STREAMFLOW GENERATION; WESTERN AMAZONIA; OVERLAND FLOW; MIXING MODEL; NEW-ZEALAND AB Various complementary techniques were used to investigate the stormflow generating processes in a small headwater catchment in northeastern Puerto Rico. Over 100 samples were taken of soil matrix water, macropore flow, streamflow and precipitation, mainly during two storms of contrasting magnitude, for the analysis of calcium, magnesium, silicon, potassium, sodium and chloride. These were combined with hydrometric information on streamflow, return flow, precipitation, throughfall and soil moisture to distinguish water following different flow paths. Geo-electric sounding was used to survey the subsurface structure of the catchment, revealing a weathering front that coincided with the elevation of the stream channel instead of running parallel to surface topography. The hydrometric data were used in combination with soil physical data, a one-dimensional soil water model (VAMPS) and a three-component chemical mass-balance mixing model to describe the stormflow response of the catchment. It is inferred that most stormflow travelled through macropores in the top 20 cm of the soil profile. During a large event, saturation overland flow also accounted for a considerable portion of the stormflow, although it was not possible to quantify the associated volume fully. Although the mass-balance mixing model approach gave valuable information about the various flow paths within the catchment, it was not possible to distill the full picture from the model alone; additional hydrometric and soil physical evidence was needed to aid in the interpretation of the model results. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. WL Delft Hydraul, NL-2629 HD Delft, Netherlands. USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR USA. RP Schellekens, J (reprint author), Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. EM schj@geo.va.nl RI Van Dijk, Albert/B-3106-2011 OI Van Dijk, Albert/0000-0002-6508-7480 NR 80 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD FEB 28 PY 2004 VL 18 IS 3 BP 505 EP 530 DI 10.1002/hyp.1335 PG 26 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 777KE UT WOS:000189176900007 ER PT J AU Mori, K Ohtaki, T Ohrui, H Berkebile, DR Carlson, DA AF Mori, K Ohtaki, T Ohrui, H Berkebile, DR Carlson, DA TI Synthesis of the four stereoisomers of 6-acetoxy-19-methylnonacosane, the most potent component of the female sex pheromone of the new world screwworm fly, with special emphasis on partial racemization in the course of catalytic hydrogenation SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hydrogenation; liquid chromatography; natural products; pheromones ID COCHLIOMYIA-HOMINIVORAX; CHIRAL ALCOHOLS; DISCRIMINATION; CANDIDATES AB Starting from the enantiomers of citronellal and 1-octyn-3-ol, all four stereoisomers of 6-acetoxy-19-methylnonacosane were synthesized with sufficiently high stereochemical purities (more than 90% ee at C-6; about 97% ee at C-19) for their biological testing as the female sex pheromone of the screwworm fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax). All four isomers showed strong pheromone activity even at 1 mug, and no significant difference was observed in their potency. Adams' platinum oxide was found to cause partial racemization of enantiomerically pure secondary propargylic alcohols in the course of their catalytic hydrogenation to saturated and secondary alcohols, while palladium-charcoal was less potent in causing partial racemization. A new HPLC-based discrimination of chiral and secondary alcohols proved to be useful in following such a subtle partial racemization. (C) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004. C1 Fuji Flavor Co Ltd, Insect Pheromone & Traps Div, Tokyo 2058503, Japan. Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Life Sci, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9818555, Japan. USDA ARS, Midwest Livestock Insect Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Mori, K (reprint author), Fuji Flavor Co Ltd, Insect Pheromone & Traps Div, Midorigaoka 3-5-8, Tokyo 2058503, Japan. NR 12 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1434-193X J9 EUR J ORG CHEM JI Eur. J. Org. Chem. PD FEB 27 PY 2004 IS 5 BP 1089 EP 1096 DI 10.1002/ejoc.200300669 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 800SQ UT WOS:000220048400019 ER PT J AU Salvucci, ME AF Salvucci, ME TI Potential for interactions between the carboxy- and amino-termini of Rubisco activase subunits SO FEBS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE AAA(+) protein; ATPase; carbon metabolism; cross-linking; photosynthesis ID RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE/OXYGENASE RUBISCO; OXYGENASE ACTIVASE; ATP; TRANSITION; CHAPERONE; PHOSPHATE; ATPASES; BINDING; AAA(+) AB The subunit interactions of Rubisco activase were investigated using mutants containing an introduced Cys near the N- and/or C-terminus. Chemical cross-linking of the C-terminal I and double insertion mutant produced subunit dimers and dimers plus high ordered oligomers, respectively. Fluorescence measurements with N,N'-dimethyl-N-(iodoacetyl)-N'-(7-nitro-benz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)ethylenediamine showed that the environment around the introduced Cys near the C-terminus becomes more hydrophilic upon nucleotide binding. The Cys insertion mutants catalvzed Rubisco activation and ATP hydrolysis even when the subunits of the C-terminal or double insertion mutants were completely cross-linked. The results indicate that the termini of adjacent activase subunits are in close proximity and can be modified and even joined without affecting enzyme function. (C) 2004 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EM msalvucci@wcrl.ars.usda.gov NR 22 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-5793 EI 1873-3468 J9 FEBS LETT JI FEBS Lett. PD FEB 27 PY 2004 VL 560 IS 1-3 BP 205 EP 209 DI 10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00111-5 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 779YA UT WOS:000189328900037 PM 14988023 ER PT J AU Suzuki, YJ Evans, T AF Suzuki, YJ Evans, T TI Regulation of cardiac myocyte apoptosis by the GATA-4 transcription factor SO LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE apoptosis; cardiac muscle; GATA-4; heart ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; HEPATOCYTE GROWTH-FACTOR; EMBRYONIC STEM-CELLS; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; NITRIC-OXIDE; ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY; CARDIOMYOCYTE APOPTOSIS; ERYTHROID DEVELOPMENT; ENHANCED EXPRESSION; HEMATOPOIETIC-CELLS AB Apoptosis of cardiac muscle cells plays important roles in the development of various heart diseases including myocardial infarction and anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of cardiac myocyte apoptosis and survival is important for establishing therapeutic strategies against heart disease. Our recent experiments demonstrate that the GATA-4 transcription factor not only mediates cardiac hypertrophy, but also regulates apoptosis and survival of adult cardiac muscle cells. Apoptosis induced by anthracyclines is associated with decreased expression of GATA-4, while the restoration of GATA-4 levels via ectopic expression attenuated the apoptosis. Survival factors of cardiac myocytes such as hepatocyte growth factor and endothelin-1 activate GATA-4, and this signal transduction mechanism at least in part serves to protect the heart against oxidative stress. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Dept Med, Cell & Mol Nutr Program,Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Friedman Sch Nutr Sci & Policy,Jean Mayer USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Dept Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Dev & Mol Biol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. RP Suzuki, YJ (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, SE401 Med Dent Bldg,3900 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057 USA. EM yuichiro_suzuki@hotmail.com FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL72844, R01 HL56182, R01 HL67940] NR 60 TC 36 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0024-3205 J9 LIFE SCI JI Life Sci. PD FEB 27 PY 2004 VL 74 IS 15 BP 1829 EP 1838 DI 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.10.002 PG 10 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 773XD UT WOS:000188950100001 PM 14761664 ER PT J AU Kim, SH Lieth, JH AF Kim, SH Lieth, JH TI Effect of shoot-bending on productivity and economic value estimation of cut-flower roses grown in Coir and UC Mix SO SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Article DE Rosa hybrida L.; canopy management; economic analysis; hydroponics ID AXILLARY BUD INHIBITION; POSITION; RENEWAL; PLANTS; STEM AB Shoot-bending, a common cultural practice in cut-flower rose production, results in a canopy consisting of horizontally bent shoots in addition to upright shoots. Production of this bent canopy was compared with hedgerow canopy for two rose cultivars, 'Kardinal' and 'Fire N Ice'. In conjunction with the two canopy styles, two soil-less horticultural systems with different growing media (Coir versus UC Mix) were tested in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment. We investigated the number and length of all harvested flowering shoots as indicators of productivity and quality, respectively, from September 1997 to August 1999. While bent canopy produced longer stems and higher biomass of individual flowering shoots in both cultivars, this also resulted in significantly fewer harvestable flowering shoots. The comparison between Coir versus UC Mix was not as conclusive. 'Fire N Ice' plants grown in Coir produced more harvestable flowering shoots than plants grown in UC Mix, while 'Kardinal' did not. Neither cultivar showed differences in stem length and biomass production of the flowering shoots between Coir and UC Mix. Calculation of market value using a linearly increasing value index with stem length showed that with 'Fire N Ice' the improvement in stem length achieved by bent canopy did not offset the economic loss due to the reduction in the number of shoots per square meter. For 'Kardinal' the increased quality as a result of shoot-bending did offset the reduced production. In neither case did the combination of bent canopy and Coir generate significant improvements in value. Bent canopy became economically feasible when both short-stem discount and long-stem bonus were applied together. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Kim, SH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, Bldg 001,Rm 342,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM sookim@asrr.arsusda.gov; jhlieth@ucdavis.edu RI Kim, Soo-Hyung/A-3012-2009 OI Kim, Soo-Hyung/0000-0003-3879-4080 NR 16 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4238 J9 SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM JI Sci. Hortic. PD FEB 27 PY 2004 VL 99 IS 3-4 BP 331 EP 343 DI 10.1016/S0304-4238(03)00099-2 PG 13 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 764WX UT WOS:000188229900013 ER PT J AU Leij, FJ Romano, N Palladino, M Schaap, MG Coppola, A AF Leij, FJ Romano, N Palladino, M Schaap, MG Coppola, A TI Topographical attributes to predict soil hydraulic properties along a hillslope transect SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hydraulic conductivity; neural networks; pedotransfer function; soil; terrain analysis; water retention ID WATER RETENTION CHARACTERISTICS; PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; SLOPE GRADIENT; BULK-DENSITY; MOISTURE; CONDUCTIVITY; MODEL; PARAMETERS; TENSION AB [1] Basic soil properties have long been used to predict unsaturated soil hydraulic properties with pedotransfer function (PTFs). Implementation of such PTFs is usually not feasible for catchment-scale studies because of the experimental effort that would be required. On the other hand, topographical attributes are often readily available. This study therefore examines how well PTFs perform that use both basic soil properties and topographical attributes for a hillslope in Basilicata, Italy. Basic soil properties and hydraulic data were determined on soil samples taken at 50-m intervals along a 5-km hillslope transect. Topographical attributes were determined from a digital elevation model. Spearman coefficients showed that elevation (z) was positively correlated with organic carbon (OC) and silt contents (0.62 and 0.59, respectively) and negatively with bulk density (rho(b)) and sand fraction ( - 0.34 and - 0.37). Retention parameters were somewhat correlated with topographical attributes z, slope (beta), aspect (cosphi), and potential solar radiation. Water contents were correlated most strongly with elevation ( coefficient between 0.38 and 0.48) and aspect during "wet'' conditions. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were developed for 21 different sets of predictors to estimate retention parameters, saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s), and water contents at capillary heads h = 50 cm and 12 bar (10(3) cm). The prediction of retention parameters could be improved with 10% by including topography (RMSE = 0.0327 cm(3) cm(-3)) using textural fractions, rho(b), OC, z, and beta as predictors. Furthermore, OC became a better predictor when the PTF also used z as predictor. The water content at h = 50 cm could be predicted 26% more accurately (RMSE = 0.0231 cm(3) cm(-3)) using texture, rho(b), OC, z, beta, and potential solar radiation as input. Predictions of ANNs with and without topographical attributes were most accurate in the wet range ( 0 < h < 250 cm). Semivariograms of the hydraulic parameters and their residuals showed that the ANNs could explain part of the ( spatial) variability. The results of this study confirm the utility of topographical attributes such as z, beta, cosphi, and potential solar radiation as predictors for PTFs when basic soil properties are available. A next step would be the use of topographical attributes when no or limited other predictors are available. C1 ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Naples, Dept Agr Engn, Naples, Italy. Univ Basilicata, Dipartimento Tecn Econ Gest Terr Agricoloforestal, I-85100 Potenza, Italy. RP Leij, FJ (reprint author), ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, USDA, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM nunzio.romano@unina.it RI Palladino, Mario/H-8608-2012; Romano, Nunzio/H-9038-2012 OI Romano, Nunzio/0000-0001-7276-6994 NR 45 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB 27 PY 2004 VL 40 IS 2 AR W02407 DI 10.1029/2002WR001641 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 803GT UT WOS:000220220300001 ER PT J AU Gatziolis, D Fried, JS AF Gatziolis, D Fried, JS TI Adding Gaussian noise to inaccurate digital elevation models improves spatial fidelity of derived drainage networks SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE digital elevation error (DEM) error; terrain modeling; drainage networks; simulation; wetness index ID ACCURACY; UNCERTAINTY; SIMULATION; GENERATION; EROSION; ERROR; SLOPE AB [ 1] An economical approach to improving predictions of hydrological models produced highly accurate representations of ephemeral and perennial stream networks. Traditional drainage network extraction from digital elevation models (DEMs) often yields inaccurate and inconsistent results because of elevation errors. Topographic wetness index maps calculated from alternative terrain representations, produced by adding random errors to a DEM of a subwatershed with low relief, were combined to delineate a stream network that matches one produced by more time-intensive ( and costly) differential Global Positioning System (GPS) field methods, particularly with respect to the ephemeral component of the drainage network. C1 Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland Forestry Sci Lab, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Gatziolis, D (reprint author), Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland Forestry Sci Lab, Portland, OR 97208 USA. EM dgatziolis@fs.fed.us NR 46 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB 26 PY 2004 VL 40 IS 2 AR W02508 DI 10.1029/2002WR001735 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 803GS UT WOS:000220220200001 ER PT J AU Appell, M Strati, G Willett, JL Momany, FA AF Appell, M Strati, G Willett, JL Momany, FA TI B3LYP/6-311++G** study of alpha- and beta-D-glucopyranose and 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol: C-4(1) and C-1(4) chairs, B-3,B-O and B-3,B-0 boats, and skew-boat conformations SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE B3LYP/6-311++G**; glucose; boat; skew; transition state; relative free energy ID POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACES; EMPIRICAL FORCE-FIELD; PROPER BASIS-SET; AB-INITIO; D-GLUCOSE; RELATIVE STABILITY; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; DFT/AB INITIO; BOND LENGTHS; D-GALACTOSE AB Geometry optimization, at the B3LY-P/6-311++G(**) level of theory, was carried out on C-4(1) and C-1(4) chairs, B-3,B-O and B-3,B-O boats, and skew-boat conformations of alpha- and beta-D-glucopyranose. Similar calculations on 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol allowed examination of the effect of removal of the 1-hydroxy group on the energy preference of the hydroxymethyl rotamers. Stable minimum energy boat conformers of glucose were found, as were stable skew boats, all having energies ranging from similar to4-15 kcal/mol above the global energy C-4(1) chair conformation. The C-1(4) chair electronic energies were similar to5-10 kcal/mol higher than the C-4(1) chair, with the C-1(4) alpha-anomers being lower in energy than the beta-anomers. Zero-point energy, enthalpy, entropy, and relative Gibbs free energies are reported at the harmonic level of theory. The a-anomer C-4(1) chair conformations were found to be similar to1 kcal/mol lower in electronic energy than the beta-anomers. The hydroxymethyl gt conformation was of lowest electronic energy for both the alpha- and beta-anomers. The glucose alpha/beta anomer ratio calculated from the relative free energies is 63/37%. From a numerical Hessian calculation, the tg conformations were found to be similar to0.4-0.7 kcal/mol higher in relative free energy than the gg or gt conformers. Transition-state barriers to rotation about the C-5-C-6 bond were calculated for each glucose anomer with resulting barriers to rotation of similar to3.7-5.8 kcal/ mol. No energy barrier was found for the path between the alpha-gt and alpha-gg B-3,B-O boat forms and the equivalent C-4(1) chair conformations. The alpha-tg conformation has an energy minimum in the S-1(3) twist form. Other boat and skew-boat forms are described. The beta-anomer boats retained their starting conformations, with the exception of the beta-tg-B-3,B-O boat that moved to a skew form upon optimization. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Momany, FA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM momanyfa@ncaur.usda.gov NR 42 TC 97 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 EI 1873-426X J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD FEB 25 PY 2004 VL 339 IS 3 BP 537 EP 551 DI 10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.014 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 775XH UT WOS:000189085600011 PM 15013391 ER PT J AU Momany, FA Appell, M Strati, G Willett, JL AF Momany, FA Appell, M Strati, G Willett, JL TI B3LYP/6-311++G** study of monohydrates of alpha- and beta-D-glucopyranose: hydrogen bonding, stress energies, and effect of hydration on internal coordinates SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE B3LYP/6-311++G**; glucose; monohydrate; entropy; enthalpy; hydrogen bonding; relative free energy ID AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; AB-INITIO; STEREOCHEMICAL ASPECTS; BONDED COMPLEXES; DFT/AB INITIO; FORCE-FIELD; DENSITY; SIMULATIONS; SOLVATION AB Twenty-six monohydrates of alpha- and beta-D-glucopyranose were studied using gradient methods at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level of theory. Geometry optimization was carried out with the water molecules at different configurations around the glucose molecule. A new nomenclature for hydrated carbohydrates was developed to describe the water configurations. Zero-point vibrational energy, enthalpy, entropy, and relative free energy were obtained using the harmonic approximation. Hydrogen-bond energies for the monohydrates range from similar to-5 to -12 kcal/mol, and the average relative free energy is similar to5 kcal/mol. The 1-hydroxy position is the most energetically favored site for hydration, and the region between the two and three positions is the next-most favored site. A water molecule approaching alpha-D-glucose between the 1- and 2-hydroxy positions pulls the 2-hydroxyl hydrogen atom away from the 1-hydroxy oxygen atom, thus increasing the hydrogen-bond length and also increasing the a-D-glucose energy. The increase in energy that occurs with a similar interaction on the beta-anomer is much less effective since the hydrogen bond is much longer. Using the calculated free energies of all 26 configurations, the anomer population (alpha/beta) increases in the beta-anomer population relative to the in vacuo case by similar to10% at the expense of the alpha-anomer, giving an (alpha/beta) ratio of similar to50/50. This result arises from entropy contributions favoring the beta-anomer more than the alpha-anomer. From analysis of donor and acceptor hydrogen-bond lengths, excellent correlation is found between the DFT calculated distances and those taken from carbohydrate structures in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Bank. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Momany, FA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM momanyfa@ncaur.usda.gov NR 28 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD FEB 25 PY 2004 VL 339 IS 3 BP 553 EP 567 DI 10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.013 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 775XH UT WOS:000189085600012 PM 15013392 ER PT J AU Irwin, P Gehring, A Tu, SI Chen, CY AF Irwin, P Gehring, A Tu, SI Chen, CY TI Blocking nonspecific adsorption of native food-borne microorganisms by immunomagnetic beads with iota-carrageenan SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE iota-carrageenan; kappa-carrageenan; Salmonella Enteritidis; Escherichia coli; gram-negative bacteria; nonspecific adsorption; binding; immunomagnetic beads; IMB ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; NITROCELLULOSE MEMBRANES; IMMUNOLOGICAL DETECTION; LINOLEIC-ACID; FATTY-ACIDS; SALMONELLA; SOLUBILIZATION; CYCLODEXTRIN; COMPLEXES AB We present herein the partitioning characteristics of anti-Salmonella and anti-Escherichia coli O157 immunomagnetic beads (IMB) with respect to the nonspecific adsorption of several nontarget food-borne organisms with and without an assortment of well-known blocking agents, such as casein, which have been shown to be useful in other immunochemical applications. We found several common food-borne organisms that strongly interacted with both types of IMB, especially with anti-Salmonella form (av DeltaG(0) = -20 +/- 4kJmol(-1)) even in the presence of casein [1% (w/v): DeltaG(0) = -18 +/- 3 kJmol(-1); DeltaDeltaG(0) similar to -2kJmol(-1)]. However, when one of the most problematic organisms (a native K12-like E. coli isolate; DeltaG(0) = -19 +/- 2kJmol(-1)) was tested for nonspecific binding in the presence of iota-carrageenan (0.03-0.05%), there was an average decline of ca. 90% in the equilibrium capture efficiency xi (DeltaG(0) = -11 +/- 4kJmol(-1); DeltaDeltaG(0) similar to -8kJmol(-1)). Other anionic polysaccharides (0.1% kappa-carrageenan and polygalacturonic acid) had no significant effect (av DeltaG(0) = -19 +/- 1kJmol(-1); DeltaDeltaG(0) similar to 0kJmol(-1)). Varying iota-carrageenan from 0% to 0.02% resulted in xi significantly diminishing from 0.69 (e.g., 69% of the cells captured; DeltaG(0) = - 19 +/- 3kJmol(-1)) to 0.05 (DeltaG(0) = -11 +/- 2kJmol(-1); DeltaDeltaG(0) similar to -9kJmol(-1)) at about 0.03% iota-carrageenan where xi leveled off. An optimum blocking ability was achieved with 0.04% iota-carrageenan suspended in 100mM phosphate buffer. We also demonstrated that the utilization of iota-carrageenan as a blocking agent causes no great loss in the IMBs capture efficiency with respect to the capture of its target organisms, various salmonellae. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Irwin, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM pirwin@errc.ars.usda.gov NR 42 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD FEB 25 PY 2004 VL 339 IS 3 BP 613 EP 621 DI 10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.033 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 775XH UT WOS:000189085600018 PM 15013398 ER PT J AU Rybak, ME Calvey, EM Harnly, JM AF Rybak, ME Calvey, EM Harnly, JM TI Quantitative determination of allicin in garlic: Supercritical fluid extraction and standard addition of alliin SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Alliin; allicin; alliinase; cysteine sulfoxides; thiosulfinates; standard addition; supercritical fluid extraction; high performance liquid chromatography ID SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ASSAY; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; HPLC; IDENTIFICATION; CHEMISTRY; PRODUCTS; ONION; LYASE; RAMP; MS AB A quantitative method is described for the determination of allicin (2-propene-1-sulfinothioic acid S-2-propenyl ester) in garlic, using standard additions of alliin (L-(+)-S-allylcysteine sulfoxide) in conjunction with supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and high performance liquid chromatography analysis with UV-vis absorbance detection. Optimum CO2-SFE conditions provided 96% recovery for allicin with precision of 3% (RSD) for repeat samples. The incorporation of an internal standard (allyl phenyl sulfone) in the SFE step resulted in a modest improvement in recovery (99%) and precision (2% RSD). Standard additions of alliin were converted to allicin in situ by endogenous alliinase (L-(+)S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxide lyase, EC 4.4.1.4). Complete conversion of the spiked alliin to allicin was achieved by making additions after homogenization-induced conversion of the naturally occurring cysteine sulfoxides to thiosulfinates had taken place, thus eliminating the likelihood of competing reactions. Concentration values for allicin determined in samples of fresh garlic (Allium sativum L. and Allium ampeloprasum) and commercially available garlic powders (Allium sativum L.) by standard addition of alliin were found in all cases to be in statistical agreement (95% confidence interval) with values determined using a secondary allicin standard (concentration determined using published extinction coefficients). This method provides a convenient alternative for assessing the amount of allicin present in fresh and powdered garlic, as alliin is a far more stable and commercially prevalent compound than allicin and is thus more amenable for use as a standard for routine analysis. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Compost Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Harnly, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Compost Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM harnly@bhnrc.usda.gov RI Rybak, Michael/T-1026-2016 OI Rybak, Michael/0000-0003-1650-8581 NR 28 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 4 U2 38 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB 25 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 4 BP 682 EP 687 DI 10.1021/jf034853x PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 775ZJ UT WOS:000189090300007 PM 14969516 ER PT J AU Seitz, LM Ram, MS AF Seitz, LM Ram, MS TI Metabolites of lesser grain borer in grains SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE insect metabolites; grain; wheat; sorghum ID RHYZOPERTHA-DOMINICA F; AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; BOSTRICHIDAE; COLEOPTERA; COMPONENTS; ODORS AB Many volatile alcohol and ester metabolites of the lesser grain borer (LGB, Rhyzopertha dominica) cultured on wheat grain were identified. Volatiles from infested samples at 80 degreesC were collected on Tenax absorbent, thermally desorbed, and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) using infrared (IR) and mass (MS) detectors for component identification. A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique was used to analyze selected samples with a GC-MS system set up for obtaining chemical ionization mass spectra. SPME was also used in a synthesis process required to identify ester metabolites. Predominant compounds in LGB-infested grains were 2-pentanol and its esters of 2-methyl-2-pentenoic (A) and 2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoic (B) acids, which are known aggregation pheromones, dominicalures 1 and 2. 2-Pentanol esters of saturated A, beta-keto- and beta-hydroxy derivatives of A and B, homologues of A and B, and acid moieties lacking the 2-methyl substitution were found. Other straight- and branched-chain secondary alcohols and their esters were also observed. Reexamination of GC-MS-IR data acquired in previous investigations of LGB cultured on sorghum grain and commercial samples in a grain odor study showed the presence of many LGB metabolites in addition to the known dominicalures. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Qual & Struct Res Unit, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Seitz, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Qual & Struct Res Unit, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. EM larry@gmprc.ksu.edu NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB 25 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 4 BP 898 EP 908 DI 10.1021/jf035190m PG 11 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 775ZJ UT WOS:000189090300039 PM 14969548 ER PT J AU Ziegler, AD Giambelluca, TW Tran, LT Vana, TT Nullet, MA Fox, J Vien, TD Pinthong, J Maxwell, JF Evett, S AF Ziegler, AD Giambelluca, TW Tran, LT Vana, TT Nullet, MA Fox, J Vien, TD Pinthong, J Maxwell, JF Evett, S TI Hydrological consequences of landscape fragmentation in mountainous northern Vietnam: evidence of accelerated overland flow generation SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE land-cover change; tropical watershed hydrology; deforestation; SE Asia; saturated hydraulic conductivity; infiltration; disk permeameter; Imperata cylindrica ID IMPERATA-CYLINDRICA; MODELING INFILTRATION; THAILAND; RUNOFF; FOREST; EROSION; VARIABILITY; SIMULATION; CATCHMENT; FOOTPATHS AB Measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K,) and indices of Horton overland flow (HOF) generation are used to assess the influence, of landscape fragmentation on near-surface hydrologic response in two upland watersheds in northern Vietnam. The fragmented landscape, which results from timber extraction and swidden agriculture, is a mosaic of surfaces having distinct infiltration characteristics. In general, human activity has reduced infiltration and altered near-surface flow paths on all disturbed land covers. Compacted roads, paths, and dwelling sites, for example, have the propensity to generate HOF for small rainfall depths. Although these surfaces occupy a small fraction of a basin land area (estimated at < 1%), they contribute disproportionately to overland flow response during typical rainfall events. Recently abandoned fields have the lowest K, of all non-consolidated, post-cultivation surfaces tested. Beginning 1-2 years following abandonment, diminished K, recovers over time with the succession to more advanced types of secondary regrowth. If a grassland emerges on the abandoned site, rather than a bamboo-dominated cover, K, recovers more rapidly. The decrease in K, with depth below disturbed surfaces is more acute than that found at undisturbed sites. This enhanced anisotropy in near-surface K, increases the likelihood of the development of a lateral subsurface flow component during large storms of the monsoon rain season. Subsequently, the likelihood of return flow generation is increased. Because the recovery time of subsurface K, is greater than that for the surface K-s, the impact human activity has on hydrologic response in the fragmented basin may linger long after the surface vegetation has evolved to a mature forested association. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Geog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Geog, Singapore 117548, Singapore. Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Geog & Geol, Boca Raton, FL USA. East West Ctr, Environm Studies Program, Honolulu, HI 96848 USA. Vietnam Natl Univ, CRES, Hanoi, Vietnam. Chiang Mai Univ, Fac Agr, Soil Survey Div, Chiang Mai 50000, Thailand. Chiang Mai Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Herbarium, Chiang Mai 50000, Thailand. USDA ARS, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Ziegler, AD (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Geog, 2424 Maile Way,445 Porteus Hall,SSB 445, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM adz@hawaii.edu OI Giambelluca, Thomas/0000-0002-6798-3780 NR 57 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 3 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD FEB 25 PY 2004 VL 287 IS 1-4 BP 124 EP 146 DI 10.1016/j.jhydrol2003.09.027 PG 23 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 802GZ UT WOS:000220153300008 ER PT J AU Mozaffarian, D Erkkkila, AT Lichtenstein, AH Rimm, EB Herrington, DM AF Mozaffarian, D Erkkkila, AT Lichtenstein, AH Rimm, EB Herrington, DM TI Saturated fat intake and progression of coronary atherosclerosis among postmenopausal women. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 44th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention CY MAR 03-06, 2004 CL San Francisco, CA SP Amer Heart Assoc C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Tufts Univ, Cardiovasc Nutr Lab, USDA, JM Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Cardiol Sect, Dept Internal Med, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. RI Mozaffarian, Dariush/B-2276-2008 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD FEB 24 PY 2004 VL 109 IS 7 MA P245 BP E130 EP E130 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 777FR UT WOS:000189165800298 ER PT J AU Roering, JJ Almond, P Tonkin, P McKean, J AF Roering, JJ Almond, P Tonkin, P McKean, J TI Constraining climatic controls on hillslope dynamics using a coupled model for the transport of soil and tracers: Application to loess-mantled hillslopes, South Island, New Zealand SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-EARTH SURFACE LA English DT Article DE landscape evolution; soil transport; tracers; hillslope erosion; bioturbation; numerical model ID SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; THRESHOLD HILLSLOPES; LANDSCAPE RESPONSE; KAWAKAWA TEPHRA; COAST RANGE; ROCK-UPLIFT; EVOLUTION; RATES; MORPHOLOGY; REDISTRIBUTION AB Landscapes reflect a legacy of tectonic and climatic forcing as modulated by surface processes. Because the morphologic characteristics of landscapes often do not allow us to uniquely define the relative roles of tectonic deformation and climate, additional constraints are required to interpret and predict landscape dynamics. Here we describe a coupled model for the transport of soil and tracer particles at the hillslope scale. To illustrate the utility of this methodology, we modeled the evolution of two synthetic hillslopes with identical initial and boundary conditions but different histories of climate-induced changes in the efficiency of soil transport. While one hillslope experienced an initial phase of rapid transport followed by a period of retarded transport, the other hillslope experienced the opposite sequence. Both model hillslopes contain a subsurface layer of tracer particles that becomes exhumed and incorporated into the soil due to transport and mixing processes. Whereas the morphology of the two model hillslopes cannot be easily distinguished at the simulation conclusion, the spatial distribution of tracer particles along the slope is distinctive for the two cases. We applied the coupled model to our study site along the Charwell River, South Island, New Zealand, where tephra deposits within loess-dominated soils have been exhumed and incorporated into an upper layer of bioturbated and mobile soil. We reconstructed the late Pleistocene hillslope geometry using soil stratigraphic data gathered along the study transect. Because bioturbation appears to be the predominant transport mechanism, the efficiency of soil transport likely varies with time, reflecting the influence of climate-related changes in the dominant floral or faunal community. The modeled evolution of hillslope form and tephra concentration along the study transect is consistent with observations obtained from topographic surveys and laboratory analysis of tephra concentrations in continuous-core soil samples. Low transport rates are apparently associated with grass/shrub-dominated slopes during the late Pleistocene, whereas forest colonization during the Holocene increased flux rates, transforming flat, locally incised slopes into broadly convex ones. Our results attest to the utility of coupled models for tasks such as deciphering landscape history and predicting the downslope flux of soil organic carbon. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Lincoln Univ, Soil & Phys Sci Grp, Soil Plant & Ecol Sci Div, Canterbury, New Zealand. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Roering, JJ (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. EM jroering@darkwing.uoregon.edu; almondp@lincoln.ac.nz; tonkinp@lincoln.ac.nz; jmckean@fs.fed.us RI McKean, Jim/C-3581-2011 NR 71 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-EARTH JI J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf. PD FEB 24 PY 2004 VL 109 IS F1 AR F01010 DI 10.1029/2003JF000034 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 863NH UT WOS:000224568100001 ER PT J AU Balmer, Y Vensel, WH Tanaka, CK Hurkman, WJ Gelhaye, E Rouhier, N Jacquot, JP Manieri, W Schuurmann, P Droux, M Buchanan, BB AF Balmer, Y Vensel, WH Tanaka, CK Hurkman, WJ Gelhaye, E Rouhier, N Jacquot, JP Manieri, W Schuurmann, P Droux, M Buchanan, BB TI Thioredoxin links redox to the regulation of fundamental processes of plant mitochondria SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PEA LEAF MITOCHONDRIA; GLYCINE DECARBOXYLASE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROTEIN IMPORT; NITRIC-OXIDE; COMPLEX; DEHYDROGENASE; SYSTEMS; LIGHT AB Mitochondria contain thioredoxin (Trx), a regulatory disulfide protein, and an associated flavoenzyme, NADP/Trx reductase, which provide a link to NADPH in the organelle. Unlike animal and yeast counterparts, the function of Trx in plant mitochondria is largely unknown. Accordingly, we have applied recently devised proteomic approaches to identify soluble Trx-linked proteins in mitochondria isolated from photosynthetic (pea and spinach leaves) and heterotrophic (potato tubers) sources. Application of the mitochondrial extracts to mutant Trx affinity columns in conjunction with proteomics led to the identification of 50 potential Trx-linked proteins functional in 12 processes: photorespiration, citric acid cycle and associated reactions, lipid metabolism, electron transport, ATP synthesis/transformation, membrane transport, translation, protein assembly/folding, nitrogen metabolism, sulfur metabolism, hormone synthesis, and stress-related reactions. Almost all of these targets were also identified by a fluorescent gel electrophoresis procedure in which reduction by Trx can be observed directly. In some cases, the processes targeted by Trx depended on the source of the mitochondria. The results support the view that Trx acts as a sensor and enables mitochondria to adjust key reactions in accord with prevailing redox state. These and earlier findings further suggest that, by sensing redox in chloroplasts and mitochondria, Trx enables the two organelles of photosynthetic tissues to communicate by means of a network of transportable metabolites such as dihydroxyacetone phosphate, malate, and glycolate. In this way, light absorbed and processed by means of chlorophyll can be perceived and function in regulating fundamental mitochondrial processes akin to its mode of action in chloroplasts. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Nancy 1, INRA, UMR 1136, F-54506 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. Univ Neuchatel, Lab Biochim Vegetale, CH-2007 Neuchatel, Switzerland. Bayer AG, CNRS, Lab Mixte, F-69263 Lyon 9, France. RP Buchanan, BB (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM view@nature.berkeley.edu RI Jacquot, Jean-Pierre/A-1571-2012; gelhaye, eric/K-7390-2013; OI Jacquot, Jean-Pierre/0000-0003-4975-8587; gelhaye, eric/0000-0002-0699-9113; Vensel, William/0000-0001-9454-2705; Rouhier, Nicolas/0000-0002-2036-7884 NR 51 TC 193 Z9 205 U1 2 U2 27 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD FEB 24 PY 2004 VL 101 IS 8 BP 2642 EP 2647 DI 10.1073/pnas.0308583101 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 802CA UT WOS:000220140400073 PM 14983062 ER PT J AU Jefts, S Fernandez, IJ Rustad, LE Dail, DB AF Jefts, S Fernandez, IJ Rustad, LE Dail, DB TI Decadal responses in soil N dynamics at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE nitrogen cycling; nitrogen mineralization; nitrification; N saturation ID CHRONIC NITROGEN ADDITIONS; SPRUCE-FIR STAND; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; FOLIAR CHEMISTRY; NEW-ENGLAND; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; EUROPEAN FORESTS; NUTRIENT-CONTENT; EASTERN MAINE; WEST-VIRGINIA AB Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to forested ecosystems is a concern because of both geochemical and biological consequences for ecosystem integrity. High levels of prolonged N deposition can lead to "N saturation" of the ecosystem. The Bear Brook Watershed in Maine is a long-term, paired forested watershed experiment with over a decade of experimental N additions (similar to34 kg ha(-1) per year = ambient + treatment) to investigate the biogeochemical consequences of N saturation. Both in situ and laboratory studies of N mineralization and nitrification were carried out to evaluate the changes in N cycling brought about by the long-term N additions. Consistent with hypotheses set forth in the literature (sensu [BioScience 39 (1989) 378]), the treated watershed had higher rates of N cycling compared to the reference watershed. In addition, we report important differences in N cycling rates as a function of forest cover type and soil horizon. Higher rates of net N mineralization occurred in hardwood 0 horizons compared to softwoods, but the opposite was true in the mineral soils suggesting an important link between litter type and N mineralization that varies with depth in the pedon. Nitrification showed the greatest response to N treatments, with the majority of mineralized N subsequently oxidized to nitrate in the mineral soils. By comparing the data herein with that previously reported for the Bear Brook experiment, it appears that the ecosystem response to N treatment continues to evolve on a decadal time scale and inherent differences in forest cover types and their underlying soils alter the fate of depositional N. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Fernandez, IJ (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM ivanjf@maine.edu NR 76 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB 23 PY 2004 VL 189 IS 1-3 BP 189 EP 205 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2003.08.011 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 774GG UT WOS:000188971000015 ER PT J AU Gazal, RM Kubiske, ME AF Gazal, RM Kubiske, ME TI Influence of initial root length on physiological responses of cherrybark oak and Shumard oak seedlings to field drought conditions SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE leaf gas exchange; leaf water potential; Quercus pagoda; Quercus shumardii; southern floodplain oak species ID WATER RELATIONS; NONSTOMATAL LIMITATIONS; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TRANSPLANT SHOCK; MOISTURE STRESS; LEAF MORPHOLOGY; GAS-EXCHANGE; RED OAK; ADAPTATIONS AB One-year-old bareroot seedlings of cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) and Shumard oak (Quercus shuntardii Buckley) were studied to describe their sensitivity to changes in environmental moisture in relation to initial root characteristics at the time of planting. Shumard oak seedlings with greater initial lateral root lengths and shoot heights sustained higher leaf gas exchange rates during both non-drought and drought periods. On the contrary, cherrybark oak seedlings had high leaf water potential (IF) and water use efficiency (WUE) and maintained low stomatal conductance (g(s)). This strategy generally allows for adequate gas exchange while minimizing water loss during drought. Initial lateral root:shoot ratio (LRSR) was negatively related to leaf gas exchange and water status, suggesting that excessive water loss of large seedlings with large root volume may negatively affect their drought hardiness. The responses of these floodplain oak species to drought was likely mediated by the absolute development of root systems at the time of planting and the balance between functioning root absorbing surface and transpirational leaf area. Responses of both species to drought in the subsequent growing seasons must be studied to determine their unique responses to water stress. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI USA. RP Gazal, RM (reprint author), Dept Renewable Resources, POB 3354, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM rgazal@uwyo.edu NR 34 TC 11 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB 23 PY 2004 VL 189 IS 1-3 BP 295 EP 305 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2003.08.017 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 774GG UT WOS:000188971000022 ER PT J AU Scott, DA Burger, JA Kaczmarek, DJ Kane, MB AF Scott, DA Burger, JA Kaczmarek, DJ Kane, MB TI Nitrogen supply and demand in short-rotation sweetgum plantations SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE short-rotation forestry; nitrogen fertilization; sweetgum ID LOBLOLLY-PINE; SYCAMORE PLANTATION; MINERAL-NUTRITION; SENESCING LEAVES; SOIL-NITROGEN; DOUGLAS-FIR; WILD PLANTS; FERTILIZATION; FOREST; PRODUCTIVITY AB Intensive management is crucial for optimizing hardwood plantation success, and nitrogen (N) nutrition management is one of the most important practices in intensive management. Because management of short-rotation woody crop plantations is a mixture of row-crop agriculture and plantation forestry, we tested the usefulness of an agronomic budget modified for deciduous perennial trees for estimating N fertilizer recommendations. We studied the foliar N demand, resorption, and uptake response of two sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) plantations on a converted agricultural field and a pine cutover site to biannual applications of three nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates: 0, 56 and 112 kg N ha(-1). We also estimated soil N supply, foliar N uptake efficiency, and apparent fertilizer N uptake efficiency. Fertilization increased foliar demand (defined as total foliar N content), resorption, and uptake at both sites, but to a greater degree on the cutover site, which had lower soil N supply. Resorption efficiency did not increase with fertilization, but resorption proficiency, the N concentration of senesced leaves, was reduced (N concentrations higher) at the drier agricultural field site and in the fertilized trees. Based on our budget analysis, we recommend fertilizing sweetgum plantations with 50 kg N ha(-1) for each 2000 kg ha(-1) of foliage biomass, assuming they have 45-65 kg ha(-1) of soil N supply. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry 0324, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. MeadWestvaco Forest Sci & Technol, Summerville, SC 29484 USA. Int Paper Corp, Gulf Reg Silviculture Res & Technol, Ridgeland, MS 39157 USA. RP Scott, DA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. EM andyscott@fs.fed.us OI Scott, D. Andrew/0000-0002-2592-1522 NR 45 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB 23 PY 2004 VL 189 IS 1-3 BP 331 EP 343 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2003.09.008 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 774GG UT WOS:000188971000025 ER PT J AU Butler, BJ Swenson, JJ Alig, RJ AF Butler, BJ Swenson, JJ Alig, RJ TI Forest fragmentation in the Pacific Northwest: quantification and correlations SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE fragmentation; land-use; land-rent; spatial patterns ID BREEDING BIRDS; UNITED-STATES; COVER; PATTERNS; ECOLOGY; OREGON; RANGE AB A forest fragmentation index was produced for western Oregon and western Washington that combined measures of forested area, percentage edge, and interspersion. While natural, human land-cover, and human land-use processes contribute to forest fragmentation in the region, the drivers of these processes are categorically different. Here we examine forest fragmentation caused by human land-use decisions, which accounts for 20% of the total forest edge. in the region. Using multiple linear regression, we developed a model with socio-economic and environmental predictor variables that explains 80% of the variance of the forest fragmentation index across the region. Population density, income, and percentage agriculture were all significant and positively correlated with the fragmentation index. Significantly negative correlations were found between the forest fragmentation index and distance to highway, percentage federal land, slope, and a dummy variable indicating land in Oregon. The three components of the fragmentation index were used as predictor variables in separate regression models and yielded results similar to the composite index. Models run separately for western Oregon and western Washington were similar to the regional model except that distance to highway was only significant in the western Oregon model and income was only significant in the western Washington model. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Butler, BJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 11 Campus Blvd,Suite 200, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. EM bbutler01@fs.fed.us OI Swenson, Jennifer/0000-0002-2069-667X NR 28 TC 38 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB 23 PY 2004 VL 189 IS 1-3 BP 363 EP 373 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2003.09.013 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 774GG UT WOS:000188971000028 ER PT J AU Roberge, MT Finley, JW Lukaski, HC Borgerding, AJ AF Roberge, MT Finley, JW Lukaski, HC Borgerding, AJ TI Evaluation of the pulsed discharge helium ionization detector for the analysis of hydrogen and methane in breath SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 26th International Symposium on Capillary Chrmatography and Electrophoresis CY MAY 18-22, 2003 CL LAS VEGAS, NEVADA DE detection, GC; pulsed discharge helium ionization detection; air analysis; hydrogen; methane; gases AB Under the appropriate separation conditions the pulsed discharge helium ionization detector (PDHID) was used to detect hydrogen and methane separated from the matrix components of human breath samples. The sensitivity of this method is over an order of magnitude better than published methods using a flame ionization detector (FID) and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD), and has the further advantage of detecting both analytes with only one detector. Limits of detection were 0.3 ppmv for both hydrogen and methane and the method had a linear dynamic range (LDR) of three orders of magnitude (0.3-400 ppm, v/v). The PDHID was also compared to the FID and the TCD in regard to selectivity, sensitivity and reproducibility for high-speed gas chromatography (HSGC). It was shown that the PDHID is as sensitive as the FID for fast separations but is limited by the difficulty of resolving analyte peaks from O-2 and N-2. The PDHID was at least three orders of magnitude more sensitive than the TCD for all of the analytes examined. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ St Thomas, Dept Chem, St Paul, MN 55105 USA. Univ N Dakota, Dept Chem, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Borgerding, AJ (reprint author), Univ St Thomas, Dept Chem, St Paul, MN 55105 USA. EM ajborgerding@stthomas.edu NR 14 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD FEB 20 PY 2004 VL 1027 IS 1-2 BP 19 EP 23 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.083 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 767XJ UT WOS:000188498900004 PM 14971479 ER PT J AU Neilan, JG Zsak, L Lu, Z Burrage, TG Kutish, GF Rock, DL AF Neilan, JG Zsak, L Lu, Z Burrage, TG Kutish, GF Rock, DL TI Neutralizing antibodies to African swine fever virus proteins p30, p54, and p72 are not sufficient for antibody-mediated protection SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE African swine fever virus; neutralizing antibodies; viral proteins ID INFECTED CELLS; IMMUNE SERUM; PIGS; ATTACHMENT; MECHANISMS; VIRULENCE; HOMOLOG; GROWTH AB Although antibody-mediated immune mechanisms have been shown to be important in immunity to ASF, it remains unclear what role virus neutralizing antibodies play in the protective response. Virus neutralizing epitopes have been identified on three viral proteins, p30, p54, and p72. To evaluate the role(s) of these proteins in protective immunity, pigs were immunized with baculovirus-expressed p30, p54, p72, and p22 from the pathogenic African swine fever virus (ASFV) isolate Pr4. ASFV specific neutralizing antibodies were detected in test group animals. Following immunization, animals were challenged with 10(4) TCID50 of Pr4 virus. In comparison to the control group, test group animals exhibited a 2-day delay to onset of clinical disease and reduced viremia levels at 2 days postinfection (DPI); however, by 4 DPI, there was no significant difference between the two groups and all animals in both groups died between 7 and 10 DPI. These results indicate that neutralizing antibodies to these ASFV proteins are not sufficient for antibody-mediated protection. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Neilan, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. EM jneilan@piadc.ars.usda.gov NR 34 TC 36 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD FEB 20 PY 2004 VL 319 IS 2 BP 337 EP 342 DI 10.1016/j.virol.2003.11.011 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 800FN UT WOS:000220014400017 PM 14980493 ER PT J AU Istanbulluoglu, E Tarboton, DG Pack, RT Luce, CH AF Istanbulluoglu, E Tarboton, DG Pack, RT Luce, CH TI Modeling of the interactions between forest vegetation, disturbances, and sediment yields SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-EARTH SURFACE LA English DT Article DE sediment yield; wildfires; forest management; hydrology ID DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL; COLORADO FRONT RANGE/; CHANNEL NETWORKS; OVERLAND-FLOW; EROSION RATES; DEBRIS FLOWS; LANDSCAPE MORPHOLOGY; DRAINAGE DENSITY; IDAHO BATHOLITH; SLOPE STABILITY AB The controls of forest vegetation, wildfires, and harvest vegetation disturbances on the frequency and magnitude of sediment delivery from a small watershed (similar to3.9 km(2)) in the Idaho batholith are investigated through numerical modeling. The model simulates soil development based on continuous bedrock weathering and the divergence of diffusive sediment transport on hillslopes. Soil removal is due to episodic gully erosion, shallow landsliding, and debris flow generation. In the model, forest vegetation provides root cohesion and surface resistance to channel initiation. Forest fires and harvests reduce the vegetation. Vegetation loss leaves the land susceptible to erosion and landsliding until the vegetation cover reestablishes in time. Simulation results compare well with field observations of event sediment yields and long-term averages over similar to10,000 years. When vegetation is not disturbed by wildfires over thousands of years, sediment delivery is modeled to be less frequent but with larger event magnitudes. Increased values of root cohesion (representing denser forests) lead to higher event magnitudes. Wildfires appear to control the timing of sediment delivery. Compared to undisturbed forests, erosion is concentrated during the periods with low erosion thresholds, often called accelerated erosion periods, following wildfires. Our modeling suggests that drainage density is inversely proportional to root cohesion and that reduced forest cover due to wildfires increases the drainage density. We compare the sediment yields under anthropogenic (harvest) and natural (wildfire) disturbances. Disturbances due to forest harvesting appear to increase the frequency of sediment delivery; however, the sediment delivery following wildfires seems to be more severe. These modeling-based findings have implications for engineering design and environmental management, where sediment inputs to streams and the fluctuations and episodicity of these inputs are of concern. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Istanbulluoglu, E (reprint author), MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Room 48-114, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM erkan@mit.edu; dtarb@cc.usu.edu; rtpack@cc.usu.edu; cluce@rmci.net RI Luce, Charles/A-9267-2008; Tarboton, David/G-8972-2011 OI Luce, Charles/0000-0002-6938-9662; Tarboton, David/0000-0002-1998-3479 NR 95 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-EARTH JI J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf. PD FEB 19 PY 2004 VL 109 IS F1 AR F01009 DI 10.1029/2003JF000041 PG 22 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 863NE UT WOS:000224567800001 ER PT J AU Janssen, I Baumgartner, RN Ross, R Rosenberg, IH Roubenoff, R AF Janssen, I Baumgartner, RN Ross, R Rosenberg, IH Roubenoff, R TI Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE activities of daily living; aging; disability evaluation; men; muscle, skeletal; risk; women ID BIOELECTRICAL-IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS; TOTAL-BODY POTASSIUM; FAT-FREE MASS; PREDICTION MODELS; HEALTH; SARCOPENIA; EPIDEMIOLOGY; STRENGTH; ADULTS; VALIDATION AB The purpose of this study was to determine skeletal muscle cutpoints for identifying elevated physical disability risk in older adults. Subjects included 4,449 older ( 60 years) participants from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 1988-1994. Physical disability was assessed by questionnaire, and bioimpedance was used to estimate skeletal muscle, which was normalized for height. Receiver operating characteristics were used to develop the skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with a high likelihood of physical disability. Odds for physical disability were compared in subjects whose measures fell above and below these cutpoints. Skeletal muscle cutpoints of 5.76-6.75 and less than or equal to5.75 kg/m(2) were selected to denote moderate and high physical disability risk in women. The corresponding values in men were 8.51-10.75 and less than or equal to8.50 kg/m(2). Compared with women with low-risk skeletal muscle values, women with moderate- and high-risk skeletal muscle values had odds for physical disability of 1.41 (95% confidence interval (Cl): 0.97, 2.04) and 3.31 (95% Cl: 1.91, 5.73), respectively. The corresponding odds in men were 3.65 (95% Cl: 1.92, 6.94) and 4.71 (95% Cl: 2.28, 9.74). This study presents skeletal muscle cutpoints for physical disability risk in older adults. Future applications of these cutpoints include the comparison of morbidity risk in older persons with normal muscle mass and those with sarcopenia, the determination and comparison of sarcopenia prevalences, and the estimation of health-care costs attributable to sarcopenia. C1 Queens Univ, Dept Community Hlth & Epidemiol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Div Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Queens Univ, Sch Phys & Hlth Educ, Kingston, ON, Canada. RP Janssen, I (reprint author), Queens Univ, Dept Community Hlth & Epidemiol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. EM janssen@post.queensu.ca RI Janssen, Ian/B-7700-2009 NR 42 TC 369 Z9 394 U1 5 U2 27 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 159 IS 4 BP 413 EP 421 DI 10.1093/aje/kwh058 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 774GQ UT WOS:000188971800012 PM 14769646 ER PT J AU Cupples, AM Spormann, AM McCarty, PL AF Cupples, AM Spormann, AM McCarty, PL TI Vinyl chloride and cis-dichloroethene dechlorination kinetics and microorganism growth under substrate limiting conditions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANAEROBIC MIXED CULTURE; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; HYDROGEN; TETRACHLOROETHENE; DEHALOGENATION; COEFFICIENTS; COMPETITION; ETHENE AB The reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) at contaminated sites often results in the accumulation of cis-1,2-dichloroethene (DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC), rather than the nonhazardous end product ethene. This accumulation may be caused by the absence of appropriate microorganisms, insufficient supply of donor substrate, or reaction kinetic limitations. Here, we address the issue of reaction kinetic limitations by investigating the effect of limiting substrate concentrations (electron donor and acceptor) on DCE and VC dechlorination kinetics and microorganism growth by bacterium VS. For this, a model based on Monod kinetics, but also accounting for competition between electron acceptors and the effect of low electron donor and acceptor concentrations (dual-substrate kinetics), was examined. Competitive coefficients for VC (7.8 +/- 1.5 muM) and DCE (3.6 +/- 1.1 muM) were obtained and included in the model. The half velocity coefficient for hydrogen, the electron donor, was experimentally determined (7 +/- 2 nM) through investigating dechlorination over different substrate concentrations. This complete model was then used, along with experimental data, to determine substrate concentrations at which the dechlorinating microorganisms would be in net decay. Notably, the model indicates not decay will result if the total electron acceptor concentration (DCE plus VC) is below 0.7 muM, regardless of electron donor levels. The ability to achieve sustainable bioremediation to acceptable levels can be greatly influenced by this threshold level. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP McCarty, PL (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM pmccarty@stanford.edu RI McCarty, Perry/H-1132-2011 NR 15 TC 85 Z9 86 U1 4 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 1102 EP 1107 DI 10.1021/es0348647 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 774RC UT WOS:000188996600025 PM 14998024 ER PT J AU Zheng, W Papiernik, SK Guo, MX Yates, SR AF Zheng, W Papiernik, SK Guo, MX Yates, SR TI Remediation of methyl iodide in aqueous solution and soils amended with thiourea SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NITRIFICATION INHIBITORS; SUBSTITUTION-REACTIONS; AMMONIUM THIOSULFATE; ORGANIC AMENDMENTS; HYDROGEN-SULFIDE; BROMIDE EMISSION; BISULFIDE HS; DEGRADATION; 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE; TRANSFORMATION AB Methyl iodide (Mel) is considered a very promising fumigant alternative to methyl bromide (MeBr) for controlling soil-borne pests. Because atmospheric emission of highly volatile fumigants contributes to air pollution, feasible strategies to reduce emissions are urgently needed. In this study, thiourea (a nitrification inhibitor) was shown to accelerate the degradation of Mel in soil and water. In aqueous solution, the reaction between Mel and thiourea was independent of pH, although the rate of Mel hydrolysis increased in alkaline solution. Substantial increases in the rate of Mel dissipation were observed in thiourea-amended soils. Transformation of Mel by thiourea in aqueous solution was by a single chemical reaction process, while Mel degradation in thiourea-amended soil apparently involved a catalytic mechanism. The electron delocalization between the thiourea molecule and the surfaces of soil particles is energetically favorable and would increase the nucleophilic reactivity of the thiono group toward Mel, resulting in an enhancement of the dissipation rate. The soil half-life for Mel was reduced from > 300h for unamended soils to only a few hours in soil or sand amended with thiourea at a 2:1 molar ratio (thiourea:Mel). The Mel transformation rate in thiourea-amended soil increased within creasing soil temperature and decreasing soil moisture. Therefore, spraying thiourea on the soil surface to form a "reactive surface barrier" may be an effective and innovative strategy for controlling fumigant emissions to the atmosphere and for improving environmental protection. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Yates, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM syates@ussl.ars.usda.gov NR 42 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 1188 EP 1194 DI 10.1021/es034149x PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 774RC UT WOS:000188996600037 PM 14998036 ER PT J AU Flythe, MD Russell, JB AF Flythe, MD Russell, JB TI The effect of pH and a bacteriocin (bovicin HC5) on Clostridium sporogenes MD1, a bacterium that has the ability to degrade amino acids in ensiled plant materials SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE silage; ammonia; deamination; bacteriocin; Clostridium sporogenes; Clostridium bolulinum ID STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS; SILAGE; CATTLE; GROWTH AB Fresh plant materials can be fermented and preserved as silage for cattle, but clostridia that deaminate amino acids increase pH. If the pH of the silage rises, spoilage microorganisms proliferate, and undesirable products accumulate. Rod-sbaped, anaerobic bacteria with spores were isolated from fresh alfalfa, fresh corn, and silages. Strain MD1 had the highest specific activity of amino acid deamination, and it was most closely related to Clostridium botulinum A and B. However, because strain MD1 did not produce a toxin, it was classified as Clostridium sporogenes. Washed cell suspensions of C sporogenes MD1 had specific activities as great as 690 nmol ammonia mg protein(-1) min(-1), and this rate did not decrease until the pH was less than 4.5. Batch cultures of C. sporogenes MD1 did not initiate growth if the initial pH was less than 5.0, but continuous cultures (0.1 h(-1) dilution rate) persisted until the pH in the culture vessel was 4.6. When C. sporogenes MD1 was co-cultured with a bacteriocin-producing Streptococcus bovis HC5, ammonia production was greatly reduced. The ability of S. bovis HC5 to inhibit strain MD1 was pH-dependent. When the pH was 5.5 or less, strain MD1 could no longer be detected. These latter results support the idea that bacteriocin-producing bacteria may be used to improve silage quality. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jbr8@cornell.edu RI Flythe, Michael/F-2500-2010 OI Flythe, Michael/0000-0002-8868-9169 NR 26 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 47 IS 2 BP 215 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00259-9 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 776BQ UT WOS:000189095500008 PM 19712336 ER PT J AU Rigney, CP Salamone, BP Anandaraman, N Rose, BE Umholtz, RL Ferris, KE Parham, DR James, W AF Rigney, CP Salamone, BP Anandaraman, N Rose, BE Umholtz, RL Ferris, KE Parham, DR James, W TI Salmonella serotypes in selected classes of food animal carcasses and raw ground products, January 1998 through December 2000 SO JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID UNITED-STATES; BEEF CARCASSES; MARKET SWINE; RISK-FACTORS; INFECTION; POULTRY; TRANSPORTATION; CONTAMINATION; PREVALENCE; LAIRAGE C1 USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Zoonot Dis & Residue Surveillance Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Div Microbiol, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Lab Sample Data Management Staff, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Off Deputy Administrator, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Anandaraman, N (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Zoonot Dis & Residue Surveillance Div, 1400 Independence Ave SW,344 Aerosp Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 24 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 JAVMA-J AM VET MED A JI JAVMA-J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 224 IS 4 BP 524 EP 530 DI 10.2460/javma.2004.224.524 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 802BV UT WOS:000220139900016 PM 14989544 ER PT J AU Lee, HL Chen, GC Rowell, RM AF Lee, HL Chen, GC Rowell, RM TI Thermal properties of wood reacted with a phosphorus pentoxide-amine system SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phosphoramide; fire retardancy; differential; scanning calorimetry (DSC); char yield; thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) ID NITROGENOUS BASES; FLAME RETARDANTS; CELLULOSE; COMBUSTION; PYROLYSIS; PHOSPHATE; SYNERGISM; ESTERS AB The objective of this research was to improve the fire-retardant properties of wood in one treatment using a phosphorus pentoxide-amine system. Phosphorus pentoxide and 16 amines including alkyl, halophenyl, and phenyl amines were compounded in N,N-dimethylformamide and the resulting solutions containing phosphoramides were reacted with wood. The characteristics of phosphoramide-reacted wood were analyzed by FTIR, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and elemental analysis. Fire retardancy of phosphoramide-reacted woods was evaluated by DSC and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC demonstrated that the modification can lower the onset of an endotherm and decrease the heat of combustion and heat flow. TGA showed that most of the phosphoramide-reacted woods had higher char yields than that of wood impregnated with diammonium phosphate. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Taiwan Forestry Res Inst, Taipei 100, Taiwan. Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Lee, HL (reprint author), Taiwan Forestry Res Inst, 53 Nan Hai Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan. NR 20 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 91 IS 4 BP 2465 EP 2481 DI 10.1002/app.13408 PG 17 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 761MR UT WOS:000187913000050 ER PT J AU Morimoto, M Morimoto, M Whitmire, J Xiao, SY Anthony, RM Mirakami, H Star, RA Urban, JF Gause, WC AF Morimoto, M Morimoto, M Whitmire, J Xiao, SY Anthony, RM Mirakami, H Star, RA Urban, JF Gause, WC TI Peripheral CD4 T cells rapidly accumulate at the host : parasite interface during an inflammatory Th2 memory response SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE PARASITE; HELIGMOSOMOIDES-POLYGYRUS; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; SCHISTOSOMA-MANSONI; IN-VIVO; EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS; TYPE-2 RESPONSE; IL-4 PRODUCTION; MICE; INFECTION AB Memory peripheral Th2 immune responses to infectious pathogens are not well studied due to the lack of suitable models and the difficulty of assessing Th2 cytokine expression at sites of inflammation. We have examined the localized immune response to a nematode parasite that encysts in the small intestine. An unexpected architecture was observed on day 4 of the memory response, with granulocytes and macrophages infiltrating the cyst and CD4(+), TCR-alphabeta(+) T cells surrounding the cyst. Laser capture microdissection analysis showed a pronounced CD4-dependent Th2 cytokine pattern at the cyst region only during the memory response, demonstrating that the Th2 memory response is readily distinguished from the primary response by the rapid accumulation of Th2 effector cells at the host:parasite interface. The Journal of Immunology, 2004, 172: 2424-2430. C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NIH, Renal Diagnost & Therapeut Unit, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Gause, WC (reprint author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. EM wgause@usuhs.mil OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI31678] NR 44 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD FEB 15 PY 2004 VL 172 IS 4 BP 2424 EP 2430 PG 7 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 771LZ UT WOS:000188788600054 PM 14764713 ER PT J AU Cheng, NH Liu, JZ Nelson, RS Hirschi, KD AF Cheng, NH Liu, JZ Nelson, RS Hirschi, KD TI Characterization of CXIP4, a novel Arabidopsis protein that activates the H+/Ca2+ antiporter, CAX1 SO FEBS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE H+/Ca2+ antiporter; calcium signaling; CAX1; activation; Arabidopsis ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; CA2+/H+ ANTIPORTER; GENE-EXPRESSION; CALCIUM; TRANSPORT; IDENTIFICATION; LOCALIZATION; HOMEOSTASIS; SENSITIVITY AB Precise regulation of calcium transporters is essential for modulating the Ca2+ signaling network that is involved in the growth and adaptation of all organisms. The Arabidopsis H+/Ca2+ antiporter, CAX1, is a high capacity and low affinity Ca2+ transporter and several CAX1-like transporters are found in Arabidopsis. When heterologously expressed in yeast, CAX1 is unable to suppress the Ca2+ hypersensitivity of yeast vacuolar Ca2+ transporter mutants due to an N-terminal autoinhibition mechanism that prevents Ca2+ transport. Using a yeast screen, we have identified CAX interacting protein 4 (CXIP4) that activated full-length CAX1, but not full-length CAX2, CAX3 or CAX4. CXIP4 encodes a novel plant protein with no bacterial, fungal, animal, or mammalian homologs. Expression of a GFP-CXIP4 fusion in yeast and plant cells suggests that CXIP4 is targeted predominantly to the nucleus. Using a yeast growth assay, CXIP4 activated a chimeric CAX construct that contained specific portions of the N-terminus of CAX1. Together with other recent studies, these results suggest that CAX1 is regulated by several signaling molecules that converge on the N-terminus of CAX1 to regulate H+/Ca2(+) antiport. (C) 2004 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Samuel Roberts Noble Fdn Inc, Div Plant Biol, Ardmore, OK 73402 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Human & Mol Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Cheng, NH (reprint author), Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM ncheng@bcm.tmc.edu NR 34 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-5793 J9 FEBS LETT JI FEBS Lett. PD FEB 13 PY 2004 VL 559 IS 1-3 BP 99 EP 106 DI 10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00036-5 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 774FX UT WOS:000188970100018 PM 14960315 ER PT J AU Friedman, M AF Friedman, M TI Applications of the ninhydrin reaction for analysis of amino acids, peptides, and proteins to agricultural and biomedical sciences SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE ninhydrin; Ruhemann's purple; amino acids; peptides; proteins; analysis; food chemistry; protein chemistry; clinical chemistry; histochemistry; fo; rensic science; microbiology; medicine; nutrition; pharmacology; plant science; toxicology; proteolysis; cereal proteins; keratin proteins; milk proteins; soy proteins; whey proteins; protein-tannin complexes; cheeses; fruits; vegetables ID ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BETA-UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS; THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY; QUANTITATIVE COLORIMETRIC ASSAY; FLUORESCENT TERNARY PRODUCTS; TRIKETOHYDRINDENE HYDRATE; LATENT FINGERPRINTS; FOOD PROTEINS; SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION AB The reaction of ninhydrin with primary amino groups to form the purple dye now called Ruhemann's purple (RIP) was discovered by Siegfried Ruhemann in 1910. In addition, imines such as pipecolic acid and proline, the guanidino group of arginine, the amide groups of asparagine, the indole ring of tryptophan, the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, amino groups of cytosine and guanine, and cyanide ions also react with ninhydrin to form various chromophores of analytical interest. Since its discovery, extensive efforts have been made to apply manual and automated ninhydrin reactions as well as ninhydrin spray reagents to the detection, isolation, and analysis of numerous compounds of interest across a broad spectrum of disciplines. These include agricultural, biochemical, clinical, environmental, food, forensic, histochemical, microbiological, medical, nutritional, plant, and protein sciences. This reaction is unique among chromogenic reactions in that at pH 5.5 it results in the formation of the same soluble chromophore by all primary amines which react, be they amines, amino acids, peptides, proteins, and even ammonia. Because the chromophore is not chemically bound to the protein or other insoluble material, it is not lost when the insoluble substrate is removed by centrifugation or filtration after the reaction is completed. The visible color of the chromophore is distinctive and is generally not affected by the yellow colors present in many food, plant, and tissue extracts. Adaptations of the classical ninhydrin reaction to specialized needs; in analytical chemistry and biochemistry include the use of acid, alkaline, and fluorogenic ninhydrin reagents. To cross-fertilize information among several disciplines wherein an interest in the ninhydrin reaction has developed, and to enhance its utility, this review attempts to integrate and correlate the widely scattered literature on ninhydrin reactions of a variety of structurally different compounds. Specifically covered are the following aspects: historical perspective, chemistry and mechanisms, applications, and research needs. A better understanding of these multifaceted ninhydrin, reactions provide a scientific basis for further improvements of this important analytical technique. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Friedman, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM mfried@pw.usda.gov OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 259 TC 177 Z9 182 U1 18 U2 228 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB 11 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 3 BP 385 EP 406 DI 10.1021/jf030490p PG 22 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 772FH UT WOS:000188830300001 PM 14759124 ER PT J AU Liu, YL Barton, FE Lyon, BG Windham, WR Lyon, CE AF Liu, YL Barton, FE Lyon, BG Windham, WR Lyon, CE TI Two-dimensional correlation analysis of visible/near-infrared spectral intensity variations of chicken breasts with various chilled and frozen storages SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE two-dimensional correlation analysis; visible/NIR spectroscopy; chicken muscles; myoglobin; tenderness ID CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; POULTRY CARCASSES; THERMAL-TREATMENT; MEATS; CLASSIFICATION; PATTIES AB Generalized two-dimensional (2D) correlation analysis of visible/near-infrared (NIR) spectra was performed to characterize the spectral intensity variations of chicken muscles induced by either storage time/temperature regime or shear force values. The results showed that intensities of two visible bands at 445 and 560 nm increase with the storage temperature under identical treatment, possibly indicating a color change due to frozen storage. The 2D NIR correlation spectra indicated that all NIR bands reduce their spectral intensities, probably due to the water loss and compositional alterations during the freeze-thaw process as well as the tenderization development in muscle storage. The heterospectra correlating the spectral bands in both visible and NIR regions exhibited a strong correlation and suggested the sequential change between color and other developments in muscles. In addition, shear value-induced NIR spectral intensity variations detected significant differences in spectral features between tender and tough muscles. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Barton, FE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM wbarton@qaru.ars.usda.gov NR 18 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB 11 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 3 BP 505 EP 510 DI 10.1021/jf0303464 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 772FH UT WOS:000188830300017 PM 14759140 ER PT J AU Fox, DG Tedeschi, LO Tylutki, TP Russell, JB Van Amburgh, ME Chase, LE Pell, AN Overton, TR AF Fox, DG Tedeschi, LO Tylutki, TP Russell, JB Van Amburgh, ME Chase, LE Pell, AN Overton, TR TI The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System model for evaluating herd nutrition and nutrient excretion SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE modeling; simulation; cattle; nutrient; requirement; supply; rumen ID MIXED RUMEN BACTERIA; VOLATILE FATTY-ACIDS; HOLSTEIN DAIRY-COWS; CATTLE DIETS; RUMINAL BACTERIA; MAMMARY-GLAND; IN-VITRO; PREDICTING REQUIREMENTS; CELLULOLYTIC BACTERIA; NITROGEN-UTILIZATION AB The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) is a mathematical model that estimates cattle requirements and nutrient supply based on animal, environmental, and feed compositional information in diverse production situations. Predicted animal requirements account for different physiological states (lactation, pregnancy, and growth), body reserves and environmental effects. The CNCPS uses feed carbohydrate and protein degradation and passage rates to predict extent of ruminal fermentation, microbial protein production, post-rummal absorption, and total supply of metabolizable energy and protein to the animal. The CNCPS has been used successfully on beef and dairy cattle farms to evaluate and formulate rations. In an evaluation with individually fed growing cattle, the CNCPS accounted for 89% of the variation in ADG with a 7.4% underprediction bias. When the CNCPS was evaluated with data from individual dairy cows where the appropriate inputs were measured and changes in energy reserves were accounted for, the CNCPS accounted for 90% of the variation in actual milk production of individual cows with a 1.3% bias. The model accounted for 76% of the variation in individual cow milk production with an 8% underprediction bias when energy was first limiting in high producing cows, and accounted for 84% of the variation with a 1.1% overprediction bias when protein was first limiting. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, ARS, USDA, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Fox, DG (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM dgf4@cornell.edu RI Tedeschi, Luis/C-4395-2016 OI Tedeschi, Luis/0000-0003-1883-4911 NR 150 TC 260 Z9 283 U1 6 U2 53 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD FEB 10 PY 2004 VL 112 IS 1-4 BP 29 EP 78 DI 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2003.10.006 PG 50 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 774HU UT WOS:000188974700003 ER PT J AU Asseng, S Jamieson, PD Kimball, B Pinter, P Sayre, K Bowden, JW Howden, SM AF Asseng, S Jamieson, PD Kimball, B Pinter, P Sayre, K Bowden, JW Howden, SM TI Simulated wheat growth affected by rising temperature, increased water deficit and elevated atmospheric CO2 SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE simulation; modelling; wheat crop; yield; climate change; CO2 ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; SPRING WHEAT; USE EFFICIENCY; MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE; CROPPING SYSTEMS; GRAIN QUALITY; APSIM-NWHEAT; CERES-WHEAT; NITROGEN; MODEL AB The cropping systems simulation model APSIM-Nwheat was tested against detailed field measurements representing possible growing conditions under future climate change scenarios. Increasing average temperatures by 1.7 degreesC observed over several seasons at Obregon, Mexico reduced the time to flowering by 11 days and resulted in a decline of total biomass and grain yield. These effects were reproduced by the model, except when the observed total biomass inexplicably rose again in the fourth and fifth year, despite higher temperature and a much shorter growing time. In a water stress experiment, the effects of different timing and duration of water deficit on crop growth and yield were reproduced with the model for a rain-shelter experiment at Lincoln, New Zealand where observed grain yields were reduced from 10 to 4 t ha(-1) due to increased water deficit. In experiments from Western Australia, reduced growth and yields due to extreme terminal water deficit were also reproduced with the model where measured yields fall below 0.5 t ha(-1). In the Maricopa Free Air Carbon-Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiment in Arizona, USA, the largest yield increase occurred with elevated CO2 in the dry and high N treatments, whereas little or no response was observed in the wet and low N supply treatments, as simulated with the model. Combining elevated CO2 with increased temperature in a sensitivity analysis, two levels of water supply and a range of N applications indicated a positive effect of elevated CO2 on yield as long as N was not limiting growth. Increased temperature and reduced water supply reduced yields and the yield response to N supply under ambient and elevated CO2. Grain protein concentrations were reduced under elevated CO2, but the difference was minor with ample N fertiliser. Evapotranspiration was reduced under elevated CO2. Higher temperatures increased evapotranspiration with low N input, but reduced it with ample N fertiliser, resulting in a reduction and an increase, respectively, in drainage below the root zone. In the Mediterranean environment of Western Australia the impact of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on grain yield was in average positive, but varied with seasonal rainfall distribution. Based on the range of model testing experiments and the sensitivity analysis, APSIM-Nwheat was found suitable for studies on directional impacts of future climate change on wheat production. Due to some large discrepancies between simulated and observed data, field experiments representing only a limited range of possible climate change scenarios and the large possible range of factorial interactions not tested, simulated quantitative effects with the model should be interpreted cautiously. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CSIRO, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia. New Zealand Crop & Food Res Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. CIMMYT, Mexico City 06600, DF, Mexico. Agr Western Australia, Ctr Cropping Syst, Northam, WA 6401, Australia. CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Asseng, S (reprint author), CSIRO, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia. EM senthold.asseng@esiro.au RI Howden, Stuart/C-1138-2008 OI Howden, Stuart/0000-0002-0386-9671 NR 51 TC 123 Z9 144 U1 11 U2 79 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD FEB 10 PY 2004 VL 85 IS 2-3 BP 85 EP 102 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00154-0 PG 18 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 773DY UT WOS:000188883500001 ER PT J AU May, CL Gresswell, RE AF May, CL Gresswell, RE TI Spatial and temporal patterns of debris-flow deposition in the Oregon Coast Range, USA SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE landslides; debris-flows; alluvial fans; depositional environment; drainage basins; ephemeral streams ID CHANNEL NETWORKS; STORAGE; RIVER AB Patterns of debris-flow occurrence were investigated in 125 headwater basins in the Oregon Coast Range. Time since the previous debris-flows was established using dendrochronology, and recurrence interval estimates ranged from 98 to 357 years. Tributary basins with larger drainage areas had a greater abundance of potential landslide source areas and a greater frequency of scouring events compared to smaller basins. The flux rate of material delivered to the confluence with a larger river influenced the development of small-scale debris-flow fans. Fans at the mouths of tributary basins with smaller drainage areas had a higher likelihood of being eroded by the mainstem river in the interval between debris-flows, compared to bigger basins that had larger, more persistent fans. Valley floor width of the receiving channel also influenced fan development because it limited the space available to accommodate fan formation. Of 63 recent debris-flows, 52% delivered sediment and wood directly to the mainstem river, 30% were deposited on an existing fan before reaching the mainstem, and 18% were deposited within the confines of the tributary valley before reaching the confluence. Spatial variation in the location of past and present depositional surfaces indicated that sequential debris-flow deposits did not consistently form in the same place. Instead of being spatially deterministic, results of this study suggest that temporally variable and stochastic factors may be important for predicting the runout length of debris-flows. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP May, CL (reprint author), USFS Pacific SW Res Stn, POB 491, Blue Lake, CA 95525 USA. EM clmay@fs.fed.us; robert_gresswell@usgs.gov NR 47 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD FEB 10 PY 2004 VL 57 IS 3-4 BP 135 EP 149 DI 10.1016/S0169-555x(03)00086-2 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 776BZ UT WOS:000189096300001 ER PT J AU McKean, J Roering, J AF McKean, J Roering, J TI Objective landslide detection and surface morphology mapping using high-resolution airborne laser altimetry SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE landslides; surface morphology; LIDAR ID TEMPORAL OCCURRENCE; SAR INTERFEROMETRY; ORIENTATION DATA; EVOLUTION; MOUNTAINS; ELEMENTS; AREAS AB A map of extant slope failures is the most basic element of any landslide assessment. Without an accurate inventory of slope instability, it is not possible to analyze the controls on the spatial and temporal patterns of mass movement or the environmental, human, or geomorphic consequences of slides. Landslide inventory maps are tedious to compile, difficult to make in vegetated terrain using conventional techniques, and tend to be subjective. In addition, most landslide inventories simply outline landslide boundaries and do not offer information about landslide mechanics as manifested by internal deformation features. In an alternative approach, we constructed accurate, high-resolution DEMs from airborne laser altimetry (LIDAR) data to characterize a large landslide complex and surrounding terrain near Christchurch, New Zealand. One-dimensional, circular (2-D) and spherical (3-D) statistics are used to map the local topographic roughness in the DEMs over a spatial scale of 1.5 to 10 m. The bedrock landslide is rougher than adjacent untailed terrain and any of the statistics can be employed to automatically detect and map the overall slide complex. Furthermore, statistics that include a measure of the local variability of aspect successfully delineate four kinematic units within the gently sloping tower half of the slide. Features with a minimum size of surface folds that have a wavelength of about 11 to 12 m and amplitude of about 1 m are readily mapped. Two adjacent earthflows within the landslide complex are distinguished by a contrast in median roughness, and texture and continuity of roughness elements. The less active of the earthflows has a surface morphology that presumably has been smoothed by surface processes. The Laplacian operator also accurately maps the kinematic units and the folds and longitudinal levees within and at the margins of the units. Finally, two-dimensional power spectra analyses are used to quantify how roughness varies with length scale. These results indicate that no dominant length scale of roughness exists for smooth, unfailed terrain. In contrast, zones with different styles of landslide deformation exhibit distinctive spectral peaks that correspond to the scale of deformation features, such as the compression folds. The topographic-based analyses described here may be used to objectively delineate landslide features, generate mechanical inferences about landslide behavior, and evaluate relatively the recent activity of slides. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Canterbury, Dept Geol Sci, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP McKean, J (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 316 E Myrtle St, Boise, ID 83702 USA. EM jmckean@fs.fed.us RI McKean, Jim/C-3581-2011 NR 44 TC 216 Z9 219 U1 3 U2 59 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD FEB 10 PY 2004 VL 57 IS 3-4 BP 331 EP 351 DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00164-8 PG 21 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 776BZ UT WOS:000189096300013 ER PT J AU Basset, GJC Quinlivan, EP Ravanel, S Rebeille, F Nichols, BP Shinozaki, K Seki, M Adams-Phillips, LC Giovannoni, JJ Gregory, JF Hanson, AD AF Basset, GJC Quinlivan, EP Ravanel, S Rebeille, F Nichols, BP Shinozaki, K Seki, M Adams-Phillips, LC Giovannoni, JJ Gregory, JF Hanson, AD TI Foliate synthesis in plants: The p-aminobenzoate branch is initiated by a bifunctional PabA-PabB protein that is targeted to plastids SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ONE-CARBON METABOLISM; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SYNTHASE; ACID; GENE; EXPRESSION; FOLATE; BIOSYNTHESIS; LEAVES; SYNTHETASE AB It is not known how plants synthesize the p-aminobenzoate (PABA) moiety of folates. In Escherichia coli, PABA is made from chorismate in two steps. First, the PabA and PabB proteins interact to catalyze transfer of the amide nitrogen of glutamine to chorismate, forming 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate (ADC). The PabC protein then mediates elimination of pyruvate and aromatization to give PABA. Fungi, actinomycetes, and Plasmodium, spp. also synthesize PABA but have proteins comprising fused domains homologous to PabA and PabB. These bipartite proteins are commonly called "PABA synthases," although it is unclear whether they produce PABA or ADC. Genomic approaches identified Arabidopsis and tomato cDNAs encoding bipartite proteins containing fused PabA and PabB domains, plus a putative chloroplast targeting peptide. These cDNAs encode functional enzymes, as demonstrated by complementation of an E.coli pabA pabB double mutant and a yeast PABA-synthase deletant. The partially purified recombinant Arabidopsis protein did not produce PABA unless the E. coli PabC enzyme was added, indicating that it forms ADC, not PABA. The enzyme behaved as a monomer in size-exclusion chromatography and was not inhibited by physiological concentrations of PABA, its glucose ester, or folates. When the putative targeting peptide was fused to GFP and expressed in protoplasts, the fusion protein appeared only in chloroplasts, indicating that PABA synthesis is plastidial. In the pericarp of tomato fruit, the PabA-PabB mRNA level fell drastically as ripening advanced, but there was no fall in total PABA content, which stayed between 0.7 and 2.3 nmol.g(-1) fresh weight. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Grenoble 1, Commissariat Energie Atom Grenoble, INRA,Lab Physiol Cellulaire Vegetale, Commissariat Energie Atom,CNRS, F-38054 Grenoble 9, France. RIKEN, Tsukuba Inst, Plant Mol Biol Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050074, Japan. Univ Illinois, Dept Biol Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. RIKEN, Gen Sci Ctr, Plant Funct Genom Res Grp, Plant Mutat Explorat Team, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Hanson, AD (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM adha@mail.ifas.ufl.edu RI Quinlivan, Eoin/B-8454-2008; Seki, Motoaki/I-2854-2012; Shinozaki, Kazuo/G-4202-2013 OI Quinlivan, Eoin/0000-0002-0908-1762; NR 31 TC 60 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 17 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD FEB 10 PY 2004 VL 101 IS 6 BP 1496 EP 1501 DI 10.1073/pnas.0308331100 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 773JT UT WOS:000188921200015 PM 14745019 ER PT J AU Engelberth, J Alborn, HT Schmelz, EA Tumlinson, JH AF Engelberth, J Alborn, HT Schmelz, EA Tumlinson, JH TI Airborne signals prime plants against insect herbivore attack SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID JASMONIC-ACID; COTESIA-MARGINIVENTRIS; INDUCED RESISTANCE; VOLATILES; DEFENSE; BIOSYNTHESIS; EMISSIONS; LEAVES; TOMATO; INDUCE AB Green leafy volatiles (GLV), six-carbon aldehydes, alcohols, and esters commonly emitted by plants in response to mechanical damage or herbivory, induced intact undamaged corn seedlings to rapidly produce jasmonic acid (A) and emit sesquiterpenes. More importantly, corn seedlings previously exposed to GLV from neighboring plants produced significantly more A and volatile sesquiterpenes when mechanically damaged and induced with caterpillar regurgitant than seedlings not exposed to GLV. The use of pure synthetic chemicals revealed that (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate have nearly identical priming activity. Caterpillar-induced nocturnal volatiles, which are enriched in GLV, also exhibited a strong priming effect, inducing production of larger amounts of A and release of greater quantities of volatile organic compounds after caterpillar regurgitant application. In contrast, GLV priming did not affect JA production induced by mechanical wounding alone. Thus, GLV specifically prime neighboring plants against impending herbivory by enhancing inducible chemical defense responses triggered during attack and may play a key role in plant-plant signaling and plant-insect interactions. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Tumlinson, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. EM jht2@psu.edu RI Engelberth, Jurgen/D-3131-2011; Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011; OI Schmelz, Eric/0000-0002-2837-734X NR 31 TC 365 Z9 401 U1 10 U2 131 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD FEB 10 PY 2004 VL 101 IS 6 BP 1781 EP 1785 DI 10.1073/pnas.0308037100 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 773JT UT WOS:000188921200065 PM 14749516 ER PT J AU Houlihan, AJ Mantovani, HC Russell, JB AF Houlihan, AJ Mantovani, HC Russell, JB TI Effect of pH on the activity of bovicin HC5, a bacteriocin from Streptococcus bovis HC5 SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Streptococcus bovis; bacteriocin activity; pH ID BOVIS HC5; RUMINAL BACTERIA; CLOSTRIDIUM-AMINOPHILUM; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; GROWTH-CONDITIONS; NISIN; RESISTANCE; RUMEN; STRAINS; CATTLE AB The bacteriocin, bovicin HC5, catalyzed potassium efflux from Streptococcus bovis JB1, and this activity was highly pH dependent. When the pH was near neutral, glucose-energized cells were not affected by bovicin HC5, but the intracellular steady-state concentration of potassium decreased at acidic pH values. The idea that pH was affecting bovicin HC5 binding was supported by the observation that acidic pH also enhanced the efflux of potassium from non-energized cells that had been loaded with potassium. The relationship between bovicin HC5 concentration and potassium depletion was a saturation function, but cooperativity plots indicated that the binding of one bovicin molecule to the cell membrane facilitated the binding of another. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jbr8@cornell.edu RI Mantovani, Hilario/J-5287-2012 NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD FEB 9 PY 2004 VL 231 IS 1 BP 27 EP 32 DI 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00922-4 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 773PN UT WOS:000188932300004 PM 14769462 ER PT J AU Phillips, JD Marion, DA AF Phillips, JD Marion, DA TI Pedological memory in forest soil development SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE pedologic influences of trees; forest soils; soil variability; soil morphology ID LOBLOLLY-PINE; PODZOLIZATION; PEDODIVERSITY; LANDSCAPES; EVOLUTION; MODEL; REDISTRIBUTION; LOUISIANA; PATTERNS; MICHIGAN AB Individual trees may have significant impacts on soil morphology. If these impacts are non-random such that some microsites are repeatedly preferentially affected by trees, complex local spatial variability of soils would result. A model of self-reinforcing pedologic influences of trees (SRPIT) is proposed to explain patterns of soil variability in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas. SRPIT postulates that trees are preferentially established on patches that are nutrient-rich and rock fragment poor relative to adjacent sites. The biomechanical effects of trees on soil, and decomposition of roots then maintain and reinforce the rock fragment and nutrient differences relative to surrounding soils, increasing the likelihood of successful future tree establishment. The links hypothesized in the SRPIT model are dynamically unstable, which would be necessary for the self-reinforcing mechanisms to operate. Soil variability in 16 study plots is dominated by local, within-plot variability, pointing to highly localized biological effects and consistent with the SRPIT model. Within each 0.127 ha plot, 4-11 different series, and 4-9 different rock fragment classes were found. Of the 10 paired pits at each plot, 3-7 pairs had different series in pits typically less than 1 m apart. On average, each of the 16 plots had 6.3 different soil types, 6 different rock fragment classes, and 60% of the sample pairs differing in soil series. Richness-area analysis of soil series, and of rock fragment classes, both indicate that pedodiversity is dominated by within-plot rather than between-plot variability. The vertical variations in the concentration of rock fragments in 40 of 58 soil pits is consistent with redistribution of soil material by tree throw, and there is also evidence of rock fragment displacement by tree growth and deposition in stump holes. Overall, results suggest that soil morphological effects of individual trees are an important source of soil spatial variability in forests, and that such effects are non-random over time. Thus even relatively homogeneous areas may be characterized by tree-rich patches which support repeated generations of trees, and tree-poor patches which more rarely host trees. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Geog, Tobacco Rd Res Team, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Forest Hydrol Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Phillips, JD (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Geog, Tobacco Rd Res Team, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. EM idp@uky.edu; dmarion@fs.fed.us OI Marion, Daniel/0000-0002-5871-8969 NR 57 TC 48 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB 5 PY 2004 VL 188 IS 1-3 BP 363 EP 380 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2003.08.007 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 765QL UT WOS:000188294900029 ER PT J AU Chang, PK AF Chang, PK TI Lack of interaction between AFLR and AFLJ contributes to nonaflatoxigenicity of Aspergillus sojae SO JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AFLR; AFLJ; Aspergillus sojae ID AFLATOXIN BIOSYNTHESIS GENES; CLUSTER PROTEIN; PARASITICUS; FLAVUS; SEQUENCE; BINDING; ORYZAE; VARIABILITY; EXPRESSION; HOMOLOGS AB Aspergillus sojae, which is believed to be a domesticated strain of Aspergillus parasiticus, contains all of the aflatoxin biosynthetic genes but is unable to produce aflatoxins and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for producing fermented foods. In A. parasiticus both aflR, the aflatoxin pathway-specific regulatory gene, and aflJ, a co-activator gene, are necessary for transcription of genes encoding the aflatoxin biosynthetic enzymes. A. sojae aflR differs from A. parasiticus afR in that it encodes extra His and Ala, and has a pretermination defect that causes truncation of the carboxyl terminus of the predicted protein. A. sojae afJ differs from A. parasiticus afJ in that it encodes a predicted protein with Ser39 replaced by Ala and Ser283 replaced by Pro. Steady-state levels of aflatoxin biosynthetic gene transcripts of afR, afJ, pksA, norl, verl and omtA in A. sojae as determined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were much lower than those of A. parasiticus. Yeast two-hybrid assays showed that the truncated A. sojae AFLR did not interact with AFLJ of A. sojae and A. parasiticus but that an A. sojae AFLR reverted to the putative ancestral form interacted normally with AFLJ of A. sojae and A. parasiticus. Deletion analysis showed that both amino- and carboxy-terminal regions of the A. sojae AFLJ were important for the R-J interaction. The truncated A. sojae AFLR thus not only was impaired in its ability to activate transcription of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes, but also was unable to interact with AFLJ, in A. parasiticus both of which are required for normal expression of the aflatoxin biosynthetic genes. Consequently, the lack of aflatoxin-producing ability of A. sojae resulted primarily from two defects in the regulatory mechanism responsible for gene transcription. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Chang, PK (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM pkchang@srrc.ars.usda.gov NR 31 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1656 J9 J BIOTECHNOL JI J. Biotechnol. PD FEB 5 PY 2004 VL 107 IS 3 BP 245 EP 253 DI 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.10.012 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 770FJ UT WOS:000188712300003 PM 14736460 ER PT J AU Tainter, JA AF Tainter, JA TI Historical dynamics: Why states rise and fall SO NATURE LA English DT Book Review C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Albuquerque, NM 87102 USA. RP Tainter, JA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Albuquerque, NM 87102 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD FEB 5 PY 2004 VL 427 IS 6974 BP 488 EP 489 DI 10.1038/427488a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 770KM UT WOS:000188721800020 ER PT J AU Shatters, RG Bausher, MG Hunter, WB Chaparro, JX Dang, PM Niedz, RP Mayer, RT McCollum, TG Sinisterra, X AF Shatters, RG Bausher, MG Hunter, WB Chaparro, JX Dang, PM Niedz, RP Mayer, RT McCollum, TG Sinisterra, X TI Putative protease inhibitor gene discovery and transcript profiling during fruit development and leaf damage in grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) SO GENE LA English DT Article DE serine proteinase inhibitor; cysteine proteinase inhibitor; wound response ID TASTE-MODIFYING PROTEIN; PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; WOUND RESPONSE; EXPRESSION; PLANTS; THIONIN; POTATO; TOMATO; ARABIDOPSIS; SENESCENCE AB Seven putative protease inhibitor (PPI) cDNAs, representing four protein families, were isolated from a grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf. Cv. Marsh) immature fruit flavedo cDNA library. Cloned open reading frames encoded proteins with similarity to, and protein signatures for: legume Kuntiz inhibitors (lkiL-1, lkiL-2, lkiL-3), potato trypsin inhibitor I (ptilL-1), serpins (serpL-1), cystatins (cystL-1), and gamma thionins (gthL-1). Response of transcript abundance to fruit development and leaf wounding was determined for all but lkiL-l using real-time RT-PCR. Immature leaves had the highest transcript levels for all PPIs. The gthL-1 transcript in immature leaves was the most abundant transcript but was absent from healthy mature leaves. In fruit flavedo, transcripts for all PPIs were most abundant in youngest fruit (< 15 mm dia. fruit), and declined during development, but displayed different patterns of developmental change. Mechanical or Diaprepes root weevil (DRW) feeding damage to leaves caused a < 10-fold reduction or had no effect on transcript level with the exception of gthL-1 which, as a result of damage, increased >50-fold in mature leaves and decreased >1400-fold in immature leaves. This developmental control of transcript response to wounding in a woody perennial is opposite of what has been observed for defensive proteinase inhibitors (PIs) in other plants (typically herbaceous and/or annual plants), where younger leaves typically invoke a higher defensive proteinase inhibitor transcript accumulation than older tissues. Except for gthL-1, the PPI transcripts were minimally responsive or unresponsive to wounding. Changes in PPI transcript levels suggest diverse roles for the products of these genes in citrus, with only gthL-1 responding in a defense-like manner. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Shatters, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. EM rshatters@ushrl.ars.usda.gov NR 40 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1119 J9 GENE JI Gene PD FEB 4 PY 2004 VL 326 BP 77 EP 86 DI 10.1016/j.gene.2003.10.010 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 772AR UT WOS:000188818600008 PM 14729265 ER PT J AU Brayton, KA O'Rourke, KI Lyda, AK Miller, MW Knowles, DP AF Brayton, KA O'Rourke, KI Lyda, AK Miller, MW Knowles, DP TI A processed pseudogene contributes to apparent mule deer prion gene heterogeneity SO GENE LA English DT Article DE chronic wasting disease; brain; spongiform encephalopathy ID CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE; CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB-DISEASE; ROCKY-MOUNTAIN ELK; COMPLETE GENOMIC SEQUENCE; CERVUS-ELAPHUS-NELSONI; SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; ODOCOILEUS-HEMIONUS; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; SCRAPIE; PROTEIN AB Pathogenesis and transmission of the prion disorders (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, TSEs) are mediated by a modified isoform of the prion protein (PrP). Prion protein gene (PRNP) alleles associated with relative susceptibility to TSE have been identified in sheep, humans and possibly elk. Comparable data have not been derived for mule deer, a species susceptible to the TSE chronic wasting disease (CWD). Initial analysis of the open reading frame (ORF) in exon 3 of the mule deer PRNP gene revealed polymorphisms in all 145 samples analyzed, with 10 potential polymorphic sites. Because 144/145 (99.3%) of the samples were heterozygous for a coding change (N/ S) at codon 138 (bp 412) and a non-coding polymorphism at bp 418, and individual deer with three or four different alleles were identified a possible gene duplication was indicated. Analysis of BAC clones containing mule deer PRNP genes revealed a full length functional gene and a processed pseudogene. The pseudogene was characteristic of previously described retroelements, in that it lacks introns and is flanked by repeat sequences. Three alleles of the functional gene were identified, with coding changes only at codons 20 (D/G) and 225 (S/F). Determination of PRNP functional gene alleles from 47 CWD-positive mule deer showed the predominant allele encoded 20D225S (frequency 0.85). When alleles were grouped by coding changes in the functional gene, four of the six possible peptide combinations were identified in infected deer. Three pseudogene alleles with coding changes in exon 3 were identified in the mule deer samples examined. Because the TSEs appear to be "protein only" disorders, the presence of an untranslated pseudogene is not expected to affect disease resistance. Therefore, selection of a genotyping method specific for the functional gene is critical for large-scale studies to identify the role of the PRNP gene in susceptibility to CWD in mule deer. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Brayton, KA (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM kbrayton@vetmed.wsu.edu NR 36 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1119 EI 1879-0038 J9 GENE JI Gene PD FEB 4 PY 2004 VL 326 BP 167 EP 173 DI 10.1016/j.gene.2003.10.022 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 772AR UT WOS:000188818600018 PM 14729275 ER PT J CA US Dept Agr US Food Drug Adm CDC TI Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a dairy cow - Washington State, 2003 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 52, pg 1280-1285, 2004) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Food Safety & Inspect Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. CDC, Div Vital Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. RP Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 4 PY 2004 VL 291 IS 5 BP 553 EP 555 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 769LC UT WOS:000188650700006 ER PT J AU Bartelt, RJ Kyhl, JF Ambourn, AK Juzwik, J Seybold, SJ AF Bartelt, RJ Kyhl, JF Ambourn, AK Juzwik, J Seybold, SJ TI Male-produced aggregation pheromone of Carpophilus sayi, a nitidulid vector of oak wilt disease, and pheromonal comparison with Carpophilus lugubris SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Carpophilus brachypterus; Carpophilus corticinus; Carpophilus lugubris; Carpophilus sayi; Ceratocystis fagacearum; Coleoptera; Nitidulidae; oak wilt; pheromone ID CERATOCYSTIS-FAGACEARUM; TETRAENE HYDROCARBONS; BEETLE; COLEOPTERA; IDENTIFICATION; HEMIPTERUS AB 1 Carpophilus sayi, a nitidulid beetle vector of the oak wilt fungus, Ceratocystis fiagacearum, was shown to have a male-produced aggregation pheromone. 2 Six male-specific chemicals were identified from collections of volatiles. The two major compounds were (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5-dimethyl-7-ethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene and (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene, in a ratio of 100: 18. These compounds, in a similar ratio, were previously reported to be the pheromone of Carpophilus lugubris, a closely related species. The four minor C. sayi compounds (less than 4% as abundant as the first) were also alkyl-branched hydrocarbons and consisted of two additional tetraenes and two trienes. 3 The pheromone of C. lugubris was re-examined to refine the comparison with C. sayi, and C. lugubris was found to have the same additional, minor tetraenes as C. sayi, but not the trienes. 4 A synthetic mixture of the two major compounds was behaviourally active for both sexes of C. sayi in oak woodlands in Minnesota. The pheromone was tested in combination with fermenting whole wheat bread dough (a potent synergist of nitidulid pheromones). The combination of the 500-mug pheromone dose and dough attracted at least 30-fold more C. sayi than either pheromone or dough by itself. The synergized pheromone has potential as a tool for monitoring insect vector activity in an integrated management program for oak wilt. 5 Although C. lugubris was not present at the Minnesota test sites, two other Carpophilus species, Carpophilus brachypterus and Carpophilus corticinus, were clearly cross-attracted to the synergized pheromone of C. sayi. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Bartelt, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM bartelrj@ncaur.usda.gov NR 16 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1461-9555 J9 AGR FOREST ENTOMOL JI Agric. For. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 6 IS 1 BP 39 EP 46 DI 10.1111/j.1461-9555.2004.00201.x PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 774TD UT WOS:000189000200005 ER PT J AU Tyler, MW Peterson, DL AF Tyler, MW Peterson, DL TI Effects of forest policy on landscape pattern of late-seral forest of the Western Olympic Peninsula, Washington SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 98th Annual Meeting of the Association-of-American-Geographers CY MAR 19-23, 2002 CL LOS ANGELES, CA SP Assoc Amer Geographers DE landscape pattern; fragmentation; forest policy; late-seral forest; Olympic Peninsula; Washington ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; SPATIAL-PATTERN; OLD FORESTS; OREGON; DYNAMICS; MANAGEMENT; MOUNTAINS; METRICS; GROWTH; RANGE AB Forest harvest policies and regulations in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States have changed considerably across all land ownerships over the last 25 years, primarily in response to concerns over threatened and endangered species. For example, in July 2001, Washington State adopted new forest practice rules for private ownerships, which were aimed primarily at improving habitat for aquatic and riparian species. Before adopting the new rules, an environmental impact assessment was conducted in which three alternatives were considered in detail for their contributions to riparian habitat. Implications for upland species were not considered, although riparian protection has the potential to make contributions to habitat for obligate late-seral species. Effects of the three management alternatives were projected on private lands 200 years into the future, holding constant current practices on other lands managed for timber (federal, tribal, and state). The resulting distribution of late-seral forest across the Western Olympic Peninsula was compared. Simulations predicted that late-seral forest would cover between 39 and 48% of the landscape, well above the 8% that it currently occupies. Five to 21% of this late-seral forest would be on private lands (compared to <1% currently), and 71-85% on public lands (compared to 91% currently). Landscape pattern analysis indicated that the total amount of late-seral forest was significantly different among the three scenarios. However, there was no discernible difference in interior forest area, edge density, and mean distance between patches between a "no-action" alternative and the alternative that was ultimately adopted into rule. The most protective alternative had significantly more interior forest area and greater mean distance between patches, but it also had significantly higher edge density as a result of the linear nature of the riparian reserves and small patches of steep, unstable slopes. Our analysis framework will be useful for evaluating the effects of alternative management scenarios on landscape pattern across broad geographic areas with complex ownership. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Univ Washington, US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Tyler, MW (reprint author), Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. EM tylermt@dfw.wa.gov NR 62 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 101 IS 2-3 BP 289 EP 306 DI 10.1016/j.agee.2003.09.020 PG 18 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776DV UT WOS:000189102200012 ER PT J AU Hudak, AT Fairbanks, DHK Brockett, BH AF Hudak, AT Fairbanks, DHK Brockett, BH TI Trends in fire patterns in a southern African savanna under alternative land use practices SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 98th Annual Meeting of the Association-of-American-Geographers CY MAR 19-23, 2002 CL LOS ANGELES, CA SP Assoc Amer Geographers DE Botswana; fire exclusion; fire management; Landsat; landscape heterogeneity; landscape metric; patch characteristic; prescribed fire; principal components analysis; South Africa ID PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS-ANALYSIS; SUB-ARCTIC VEGETATION; KAKADU-NATIONAL-PARK; LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE; CLIMATIC-CHANGE; AUSTRALIA; REGIMES; FOREST; MODEL; TRANSFORMATION AB Climate, topography, vegetation and land use interact to influence fire regimes. Variable fire regimes may promote landscape heterogeneity, diversification in vegetation pattern and biotic diversity. The objective was to compare effects of alternative land use practices on landscape heterogeneity. Patch characteristics of fire scars were measured from 21 annual burn maps produced from 1972 to 2001 Landsat imagery. Trends in fire patterns under alternative land use practices were compared across a 250,000 ha savanna in southern Africa partitioned into three land use zones. Zone 1, Madikwe Game Reserve (MGR), has had mostly prescribed fires since 1993. Zone 2, cattle farms near MGR in South Africa (SAF), has experienced occasional fires. Zone 3, communal grazing lands in neighboring Botswana (BOT), has had the fewest fires. Cattle ranching was the predominant land use throughout the study area until 1992, when land use switched to conservation and eco-tourism in MGR. Sixteen landscape metrics were applied to this data set to uncover trends in the patch characteristics of the fire scars. A principal components analysis (PCA) reduced the dimensionality of the results so trends in the 10 most important size, shape, and proximity metrics could be better interpreted. The PCA results showed that more burning over time in MGR, and to a lesser extent in SAF, increased patch size, size variability, shape complexity and proximity, while fire exclusion in BOT produced no change or decreasing trends. We tested for significant differences in these metrics between the three land use zones and between two periods, 1972-1992 and 1993-2001. Most patch characteristics in MGR and SAF differed significantly from those in BOT, especially during the latter period, while between MGR and SAF they did not. Patch area, shape complexity and core area increased significantly between periods in MGR, while patch size, size variability and core area increased significantly between periods in SAR In BOT, no patch characteristics changed significantly between periods. Within the time span analyzed for the study area, we conclude that increased fire occurrence promoted landscape heterogeneity while fire exclusion did not. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USFS, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Univ Cape Town, Percy Fitzpatrick Inst African Ornithol, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. NW Pk & Tourism Board, ZA-0314 Mogwase, South Africa. RP Hudak, AT (reprint author), USFS, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, 1221 S Main St, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. EM ahudak@fs.fed.us; deanf@botzoo.uct.ac.za; bbrockett@nwpg.org.za NR 66 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 101 IS 2-3 BP 307 EP 325 DI 10.1016/j.agee.2003.09.010 PG 19 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776DV UT WOS:000189102200013 ER PT J AU Feldlaufer, MF Pettis, JS Kochansky, JP Kramer, M AF Feldlaufer, MF Pettis, JS Kochansky, JP Kramer, M TI Residue levels in honey after colony treatment with the antibiotic tylosin SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN FOULBROOD DISEASE; PAENIBACILLUS-LARVAE; OXYTETRACYCLINE; BEES; APIS AB Residue levels in honey were determined using a microbiological assay after the antibiotic tylosin was applied to honey bee colonies. The antibiotic was applied as a dust (200 mg or, 1000 mg in 20 g confectioners sugar) three times, one week apart, and both brood and surplus honey were sampled and analyzed during and following the treatment period. Tylosin concentrations declined over-time in all samples from all colonies. In surplus honey from colonies treated with a total of 600 mg, tylosin concentrations declined from an average of 1.31 ppm in honey sampled during the treatment period to 0.16 ppm three weeks after the last treatment. Based on US per capita consumption, exposure to tylosin from honey is less than that from other agricultural products. C1 USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Biomet Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Feldlaufer, MF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, Bldg 476 BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM feldlaum@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 144 IS 2 BP 143 EP 145 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 772DG UT WOS:000188824900019 ER PT J AU Livingston, MJ Carlson, GA Fackler, PL AF Livingston, MJ Carlson, GA Fackler, PL TI Managing resistance evolution in two pests to two toxins with refugia SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE Bt cotton; bollworm; budworm; pyrethroids; refuge policy; renewable susceptibility; resistance management ID INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; AGRICULTURAL PEST; TOBACCO BUDWORM; DAMAGE CONTROL; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; ECONOMETRICS; MANAGEMENT AB We use a regulatory model with resistance evolution in two pests to insecticidal Bt cotton and pyrethroids (a conventional insecticide) to examine non-Bt cotton (refuge) planting requirements designed to manage Bt-resistance evolution in the midsouth. Our analysis suggests that reduced refuge requirements would enhance producer profitability, sprayed refugia are more cost effective than unsprayed refugia, and producers would receive slightly higher returns under dynamic relative to static refuge policies. Pyrethroid susceptibility in one of the pests was a renewable resource, and toxin-mixture effects associated with pyrethroid use in Bt cotton were important considerations for midsouth refuge policies. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Serv Econ Res, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Livingston, MJ (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Serv Econ Res, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 46 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 86 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00558.x PG 13 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 769QC UT WOS:000188660400001 ER PT J AU Roberts, SB Das, SK Saltzman, E AF Roberts, SB Das, SK Saltzman, E TI Energy expenditure in obesity SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID WEIGHT-GAIN; WOMEN; RISK C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Room 608,711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM susan.roberts@tufts.edu NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 79 IS 2 BP 181 EP 182 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 767KN UT WOS:000188438900001 PM 14749220 ER PT J AU Cesari, M Pahor, M Bartali, B Cherubini, A Penninx, BWJH Williams, GR Atkinson, H Martin, A Guralnik, JM Ferrucci, L AF Cesari, M Pahor, M Bartali, B Cherubini, A Penninx, BWJH Williams, GR Atkinson, H Martin, A Guralnik, JM Ferrucci, L TI Antioxidants and physical performance in elderly persons: the Invecchiare in Chianti (InCHIANTI) study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE antioxidants; dietary intake; physical performance; elderly ID DIETARY-INTAKE MEASUREMENTS; LOWER-EXTREMITY FUNCTION; VITAMIN-E; SUBSEQUENT DISABILITY; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; ECCENTRIC EXERCISE; WOMENS HEALTH; EPIC PROJECT; AGE; SUPPLEMENTATION AB Background: Muscle strength and physical performance in old age might be related to the oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Objective: The objective was to assess the correlation of plasma concentrations and daily dietary intakes of antioxidants with skeletal muscle strength and physical performance in elderly persons. Design: This study is part of the Invecchiare in Chianti (InCHIANTI) study, which was conducted in 986 Italians aged greater than or equal to65 y. Physical performance was assessed on the basis of walking speed, ability to rise from a chair, and standing balance. Knee extension strength was assessed with a hand-held dynamometer. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) questionnaire was used to evaluate the daily dietary intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and retinol. Plasma alpha- and gamma-tocopherol concentrations were measured. Adjusted linear regression analyses were used to calculate regression coefficients per SD increase in plasma concentrations and daily dietary intakes. Results: In adjusted analyses, plasma a-tocopherol was significantly correlated with knee extension (beta = 0.566, P = 0.003) and the summary physical performance score (beta = 0.044, P = 0.008). Plasma gamma-tocopherol was associated only with knee extension strength (beta = 0.327, P = 0.04). Of the daily dietary intake measures, vitamin C and beta-carotene were significantly correlated with knee extension strength, and vitamin C was significantly associated with physical performance (beta = 0.029, P = 0.04). Conclusions: Plasma antioxidant concentrations correlate positively with physical performance and strength. Higher dietary intakes of most antioxidants, especially vitamin C, appear to be associated with higher skeletal muscular strength in elderly persons. C1 Wake Forest Univ, Sticht Ctr Aging, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA. Italian Natl Res Council Aging, Dept Geriatr, Lab Clin Epidemiol, Florence, Italy. Univ Perugia, Dept Gerontol & Geriatr, I-06100 Perugia, Italy. Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Pharmaceut Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NIA, Epidemiol Demog & Biometr Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIA, Clin Res Branch, Longitudinal Studies Sect, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. RP Cesari, M (reprint author), Wake Forest Univ, Sticht Ctr Aging, 1 Med Ctr Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA. EM mcesari@wfubmc.edu RI Cesari, Matteo/A-4649-2008; OI Cesari, Matteo/0000-0002-0348-3664; Cherubini, Antonio/0000-0003-0261-9897 FU NIA NIH HHS [P30-AG-021332-01] NR 34 TC 118 Z9 121 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 79 IS 2 BP 289 EP 294 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 767KN UT WOS:000188438900017 PM 14749236 ER PT J AU Sun, SS Chumlea, WC Heymsfield, SB Lukaski, HC Schoeller, D Friedl, K Kuczmarski, RJ Hubbard, VS Flegal, KM Johnson, CL AF Sun, SS Chumlea, WC Heymsfield, SB Lukaski, HC Schoeller, D Friedl, K Kuczmarski, RJ Hubbard, VS Flegal, KM Johnson, CL TI Bioelectrical impedance analysis for predicting body composition: what about the external validity of new regression equations? Reply to U Trippo et al SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID VALIDATION; CHILDREN C1 Lifespan Hlth Res Ctr, Dept Community Hlth, Dayton, OH 45420 USA. St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp, Obes Res Ctr, New York, NY USA. USDA ARS, Grand Forks, ND USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. Mil Operat Med Program, Frederick, MD USA. NIDDKD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD USA. RP Friedl, K (reprint author), Lifespan Hlth Res Ctr, Dept Community Hlth, 3171 Res Blvd, Dayton, OH 45420 USA. EM shumei.sun@wright.ed RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 79 IS 2 BP 336 EP 337 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 767KN UT WOS:000188438900026 ER PT J AU Fox, CS Cupples, LA Chazaro, I Polak, JF Wolf, PA D'Agostino, RB Ordovas, JM O'Donnell, CJ AF Fox, CS Cupples, LA Chazaro, I Polak, JF Wolf, PA D'Agostino, RB Ordovas, JM O'Donnell, CJ TI Genomewide linkage analysis for internal carotid artery intimal medial thickness: Evidence for linkage to chromosome 12 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR; SR-BI; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; RISK-FACTORS; GENE LOCUS; DEFICIENT MICE; WIDE SCAN; I GENE AB Carotid intimal medial thickness (IMT) is a heritable quantitative measure of atherosclerosis. A genomewide linkage analysis was conducted to localize a quantitative-trait locus (QTL) influencing carotid IMT. Carotid IMT was measured in 596 men and 629 women from 311 extended families (1,242 sib pairs) in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort. B-mode carotid ultrasonography was used to define mean IMT of the carotid artery segments. Multipoint variance-component linkage analysis was performed. Evidence for significant linkage to internal carotid artery (ICA) IMT (two-point log odds [LOD] score 4.1, multipoint LOD score 3.4) was found 161 cM from the tip of the short arm of chromosome 12; these results were confirmed using the GENEHUNTER package ( multipoint LOD score 4.3). No LOD scores >2.0 were observed for common carotid artery (CCA) IMT. Association analysis of a single-nucleotide-polymorphism variant of SCARB1 (minor allele frequency 0.13), a gene in close proximity to the region of peak linkage, revealed a protective association of the missense variant allele in exon 1 of SCARB1, with decreased ICA IMT compared with subjects homozygous for the common allele. Although the exon 1 variant contributed 2% to overall variation in ICA IMT, there was no significant change in the peak LOD score after adjustment in the linkage analyses. These data provide substantial evidence for a QTL on chromosome 12 influencing ICA IMT and for association of a rare variant of SCARB1, or a nearby locus, with ICA IMT. Because this rare SCARB1 variant does not account for our observed linkage, further investigations are warranted to identify additional candidate-gene variants on chromosome 12 predisposing to atherosclerosis phenotypes and clinical vascular disease. C1 NHLBIs Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Med, Div Cardiol, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Radiol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol & Prevent Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Biostat & Stat, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Math, Stat & Consulting Unit, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Medford, MA 02155 USA. NHLBI, Natl Inst Hlth, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP O'Donnell, CJ (reprint author), 73 Mt Wayte Ave,Suite 2, Framingham, MA 01702 USA. EM chris@fram.nhlbi.nih.gov OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776, N01-HC-25195, N01HC25195, R01 HL054776]; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS017950, R501-NS17950-20] NR 44 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 74 IS 2 BP 253 EP 261 DI 10.1086/381559 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 772UM UT WOS:000188860000006 PM 14730480 ER PT J AU Casas, E Keele, JW Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M Stone, RT AF Casas, E Keele, JW Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M Stone, RT TI Identification of quantitative trait loci for growth and carcass composition in cattle SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE beef; genetic markers; quantitative trait loci; selective genotyping ID BOVINE GENOME; LINKAGE; MYOSTATIN; FORMS AB A genomic screening to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting growth, carcass composition and meat quality traits was pursued. Two hundred nineteen microsatellite markers were genotyped on 176 of 620 (28%) progeny from a Brahman x Angus sire mated to mostly MARC III dams. Selective genotyping, based on retail product yield (%) and fat yield (%), was used to select individuals to be genotyped. Traits included in the study were birth weight (kg), hot carcass weight (kg), retail product yield, fat yield, marbling score (400 = slight(00) and 500 = small(00)), USDA yield grade, and estimated kidney, heart and pelvic fat (%). The QTL were classified as significant when the expected number of false positives (ENFP) was less than 0.05 (F-statistic greater than 17.3), and suggestive when the ENFP was <1 (F-statistic between 10.2 and 17.3). A significant QTL (F = 19; ENFP = 0.02) was detected for marbling score at centimorgan (cM) 54 on chromosome 2. Suggestive QTL were detected for fat yield at 50 cM, for retail product yield at 53 cM, and for USDA yield grade at 63 cM on chromosome 1, for marbling score at 56 cM, for retail product yield at 70 cM, and for estimated kidney, heart and pelvic fat at 79 cM on chromosome 3, for marbling score at 44 cM, for hot carcass weight at 49 cM, and for estimated kidney, heart and pelvic fat at 62 cM on chromosome 16, and for fat yield at 35 cM on chromosome 17. Two suggestive QTL for birth weight were identified, one at 12 cM on chromosome 20 and the other at 56 cM on chromosome 21. An additional suggestive QTL was detected for retail product yield, for fat yield, and for USDA yield grade at 26 cM on chromosome 26. Results presented here represent the initial search for quantitative trait loci in this family. Validation of detected QTL in other populations will be necessary. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Casas, E (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM casas@email.marc.usda.gov RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 16 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 35 IS 1 BP 2 EP 6 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.01067.x PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 765VJ UT WOS:000188304800002 PM 14731222 ER PT J AU Reynnells, RD AF Reynnells, RD TI United States Department of Agriculture: building bridges through innovative animal well-being initiatives SO ANIMAL WELFARE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT UFAW International Symposium on Science in the Service of Animal Welfare CY APR 02-04, 2003 CL Edinburgh, SCOTLAND SP Univ Federat Anim Welfare DE animal welfare; cooperation; ethics; humane; regulations; research AB Animal well-being issues are addressed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) through a variety of agencies and in various formats. Most farmers are good stewards of their animals and will raise them according to societal demands as supported by market choices. Management standards that are perceived to improve upon current practices are being demanded of farmers by buyers of animal products, including corporate restaurant chains and groceries. Professional organisations, USDA, and university representatives, help to address well-being issues and help to create and evaluate standards. The USDA provides leadership in several cooperative programs involving activists and industry, coordinates certification programs, and provides liaisons to multi-state university research committees. A USDA Animal Well-Being Work Group facilitates communications among agency personnel. The USDA developed the Animal Welfare Issues Compendium, a national animal well-being symposium, and cooperates with industry, activists and universities on projects. The USDA provides grant funds for projects that are encouraged to include a component on animal well-being. Special grant funds from Congress have resulted in educational and research projects that complement existing USDA national research and educational initiatives. Regulatory commitments by USDA include the enforcement of the Animal Welfare Act and the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act. C1 USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Plant & Anim Syst, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Reynnells, RD (reprint author), USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Plant & Anim Syst, 800 9th St,SW,Room 3130 Waterfront Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. EM rreynnells@csrees.usda.gov NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV FEDERATION ANIMAL WELFARE PI WHEATHAMPSTEAD PA OLD SCHOOL, BREWHOUSE HILL, WHEATHAMPSTEAD AL4 8AN, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 0962-7286 J9 ANIM WELFARE JI Anim. Welf. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 13 SU S BP S175 EP S180 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA 811RX UT WOS:000220790100026 ER PT J AU Davelos, AL Kinkel, LL Samac, DA AF Davelos, AL Kinkel, LL Samac, DA TI Spatial variation in frequency and intensity of antibiotic interactions among streptomycetes from prairie soil SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BACTERIAL COMMUNITY; POTATO SCAB; ANTAGONISTIC STREPTOMYCES; PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY; MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; RESISTANCE GENES; LINUM-MARGINALE; MELAMPSORA-LINI; STRAINS AB Antibiotic interactions are believed to be significant to microbial fitness in soil, yet little is known of the frequency, intensity, and diversity of antibiotic inhibition and resistance among indigenous microbes. To begin to address these issues, we studied the abilities of streptomycete isolates from prairie soil to inhibit growth and display resistance to antibiotics produced by a test collection of 10 streptomycete isolates. Wide variations in antibiotic inhibition and resistance for prairie isolates among three locations and four soil depths within a 1-m(2) plot were revealed. Fewer than 10% of 153 prairie isolates inhibited all 10 test isolates, while more than 40% of the isolates did not inhibit any of the test isolates. No field isolate was resistant to all of the test isolates, nor was any isolate susceptible to all of the test isolates. No correlation between inhibition and resistance phenotypes was found, suggesting that inhibition and resistance are under independent selection. The significant spatial variation in the frequency and intensity of antibiotic inhibition implies that the fitness benefits of antibiotic production are not the same among locations in soil. In contrast, the consistency of resistance over space indicates that its significance to fitness across locations is stable or the costs of maintaining resistance in the absence of selection are small or nonexistent. The spatial clustering of antibiotic inhibitory activity suggests a variable matrix of selection pressures and microbial responses across the soil landscape. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Davelos, AL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, 495 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM davel001@umn.edu NR 73 TC 50 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 70 IS 2 BP 1051 EP 1058 DI 10.1128/AEM.70.2.1051-1058.2004 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 772RK UT WOS:000188854900052 PM 14766588 ER PT J AU Brandl, MT Haxo, AF Bates, AH Mandrell, RE AF Brandl, MT Haxo, AF Bates, AH Mandrell, RE TI Comparison of survival of Campylobacter jejuni in the phyllosphere with that in the rhizosphere of spinach and radish plants SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SELECTIVE MEDIUM; WATER; SPP.; VEGETABLES; MICROORGANISMS; ATMOSPHERE; EPIPHYTE; PATHOGEN; GROWTH AB Campylobacter jejuni has been isolated previously from market produce and has caused gastroenteritis outbreaks linked to produce. We have tested the ability of this human pathogen to utilize organic compounds that are present in leaf and root exudates and to survive in the plant environment under various conditions. Carbon utilization profiles revealed that C. jejuni can utilize many organic acids and amino acids available on leaves and roots. Despite the presence of suitable substrates in the phyllosphere and the rhizosphere, C.jejuni was unable to grow on lettuce and spinach leaves and on spinach and radish roots of plants incubated at 33degreesC, a temperature that is conducive to its growth in vitro. However, C.jejuni was cultured from radish roots and from the spinach rhizosphere for at least 23 and 28 days, respectively, at 10degreesC. This enteric pathogen also persisted in the rhizosphere of spinach for prolonged periods of time at 16degreesC, a temperature at which many cool-season crops are grown. The decline rate constants of C. jejuni populations in the spinach and radish rhizosphere were 10- and 6-fold lower, respectively, than on healthy spinach leaves at 10degreesC. The enhanced survival of C. jejuni in soil and in the rhizosphere may be a significant factor in its contamination cycle in the environment and may be associated with the sporadic C. jejuni incidence and campylobacteriosis outbreaks linked to produce. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Produce Safety & Microbiol Res Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Brandl, MT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Produce Safety & Microbiol Res Unit, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM mbrandl@pw.usda.gov NR 47 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 15 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 70 IS 2 BP 1182 EP 1189 DI 10.1128/AEM.70.2.1182-1189.2004 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 772RK UT WOS:000188854900068 PM 14766604 ER PT J AU Ezeji, TC Qureshi, N Blaschek, HP AF Ezeji, TC Qureshi, N Blaschek, HP TI Acetone butanol ethanol (ABE) production from concentrated substrate: reduction in substrate inhibition by fed-batch technique and product inhibition by gas stripping SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLOSTRIDIUM-BEIJERINCKII BA101; ACETOBUTYLICUM; FERMENTATION; RECOVERY; PERVAPORATION; MEMBRANE; REACTOR; STRAIN; MODEL AB Acetone butanol ethanol (ABE) was produced in an integrated fed-batch fermentation-gas stripping product-recovery system using Clostridium beijerinckii BA101, with H-2 and CO2 as the carrier gases. This technique was applied in order to eliminate the substrate and product inhibition that normally restricts ABE production and sugar utilization to less than 20 g l(-1) and 60 g l(-1), respectively. In the integrated fed-batch fermentation and product recovery system, solvent productivities were improved to 400% of the control batch fermentation productivities. In a control batch reactor, the culture used 45.4 g glucose l(-1) and produced 17.6 g total solvents l(-1) (yield 0.39 g g(-1), productivity 0.29 g l(-1) h(-1)). Using the integrated fermentation-gas stripping product-recovery system with CO2 and H-2 as carrier gases, we carried out fed-batch fermentation experiments and measured various characteristics of the fermentation, including ABE production, selectivity, yield and productivity. The fed-batch reactor was operated for 201 h. At the end of the fermentation, an unusually high concentration of total acids (8.5 g l(-1)) was observed. A total of 500 g glucose was used to produce 232.8 g solvents (77.7 g acetone, 151.7 g butanol, 3.4 g ethanol) in 1 l culture broth. The average solvent yield and productivity were 0.47 g g(-1) and 1.16 g l(-1) h(-1), respectively. C1 USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Biotechnol & Bioengn Grp, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Qureshi, N (reprint author), USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM QURESHIN@ncaur.usda.gov RI Ezeji, Thaddeus/D-7171-2015 OI Ezeji, Thaddeus/0000-0002-8384-895X NR 17 TC 202 Z9 222 U1 8 U2 91 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 63 IS 6 BP 653 EP 658 DI 10.1007/s00253-003-1400-x PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 777TX UT WOS:000189195300005 PM 12910325 ER PT J AU Kong, SG Chen, YR Kim, I Kim, MS AF Kong, SG Chen, YR Kim, I Kim, MS TI Analysis of hyperspectral fluorescence images for poultry skin tumor inspection SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID NEURAL-NETWORKS; CARCASSES; SYSTEM; SPECTROSCOPY; VISION AB We present a hyperspectral fluorescence imaging system with a fuzzy inference scheme for detecting skin tumors on poultry carcasses. Hyperspectral images reveal spatial and spectral information useful for finding pathological lesions or contaminants on agricultural products. Skin tumors are not obvious because the visual signature appears as a shape distortion rather than a discoloration. Fluorescence imaging allows the visualization of poultry skin tumors more easily than reflectance. The hyperspectral image samples obtained for this poultry tumor inspection contain 65 spectral bands of fluorescence in the visible region of the spectrum at wavelengths ranging from 425 to 711 nm. The large amount of hyperspectral image data is compressed by use of a discrete wavelet transform in the spatial domain. Principal-component analysis provides an effective compressed representation of the spectral signal of each pixel in the spectral domain. A small number of significant features are extracted from two major spectral peaks of relative fluorescence intensity that have been identified as meaningful spectral bands for detecting tumors. A fuzzy inference scheme that uses a small number of fuzzy rules and Gaussian membership functions successfully detects skin tumors on poultry carcasses. Spatial-filtering techniques are used to significantly reduce false positives. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. USDA ARS, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Myongji Univ, Dept Informat Engn, Yongin 449728, Kyonggido, South Korea. RP Univ Tennessee, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM skong@utk.edu NR 21 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 15 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 4 BP 824 EP 833 DI 10.1364/AO.43.000824 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 768CP UT WOS:000188510900017 PM 14960077 ER PT J AU Thacker, PA Rossnagel, BG Raboy, V AF Thacker, PA Rossnagel, BG Raboy, V TI Effect of phytase supplementation on phosphorus digestibility in low-phytate barley fed to finishing pigs SO ARCHIVES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION-ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG LA English DT Article DE pigs; barley; phosphorus; digestibility; phytate; phytase ID PHYTIC ACID; HULLESS BARLEY; SOYBEAN-MEAL; CORN; CALCIUM; DIETS; SWINE AB Forty crossbred barrows (Camborough 15 Line female x Canabred sire) weighing an average of 79.6+/-8.0 kg were used in a factorial design experiment (5 barleys x 2 enzyme levels) conducted to determine the effects of phytase supplementation on nutrient digestibility in low-phytate barleys fed to finishing pigs. The pigs were assigned to one of 10 dietary treatments comprised of a normal 2-rowed, hulled variety of barley (CDC Fleet, 0.26% phytate) or 2 low-phytate hulled genotypes designated as LP422 (0.14% phytate) and LP635 (0.09% phytate). A normal, hulless barley (CDC Dawn, 0.26% phytate) and a hulless genotype designated as LP422H (0.14% phytate) were also included. All barleys were fed with and without phytase (Natuphos 5000 FTU/kg). The diets fed contained 98% barley, 0.5% vitamin premix, 0.5% trace mineral premix, 0.5% NaCl and 0.5% chromic oxide but no supplemental phosphorus. The marked feed was provided for a 7-day acclimatization period, followed by a 3-day faecal collection. In the absence of phytase, phosphorus digestibility increased substantially (P<0.05) as the level of phytate in the barley declined. For the hulled varieties, phosphorus digestibility increased from 12.9% for the normal barley (0.26% phytate) to 35.3 and 39.8% for the two low-phytate genotypes (0.14 and 0.09% phytate respectively). For the hulless varieties, phosphorus digestibility increased from 9.2% for the normal barley (0.26% phytate) to 34.7% for the hulless variety with 54% of the normal level of phytate (0.14% phytate). In contrast, when phytase was added to the diet, there was little difference in phosphorus digestibility between pigs fed normal barley and those fed the low-phytate genotypes (significant barley x enzyme interaction, P=0.01). For the hulled varieties, phosphorus digestibility was 50.1% for the barley with the normal level of phytate (0.26% phytate) compared with 51.1 and 52.4% for the varieties with 54 and 35% of the normal level of phytate (0.14 and 0.09% phytate respectively). For the hulless varieties, phosphorus digestibility increased from 47.1% for the normal barley (0.26% phytate) to 54.4% for the hulless variety with 54% of the normal level of phytate (0.14% phytate). In conclusion, both supplementation with phytase and selection for low-phytate genotypes of barley were successful in increasing the digestibility of phosphorus for pigs. Unfortunately, the effects did not appear to be additive. Whether or not swine producers will choose low-phytate barley or supplementation with phytase as a means to improve phosphorus utilization, will likely depend on the yield potential of low-phytate barley and the additional costs associated with supplementation with phytase. C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. Univ Saskatchewan, Ctr Crop Dev, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. ARS, USDA, Aberdeen, ID USA. RP Thacker, PA (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. EM thacker@admin.usask.ca NR 27 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0003-942X J9 ARCH ANIM NUTR JI Arch. Anim. Nutr.-Arch. Tierernahr. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 58 IS 1 BP 61 EP 68 DI 10.1080/00039420310001656686 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 770VM UT WOS:000188751500005 PM 15085965 ER PT J AU Beyene, D Kassa, S Ampy, F Asseffa, A Gebremedhin, T van Berkum, P AF Beyene, D Kassa, S Ampy, F Asseffa, A Gebremedhin, T van Berkum, P TI Ethiopian soils harbor natural populations of rhizobia that form symbioses with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) SO ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rhizobium; phylogeny; Ethiopia; 16S rRNA; nitrogen fixation; Phaseolus vulgaris; symbiosis ID LEGUMINOSARUM BIOVAR PHASEOLI; RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE; SOYBEAN BRADYRHIZOBIA; NODULATE; CLASSIFICATION; DIVERSITY; SEQUENCES; GALLICUM; TROPICI; AFRICA AB The diversity and taxonomic relationships of 83 bean-nodulating rhizobia indigenous to Ethiopian soils were characterized by PCR-RFLP of the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) region between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), and amplified fragment-length polymorphism. The isolates fell into 13 distinct genotypes according to PCR-RFLP analysis of the ITS region. Based on MLEE, the majority of these genotypes (70%) was genetically related to the type strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum. However, from analysis of their 16S rRNA genes, the majority was placed with Rhizobium etli. Transfer and recombination of the 16S rRNA gene from presumptively introduced R. etli to local R. leguminosarum is a possible theory to explain these contrasting results. However, it seems unlikely that bean rhizobia originating from the Americas (or Europe) extensively colonized soils of Ethiopia because Rhizobium tropici, Rhizobium gallicum, and Rhizobium giardinii were not detected and only a single ineffective isolate of R. etli that originated from a remote location was identified. Therefore, Ethiopian R. leguminosarum may have acquired the determinants for nodulation of bean from a low number of introduced bean-nodulating rhizobia that either are poor competitors for nodulation of bean or that failed to survive in the Ethiopian environment. Furthermore, it may be concluded from the genetic data presented here that the evidence for separating R. leguminosarum and R. etli into two separate species is inconclusive. C1 ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Biochem, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Ethiopian Agr Res Org, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. RP van Berkum, P (reprint author), ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Blvd,Bldg 010,BARC W,HH-4, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM pberkum@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 36 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0302-8933 J9 ARCH MICROBIOL JI Arch. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 181 IS 2 BP 129 EP 136 DI 10.1007/s00203-003-0636-2 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 767NH UT WOS:000188457000006 PM 14685648 ER PT J AU Vinardell, JM Lopez-Baena, FJ Hidalgo, A Ollero, FJ Bellogin, R Espuny, MR Temprano, F Romero, F Krishnan, HB Pueppke, SG Ruiz-Sainz, JE AF Vinardell, JM Lopez-Baena, FJ Hidalgo, A Ollero, FJ Bellogin, R Espuny, MR Temprano, F Romero, F Krishnan, HB Pueppke, SG Ruiz-Sainz, JE TI The effect of FITA mutations on the symbiotic properties of Sinorhizobium fredii varies in a chromosomal-background-dependent manner SO ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sinorhizobium fredii; nodD; FITA mutations; soybean; nodulation ID LEGUMINOSARUM BIOVAR VICIAE; SHORT-SEASON CONDITIONS; FAST-GROWING RHIZOBIA; MAX L MERR; BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; SYM PLASMID; HOST-RANGE; NITROGEN-FIXATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; NODULATION GENES AB nodD1 of Sinorhizobium fredii HH103, which is identical to that of S. fredii USDA257 and USDA191, repressed its own expression. Spontaneous flavonoid-independent transcription activation (FITA) mutants of S. fredii HH103 M (=HH103 Rif(R) pSym::Tn5-Mob) showing constitutive expression of nod genes were isolated. No differences were found among soybean cultivar Williams plants inoculated with FITA mutants SVQ250 or SVQ253 or with the parental strain HH103M. Soybean plants inoculated with mutant SVQ255 formed more nodules, and those inoculated with mutant SVQ251 had symptoms of nitrogen starvation. Sequence analyses showed that all of the FITA mutants carried a point mutation in their nodD1 coding region. Mutants SVQ251 and SVQ253 carried the same mutation, but only the former was symbiotically impaired, which indicated the presence of an additional mutation elsewhere in the genome of mutant SVQ251. Mutants SVQ251 and SVQ255 were outcompeted by the parental strain for nodulation of soybean cultivar Williams. The symbiotic plasmids of mutants SVQ251 and SVQ255 (pSym251 and pSym255, respectively) and that (pSymHH103M) of the parental strain were transferred to pSym-cured derivatives of S. fredii USDA192 and USDA193 (USDA192C and USDA193C, respectively). Soybean responses to inoculation with S. fredii USDA192C and USDA193C transconjugants carrying pSym251 and pSymHH103M were not significantly different, whereas more nodules were formed after inoculation with transconjugants carrying pSym255. Only transconjugant USDA192C(pSym255) produced a significant increase in soybean dry weight. C1 Univ Seville, Fac Biol, Dept Microbiol, E-41012 Seville, Spain. CIDA Las Torres & Tomejil, Seville, Spain. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Ruiz-Sainz, JE (reprint author), Univ Seville, Fac Biol, Dept Microbiol, Avda Reina Mercedes 6, E-41012 Seville, Spain. EM rsainz@us.es RI Romero, Francisco/K-2101-2014; Vinardell, Jose-Maria/H-5355-2013; Espuny, Maria Rosario/N-1573-2014; Ollero, Francisco Javier/G-3271-2015; Lopez-Baena, Francisco/L-4670-2014; Bellogin Izquierdo, Ramon Andres/H-4279-2015; OI Romero Romero, Francisco/0000-0002-1997-3756; Romero, Francisco/0000-0002-9588-6881; Vinardell, Jose-Maria/0000-0002-7105-5389; Espuny, Maria Rosario/0000-0002-5641-6246; Ollero, Francisco Javier/0000-0002-3641-7946; Lopez-Baena, Francisco/0000-0001-7799-0338; Bellogin Izquierdo, Ramon Andres/0000-0001-7459-6191; Ruiz Sainz, Jose Enrique/0000-0003-0106-3495 NR 62 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0302-8933 J9 ARCH MICROBIOL JI Arch. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 181 IS 2 BP 144 EP 154 DI 10.1007/s00203-003-0635-3 PG 11 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 767NH UT WOS:000188457000008 PM 14689165 ER PT J AU Xu, BR Dong, WX Yu, CM He, ZQ Lv, YL Sun, YH Feng, XY Li, N Lee, LF Li, M AF Xu, BR Dong, WX Yu, CM He, ZQ Lv, YL Sun, YH Feng, XY Li, N Lee, LF Li, M TI Occurrence of avian leukosis virus subgroup J in commercial layer flocks in China SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Mortality from myeloid leukosis was observed in commercial layers from 12 farms in northern China. Affected chickens were extremely thin and dehydrated, bleeding occurred in feather follicles and claws, combs were pale and anaemic, phalanges were swollen, and many yellowish - white tumours were seen on the visceral surface of the sternum. Focal tumour cells, with spherical eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm, were found in the liver, spleen, kidney, ovary, oviduct, lung, bone marrow, proventriculus and gut by histopathological examination. Immunohistochemical studies with a monoclonal antibody to gp85 of avian leukosis virus subgroup J ( ALV- J) revealed antigen in all organs examined. Polymerase chain reaction tests using a pair of ALV- J- specific primers H5/ H7 ( Smith et al., 1998) produced a 545 basepair fragment. The sequence of the Polymerase chain reaction product was compared with that of the ALV- J HPRS- 103 prototype strain. The identity of nucleotides and predicted amino acids was 97.4% and 96.1%, respectively. On this basis the disease in the egg- type chickens was diagnosed as an ALV- J infection. This is the first report of field cases of myeloid leukosis caused by ALV- J in commercial egg- type chickens. C1 China Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Beijing 100094, Peoples R China. Anhui Agr Comm, Anim Husb Bur, Hefei 230001, Peoples R China. USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Xu, BR (reprint author), China Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Beijing 100094, Peoples R China. NR 8 TC 66 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 9 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 33 IS 1 BP 13 EP 17 DI 10.1080/03079450310001636237 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 754PR UT WOS:000187326900003 PM 14681063 ER PT J AU Gimeno, IM Witter, RL Hunt, HD Reddy, SM Reed, WM AF Gimeno, IM Witter, RL Hunt, HD Reddy, SM Reed, WM TI Biocharacteristics shared by highly protective vaccines against Marek's disease SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIRUS-INFECTED LYMPHOCYTES; B-HAPLOTYPE INFLUENCE; RELATIVE EFFICACY; CHICKENS; CELL; MDV; IDENTIFICATION; HERPESVIRUS; VACCINATION; STRAINS AB Attenuated serotype 1 Marek's disease virus strains vary widely in their protection properties. This study was conducted to elucidate which biocharacteristics of serotype 1 MDV strains are related with protection. Three pairs of vaccines, each one including a higher protective ( HP) vaccine and a lower protective ( LP) vaccine originating from the same MDV strain, were studied. Two other highly protective vaccines ( RM1 and CVI988/ BP5) were also included in the study. Comparison within pairs of vaccines showed that marked differences existed between the HP and the LP vaccines. Compared with LP vaccines, HP vaccines replicated better in vivo. Also, they induced a significant expansion of total T cells and of the helper and cytotoxic T cell lineages ( CD45(+) CD3(+), CD4(+) CD8(-), CD4(-) CD8(+)) as well as a marked increase in the expression of the antigens of MhcI and MhcII on T cells. Thus, our results show that in vivo replication and early stimulation of the T- cell lineage are two characteristics shared by HP vaccines. However, comparison among the four HP vaccines that provided protection equal to that of CVI988 ( RM1, CVI988/ BP5, CVI988 and 648A80) revealed variability, especially regarding in vivo replication. Strains RM1 and CVI988/ BP5 showed much stronger replication in vivo than the other two vaccine strains ( CVI988 and 648A80). Thus, no single set of characteristics could be used to identify the most protective Marek's disease vaccines, implying, perhaps, that multiple mechanisms may be involved. C1 ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Michigan State Univ, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Gimeno, IM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 47 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 33 IS 1 BP 59 EP 68 DI 10.1080/0307945031000163264 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 754PR UT WOS:000187326900009 PM 14681069 ER PT J AU Williams, CL Homan, HJ Johnston, JJ Linz, GM AF Williams, CL Homan, HJ Johnston, JJ Linz, GM TI Microsatellite variation in red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) SO BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE red-winged blackbird; microsatellite; Agelaius phoeniceus ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; DNA AB Territorial male red-winged blackbirds from five locations in the United States and Canada were genotyped using a suite of six microsatellite loci. Each population possessed unique alleles, but numbers of alleles per locus (range = 7.3-8.8) and expected multilocus heterozygosities (range = 0.76-0.80) were similar in all populations. Significant overall allele frequency differences were detected between some population pairs, and some pairwise F-st values were significant (but small). However, Fst among populations, although significant, was also small (0.009). Despite revealing low levels of population structure, the high multilocus polymorphism indicates these loci will be valuable in the genetic analysis of behavior and reproductive strategies in this species. C1 US Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Great Plains Field Stn, Bismarck, ND USA. RP Williams, CL (reprint author), US Wildlife Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM christen.l.williams@usda.gov NR 17 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0006-2928 J9 BIOCHEM GENET JI Biochem. Genet. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 42 IS 1-2 BP 35 EP 41 DI 10.1023/B:BIGI.0000012142.96374.b6 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 763UQ UT WOS:000188119200004 PM 15068337 ER PT J AU Haseeb, M Liu, TX Jones, WA AF Haseeb, M Liu, TX Jones, WA TI Effects of selected insecticides on Cotesia plutellae, endoparasitoid of Plutella xylostella SO BIOCONTROL LA English DT Article DE Cotesia plutellae; diamondback moth; insecticides; IPM; non-target effects; parasitoid; Plutella xylostella ID DIAMONDBACK MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; BRACONIDAE; HYMENOPTERA; PESTICIDES; JAPAN AB Effects of field dosages of selected insecticides to Cotesia plutellae ( Kurdjumov) ( Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval endoparasitoid of Plutella xylostella L. ( Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), were investigated under laboratory conditions. Emergence of adult C. plutellae from insecticide- treated pupae was not significantly different from the control treatment. Contact toxicity to C. plutellae adults varied greatly among the insecticides in a paper residue contact bioassay. Three azadirachtin- based insecticides, Agroneem (4.8 mg a. i. liter(-1)), Neemix ( 20 mg a. i. liter(-1)) and Ecozin ( 20 mg ai. liter(-1)) caused 11.1, 16.7 and 5.6% adult mortality, respectively. Of four commercial Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticides examined ( all at 1.2 mg a. i. liter(-1)), Crymax and Xentari had no effect on adult parasitoids, whereas Mattch caused 5.6% mortality, and Dipel caused 11.1% mortality. Indoxacarb (53 mg a. i. liter(-1)), lambda-cyhalothrin (28 mg a. i. liter(-1)) and spinosad (53 mg a. i. liter(-1)) caused 100, 88.5 and 50% adult mortalities, respectively. Low adult mortality ( 0 - 5.6%) was recorded from ingestion of azadirachtin- based, Bt insecticides and indoxacarb, compared with 100% adult mortality in treatments of spinosad or lambda-cyhalothrin. Compared with the water control, ingestion of azadirachtin- based insecticides significantly reduced parasitism by 50 - 57%, and Bt insecticides by 8 - 25%. However, ingestion of these insecticides did not affect longevity of male and female parasitoid adults with one exception; female longevity was significantly reduced in the indoxacarb treatment. Insecticide residues caused considerable mortality of C. plutellae adults, 39 and 44% mortality caused by 10 d old indoxacarb and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively, and 24 and 0% mortality caused by 7 and 10 d old residues of spinosad, respectively. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Vegetable IPM Lab, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Beneficial Insect Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Liu, TX (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Vegetable IPM Lab, 2415 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 33 TC 51 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6141 J9 BIOCONTROL JI Biocontrol PD FEB PY 2004 VL 49 IS 1 BP 33 EP 46 DI 10.1023/B:BICO.0000009377.75941.d7 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 755DA UT WOS:000187387400003 ER PT J AU Logarzo, G Casalinuovo, M AF Logarzo, G Casalinuovo, M TI Biology and nymph host range of Anchocoema bidentata and Astroma saltense (Orthoptera : Proscopiidae), potential biocontrol agents for creosotebush, Larrea tridentata (Zygophyllaceae) in the USA SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Larrea tridentata; biological control; weed; acridid; South America; creosote bush; Anchocoema bidentata; Astroma saltense; Zygophyllaceae; Orthoptera; Proscopiidae ID NORTH-AMERICA; ORIGIN AB Two stick-like acridids (Orthoptera: Proscopiidae) from Argentina, Anchocoema bidentata Mello-Leitao and Astroma saltense Mello-Leitao, were evaluated as potential biological control agents of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville) in the southwestern United States. Their biology, behavior and geographic distribution of those species were studied. The host plant ranges for both insects were established through nymph feeding preference and development tests in the laboratory and in the field. A total of 33 species of plants belonging to 13 families were tested. Anchocoema bidentata and A. saltense are mimetic species, having as many as three generations a year, and exhibit strong sexual dimorphism; females are larger and less mobile than males. In both species, females laid egg masses in the soil. First instars appeared in the field at the end of the spring, the second generation at mid-summer, and a third at the end of the summer. Adults of A. bidentata and A. saltense appeared in the field at the beginning of the spring. The laboratory multiple-choice feeding test showed that A. bidentata preferred Larrea divaricata Cav., whereas A. saltense preferred L. divaricata and L. cuneifolia Cav. In the nymph development test (no choice), A. bidentata was able to complete its development only on L. divaricata and L. cuneifolia, while Astroma saltense completed its development on six plant species: L divaricata, L. cuneifolia, Bulnesia retama (Gillies ex Hooker et Arnott), B. schickendantzi Hieron (all Zygophyllaceae), Zuccagnia punctata Cav., and Prosopis torquata (Cav. Ap. Lag.) (both Fabaseae). We concluded that A. bidentata could be a biocontrol agent for L. tridentata because the first instar can complete its development only on Larrea spp. Regarding A. saltense, this species showed a wide host range and should not be considered as a biological control agent of L. tridentata. C1 USDA ARS, SABCL, Washington, DC 20521 USA. RP Logarzo, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, SABCL, 3130 Buenos Aires Pl, Washington, DC 20521 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 39 EP 50 DI 10.1080/09583150310001506589 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 749MB UT WOS:000186923600005 ER PT J AU Pratt, PD Rayamajhi, MB Van, TK Center, TD AF Pratt, PD Rayamajhi, MB Van, TK Center, TD TI Modeling the influence of resource availability on population densities of Oxyops vitiosa (Coleoptera : Curculionidae), a biological control agent of the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE paperbark tree; melaleuca snout weevil; weed biological control; population dynamics; post release evaluations ID ALLOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS; SOUTH FLORIDA; AUSTRALIAN WEEVIL; PAPERBARK TREE; LIFE-HISTORY; BIOMASS; INSECTS; FIELD; MYRTACEAE; INCREASE AB The Australian snout beetle, Oxyops vitiosa , was introduced to south Florida, USA, as a biological control agent of the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia during the spring of 1997. As part of ongoing post-release evaluations of this weevil, we sought to quantify the population density that can be maintained by O. vitiosa larvae when fully exploiting the available melaleuca foliage. Seasonal population densities were modeled as a function of tree size distribution and density, plant phenology, quantity of acceptable foliage (suitable for larval development) and larval consumption values. Larval densities varied dramatically due to fluctuating resource availability and ranged from 830 946 larvae/ha in July-August to >4.5 million larvae/ha in January-February. The expected population density for a generalized (mixed sized) tree distribution was estimated to be 13.9 million larvae/ha. Larval densities increased to 18.8 million larvae/ha per year when large trees (>20 cm diameter at breast height) represented the dominant size class, whereas habitats dominated by medium (10-19 cm) and small (1.3-9 cm) trees were predicted to have larval densities of 11.3 and 6.3 million/year, respectively. Validation data obtained from smaller, more accessible plants suggested that the model overestimated realized yearly larval densities by 9% or 15 416 larvae/ha per year. C1 USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Pratt, PD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 51 EP 61 DI 10.1080/09583150310001638539 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 749MB UT WOS:000186923600006 ER PT J AU Salvato, M Holler, T Worley, J Stewart, J AF Salvato, M Holler, T Worley, J Stewart, J TI Efficacy of tower medfly eclosion systems SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tower eclosion system; Ceratitis capitata; sterile insect technique ID MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLIES; FORMULATIONS; TEPHRITIDAE; TRIMEDLURE; DISPENSER; DIPTERA; DESIGN; FLY AB A 16-repetition experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the "tower" system for eclosion of sterile medflies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). This system has now replaced the PARC system previously used in Florida S.I.T. programs. In addition to testing the efficacy of these eclosion systems, as compared to the PARC system, quality control was also monitored and evaluated. No significant differences were found between either system in regards to C. capitata yield, weight or flight ability (p = 0.05). Based on these comparative trials, the tower eclosion system appears to be an efficient alternative to the PARC system. C1 USDA, Sterile Insect Release Facil, Sarasota, FL USA. USDA, CPHST, Gainesville, FL USA. USDA, AEO, Mission, TX USA. RP Salvato, M (reprint author), 1765 17th Ave SW, Vero Beach, FL 32962 USA. NR 6 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 77 EP 80 DI 10.1080/0958315031000151747 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 749MB UT WOS:000186923600008 ER PT J AU Cory, RM Green, SA Pregitzer, KS AF Cory, RM Green, SA Pregitzer, KS TI Dissolved Organic Matter concentration and composition in the forests and streams of Olympic National Park, WA SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dissolved organic matter; elemental composition; molar ratios; Olympic National Park; soil water; streams; UV absorbance ID HUMIC SUBSTANCES; CARBON; NITROGEN; SOIL; WATER; DOC; AMENDMENTS; CATCHMENTS; DYNAMICS; SORPTION AB Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and dissolved organic matter (DOM) character were investigated in soil water ( 15 and 40 cm) and streams at eleven sites in Olympic National Park. In addition, the effect of added nitrogen on soil water DOM concentration and composition was tested. Forested plots covering a gradient of precipitation, climate, slope, and aspect in Olympic National Park were fertilized with the addition of 20, 10 and zero ( control) kg urea-N ha(-1) y(-1). Seven sites had the two different fertilizer treatments and control plots, while the additional four sites had no fertilizer treatments. Soil water DOC concentrations ranged from 0.5 mg C/L to 54.1 mg C/L, with an average value of 14.1 mg C/L. Streams had low DOC concentrations ranging from 0.2 mg C/L to 4.4 mg C/L, with an average value of 1.2 mg C/L. DOM composition was examined with regard to molar ratios, H: C, O: C and N: C, index of unsaturation, average carbon oxidation state, and specific absorbance. Fertilizer had no consistent effect on either DOM concentration or composition across the study sites. Soil depth influenced both DOM concentration and composition. Shallow soil water DOM had greater concentrations, higher specific absorbance, a higher degree of unsaturation, and had lower molar ratios compared to deep soil water samples. Overall, changes in DOM stoichiometry and specific absorbance as a function of soil depth were consistent despite the diversity of the forested study sites sampled. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Chem, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Green, SA (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Chem, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM sgreen@mtu.edu RI Cory, Rose/C-2277-2009; Cory, Rose/C-4198-2016; OI Green, Sarah/0000-0002-8094-433X NR 34 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 21 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD FEB-MAR PY 2004 VL 67 IS 3 BP 269 EP 288 DI 10.1023/B:BIOG.0000015785.71785.20 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 773KG UT WOS:000188922500001 ER PT J AU Porter, SD de Sa, LAN Morrison, LW AF Porter, SD de Sa, LAN Morrison, LW TI Establishment and dispersal of the fire ant decapitating fly Pseudacteon tricuspis in North Florida SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE phoridae; Pseudacteon tricuspis; formicidae; Solenopsis invicta; United States; Florida; parasitoid; classical biological control; host preference; establishment; expansion; wind drift ID FLIES DIPTERA; HOST-SPECIFICITY; NEW-ZEALAND; NATURAL ENEMIES; SOUTH-AMERICA; UNITED-STATES; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; PHORIDAE; PARASITOIDS AB The decapitating fly Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier was released at eight sites in North Florida between the summer of 1997 and the fall of 1999 as a self-sustaining biocontrol agent of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Several releases used parasitized fire ant workers while most involved adult flies released over disturbed ant mounds. Establishment and dispersal of fly populations were monitored by disturbing about 10 fire ant mounds at each site and then inspecting them closely for hovering flies over a period of about 30 min. Overwintering populations of flies were successfully established at 6 of 8 release sites. Over several years, fly populations at these sites increased to levels as high or higher than those normally seen in their South American homeland. By the fall of 1999, flies had expanded out 1-6 kin from five release sites and occupied about 125 km(2). By the fall of 2000 the five initial release sites plus one new site had fused into one large area about 70 km in diameter. The flies had expanded out an additional 16-29km and occupied about 3300km(2). By the fall of 2001 the flies had expanded out an additional 10-30km and occupied approximately 8 100 km2. Fly dispersal was not related to wind patterns in the Gainesville area. Based on the above rates of dispersal and an establishment rate of 66%, we estimate that a state the size of Florida would require 5-10 releases spaced over a 3-year period to cover the state in 6-9 years. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Lab Quarentena Costa Lima, BR-13820000 Jaguariuna, SP, Brazil. RP Porter, SD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 51 TC 58 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 2004 VL 29 IS 2 BP 179 EP 188 DI 10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00149-X PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 758YA UT WOS:000187678600003 ER PT J AU Brown, MW AF Brown, MW TI Role of aphid predator guild in controlling spirea aphid populations on apple in West Virginia, USA SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Malus domestica; Aphis spiraecola; Harmonia axyridis; Aphidoletes aphidimyza; biological control; predator impact ID POMI DEGEER HOMOPTERA; RONDANI DIPTERA; PREY DENSITY; ORCHARDS; CECIDOMYIIDAE; TREES; MANAGEMENT; COLONIES; DYNAMICS; ENEMIES AB Spirea aphid populations and their predators were studied on apple to identify predators of importance in controlling aphid populations. Methods included random and non-random sampling from apple orchards in West Virginia, USA, sentinel aphid colonies, laboratory feeding studies, and predator exclusion studies. Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), chrysopids (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) were the most abundant predators associated with spirea aphid colonies on apple. Parasitoids were all but absent in the study. Abundance of all predators was density dependent with greater responses to aphid populations at the orchard scale than to tree or individual colony scales. A. aphidimyza, O. insidiosus, chrysopids, and syrphids (Diptera) had the greatest degree of density dependence on aphid populations, and spiders showed inverse density dependence. Exclusion of predators with both cages and insecticides produced significantly higher aphid populations. Because of high abundance, good synchrony with aphid populations, and high impact per individual, H. axyridis adults were the most important spirea aphid predator on apple. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Brown, MW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 33 TC 37 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 22 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 2004 VL 29 IS 2 BP 189 EP 198 DI 10.1016/S1049-9644(03)001530-1 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 758YA UT WOS:000187678600004 ER PT J AU Khan, NI Schisler, DA Boehm, MJ Lipps, PE Slininger, PJ AF Khan, NI Schisler, DA Boehm, MJ Lipps, PE Slininger, PJ TI Field testing of antagonists of Fusarium head blight incited by Gibberella zeae SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Fusarium graminearum; scab of wheat; biocontrol; bacteria; yeasts ID DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; WHEAT-GRAIN; DRY ROT; BIOCONTROL; DEOXYNIVALENOL; DISEASE; GRAMINEARUM; PSEUDOMONAS; GERMINATION AB Fusarium head blight (FHB), primarily caused by Gibberella zeae (anamorph = Fusarium graminearum), is a devastating disease that causes extensive yield and quality losses to wheat and barley throughout the world. Antagonists that suppressed FHB in earlier greenhouse studies were tested in a series of field experiments at different geographical locations in the United States in 1998-2000. In most cases, the yeasts Cryptococcus nodaensis OH 182.9, Cryptococcus sp. OH 71.4, and Cryptococcus sp. OH 181.1 decreased disease severity throughout the study at all locations. The most effective antagonists reduced disease severity by as much as 50-60%. The efficacy of some antagonists differed depending on the dose applied, but differences were not necessarily related to a dose-response. Antagonist biomass produced in two liquid culture media with differing carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios suppressed FHB disease severity. On the susceptible winter wheat cultivar Pioneer 2545 at Peoria, IL, in 2000, yeast OH 182.9 reduced disease severity by 60% and by 45%, compared to the buffer control when produced in C:N 11.0 and 6.5 medium, respectively. The influence of C:N ratio of the production medium on antagonist efficacy on cultivar Pioneer 2545 varied with the antagonist considered but did not influence disease reduction on the moderately resistant winter wheat cultivar Freedom at the Peoria, IL or Wooster, OH, locations. The lowest levels of disease of any study occurred when antagonists were applied to this moderately resistant cultivar. Biological control of FHB offers a potentially useful toot for inclusion in an IPM program for combating FHB on winter and spring wheats. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Schisler, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM schislda@ncaur.usda.gov NR 48 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 2004 VL 29 IS 2 BP 245 EP 255 DI 10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00157-9 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 758YA UT WOS:000187678600010 ER PT J AU Reddy, GVP Tabone, E Smith, MT AF Reddy, GVP Tabone, E Smith, MT TI Mediation of host selection and oviposition behavior in the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella and its predator Chrysoperla carnea by chemical cues from cole crops SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Plutella xylostella; Chrysoperla carnea; host plant preference; oviposition; cabbage; cauliflower; broccoli; kohlrabi ID INTEGRATED PEST-MANAGEMENT; NATURAL ENEMIES; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; BRASSICA-OLERACEA; GREEN LACEWINGS; PLANT; CHRYSOPIDAE; NEUROPTERA; LEPIDOPTERA; RESISTANCE AB Host plant-mediated orientation and oviposition by diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) and its predator Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) were studied in response to four different brassica host plants: cabbage, (Brassica oleracea L. subsp. capitata), cauliflower (B. oleracea L. subsp. botrytis), kohlrabi (B. oleracea L. subsp. gongylodes), and broccoli (R oleracea L. subsp. italica). Results from laboratory wind tunnel studies indicated that orientation of female DBM and C carnea females towards cabbage and cauliflower was significantly greater than towards either broccoli or kohlrabi plants. However, DBM and C carnea males did not orient towards any of the host plants. In no-choice tests, oviposition by DBM did not differ significantly among the test plants, while C carnea layed significantly more eggs on cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli than on kohlrabi. However, in free-choice tests, oviposition by DBM was significantly greater on cabbage, followed by cauliflower, broccoli, and kohlrabi, while C carnea preferred to oviposit on cabbage and cauliflower, followed by broccoli and kohlrabi. The predation rates of DBM by C carnea on kohlrabi and broccoli were not significantly different from one another, but were significantly higher than that on cabbage and cauliflower. When two types of plant, intact and injured, were available to adult DBM, female oviposition was significantly greater on injured plant leaves than on intact plants leaves. Similarly, C carnea oviposition was significantly greater on injured plant leaves than on intact leaves. Implications regarding the possible role of green leaf volatiles in host selection/preference, as well as in tritropic interactions, are discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Guam, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Agr Expt Stn, Mangilao, GU 96923 USA. Univ Delaware, USDA, ARS, Beneficial Insect Introd Res Unit, Newark, DE 19713 USA. INRA, F-06606 Antibes, France. RP Reddy, GVP (reprint author), Univ Guam, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Agr Expt Stn, Mangilao, GU 96923 USA. RI Reddy, Gadi /J-5270-2015 OI Reddy, Gadi /0000-0001-6377-0721 NR 49 TC 33 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 2004 VL 29 IS 2 BP 270 EP 277 DI 10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00162-2 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 758YA UT WOS:000187678600013 ER PT J AU Walters, C AF Walters, C TI Temperature dependency of molecular mobility in preserved seeds SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AMORPHOUS PHARMACEUTICALS; THEORETICAL BASIS; GLASS-TRANSITION; RELAXATION; STORAGE; WATER; LIQUIDS; PROTOCOLS; STABILITY; POLYMERS AB Although cryogenic storage is presumed to provide nearly infinite longevity to cells, the actual timescale for changes in viability has not been addressed theoretically or empirically. Molecular mobility within preserved biological materials provides a first approximation of the rate of deteriorative reactions that ultimately affect shelf-life. Here, temperature effects on molecular mobility in partially dried seeds are calculated from heat capacities, measured using differential scanning calorimetry, and models for relaxation of glasses based on configurational entropy. Based on these analyses, glassy behavior in seeds containing 0.07 g H2O/g dm followed strict Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) behavior at temperatures above and just below the glass transition temperature (Tg) at 28degreesC. Temperature dependency of relaxation times followed Arrhenius kinetics as temperatures decreased well below Tg. The transition from VTF to Arrhenius kinetics occurred between similar to5 and -10degreesC. Overall, relaxation times calculated for seeds containing 0.07 g H2O/g dm decreased by approximately eight orders of magnitude when seeds were cooled from 60 to -60degreesC, comparable to the magnitude of change in aging kinetics reported for seeds and pollen stored at a similar temperature range. The Kauzmann temperature (T-K), often considered the point at which molecular mobility of glasses is practically nil, was calculated as -42degreesC. Calculated relaxation times, temperature coefficients lower than expected from VTF kinetics, and T-K that is 70degreesC below Tg suggest there is molecular mobility, albeit limited, at cryogenic temperatures. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Genet Resources Preservat, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Walters, C (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Genet Resources Preservat, 1111 S Mason St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM chrisv@lamar.colostate.edu NR 24 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 86 IS 2 BP 1253 EP 1258 PG 6 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 767JV UT WOS:000188437200054 PM 14747359 ER PT J AU Laliberte, AS Ripple, WJ AF Laliberte, AS Ripple, WJ TI Range contractions of North American carnivores and ungulates SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE range contractions; wildlife distribution; human influence; historical condition; geographic information systems ID UNITED-STATES; GEOGRAPHICAL RANGES; HUMAN DISTURBANCE; EXTINCTION; PATTERNS; SIZE; CONSERVATION; TERRESTRIAL; POPULATIONS; ECOSYSTEMS AB We compared the historic and current geographical ranges of 43 North American carnivores and ungulates to identify large-scale patterns in range contractions and expansions. Seventeen of the species had experienced range contractions over more than 20% of their historic range. In areas of higher human influence, species were more likely to contract and less likely to persist. Species richness had also declined considerably since historic times. The temperate grasslands and temperate broadleaf-mixed forest biomes lost the highest average number of species, while the boreal forest and tundra showed fewer numbers of species lost. Species contractions were a result of Euro-American settlement and postsettlement development in North America. These effects have been widespread and indicate a rapid collapse of species distributions over the course of only 1 to 2 centuries. The results of this study can be used to improve scientists' knowledge of historical reference conditions and to provide input for wildlife reintroductions and for the creation of wildlife reserves. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Environm Remote Sensing Applicat Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Laliberte, AS (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM alaliber@nmsu.edu; bill.ripple@oregonstate.edu NR 54 TC 173 Z9 183 U1 14 U2 83 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 2 BP 123 EP 138 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0123:RCONAC]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 772UW UT WOS:000188860900007 ER PT J AU Groffman, PM Driscoll, CT Likens, GE Fahey, TJ Holmes, RT Eagar, C Aber, JD AF Groffman, PM Driscoll, CT Likens, GE Fahey, TJ Holmes, RT Eagar, C Aber, JD TI Nor gloom of night: A new conceptual model for the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ecosystem services; state factors; ecosystem function; forests; conceptual models ID TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST; THROATED BLUE WARBLERS; UNITED-STATES; LONG-TERM; DENDROICA-CAERULESCENS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; ECONOMIC VALUATION; BIRD PREDATION; DEPOSITION; WATER AB The great challenge now facing forest ecosystem scientists and managers is to address the need for multiple ecosystem services over relatively large spatial and temporal scales (e.g., whole national forests over 50- to 100-year time frames). Here we present a new conceptual model for the study of forest ecosystems that aids in the analysis of factors that influence ecosystem structure, function, and services. We then go on to show how this model has been applied to the long-term Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. Our new model has three main components: (1) controllers, (2) ecosystem pattern and process, and (3) ecosystem functions and services. The controllers are the factors that drive ecosystem pattern and process; we split them into two groups, state factors and variable-stochastic factors. This new model will help to ensure a comprehensive approach to forest ecosystem analysis and will facilitate interactions of research with policy and management at many locations. C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Groffman, PM (reprint author), Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. EM groffmanp@ecostudies.org RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; OI Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 52 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 2 BP 139 EP 148 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0139:NGONAN]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 772UW UT WOS:000188860900008 ER PT J AU Poole, GC Dunham, JB Keenan, DM Sauter, ST McCullough, DA Mebane, C Lockwood, JC Essig, DA Hicks, MP Sturdevant, DJ Materna, EJ Spalding, SA Risley, J Deppman, M AF Poole, GC Dunham, JB Keenan, DM Sauter, ST McCullough, DA Mebane, C Lockwood, JC Essig, DA Hicks, MP Sturdevant, DJ Materna, EJ Spalding, SA Risley, J Deppman, M TI The case for regime-based water quality standards SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE water quality standards; regimes; ecosystem dynamics; watershed management ID RIVER; RESTORATION; PATTERNS; PERSPECTIVE AB Conventional water quality standards have been successful in reducing the concentration of toxic substances in US waters. However, conventional standards are based on simple thresholds and are therefore poorly structured to address human-caused imbalances in dynamic, natural water quality parameters, such as nutrients, sediment, and temperature. A more applicable type of water quality standard-a "regime standard"-would describe desirable distributions of conditions over space and time within a stream network. By mandating the protection and restoration of the aquatic ecosystem dynamics that are required to support beneficial uses in streams, well-designed regime standards would facilitate more effective strategies for management of natural water quality parameters. C1 US EPA, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. Ecometr Inc, Tucker, GA 30084 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. US Geol Survey, Columbia River Res Lab, Cook, WA 98605 USA. Columbia River Inter Tribal Fish Commiss, Portland, OR 97232 USA. Idaho Dept Environm Qual, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Oregon Habitat Branch, Portland, OR 97232 USA. Idaho Dept Environm Qual, Boise, ID 83706 USA. Washington State Dept Ecol, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. Oregon Dept Environm Qual, Portland, OR 97204 USA. US FWS, Portland, OR 97266 USA. US FWS, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. USGS, Portland, OR 97216 USA. RP Poole, GC (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Tucker, GA 30084 USA. EM gpoole@eco-metrics.com RI Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; Mebane, Christopher/C-7188-2009; OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Mebane, Christopher/0000-0002-9089-0267; Poole, Geoffrey/0000-0002-8458-0203 NR 25 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 2 BP 155 EP 161 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0155:TCFRWQ]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 772UW UT WOS:000188860900010 ER PT J AU Brown, SJ Kuhn, D Wisser, R Power, E Schnell, R AF Brown, SJ Kuhn, D Wisser, R Power, E Schnell, R TI Quantification of sources of variation and accuracy of sequence discrimination in a replicated microarray experiment SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID GENE-EXPRESSION AB cDNA microarray spot variability arises from many sources, and different systems have varying requirements for achieving the desired level of precision. We determined relative contributions to variance and investigated sequence discrimination using a multiple-array experimental design, with arrays subdivided to determine position and pin effect. Related fragments of 67 resistance gene homologs (RGHs) isolated from Theobroma cacao L. and grouped by sequence similarity were spotted onto arrays, using two of the same RGHs in the fluorescent dye channels (Cy(TM)3, Cy5) of the hybridization solution in a "dye-flip" design. A comprehensive statistical model accounted for variability well, giving a coefficient of variation (CV) based on experimental error of 2.12%. Although we were able to separate 85% of RGH group means clearly, some groups more similar to the target were indistinguishable due to nonspecific hybridization. Genetic factors together contributed 72.2% of the total variation, while position and pin effects and their interactions contributed 9.8%. Replication effect was statistically significant. Otherwise, no tests for position effects were significant. The results of the analysis indicate that our Genetic Microsystems 417(TM) arrayer and Affymetrix 428(TM) scanner are performing with sufficient precision, and we produced useful information for planning efficient future. experiments. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL 33158 USA. Florida Int Univ, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Brown, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. EM miajb@ars-grin.gov NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD FEB PY 2004 VL 36 IS 2 BP 324 EP 332 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 773DL UT WOS:000188882400019 ER PT J AU Kirakosyan, A Sirvent, TM Gibson, DM Kaufman, PB AF Kirakosyan, A Sirvent, TM Gibson, DM Kaufman, PB TI The production of hypericins and hyperforin by in vitro cultures of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE hyperforin; hypericins; polyketides; St. John's wort (Hypericum perforotum); secondary metabolism ID CELL-SUSPENSION CULTURES; FORCED SWIMMING TEST; ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY; POLYKETIDE SYNTHASES; PLANT DEFENSE; SACCHAROPOLYSPORA-ERYTHRAEA; AROMATIC POLYKETIDES; SECONDARY METABOLITE; INDUCED RESPONSES; CV ANTHOS AB St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) is a herbaceous perennial distributed throughout the World that has been widely used in traditional medicine. H. perforatum produces several types of biologically active compound, including the hypericins - a family of light-activated anthraquinones, localized within specialized glands found predominantly on flowers and leaves - and the hyperforins - a family of prenylated acylphloroglucinols localized in the reproductive structures of the plant. Hypericins are known to be toxic to mammals and display antiviral and anticancer activity, but the role of these compounds within the plant is unknown. Hyperforins display potent antimicrobial activity and are thought to be the primary bioactive ingredient for anti-depressive effects of the herb. The introduction of H. perforatum from Europe into the U.S.A. occurred in the 17th Century. Since the plant is considered a noxious weed, few efforts have been carried out to analyse populations in the context of secondary-metabolite concentrations. But in terms of secondary-metabolite studies, H. perforatum is an ideal model system to study the biosyntheses of aromatic polyketides and regulation of those pathways by environmental and genetic influences. This is due, in part, to the ease of conducting these studies in plant tissue culture. This review describes the progress of secondary-metabolite studies currently underway using H. perforatum. Specifically, this Review focuses on the production and regulation of the hypericins and the hyperforin in wild populations, field cultivation, greenhouse studies and plant tissue culture. Additionally, factors optimizing compound production - particularly in in vitro cultures - are presented and reviewed. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Protect Res Unit, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14583 USA. RP Kaufman, PB (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM akirakos@umich.edu FU NCCIH NIH HHS [1 P50 AT00011] NR 123 TC 44 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0885-4513 J9 BIOTECHNOL APPL BIOC JI Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 39 BP 71 EP 81 DI 10.1042/BA20030144 PN 1 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 773MH UT WOS:000188927200007 PM 14521510 ER PT J AU Leathers, TD AF Leathers, TD TI Enzymatic saccharification of defatted corn germ SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE bioconversion; corn germ; enzymatic; saccharification; xylanase ID TRIFLUOROACETIC-ACID; HYDROLYSIS; FIBER AB Commercial defatted germ from wet milled corn was efficiently saccharified by a crude enzyme preparation from Aureobasidium sp. with yields of up to 200 mg glucose, 140 mg xylose, and 130 mg arabinose per g germ. These yields exceeded sugar composition estimates based on trifluoroacetic acid digestion. Neither chemical nor mechanical pretreatments were necessary. Results from independent lots of defatted germ were similar. Enzymatically digested germ residues were enriched to 40% (w/v) protein. Defatted germ from dry milled corn contained approx. 50% more starch than wet milled germ and was saccharified to produce up to 315 mg glucose per g germ with reduced yields of pentose sugars. C1 ARS, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Leathers, TD (reprint author), ARS, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM leathetd@ncaur.usda.gov NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 26 IS 3 BP 203 EP 207 DI 10.1023/B:BILE.0000013712.92504.ec PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 768EZ UT WOS:000188531800005 PM 15049363 ER PT J AU Kidd, MT Burnham, DJ Kerr, BJ AF Kidd, MT Burnham, DJ Kerr, BJ TI Dietary isoleucine responses in male broiler chickens SO BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VALINE; LEUCINE; REQUIREMENTS; LYSINE AB 1. Three experiments were conducted to measure growth and carcase responses of growing and finishing broilers fed on test diets formulated to be deficient in isoleucine (Ile). 2. Dose titration methodology was used to measure growth and carcase responses of growing and finishing broilers to graduations of Ile in three additional experiments. 3. The experiments were conducted from d 18 to 30, 30 to 42, and 42 to 56. 4. Broilers given Ile-deficient test diets had poorer weight gain, feed conversion and carcase responses than broilers fed on Ile test diets containing a surfeit of Ile. Adding supplemental Ile to the test diet resulted in equivalent growth and carcase responses to those of broilers fed on the control diet with equal Ile from intact protein sources. 5. Recommended total Ile needs varied between 6.7 and 7.1 g/kg from d 18 to 30, 6.4 to 6.6 g/kg from d 30 to 42, and 5.5 to 6.6 g/kg from d 42 to 56. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Ajinomoto Heartland, Chicago, IL USA. ARS, USDA, Ames, IA USA. RP Kidd, MT (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Box 9665, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM mkidd@poultry.msstate.edu NR 15 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0007-1668 J9 BRIT POULTRY SCI JI Br. Poult. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 45 IS 1 BP 67 EP 75 DI 10.1080/00071660410001668888 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 778TN UT WOS:000189257000010 PM 15115203 ER PT J AU Puche, H Su, NA AF Puche, H Su, NA TI Estimating population density of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) using the effective sampling area of in-ground monitoring stations SO BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RETICULITERMES-FLAVIPES ISOPTERA; SUDAN RED 7B; FORAGING POPULATIONS; URBAN-ENVIRONMENT; FIELD POPULATIONS; SPERATUS ISOPTERA; TRAP EFFICIENCY; MARK-RECAPTURE; SIZE; BAIT AB The effective sampling area of a monitoring station, alpha, was calculated for several Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki colonies in Broward County, Florida, USA. A simple mark-recapture protocol provided data on termite station catch within a foraging range of a colony. Average recapture probability was 0.005 close to the releae point (<5 m) and declined to 0.0008 at a distance of 51 to 60 m. The relation between the log % termites recaptured was fitted with log distance, to determine P(x), the average proportion of captured termites that started at distance x from the release point. The effective sampling area was estimated by using P(x) and the equation, α 2 πf {x P(x)} dx. Integrating this equation, an average estimate α that ranged from 0.607 to 14.5 m(2) was obtained. Factors influencing the variation of α among the colonies are discussed. The effective sampling area estimated should be taken as a reliable estimator that translates subterranean termite catches into termite population density. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL 33158 USA. Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Puche, H (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. EM hpuche@saa.ars.usda.gov NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-4853 J9 B ENTOMOL RES JI Bull. Entomol. Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 94 IS 1 BP 47 EP 53 DI 10.1079/BER2003279 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 800PP UT WOS:000220040500006 PM 14972049 ER PT J AU Lebow, S Foster, D Evans, J AF Lebow, S Foster, D Evans, J TI Long-term soil accumulation of chromium, copper, and arsenic adjacent to preservative-treated wood SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53726 USA. RP Lebow, S (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53726 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 72 IS 2 BP 225 EP 232 DI 10.1007/s00128-003-9055-y PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 768ER UT WOS:000188531100002 PM 15106755 ER PT J AU Olness, A Weiser, H Kunze, B Lieser, M Rinke, J AF Olness, A Weiser, H Kunze, B Lieser, M Rinke, J TI Differentiation of four northern Great Plains soils using resin extraction SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE resin-extractable; nutrients; toxic elements; varadium; sulfur; phosphorus ID CROP PERFORMANCE; IONIC RATIOS; PHOSPHORUS; GROWTH; CALCIUM; MAGNESIUM; MANGANESE; POTASSIUM; VANADIUM; PLANTS AB Resin extraction of soils has revealed sensitivities of crops to the extractable V:(V + P) and Mg:(Mg + Ca) molar ratios. Consequently, we examined the Barnes and Buse soils in the northern Great Plains of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota. Svea and Langhei soils were included in the survey because of their close association. Samples of A or Ap horizons suspended in 20% ethanol were extracted with cation-(Na(+)) and anion-(NO) exchange resin-extractors for a period of 5 d. After equilibration, extractors were eluted with 1 N HCl and eluates were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Analytical concentrations were log transformed and analyzed using SAS PROC GLM. Each soil produced a distinct suite of extractable ions. Mean pH values ranged from about 6.8 for the Svea soil to about 8.0 for the Langhei soils. Total resin extractable Ca ranged from about 150 to 28 000 nmol g(-1) soil and total resin extractable Mg ranged from 110 to 5500 nmol g(-1) soil; the least amounts were found in the Svea soil and the greatest amounts were found in the Langhei soil. The pH of the Barnes and Buse soils and the amounts of extractable Ca and Mg in the Barnes and Buse soils were intermediate to those of the Svea and Langhei soils. Trivial amounts of V were detected in extracts from a few samples of Buse soils. Large fractions of S, B, and As in the Langhei soil were extracted on cation exchange resins presumably due to complex formation with the much larger amounts of Ca and Mg. Amounts of Ba, Sr, Fe, Co, Cu, and Si, detected in the extracts differed between soils with more being extracted from the Langhei than from the other soils. Only resin extractable Li and K differed from the general trend in that the amounts associated with Langhei soils were among the least. Detectable amounts of Al, Ni, and Zn usually were obtained but without differences between soils. Resin extractable P was correlated with bicarbonate extractable P but slopes of the regression lines differed between soils and two groups of Barnes soils were clearly distinguished in these relationships. C1 USDA ARS, Jamestown, ND 58402 USA. USDA, NRCS, Jamestown, ND 58402 USA. USDA, NRCS, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. USDA, NRCS, Fergus Falls, MN 56537 USA. USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Olness, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Jamestown, ND 58402 USA. EM olness@morris.ars.usda.gov NR 59 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU AGRICULTURAL INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 280 ALBERT ST, SUITE 900, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5G8, CANADA SN 0008-4271 J9 CAN J SOIL SCI JI Can. J. Soil Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 84 IS 1 BP 31 EP 42 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 810SC UT WOS:000220723000004 ER PT J AU Paul, EA Collins, HP Paustian, K Elliott, ET Frey, S Juma, N Janzen, H Campbell, CA Zentner, RP Lafond, GP Moulin, AP AF Paul, EA Collins, HP Paustian, K Elliott, ET Frey, S Juma, N Janzen, H Campbell, CA Zentner, RP Lafond, GP Moulin, AP TI Management effects on the dynamics and storage rates of organic matter in long-term crop rotations SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE multi-site analysis; soil management; soil C and N; POM-C and N; CO2 evolution ID SOIL CARBON; SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN; AGROECOSYSTEMS; FERTILIZATION AB Factors controlling soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics in soil C sequestration and N fertility were determined from multi-site analysis of long-term, crop rotation experiments in Western Canada. Analyses included bulk density, organic and inorganic C and N, particulate organic C (POM-C) and N (POM-N), and CO2-C evolved during laboratory incubation. The POM-C and POM-N contents varied with soil type. Differences in POM-C contents between treatments at a site (deltaPOM-C) were related (r(2) = 0.68) to treatment differences in soil C (deltaSOC). The CO2-C, evolved during laboratory incubation, was the most sensitive indicator of management effects. The Gray Luvisol (Breton, AB) cultivated plots had a fivefold difference in CO2-C release relative to a twofold difference in soil organic carbon (SOC). Soils from cropped, Black Chernozems (Melfort and Indian Head, SK) and Dark Brown Chernozems (Lethbridge, AB) released 50 to 60% as much CO2-C as grassland soils. Differences in CO2 evolution from the treatment with the lowest SOM on a site and that of other treatments (deltaCO(2)-C) in the early stages of the incubation were correlated to deltaPOM-C and this pool reflects short-term SOC storage. Management for soil fertility, such as N release, may differ from management for C sequestration. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable & Forage Res Unit, Prosser, WA 98350 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, Lincoln, NE USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Alberta, Dept Soil Ecol & Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Res Ctr, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereals & Oilseeds Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Prairie Agr Res Ctr, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Indian Head Res Farm, Indian Head, SK S0G 2K0, Canada. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Brandon Res Ctr, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada. RP Paul, EA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM eldor@nrel.colostate.edu RI Paustian, Keith/L-7593-2016 NR 38 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 11 PU AGRICULTURAL INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA STE 1112, 141 LAURIER AVE WEST, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5J3, CANADA SN 0008-4271 J9 CAN J SOIL SCI JI Can. J. Soil Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 84 IS 1 BP 49 EP 61 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 810SC UT WOS:000220723000006 ER PT J AU Lagiou, P Samoli, E Lagiou, A Peterson, J Tzonou, A Dwyer, J Trichopoulos, D AF Lagiou, P Samoli, E Lagiou, A Peterson, J Tzonou, A Dwyer, J Trichopoulos, D TI Flavonoids, vitamin C and adenocarcinoma of the stomach SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE diet; flavones; flavonoids; gastric cancer; stomach cancer; vitamin ID CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; DIETARY FLAVONOIDS; CANCER PREVENTION; LUNG-CANCER; RISK; INHIBITION; CELLS AB Objective: To examine the role of six flavonoid classes (flavanones, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavones, anthocyanidins and isoflavones) and vitamin C in the aetiology of stomach cancer. Methods: Case-control study undertaken in Greece in the 1980s. Dietary information was obtained from 110 patients with incident stomach adenocarcinoma and 100 control patients. Flavonoid estimates were based on the recently released database of the US Department of Agriculture. Results: In models including sociodemographic variables, energy intake, vegetables, fruits and, alternatively, vitamin C the six flavonoid classes, only flavanones and vegetables remained significantly inversely associated with stomach cancer risk. The odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) per one standard deviation increase of intake of flavanones was 0.55 (0.31-0.96) whereas for vitamin C it was 1.05 (0.46-2.41). When fruits and vegetables were not adjusted for, both vitamin C and several flavonoid categories were inversely associated with stomach cancer risk, but these associations could be attributed to other compounds in these foods. Conclusions: Among the major flavonoid classes studied, only flavanone intake is inversely associated with stomach cancer risk and could account for the apparent protective effect of fruit intake against this form of cancer. Additional factors, however, are likely to be involved in the consistent protection conveyed by vegetables. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Athens, Sch Med, Dept Hyg & Epidemiol, GR-11527 Athens, Greece. Athens Technol Inst, Fac Hlth Profess, Athens, Greece. Tufts Univ, Frances Stern Nutr Ctr,Tufts New England Med Ctr, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Sch Nutr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Frances Stern Nutr Ctr,Tufts New England Med Ctr, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Trichopoulos, D (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. EM dtrichop@hsph.harvard.edu OI Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 NR 24 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD FEB PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 67 EP 72 DI 10.1023/B:CACO.0000016619.18041.b0 PG 6 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 774YY UT WOS:000189015000008 PM 14970736 ER PT J AU Brooks, DR Dowling, APG van Veller, MGP Hoberg, EP AF Brooks, DR Dowling, APG van Veller, MGP Hoberg, EP TI Ending a decade of deception: a valiant failure, a not-so-valiant failure and a success story SO CLADISTICS LA English DT Article ID BROOKS PARSIMONY ANALYSIS; HOST-PARASITE COEVOLUTION; A-POSTERIORI METHODS; HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY; VICARIANCE BIOGEOGRAPHY; CLADISTIC BIOGEOGRAPHY; PHYLOGENETIC BIOGEOGRAPHY; ASSOCIATIONS; ASSUMPTIONS; SPECIATION AB Prior studies involving two methods. Brooks Parsimony Analysis (BPA) and TreeMap, have found BPA to be the more reliable method. Recent criticisms leveled at these studies argue that the tests were unfairly created and biased in favor of BPA. The authors of a recent critique offered new exemplars to demonstrate flaws in BPA, plus a simple fix to correct the flaws found in TreeMap. A re-evaluation of their exemplars clearly shows that the authors' calculations are incorrect, their understanding of the methods is lacking, and that their simple fix does not work. Additional analyses using TreeMap 2.02 are run to show that TreeMap 2.02, like TreeMap 1.0, cannot adequately deal with widespread parasites, contrary to the claims of its supporters. Furthermore, the exemplars corroborate previous findings that BPA, when calculated correctly, is more reliable than TreeMap1.0 and TreeMap 2.02 and therefore the method of choice in coevolutionary and biogeographic studies. (C) The Willi Hennig Society 2004. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. Univ Michigan, Museum Zool, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Biosystemat Grp, NL-6703 BL Wageningen, Netherlands. ARS, US Natl Parasite Collect & Parasit Biol, Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Brooks, DR (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. EM dbrooks@zoo.utoronto.ca RI van Veller, Marco/B-8143-2009 OI van Veller, Marco/0000-0002-3204-5284 NR 67 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0748-3007 J9 CLADISTICS JI Cladistics PD FEB PY 2004 VL 20 IS 1 BP 32 EP 46 DI 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.00011.x PG 15 WC Evolutionary Biology SC Evolutionary Biology GA 806PZ UT WOS:000220447100004 ER PT J AU Qi, L Shen, H Larson, I Barnard, JR Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Qi, L Shen, H Larson, I Barnard, JR Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI Genetic variation at the hormone sensitive lipase: gender-specific association with plasma lipid and glucose concentrations SO CLINICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE alcohol drinking; apolipoprotein E; genetic polymorphisms; glucose; lipases; lipoproteins; obesity ID ADIPOSE-TISSUE; CHRONIC ETHANOL; ALCOHOL INTAKE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; POLYMORPHISM; LIPOPROTEIN; EXPRESSION; MICE; APOLIPOPROTEIN; ACCUMULATION AB Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) catalyzes the intracellular hydrolysis of triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters, and it is involved in regulating body fat, steroidogenesis, and insulin secretion. Thus, genetic variability at the HSL locus (LIPE) may play a significant role on lipid metabolism and the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, we have examined two LIPE single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) [14672C>G in the promoter region and 17948C>T (rs1206034) on intron 2] in relation to plasma lipids, anthropometrical and glucose-related phenotypes in a population of mostly overweight and obese men (373) and women (361). In women, the 17948T allele was associated with decreased total cholesterol (TC, p = 0.001), LDL-cholesterol (LDLc, p < 0.001) and apoE concentrations (p = 0.041). Conversely, female carriers of the LIPE 14672G allele had significantly higher TC (p = 0.047), LDLc (p = 0.041), and apoE (p = 0.041) levels. Although we did not find significant associations in men, we observed that male carriers of the LIPE 14672G who did not drink alcohol showed higher glucose levels than non-carriers (p = 0.008), whereas there were no allele-related differences among drinkers (p = 0.019 for the interaction). These SNPs were not significantly associated with anthropometrical variables. In summary, variation at this locus showed gender-specific associations with lipids and glucose measures, and the latter was influenced by alcohol drinking. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, JM Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr & Gen Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, JM Human Nutr Res Ctr, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, JM Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr & Gen Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM jose.ordovas@tufts.edu OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 35 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0009-9163 J9 CLIN GENET JI Clin. Genet. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 65 IS 2 BP 93 EP 100 DI 10.1111/j.0009-9163.2004.00196.x PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 768JJ UT WOS:000188539600005 PM 14984467 ER PT J AU Bearson, BL Labarca, JA Brankovic, LE Cohen, M Bruckner, DA Pegues, DA AF Bearson, BL Labarca, JA Brankovic, LE Cohen, M Bruckner, DA Pegues, DA TI Use of quantitative antibiogram analysis to determine the clonality of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species from blood culture SO CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article DE Bacteraemia; coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; quantitative antibiogram; Staphylococcus ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI; UNITED-STATES; ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY; NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; STREAM INFECTIONS; SURVEILLANCE; RELEVANCE AB Two phenotypic methods, quantitative antibiogram analysis and colony morphology, were compared to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for distinguishing the clonality of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) species. The results of these three methods were correlated with the patients' clinical findings for 23 episodes in which CNS species were isolated from two blood culture bottles within a 24-h period. Quantitative antibiogram and colony morphology at 24 h correlated with PFGE typing in 21 (91%) and 20 (87%) episodes, respectively. All episodes associated with CNS strains with identical PFGE patterns had quantitative antibiogram similarity coefficients < 10, whereas most episodes associated with strains with different PFGE patterns had quantitative antibiogram similarity coefficients greater than or equal to 17. The CNS isolate pairs were less likely to be associated with infection if the strains had different PFGE types or a quantitative antibiogram similarity coefficient greater than or equal to 17. Clinical microbiology laboratories should consider use of the quantitative antibiogram similarity coefficient to aid clinicians in distinguishing infection-associated CNS blood isolates from contaminants. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, UCLA Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Clin Microbiol Lab, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Bearson, BL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70,A-1,2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM bbearson@nadc.ars.usda.gov RI Brankovic, Ljiljana/D-9455-2011 NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1198-743X J9 CLIN MICROBIOL INFEC JI Clin. Microbiol. Infect. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 148 EP 155 DI 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00753.x PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 770KH UT WOS:000188721400008 PM 14759240 ER PT J AU Osborne, SL Schepers, JS Schlemmer, MR AF Osborne, SL Schepers, JS Schlemmer, MR TI Detecting nitrogen and phosphorus stress in corn using multi-spectral imagery SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; LIGHT REFLECTANCE; CANOPIES; WHEAT; YIELD; DEFICIENCY; RADIATION; SOIL AB The ability to evaluate in-season nutrient deficiencies and/or estimate grain yield could be beneficial to producers in helping make various management decisions. Proper nutrient management decisions could lead to decreased environmental pollution due to over fertilization. A field experiment was established to evaluate the use of multi-spectral imagery for estimating in-season plant biomass, plant nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentration, grain yield, and grain N and P concentration with varying degree of N and P nutrition. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four replications using a factorial arrangement of treatments in an irrigated continuous corn (Zea may L.) system. There were four N rates (0, 67, 134, and 269kg N ha(-1)) and four P rates (0, 22, 45, 67kg P ha(-1)). Multi-spectral imagery-was collected throughout the growing season using a four [blue, green, red, and near-infrared (NIR)]-band sensor. Grain yield, in-season biomass and N concentration increased with increasing N rate for all sampling dates. Biomass production differences due-to P deficiency were present only for the early (June) sampling dates. The 1998. imagery had higher regression correlation for in-season biophysical characteristics and grain yield compared to the 1997 growing season, due to differences in sensor sensitivity and increased plant response to applied nutrients. The normalized difference greenness vegetation index (GNDVI) generally had the highest r(2) with, grain yield. This study demonstrated the utility of multi-spectral imagery for estimating grain production and nutrient deficiency this could help producers with in-season management decisions. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE USA. USDA ARS, Soil & Water Conservat Res Unit, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Osborne, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. EM sosborne@ngirl.ars.usdd.gov NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 35 IS 3-4 BP 505 EP 516 DI 10.1081/CSS-120029728 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 809PX UT WOS:000220649700015 ER PT J AU Arnold, SL Schepers, JS AF Arnold, SL Schepers, JS TI A simple roller-mill grinding procedure for plant and soil samples SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID N-15 AB Obtaining finely ground, homogeneous plant and soil samples for chemical analysis without cross contamination is a major concern when using direct combustion procedures for determination of total nitrogen (N), total carbon (C), and isotope-ratio analysis. A rollermilling device, using square glass bottles instead of round grinding bottles, was evaluated. Rotation of the square bottles on the roller mechanism increased the milling action by the stainless steel rods inside the bottles. The roller-milling device with square grinding bottles resulted in a sample with smaller particles (99.2% <100 mesh) than with a ball-milling device (83% <100 mesh). The roller-mill provided acceptable results (soil and plant samples ranging from 1.6-43.8% C, 0.5-2.3% N, and 0.3777-1.038 atom% N-15 (isotopic ratio analysis) had coefficients of variation ranging from 0.44-1.78, to 0.97-1.60, and 0.09-1.43, respectively) while providing an economical approach to grinding large numbers of samples to achieve finely ground, homogeneous samples with minimal labor and equipment costs. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, SWCRU, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Arnold, SL (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, SWCRU, 120 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM sarnold1@unl.edu NR 8 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 35 IS 3-4 BP 537 EP 545 DI 10.1081/CSS-120029730 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 809PX UT WOS:000220649700017 ER PT J AU Kuenzel, WJ Abdel-Maksoud, MM Elsasser, T Proudman, JA AF Kuenzel, WJ Abdel-Maksoud, MM Elsasser, T Proudman, JA TI Sulfamethazine advances puberty in male chicks by effecting a rapid increase in gonadotropins SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE follicle-stimulating hormone; luteinizing hormone; thyroxine; triiodothyronine; sexual maturation; avian ID SPARROWS SPIZELLA-ARBOREA; PHOTOPERIODIC CONTROL; NEUROPEPTIDE-Y; SEASONAL REPRODUCTION; TESTICULAR SIZE; HORMONE; HYPOTHYROIDISM; BRAIN; RAT; PHOTORECEPTORS AB A sulfonamide, sulfamethazine (SMZ) has been shown to have a robust, progonadal effect. The mechanism of action of SMZ, however, is unknown. Our hypothesis is that the compound may act centrally and/or at the level of the pituitary. Four experiments were completed to test that hypothesis. Chicks exposed to a continuous photoperiod and fed a diet containing 0.2% SMZ showed an exponential increase in testes size. When 6 weeks of age (5 weeks on the SMZ diet), experimentals had testes weight nine times heavier than controls. Profiles for thyroid and gonadotropin plasma hormones suggested that T-3 was transiently lower in experimentals solely during the first week on treatment, while thyroxine levels were not different from controls. In contrast, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were significantly elevated at the initial 1-week sampling point and remained elevated throughout the entire experiment. In a follow-up study, LH was found significantly higher than controls by 48 h after initially consuming the compound. When T-3 was added to the SMZ diet at 0.5 ppm, the progonadal effect of SMZ was attenuated. Importantly, chronic intake of T-3 delayed but did not block the stimulatory effect of SMZ for increasing plasma LH. We conclude that since one of the primary effects of SMZ is to increase rapidly plasma gonadotropins, data suggest the compound is acting at the level of the brain or pituitary to stimulate early gonadal development in chicks. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Ain Shams Univ, Dept Poultry Prod, Cairo, Egypt. USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Biotechnol & Germplasm Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kuenzel, WJ (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr, 1260 W Maple St, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM wkuenzel@uark.edu NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1095-6433 EI 1531-4332 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 137 IS 2 BP 349 EP 355 DI 10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.10.013 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 774KD UT WOS:000188977900009 PM 15123207 ER PT J AU Saab, VA Dudley, J Thompson, WL AF Saab, VA Dudley, J Thompson, WL TI Factors influencing occupancy of nest cavities in recently burned forests SO CONDOR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Ecology of Cavity Nesters - Keystone Processes CY SEP, 2002 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA DE burned forests; cavity-nesting birds; Lewis's Woodpecker; Melanerpes lewis; nesting habitat; Picoides; Pinus ponderosa ID BREEDING BIRD POPULATIONS; SIERRA-NEVADA; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; NATURAL CAVITIES; SITE SELECTION; FIRE; COMMUNITY; WOODPECKERS; EVOLUTION AB Recently burned forests in western North America provide nesting habitat for many species of cavity-nesting birds. However, little is understood about the time frame and the variables affecting occupancy of postfire habitats by these birds. We studied factors influencing the occupancy and reuse of nest cavities from 1-7 years after fire in two burned sites of western Idaho during 1994-1999. Tree cavities were used for nesting by 12 species of cavity nesters that were classified by the original occupant (strong excavator, weak excavator, or nonexcavator) of 385 nest cavities. We used logistic regression to model cavity occupancy by strong excavators (n = 575 trials) and weak excavators (n = 206 trials). Year after fire had the greatest influence on occupancy of nest cavities for both groups, while site of the burn was secondarily important in predicting occupancy by strong excavators and less important for weak excavators. Predicted probability of cavity occupancy was highest during the early years (1-4) after fire, declined over time (5-7 years after fire), and varied by site, with a faster decline in the smaller burned site with a greater mosaic of unburned forest. Closer proximity and greater interspersion of unburned forest (15% unburned) may have allowed a quicker recolonization by nest predators into the smaller burn compared to the larger burn with few patches of unburned forest (4% unburned). In combination with time and space effects, the predicted probability of cavity occupancy was positively affected by tree and nest heights for strong and weak excavators, respectively. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, USGS Arkansas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Saab, VA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 1648 S 7th Ave,MSU Campus, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM vsaab@fs.fed.us NR 48 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 13 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 EI 1938-5129 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 2004 VL 106 IS 1 BP 20 EP 36 DI 10.1650/7485 PG 17 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 772VB UT WOS:000188861500003 ER PT J AU Carruthers, RI AF Carruthers, RI TI Biological control of invasive species, a personal perspective SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ELONGATA-DESERTICOLA COLEOPTERA; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; CONTROL AGENT; LEAF BEETLE; RISK; INTRODUCTIONS; CHRYSOMELIDAE; AGRICULTURE; WEEDS C1 ARS, USDA, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Carruthers, RI (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM ric@pw.usda.gov NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 18 IS 1 BP 54 EP 57 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00173.x PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 769HL UT WOS:000188644500013 ER PT J AU Epps, CW McCullough, DR Wehausen, JD Bleich, VC Rechel, JL AF Epps, CW McCullough, DR Wehausen, JD Bleich, VC Rechel, JL TI Effects of climate change on population persistence of desert-dwelling mountain sheep in California SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate change; extinction; hierarchical partitioning; metapopulation; Ovis canadensis ID BIGHORN SHEEP; OVIS-CANADENSIS; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; RAPID EXTINCTION; UNITED-STATES; RANGE; RESPONSES; DYNAMICS; MODELS; SIZE AB Metapopulations may be very sensitive to global climate change, particularly if temperature and precipitation change rapidly. We present an analysis of the role of climate and other factors in determining metapopulation structure based on presence and absence data. We compared existing and historical population distributions of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) to determine whether regional climate patterns were correlated with local extinction. To examine all mountain ranges known to hold or to have held desert bighorn populations in California and score for variables describing climate, metapopulation dynamics, human impacts, and other environmental factors, we used a geographic information system (GIS) and paper maps. We used logistic regression and hierarchical partitioning to assess the relationship among these variables and the current status of each population (extinct or extant). Parameters related to climate-elevation, precipitation, and presence of dependable springs-were strongly correlated with population persistence in the twentieth century. Populations inhabiting lower, drier mountain ranges were more likely to go extinct. The presence of domestic sheep grazing allotments was negatively correlated with population persistence. We used conditional extinction probabilities generated by the logistic-regression model to rank native, naturally recolonized, and reintroduced populations by vulnerability to extinction under several climate-change scenarios. Thus risk of extinction in metapopulations can be evaluated for global-climate-change scenarios even when few demographic data are available. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. White Mt Res Stn, Bishop, CA 93514 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Bishop, CA 93514 USA. US Forest Serv, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Epps, CW (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept environm Sci Policy & Management, 151 Hilgard Hall 3110, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM buzzard@nature.berkeley.edu NR 81 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 42 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 18 IS 1 BP 102 EP 113 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00023.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 769HL UT WOS:000188644500020 ER PT J AU Bartoszewski, G Malepszy, S Havey, MJ AF Bartoszewski, G Malepszy, S Havey, MJ TI Mosaic (MSC) cucumbers regenerated from independent cell cultures possess different mitochondrial rearrangements SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Article DE paternal transmission; mitochondrial genetics; sublimon ID CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY; ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE GENES; CUCUMIS-SATIVUS L; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; GENOME; EXPRESSION; MAIZE; MUTANT; CUCURBITACEAE; TRANSMISSION AB Passage of the highly inbred cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) line B through cell culture produces progenies with paternally transmitted, mosaic (MSC) phenotypes. Because the mitochondrial genome of cucumber shows paternal transmission, we evaluated for structural polymorphisms by hybridizing cosmids spanning the entire mitochondrial genome of Arabidopsis thaliana L. to DNA-gel blots of four independently generated MSC and four wild-type cucumbers. Polymorphisms were identified by cosmids carrying rrn18, nad5-exon2, rpl5, and the previously described JLV5 deletion. Polymorphisms revealed by rrn18 and nad5-exon2 were due to one rearrangement bringing together these two coding regions. The polymorphism revealed by rpl5 was unique to MSC16 and was due to rearrangement(s) placing the rpl5 region next to the forward junction of the JLV5 deletion. The rearrangement near rpl5 existed as a sublimon in wild-type inbred B, but was not detected in the cultivar Calypso. Although RNA-gel blots revealed reduced transcription of rpl5 in MSC16 relative to wild-type cucumber, Western analyses revealed no differences for the RPL5 protein and the genetic basis of the MSC16 phenotype remains enigmatic. We evaluated 17 MSC and wild-type lines regenerated from independent cell-culture experiments for these structural polymorphisms and identified eight different patterns, indicating that the passage of cucumber through cell culture may be a unique mechanism to induce or select for novel rearrangements affecting mitochondrial gene expression. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Agr Univ Warsaw, Fac Hort & Landscape Architecture, Dept Plant Genet Breeding & Biotechnol, PL-02787 Warsaw, Poland. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM mjhavey@wisc.edu RI Bartoszewski, Grzegorz/B-2211-2012; Bartoszewski, Grzegorz/M-8458-2016 OI Bartoszewski, Grzegorz/0000-0002-6197-770X NR 45 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0172-8083 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 45 IS 1 BP 45 EP 53 DI 10.1007/s00294-003-0456-6 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 766PJ UT WOS:000188384500006 PM 14586555 ER PT J AU Wu, DY AF Wu, DY TI Modulation of immune and inflammatory responses by dietary lipids SO CURRENT OPINION IN LIPIDOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dietary lipids; immune function; inflammation; polyunsaturated fatty acids ID CONJUGATED LINOLEIC-ACID; N-3 FATTY-ACIDS; BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; FISH-OIL; LYMPHOCYTE-PROLIFERATION; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; HEALTHY-MEN; WOMEN; DISEASE; MICE AB Purpose of review There continues to be considerable interest in the modulating effect of dietary lipids on immune and inflammatory responses. Although controversy still exists in research in this area, new concepts and approaches have emerged providing useful suggestions. Analysis of the recent findings will help in understanding certain paradoxical findings as well as introducing new strategies to guide future studies. Recent findings The tissue polyunsaturated fatty acid composition was found to be correlated with changes in certain indices of immune function in individuals consuming habitual diets. It seems that individuals or animals with disordered immune systems are more reactive to polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation, and genetic variation is also a determinant. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were shown to reduce both resistance to bacterial infection and host survival. The studies on other non-classic fatty acids also demonstrated interesting findings. A proposed immuno-enhancing effect of conjugated linoleic acid has not been confirmed by studies and even an adverse effect has been implied. Trans fatty acids have been shown to increase the production of inflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to their pro-atherogenic property. Summary Current data suggest that the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, can modulate immune and inflammatory responses, although a discrepancy is still present. Some recent studies have provided useful information explaining possible underlying reasons. Factors such as genetic variation, health status, disease, immune response stage, stimulation type, and possibly age, all contribute to the responsiveness to polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in terms of immune function. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA HNRC, Nutr Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Wu, DY (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA HNRC, Nutr Immunol Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM dayong.wu@tufts.edu NR 28 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0957-9672 J9 CURR OPIN LIPIDOL JI Curr. Opin. Lipidology PD FEB PY 2004 VL 15 IS 1 BP 43 EP 47 DI 10.1097/01.mol.0000113210.97033.cb PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 803JZ UT WOS:000220228700008 PM 15166808 ER PT J AU Min, WG Lillehoj, HS AF Min, WG Lillehoj, HS TI Identification and characterization of chicken interleukin-16 cDNA SO DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chicken; interleukin-16; chemotaxis ID MOLECULAR-CLONING; DENDRITIC CELLS; INCREASED EXPRESSION; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; BRONCHIAL-MUCOSA; PDZ DOMAINS; IL-16; PROTEIN; ACTIVATION; CD4 AB Interleukin-16 is an inflammatory cytokine synthesized as a precursor protein (pro-IL-16). Based on sequence data from an EST cDNA library prepared from intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes of Eimeria-infected chickens, we identified a cDNA that contained a full-length open reading frame of pro-IL-16. The encoded protein, predicted to consist of 607 amino acids, showed 86% sequence identity to duck pro-IL-16 and 49-52% identity to various mammalian homologues. By Northern blot analysis, IL-16 transcripts were identified in chicken lymphoid tissues but none of the non-lymphoid tissues examined. A recombinant protein containing the 149 C-terminal amino acids of pro-IL-16, expressed in COS-7 cells, showed chemoattractant activity for splenic lymphocytes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Syst Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville Agr Res Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Syst Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville Agr Res Serv, Bldg 1040 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Min, Wongi/0000-0003-2437-7366 NR 41 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0145-305X J9 DEV COMP IMMUNOL JI Dev. Comp. Immunol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 28 IS 2 BP 153 EP 162 DI 10.1016/S0145-305X(03)00133-2 PG 10 WC Immunology; Zoology SC Immunology; Zoology GA 753DW UT WOS:000187217600006 PM 12969800 ER PT J AU Zhao, Y Hammond, RW Lee, IM Roe, BA Lin, SP Davis, RE AF Zhao, Y Hammond, RW Lee, IM Roe, BA Lin, SP Davis, RE TI Cell division gene cluster in Spiroplasma kunkelii: Functional characterization of ftsZ and the first report of ftsA in mollicutes SO DNA AND CELL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CORN STUNT DISEASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; PROTEIN FTSZ; Z-RING; GTP; TUBULIN; MUTATIONS; HOMOLOGS; BACTERIA AB Spiroplasma kunkelii is a helical, wall-less bacterium that causes corn stunt disease. In adaptation to its phloem-inhabiting parasitic lifestyle, the bacterium has undergone a reductive evolutionary process and, as a result, possesses a compact genome with a gene set approaching the minimal complement necessary for multiplication and pathogenesis. We cloned a much-reduced cell division gene cluster from S. kunkelii and functionally characterized the key division gene, ftsZ(sk). The 1236-bp open reading frame of ftsZ(sk) is capable of encoding a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 44.1 kDa. Protein sequence alignment revealed that FtsZ(sk) is remarkably similar to FtsZ proteins from other eubacteria, and possesses the conserved GTP-binding and hydrolyzing motifs. We demonstrated that overexpression of ftsZ(sk) in Escherichia coli causes transgression of the host cell division, resulting in a filamentous phenotype. We also report, for the first time, the presence of a ftsA gene in the cell division cluster of a mollicute species. C1 ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Chem & Biochem, Adv Ctr Genome Technol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Davis, RE (reprint author), 10300 Baltimore Ave,Rm 118,Bldg 004, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM davisr@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 42 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1044-5498 J9 DNA CELL BIOL JI DNA Cell Biol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 23 IS 2 BP 127 EP 134 DI 10.1089/104454904322759948 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 774CL UT WOS:000188962100007 PM 15000753 ER PT J AU Kjelgaard, JF Chandler, DG Saxton, KE AF Kjelgaard, JF Chandler, DG Saxton, KE TI Evidence for direct suspension of loessial soils on the Columbia Plateau SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE wind erosions dust emissions; PM10; roughness height; friction velocity ID GRAIN-SIZE CHARACTERISTICS; AEOLIAN SAND TRANSPORT; WIND EROSION; SALTATING GRAINS; FIELD EXPERIMENT; DUST STORMS; MASS FLUX; PARTICLES; SEDIMENT; ROUGHNESS AB Wind erosion modelling efforts, both field and wind tunnel Studies, have traditionally focused on saltation-based processes for estimating dust emissions from high wind events. This approach gives generally good results when saltation-sized particles, 90 mum to 2 mm mean diameter, are prevalent on the exposed soil surface. The Columbia Plateau, located in north-central Oregon and south-central Washington, is a region with extensive loess deposits where up to 90 per cent of sieved particles (by mass) are less than 100 pin mean diameter. During high-wind events, large amounts of soil and fine particulate matter are suspended. However, field surfaces typically show little evidence of surface scouring or saltation, e.g. soil drifts or covered furrows. Velocity profile analysis of two high-wind events and additional data from a third event show evidence of direct suspension process where saltation is not a major mechanism for eroding soil or generating dust emissions. Surface roughness heights are less than saltation roughness height estimates during peak wind speeds. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Environm Phys Grp Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Plants Soils & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA ARS, Land Management & Water Conservat Grp, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Kjelgaard, JF (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Environm Phys Grp Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM jkjelgaard@ag.tamu.edu RI Chandler, David/E-4543-2013 OI Chandler, David/0000-0002-8662-2892 NR 51 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 29 IS 2 BP 221 EP 236 DI 10.1002/esp.1028 PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 778EP UT WOS:000189226700007 ER PT J AU Parsons, DJ AF Parsons, DJ TI Supporting basic ecological research in US National Parks: Challenges and opportunities SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Units; ecological research; management of natural areas; national parks; National Park Service (USA); Natural Resource Challenge; parks for science; science for parks ID SIERRA-NEVADA; POLITICAL-EDUCATION; NATURAL REGULATION; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; BIOLOGIST; SCIENCE; FIRE AB The long-term preservation of national park ecosystems requires scientific knowledge about populations, communities, and the ecological processes upon which sustainable ecosystems depend. Unfortunately, national parks in the United States have a well-documented history of indifference, if not hostility, to the support of basic research. Numerous external reviews have criticized the lack of institutional support for science, blaming it in large part on the traditional emphasis of the National Park Service (NPS) on scenery and tourism management. However, recent efforts to improve the support for science in the U.S. national parks have been most encouraging. These include a long-sought Congressional mandate to support research, a major budget initiative to support scientific understanding and management of park resources as well as to improve research facilities, leadership in the establishment of a network of university-based cooperative units, and the successful partnering with private organizations to support innovative programs to fund Ph.D. students, postdocs, and sabbaticals in national parks. The long-term success of national parks in preserving natural ecosystems depends, in large part, on the NPS's ability to provide support for the science that is necessary to understand natural ecosystems as well as the effects of human activities. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Parsons, DJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM djparsons@fs.fed.us NR 41 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 17 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 5 EP 13 DI 10.1890/03-5085 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776RG UT WOS:000189130000002 ER PT J AU Bigelow, SW Ewel, JJ Haggar, JP AF Bigelow, SW Ewel, JJ Haggar, JP TI Enhancing nutrient retention in tropical tree plantations: No short cuts SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE hydrology; leaf area; nitrate and base-cation leaching; root length density; short-rotation forestry; tropical tree plantation ID TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; RAIN-FOREST; ROOT DISTRIBUTION; COSTA-RICA; RED ALDER; SOIL; NITROGEN; GROWTH; LOSSES; PRODUCTIVITY AB In the humid tropics large quantities of nutrients can be rapidly leached when the soil is unprotected by actively growing vegetation. We established experimental plantations of three indigenous tree species on a fertile Andisol in Costa Rica and managed them under 1- or 4-year cutting cycles with uncut stands as controls. Our goals were to test whether nutrient leaching was greatest under a regime of frequent disturbances that returned modest amounts of biomass to the soil surface (cutting and replanting on a 1-yr cycle) or less frequent disturbances that returned significantly greater amounts of plant tissues to the soil (cutting and replanting on a 4-yr cycle), and to compare those cutting cycles with nutrient leaching from uncut stands. Leaching of NO3- (over 9 yr), Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ (over 4 yr) from upper soil horizons was monitored. Water balance was determined by linking Penman-Monteith evaporation with changes in soil water storage modeled from soil physical parameters. Drainage water for solute measurement was sampled from porous ceramic cups at 1.1 in depth in the soil. Disturbance frequency proved to be an important determinant of NO3- leaching. Average long-term NO3- leaching losses from stands on a 1-yr cutting cycle were extraordinarily large: 442 mmol(c)(.)m(-2).yr(-1) (62 kg(.)ha(-1.)yr(-1) of N), compared to 187 mraol(c)(.)m(-2).yr(-1) under a 4-yr cutting cycle and 71 mmol(c)(.)m(-2.)yr(-1) from uncut stands. Elevated NO3- leaching was primarily due to increased concentration in the soil solution (rather than increased water drainage), because cutting usually resulted in a reduction of <10% in evapotranspiration. Resilience of stands decreased with continued disturbance; under a 4-yr cutting cycle, stands tended to take longer to return to the low levels of NO3- leaching characteristic of undisturbed stands with each episode of cutting and replanting, while NO3- losses from annually cut stands became increasingly variable over time. Due to high concentrations of soil Ca at the site, the stands proved resistant to treatment-induced losses of base cations: no increases in Ca2+ or Mg2+ leaching accompanied elevated NO3- leaching, although K+ leaching did increase under the 1-yr cutting cycle. Because of the potential for massive, sustained NO3- losses, development of land use systems for these soils should focus on minimizing frequency of disturbance. C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA FS, Inst Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific SW Res Stn, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Bigelow, SW (reprint author), Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. EM sbigelow@fs.fed.us RI Bigelow, Seth/A-2551-2008 NR 76 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 7 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 28 EP 46 DI 10.1890/02-5389 PG 19 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776RG UT WOS:000189130000008 ER PT J AU Russell, AE Cambardella, CA Ewel, JJ Parkin, TB AF Russell, AE Cambardella, CA Ewel, JJ Parkin, TB TI Species, rotation, and life-form diversity effects on soil carbon in experimental tropical ecosystems SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE carbon sequestration; cedrela odorata; cordia alliodora; detrital quantity and quality; hyeronima alchorneoides; particulate organic matter; plantations; root growth; soil organic matter; species composition; species diversity; tropical ecosystems ID ORGANIC-MATTER COMPOSITION; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; SECONDARY FOREST; LIGHT-FRACTION; COSTA-RICA; LAND-USE; PRODUCTIVITY; PLANTATIONS; MANAGEMENT; DYNAMICS AB Extensive areas of species-rich forests in the tropics have been replaced by tree monocultures over the last two decades, and the impact on biogeochemical cycles is unclear. We characterized effects on soil carbon dynamics of species identity and rotation frequency in experimental plantations containing three native, non-N-fixing tree species, Hyeronima alchoreoides, Cedrela odorata, and Cordia alliodora, grown in monocultures and in polycultures with two monocot species, Euterpe oleracea and Heliconia imbricata. Over all treatments, change in total soil organic carbon (TSOC, 0-15 cm) after 10 years ranged from a loss of 24% (0.9 mg/ha in 1-yr rotation of Cedrela) to an increase of 14% (0.6 mg/ha under Hyeronima polycultures). Species differed in their effects on quantities of TSOC (P = 0.038), but differences were more pronounced in light particulate organic matter (LPOM; P = 0.001), a biologically active, sand-size soil fraction that constituted 6% of TSOC. Effects of rotation frequency were strong; in Cedrela and Cordia, the 4-yr rotations had higher soil C stocks than did long-term monocultures, where soil C stocks had declined under 10-yr-old trees. Under Cedrela and Cordia, polycultures had significantly higher stocks of soil C than monocultures, whereas soil C stocks were high under Hyeronima in both cultures. In polycultures, Hyeronima dominated detrital inputs, contributing 88% of litterfall and fine-root growth, whereas Cedrela and Cordia contributed <34%. Root C:N ratio and fine-root growth accounted for most of the variability in changes in soil C stocks after 10 years in long-term rotations (partial R-2 = 0.70 and 0.14, respectively). These data suggested that roots drove soil C accrual in long-term rotations, and that mechanisms involving root chemistry, and not quantity of detrital inputs, best explained effects of species on soil C sequestration. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Islands Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Russell, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM arussell@iastate.edu RI El Husny, Chafic/G-5410-2012 NR 73 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 18 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 47 EP 60 DI 10.1890/02-5299 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776RG UT WOS:000189130000009 ER PT J AU Rollins, MG Keane, RE Parsons, RA AF Rollins, MG Keane, RE Parsons, RA TI Mapping fuels and fire regimes using remote sensing, ecosystem simulation, and gradient modeling SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE ecosystem simulation; fire ecology; fire regimes; fuels; Geographic Information Systems; gradient modeling; predictive mapping; remote sensing ID MOUNTAIN WILDERNESS; SPATIALLY EXPLICIT; AMERICAN SOUTHWEST; PINE FORESTS; HISTORY; VEGETATION; DISTURBANCE; PATTERNS; USA; INFORMATION AB Maps of fuels and fire regimes are essential for understanding ecological relationships between wildland fire and landscape structure, composition, and function, and for managing wildland fire hazard and risk with an ecosystem perspective. While critical for successful wildland fire management, there are no standard methods for creating these maps, and spatial data representing these important characteristics of wildland fire are lacking in many areas. We present an integrated approach for mapping fuels and fire regimes using extensive field sampling, remote sensing, ecosystem simulation, and biophysical gradient modeling to create predictive landscape maps of fuels and fire regimes. A main objective was to develop a standardized, repeatable system for creating these maps using spatial data describing important landscape gradients along with straightforward statistical methods. We developed a hierarchical approach to stratifying field sampling to ensure that samples represented variability in a wide variety of ecosystem processes. We used existing and derived spatial layers to develop a modeling database within a Geographic Information System that included 38 mapped variables describing gradients of physiography, spectral characteristics, weather, and biogeochemical cycles for a 5830-km(2) study area in northwestern Montana. Using general linear models, discriminant analysis, classification and regression trees, and logistic regression, we created maps of fuel load, fuel model, fire interval, and fire severity based on spatial predictive variables and response variables measured in the field. Independently evaluated accuracies ranged from 51 to 80%. Direct gradient modeling improved map accuracy significantly compared to maps based solely on indirect gradients. By focusing efforts on direct as opposed to indirect gradient modeling, our approach is easily adaptable to mapping potential future conditions under a range of possible management actions or climate scenarios. Our methods are an example of a standard yet flexible approach for mapping fuels and fire regimes over broad areas and at multiple scales. The resulting maps provide fine-grained, broad-scale information to spatially assess both ecosystem integrity and the hazards and risks of wildland fire when making decisions about how best to restore forests of the western United States to within historical ranges and variability. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Rollins, MG (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula Fire Sci Lab, 5775 Highway 10 W, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM mrollins@fs.fed.us NR 102 TC 73 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 25 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 75 EP 95 DI 10.1890/02-5145 PG 21 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776RG UT WOS:000189130000011 ER PT J AU Lowe, WH Nislow, KH Bolger, DT AF Lowe, WH Nislow, KH Bolger, DT TI Stage-specific and interactive effects of sedimentation and trout on a headwater stream salamander SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE amphibian; brook trout; demography; forestry; Gyrinophilus porphyriticus; life history; logging; salamander; Salvelinus fontinalis; sedimentation; stream; timber harvest ID RIVER FOOD WEBS; LIFE-HISTORIES; AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; WESTERN OREGON; HABITAT; FISH; COMMUNITIES; DISPERSAL; GROWTH; SIZE AB In species with complex life cycles, stage-specific effects of environmental conditions combine with factors regulating stage-specific recruitment to determine population-level response to habitat disturbance. The abundance of the stream salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Plethodontidae) is negatively related to both logging-associated sedimentation and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in headwater streams throughout New Hampshire, USA. To understand the mechanisms underlying these patterns, we investigated stage-specific and interactive effects of sedimentation and brook trout on G. porphyriticus. We conducted quantitative surveys of salamanders, brook trout, and substrate embeddedness in 15 first-order streams and used a controlled experiment to test the direct and interactive effects of these factors on larval growth and survival. G. porphyriticus larvae and adults had opposite patterns of response to sediment and brook trout. Multiple regression analysis of our survey data indicated that abundance of larvae was negatively related to brook trout abundance, but unrelated to substrate embeddedness. In contrast, abundance of adults was primarily related to substrate embeddedness. Consistent with the field pattern of larval. abundance, brook trout had a negative effect on growth and survival of larvae in the experiment. However, there was no effect of sediment and no interaction between brook trout and sediment. Larval and adult abundances were not significantly correlated in the study streams, indicative of the independent effects of sedimentation and brook trout on G. porphyriticus populations. These results suggest that adult resistance to fish may facilitate G. porphyriticus coexistence with brook trout, and that larval resistance to sedimentation can buffer populations from extinction in fishless streams impacted by logging. In streams with brook trout, where larval abundances are low, reductions in adult abundance caused by logging impacts may pose a risk to species persistence. Our findings underscore the value of information on species life history, demography, and community ecology in assessing sensitivity, to anthropogenic perturbation. C1 Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Univ Massachusetts, USDA Forest Serv NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Environm Studies Program, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Lowe, WH (reprint author), Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. EM lowew@ecostudies.org NR 83 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 4 U2 22 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 164 EP 172 DI 10.1890/02-5336 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776RG UT WOS:000189130000016 ER PT J AU Morgan, JA Mosier, AR Milchunas, DG LeCain, DR Nelson, JA Parton, WJ AF Morgan, JA Mosier, AR Milchunas, DG LeCain, DR Nelson, JA Parton, WJ TI CO2 enhances productivity, alters species composition, and reduces digestibility of shortgrass steppe vegetation SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Bouteloua gracilis; C-3; C-4; carbon dioxide (CO2); digestibility; forage quality; global change; grassland; Pascopyrum smithii; recruitment; Stipa comata ID PASCOPYRUM-SMITHII C-3; ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; BOUTELOUA-GRACILIS C-4; CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE ECOSYSTEM; WATER RELATIONS; BIOMASS PRODUCTION; GAS-EXCHANGE; SOIL-WATER; GRASSLAND AB The impact of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations has been studied in a number of field experiments, but little information exists on the response of semiarid rangelands to CO2, or on the consequences for forage quality. This study was initiated to study the CO2 response of the shortgrass steppe, an important semiarid grassland on the western edge of the North American Great Plains, used extensively for livestock grazing. The experiment was conducted for five years on native vegetation at the USDA-ARS Central Plains Experimental Range in northeastern Colorado, USA. Three perennial grasses dominate the study site, Bouteloua gracilis, a C-4 grass, and two C, grasses, Pascopyrum smithii and Stipa comata. The three species comprise 88% of the aboveground phytomass. To evaluate responses to rising atmospheric CO2, we utilized six open-top chambers, three with ambient air and three with air CO2 enriched to 720 mumol/mol, as well as three unchambered controls. We found that elevated CO2 enhanced production of the shortgrass steppe throughout the study, with 41% greater aboveground phytomass harvested annually in elevated compared to ambient plots. The CO2-induced production response was driven by a single species, S. comata, and was due in part to greater seedling recruitment. The result was species movement toward a composition more typical of the mixed-grass prairie. Growth under elevated CO2 reduced the digestibility of all three dominant grass species. Digestibility was also lowest in the only species to exhibit a CO2-induced production enhancement, S. comata. The results suggest that rising atmospheric CO2 may enhance production of lower quality, forage and a species composition shift toward a greater C-3 component. C1 USDA ARS, Rangeland Resources Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Morgan, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rangeland Resources Res Unit, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM morgan@lamar.colostate.edu NR 57 TC 88 Z9 92 U1 2 U2 28 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 208 EP 219 DI 10.1890/02-5213 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776RG UT WOS:000189130000019 ER PT J AU Ortega, YK Pearson, DE McKelvey, KS AF Ortega, YK Pearson, DE McKelvey, KS TI Effects of biological control agents and exotic plant invasion on deer mouse populations SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biological control agents; Centaurea maculosa; deer mice; exotic plants; food subsidies; spotted knapweed; Lolo National Forest, Montana, USA; nontarget effects; Peromyscus maniculatus; Urophora spp ID KNAPWEED CENTAUREA-MACULOSA; UROPHORA-AFFINIS DIPTERA; GLACIER NATIONAL-PARK; SPOTTED KNAPWEED; PEROMYSCUS-MANICULATUS; UNITED-STATES; RODENT POPULATIONS; NATIVE BUNCHGRASS; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; HOST-SPECIFICITY AB Exotic insects are commonly introduced as biological control agents to reduce densities of invasive exotic plants. Although current biocontrol programs for weeds take precautions to minimize ecological risks, little attention is paid to the potential nontarget effects of introduced food subsidies on native consumers. Previous research demonstrated that two gall flies (Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata) introduced for biological control of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) dramatically affect the foraging ecology of the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), a native generalist predator with important trophic linkages. In the current study, we found that relative abundance of deer mice was elevated twofold in grassland habitats with high densities of spotted knapweed and gall fly food sources, compared to those dominated by native vegetation, in two of three years. Availability of gall fly larvae during the critical overwinter period appeared to reduce overwinter population declines of mice in knap weed-invaded habitats. These positive effects on populations apparently overshadowed negative effects on breeding productivity associated with knapweed invasion and loss of the gall fly resource during the summer. Our results suggest that insect biocontrol agents can subsidize native consumer populations, setting the stage for various indirect effects on food webs. Comprehensive understandings of the conditions under which introduced biological control agents may exhibit nontarget effects on native food webs are needed to further develop criteria for screening potential biocontrol agents before they are released. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Ortega, YK (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM yortega@fs.fed.us NR 90 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 20 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 241 EP 253 DI 10.1890/02-5276 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776RG UT WOS:000189130000021 ER PT J AU Manley, PN Zielinski, WJ Schlesinger, MD Mori, SR AF Manley, PN Zielinski, WJ Schlesinger, MD Mori, SR TI Evaluation of a multiple-species approach to monitoring species at the ecoregional scale SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE biological diversity; conservation strategies; choosing; inventory; land management; management actions; assessing success of; monitoring; populations; Sierra Nevada (California, USA); species monitoring; multiple-species approach; survey; vertebrate population distributions ID BODY-MASS; PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; GEOGRAPHIC APPROACH; BIRD POPULATIONS; PRESENCE-ABSENCE; HABITAT MODELS; ATLAS DATA; MANAGEMENT AB Monitoring is required of land managers and conservation practitioners to assess the success of management actions. "Shortcuts" are sought to reduce monitoring costs, most often consisting of the selection of a small number of species that are closely monitored to represent the status of many associated species and environmental correlates. Assumptions associated with such shortcuts have been challenged, yet alternative approaches remain scant. We evaluated an approach that departs significantly from the approach of selecting a few representative species. We explored two primary assertions: (1) that a coordinated multiple-species monitoring effort that collects presence-absence data on a broad range of species is a robust alternative to a few intensive single-species efforts, and (2) that the vertebrate species expected to be detected using this approach are numerous and diverse enough to represent all vertebrate species. We simulated monitoring the vertebrate species pool on an existing sample grid across the 7 million ha of public lands in the Sierra Nevada (USA) ecoregion. Based on the use of eight standard presence-absence protocols, we estimated the number of vertebrate species (excluding fish) with an adequate number of sample points within their range to detect greater than or equal to20% relative change in the proportion of points with detections between two points in time. We estimated that adequate detections would be obtained for 76% of the 465 vertebrate species, including 83% of all birds, 76% of all mammals, 65% of all reptiles, and 44% of all amphibians. Detection adequacy varied among life-history and ecological groups, but >50% of the species were adequately detected in every group with the exception of three groups: rare species, endemic species, and species of concern (33%, 24%, and 47% of associated species adequately detected, respectively). A multiple-species monitoring approach represents an effective and feasible alternative to the challenges of large-scale monitoring needs by targeting the most basic of population data for a large number and breadth of species. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Stn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Pacific SW Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. USDA Forest Serv, Pacific SW Stn, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Manley, PN (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Stn, 2121 2nd St,Suite A-101, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM pmanley@fs.fed.us NR 124 TC 70 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 44 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 14 IS 1 BP 296 EP 310 DI 10.1890/02-5249 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 776RG UT WOS:000189130000025 ER PT J AU Raimondo, S Liebhold, AM Strazanac, JS Butler, L AF Raimondo, S Liebhold, AM Strazanac, JS Butler, L TI Population synchrony within and among Lepidoptera species in relation to weather, phylogeny, and larval phenology SO ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cross-correlation; interspecific synchrony; Lepidoptera; spatial synchrony; weather ID NOMADIC AVIAN PREDATORS; SPATIAL SYNCHRONY; ENVIRONMENTAL CORRELATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SYNCHRONY; TRAP CATCHES; DYNAMICS; CYCLES; SCALE; DISPERSAL; FLUCTUATIONS AB 1. The population dynamics of native herbivore species in central Appalachian deciduous forests were studied by analysing patterns of synchrony among intra- and interspecific populations and weather. 2. Spatial synchrony of 10 Lepidoptera species and three weather variables (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation) from 12 sites was measured using cross-correlation functions relating levels of synchrony to the distance separating each set of populations. Based on both the pattern of synchrony and the region-wide cross-correlation coefficients, Lepidoptera species appear to be synchronised, at least in part, by local weather conditions. 3. Interspecific cross-correlations were calculated for all sympatric species pairs and trends in interspecific synchrony were related to phylogenetic relatedness, life-history timing, and weather. Interspecific synchrony was highest among species whose larvae were present during the same time of the season, but there was no relationship between interspecific synchrony and phylogenetic affinity. 4. Spatial synchrony of weather variables was significantly related to both species of some interspecific pairs, indicating weather as a potential mechanism involved in synchronising populations of different species. C1 US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Morgantown, WV USA. W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Raimondo, S (reprint author), US EPA, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM raimondo.sandy@epa.gov RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 44 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 4 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0307-6946 J9 ECOL ENTOMOL JI Ecol. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 29 IS 1 BP 96 EP 105 DI 10.1111/j.0307-6946.2004.00579.x PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 771YD UT WOS:000188812900011 ER PT J AU Gardner, RH Gustafson, EJ AF Gardner, RH Gustafson, EJ TI Simulating dispersal of reintroduced species within heterogeneous landscapes SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE dispersal model; landscape heterogeneity; prey availability; predation risk; movement behavior; prediction uncertainty; American marten ID EXPLICIT POPULATION-MODELS; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; PATCH SIZE; CONNECTIVITY; MOVEMENT; METAPOPULATION; COMPETITION; EXTINCTION; SURVIVAL; COLONIZATION AB This paper describes the development and application of a spatially explicit, individual based model of animal dispersal (J-walk) to determine the relative effects of landscape heterogeneity, prey availability, predation risk, and the energy requirements and behavior of dispersing organisms on dispersal success. Significant unknowns exist for the simulation of complex movement behavior within heterogeneous landscapes. Therefore, initial simulations with J-walk examined the relative effect of landscape patterns and species-specific characteristics on dispersal success. Differences in landscape pattern were simulated by random generation of fractal maps with average available energy (i.e. prey) and predation risk expressed as a function of habitat type. Variation in species-specific patterns were then simulated by a series of scenarios that varied the response of dispersing individuals to habitat heterogeneity, including: habitat selection to maximize energy intake, habitat selection to minimize predation risk, or habitat selection contingent on energy reserves. Results showed that significant shifts in dispersal could be related to (1) the unique spatial arrangement of habitat within each map, (2) changes in relative prey abundance, and (3) variation in the relationship between energy availability and predation risk. Hypothetical management scenarios were used to identify critical data needed to assure the persistence of reintroduced populations of American martens (Martes americana). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Lab, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Gardner, RH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Lab, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. EM gardner@al.umces.edu; egustafson@fs.fed.us NR 71 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 171 IS 4 BP 339 EP 358 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.08.008 PG 20 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 774QJ UT WOS:000188994300002 ER PT J AU Safford, HD Harrison, S AF Safford, HD Harrison, S TI Fire effects on plant diversity in serpentine vs. sandstone chaparral SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chaparral; California (USA); disturbance; fire; productivity; serpentine; species diversity; species richness ID SPECIES-RICHNESS; COMMUNITIES; DISTURBANCE; MAINTENANCE; GERMINATION; INTENSITY; SHRUBS; HERBS AB Fire contributes to the maintenance of species diversity in many plant communities, but few studies have compared its impacts in similar communities that vary in such attributes as soils and productivity. We compared how a wildfire affected plant diversity in chaparral vegetation on serpentine and sandstone soils. We hypothesized that because biomass and cover are lower in serpentine chaparral, space and light are less limiting, and therefore postfire increases in plant species diversity would be lower than in sandstone chaparral. In 40 pairs of burned and unburned 250-m(2) plots, we measured changes in the plant community after a fire for three years. The diversity of native and exotic species increased more in response to fire in sandstone than serpentine chaparral, at both the local (plot) and regional (whole study) scales. In serpentine compared with sandstone chaparral, specialized fire-dependent species were less prevalent, mean fire Severity was lower, mean time since last fire was longer, postfire shrub recruitment was lower, and regrowth of biomass was slower. Within each chaparral type, the responses of diversity to fire were positively correlated with prefire shrub cover and with a number of measures of soil fertility. Fire severity was negatively related to the postfire change in diversity in sandstone chaparral, and unimodally related to the postfire change in diversity in serpentine chaparral. Our results suggest that the effects of fire on less productive plant communities like serpentine chaparral may be less pronounced, although longer lasting, than the effects of fire on similar but more productive communities. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Reg, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Safford, HD (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Reg, 1323 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA 94592 USA. EM hughsafford@fs.fed.us NR 45 TC 39 Z9 44 U1 4 U2 34 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD FEB PY 2004 VL 85 IS 2 BP 539 EP 548 DI 10.1890/03-0039 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 801PV UT WOS:000220108700023 ER PT J AU Tertuliano, M Olson, DM Rains, GC Lewis, WJ AF Tertuliano, M Olson, DM Rains, GC Lewis, WJ TI Influence of handling and conditioning protocol on learning and memory of Microplitis croceipes SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Microplitis croceipes; Hymenoptera; Braconidae; 3-octanone; training; reinforcement; hunger state; memory ID HOST; HYMENOPTERA; BRACONIDAE AB Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) learns odors in association with both hosts and food. The food-associated 'seeking' behavior of M. croceipes was investigated under various training protocols utilizing the conditioning odor, 3-octanone. We investigated the effects of odor training, or its lack, training duration, training frequency, time elapsed after training, wasp hunger state, and training reinforcement, on the food-seeking responses of M. croceipes females. We found that odor-trained females show strong food seeking responses, whereas non-odor-trained females do not respond to the odor, and that a single 10 s association with the odor whilst feeding on sugar water subsequently conditioned the wasps to exhibiting significant responses to it. Increases in training time to more than 10 s did not improve their responses. Repetition of the food-odor associations increased a wasp's recall, as well as its response over time, compared to a single exposure. Repeated exposure to the learned odor in the absence of a food reward decreased the responses of less hungry individuals. However, the level of response increased significantly following a single reinforcement with the food-odor association. Understanding the factors that influence learning in parasitoids can enhance our ability to predict their foraging behavior, and opens up avenues for the development of effective biological detectors. C1 ARS, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Lewis, WJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. EM wjl@tifton.uga.edu NR 16 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 110 IS 2 BP 165 EP 172 DI 10.1111/j.0013-8703.2004.00132.x PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 768JT UT WOS:000188540400009 ER PT J AU Sinclair, TR Ray, JD Premazzi, LM Mislevy, P AF Sinclair, TR Ray, JD Premazzi, LM Mislevy, P TI Photosynthetic photon flux density influences grass responses to extended photoperiod SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE forage grasses; mass accumulation; photoperiod; photosynthetic photon flux density ID SOYBEANS AB While plant sensitivity to extended photoperiod has been well documented, virtually no attention has been given to the possibility that low-level photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) during the extended photoperiod has an influence on the expression of the photoperiodic response. This study was undertaken with four grasses (Pensacola bahiagrass, Paspalum notatum Flugge, Tifton 85 bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon L., Florakirk bermudagrass, Florona stargrass, Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis) grown under field conditions to examine their photoperiodic responses under a PPFD gradient. Individual lamps were positioned above each experimental plot to impose a PPFD gradient (from 0.1 to 30 mumol m(-2) s(-1)) during the extended photoperiod treatment. The experiment was undertaken during two seasons of short daylengths and plant responses were measured as mass accumulation and height. There was a linear increase in both measured variables with increasing PPFD up to a level where the plant responses were light saturated. Saturating PPFD was generally consistent between mass accumulation and height within a species, but there were substantial differences among grasses. Grasses with the greatest relative increase in mass accumulation under saturating PPFD for the extended photoperiod also were found to require the greatest PPFD for saturation. Overall, these results provided original observations on the quantitative response of plants to PPFD showing that there was a linear increase in response at very low PPFD and a saturating PPFD that varied among the grasses. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Univ Florida, Range Cattle Res & Educ Ctr, IFAS, Ona, FL 33865 USA. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, POB 110965, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM tsincl@mail.ifas.ufl.edu NR 9 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 51 IS 1 BP 69 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(03)00061-3 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 764JE UT WOS:000188203100007 ER PT J AU Zhang, QH Aldrich, JR AF Zhang, QH Aldrich, JR TI Attraction of scavenging chloropid and milichiid flies (Diptera) to metathoracic scent gland compounds of plant bugs (Heteroptera : Miridae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE grass flies; Olcella; kairomone; anautogenous hexyl butanoate ID SEX-PHEROMONE; KLEPTOPARASITIC FLIES; CHEMICAL ATTRACTION; OLCELLA-PARVA; IDENTIFICATION; VOLATILES; COLORADO; SPIDERS; ACID AB Hexyl butyrate and (E) -2-hexenyl butyrate, common metathoracie scent gland compounds-of plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae), attracted large numbers of female chloropid [Olcella trigramma (Loew), O. cinerea, Conioscinella sp.] and milichiid (Leptometopa latipes Meigen) flies. Blends of these two butyrates attracted significantly more chloropids than did the compounds individually. The optimal synergistic ratios for O. trigramma attraction ranged from 1:1-9:1 hexyl butyrate to hexenyl butyrate. These values are similar to natural ratios of the compounds in the scent gland secretion from tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolairis, and Other mirids. Antennae of female O. trigramma gave strong electrophysiological responses. to (E)-2-hexenyl and hexyl butyrates, whereas electroantennogram responses to butyl butyrate and pentyl butyrate were insignificant. (E) -2-octenyl acetate, one of the major sex pheromone components of mirids in the genus Phytocoris, was strongly attractive to the milichiid, L. latipes, and another pheromone component of Phytocoris bugs, hexyl acetate, was inactive alone, yet synergized the attraction of the milichfid and three chloropid species to (E) -2-octenyl acetate. Traps baited with (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate, a volatile component of various heteropterans, were significantly attractive to both O. cinerea and L. latipes, whereas addition of gamma-caprolactone and green leaf alcohols significantly reduced the numbers of both fly species caught. Our results suggest that females of these. chloropid and milichiid flies use volatile defensive and pheromonal compounds from plant bugs as kairomones to find freshly injured or dead bugs on which to feed. The sex-specific attraction might indicate that females of these flies need a protein-rich meal for maximum fecundity, as do anautogenous mosquitoes. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Zhang, QH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM aldrichj@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 38 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 33 IS 1 BP 12 EP 20 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 779QH UT WOS:000189311200002 ER PT J AU Kopper, BJ Klepzig, KD Raffa, KF AF Kopper, BJ Klepzig, KD Raffa, KF TI Components of antagonism and mutualism in Ips pini-fungal interactions: Relationship to a life history of colonizing highly stressed and dead trees SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bark beetles; Ophiostoma ips; ophiostomatoid fungi; symbiosis; insect-fungal interaction ID DENDROCTONUS-FRONTALIS COLEOPTERA; BARK BEETLES COLEOPTERA; CERATOCYSTIS-MINOR; MYCANGIAL FUNGI; SYMBIOTIC FUNGI; PONDEROSAE COLEOPTERA; BLUESTAIN FUNGUS; LOBLOLLY-PINE; INNER BARK; SCOLYTIDAE AB Efforts to describe the complex relationships between bark beetles and the ophiostomatoid (stain) fungi they transport have largely resulted in a dichotomous classification. These symbioses have been viewed as either mutualistic (i.e., fungi help bark beetles colonize living trees by overcoming tree Menses or by providing nutrients after colonization in return for transport to a host) or antagonistic (i.e., fungi compete for a limited resource and reduce brood development with no apparent benefit to the beetle). We investigated several components of one beetle-fungus interaction. Specifically, we addressed whether beetle entry into, and development within, a host tree vary with the degree of colonization by ophiostomatoid fungi. Ips pini (Say) transports several species of ophiostomatoid fungi, the most common being Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannfeldt, in the process of colonizing its host, Pinus resinosa Aitman. We introduced this fungus 0, 3, 7, and 10 d before beetle entry to characterize its effects on L pini colonization and development. This sequence allowed quantification of temporal effects and comparison of results with other systems. Fungal growth was greatest when inoculated before beetle colonization. Fungal colonization reduced beetle entry into logs, but increased brood production. Mate capture was not significantly affected by fungal growth. The benefits imparted by O. ips to its beetle vector during brood development are compared with results from other systems. This difference may in part be related to the exploitation of highly stressed and dead trees, rather than vigorous hosts, by I. pini. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Kopper, BJ (reprint author), USDA, APHIS Plant Protect & Quarantine, Madison, WI 53726 USA. NR 56 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 10 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 33 IS 1 BP 28 EP 34 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 779QH UT WOS:000189311200004 ER PT J AU Mowery, SV Campbell, JF Mullen, MA Broce, AB AF Mowery, SV Campbell, JF Mullen, MA Broce, AB TI Response of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera : Silvanidae) to food odor emanating through consumer packaging films SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Oryzaephilus surinamensis; sawtoothed grain beetle; stored products; packaging; olfaction AB The sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), is an important pest of packaged consumer foods, yet little is known of its behavioral response to food odors. Adults and larvae are not believed to chew holes through packaging materials, but they may invade packaged food by entering through openings caused by improper sealing or handling, through holes intentionally placed in packages by the manufacturer, or through openings made by insects or other organisms. To better understand the mechanism of infestation of packaged foods by the sawtoothed grain beetle, we determined how food odor coming through the surface and through holes in consumer food packaging materials influences female sawtoothed grain beetle movement. Mated female beetles responded with an area-concentrated search to the odor of dog food emitted from 0.5-mm-diameter holes punctured in two commonly used food packaging materials (Cello and 120 AB-X). Holes emitting no food odor did not influence beetle behavior. Velocity and distance moved differed between film types, perhaps because of surface characteristics of the film influencing traction, but no influence of food odors coming through the films was detected. This study indicates the necessity for improved package designs and better sealing and handling methods to prevent flaws in packaging through which insects may enter. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. ARS, USDA, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Mowery, SV (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SPARC, 2771 F&B Rd,Bldg 2, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM campbell@gmprc.ksu.edu RI Campbell, James/J-9901-2012 NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ANNAPOLIS PA 3 PARK PLACE, STE 307, ANNAPOLIS, MD 21401-3722 USA SN 0046-225X EI 1938-2936 J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 33 IS 1 BP 75 EP 80 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 779QH UT WOS:000189311200009 ER PT J AU Blackmer, JL Hagler, JR Simmons, GS Canas, LA AF Blackmer, JL Hagler, JR Simmons, GS Canas, LA TI Comparative dispersal of Homalodisca coagulata and Homalodisca liturata (Homoptera : Cicadellidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glassy-winged sharpshooter; smoke tree sharpshooter; IgG protein markers; diffusion model; yellow sticky traps ID VERTICAL FLIGHT CHAMBER; BEMISIA-TABACI; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; XYLELLA-FASTIDIOSA; LEAFHOPPER VECTORS; PIERCES DISEASE; DIFFUSION-MODEL; AMINO-ACIDS; RECAPTURE; HEMIPTERA AB California's viticulture and ornamental industries have suffered significant losses since the introduction of Homalodisca coagulata (Say), an important vector of the Pierce's disease bacterium. A better understanding of the factors that influence the dispersal of H. coagulata, as well as other native sharpshooters could enhance our ability to institute areawide management programs. Studies were conducted to establish the validity of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) protein marker for sharpshooter dispersal studies, to compare the dispersal of H. coagulata with that of a native sharpshooter Homalodisca liturata Ball, and to develop a better understanding of the factors that influence their dispersal. Field trials showed that the marker remained detectable for at least 19 d and did not affect sharpshooter survival. Four concentrations (0.04, 0.2, 1, and 5 mg/ml) and two different IgG markers (chicken and rabbit) were effective for marking sharpshooters. In mass-mark-recapture studies, approximate to95% of the marked insects flew during the releases and the timing of flight initiation was similar for H. coagulata and H. liturata. Mean wind speeds >3 m s(-1) were associated with a decline in flight initiation for both species. Most sharpshooters were trapped at heights below 4.2 m, and based on sex ratio comparisons, traps were equally attractive to males and females. Regression analyses of recapture data and a diffusion model were used to assess and compare sharpshooter dispersal. The majority (95%) of H. coagulata and H. liturata were recaptured within 90 and 155 m of the release site, respectively. C1 ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, USDA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Blackmer, JL (reprint author), ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, USDA, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EM jblackmer@wcrl.ars.usda.gov NR 45 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 13 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 33 IS 1 BP 88 EP 99 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 779QH UT WOS:000189311200011 ER PT J AU Magner, JA Payne, GA Steffen, LJ AF Magner, JA Payne, GA Steffen, LJ TI Drainage effects on stream nitrate-N and hydrology in south-central Minnesota (USA) SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE channel geomorphology; denitrification; drainage; floodplain; nitrate-nitrogen; peak flow ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; TILE DRAINAGE; SYSTEMS AB Excessive nitrate-N in south-central Minnesota ditches and streams is related to land-use change, and may be contributing to the development of the zone of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Intensive land-use (agricultural management) has progressively increased as subsurface drainage has improved crop productivity over the past 25 years. We have examined water at varying scales for delta(18)O and, nitrate-N concentrations. Additionally, analysis of annual peak flows, and channel geomorphic features provided a measure of hydrologic change. Laboratory and field results indicate that agricultural drainage has influenced riverine source waters, concentrations of nitrate-N, channel dimensions and hydrology in the Blue Earth River (BER) Basin. At the mouth of the BER shallow ground water comprises the largest source water component. The highest nitrate-N concentrations in the BER and tributaries typically occurred in May and June and ranged from 7-34 mg L-1. Peak flows for the 1.01-2-yr recurrence intervals increased by 20-to-206% over the past 25 years. Geomorphic data suggest that small channels (ditches) were entrenched by design, whereas, natural channels incised. Increased frequent peak flows in the BER have created laterally confined channels that are disconnected from an accessible riparian corridor. Frequent access to a functioning riparian zone is important for denitrification. C1 Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, St Paul, MN USA. US Geol Survey, Moundsview, MN USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Magner, JA (reprint author), Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, St Paul, MN USA. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 91 IS 1-3 BP 183 EP 198 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000009235.50413.42 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 754VU UT WOS:000187353700009 PM 14969443 ER PT J AU Riitters, KH Wickham, JD Coulston, JW AF Riitters, KH Wickham, JD Coulston, JW TI A preliminary assessment of Montreal Process indicators of forest fragmentation for the United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE fragmentation; land cover; Montreal Process; national assessment; spatial pattern ID PATTERNS AB As part of the U. S. 2003 National Report on Sustainable Forests, four metrics of forest fragmentation - patch size, edge amount, inter-patch distance, and patch contrast - were measured within 137 744 non-overlapping 5625 ha analysis units on land-cover maps derived from satellite imagery for the 48 conterminous States. The perimeter of a typical forest patch is about 100 m from the perimeter of its nearest neighbor, except when there is not much forest, in which case that distance is 200 to 300 m. A typical analysis unit has from 10 to 40% as much forest edge as it could possibly have, given the amount of forest present. Most analysis units contain a large number of patches that are less than one hectare in size, and about 10% contain one or more 2000 to 5000 ha patches. Forest often defines the background landscape, and patch contrast is generally either very high or very low in eastern regions and intermediate in western regions. Many research needs were identified by this experimental analysis of available data and metrics. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Riitters, KH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 91 IS 1-3 BP 257 EP 276 DI 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000009240.65355.92 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 754VU UT WOS:000187353700014 PM 14969448 ER PT J AU Casey, FXM Hakk, H Simunek, J Larsen, GL AF Casey, FXM Hakk, H Simunek, J Larsen, GL TI Fate and transport of testosterone in agricultural soils SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 2-SITE 2-REGION MODELS; POND SOUTHERN GERMANY; ORGANIC-CARBON; 17-BETA-ESTRADIOL; DEGRADATION; PESTICIDES; HORMONES; SYSTEMS; SEDIMENT; STEROIDS AB Hormones excreted in animal waste have been measured in surface and groundwater associated with manure that is applied to the land surface. Limited studies have been done on the fate and transport of androgenic hormones in soils. In this study, batch and column experiments were used to identify the fate and transport of radiolabeled [C-14] testosterone in agricultural soils, The batch results indicated that aqueous-phase concentrations decreased for the first 5 h and then appeared to increase through time. The first-order sorption kinetics ranged from 0.08 to 0.640 h(-1) for the first 5 h. Beyond 5 In the increase in aqueous C-14 could have been caused by desorption of testosterone back into the aqueous phase. However, metabolites were also produced beyond 5 h and would have likely resulted in the increase in aqueous C-14 by sorption site competition and/or by lower sorption affinity. There were weak correlations of sorption with soil particle size, organic matter, and specific surface area. Testosterone was the dominant compound present in the soil column effluents, and a fully kinetic-sorption, chemical nonequilibrium model was used to describe the data. Column experiment sorption estimates were lower than the batch, which resulted from rate-limiting sorption due to the advective transport. The column degradation coefficients (0.404-0.600 h(-1)) were generally higher than values reported in the literature for 17beta-estradiol. Although it was found that testosterone degraded more readily than 17beta-estradiol, it appeared to have a greater potential to migrate in the soil because it was not as strongly sorbed. This study underlined the importance of the simultaneous transformation and sorption processes in the transport of hormones through soils. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Anim Metab Agrochem Res Unit, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Casey, FXM (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. EM francis.casey@ndsu.nodak.edu RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; Casey, Francis/A-2135-2010 OI Casey, Francis/0000-0002-6035-7234 NR 32 TC 81 Z9 86 U1 4 U2 41 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 3 BP 790 EP 798 DI 10.1021/es034822i PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 769NE UT WOS:000188656000032 PM 14968866 ER PT J AU Karthikeyan, KG Tshabalala, MA Wang, D Kalbasi, M AF Karthikeyan, KG Tshabalala, MA Wang, D Kalbasi, M TI Solution chemistry effects on orthophosphate adsorption by cationized solid wood residues SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-METAL IONS; PHOSPHATE ADSORPTION; POLYMERIC HYDROGELS; MODIFIED BARKS; SORPTION; REMOVAL; PHOSPHORUS; ALUMINUM; AQUACULTURE; EQUATION AB Adsorption of orthophosphate anions in aqueous solution by cationized milled solid wood residues was characterized as a function of sorbate-to-sorbent ratio(approximate to0.001-2.58 mmol of P/g substrate), pH (3-9), ionic strength, / (no / control; 0.001 and 0.01 M NaCl), reaction time (4 min to 24 h), and in the presence of other competing anions (0.08-50 mM SO42-; 0.08-250 mM NO3-). Sorption isotherms revealed the presence of two kinds of adsorption sites corresponding to high and low binding affinities for orthophosphate anions. Consequently, a two-site Langmuir equation was needed to adequately describe the data over a range of solution conditions. In addition to higher sorption capacity, cationized bark possessed a higher binding energy for orthophosphate anions compared to cationized wood. The sorption capacity and binding energy for bark were 0.47 mmol of P g(-1) and 295.7 L mmol(-1), respectively, and for wood, the corresponding values were 0.27 mmol g(-1) and 61.4 L mmol(-1). Both the sorption capacity and binding energy decreased with increasing /, due to competition from Cl- ions for the available anion-exchange sites. The surface charge characteristics of cationized bark (pH(zpc)= 7.9) acted in concert with orthophosphate speciation to create a pH-dependent sorption behavior. Orthophosphate uptake was quite rapid and attained equilibrium levels after 3 h. Both SO42- and NO3- influenced percent removal but required high relative competing anion to H2PO4- molar ratios, i.e., 2.5-3 for SO42- and 25 for NO3-, to cause appreciable reduction. These results support our hypothesis that adsorption of orthophosphate anions on cationized bark involves ion exchange and other specific Lewis acid-base interactions. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53726 USA. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Karthikeyan, KG (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, 460 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM kkarthikeyan@wisc.edu NR 29 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 3 BP 904 EP 911 DI 10.1021/es034819z PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 769NE UT WOS:000188656000047 PM 14968881 ER PT J AU Shin, EW Han, JS Jang, M Min, SH Park, JK Rowell, RM AF Shin, EW Han, JS Jang, M Min, SH Park, JK Rowell, RM TI Phosphate adsorption on aluminum-impregnated mesoporous silicates: Surface structure and behavior of adsorbents SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATE RETENTION MECHANISMS; WASTE-WATER; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; PILLARED CLAYS; REMOVAL; PHOSPHORUS; OXIDATION; ARSENATE; OXIDES; XPS AB Phosphorus from excess fertilizers and detergents ends up washing into lakes, creeks, and rivers. This overabundance of phosphorus causes excessive aquatic plant and algae growth and depletes the dissolved oxygen supply in the water. In this study, aluminum-impregnated mesoporous adsorbents were tested for their ability to remove phosphate from water. The surface structure of the materials was investigated with X-ray diffraction (XRD), a N-2 adsorption-desorption technique, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to understand the effect of surface properties on the adsorption behavior of phosphate. The mesoporous materials were loaded with Al components by reaction with surface silanol groups. In the adsorption test, the Al-impregnated mesoporous materials showed fast adsorption kinetics as well as high adsorption capacities, compared with activated alumina. The uniform mesopores of the Al-impregnated mesoporous materials caused the diffusion rate in the adsorption process to increase, which in turn caused the fast adsorption kinetics. High phosphate adsorption capacities of the Al-impregnated mesoporous materials were attributed to not only the increase of surface hydroxyl density on Al oxide due to well-dispersed impregnation of Al components but also the decrease in stoichiometry of surface hydroxyl ions to phosphate by the formation of monodentate surface complexes. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53726 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Shin, EW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, 460 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM eshin90@yahoo.com RI Jang, Min/J-2230-2012 OI Jang, Min/0000-0003-2700-7256 NR 39 TC 168 Z9 183 U1 9 U2 80 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 38 IS 3 BP 912 EP 917 DI 10.1021/es.030488e PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 769NE UT WOS:000188656000048 PM 14968882 ER PT J AU Shin, EW Han, JS Min, SH AF Shin, EW Han, JS Min, SH TI Removal of phosphorus from water using lignocellulosic material modified with iron species from acid mine drainage SO ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lignocellulosic material; acid mine drainage; iron species; phosphorus removal ID WASTE-WATER; METAL-IONS; ADSORPTION; PHOSPHATE; KINETICS; EQUILIBRIUM; EXCHANGERS; SORBENT AB Lignocellulosic biosorbents, including juniper fiber, show promise as sorbents for removing pollutants from wastewater runoff because of their low cost. In this study, juniper fiber modified with iron species from acid mine drainage (AMD) was tested for its capacity to remove phosphorus from water compared to unmodified juniper fiber. In batch tests, the maximum adsorbate loading (Q(max)) of phosphorus onto the modified adsorbent was 1.83 mg g(-1) at pH 4.0, obtained by fitting the isotherm results to the Langmuir isotherm model. This value is similar to the sorption capacity of other conventional adsorbents such as goethite, which implies that the modified lignocellulosic material would be effective as a sorbent for removing phosphorus from water. In the kinetic test, the pseudo-second order kinetic model fitted well the sorption of phosphorus onto the modified filter medium, showing the kinetic constant (k) of 8.09 x 10(-2) g(mg min)(-1) at initial phosphorus concentration of 10 mg l(-1). C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53726 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Shin, EW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53726 USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU SELPER LTD, PUBLICATIONS DIV PI LONDON PA 79 RUSTHALL AVENUE, LONDON W4 1BN, ENGLAND SN 0959-3330 J9 ENVIRON TECHNOL JI Environ. Technol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 25 IS 2 BP 185 EP 191 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 835VJ UT WOS:000222513300006 PM 15116876 ER PT J AU Knothe, G Kenar, JA AF Knothe, G Kenar, JA TI Determination of the fatty acid profile by H-1-NMR spectroscopy SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fatty acid methyl esters; fatty acid profile; gas chromatography; nuclear magnetic resonance; triacylglycerols; vegetable oils ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; C-13 NMR; IODINE VALUE; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; OIL COMPOSITION; EDIBLE OILS; OLIVE OILS; FISH OILS; MIXTURES; CHEMISTRY AB The common unsaturated fatty acids present in many vegetable oils (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) can be quantitated by H-1-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-1-NMR). A key feature is that the signals of the terminal methyl group of linolenic acid are shifted downfield from the corresponding signals in the other fatty acids, permitting their separate integration and quantitation of linolenic acid. Then, using the integration values of the signals of the allylic and bis-allylic protons, oleic and linoleic acids can be quantitated. The procedure was verified for mixtures of triacylglycerols (vegetable oils) and methyl esters of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids as well as palmitic and stearic acids. Generally, the NMR (400 MHz) results were in good agreement with gas chromatographic (GC) analyses. As the present H-1-NMR-based procedure can be applied to neat vegetable oils, the preparation of derivatives for GC would be unnecessary. The present method is extended to quantitating saturated (palmitic and stearic) acids, although in this case the results deviate more strongly from actual values and GC analyses. Alternatives to the iodine value (allylic position equivalents and bis-allylic position equivalents) can be derived directly from the integration values of the allylic and bis-allylic protons. C1 ARS, USDA, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Knothe, G (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NCAUR, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM knothegh@ncaur.usda.gov NR 31 TC 181 Z9 185 U1 7 U2 62 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1438-7697 J9 EUR J LIPID SCI TECH JI Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 106 IS 2 BP 88 EP 96 DI 10.1002/ejlt.200300880 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 779GF UT WOS:000189286400003 ER PT J AU Liu, Q Shang, F Guo, WM Hobbs, M Valverde, P Reddy, V Taylor, A AF Liu, Q Shang, F Guo, WM Hobbs, M Valverde, P Reddy, V Taylor, A TI Regulation of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway in human lens epithelial cells during the cell cycle SO EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ubiquitin; epithelial; cell division; cell cycle; ubiquitin conjugating enzymes; ubiquitin ligase ID CDK INHIBITORS P27(KIP1); CONJUGATING ENZYME; TEMPORAL EXPRESSION; DEPENDENT PATHWAY; ACTIVATING ENZYME; IN-VIVO; DEGRADATION; GROWTH; PROTEOLYSIS; PROGRESSION AB Most proliferating cells follow a series of orderly transitions from one phase to another. These transitions are usually controlled by timed degradation of cell cycle regulators by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP). There are no published reports regarding the timing of phases of the human lens cell cycle or regarding cell cycle-related changes in UPP components. Objectives of this study were to characterize the timing of the phases of the human lens epithelial cell cycle and to explore potential functions of critical components of the UPP in controlling lens cell cycle. Human lens epithelial cells were synchronized at G0/G1 phase by contact inhibition. Cell cycle progression upon subculturing was monitored by FACS analysis. It took similar to40 hr for HLEC to complete one cell cycle, similar to20 hr for G1 phase, similar to8-10 hr for S phase and similar to10 hr for the combination of G2 and M phases. Proteasome-dependent degradation of p21(WAF) and p27(Kip), the dominant Cdk inhibitors, was associated with the G1/S phase transition in these cells. Proteasome inhibition experiments indicate that proteolysis is the predominant process which is responsible for the variations in these regulators during the cell cycle. Levels of specific ubiquitin conjugating enzymes, Ubc7 and Ubc10, increased 6 and 2-fold at the G2/M phase and S/G2/M phases, respectively. Levels of these E2s decreased precipitously upon completion of the M phase. In contrast, levels of ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1) and Ubc3 remained constant during the cell cycle. Cul1, a component of the SCF (an E3), remained relatively constant during cell cycle. The up-regulation of Ubc7 and Ubc10 during the G2/M and S/G2/M phases suggests that these enzymes may be involved in controlling the cell cycle progression at this phase. Taken together, the data indicate that expression of key components of the UPP in the human lens epithelial cells is regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Some of the variations in levels of ubiquitin conjugating enzymes are suggestive of previously undescribed functions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Michigan, Kellogg Eye Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Taylor, A (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM ataylor@hnrc.tufts.edu RI Valverde, Paloma/A-9897-2008; Guo, Weimin/B-3155-2009 OI Guo, Weimin/0000-0003-4318-7154 FU NEI NIH HHS [EY13250, EY00484, R01 EY013250-01, EY11717] NR 51 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0014-4835 J9 EXP EYE RES JI Exp. Eye Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 78 IS 2 BP 197 EP 205 DI 10.1016/j.exer.2003.11.009 PG 9 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 773TQ UT WOS:000188939200004 PM 14729352 ER PT J AU Huwe, JK Davison, K Feil, VJ Larsen, G Lorentzsen, M Zaylskie, R Tiernan, TO AF Huwe, JK Davison, K Feil, VJ Larsen, G Lorentzsen, M Zaylskie, R Tiernan, TO TI Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in cattle raised at agricultural research facilities across the USA and the influence of pentachlorophenol-treated wood SO FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins; polychlorinated dibenzofurans; cattle; pentachlorophenol; treated wood ID BEEF; EMISSIONS; EXPOSURE; HUMANS; FURANS; PCBS; COWS; AIR AB Adipose tissue samples from 158 cattle raised locally at experiment stations across the USA were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F). While 80% of the samples had PCDD/F concentrations that fell within the range of a previous US survey of beef animals (not detected -4.1 ppt toxic equivalency), several animals had exceptionally high concentrations (8-54 ppt toxic equivalency). The investigations of three facilities where highly contaminated animals were raised found pentachlorophenol-treated wood at each site. The congener pattern in the animals' tissues and the lack of elevated PCDD/F levels in other environmental samples, i.e. hay and soil, indicated that the treated wood was the source of contamination. A congener pattern similar to that of pentachlorophenol-exposed animals was seen for the means and medians of the entire data, i.e. OCDD, HpCDD and 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD dominated, the PCDD concentrations equalled or exceeded the furan concentrations, and the concentration of 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD was six times that of the other HxCDD isomers. This suggested that pentachlorophenol-treated wood contributed measurably to many of the animals in this survey. The largest contributors to the median toxic equivalencies were 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD (40%) and 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD (16%). No clear geographical trends emerged from the data. C1 ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Wright State Univ, Dept Chem, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RP Huwe, JK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. EM huwej@fargo.ars.usda.gov NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-203X J9 FOOD ADDIT CONTAM JI Food Addit. Contam. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 21 IS 2 BP 182 EP 194 DI 10.1080/02652030310001639503 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 768EC UT WOS:000188515500009 PM 14754641 ER PT J AU Buchanan, RL Edelson-Mammel, SG Boyd, G Marmer, BS AF Buchanan, RL Edelson-Mammel, SG Boyd, G Marmer, BS TI Influence of acidulant identity on the effects of pH and acid resistance on the radiation resistance of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE organic acids; cross-protection; acid tolerance; irradiation ID STATIONARY-PHASE; ORGANIC-ACIDS; FRUIT JUICES; APPLE JUICE; REDUCED PH; TOLERANCE; SURVIVAL; INACTIVATION; IRRADIATION; SALMONELLA AB The effects of pH (4.0-5.5), acid identity (acetic, citric, lactic, malic, and hydrochloric), and the induction of pH-dependent stationary phase acid resistance on the radiation resistance of E. coli 0 1 57:H7 Ent-C9490 was studied using cells grown in Tryptic Soy Broth with and without dextrose (induced and non-induced to acid resistance) and then resuspended in brain-heart infusion broth containing 5 g/l of an organic acid and acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid. After treatment with gamma radiation, the number of survivors was determined by plating on brain-heart infusion agar (injured and non-injured cells) and MacConkey agar (non-injured cells), and the data used to calculate radiation D-values. The induction of pH-dependent stationary phase acid resistance consistently provided the enterohemorrhagic E. coli strain cross-protection from subsequent irradiation, increasing radiation D-values by 1.2-3.3-fold, depending on the organic acid present. The radiation resistance of E. coli varied with acid identity, but was largely unaffected by pH within the range examined. The results indicate that induction of cross-protection resulting from induction of acid resistance is a factor that should be considered to accurately determine the radiation dose needed to inactivate enterohemorrhagic E. coli in foods. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Buchanan, RL (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 51 EP 57 DI 10.1016/S0740-0020(03)00039-X PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 759WP UT WOS:000187774400007 ER PT J AU Bhagwat, AA AF Bhagwat, AA TI Rapid detection of Salmonella from vegetable rinse-water using real-time PCR SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE food borne pathogens; microbial food safety; enteropathogens ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; QUANTITATIVE DETECTION; HUMAN PATHOGENS; SPP.; FOOD; CONTAMINATION; ENTERITIDIS; ENRICHMENT; OUTBREAK AB A PCR-based method for the detection of Salmonella spp. from fresh vegetable rinse-water was developed. The method is a modification of an existing Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC)-approved protocol and is compatible for high throughput analysis. The protocol is sensitive enough to detect contamination in mixed-salad (made up of approximately 80% leaf lettuce, 10% red cabbage and 10% carrots by weight) that was washed with water, which was artificially contaminated with Salmonella spp. at the estimated level of 1-10 cells ml(-1). The modified protocol, which includes a confirmatory melt-curve analysis of PCR products, requires 8-10 h. The method should help implementation of the HACCAP program for fresh produce. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bhagwat, AA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 002,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 38 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 21 IS 1 BP 73 EP 78 DI 10.1016/S0740-0020(03)00020-0 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 759WP UT WOS:000187774400010 ER PT J AU Wang, JX LeDoux, CB McNeel, J AF Wang, JX LeDoux, CB McNeel, J TI Optimal tree-stem bucking of northeastern species of China SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LOG BUCKING; ALLOCATION AB An application of optimal tree-stem bucking to the northeastern tree species of China is reported. The bucking procedures used in this region are summarized, which are the basic guidelines for the optimal bucking design. The directed graph approach was adopted to generate the bucking patterns by using the network analysis labeling algorithm. A computer-based bucking model was then developed based on the bucking procedures and the directed graph of the network analysis. The graphical user interface was used for the front-end of the system and the back-end was implemented via a relational data model. Bucking patterns generated by the computer bucking model were compared with the results from manual bucking for the tree species in the northeast of China. Results suggest that gains of up to about 14 percent were realized by using computer-aided bucking. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Wang, JX (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 2 BP 45 EP 52 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 776CB UT WOS:000189096500010 ER PT J AU Nicholls, D Parrent, D Pavia, KJ AF Nicholls, D Parrent, D Pavia, KJ TI The potential for developing alternate grading rules for birch lumber in Alaska SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Alaska birch lumber is often characterized by small knots and other character defects that can reduce its value when graded according to conventional hardwood lumber grading rules. In this study 626 boards (2,782 board feet of lumber) were graded; first according to standard National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) rules, and then a second time using an alternative rule that did not consider defects less than 0.5 inch in diameter to be grade-reducing defects. Mill locations included two sites in interior Alaska and two sites in south-central Alaska. With the alternative grading rule, average lumber value across all grades increased by $138.31 per thousand board feet (MBF) (versus standard NHLA rules), an increase of more than 36 percent. The lower grades of lumber exhibited the greatest potential for upgrading, both in terms of volume and value. Nearly 74 percent of lumber in grades 2A, 3A, and 3B Common was upgraded as a result of the alternative grading rules, resulting in an overall increase in value of $154.37 per MBF. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wood Utilisat Ctr, Juneau Econ Dev Council,Wood Prod Dev Serv, Sitka, AK 99835 USA. RP Nicholls, D (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wood Utilisat Ctr, Juneau Econ Dev Council,Wood Prod Dev Serv, 204 Siginaka Way, Sitka, AK 99835 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 2 BP 57 EP 60 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 776CB UT WOS:000189096500012 ER PT J AU Croan, SC AF Croan, SC TI Conversion of conifer wastes into edible and medicinal mushrooms SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FUNGUS PLEUROTUS-OSTREATUS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; FIBER NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDES; CREOSOTE-CONTAMINATED SOIL; WOOD RESIN REDUCTION; REGIUM FRIES SINGER; OPHIOSTOMA-PILIFERUM; SUBSTRATE; LIGNIN; PULP AB Mushroom-producing white-rot fungi can be used to convert woodwaste into gourmet and medicinal mushrooms. White-rot fungi do not always readily colonize on conifer wood because of its extractives content. This study evaluated the resinous extractive content of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and an unknown species of southern yellow pine before and after treatment with the extractive-degrading fungi Aureobasidium spp., Ceratocystis spp., and Ophiostoma spp. Fungal treatment removed 70 to 99.9 percent of extractives. Scanning electron microscopy showed heavy mycelial growth of the colorless isolate Ophiostoma piliferum, with good sporulation, on the surface of loblolly and southern yellow pine chips, in the resin canals, and in the parenchyma cells within 4 to 5 days. The treated wood chips were used to cultivate lignolytic mushroom-producing, white-rot basidiomycetes of various Pleurotus species and two other fungi, Grifola frondosa and Hericium erinaceus. The results show that lignolytic white-rot basidiomycetes can easily colonize and produce mushrooms on treated conifer wood chips. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53726 USA. RP Croan, SC (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53726 USA. NR 54 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 11 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 2 BP 68 EP 76 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 776CB UT WOS:000189096500014 ER PT J AU Lebow, S Foster, D Lebow, P AF Lebow, S Foster, D Lebow, P TI Rate of CCA leaching from commercially treated decking SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CHROMIUM; COPPER; SOIL AB Conflicting reports on levels of arsenic in soil beneath decks treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) have raised concerns about arsenic exposure from this type of treated wood. This paper reports on an evaluation of the rate of release of copper, chromium, and arsenic from commercially treated lumber as a function of treatment additive (with or without water repellent) and rate of rainfall. Treated lumber was purchased from several retailers at three times over the course of a year, and exposed under laboratory conditions to simulated rainfall at rates of 2.5, 8.0, or 25.4 mm/hr., up to a total of 762 mm of rainfall. Water running off the specimens was periodically collected and analyzed for the concentration of leached arsenic, chromium, and copper. The amount of arsenic released from each specimen ranged from 0.16 percent when rainfall was delivered at 25.4 mm/hr. to 0.72 percent when rainfall was delivered at 2.5 mm/hr. The rate of arsenic release was highest initially and then stabilized at an average of 0.0143, 0.0079, and 0.0062 mug/cm(2)/mm rainfall for the 2.5, 8.0, and 25.4 mm/hr. rainfall rates, respectively. The inclusion of water repellent in the CCA treatment did not have a consistent effect on leaching. In most cases, leaching of arsenic was greater in specimens containing the water-repellent additive, but the water repellent did appear to reduce leaching of copper. Using similar methodology, a secondary study was conducted to evaluate the ability of several finishes to reduce leaching. The results indicate that finishing decking with a semi-transparent water-repellent stain, latex paint, or oil-based paint will greatly reduce the leaching of arsenic, chromium, and copper. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI USA. RP Lebow, S (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 2 BP 81 EP 88 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 776CB UT WOS:000189096500016 ER PT J AU Li, W Shupe, TF Hse, CY AF Li, W Shupe, TF Hse, CY TI Physical and mechanical properties of flakeboard produced from recycled CCA-treated wood SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE ADHESIVE; SOUTHERN PINE LUMBER; WATERBORNE PRESERVATIVES; ASPEN WAFERBOARD; UTILITY POLES; PARTICLEBOARDS; COMPATIBILITY; SERVICE; REUSE; BONDS AB Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood has been most widely used in North America since the 1970s for many exterior applications such as decks, fences, playground equipment, utility poles, and others. A large volume of CCA-treated wood is currently coming out of service. Traditional disposal methods such as landfilling and incineration are not without adverse environmental outcomes. Recycling CCA-treated wood into composite products is one alternative to ease the disposal problem. In this study, the effects of different ratios of recycled CCA-treated wood and untreated virgin wood on flakeboard properties were compared. The mechanical, physical, and decay resistance properties of flakeboards manufactured from five different ratios of recycled CCA-treated wood and untreated virgin southern pine wood were investigated. The ratios were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100. The median ratio with 50 percent of CCA-treated wood and untreated wood was found to be the optimum combination. In this case, residual CCA level was sufficient enough to prevent substantial weight losses in the decay tests, but low enough so that panel mechanical and physical properties were not substantially reduced. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA Forest Serv, St Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Li, W (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 2 BP 89 EP 94 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 776CB UT WOS:000189096500017 ER PT J AU Gough, CM Seiler, JR Johnsen, KH Sampson, DA AF Gough, CM Seiler, JR Johnsen, KH Sampson, DA TI Seasonal photosynthesis in fertilized and nonfertilized loblolly pine SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acclimation; empirical modeling; gas exchange; photosynthetic capacity; gross primary productivity ID NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; NITROGEN; PATTERNS; LIGHT; RESPONSES; NUTRITION; SEEDLINGS; CAPACITY; GROWTH AB Net photosynthesis (P-n) of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) foliage was monitored monthly in 14 yr old stands under near-ambient conditions over an entire year in upper and lower crowns and in both nonfertilized stands and stands receiving nutrient amendments for six consecutive years. Air temperature, humidity, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), and plant water potential were monitored concurrently with P-n. Foliar nitrogen (N) concentration was also monitored. The effect of fertilization on P-n was inconsistent and generally not significant. Rates were consistently higher in the upper crown compared to the lower crown primarily due to variable light intensity. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that PPFD and VPD explain between 56% and 64% of the variability in foliar P-n, depending on the treatment. Little or no correlation between foliar N concentration and P-n was found, despite greater N concentrations in fertilized foliage, suggesting that fertilization does not enhance the photosynthetic capacity of loblolly pine foliage over the long term. Substantial amounts of carbon were fixed on measurement days during the winter season, even after freezing nights. Predicted light response curves indicate that foliar photosynthetic capacities are similar year-round, and gross primary productivity estimates (GPP) indicate that over 20% of the annual carbon fixation occurred during the nongrowing season. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Evolut Ecol & Organismal Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Forest Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gough, CM (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Evolut Ecol & Organismal Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM gough.21@osu.edu; jseiler@vt.edu; kjohnsen@fs.fed.us; dsampson@fs.fed.us NR 26 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 50 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 774CN UT WOS:000188962300002 ER PT J AU Brashears, MB Fajvan, MA Schuler, TM AF Brashears, MB Fajvan, MA Schuler, TM TI An assessment of canopy stratification and tree species diversity following clearcutting in central Appalachian hardwoods SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE species diversity; clearcutting; canopy structure; yellow-poplar ID FOREST; POPULATIONS; DEER; FIRE; USA AB On high quality growing sites in West Virginia, shade intolerant tree species have increased in importance in third-generation forests following clearcutting. We investigated the effect of tree species canopy position on the Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H'), Pielou's evenness index (E), and species richness (S) using a chronosequence of 13 clearcuts. Two to 26 yr after clearcutting, tree species diversity significantly decreased from 2.07 to 1.83, and evenness decreased from 0.80 to 0.71 while species richness was maintained. As the number of years since harvesting increased, the importance value of oaks (Quercus L.), hickories (Carya Nutt.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), and black birch (Betula lenta L.) decreased while the importance of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) increased. In these mixed-species stands with stratified canopies, species importance in overstory versus understory canopy layers was the best indicator of competitive success during stem exclusion. Second-gene ration forests that had almost equal representation of overstory sugar maple and yellow-poplar prior to harvesting had 43% yellow-poplar and 13% sugar maple overstory importance 22-26 yr after harvest. Forty-five percent of the dominant crown class stems and 54% of the codominant class were yellow-poplar. While sugar maple was also an important (13%) overstory species overall, it had no dominant and few codominant stems and over 30% importance as overtopped trees and in the understory. As these stands progress through the stem exclusion stage, richness and measures of diversity may continue declining as yellow-poplar basal area increases. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Timber & Watershed Lab, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. RP Brashears, MB (reprint author), 188 Marathon Pl, Romney, WV 26757 USA. EM mfajvan@wvu.edu NR 64 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 50 IS 1 BP 54 EP 64 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 774CN UT WOS:000188962300007 ER PT J AU Zhang, LJ Liu, CM Davis, CJ Solomon, DS Brann, TB Caldwell, LE AF Zhang, LJ Liu, CM Davis, CJ Solomon, DS Brann, TB Caldwell, LE TI Fuzzy classification of ecological habitats from FIA data SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fuzzy c-means classification; multi-layer perceptron (MLP); linear discriminant analysis; fuzzy ARTMAP; fuzzy membership value; accuracy assessment; ecological habitat ID ARTIFICIAL NEURAL-NETWORK; REMOTELY-SENSED IMAGERY; MEANS CLUSTERING-ALGORITHM; LAND-COVER COMPOSITION; SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION; SOFT CLASSIFICATION; ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; STATISTICAL-METHODS; SENSING IMAGES; SETS AB Fuzzy c-mean classification(FCM),multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLP), fuzzy ARTMAP, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used to classify Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots into six ecological habitats in the U.S. Northeast. Among the four classifiers, both FCM and MLP produced "soft" classifications based on fuzzy membership values. In contrast, fuzzy ARTMAP and LDA generated only "hard" classifications in which a plot is assigned to the dominant habitat class, based on binary logic, without considering any coexisting classes. The error matrix and several accuracy indices were calculated to assess the classification accuracy of the methods and to test the differences among the four classifiers. The classification accuracies of FCM and MLP were 98% and 97%, respectively, for overall classification, while fuzzy ARTMAP and LIDA had an overall classification accuracy of 92% and 85%, respectively. The chi(2) test showed that there was no significant difference between the FCM and MLP methods in classification accuracy. But they were significantly better than both fuzzy ARTMAP and LDA methods at a significant level of alpha = 0.05. This study showed that the fuzzy classifiers such as FCM and MLP were preferable in the classification of ecological habitats using FIA plots, especially for the classification of ambiguous plots with mixed over story and understory species compositions. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Forest & Nat Resources Management, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. USDA, Forest Serv NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Maine, Coll Nat Resources Forestry & Agr, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Zhang, LJ (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Forest & Nat Resources Management, 1 Forestry Dr, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. EM lizhang@esf.edu; cliu06@syr.edu; cjdavis@esf.edu; tombrann@maine.edu; lec@meglink.net NR 69 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 50 IS 1 BP 117 EP 127 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 774CN UT WOS:000188962300012 ER PT J AU Switalski, TA Bissonette, JA DeLuca, TH Luce, CH Madej, MA AF Switalski, TA Bissonette, JA DeLuca, TH Luce, CH Madej, MA TI Benefits and impacts of road removal SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review ID FOREST ROADS; LOGGING ROADS; RESTORATION; EROSION; OREGON; TILLAGE; NEED AB Road removal is being used to mitigate the physical and ecological impacts of roads and to restore both public and private lands. Although many federal and state agencies and private landowners have created protocols for road removal and priorities for restoration, research has not kept pace with the rate of removal. Some research has been conducted on hydrologic and geomorphic restoration following road removal, but no studies have directly addressed restoring wildlife habitat. Road removal creates a short-term disturbance which may temporarily increase sediment loss. However, long-term monitoring and initial research have shown that road removal reduces chronic erosion and the risk of landslides. We review the hydrologic, geomorphic, and ecological benefits and impacts of three methods of road removal, identify knowledge gaps, and propose questions for future research, which is urgently needed to quantify how effectively road removal restores terrestrial, riparian, and aquatic habitat and other ecosystem processes. C1 Wildlands CPR, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. Utah State Univ, USGS Utah Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Montana, Dept Ecosyst & Conservat Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Intermt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. USGS Western Ecol Res Ctr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Switalski, TA (reprint author), Wildlands CPR, POB 7516, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM adam@wildlandscpr.org RI Luce, Charles/A-9267-2008; DeLuca, Thomas/B-4547-2012 OI Luce, Charles/0000-0002-6938-9662; NR 43 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 4 U2 32 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 2 IS 1 BP 21 EP 28 DI 10.2307/3868291 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825XJ UT WOS:000221791800018 ER PT J AU Biga, PR Schelling, GT Hardy, RW Cain, KD Overturf, K Ott, TL AF Biga, PR Schelling, GT Hardy, RW Cain, KD Overturf, K Ott, TL TI The effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on tissue IGF-I, IGF-I receptor, and GH mRNA levels in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rainbow trout; somatotropin; GH; IGF-I ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; FISH SKELETAL-MUSCLE; HIGH INSULIN LEVELS; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; COHO SALMON; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION; HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS; SEAWATER ADAPTATION; SPARUS-AURATA AB Numerous studies demonstrated that rbST increased growth rates in several fish species, and several species exhibit GH production in tissues other than the pituitary. The role of tissue GH and IGF-I in regulating fish growth is poorly understood. Therefore an experiment was conducted to examine the effects of rbST treatment on tissue GH, IGF-I and IGF-I receptor-A (rA) expression in rainbow trout. Rainbow trout (550 +/- 10g) received either intra-peritoneal injections of rbST (120mug/g body weight) or vehicle on days 0 and 21, and tissue samples were collected on days 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 7, and 28 (n = 6/day/trt). Total RNA was isolated and assayed for steady-state levels of IGF-I IGF-IrA, and GH mRNA using quantitative RT-PCR. Insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA levels increased in liver, gill, gonad, muscle, brain, and intestine in response to rbST treatment (P < 0.10). Liver IGF-I mRNA increased (P < 0.01) 0.5 day after treatment and remained elevated throughout the trial. Intestine IGF-I mRNA increased (P < 0.05) in treated fish from day 1 to day 3, then decreased to day 7 and increased again at day 28, and remained elevated above control levels throughout the trial. Gill IGF-I mRNA levels increased (P < 0.05) 1 day after treatment and remained elevated throughout the trial. Heart IGF-IrA mRNA levels decreased (P < 0.05) while gonad GH mRNA levels increased (P < 0.10) following rbST treatment. These results demonstrate that rbST treatment increased IGF-I mRNA levels in extra-hepatic tissues, and decreased heart IGF-IrA and increased gonad GH mRNA levels. Because the primary source for endocrine IGF-I is liver, the increased IGF-I mRNA reported in extra-hepatic tissues may indicate local paracrine/autocrine actions for IGF-I for local physiological functions. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Anim & Vet Sci, Ctr Reprod Biol, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Idaho, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Ctr Reprod Biol, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. USDA ARS, Hagerman Fish Culture Expt Stn, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA. RP Ott, TL (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Anim & Vet Sci, Ctr Reprod Biol, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM tott@uidaho.edu RI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/F-8310-2010 OI Perez , Claudio Alejandro/0000-0001-9688-184X FU NCRR NIH HHS [P20-RR15587-01] NR 63 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 135 IS 3 BP 324 EP 333 DI 10.1016/j.ygcen.2003.10.014 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 764QG UT WOS:000188217100008 PM 14723884 ER PT J AU Yan, HH Mudge, J Kim, DJ Shoemaker, RC Cook, DR Young, ND AF Yan, HH Mudge, J Kim, DJ Shoemaker, RC Cook, DR Young, ND TI Comparative physical mapping reveals features of microsynteny between Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, and Arabidopsis thaliana SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; Medicago truncatula; Arabidopsis thaliana; conserved microsynteny; genome duplication ID ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME LIBRARY; COMPARATIVE SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS; GENOME ORGANIZATION; GRASS GENOMES; GENE; DUPLICATION; REGION; COLINEARITY; SEGMENTS AB To gain insight into genomic relationships between soybean (Glycine max) and Medicago truncatula, eight groups of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contigs, together spanning 2.60 million base pairs (Mb) in G. max and 1.56 Mb in M. truncatula, were compared through high-resolution physical mapping combined with sequence and hybridization analysis of low-copy BAC ends. Cross-hybridization among G. max and M. truncatula contigs uncovered microsynteny in six of the contig groups and extensive, microsynteny in three. Between G. max homoeologous (within genome duplicate) contigs, 85% of coding and 75% of noncoding sequences were conserved at the level of cross-hybridization. By contrast, only 29% of sequences were conserved between G. max and M. truncatula, and some kilobase-scale rearrangements were also observed. Detailed restriction maps were constructed for 11 contigs from the three highly microsyntenic groups, and these maps suggested that sequence order was highly conserved between G. max duplicates and generally conserved between G. max and M. truncatula. One instance of homoeologous BAC contigs in M. truncatula was also observed and examined in detail. A sequence similarity search against the Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence identified up to three microsyntenic regions in A. thaliana for each of two of the legume BAC contig groups. Together, these results confirm previous predictions of one recent genome-wide duplication in G. max and suggest that M. truncatula also experienced ancient large-scale genome duplications. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Young, ND (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM neviny@umn.edu NR 35 TC 35 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD FEB PY 2004 VL 47 IS 1 BP 141 EP 155 DI 10.1139/G03-106 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 801MX UT WOS:000220101100016 PM 15060611 ER PT J AU Kato, KK Palmer, RG AF Kato, KK Palmer, RG TI Duplicate chlorophyll-deficient loci in soybean SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE duplicate gene; Glycine max; homoeologous genomic segment; genome evolution; lethal-yellow mutant ID TISSUE-CULTURE; SOMACLONAL VARIATION; GENOME EVOLUTION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; PLANTS; GENE; INHERITANCE; POLYPLOIDY; FAMILIES; SEGMENTS AB Three lethal-yellow mutants have been identified in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and assigned genetic type collection numbers T218H, T225H, and T362H. Previous genetic evaluation of T362H indicated allelism with T218H and T225H and duplicate-factor inheritance. Our objectives were to confirm the inheritance and allelism of T218H and T225H and to molecularly map the locus and (or) loci conditioning the lethal-yellow phenotype. The inheritance of T218H and T225H was 3 green : I lethal yellow in their original parental source germplasm of Glycine max 'Illini' and Glycine max 'Lincoln', respectively. In crosses to unrelated germplasm, a 15 green : 1 lethal yellow was observed. Allelism tests indicated that T218H and T225H were allelic. The molecular mapping population was Glycine max 'Minsoy' x T225H and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used. The first locus, designated y18_1, was located on soybean molecular linkage group B2, between SSR markers Satt474 and Satt534, and linked to each by 4.4 and 13.4 cM, respectively. The second locus, designated y18_2, was located on soybean molecular linkage group D2, between SSR markers Satt543 and Sat_001, and linked to each by 2.2 and 4.4 cM, respectively. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, CICGR, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Obihiro Univ Agr & Vet Med, Dept Crop Sci, Obihiro, Hokkaido 0808555, Japan. RP Palmer, RG (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, CICGR, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM rpalmer@iastate.edu NR 38 TC 7 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD FEB PY 2004 VL 47 IS 1 BP 190 EP 198 DI 10.1139/G03-092 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 801MX UT WOS:000220101100020 PM 15060615 ER PT J AU Lee, BD Graham, RC Laurent, TE Amrhein, C AF Lee, BD Graham, RC Laurent, TE Amrhein, C TI Pedogenesis in a wetland meadow and surrounding serpentinitic landslide terrain, northern California, USA SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE serpentinitic soils; klamath mountains; landslide terrain; pedogenesis; Ca/Mg ratios; heavy metals; wetland meadow ID SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH-COLUMBIA; TRINITY PERIDOTITE; KLAMATH MOUNTAINS; SOILS; MARYLAND; MINERALOGY; OPHIOLITE; CADMIUM; GENESIS; CATENAS AB Landslide deposits in serpentinitic terrain of northern California are common, and often support wet meadows, which are strikingly different from the surrounding xeric landscape. These landslide deposits provide an opportunity to observe pedogenic processes across differing moisture conditions and depositional environments in ultramafic terrain. The objective of this study was to assess predominant pedogenic processes by landscape position for a stabilized landslide bench and the surrounding area in serpentinitic terrain. Distributions of dithionite extractable metals and exchangeable cations were compared to interpret processes involved in element redistribution. Landscape positions were defined as the scarp, flanks, foot, and bulge. The foot, which supports a wet meadow, is inundated during a significant part of the year due to water ponding behind the bulge. The forested scarp and flank positions are subject to episodes of erosion, probably following wildfires, thereby delivering sediments to the lower landscape positions. The major pedogenic processes on the slopes of the scarp and flanks include mineral weathering, oxidation, and illuviation of clay, as evidenced by argillic horizons in which Cr- and Al-bearing Fe-oxyhydroxides are concentrated. Serpentine-weathering products are transported from the scarp and flanks to the poorly drained foot where fine sediments and neoformed smectite yield clayey soils. On the foot, cycles of vegetation growth and deposition of sediments, coupled with reducing conditions, result in deep, organic-rich soils. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Soil & Water Sci Program, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. US Forest Serv, Klamath Natl Forest, Yreka, CA 96097 USA. RP Lee, BD (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, 1150 Lilly Hall Life Sci,915 W State St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM bdlee@purdue.edu NR 60 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD FEB PY 2004 VL 118 IS 3-4 BP 303 EP 320 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00214-3 PG 18 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 765RG UT WOS:000188296800012 ER PT J AU Six, J Ogle, SM Breidt, FJ Conant, RT Mosier, AR Paustian, K AF Six, J Ogle, SM Breidt, FJ Conant, RT Mosier, AR Paustian, K TI The potential to mitigate global warming with no-tillage management is only realized when practised in the long term SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE global warming potential; greenhouse gas mitigation; nitrous oxide; no-tillage ID GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; NITROUS-OXIDE; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; CORN; ATMOSPHERE; DIOXIDE; METHANE; FLUXES; RATES AB No-tillage (NT) management has been promoted as a practice capable of offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of its ability to sequester carbon in soils. However, true mitigation is only possible if the overall impact of NT adoption reduces the net global warming potential (GWP) determined by fluxes of the three major biogenic GHGs (i.e. CO2, N2O, and CH4). We compiled all available data of soil-derived GHG emission comparisons between conventional tilled (CT) and NT systems for humid and dry temperate climates. Newly converted NT systems increase GWP relative to CT practices, in both humid and dry climate regimes, and longer-term adoption (>10 years) only significantly reduces GWP in humid climates. Mean cumulative GWP over a 20-year period is also reduced under continuous NT in dry areas, but with a high degree of uncertainty. Emissions of N2O drive much of the trend in net GWP, suggesting improved nitrogen management is essential to realize the full benefit from carbon storage in the soil for purposes of global warming mitigation. Our results indicate a strong time dependency in the GHG mitigation potential of NT agriculture, demonstrating that GHG mitigation by adoption of NT is much more variable and complex than previously considered, and policy plans to reduce global warming through this land management practice need further scrutiny to ensure success. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Six, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM jwsix@ucdavis.edu RI Conant, Richard/B-7586-2013; Paustian, Keith/L-7593-2016; OI Conant, Richard/0000-0001-7315-2476; Ogle, Stephen/0000-0003-1899-7446 NR 29 TC 372 Z9 397 U1 15 U2 168 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 155 EP 160 DI 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00730.x PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 775DN UT WOS:000189025600001 ER PT J AU Powers, JS Read, JM Denslow, JS Guzman, SM AF Powers, JS Read, JM Denslow, JS Guzman, SM TI Estimating soil carbon fluxes following land-cover change: a test of some critical assumptions for a region in Costa Rica SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide fluxes; Costa Rica; land-cover change; regional scale; soil carbon ID BRAZILIAN AMAZON; SPATIAL SCALES; ORGANIC-CARBON; FOREST; ATMOSPHERE; NITROGEN; SEQUESTRATION; DEFORESTATION; CULTIVATION; CONVERSION AB Changes in soil carbon storage that accompany land-cover change may have significant effects on the global carbon cycle. The objective of this work was to examine how assumptions about preconversion soil C storage and the effects of land-cover change influence estimates of regional soil C storage. We applied three models of land-cover change effects to two maps of preconversion soil C in a 140 000 ha area of northeastern Costa Rica. One preconversion soil C map was generated using values assigned to tropical wet forest from the literature, the second used values obtained from extensive field sampling. The first model of land-cover change effects used values that are typically applied in global assessments, the second and third models used field data but differed in how the data were aggregated (one was based on land-cover transitions and one was based on terrain attributes). Changes in regional soil C storage were estimated for each combination of model and preconversion soil C for three time periods defined by geo-referenced land-cover maps. The estimated regional soil C under forest vegetation (to 0.3 m) was higher in the map based on field data (10.03 Tg C) than in the map based on literature data (8.90 Tg C), although the range of values derived from propagating estimation errors was large (7.67-12.40 Tg C). Regional soil C storage declined through time due to forest clearing for pasture and crops. Estimated CO2 fluxes depended more on the model of land-cover change effects than on preconversion soil C. Cumulative soil C losses (1950-1996) under the literature model of land-cover effects exceeded estimates based on field data by factors of 3.8-8.0. In order to better constrain regional and global-scale assessments of carbon fluxes from soils in the tropics, future research should focus on methods for extrapolating regional-scale constraints on soil C dynamics to larger spatial and temporal scales. C1 Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Syracuse Univ, Maxwell Sch, Dept Geog, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Powers, JS (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM powers@life.bio.sunysb.edu NR 50 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 10 IS 2 BP 170 EP 181 DI 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00736.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 775DN UT WOS:000189025600003 ER PT J AU Olmstead, MA Wample, R Greene, S Tarara, J AF Olmstead, MA Wample, R Greene, S Tarara, J TI Nondestructive measurement of vegetative cover using digital image analysis SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cover crops; vineyard management; visual illusions; visual assessment ID EROSION; WEEDS AB Traditionally, vegetative cover has been subjectively assessed by visual assessment. However, visual assessment is thought to overestimate percent vegetative cover. Thus, a repeatable method to objectively quantify percent cover is desirable. In two vineyards near Prosser, Wash., the percentage of ground surface covered by up to 15 different cover crops was assessed both visually and by computer-assisted digital image analysis. Quadrats in the cover crop were photographed digitally and the images analyzed with commercially available software. Areas of green vegetation in each image were identified and measured. Weeds in some images were differentiated from the cover crop by user-defined thresholds. Subjective visual estimates of percent vegetative cover were generally higher than those digitally estimated. Values for the visual estimates ranged from 5 7,0 to 70% in 1998 (mean = 52.4%) and 7.5% to 55% in 1999 (mean = 30.7%), compared to digital readings ranging from 0.5% to 24% (mean = 11.1%) and 10.3% to 36.6% cover (mean = 20.1%), respectively. The visual assessments had lower coefficients of variability in 1998 (cv 28.1) than the digital image analysis (cv 52.3), but in 1999, the values for the two techniques were similar (cv 41.2 vs. cv 45.7). Despite initial variations between the two methods, the accuracy of digital image analysis for measuring percentage vegetative cover is superior. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Dept Viticulture & Enol, Fresno, CA 93740 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Temperate Forage Legume Germplasm Resources, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Olmstead, MA (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM neumann6@msu.edu NR 23 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2004 VL 39 IS 1 BP 55 EP 59 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 803DE UT WOS:000220211000009 ER PT J AU Wood, BW Reilly, CC Nyczepir, AP AF Wood, BW Reilly, CC Nyczepir, AP TI Mouse-ear of pecan: I. Symptomatology and occurrence SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biennial bearing; flowering; profit; yields; production; stress; growth; nematodes; fungi; culture; phytohormones; copper; manganese; micronutrients; nitrogen; calcium ID GIBBERELLINS; SYMPTOMS; TREES AB Mouse-ear (ME) is a potentially severe anomalous growth disorder affecting young pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] trees in portions of the Gulf Coast Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. A survey of its incidence and severity found it to be commonly exhibited by replants on second-generation orchard sites, or where mature pecan trees previously grew. While most frequently observed as a replant problem, it also occasionally occurs at sites where pecan has not previously grown. The disorder is not graft transmissible and is only temporarily mitigated by pruning. Degree of severity within the tree canopy typically increases with canopy height. Several morphological and physiological symptoms for mouse-ear are described. Important symptoms include dwarfing of tree organs, poorly developed root system, rosetting, delayed budbreak, loss of apical dominance, reduced photoassimilation, nutrient element imbalance in foliage, and increased water stress. The overall symptomatology is consistent with a physiological deficiency of a key micronutrient at budbreak, that is influenced by biotic (e.g., nematodes) and abiotic (e.g., water and fertility management strategies) factors. A comparison of orchard soil characteristics between ME and adjacent normal orchards indicated that severely affected orchards typically possessed high amounts of soil Zn, Ca, Mg, and P, but low Cu and Ni; and were acidic and sandy in texture. The Zn : Cu ratio of soils appears to be a major factor contributing to symptoms, especially since ME severity increases as the Zn : Cu ratio increases. However, Ni may also be a factor as the Zn : Ni ratio is also larger in soils of ME sites. It is postulated that the "severe" form of mouse-ear is primarily due to the physiological deficiency of copper at budbreak, but may also be influenced by Ni and nematodes. C1 USDA, ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Wood, BW (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. EM bwwood@saa.ars.usda.gov NR 23 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2004 VL 39 IS 1 BP 87 EP 94 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 803DE UT WOS:000220211000016 ER PT J AU Wood, BW Reilly, CC Nyczepir, AP AF Wood, BW Reilly, CC Nyczepir, AP TI Mouse-ear of pecan: II. Influence of nutrient applications SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biennial bearing; flowering; profit; yields; production; stress; growth. nematodes; fungi; culture; phytohormones; copper; manganese; micronutrients; nitrogen; calcium ID PLANTS; ELEMENTS; SYMPTOMS; TREES AB Mouse-ear (ME) is a severe growth disorder affecting pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] trees from southeastern U.S. Gulf Coast Coastal Plain orchards. Slight to moderate ME was substantially corrected by foliar sprays of either Cu or GA(3) shortly after budbreak, but sprays were ineffective for severely mouse-eared trees. Applications of Cu, S, and P to the soil surface of moderately affected trees corrected deficiencies after three years. Incorporation of Cu or P in backfill soils of newly planted trees prevented ME, whereas incorporation of Zn or Ca induced ME and Mn was benign. The severe form of ME, commonly exhibited by young trees, appears to be linked to a physiological deficiency of Cu and/or Ni at the time of budbreak. It likely occurs as a replant problem in second-generation orchards due to accumulation of soil Zn from decades of foliar Zn applications to correct Zn deficiency. C1 USDA, ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Wood, BW (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. EM bwwood@saa.ars.usda.gov NR 27 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2004 VL 39 IS 1 BP 95 EP 100 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 803DE UT WOS:000220211000017 ER PT J AU Wood, BW Reilly, CC AF Wood, BW Reilly, CC TI Control of mistletoe in pecan trees SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE yield; alternate bearing; pest; herbicide; 2,4-D; auxins; growth regulators AB Semi-parasitic evergreen mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens Nutt.) is an increasingly serious weed causing loss of nut yield and tree vigor in pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] orchards of the southeastern United States. Several herbicides and growth regulators were evaluated for efficacy against mistletoe. The dimethylamine salt of 2,4-D proved to be an effective control agent. Ethephon, glyphosate, paraquat dichloride, and polyborate exhibited little or no long-term efficacy. The dimethylamine salt of dicamba also killed mistletoe, but exhibited potential for harming host trees. Dormant season treatment of mistletoe clusters with 2,4-D reduced photosynthesis by about one-third soon after treatment, and by approximate to90% from 6 to 16 weeks posttreatment, but clusters did not die until approximate to4 months posttreatment. Host limbs, less than approximate to3 cm in diameter at the site of mistletoe attachment, usually died within 12 months of 2,4-D treatment of the associated mistletoe cluster. Treatment of entire host trees with 2,4-D did not harm trees if applied prior to approximate to1 week of budbreak. Spot treatment of mistletoe clusters, with 2,4-D at 1.2 to 2.4 g(.)L(-1) a.i. (plus 2% crop oil), approximate to2 to 3 weeks before budbreak, gave effective long-term control of mistletoe. The inclusion of a crop-oil in the 2,4-D spray greatly increased efficacy. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon). C1 USDA, ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Reilly, CC (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. EM bwwood@saa.ars.usda.gov NR 18 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2004 VL 39 IS 1 BP 110 EP 114 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 803DE UT WOS:000220211000020 ER PT J AU Nyczepir, AP Okie, WR Beckman, TG AF Nyczepir, AP Okie, WR Beckman, TG TI Creating a short life site for Prunus rootstock evaluation on land with no innate Mesocriconema xenoplax population SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Mesocriconema xenoplax; peach tree short life; Primus persica ID TREE SHORT-LIFE; PEACH-TREES; CRICONEMELLA-XENOPLAX; SURVIVAL; GEORGIA; TIME; SOIL AB Peach tree short life (PTSL) is associated with the presence of ring nematode, Mesocriconema xenoplax, and poor orchard management practices. Finding a noncommercial field site to evaluate rootstocks for PTSL resistance is increasingly difficult. The time needed to create a PTSL test site was investigated. In 1994, a site not planted in peaches for >80 years was identified in Byron, Ga. Analysis of preplant soil samples revealed that there were no M. xenoplax on the site. One-third of the land was planted to peach and infested with 1600 ring nematodes per tree in Spring 1994 (P2) and another one-third in Spring 1995 (P1). The remaining one-third of the land received no trees or ring nematode and served as the control (F2). In Fall 1995, trees were removed from P1 and P2 plots and all treatments were replanted to peach in 1996. In 1997, tree death resulting from PTSL occurred only in P2 (7%). By 2000, PTSL tree death reached 41% in P2, 16% in P1, and 4% in F2 plots. Nematode populations were higher (P < 0.05) in P1 (649 ring nematode/100 cm(3) soil) than in F2 (221 ring nematode/100 cm(3) soil) plots, whereas populations in P2 (300 ring nematode/100 cm(3) Soil) plots did not differ from those in P1 or F2 plots. Establishing a PTSL screening site was possible 3 years after M. xenoplax introduction; PTSL development among treatments in the subsequent planting was dependent upon cumulative population exposure of trees to M. xenoplax. C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Nyczepir, AP (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. EM anyczepir@saa.ars.usda.gov NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2004 VL 39 IS 1 BP 124 EP 126 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 803DE UT WOS:000220211000023 ER PT J AU Park, YH Havey, MJ AF Park, YH Havey, MJ TI Cucumber germplasm resistant to Cladosporium cucumerinum SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Scab (caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. & Arth.) is an important disease of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and the only source of resistance traces back to the cultivar Maine No. 2. We inoculated hypocotyls of 188 cucumber accessions with one strain of the scab fungus to identify other sources of scab resistance. Accessions NSL5731, 255933,264666,264667,306785,342951,354952,458845, and 535881 showed no symptoms. Plants in accession 525075 showed a continuous phenotypic distribution for reaction to scab; all other accessions were susceptible. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM mjhavey@wisc.edu NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2004 VL 39 IS 1 BP 163 EP 164 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 803DE UT WOS:000220211000035 ER PT J AU Fery, RL Thies, JA Gillaspie, AG AF Fery, RL Thies, JA Gillaspie, AG TI 'KnuckleHull-VNW, a crowder-type southernpea resistant to blackeye cowpea mosaic virus and root-knot nematode SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material DE Vigna unguiculata; cowpea; soil-borne pathogen; Meloidogyne; disease resistance; vegetable breeding ID UNGUICULATA L WALP; INHERITANCE C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Fery, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2004 VL 39 IS 1 BP 183 EP 184 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 803DE UT WOS:000220211000041 ER PT J AU Griesbach, RJ AF Griesbach, RJ TI Hemerocallis L. 'Chesapeake belle' SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material DE daylily; herbaceous perennial; breeding; liliaceae C1 USDA ARS, US Nabl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plant Res, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Griesbach, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Nabl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plant Res, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2004 VL 39 IS 1 BP 190 EP 191 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 803DE UT WOS:000220211000044 ER PT J AU Meerow, AW Schoellhorn, RJ Kartuz, M AF Meerow, AW Schoellhorn, RJ Kartuz, M TI Four cultivars of Iochroma SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material DE solanaceae; tropical shrubs; potted plants; ornamentals; landscape; floriculture; AFLP ID BOOTSTRAP C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Natl Germplasm Resp, Miami, FL 33158 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Environm Hort, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Kartuz Greenhouse, Vista, CA 92085 USA. RP Meerow, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Natl Germplasm Resp, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2004 VL 39 IS 1 BP 194 EP 197 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 803DE UT WOS:000220211000046 ER PT J AU Tabatabai, LB Zehr, ES AF Tabatabai, LB Zehr, ES TI Identification of five outer membrane-associated proteins among cross-protective factor proteins of Pasteurella multocida SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID FOWL CHOLERA; GENETIC ORGANIZATION; SEROTYPE-3,4; CALIFORNIA; TURKEYS AB Fowl cholera is caused by Pasteurella multocida serovars A:1, A:3, and A;4. The 39-kDa cross-protective factor protein and four other membrane proteins of the membrane proteome of P. multocida were identified. We determined that the 39-kDa cross -protective protein was Pasteurella lipoprotein B, or PlpB. C1 ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA USA. RP Tabatabai, LB (reprint author), ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA USA. EM lbt@iastate.edu NR 15 TC 18 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 72 IS 2 BP 1195 EP 1198 DI 10.1128/IAI.72.2.1195-1198.2004 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 771BV UT WOS:000188766400075 PM 14742575 ER PT J AU Handler, AM AF Handler, AM TI Understanding and improving transgene stability and expression in insects for SIT and conditional lethal release programs SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE transgenic insects; sterile insect technique; transgene stability; transposable elements; epigenetics ID GERM-LINE TRANSFORMATION; MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY; HOBO TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; YELLOW-FEVER MOSQUITO; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; GENETIC-TRANSFORMATION; PIGGYBAC TRANSPOSON; AEDES-AEGYPTI; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; STABLE TRANSFORMATION AB Genetically transformed insect pests provide significant opportunities to create strains for improved sterile insect technique and new strategies based on conditional lethality. A major concern for programs that rely on the release of transgenic insects is the stability of the transgene, and maintenance of consistent expression of genes of interest within the transgene. Transgene instability would influence the integrity of the transformant strain upon which the effectiveness of the biological control program depends. Loss or intra-genomic transgene movement would result in strain attributes important to the program being lost or diminished, and the mass-release of such insects could significantly exacerbate the insect pest problem. Instability resulting in intra-genomic movement may also be a prelude to inter-genomic transgene movement between species resulting in ecological risks. This is less of a concern for short-term releases, where transgenic insects are not expected to survive in the environment beyond two or three generations. Transgene movement may occur, however, into infectious agents during mass-rearing, and the potential for movement after release is a possibility for programs using many millions of insects. The primary methods of addressing potential transgene instability relate to an understanding of the vector system used for gene transfer, the potential for its mobilization by the same or a related vector system, and methods required to identify transformants and determine if unexpected transgene movement has occurred. Methods also exist for preventing transposon-mediated mobilization, by deleting or rearranging vector sequences required for transposition using recombination systems. Stability of transgene expression is also a critical concern, especially in terms of potential epigenetic interactions with host genomes resulting in gene silencing that have been observed in plants and fungi, and it must be determined if this or related phenomena can occur in insects. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Handler, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. EM handler@nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu NR 73 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 34 IS 2 BP 121 EP 130 DI 10.1016/j.ibmb.2003.08.005 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 801OT UT WOS:000220105900002 PM 14871608 ER PT J AU Chen, MS Fellers, JP Stuart, JJ Reese, JC Liu, X AF Chen, MS Fellers, JP Stuart, JJ Reese, JC Liu, X TI A group of related cDNAs encoding secreted proteins from Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] salivary glands SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hessian fly; Mayetiola destructor; wheat; salivary gland; secreted protein gene ID CECIDOMYIIDAE POPULATIONS; AVIRULENCE GENES; RESISTANCE GENES; UNITED-STATES; WINTER-WHEAT; ACTIN GENE; DIPTERA AB A group of cDNAs has been isolated and characterized from Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] salivary glands. Members in this group appear to encode proteins with secretion signal peptides at the N-terminals. The mature putative proteins are small, basic proteins with calculated molecular weights that ranged from 8.5 to 10 kDa, and isoelectric points from 9.92 to 10.90. Sequence analysis indicated a strong selection for mutations that generate amino acid changes within the coding region. Northern blot analysis revealed that these genes are expressed only in the first instar larvae, a critical stage that determines if the interaction between a specific Hessian fly biotype and a specific wheat cultivar is compatible. Genomic analysis demonstrated that multiple copies of similar genes are clustered within a short region on chromosome 2A. This is the same arm in which two avirulence genes have been mapped. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Entomol Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Chen, MS (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Entomol Res Unit, 4008 Throckmorton, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM mchen@ksu.edu RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 23 TC 47 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 13 IS 1 BP 101 EP 108 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2004.00465.x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 764UJ UT WOS:000188224200011 PM 14728671 ER PT J AU Gondim, LFP McAllister, MM Pitt, WC Zemlicka, DE AF Gondim, LFP McAllister, MM Pitt, WC Zemlicka, DE TI Coyotes (Canis latrans) are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Australian-Society-for-Parasitology CY 2003 CL Darwin, AUSTRALIA DE Neospora caninum; coyote; Canis latrans; canid; oocyst; definitive host ID TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; DOGS; OOCYSTS; TRANSMISSION; ANTIBODIES; PREVALENCE; INFECTION; HAMMONDIA; CALVES; CATTLE AB Four captive-raised coyote pups consumed tissues from Neospora caninum-infected calves. Faeces were examined from 4 days before to 28 days after infection. One pup shed N. caninum-like oocysts, which tested positive for N. caninum and negative for Hammondia heydorni using PCR tests. Coyotes are the second discovered definitive host of N. caninum, after dogs. In North America, the expanding coyote ranges and population increase the probability of contact with domestic livestock. To reduce the risk of transmission of N. caninum to intensively farmed cattle, we recommend protection of feedstuffs using canid-proof fences, and careful disposal of dead stock. (C) 2004 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Hilo Field Stn, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA, APHIS WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Logan Field Stn, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP McAllister, MM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. EM mmmcalli@uiuc.edu RI McAllister, Milton/C-8146-2013 OI McAllister, Milton/0000-0001-5457-2678 NR 17 TC 310 Z9 340 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 EI 1879-0135 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 34 IS 2 BP 159 EP 161 DI 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.01.001 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 801FU UT WOS:000220082600005 PM 15037103 ER PT J AU Galbreath, JGMS Smith, JE Terry, RS Becnel, JJ Dunn, AM AF Galbreath, JGMS Smith, JE Terry, RS Becnel, JJ Dunn, AM TI Invasion success of Fibrillanosema crangonycis, n.sp., n.g.: a novel vertically transmitted microsporidian parasite from the invasive amphipod host Crangonyx pseudogracilis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Australian-Society-for-Parasitology CY 2003 CL Darwin, AUSTRALIA DE amphipoda; microsporidia; molecular phylogeny; invasion; vertical transmission; Crangonyx pseudogracilis ID SEX-RATIO DISTORTER; GAMMARUS-DUEBENI; FRESH-WATER; TRANSOVARIAL TRANSMISSION; NOSEMA-GRANULOSIS; VIRULENCE; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS; CRUSTACEA; INFECTION AB Parasitism is known to be an important factor in determining the success of biological invasions. Here we examine Crangonyx pseudogracilis, a North American amphipod invasive in the United Kingdom and describe a novel microsporidium, Fibrillanosema crangonycis n.sp., n.g. The primary site of infection is the female gonad and the parasite is transovarially transmitted to the eggs. PCR screening reveals a female bias in the distribution of parasites (96.6% of females, N = 29; 22.2% of males, N = 27), which is indicative of host sex ratio distortion. The morphological and molecular characterisations of this new microsporidium place it outside all currently established genera. On the basis of these differences, we erect the new genus Fibrillanosema n.g. While F. crangonycis is morphologically identical to uncharacterised microsporidia from populations of North American amphipods, it is distinct from microsporidia found in European populations of amphipods. These data support the hypothesis that vertically transmitted parasites may be selectively retained during invasion events. Furthermore where vertical transmission is combined with host sex ratio distortion these parasites may directly enhance host invasion success through increased rates of population growth. (C) 2003 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Leeds, Dept Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Smith, JE (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Dept Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. EM j.e.smith@leeds.ac.uk OI Dunn, Alison/0000-0002-4855-1077; Smith, Judith/0000-0002-2206-3534 NR 46 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 34 IS 2 BP 235 EP 244 DI 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.10.009 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 801FU UT WOS:000220082600011 ER PT J AU Cole, RB Chou, CW Boue, SM LeBlanc, BW Rodgers, AH Struck, RF Morgan, LR AF Cole, RB Chou, CW Boue, SM LeBlanc, BW Rodgers, AH Struck, RF Morgan, LR TI Gas chromatography-electron ionization mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for determination of impurities in the anti-cancer drug isophosphoramide mustard SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE LC-ES-MS/MS; IPM; perchloric acid; isophosphoramide mustard; mass spectrometry ID PHOSPHORAMIDE MUSTARD; IFOSFAMIDE; PHARMACOKINETICS; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE AB Isophosphoramide mustard (IPM) is known to have substantial anti-cancer activities in various animal models. Liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ES-MS) and LC-ES-MS/MS methodologies have been developed and applied to the analysis of synthesized preparations of IPM. Our studies reveal that the principal impurity in IPM is N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-ethylphosphorodiamidic acid (MC-IPM) formed by dehydrochlorination of IPM with subsequent hydrogenation during synthesis. This impurity is present at levels in the range of 2-5% depending upon synthesis conditions. In addition, a second IPM derivative has been characterized by LC-ES-MS/MS and has been shown to be the product of a reaction of IPM with the dilute perchloric acid mobile phase used for liquid chromatography separations. The LC-ES-MS/MS method has been successfully employed to detect IPM spiked into a blood plasma sample. This work establishes that LC-ES-MS/MS is a viable tool for the detailed characterization of IPM and related products. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Orleans, Dept Chem, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. DEKK TEC Inc, New Orleans, LA 70119 USA. So Res Inst, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Birmingham, AL 35205 USA. RP Cole, RB (reprint author), Univ New Orleans, Dept Chem, 2000 Lakeshore Dr,102 Chem Struct Bldg, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. EM rcole@uno.edu NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 231 IS 2-3 BP 147 EP 155 DI 10.1016/j.ijms.2003.10.013 PG 9 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 774GF UT WOS:000188970900008 ER PT J AU Chen, Y Chiparus, O Sun, L Negulescu, I Parikh, DV Calamari, TA AF Chen, Y Chiparus, O Sun, L Negulescu, I Parikh, DV Calamari, TA TI Waste begasse for production of nonwoven composites SO INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SUGAR-CANE BAGASSE; ACTIVATED CARBON; EXTRACTION; FIBER AB Disposal of bagasset is critical for both agricultural profitability and environmental protection. Utilization of the waste bagasse is also an issue included in a new governmental strategy for stimulation of biomass R&D. This paper presents a study on manufacturing technology for converting the waste bagasse into composite material. Bagasse fiber was extracted using a chemical method. Two types of bagasse composite, a uniform structure and a sandwich structure, were fabricated using nonwoven processing techniques. Basic end-use performance of the bagasse composite in terms of mechanical properties, wet properties, and thermal properties was evaluated instrumentally. Composite bonding structure was also examined using a scanning electron microscope. Research data indicated that the uniform bagasse composite revealed better mechanical properties and higher thermal strength, while the sandwich bagasse composite showed better dimensional stability. Industrial applications of the bagasse composite include construction, packaging, furnishing, automotive interior trims, and agricultural end uses. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Chen, Y (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 4 U2 7 PU INT SUGAR JOURNAL LTD PI KENT PA 80 CALVERLEY, TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT TN1 2UN, WALES SN 0020-8841 J9 INT SUGAR J JI Int. Sugar J. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 106 IS 1262 BP 86 EP 92 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 771WU UT WOS:000188809700019 ER PT J AU Hausman, GJ Poulos, S AF Hausman, GJ Poulos, S TI Recruitment and differentiation of intramuscular preadipocytes in stromal-vascular cell cultures derived from neonatal pig semitendinosus muscles SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adipose tissue; cell culture; cell differentiation; fat cells; skeletal muscle; transcription factors ID ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA; MEAT QUALITY; ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; CARCASS TRAITS; GROWING PIGS; EXPRESSION; GROWTH; ACID AB The present study examined the influence of dexamethasone (DEX) treatment on preadipocyte recruitment and expression of CCAAT/enhancing binding protein-alpha (C/EBPalpha) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) proteins in stromalvascular (SV) cell cultures derived from neonatal subcutaneous adipose tissue and semitendinosus muscles. One adipose tissue SV cell culture and one semitendinosus muscle SV cell culture were established from each of six young pigs (5 to 7 d of age). Conventional SV cell-culture procedures were used to digest adipose and muscle tissue and to harvest and culture adipose and muscle SV cells. Muscles were digested after the removal of all visible connective tissue from the excised muscle. One hour after seeding, muscle SV cell cultures were rinsed and refed new media to remove debris and insoluble muscle protein. The SV cell cultures were double-stained for lipid and the AD-3 antibody, a preadipocyte marker, at 1, 3, and 6 d and were double-stained for lipid and C/EBPalpha or PPARgamma at d 6. Preadipocytes were randomly distributed and not clustered after 1 d in muscle and adipose SV cultures. Regardless of treatment, relative and absolute fat cell numbers were lower (P < 0.05) in muscle than in adipose-SV cell cultures. The DEX treatments produced similar magnitudes of increase in relative and absolute preadipocytes and adipocytes in muscle- and adipose-SV cultures. Several extracellular matrix substrata had no influence on adipogenesis in muscle-SV cell cultures. These studies indicate that muscle-SV cultures are characterized by a low number of adipocytes under basal conditions and a low number of glucocorticoid-responsive preadipocytes. C1 ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Hausman, GJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM ghausman@saa.ars.usda.gov NR 23 TC 39 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 82 IS 2 BP 429 EP 437 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 801LQ UT WOS:000220097800011 PM 14974540 ER PT J AU Echternkamp, SE Roberts, AJ Lunstra, DD Wise, T Spicer, LJ AF Echternkamp, SE Roberts, AJ Lunstra, DD Wise, T Spicer, LJ TI Ovarian follicular development in cattle selected for twin ovulations and births SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; gonadotropins; insulin-like growth factor binding proteins; ovarian folliculogenesis; steroids; twins ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; FACTOR BINDING-PROTEINS; PORCINE PREOVULATORY FOLLICLES; GRANULOSA-CELL PROLIFERATION; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; PROTEOLYTIC DEGRADATION; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; STIMULATING-HORMONE; BOVINE GRANULOSA; FLUID STEROIDS AB Comparisons of numbers of antral ovarian follicles and corpora lutea (CL), of blood hormone concentrations, and of follicular fluid steroid concentrations and IGFBP activity were conducted between cows selected (twinner) and unselected (control) for twin births to elucidate genetic differences in the regulation of ovarian follicular development. Ovarian follicular development was synchronized among cows by a single i.m. injection of PGF(2alpha) on d 18 of the estrous cycle; six cows per population were slaughtered at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after PGF(2alpha). Jugular vein blood was collected from each animal at PGF(2alpha) injection and at 24-h intervals until slaughter. Ovaries of twinner cows contained more small (< 5 mm in diameter, P < 0.05), medium (5.1 to 9.9 mm, P < 0.05), and large (greater than or equal to 10.0 mm, P < 0.01) follicles and more (P < 0.01) CL than ovaries of controls. Follicular fluid concentrations of estradiol, androstenedione, testosterone, and progesterone reflected the stage of follicular development and were similar for twinner and control follicles at the same stage. Earlier initiation of follicular development and/or selection of twin-dominant follicles in some twinner cows resulted in greater concentrations of estradiol in plasma at 0, 24, and 48 h and of estradiol, androstenedione, and testosterone in follicular fluid of large follicles at 0 h after PGF(2alpha) for twinner vs. control cows (follicular status x time x population, P < 0.01). Binding activities of IGFBP-5 and -4 were absent or reduced (P < 0.01) in follicular fluid of developing medium and large estrogen-active (estradiol:progesterone ratio > 1) follicles but increased with atresia. Only preovulatory Graafian follicles lacked IGFBP-2 binding, suggesting a possible role for IGFBP-2 in selection of the dominant follicle. Concentrations of IGF-I were twofold greater (P < 0.01), but GH (P = 0.10) and cholesterol (P < 0.05) were less in blood of twinners. Three generations of selection of cattle for twin ovulations and births enhanced ovarian follicular development as manifested by increased numbers of follicles within a follicular wave and subsequent selection of twin dominant follicles. Because gonadotropin secretion and ovarian steroidogenesis were similar for control and twinner cattle, enhanced follicular development in twinners may result from decreased inhibition by the dominant follicle(s), increased ovarian sensitivity to gonadotropins, and/or increased intragonadal stimulation, possibly by increased IGF-I. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Echternkamp, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,State Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM echternkamp@email.mare.usda NR 38 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 82 IS 2 BP 459 EP 471 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 801LQ UT WOS:000220097800015 PM 14974544 ER PT J AU Ford, JJ Wise, TH Christenson, RK AF Ford, JJ Wise, TH Christenson, RK TI Lack of an association between plasma follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations and ovarian weight in prepubertal gilts SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE corpora lutea; follicle-stimulating hormone; ovary; ovulation; puberty; swine ID IN-VITRO; OVULATION RATE; PREANTRAL FOLLICLES; REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; PUBERTY; GROWTH; FSH; PIG; SWINE AB Selection for increased number of corpora lutea in gilts is associated with increased plasma FSH concentrations during pubertal development. In the current study, 270 gilts from a control (CO) line and a line selected for increased ovulation rate (OR) were unilaterally ovariectomized at 85 d of age, and this ovarian weight was related to FSH concentrations at 65, 75, and 85 d of age. Gilts were produced during two farrowing seasons, spring and fall, and the age at first estrus was monitored from 160 to 250 d. Plasma FSH was greater in OR than in CO gilts at 65 (P < 0.01) and 75 d (difference in spring greater than in fall, P < 0.01), but FSH at these ages was not correlated with ovarian weight at 85 d. At 85 d, FSH did not differ in gilts of these lines; however, FSH was negatively correlated (r = -0.27, P < 0.01) with ovarian weight. The proportion of gilts detected in estrus was less for spring-born CO gilts than for spring-born OR or for fall-born CO and OR gilts (78 vs. 92%, season x line, P < 0.02). The age at first estrus was similar in the two lines but was earlier (P < 0.01) for spring-born than for fall-born gilts (194 vs. 204 d). Concentrations of FSH at each of the ages examined were not correlated with the age at first estrus. These observations support the conclusion that selection for a greater number of corpora lutea produces a correlated increase in plasma FSH during early pubertal development. This increase in FSH most likely reflects differences in FSH synthesis and release and not differences in the stage of pubertal development. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Ford, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,State Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM ford@email.mare.usda.gov NR 43 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 82 IS 2 BP 472 EP 478 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 801LQ UT WOS:000220097800016 PM 14974545 ER PT J AU Oba, M Baldwin, RL Bequette, BJ AF Oba, M Baldwin, RL Bequette, BJ TI Oxidation of glucose, glutamate, and glutamine by isolated ovine enterocytes in vitro is decreased by the presence of other metabolic fuels SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide production; duodenum; oxidative metabolism; sheep ID PORTAL-DRAINED VISCERA; INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; PROPIONIC-ACID INFUSION; GROWING STEERS; AMINO-ACIDS; DAIRY-CATTLE; FATTY-ACIDS; FORAGE DIET; SHEEP; CATABOLISM AB The objective of this study was to evaluate oxidative metabolism of glucose, glutamate, and glutamine by isolated ovine enterocytes in the presence of other metabolic fuels in vitro. A mixed mucosal primary cell culture containing enterocytes was isolated from crossbred wether sheep (n = 6) fed a mixed forage-concentrate diet and incubated for 90 min with 1 mM (UC)-C-14-glucose, -glutamate, or -glutamine and additional substrates (water as negative control, acetate, propionate, butyrate, glucose, glutamate, or glutamine) at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mM. Oxidation of labeled substrates to CO2 and net production of lactate and pyruvate in incubation media were measured. Oxidation of glucose and glutamine to CO2 was decreased (P < 0.05) by 5 to 40% in the presence of additional substrates except acetate. Our observation that glutamine oxidation can be decreased by the presence of additional substrates is contrary to observations in the literature using enterocytes from nonruminants, indicating that ruminant enterocytes might rely on glutamine to a lesser extent as an energy source. Net glucose utilization was decreased (P < 0.05) 16% by propionate (10 mM) compared with control but was not affected by the other additional substrates. Glutamate oxidation to CO2 was decreased 28% (P < 0.05) in the presence of propionate (10 mM) or by 17 and 33% in the presence of glutamine (1.0 and 10 mM, respectively), but not by that of the other additional substrates. Acetate did not affect the oxidation of glucose, glutamate, and glutamine. Propionate decreased (P < 0.05) the oxidation of glucose and glutamate only at the highest concentration (10 mM), indicating that the sparing effects of propionate on substrate oxidation are affected by its concentration in the incubation media. These observations indicate that ruminant enterocytes possess metabolic flexibility for oxidative metabolism of glucose, glutamine, and glutamate depending on the type and concentration of available additional substrates. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, Funct Genomics Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Baldwin, RL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, Bldg 162,Rm 204C,BARC E, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM rbaldwin@anri.barc.usda.gov NR 30 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 82 IS 2 BP 479 EP 486 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 801LQ UT WOS:000220097800017 PM 14974546 ER PT J AU Swanson, KC Freetly, HC Ferrell, CL AF Swanson, KC Freetly, HC Ferrell, CL TI Nitrogen balance in lambs fed a high-concentrate diet and infused with differing proportions of casein in the rumen and abomasum SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nitrogen metabolism; nutrient balance; sheep ID UREA SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN LEVEL; FED ALFALFA; RUMINANTS; METABOLISM; DEGRADATION; PERFORMANCE; FEEDLOT; BLOOD; SHEEP AB Twenty-five wether lambs (34 +/- 0.9 kg) fitted with ruminal and abomasal infusion catheters were used in a completely randomized design to determine the effects of differing proportions of ruminal and abomasal casein infusion on N balance in lambs fed a high-concentrate diet (85% corn grain, 1.6% N; DM basis) for ad libitum intake. Wethers were infused with 0 (control) or 10.4 g/d of N from casein with ruminal:abomasal infusion ratios of 100:0, 67:33, 33:67, or 0:100% over a 14-d period. Feed, orts, feces, and urine were collected over the last 5 d. Total N intake and excretion were greater (P < 0.01) in lambs infused with casein than in controls; however, N retention did not differ in lambs infused with casein compared with controls, suggesting that N requirements were met without casein supplementation. Total N intake and total N excretion did not differ among casein infusion treatments. Urinary N excretion decreased linearly (P = 0.07) with decreasing ruminal infusion of casein. Site of casein infusion quadratically (P = 0.06) influenced N retained (g/d), with the greatest retention observed in the 33:67 ruminal:abomasal infusion treatment. Dry matter intake from feed decreased from 1,183 to 945 g/d (P = 0.02) in lambs infused with casein compared with controls, but apparently digested DM did not differ among treatments. These data indicate that decreasing the ruminal degradability of supplemental protein above that required to maximize N retention results in decreased urinary excretion of N without greatly affecting apparent diet digestion. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Freetly, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM freetly@email.marc.usda.gov NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 82 IS 2 BP 495 EP 501 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 801LQ UT WOS:000220097800019 PM 14974548 ER PT J AU Swanson, KC Freetly, HC Ferrell, CL AF Swanson, KC Freetly, HC Ferrell, CL TI Nitrogen balance in lambs fed low-quality brome hay and infused with differing proportions of casein in the rumen and abomasum SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nitrogen metabolism; nutrient balance; sheep; supplementation ID COTTONSEED MEAL SUPPLEMENTATION; WINTER-RANGE FORAGE; BEEF STEERS; VOLUNTARY INTAKE; PRAIRIE HAY; PROTEIN; DIGESTIBILITY; FERMENTATION; RUMINANTS; PASSAGE AB Twenty wether lambs (46 +/- 2 kg) fitted with ruminal and abomasal infusion catheters were used in a completely randomized design to determine the effects of differing proportions of ruminal and abomasal casein infusion on N balance in lambs fed low-quality brome hay (0.8% N, DM basis) for ad libitum intake. Wethers were infused with 0 (control) or 10.7 g/d of N from casein with ratios of ruminal:abomasal infusion of 100:0 (100R:0A), 67:33 (67R:33A), 33:67 (33R:67A), or 0:100% (OR:100A), respectively, over a 12-d period. Total N supply (hay N intake + N from casein infusion) was greater (P = 0.001) in lambs receiving casein infusion than in controls. Urinary N excretion (g/d) was greater (P = 0.001) in lambs receiving casein infusion than in controls. Urinary N excretion decreased as casein infusion was shifted from 100R:0A to 33R:67A and then slightly increased in lambs receiving OR:100A (quadratic, P = 0.02). Total N excretion was greater (P = 0.001) in lambs receiving casein infusion than in controls and decreased linearly (P = 0.005) as casein infusion was shifted to the abomasum. Retained N (g/d, % of N intake, and % of digested N) was greater (P = 0.001) in lambs receiving casein than in controls. Retained N increased as infusion was shifted from 100R:OA to 33R:67A and then slightly decreased in lambs receiving OR:100A (quadratic, P < 0.07). Based on regression analysis, the predicted optimum proportion of casein infusion to maximize N retention was 68% into the abomasum. The regression suggests that supplementation with undegradable intake protein had an additional benefit over supplementation with ruminally degradable intake protein (100R:0A) and that changing the percentage of ruminally undegradable intake protein in supplemental protein from 33 to 100% resulted in minimal differences in N retention. Apparent N, DM, OM, and energy digestibility (% of intake) was greater (P < 0.03) in lambs infused with casein than controls but did not differ among casein infusion groups. These data suggest that feeding protein supplements containing a portion (greater than 0%) of the crude protein as ruminally undegradable intake protein, as compared to 100% ruminally degradable intake protein, to lambs consuming low-quality forage increases N retention and the efficiency of N utilization without influencing total-tract nutrient digestion. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Freetly, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM freetly@email.marc.usda.gov NR 19 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 82 IS 2 BP 502 EP 507 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 801LQ UT WOS:000220097800020 PM 14974549 ER PT J AU Rhee, MS Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M AF Rhee, MS Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M TI Variation in palatability and biochemical traits within and among eleven beef muscles SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; collagen; muscles; proteolysis; sarcomere length; tenderness ID SARCOMERE-LENGTH; POSTMORTEM PROTEOLYSIS; BOVINE MUSCLES; LONGISSIMUS TENDERNESS; SENSORY PROPERTIES; ELECTRIC BROILER; BICEPS FEMORIS; GLUTEUS MEDIUS; MAJOR MUSCLES; SHEAR FORCE AB The objective of this study was to determine the extent of variation in, and relationships among, biochemical and palatability traits within and among 11 major beef muscles. Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LD), psoas major (PM), gluteus medius (GM), semimembranosus (SM), adductor (AD), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), rectus femoris (RF), triceps brachii (TB), infraspinatus (IS), and supraspinatus (SS) from one side of 31 Charolais x MARC III steer carcasses were vacuum-packaged, stored at 2degreesC until 14 d postmortem, and then frozen at -30degreesC. The 2.54-cm-thick steaks were obtained from two or three locations within muscles in order to assess biochemical traits and Warner-Bratzler shear force, and from near the center for sensory trait evaluation. The PM was most tender and was followed by IS in both shear force and tenderness rating (P < 0.05). The other muscles were not ranked the same by shear force and tenderness rating. The BF had the lowest (P < 0.05) tenderness rating. The PM, GM, and LD had lower (P < 0.05) collagen concentration (2.7 to 4.5 mg/g muscle) than muscles from the chuck and round (5.9 to 9.0 mg/g), except for the AD (4.9 mg/g). Desmin proteolysis was highest (P < 0.05) for BF and LD (60.7 and 60.1% degraded), and was lowest (P < 0.05) for PM (20.2%). The PM, TB, IS, RF, and ST had relatively long sarcomere lengths (> 2.1 mum), whereas the GM had the shortest (P < 0.05) sarcomere length (1.7 mum). Cooking loss was lowest (P < 0.05) for BF (18.7%) and was followed by LD and IS (20.7%); it was highest (P < 0.05) for ST (27.4%). Across all muscles, tenderness rating was highly correlated (r > 0.60) with shear force, connective tissue rating, sarcomere length, and collagen content. Within a muscle, correlations among all traits were generally highest in LD and lowest in AD. Within muscle, location effects were detected (P < 0.05) for shear force (PM, ST, BF, SM, and RF), sarcomere length (PM, ST, BF, LD, SS, IS, SM, and RF), collagen concentration (PM, BF, SS, IS, SM. AD, TB, and RF), desmin degradation (PM, GM, BF, SM, AD, and, RF), and cooking loss (all muscles except SS and AD). There is a large amount of variation within and among muscles for tenderness traits and tenderness-related biochemical traits. These results increase our understanding of the sources of variation in tenderness in different muscles and provide a basis for the development of muscle-specific strategies for improving the quality and value of muscles. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Wheeler, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM wheeler@email.marc.usda.gov RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013; Rhee, Min Suk/F-2106-2013 FU NICHD NIH HHS [N01-HD-7-3263] NR 43 TC 145 Z9 150 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 82 IS 2 BP 534 EP 550 PG 17 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 801LQ UT WOS:000220097800024 PM 14974553 ER PT J AU Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M AF Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M TI The accuracy and repeatability of untrained laboratory consumer panelists in detecting differences in beef longissimus tenderness SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; consumer; grade; quality; sensory; tenderness ID PALATABILITY; RESTAURANT; HOME AB The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy and repeatability of untrained laboratory consumer panelists in detecting differences in beef longissimus tenderness. At 14 d postmortem, slice shear force was measured on one steak from 192 strip loins and used to select 54 strip loins and assign 18 of the strip loins to each of three tenderness classes (tender = <15 kg, intermediate = 15 to 27 kg, and tough = >27 kg). Sixty-eight untrained, laboratory consumer panelists evaluated paired steaks from each tenderness class in each of two sessions (12 total observations per panelist). Mean slice shear forces for "tender," "intermediate," and "tough" were 11.1, 21.0, and 32.2 kg, respectively. Mean tenderness ratings of the untrained laboratory consumer panel were different (P < 0.05) among tenderness classes (mean of 16 panelists = 6.2, 4.9, and 3.3 for tender, intermediate, and tough, respectively), and these differences were similar regardless of how many untrained panelists were averaged to determine the panel mean (4, 8, 12, or 16). The correlations (P < 0.01) between slice shear force and the mean untrained consumer panel tenderness rating (mean of 4, r = -0.82; mean of 8, r = -0.89; mean of 12, r = -0.91; and mean of 16, r = -0.92;) were similar. Overall repeatability of the untrained consumer panel was 0.80. Repeatability of individual untrained consumer panelists for tenderness rating was highly variable: 31% were >0.80, 36% were 0.60 to 0.79, and 33% were <0.60. Thirty-two percent of the consumers were both accurate (correlation to slice shear force = -0.75 to -1.00, P < 0.01) and repeatable (repeatability >0.75). There is wide variability in the ability of untrained laboratory consumer panelists to detect differences in beef tenderness. Nonetheless, untrained consumer panels can accurately and repeatedly detect differences in beef tenderness under controlled laboratory conditions. An untrained laboratory consumer panel may be able to provide as effective an evaluation of beef longissimus tenderness as a trained descriptive attribute panel. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Wheeler, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM wheeler@email.marc.usda.gov RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 16 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 82 IS 2 BP 557 EP 562 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 801LQ UT WOS:000220097800026 PM 14974555 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Moore, PA Haggard, BE Maxwell, CV Daniel, TC VanDevander, K Davis, ME AF Smith, DR Moore, PA Haggard, BE Maxwell, CV Daniel, TC VanDevander, K Davis, ME TI Effect of aluminum chloride and dietary phytase on relative ammonia losses from swine manure SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aluminum chloride; ammonia; phytase; swine manure ID PHOSPHORUS RUNOFF; VOLATILIZATION; LITTER AB Ammonia (NH3) losses from swine manure contribute to odor problems, decrease animal productivity, and increase the risk of acid rain deposition. This study was conducted to determine whether aluminum chloride (AlCl3) or dietary manipulation with phytase could decrease relative NH3 losses from swine manure. Twenty-four pens of nursery pigs were used in two trials, and the pigs were fed normal or phytase-supplemented (500 IU/kg) diets. Aluminum chloride was added to manure pits (1.9 x 1.2 x 0.5 m) under each pen at 0, 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75% (vol:vol) of final manure volume. Manure pH and NH3 losses (measured by relative NH3 flux) were determined twice weekly. The addition of AlCl3 at 0.75% decreased (P < 0.05) manure pH from 7.48 to 6.69. Phytase decreased (P < 0.05) manure pH to 7.07 compared with 7.12 in the normal diet manure. Aluminum chloride administered at 0.75% without phytase reduced (P < 0.05) relative NH3 losses 52% for the entire 6-wk period. Relative NH3 losses were decreased (P < 0.05) from 109 mg of NH3/(m(2.)h) in pens containing pigs fed the normal diet without AlCl3 to 81 mg of NH3/(m(2.)h) in pens housing pigs administered the phytase diet, a 26% reduction. When the phytase diet and 0.75% AlCl3 additions were used in combination, relative NH3 losses were reduced (P < 0.05) by 60% compared with pens of pigs fed the control diet without AlCl3. Decreases in manure pH were likely responsible for the observed reduction in NH3 losses. Multiple regression was performed with relative rates of NH3 losses as the dependent variable and rate of AlCl3 addition, diet, and manure pH as independent variables. The model was tested using a stepwise regression (P < 0.001), and results indicated that the most important factors determining NH3 losses were manure pH and diet. However, the contribution of AlCl3 cannot be discounted. When manure pH was regressed against AlCl3 and dietary phytase, AlCl3 levels accounted for 64% of the variation in manure pH (P < 0.001). Dietary manipulation with phytase and application of AlCl3 to manure are promising management practices for the reduction of NH3 from swine facilities. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Anim Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop Soil & Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Cooperat Extens Serv, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), Purdue Univ, 275 S Russell St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM drsmith@purdue.edu NR 15 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 82 IS 2 BP 605 EP 611 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 801LQ UT WOS:000220097800032 PM 14974561 ER PT J AU Freetly, HC Leymaster, KA AF Freetly, HC Leymaster, KA TI Relationship between litter birth weight and litter size in six breeds of sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE breed; ewe; litter ID PORTAL-DRAINED VISCERA; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; PREGNANT EWES; GROWTH; FETAL; PLACENTA; UTERINE; GLUCOSE; SINGLE; LIVER AB Metabolizable energy requirements of the ewe increase during pregnancy due to increases in fetal and maternal metabolism. Fetal metabolism is related to total weight of the fetuses. Fetal number is a primary contributor to fetal weight. Litter birth weight represents the culminated fetal growth of the litter and can be used to estimate the effect of fetal metabolism on energy requirements of the ewe. We hypothesized that litter weight in sheep would increase at a decreasing rate with increasing litter size. Birth weights of lambs born to yearling (11 to 15 mo) and mature ewes (>34 mo) were collected on litters born to Dorset, Rambouillet, Suffolk, Finnsheep, Romanov, and Composite III ewes mated to produce straightbred lambs. Litter birth weight expressed as a function of litter size increased at a decreasing rate and the quadratic term differed from zero for mature Rambouillet, Suffolk, Finnsheep, Romanov, and Composite III litters (P < 0.042). The quadratic coefficient differed among breeds. In yearlings, litter weight increased at a decreasing rate for Suffolk ewes (P = 0.002). The quadratic term for the relationship between litter weight and litter size did not differ from zero for Finnsheep (P = 0.39) or Romanov litters (P = 0.07). The hypothesis that litter weight increases at a decreasing rate with increased litter size is supported by experimental results. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Freetly, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM freetly@email.marc.usda.gov NR 18 TC 22 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 82 IS 2 BP 612 EP 618 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 801LQ UT WOS:000220097800033 PM 14974562 ER PT J AU Campobasso, G Terragitti, G Mann, K Quimby, PC AF Campobasso, G Terragitti, G Mann, K Quimby, PC TI Field and laboratory biology of the stem-feeding beetle Thamnurgus euphorbiae (Kuster) (Col., Scolytidae) in Italy, a potential biological control candidate of leafy spurge in the USA and Canada SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Euphorbia; beetles; biological control; Euphorbiaceae; Scolytidae; weeds AB Thamnurgus euphorbiae overwinters as adults in dry stems of Euphorbia characias until the end of March before exiting through circular holes cut with their mandibles. Females and males appeared in the field at the same time, and the first pairs were observed on 28 March on new stems of E. characias having the open-flower at the beginning of its development. Throughout the rest of April it was possible to find and collect the fairly abundant adults. Mating occurs on new stems of the host plant and females walk up towards the top of the stem and start to mine the centre of it in order to penetrate. Oviposition occurs in new stems and eggs are laid singly along the interior of the stem; females laid 35-85 eggs. Upon hatching, larvae started feeding on vascular bundles and the inner cortex. There are three larval instars, and pupation occurred in the stem of the host plant; this insect is univoltine. Thamnurgus euphorbiae has been accepted by the Technical Advisory Group for Biological Control Agents of Weeds for release as a biological control agent of leafy spurge in the US. Prior to this study the biology of T. euphorbiae was unknown. C1 ARS, European Biol Control Lab, USDA, Rome Substn, I-00132 Rome, Italy. USDA, No Plains Agr Res Serv Lab, Sidney, MT USA. ARS, USDA, European Biol Control Lab, Montferrier Sur Lez, France. RP Campobasso, G (reprint author), ARS, European Biol Control Lab, USDA, Rome Substn, Via Colle Trugli 9, I-00132 Rome, Italy. EM ebel.romesubstation@agora.it NR 12 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1439-0418 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 128 IS 1 BP 1 EP 5 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0418.2003.00794.x PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 805YF UT WOS:000220400900001 ER PT J AU Jugdaohsingh, R Tucker, KL Qiao, N Cupples, LA Kiel, DP Powell, JJ AF Jugdaohsingh, R Tucker, KL Qiao, N Cupples, LA Kiel, DP Powell, JJ TI Dietary silicon intake is positively associated with bone mineral density in men and premenopausal women of the Framingham Offspring cohort SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE silicon; bone mineral density; bone formation; dietary intake; beer ID ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR-ALPHA; ELDERLY-WOMEN; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; BODY-COMPOSITION; ALCOHOL INTAKE; HEALTH; DETERMINANTS; PROGRESSION; ABSORPTION; WEIGHT AB Introduction: Osteoporosis is a burgeoning health and economic issue. Agents that promote bone formation are widely sought. Animal and cellular data suggest that the orthosilicate anion (i.e., dietary silicon) is involved in bone formation. The intake of silicon (Si, similar to30 mg/day) is among the highest for trace elements in humans, but its contribution to bone health is not known. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional, population-based study, we examined the association between silicon intake and bone mineral density (BMD) in 1251 men and 1596 pre- and postmenopausal women in the Framingham Offspring cohort (age, 30-87 years) at four hip sites and lumbar spine, adjusting for all potential confounding factors known to influence BMD and nutrient intake. Results: Silicon intake correlated positively with adjusted BMD at four hip sites in men and premenopausal women, but not in postmenopausal women. No significant association was observed at the lumbar spine in any group. Categorical analysis by Si intake, or energy-adjusted Si intake, supported these findings, and showed large differences in BMD (up to 10%) between the highest (>40 mg Si/day) and lowest (<14 mg Si/day) quintiles of silicon intake. A significant association at the lumbar spine in men was also observed. Further analyses indicated that some of the effects seen for moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages on BMD might be attributed to Si intake. Conclusions: These findings suggest that higher dietary silicon intake in men and younger women may have salutary effects on skeletal health, especially cortical bone health, that has not been previously recognized. Confirmation of these results is being sought in a longitudinal study and by assessment of the influence of silicon intake on bone markers in this cohort. C1 St Thomas Hosp, Rayne Inst, Gastrointestinal Lab, London SE1 7EH, England. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Div Aging, HRCA Res & Training Inst, Boston, MA USA. MRC, Elsie Widdowson Lab, Cambridge, England. RP Jugdaohsingh, R (reprint author), St Thomas Hosp, Rayne Inst, Gastrointestinal Lab, London SE1 7EH, England. EM ravin.jugdaohsingh@kcl.ac.uk RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Cupples, L. Adrienne/0000-0003-0273-7965; Kiel, Douglas/0000-0001-8474-0310; Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038]; NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR/AG 41398] NR 46 TC 129 Z9 134 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 19 IS 2 BP 297 EP 307 DI 10.1359/JBMR.0301225 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 767DY UT WOS:000188426000015 PM 14969400 ER PT J AU Pittas, AG Joseph, NA Greenberg, AS AF Pittas, AG Joseph, NA Greenberg, AS TI Adipocytokines and insulin resistance SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; TYPE-2 DIABETES-MELLITUS; FATTY-ACID OXIDATION; PLASMA ADIPONECTIN CONCENTRATIONS; CONGENITAL LEPTIN DEFICIENCY; SUBCUTANEOUS ADIPOSE-TISSUE; FACTOR-ALPHA; WEIGHT-LOSS; TNF-ALPHA C1 Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Pittas, AG (reprint author), Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK50647, DK61506] NR 76 TC 260 Z9 283 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD FEB 1 PY 2004 VL 89 IS 2 BP 447 EP 452 DI 10.1210/jc.2003-031005 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 771AT UT WOS:000188763900001 PM 14764746 ER PT J AU Mecham, JO Wilson, WC AF Mecham, JO Wilson, WC TI Antigen capture competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using baculovirus-expressed antigens for diagnosis of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; BLOCKING ELISA; DEER VIRUS; VP7 ANTIGEN; PROTEIN AB Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are orbiviruses that infect both livestock and wild ruminants. Antigenic cross-reactivity between BTV and EHDV often results in serologic misdiagnosis. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (c-ELISAs) show increased sensitivity and specificity for the identification of these viral diseases; however, the preparation of cell culture-derived viral antigen for these tests is laborious and variable from batch to batch, and the resulting antigen may be infectious. To overcome these problems, the genes coding for a structural protein, VP7, of BTV and EHDV were cloned into baculovirus and the recombinant proteins were expressed in Sf9 cultured insect cells. Recombinant viral proteins released into the baculovirus-infected Sf9 cell culture supernatant were used in antigen capture c-ELISAs (Ag Cap c-ELISA) tests that specifically detected antibody in the serum of cattle experimentally infected with BTV and EHDV. The diagnostic utility of the Ag Cap c-ELISA was demonstrated by comparison with a commercial c-ELISA. The Ag Cap c-ELISA offers the advantages of using an easily produced, easily standardized, noninfectious antigen that does not require further purification or concentration. C1 USDA ARS, Coll Agr, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Dept 3354, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP USDA ARS, Coll Agr, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Dept 3354, 1000 E Univ Ave, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM jmecham@uwyo.edu NR 20 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 EI 1098-660X J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 42 IS 2 BP 518 EP 523 DI 10.1128/JCM.42.2.518-523.2004 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 780KC UT WOS:000189379000005 PM 14766810 ER PT J AU Baker, TC Ochieng', SA Cosse, AA Lee, SG Todd, JL Quero, C Vickers, NJ AF Baker, TC Ochieng', SA Cosse, AA Lee, SG Todd, JL Quero, C Vickers, NJ TI A comparison of responses from olfactory receptor neurons of Heliothis subflexa and Heliothis virescens to components of their sex pheromone SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY A-NEUROETHOLOGY SENSORY NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Heliothis subflexa; Heliothis virescens; olfactory receptor neurons; sex pheromone; single-cell recordings ID TOBACCO BUDWORM MOTH; MALE HELICOVERPA-ZEA; CORN-EARWORM MOTH; SUSTAINED-FLIGHT TUNNEL; CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION; BEHAVIORAL ANTAGONIST; ANTENNAL LOBE; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; FEMALE AB Single-cell electrophysiological recordings were obtained from olfactory receptor neurons in sensilla trichodea on male antennae of the heliothine species Heliothis subflexa and the closely related congener H. virescens. A large percentage of sensilla (72% and 81%, respectively, of all sensilla sampled) contained a single odor-responsive receptor neuron tuned to the major pheromone component of both species, Z-11-hexadecenal. A second population of sensilla on H. subflexa antennae (18%) housed receptor neurons that were tuned to Z-9-hexadecenal but also responded with less sensitivity to Z-9-tetradecenal. A similar population of sensilla (4%) on H. virescens male antennae housed receptor neurons that were shown to be tuned specifically only to Z-9-tetradecenal, with no response to even high dosages of Z-9-hexadecenal. A third population of sensilla (comprising 8% and 16% of the sensilla sampled in H. subflexa and H. virescens, respectively) housed two olfactory receptor neurons, one of which was tuned to Z-11-hexadecenyl acetate and the other tuned to Z-11-hexadecenol. In H. subflexa the Z-11-hexadecenyl acetate-tuned neuron also responded to Z-9-tetradecenal with nearly equivalent sensitivity. The behavioral requirements of males of these two species for distinct pheromonal blends was, therefore, reflected by the subtle differences in the tuning properties of antennal olfactory receptor neurons. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, Pesticide Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. CSIC, IIQAB, Dept Biol Organ Chem, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Baker, TC (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, Pesticide Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM tcb10@psu.edu RI Quero, Carmen/G-3088-2016 NR 44 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 15 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0340-7594 J9 J COMP PHYSIOL A JI J. Comp. Physiol. A -Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 190 IS 2 BP 155 EP 165 DI 10.1007/s00359-003-0483-2 PG 11 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Physiology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology; Zoology GA 777WD UT WOS:000189203100008 PM 14689220 ER PT J AU Broderick, GA AF Broderick, GA TI Effect of low level monensin supplementation on the production of dairy cows fed alfalfa silage SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE monensin; fish meal; milk yield; N efficiency ID CONTROLLED-RELEASE CAPSULE; EXPELLER SOYBEAN-MEAL; MILK UREA NITROGEN; RUMINAL BACTERIA; SOLE FORAGE; PROPIONATE PRODUCTION; RELATIVE VALUE; AMINO-ACIDS; FATTY-ACIDS; AMMONIA AB Effectiveness of low level monensin supplementation on N utilization in lactating dairy cows fed alfalfa silage was assessed using 48 multiparous Holsteins. Cows were fed a covariate diet [% of dry matter (DM): 56% alfalfa silage, 39% ground high moisture corn, 3% soybean meal, 1% ground corn, 1% vitamin-mineral supplements] for 2 wk, then grouped by days in milk into blocks of 4. Cows were randomly assigned within blocks to 1 of 4 diets that were fed for 10 wk: 1) control (covariate diet), 2) control plus 3% fish meal (replacing DM from high moisture corn), 3) monensin (10 mg/kg DM), and 4) monensin plus 3% fish meal. Diets 1 and 3 averaged 16.7% crude protein (25% from free AA in alfalfa silage); diets 2 and 4 averaged 18.5% crude protein. Monensin intake averaged 16 mg/d on diets 1 and 2 (due to contamination) and 248 mg/d on diets 3 and 4. There was no effect of fish meal or monensin on DM intake. However, weight gain and yield of milk, protein, and SNF increased with fish meal feeding, indicating metabolizable protein limited production. Feeding monensin increased blood glucose but reduced yield of 3.5% fat-corrected milk, milk fat content and yield, and milk protein content and yield. Apparent N efficiency was greatest on monensin (diet 3) but lowest on monensin plus fish meal (diet 4). Fish meal reduced blood glucose concentration and apparent N efficiency, and increased concentrations of milk and blood urea. Monensin increased ruminal propionate concentration and decreased concentration of acetate and butyrate and acetate: propionate in ruminally cannulated cows fed the experimental diets. However, these changes were small, suggesting that too little monensin was fed. Fish meal reduced ruminal total amino acid (AA) but monensin did not alter ruminal NH3 or total AA. Both fish meal and monensin increased NH3 formation from casein AA using ruminal inoculum from the cannulated cows. There was no evidence from this trial that feeding 250 mg of monensin per day to lactating cows improved N utilization by reducing ruminal catabolism of the large amounts of free AA in alfalfa silage. C1 ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Broderick, GA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM gbroderi@dfrc.wisc.edu NR 42 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 87 IS 2 BP 359 EP 368 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 775TJ UT WOS:000189076500013 PM 14762079 ER PT J AU Van Tassell, CP Sonstegard, TS Ashwell, MS AF Van Tassell, CP Sonstegard, TS Ashwell, MS TI Mapping quantitative trait loci affecting dairy conformation to chromosome 27 in two Holstein grandsire families SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE quantitative trait loci; dairy cattle; dairy conformation ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; BOVINE GENOME; MILK-PRODUCTION; UNITED-STATES; CATTLE; POPULATION; HEALTH; QTL AB Preliminary marker association results for quantitative trait loci affecting conformation traits using the granddaughter design and 8 large US Holstein grandsire families revealed strong associations in two families between the predicted transmitting abilities for dairy conformation and marker genotypes on bovine chromosome 27. Those results were based on single marker-trait associations in a genome-scan to identify broad chromosomal regions potentially containing genes affecting traits of interest. Results presented here describe continued study of quantitative trait loci on chromosome 27 for eventual incorporation into a marker-assisted selection program. Tests of marker associations for family 8 ( 91 sons) indicated an association with a microsatellite marker located near the telomere of chromosome 27. Interval analysis performed using additional marker genotypes generated for family 8 yielded further evidence for a quantitative trait locus in this region. No evidence was found for associations with milk production traits in this family in this region. An association was also detected in family 2 ( 240 sons) with a microsatellite marker located approximately 21 cM from the centromere of chromosome 27. Interval analysis performed for family 2 yielded evidence for a quantitative trait locus for dairy conformation near BMS689 with evidence of associations with fat percentage in the same region. Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting dairy conformation and fat components supports results reported by other groups, providing additional evidence that genes affecting fat metabolism are located on bovine chromosome 27. C1 USDA, Bofine Funct Gen Lab, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Van Tassell, CP (reprint author), USDA, Bofine Funct Gen Lab, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM curtvt@anri.barc.usda.gov OI Van Tassell, Curtis/0000-0002-8416-2087 NR 23 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 87 IS 2 BP 450 EP 457 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 775TJ UT WOS:000189076500022 PM 14762088 ER PT J AU Ashwell, MS Heyen, DW Sonstegard, TS Van Tassell, CP Da, Y VanRaden, PM Ron, M Weller, JI Lewin, HA AF Ashwell, MS Heyen, DW Sonstegard, TS Van Tassell, CP Da, Y VanRaden, PM Ron, M Weller, JI Lewin, HA TI Detection of quantitative trait loci affecting milk production, health, and reproductive traits in Holstein cattle SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE quantitative trait locus; pregnancy rate; milk production traits ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; DAIRY-CATTLE; BOVINE GENOME; OVULATION RATE; TWINNING RATE; YIELD; QTL; SCAN; CHROMOSOME-6; POPULATION AB We report putative quantitative trait loci affecting female fertility and milk production traits using the merged data from two research groups that conducted independent genome scans in Dairy Bull DNA Repository grandsire families to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting economically important traits. Six families used by both groups had been genotyped for 367 microsatellite markers covering 2713.5 cM of the cattle genome (90%), with an average spacing of 7.4 cM. Phenotypic traits included PTA for pregnancy rate and daughter deviations for milk, protein and fat yields, protein and fat percentages, somatic cell score, and productive life. Analysis of the merged dataset identified putative quantitative trait loci that were not detected in the separate studies, and the pregnancy rate PTA estimates that recently became available allowed detection of pregnancy rate QTL for the first time. Sixty-one putative significant marker effects were identified within families, and 13 were identified across families. Highly significant effects were found on chromosome 3 affecting fat percentage and protein yield, on chromosome 6 affecting protein and fat percentages, on chromosome 14 affecting fat percentage, on chromosome 18 affecting pregnancy rate, and on chromosome 20 affecting protein percentage. Within-family analysis detected putative QTL associated with pregnancy rate on six chromosomes, with the effect on chromosome 18 being the most significant statistically. These findings may help identify the most useful markers available for QTL detection and, eventually, for marker-assisted selection for improvement of these economically important traits. C1 USDA ARS, Bovine Funct Gen Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Anim Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Inst Anim Sci, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Ashwell, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Bovine Funct Gen Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM mashwell@anri.barc.usda.gov OI Van Tassell, Curtis/0000-0002-8416-2087 NR 34 TC 145 Z9 163 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 87 IS 2 BP 468 EP 475 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 775TJ UT WOS:000189076500024 PM 14762090 ER PT J AU Jolliffe, D AF Jolliffe, D TI The impact of education in rural Ghana: examining household labor allocation and returns on and off the farm SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE human capital; Ghana; farm households; off-farm income; censored LAD regression; sample design effects ID LEAST-SQUARES ESTIMATION; QUANTILE REGRESSION; MODELS; FERTILITY; INCOME; AGRICULTURE; INVESTMENT; EFFICIENCY; BEHAVIOR; ADOPTION AB Most of the human capital literature pertaining to developing countries focuses on the returns to education in either farm work or wage work; few studies examine how education affects the allocation of time between these activities. This paper estimates the returns to education in farm and off-farm work, and consequently the role of education in determining the allocation of labor. The results from this study show that off-farm work has a much higher return to education than does farm work and suggest that this divergence in returns affects the allocation of labor in farm households between farm and off-farm work. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Univ Michigan, William Davidson Inst, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Jolliffe, D (reprint author), Univ Michigan, USDA, Econ Res Serv, Room S-2059,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. EM Jolliffe@ers.usda.gov NR 58 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 4 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3878 J9 J DEV ECON JI J. Dev. Econ. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 73 IS 1 BP 287 EP 314 DI 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.02.002 PG 28 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 770EP UT WOS:000188710500012 ER PT J AU Carter-Wientjes, CH Russin, JS Boethel, DJ Griffin, JL McGawley, EC AF Carter-Wientjes, CH Russin, JS Boethel, DJ Griffin, JL McGawley, EC TI Feeding and maturation by soybean looper (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) larvae on soybean affected by weed, fungus, and nematode pests SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pseudoplusia includens; Sesbania exaltata; Meloidogyne incognita; Macrophomina phaseolina; pest complexes ID PSEUDOPLUSIA-INCLUDENS; CRITICAL WEIGHT; GLYCINE-MAX; BIOLOGY; GROWTH; STAGE AB Feeding and maturation by the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were investigated in a 2-yr study on 'Davis' soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., grown alone and combined with the weed hemp sesbania, Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rybd. ex. A. W. Hill, the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, and the charcoal rot fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Of the three pests, hemp sesbania had the greatest effects on plant growth and insect feeding and maturation. When fed foliage from soybean stressed by hemp sesbania, soybean looper larvae remained longer in feeding stages, consumed more foliage, and showed altered weight gain compared with larvae fed control foliage. Results suggest that nutrient(s) critical for proper development of larvae may have been limited in weed-stressed soybean foliage. Less dramatic results were observed when larvae fed on foliage from soybean with roots colonized by the charcoal rot fungus. Such larvae consumed more foliage, weighed more, and showed a slight increase in larval feeding period, but only in 1 yr of the study. Colonization of soybean roots by the root-knot nematode bad no consistent effects on either the soybean host or insect. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Entomol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Agron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Carter-Wientjes, CH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM jrussin@siu.edu NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 97 IS 1 BP 14 EP 20 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 774VV UT WOS:000189007300003 PM 14998122 ER PT J AU Pair, SD Bruton, BD Mitchell, F Fletcher, J Wayadande, A Melcher, U AF Pair, SD Bruton, BD Mitchell, F Fletcher, J Wayadande, A Melcher, U TI Overwintering squash bugs harbor and transmit the causal agent of cucurbit yellow vine disease SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anasa tristis; cucurbit yellow vine disease; Serratia marcescens; cucurbits; overwintering ID ANASA-TRISTIS; SERRATIA-MARCESCENS; COREIDAE; HETEROPTERA; BACTERIUM; DIAPAUSE; INDUCTION; HEMIPTERA; SURVIVAL; OKLAHOMA AB Since 1988, cucurbit crops, particularly watermelon, cantaloupe, and squash, grown in Oklahoma and Texas have experienced devastating losses from cucurbit yellow vine disease (CYVD), caused by the phloem-limited bacterium Serratia marcescens Bizio. Squash bug, Anasa tristis (De Geer), is a putative vector of the pathogen. In 2000-2001, overwintering populations of squash bug collected from DeLeon, TX, were tested for their ability to harbor and transmit the bacterium. Individual squash bugs (n = 73) were caged serially for periods of up to 7 d on at least four squash seedlings. Two studies were conducted, one with insects collected in November 2000 placed on first true leaf-stage seedlings and the second with insects from an April 2001 collection, placed on 3-5 true leaf-stage squash. Controls consisted of squash seedlings caged without insects. Squash bug transmission rates of the pathogen in studies I and II were 20 and 7.5%, respectively. Overall, 11.0% of the squash bugs harbored and successfully transmitted the bacterium to squash seedlings. All control plants tested negative for S. marcescens and did not exhibit CYVD. Female squash bugs killed a significantly greater proportion of young first leaf-stage seedlings than males. Feeding on 3-5 leaf-stage squash resulted in no plant mortality regardless of squash bug gender. This study demonstrated that the squash bug harbors S. marcescens in its overwintering state. The squash bug-S. marcescens overwintering relationship reported herein greatly elevates the pest status of squash bug and places more importance on development of integrated strategies for reducing potential overwintering and emerging squash bug populations. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Pair, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, POB 159,Hwy 3 W, Lane, OK 74555 USA. EM spair-usda@lane-ag.org RI Melcher, Ulrich/E-7160-2010 NR 37 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 97 IS 1 BP 74 EP 78 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 774VV UT WOS:000189007300011 PM 14998129 ER PT J AU Leskey, TC Wright, SE AF Leskey, TC Wright, SE TI Monitoring plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera : Curculionidae), populations in apple and peach orchards in the mid-Atlantic SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE plum curculio; Conotrachelus nenuphar; monitoring traps; grandisoic acid; benzaldehyde ID AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; ADULTS COLEOPTERA; ODOR; TRAPS; MANAGEMENT AB We evaluated responses of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), to four trap types in commercial and unsprayed apple and peach orchards. Trap types included black pyramid and clear Plexiglas panel traps deployed outside the orchard 2 m from the border row, and branch-mimicking cylinder and trunk-mounted screen traps attached to trees in the border row. Bait treatments evaluated in conjunction with each trap type included the synthetic fruit volatile benzaldehyde, the aggregation pheromone grandisoic acid (GA), benzaldehyde in combination with GA, and an unbaited control treatment. In commercial apple orchards, significantly more plum curculio were captured in traps baited with benzaldehyde + GA compared with traps baited with other treatments. Furthermore, significantly more plum curculio were captured by screen traps baited with benzaldehyde + GA compared with unbaited control traps. Significantly more plum curculio were captured by screen traps compared with other trap types in an unsprayed apple orchard. Very few captures were recorded in commercial peach orchards. Dissections of trapped females indicate that bivoltine populations are present in the mid-Atlantic. In general, correlations between timing and amount of trap captures and timing and amount of fruit injury inflicted concurrently or 1 wk after trap captures were very weak for all trap types and bait combinations. Our results agree with previous studies in the northeastern United States in which trap captures are increased by presence of serniochemical baits but fail to serve as reliable tools to determine need for and timing of insecticide application against plum curculio. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Leskey, TC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 30 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 97 IS 1 BP 79 EP 88 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 774VV UT WOS:000189007300012 PM 14998130 ER PT J AU Epsky, ND Shuman, D AF Epsky, ND Shuman, D TI Arena size, hole density, and capture of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera : Silvanidae) in grain probe traps SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Oryjzaephilus surinamensis; automated monitoring; grain probe trap; bioassay conditions; diel rhythm ID CRYPTOLESTES-FERRUGINEUS COLEOPTERA; STORED-GRAIN; INSECT COUNTER; WHEAT; INFESTATION AB The relationship of size of test arena, number of holes in a grain probe trap body and capture of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinarnensis (L.), was determined in simulated field tests conducted in an outdoor screen enclosure exposed to natural temperature fluctuations. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) probe bodies were attached to electronic sensor heads, and insect captures were recorded electronically using an electronic grain probe insect counter (EGPIC) system. In comparisons among PVC probe trap bodies with 60, 132, 252, and 492 holes, tested at 18 insects per kilogram in 4.5, 17, and 40 kg of soft wheat in cylindrical arenas (10.2, 20.3, and 30.5 cm in diameter, respectively), number of holes in the probe trap body had no effect on insect capture, but percentage of insects recovered was indirectly related to size of the test arena. Periodicity of insect capture was determined using the time-stamp data that were recorded by the EGPIC system. Circadian rhythm was observed in the periodicity of the capture that corresponded to foraging activity peaks documented for sawtoothed grain beetles, with activity peaks occurring early in the scotophase. There were shifts in times of peak activity among the different test arena sizes that corresponded to differences in temperature in the grain mass. Increases in both temperature and contact between insects and grain probe in the smallest arenas resulted in higher capture of sawtoothed grain beetles. This research documents additional important factors when evaluating capture of sawtoothed grain beetles in grain probe traps. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Epsky, ND (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 97 IS 1 BP 150 EP 154 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 774VV UT WOS:000189007300021 PM 14998139 ER PT J AU Kirifides, ML Kurnellas, MP Clark, L Bryant, BP AF Kirifides, ML Kurnellas, MP Clark, L Bryant, BP TI Calcium responses of chicken trigeminal ganglion neurons to methyl anthranilate and capsaicin SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE calcium imaging; capsaicin; chick; digital fluorescence; imaging; Fura Red; irritation; methyl anthranilate; pain; primary cell culture; trigeminal neuron; repellent ID SENSORY NEURONS; CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; BIRD REPELLENTS; SUBSTANCE-P; RAT; HEAT; CURRENTS; NOCICEPTION; RECEPTOR; RESPONSIVENESS AB Using digital fluorescence imaging, we determined the effects of methyl anthranilate (MA), an avian irritant, and capsaicin (CAP), a mammalian irritant, on intracellular calcium ([Ca2+](i)) in chicken trigeminal neurons. Concentration-response functions indicated that the threshold for inducing increases in [Ca2+](i) was higher for CAP (30 mumol l(-1)) than for MA (10 mumol l(-1)). The maximum magnitudes of [Ca2+](i) in response to MA and CAP were compared after normalization to 40 mmol l(-1) KCl. At equal concentrations (300 mumol l(-1)), trigeminal neurons responded with a greater change in [Ca2+](i) to MA (78% of KCl) than to CAP (43% of KCl). Furthermore, at 300 mumol l(-1), 48% of neurons responded to MA whereas only 16% responded to CAP. The increases in [Ca2+](i) induced by both MA and CAP were dependent upon extracellular calcium. While the calcium responses to MA were also dependent on extracellular sodium, responses to CAP were not. There were separate but overlapping populations of neurons sensitive to MA and CAP. Taken together, the higher threshold concentration of CAP, the higher response magnitude to MA than CAP and the greater number of neurons sensitive to MA than CAP provide a rationale for the observed behavioral differences of birds to these two compounds. Finally, the findings that the calcium responses to MA and CAP have different ion dependencies and that there are separate populations sensitive to these compounds suggest different transduction mechanisms mediating chicken trigeminal responses to MA and CAP. C1 Monell Chem Senses Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Bryant, BP (reprint author), Monell Chem Senses Ctr, 3500 Mkt St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. EM bryant@monell.org NR 46 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 207 IS 5 BP 715 EP 722 DI 10.1242/jeb.00809 PG 8 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 780AY UT WOS:000189349800008 PM 14747403 ER PT J AU Welch, RM Graham, RD AF Welch, RM Graham, RD TI Breeding for micronutrients in staple food crops from a human nutrition perspective SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE agricultural intervention; food-based approach; human health; iron; malnutrition; minerals; nutritional quality; vitamins; sustainability; trace elements; zinc ID IRON-ABSORPTION; VITAMIN-A; BETA-CAROTENE; NONHEME IRON; BIOAVAILABILITY; MALNUTRITION; LIMITATIONS; ENRICHMENT; MINERALS; STRATEGY AB Over three billion people are currently micronutrient (i.e. micronutrient elements and vitamins) malnourished, resulting in egregious societal costs including learning disabilities among children, increased morbidity and mortality rates, lower worker productivity, and high healthcare costs, all factors diminishing human potential, felicity, and national economic development. Nutritional deficiencies (e.g. iron, zinc, vitamin A) account for almost two-thirds of the childhood death worldwide. Most of those afflicted are dependent on staple crops for their sustenance. Importantly, these crops can be enriched (i.e. 'biofortified') with micronutrients using plant breeding and/or transgenic strategies, because micronutrient enrichment traits exist within their genomes that can to used for substantially increasing micronutrient levels in these foods without negatively impacting crop productivity. Furthermore, 'proof of concept' studies have been published using transgenic approaches to biofortify staple crops (e.g. high beta-carotene 'golden rice' grain, high ferritin-Fe rice grain, etc). In addition, micronutrient element enrichment of seeds can increase crop yields when sowed to micronutrient-poor soils, assuring their adoption by farmers. Bioavailability issues must be addressed when employing plant breeding and/or transgenic approaches to reduce micronutrient malnutrition. Enhancing substances (e.g. ascorbic acid, S-containing amino acids, etc) that promote micronutrient bioavailability or decreasing antinutrient substances (e.g. phytate, polyphenolics, etc) that inhibit micronutrient bioavailability, are both options that could be pursued, but the latter approach should be used with caution. The world's agricultural community should adopt plant breeding and other genetic technologies to improve human health, and the world's nutrition and health communities should support these efforts. Sustainable solutions to this enormous global problem of 'hidden hunger' will not come without employing agricultural approaches. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. RP Welch, RM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM rmw1@cornell.edu NR 72 TC 453 Z9 521 U1 41 U2 208 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 55 IS 396 BP 353 EP 364 DI 10.1093/jxb/erh064 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 769GC UT WOS:000188634500007 PM 14739261 ER PT J AU Zimba, PV Rowan, M Triemer, R AF Zimba, PV Rowan, M Triemer, R TI Identification of euglenoid algae that produce ichthyotoxin(s) SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Euglena spp; ichthyotoxicity; striped bass; aquaculture; neurotoxin; channel catfish C1 USDA ARS, MSA, CGRU, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Vernon James Res Ctr, Plymouth, NC USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Zimba, PV (reprint author), USDA ARS, MSA, CGRU, POB 38, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. EM pzimba@msa-stoneville.ars.usda.gov RI Zimba, Paul/O-2778-2013 NR 4 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 27 IS 2 BP 115 EP 117 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00512.x PG 3 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 777VL UT WOS:000189200900007 PM 15009253 ER PT J AU Berrang, ME Smith, DP Windham, WR Feldner, PW AF Berrang, ME Smith, DP Windham, WR Feldner, PW TI Effect of intestinal content contamination on broiler carcass Campylobacter counts SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID CHICKEN; SPP.; SALMONELLA; JEJUNI; CROP; PREVALENCE; RECOVERY; NUMBERS; HALVES; LEVEL AB Intestinal contents may contaminate broiler carcasses during processing. The objective of this study was to determine what effect various levels of intestinal contents had on the numbers of Campylobacter detected in broiler carcass rinse samples. Eviscerated broiler carcasses were collected from the shackle line in a commercial processing plant immediately after passing through an inside/outside washer. Broiler carcasses were cut longitudinally into contralateral halves using a sanitized saw. Cecal contents from the same flock were collected, pooled, homogenized, and used to contaminate carcass halves. Paired carcass halves were divided into groups of eight each, and then cecal contents (2, 5, 10, 50, or 100 mg) were placed onto one randomly selected half of each carcass, while the corresponding half of the same broiler carcass received no cecal contents. Campylobacter counts from carcass halves with cecal contamination were compared to the uncontaminated halves of the same carcasses using a paired t test. Carcass halves with 5 mg or more of surface cecal contamination had significantly higher numbers of Campylobacter than those without (P < 0.01). Carcass halves contaminated with only 5 mg of cecal contents had an average of 3.3 log CFU Campylobacter per ml of rinse, while corresponding uncontaminated carcass halves had 2.6 log CFU Campylobacter per ml of rinse. These data indicate that even small (5 mg) amounts of cecal contents can cause a significant increase in the numbers of Campylobacter on eviscerated broiler carcasses. Therefore, it is important to keep such contamination to a minimum during processing. C1 USDA ARS, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Berrang, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM mberrang@saa.ars.usda.gov NR 20 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 67 IS 2 BP 235 EP 238 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 772GP UT WOS:000188833900002 PM 14968952 ER PT J AU Stern, NJ Bannov, VA Svetoch, EA Mitsevich, EV Mitsevich, IP Volozhantsev, NV Gusev, VV Perelygin, VV AF Stern, NJ Bannov, VA Svetoch, EA Mitsevich, EV Mitsevich, IP Volozhantsev, NV Gusev, VV Perelygin, VV TI Distribution and characterization of Campylobacter spp. from Russian poultry SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID IDENTIFICATION AB The distribution of Campylobacter spp. on 13 poultry farms (broiler chicken, quail, pheasant, peacock, and turkey) from eight regions (Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Kaluga, Liptsk, Moscow, Orenburg, and Orel) in Russia was surveyed. Intestinal materials were plated onto Campylobacter-selective medium and plates were incubated microaerobically at 42degreesC for 24 or 48 h. Identification was based on colonial morphology, microscopic examination, and biochemical tests; latex agglutination assays were used for confirmation. In total, 116 isolates were derived from 370 samples. Isolation rates were similar, regardless of whether the birds were from small or large broiler production farms. Susceptibility of 48 representative (from these production sources) strains of Campylobacter spp. to 38 antimicrobial compounds was determined by disk diffusion assays. All strains tested were sensitive to amikacin, gentamycin, sisomycin, chloramphenicol, imipenem, oleandomycin, erythromycin, azitromycin. and ampicillin. The strains were also sensitive to 100 mug/disk of carbenicillin, fluoroquinolones, and to nitrofurans. Fluoroquinolone sensitivity was most notable and may be related to its limited application in poultry production within Russia. Hippurate and ribosomal RNA gene primers were developed and used to distinguish Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and to provide a measure of strain discrimination. The combination of PCR analysis and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing were conducted for selected isolates. The various poultry species and the different locations yielded Campylobacter isolates with discrete randomly amplified polymorphic DNA patterns. The distribution and substantial diversity of Campylobacter spp. isolates appears similar to that previously reported in other countries. C1 USDA ARS, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. State Res Ctr Appl Microbiol, Obolensk, Russia. RP Stern, NJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM nstern@saa.ars.usda.gov OI Volozhantsev, Nikolay/0000-0003-4667-1451 NR 11 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 67 IS 2 BP 239 EP 245 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 772GP UT WOS:000188833900003 PM 14968953 ER PT J AU Flores, RA AF Flores, RA TI Distribution of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in beef processed in a table-top bowl cutter SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID IN-GROUND BEEF; MEAT GRINDERS; CONTAMINATION; TEMPERATURE; TIME AB Beef-processing equipment can be contaminated with pathogens Such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. The bowl cutter has wide application in particle-size reduction and blending of meat products. This study was undertaken to determine (i) the distribution patterns of E. coli O157:H7 in equipment components and ground beef produced with a table-top bowl cutter under different operational conditions and (ii) the likelihood that pathogen contamination can be transferred to subsequent batches after a batch of beef contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 has been processed in the same bowl cutter. A beef trim (44.6 +/- 29.5 g) inoculated with 2 log CFU of an E. coli O157:H7 mutant strain resistant to rifampicin (E. coli O157:H7(rif)) was fed by hand into an uncontaminated beef-trim batch under two different batch sizes (2 and 4 kg), three processing times (60, 120, and 240 s), and two feeding modes (running and stoppage fed). There were no significant differences (P greater than or equal to 0.05) among all the treatments for the averages of the counts of E. coli O157:H7(rif) distributed in the ground beef. Regardless of the processing time and the method used to feed the beef trims into the bowl cutter, the whole batch and the following subsequent batch became contaminated when previously contaminated beef was processed. Areas of the bowl cutter most likely to be contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 were (i) the material left on the top of the comb/knife guard and (ii) the knife. Material that overflowed the bowl cutter, when processing the batch with E. coli O157:H7rif, contaminated the equipment surroundings. A Pearson V probability distribution function was determined to describe the distribution of pathogenic organisms in the ground beef, a distribution that can also be applied when conducting process risk analyses on mixing-particle reduction operations for beef trims. C1 USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Flores, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM rflores@errc.ars.usda.gov NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 67 IS 2 BP 246 EP 251 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 772GP UT WOS:000188833900004 PM 14968954 ER PT J AU Rivera-Betancourt, M Shackelford, SD Arthur, TM Westmoreland, KE Bellinger, G Rossman, M Reagan, JO Koohmaraie, M AF Rivera-Betancourt, M Shackelford, SD Arthur, TM Westmoreland, KE Bellinger, G Rossman, M Reagan, JO Koohmaraie, M TI Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella in two geographically distant commercial beef processing plants in the United States SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID CARCASSES; CONTAMINATION; SLAUGHTER; CATTLE; HIDES; FECES; MEAT; CAMPYLOBACTER; ABATTOIRS; INDUSTRY AB For two large beef processing plants, one located in the southern United States (plant A) and one located in the northern United States (plant B), prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella was determined for hide, carcass, and facility environmental samples over the course of 5 months. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 (68.1 versus 55.9%) and Salmonella (91.8 versus 50.3%) was higher (P < 0.05), and the prevalence of Listeria spp. (37.7 versus 75.5%) and L. monocytogenes (0.8 versus 18.7%) was lower (P < 0.05) for the hides of cattle slaughtered at plant A versus plant B. Similarly, the prevalence of Salmonella (52.0 versus 25.3%) was higher (P < 0.05) and the prevalence of Listeria spp. (12.0 versus 40.0%) and L. monocytogenes (1.3 versus 14.7%) was lower (P < 0.05) for the fence panels of the holding pens of plant A versus plant B. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 (3.1 versus 10.9%), Listeria spp. (4.5 versus 14.6%), and L. monocytogenes (0.0 versus 1.1%) was lower (P < 0.05) for preevisceration carcasses sampled at plant A versus plant B. Salmonella (both plants), Listeria spp. (plant B), and L. monocytogenes (plant B) were detected on fabrication floor conveyor belts (product contact surfaces) late during the production day. For plant B, 21 of 148 (14.2%) late-operational fabrication floor conveyor belt samples were L. monocytogenes positive. For plant B, E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were detected in preoperational fabrication floor conveyor belt samples. Overall results suggest that there are regional differences in the prevalence of pathogens on the hides of cattle presented for harvest at commercial beef processing plants. While hide data may reflect the regional prevalence, the carcass data is indicative of differences in harvest practices and procedures in these plants. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Silliker Labs, Grand Prairie, TX USA. Food Safety Net Serv Ltd, San Antonio, TX 78216 USA. Natl Cattlemens Beef Assoc, Centennial, CO 80112 USA. RP Rivera-Betancourt, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM rivera@email.marc.usda.gov RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 41 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 13 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 67 IS 2 BP 295 EP 302 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 772GP UT WOS:000188833900011 PM 14968961 ER PT J AU Bosilevac, JM Wheeler, TL Rivera-Betancourt, M Nou, XW Arthur, TM Shackelford, SD Kent, MP Jaroni, D Osborn, MS Rossman, M Reagan, JO Koohmaraie, M AF Bosilevac, JM Wheeler, TL Rivera-Betancourt, M Nou, XW Arthur, TM Shackelford, SD Kent, MP Jaroni, D Osborn, MS Rossman, M Reagan, JO Koohmaraie, M TI Protocol for evaluating the efficacy of cetylpyridinium chloride as a beef hide intervention SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; REDUCE ATTACHED SALMONELLA; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; PROCESSING PLANTS; AEROBIC-BACTERIA; CATTLE HIDES; CARCASSES; SLAUGHTER; PREVALENCE; RECOVERY AB The objective of this study was to establish the necessary protocols and assess the efficacy of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) as an antimicrobial intervention on beef cattle hides. Experiments using CPC were conducted to determine (i) the methods of neutralization needed to obtain valid efficacy measurements, (ii) the effect of concentration and dwell time after treatment, (iii) the effect of CPC on hide and carcass microbial populations when cattle were treated at a feedlot and then transported to a processing facility for harvest, and (iv) the effectiveness of spray pressure and two-spray combinations of CPC and water to reduce hide microbial populations. Residual CPC in hide sponge samples prevented bacterial growth. Dey-Engley neutralization media at 7.8% and a centrifugation step were necessary to overcome this problem. All dwell times, ranging from 30 s to 4 h, after 1% CPC application to cattle hides resulted in aerobic plate counts and Enterobacteriaceae counts 1.5 log CFU/100 cm(2) lower than controls. The most effective dose of CPC was 1%, which reduced aerobic plate counts and Enterobacteriaceae counts 2 and 1 log CFU/100 cm(2), respectively. Low-pressure application of 1% CPC at the feedlot, transport to the processing facility, and harvest within 5 h of application resulted in no effect on Escherichia coli O157 prevalence on hides or preevisceration carcasses. Two high-pressure CPC washes lowered aerobic plate counts and Enterobacteriaceae counts by 4 log CFU/100 cm(2), and two medium-pressure CPC washes were only slightly less effective. These results indicate that under the proper conditions, CPC may still be effective for reducing microbial populations on cattle hides. Further study is warranted to determine if this effect will result in reduction of hide-to-carcass contamination during processing. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Excel Corp, Wichita, KS 67202 USA. Natl Cattlemens Beef Assoc, Centennial, CO 80112 USA. RP Bosilevac, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM bosilevac@email.marc.usda.gov RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 31 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 67 IS 2 BP 303 EP 309 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 772GP UT WOS:000188833900012 PM 14968962 ER PT J AU Bayles, DO AF Bayles, DO TI Changes in heat resistance resulting from pH and nutritional shifts of acid-adapted and non-acid-adapted Listeria monocytogenes Scott A SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; MICROBIAL SURVIVAL CURVES; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; TOLERANCE RESPONSE; CROSS-PROTECTION; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES; STARVATION-SURVIVAL; ADAPTATION; VIRULENCE; INACTIVATION AB Stationary-phase Listeria monocytogenes cells that were either pH dependent acid adapted or not acid adapted were heat challenged at 60degreesC in a two-level full factorial design for three variables. The three variables and the levels consisted of tryptic soy broth (TSB) and sterile cell-free culture supernatant (sterile TSB), the presence and absence of 1% added glucose, and pH 4.8 and pH 7. Non-acid-adapted cells were most heat resistant when challenged in TSB (mean decimal reduction times at 60degreesC: D-60 = 1.16 min). In the absence of added glucose, non-acid-adapted cells had similar D-60-values for inactivations at pH 4.8 and pH 7; however, the presence of glucose caused non-acid-adapted cells challenged at pH 4.8 to be more heat sensitive (D-60 = 0.65 min) than those inactivated at pH 7 (D-60 = 1.03 min), indicating an interaction between glucose and pH. Overall, the significantly decreased heat resistance of the acid-adapted cells was due to the presence of glucose (D-60 = 0.78 min without glucose, D-60 = 0.59 min with glucose). Acid-adapted cells heat challenged in TSB had similar D-60-values for inactivations at pH 4.8 and pH 7; however, acid-adapted cells in sterile TSB challenged at pH 4.8 (D-60 = 0.52 min) had significantly lower heat resistance than did cells challenged at pH 7 (D-60 = 0.76 min), indicating an interaction between the medium and pH. The L. monocytogenes survivor data were modeled to extract information on the frequency distribution of heat resistance within heat-challenged populations, and the frequency distribution characteristics of mean, mode, and variance were compared among treatment conditions. Significant differences in the frequency distribution data were compared with the D-60-values. These data indicated that the presence and level of cross-protection is highly dependent on the physiological state of the cells and nutrient availability at the time of heat challenge. Such conditions should be considered to ensure that stressed pathogens in foods are destroyed or inactivated. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Bayles, DO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM dbayles@errc.ars.usda.gov NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 67 IS 2 BP 316 EP 321 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 772GP UT WOS:000188833900014 PM 14968964 ER PT J AU Novak, JS Yuan, JTC AF Novak, JS Yuan, JTC TI Increased inactivation of ozone-treated Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells and spores on fabricated beef surfaces using mild heat SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID BACILLUS-SUBTILIS SPORES; UNITED-STATES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SPORULATION; MEAT AB Ozone treatment of beef surfaces enhanced the effectiveness of cooking temperatures ranging from 45 to 75degreesC against enterotoxin-producing strains of Clostridium perfringens. Vegetative cells on beef surfaces at an initial concentration of 5.59 +/- 0.17 log CFU/g were reduced significantly (P < 0.05) to 4.09 +/- 0.72 log CFU/g and 3.50 +/- 0.90 log CFU/g after combined treatments with aqueous ozone (5 ppm) and subsequent heating at 45 and 55degreesC, respectively. Spores on the beef surface were likewise significantly reduced from an initial concentration of 2.94 +/- 0.37 log spores per g to 2.07 +/- 0.38 log spores per g and 1.70 +/- 0.37 log spores per g after the combined treatment with aqueous ozone (5 ppm) and subsequent heating at 55 and 75degreesC, respectively. Fluorescent nucleic acid stains were used with confocal fluorescence microscopy to show that spores remaining attached to the meat were protected from treatment-specific injury. This study provides evidence for the decreased resistance of both vegetative cells and spores of C. perfringens with ozone treatment that is followed by heat treatment at temperatures that would not otherwise be as effective, thus lowering the requirements for cooking beef while maintaining a margin of safety. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Amer Air Liquide, Chicago Res Ctr, Countryside, IL 60525 USA. RP Novak, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM jnovak@errc.ars.usda.gov NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 67 IS 2 BP 342 EP 346 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 772GP UT WOS:000188833900017 PM 14968967 ER PT J AU Dery, SJ Crow, WT Stieglitz, M Wood, EF AF Dery, SJ Crow, WT Stieglitz, M Wood, EF TI Modeling snow-cover heterogeneity over complex arctic terrain for regional and global climate models SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENERGY-BALANCE PROCESSES; ATMOSPHERE TRANSFER SCHEME; SOIL-MOISTURE OBSERVATIONS; SPATIALLY-VARIABLE WATER; CATCHMENT-BASED APPROACH; LAND-SURFACE PROCESSES; BLOWING-SNOW; NORTHERN ALASKA; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SIMULATION AB The small-scale (10 to 100 m) and local-scale (100 m to 10 km) effects of topography (elevation, slope, and aspect) and snow redistribution by wind on the evolution of the snowmelt are investigated. The chosen study area is the 142 km(2) Upper Kuparuk River basin located on the North Slope of Alaska. Two land surface models (LSMs) designed for regional and global climate studies apply different techniques to resolve these additional processes and features and their effects on snowmelt. One model uses a distributed approach to simulate explicitly the effects of topography on snowmelt at a 131-m resolution across the entire Upper Kuparuk watershed. By contrast, the other LSM employs a simple parameterization to implicitly resolve the effects of wind-blown snow on the hydrology of the Upper Kuparuk basin. In both cases, the incorporation of these local- and small-scale features within the LSMs leads to significant heterogeneity in the 1997 end-of-winter spatial distribution of snow cover in the Upper Kuparuk watershed. It is shown that the consideration of subgrid-scale snow-cover heterogeneity over complex Arctic terrain provides a better representation of the end-of-winter snow water equivalent, an improved simulation of the timing and amount of water discharge of the Upper Kuparuk River, and an alteration of other surface energy and water budget components. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Dery, SJ (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM dery@1deo.columbia.edu OI Wood, Eric/0000-0001-7037-9675 NR 76 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 5 IS 1 BP 33 EP 48 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0033:MSHOCA>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 775TL UT WOS:000189076700003 ER PT J AU Gao, HL Wood, EF Drusch, M Crow, W Jackson, TJ AF Gao, HL Wood, EF Drusch, M Crow, W Jackson, TJ TI Using a microwave emission model to estimate soil moisture from ESTAR observations during SGP99 SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; HYDROLOGY EXPERIMENT; SURFACE-ROUGHNESS; WATER-CONTENT; RADIOMETER; FIELD; PARAMETERIZATION; VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE; RETRIEVAL AB The 1999 Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment (SGP99) provides comprehensive datasets for evaluating microwave remote sensing of soil moisture algorithms that involve complex physical properties of soils and vegetation. The Land Surface Microwave Emission Model (LSMEM) is presented and used to retrieve soil moisture from brightness temperatures collected by the airborne Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer (ESTAR) L-band radiometer. Soil moisture maps for the SGP99 domain are retrieved using LSMEM, surface temperatures computed using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model, standard soil datasets, and vegetation parameters estimated through remote sensing. The retrieved soil moisture is validated using field-scale and area-averaged soil moisture collected as part of the SGP99 experiment, and had a rms range for the area-averaged soil moisture of 1.8%-2.8% volumetric soil moisture. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Bonn, Inst Meteorol, D-5300 Bonn, Germany. ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Wood, EF (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM efwood@princeton.edu OI Wood, Eric/0000-0001-7037-9675 NR 49 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 5 IS 1 BP 49 EP 63 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0049:UAMEMT>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 775TL UT WOS:000189076700004 ER PT J AU Pszczolkowski, MA Gelman, DB AF Pszczolkowski, MA Gelman, DB TI Chilling stress effects on corpus allatum proliferation in the Hawaiian cockroach, Diploptera punctata: a role for ecdysteroids SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GALLERIA-MELLONELLA LARVAE; CORPORA ALLATA; REPRODUCTIVE-CYCLE; ECDYSONE; GROWTH; HEMOLYMPH; RH-5849; HORMONE AB Endocrine regulation of corpus allatum (CA) cell proliferation in response to chilling was studied in mated females of the Hawaiian cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Chilling alone, when applied 24 h post-mating, suppressed CA cell division, and elevated ecdysteroid levels in Diploptera's haemolymph. Application of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) at 24 h post-mating similarly suppressed CA cell division, but had no effects at 48 h or 72 h post-mating. Severance of the ventral nerve cord prior to chilling or to the application of 20E prevented suppression of CA cell division, indicating that the effects of either chilling or 20E application are mediated by the ventral nerve cord. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Entomol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS PSI Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pszczolkowski, MA (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, 123 W Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM pszcz@ksu.edu NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD FEB-MAR PY 2004 VL 50 IS 2-3 BP 203 EP 208 DI 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2003.11.009 PG 6 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 805SC UT WOS:000220385000011 PM 15019522 ER PT J AU Zdarek, J Verleyen, P Mares, M Doleckova, L Nachman, RJ AF Zdarek, J Verleyen, P Mares, M Doleckova, L Nachman, RJ TI Comparison of the effects of pyrokinins and related peptides identified from arthropods on pupariation behaviour in flesh fly (Sarcophaga bullata) larvae (Diptera : Sarcophagidae) SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcophaga bullata; regulatory peptides; pyrokinin/PBAN family; pupariation ID INSECT NEUROPEPTIDE LEUCOPYROKININ; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; PHEROMONE BIOSYNTHESIS; PUPARIUM FORMATION; FAMILY; HORMONE; COCKROACH AB Peptides from the pyrokinin/PBAN family and some structurally related compounds identified in various arthropods were tested for acceleration of puparial contraction in flesh fly larvae. Modifications of behavioural patterns of pupariation were further studied for the active compounds using a behavioural analysis based on the recording of changes in tension of the cuticle. Nine peptides belonging to the pyrokinin/PBAN family (Lem-PK, Pea-PK-5, Lom-PK II, Hez-PBAN, Bom-DH-I), identified in five different insect species, two pyrokinin peptides derived from the genome of Drosophila melanogaster (capa-3, and hugin), and two pyrokinins identified from the white shrimp Penaeus vannamei were very active in the pupariation assay, with threshold doses within the range of 0.1-5.0 pmol larva(-1). High activity was also detected for a related peptide ETH1 from Drosophila. All of these peptides share a C-terminal PRLamide, which is essential and sufficient for the activity. Interestingly, two other structurally related peptides from Drosophila-ETH2 and capa-1-which feature conservative changes (Ile and Val, respectively) at the C-terminal Leu position, were inactive within a physiological range of concentrations. It is clear that the receptor mediating the acceleration of puparial contraction behaviour is sensitive to the introduction of greater steric bulk at the C-terminal Leu position. The peptides that accelerated pupariation showed very similar patterns of muscular and cuticular activity. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Acad Sci, Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, Prague 16610 6, Czech Republic. Catholic Univ Louvain, Lab Dev Physiol Genom & Proteom, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Zdarek, J (reprint author), Acad Sci, Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, Flemingovo 2, Prague 16610 6, Czech Republic. EM zdarek@uochb.cas.cz RI Mares, Michael/B-2413-2009 NR 22 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 EI 1879-1611 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD FEB-MAR PY 2004 VL 50 IS 2-3 BP 233 EP 239 DI 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2003.11.013 PG 7 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 805SC UT WOS:000220385000015 PM 15019526 ER PT J AU Evans, JD AF Evans, JD TI Transcriptional immune responses by honey bee larvae during invasion by the bacterial pathogen, Paenibacillus larvae SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; innate immunity; defensin; antimicrobial peptide; peptidoglycan; American Foulbrood ID AMERICAN FOULBROOD DISEASE; APIS-MELLIFERA; IN-VITRO; CAUSATIVE AGENT; BACILLUS-LARVAE; RESISTANCE; INFECTION; COLONIES; PEPTIDE; MICROARRAYS AB Honey bee larvae are highly susceptible to the bacterial pathogen Paenibacillus larvae only during the first instar of larval development. Transcript levels were measured for genes encoding two antimicrobial peptides, abaecin and defensin, as well as for two candidates in the immune response cascade (PGRP-LD and masquerade) in control larvae and larvae exposed to the pathogen. Transcripts for all four are present throughout development. This suggests that other physiological or dietary factors may better explain the age-based change in vulnerability to this pathogen. One of these genes, abaecin, shows significant up-regulation 24 h following oral inoculation with P. larvae, precisely when the bacterium surmounts the midgut epithelia of bees. Expression of both antimicrobial peptides varied by 1000-fold across different nestmate bees, indicating an allelic component to their expression. The implications of these results for current hypotheses related to disease tolerance in social insects are discussed, along with implications for breeding bees resistant to this important disease. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Evans, JD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM evansj@ba.ars.usda.gov RI Evans, Jay/C-8408-2012 OI Evans, Jay/0000-0002-0036-4651 NR 31 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 22 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 85 IS 2 BP 105 EP 111 DI 10.1016/j.jip.2004.02.004 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 812PR UT WOS:000220851900007 PM 15050840 ER PT J AU Perez-Martinez, P Lopez-Miranda, J Ordovas, JM Bellido, C Marin, C Gomez, P Paniagua, JA Moreno, JA Fuentes, F Perez-Jimenez, F AF Perez-Martinez, P Lopez-Miranda, J Ordovas, JM Bellido, C Marin, C Gomez, P Paniagua, JA Moreno, JA Fuentes, F Perez-Jimenez, F TI Postprandial lipemia is modified by the presence of the polymorphism present in the exon 1 variant at the SR-BI gene locus SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RECEPTOR CLASS-B; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; CORONARY-ARTERY-DISEASE; BODY-MASS INDEX; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR; APOLIPOPROTEIN-E; CHYLOMICRON REMNANTS; RETINYL ESTERS; DEFICIENT MICE; HDL RECEPTOR AB It has recently been reported that carriers of the less common allele at the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) exon 1 polymorphism are more susceptible to the presence of saturated fatty acid in the diet because of a greater increase in LDL cholesterol. Our aim was to determine if this polymorphism could also influence postprandial lipoprotein metabolism, because the SR-BI has been described as a possible mediator in the intestinal absorption of triacylglycerols. Forty-seven normolipidemic volunteers who were homozygous for the E3 allele at the APOE gene were selected [37 homozygous for the common genotype (1/1) at the SR-BI exon 1 polymorphism and 10 heterozygous (1/2)]. They were given a fat-rich meal containing 1 g fat and 7 mg cholesterol per kg body weight and vitamin A 60 000 IU/m(2) body surface. Fat accounted for 60% of calories, and protein and carbohydrates accounted for 15% and 25% of energy respectively. Blood samples were taken at time 0, every 1 h until 6 h, and every 2.5 h until 11 h. Total cholesterol and triacylglycerols in plasma, and cholesterol, triacylglycerols and retinyl palmitate in triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (large and small triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins) were determined. Postprandial responses for triacylglycerols and retinyl palmitate in small triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins were higher in 1/1 individuals than in 1/2 individuals. No other significant differences were noted. Our data show that the presence of the genotype 1/2 is associated with a lower postprandial lipemic response. C1 Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Cordoba 14004, Spain. Tufts Univ, Nutr & Gen Lab, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Perez-Jimenez, F (reprint author), Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Avda Menendez Pidal,S-N, Cordoba 14004, Spain. EM fperezjimenez@uco.es OI Perez Martinez, Pablo/0000-0001-7716-8117; Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; FUENTES JIMENEZ, FRANCISCO/0000-0002-4584-7366; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 41 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC ENDOCRINOLOGY PI BRISTOL PA 22 APEX COURT, WOODLANDS, BRADLEY STOKE, BRISTOL BS32 4JT, ENGLAND SN 0952-5041 J9 J MOL ENDOCRINOL JI J. Mol. Endocrinol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 32 IS 1 BP 237 EP 245 DI 10.1677/jme.0.0320237 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 804NM UT WOS:000220305400018 PM 14766005 ER PT J AU Kinghorn, AD Powell, RG AF Kinghorn, AD Powell, RG TI Special issue for Monroe Wall and Mansukh Wani SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL USA. RP Kinghorn, AD (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. OI Kinghorn, A. Douglas/0000-0002-6647-8707 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 67 IS 2 BP 127 EP 128 DI 10.1021/np030539l PG 2 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 800IZ UT WOS:000220023300001 ER PT J AU Walter, T Pizarro, F Boy, E Abrams, SA AF Walter, T Pizarro, F Boy, E Abrams, SA TI The poor bioavailability of elemental iron in corn masa flour is not affected by disodium EDTA SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE elemental iron; iron bioavailability; corn masa flour; disodium EDTA; stable isotopes ID FOOD IRON; ISOTOPIC-EXCHANGE; EXTRINSIC TAG; REDUCED IRON; ABSORPTION; FORTIFICATION; CEREAL; AVAILABILITY; DEFICIENCY; TORTILLAS AB The most sustainable way to eradicate iron deficiency is through food fortification. Elemental iron powders are commonly utilized as fortificants due to their low cost and few sensory problems. However, their bioavailability is unknown. Our goals were to measure the bioavailability of elemental iron in Mexican style corn masa flour tortillas and to evaluate the effects of Na(2)EDTA. We used a stable isotope of H-2-reduced iron powder, with and without Na(2)EDTA in tortillas prepared with corn masa flour. Two groups of 5- to 7-y-old children (n = 12/group) were fed tortillas to which was added 3 mg/100 g of H-2-reduced Fe-58 with a mean particle size of 15 mum. In one group, Na(2)EDTA was incorporated at a ratio of 1:2 mol/mol. The next day, Fe-57 ascorbate was given as a reference dose. After 14 d, blood samples were analyzed for isotopic enrichment. When normalized to 40% absorption of the reference dose, the geometric mean (+/- range 1 SD) bioavailability of reduced iron in tortilla was 3.8% (2.7-5.3). The addition of Na(2)EDTA, tended to increase it [P = 0.18) to 5.1% (2.8-9.2). This observed low absorption was compounded by the use of iron isotopes with smaller particle size (mean diameter 15 mum) than typical of commercial elemental iron powder (<45 μm). We conclude that H-2-reduced iron powder is an ineffective fortificant in corn tortillas. C1 Univ Chile, Inst Nutr & Tecnol Alimentos, Inst Nutr & Food Technol, Micronutr Lab, Santiago 11, Chile. Micronutr Initiative, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Baylor Coll Med, USDA, ARS Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX USA. Univ Chile, Inst Nutr & Tecnol Alimentos, Inst Nutr & Food Technol, Hematol Unit, Santiago 11, Chile. RP Walter, T (reprint author), Univ Chile, Inst Nutr & Tecnol Alimentos, Inst Nutr & Food Technol, Micronutr Lab, Santiago 11, Chile. EM twalter@inta.cl RI Pizarro, Fernando/K-5266-2012; OI Pizarro, Fernando/0000-0001-6088-1119; Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 30 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 134 IS 2 BP 380 EP 383 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 770DN UT WOS:000188708100013 PM 14747675 ER PT J AU Reeves, PG Ralston, NVC Idso, JP Lukaski, HC AF Reeves, PG Ralston, NVC Idso, JP Lukaski, HC TI Contrasting and cooperative effects of copper and iron deficiencies in male rats fed different concentrations of manganese and different sources of sulfur amino acids in an AIN-93G-based diet SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2003 Meeting CY APR 11-15, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA DE copper; iron; manganese; AIN-93G diet; rats ID AIN-93 PURIFIED DIETS; ENHANCES DEFECTS; THIAZOLE ORANGE; ASCORBIC-ACID; GROWING-RAT; CERULOPLASMIN; METABOLISM; ANEMIA; ABSORPTION; TRANSPORTER AB Dietary nutrient interactions are important factors to consider in the study of nutrient status and requirements. Here, the effects of dietary interactions among copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and sulfur amino acids (SAA) on blood cell characteristics and enzyme activities were observed. Male rats (n = 8) were used win a 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design and fed an AIN-93G-based diet containing dietary Cu (<1 and 5 mg/kg), Fe (10 and 35 mg/kg), Mn (10 and 50 mg/kg) and either L-cystine (LCys) or DL-methionine (DLMet). Blood was analyzed by automated hematology cell counting and by flow cytometry. Severe Cu deficiency was verified by reductions in the activities of serum ceruloplasmin (1% of control), RBC superoxide dismutase (SOD1) (14% of control), liver cytochrome c oxidase activity (25% of control) and serum extracellular SOD (SOD3) activity (20% of controls). Because Cu is required for Fe utilization, many physiologic responses that require Fe were affected by both deficiencies, including lowered blood hemoglobin (Hgb), lower RBC volume and Hgb concentration, and an increased number of reticulocytes. Cu and Fe deficiencies together worsened some conditions, i.e., lower Hgb, lower RBC Hgb, increased RBC distribution width, increased number of reticulocytes and nucleated RBC, and a higher platelet count. Increasing dietary Mn had little effect on most variables, except to reduce serum Cu when dietary Cu was adequate but not when it was low, and to reduce RBC SOD1 activity when dietary Fe was low but not when it was adequate. Hgb concentrations were higher (P < 0.002) in Cu-deficient rats fed LCys than in those fed DLMet. There was no effect in Cu-adequate rats. Hgb was higher (P < 0.004) in Fe-adequate rats fed LCys than in those fed DLMet, with no effect in Fe-deficient rats. Although the anemia of Cu deficiency in AIN-93G-fed rats was not as pronounced as that reported in rats fed the AIN-76A-based diet, other manifestations of the deficiency were prominent. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. Univ N Dakota, Energy & Environm Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Reeves, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. EM preeves@gfhnrc.ars.usda.gov OI Ralston, Nicholas/0000-0001-7686-2932 NR 52 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 134 IS 2 BP 416 EP 425 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 770DN UT WOS:000188708100020 PM 14747682 ER PT J AU Liu, C Russell, RM Wang, XD AF Liu, C Russell, RM Wang, XD TI alpha-Tocopherol and ascorbic acid decrease the production of beta-apo-carotenals and increase the formation of retinoids from beta-carotene in the lung tissues of cigarette smoke-exposed ferrets in vitro SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE carotenoids; retinoids; alpha-tocopherol; ascorbic acid; cigarette smoke ID VITAMIN-E; ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; TOBACCO-SMOKE; SERUM; CANCER; ASSOCIATION; CONVERSION; FREQUENCY; CLEAVAGE AB Previously, we found that exposing ferrets to cigarette smoke enhanced oxidative excentric cleavage of beta-carotene. In the present study, we examined whether alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, or the two combined can prevent smoke-altered beta-carotene metabolism. In vitro incubation of beta-carotene (10 mumol/L) with lung postnuclear fractions from ferrets exposed to cigarette smoke was carried out in the absence or presence of alpha-tocopherol (50 mumol/L), ascorbic acid (10 or 50 mumol/L), or both vitamins to evaluate their effects on the production of beta-apo-carotenals and retinoids from beta-carotene. The oxidative cleavage metabolites of beta-carotene, beta-apo-carotenals (beta-apo-14', beta-apo-12', beta-apo-10', and beta-apo-8') retinoic acid (RA), and retinal were analyzed by HPLC. We found that the smoke-enhanced production of individual beta-apo-carotenals was significantly decreased by 36-77% when alpha-tocopherol (50 mumol/L) and ascorbic acid (50 mumol/L) were added together to the incubation mixture. alpha-Tocopherol alone had a modest effect. Ascorbic acid in the presence of alpha-tocopherol inhibited the production of beta-apo-carotenals in a dose-dependent manner, although ascorbic acid alone had no effect. In contrast, the production of RA and retinal among smoke-exposed ferrets was substantially increased (3-fold, P < 0.05) when both a-tocopherol and ascorbic acid were added to the incubation mixtures. However, when ascorbic acid or α-tocopherol alone was added, the production of RA among smoke-exposed ferrets increased only modestly (80%, P < 0.05) and did not differ from the RA levels in control ferrets. In conclusion, these data indicate that alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid may act synergistically in preventing the enhanced oxidative excentric cleavage of beta-carotene induced by smoking exposure, thereby facilitating the conversion of beta-carotene into RA and retinal. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr & Canc Biol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Wang, XD (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr & Canc Biol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM xiang-dong.wang@Tufts.edu FU NCI NIH HHS [CA49195] NR 44 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 134 IS 2 BP 426 EP 430 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 770DN UT WOS:000188708100021 PM 14747683 ER PT J AU Mai, V Katki, HA Harmsen, H Gallaher, D Schatzkin, A Baer, DJ Clevidence, B AF Mai, V Katki, HA Harmsen, H Gallaher, D Schatzkin, A Baer, DJ Clevidence, B TI Effects of a controlled diet and black tea drinking on the fecal microflora composition and the fecal bile acid profile of human volunteers in a double-blinded Randomized feeding study SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2003 Meeting CY APR 11-15, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA DE fecal microflora; black tea; human; FISH; DGGE; diet ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; HUMAN FECES; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; INTESTINAL MICROFLORA; UNITED-STATES; BACTERIA; MICROBIOTA; SAMPLES; FLORA AB Although diet has been clearly associated with human health many potential mechanisms remain undefined. For instance, although the intestinal bacterial microflora has long been postulated to contribute to human health, little is known about the effects of diet on the bacterial microflora composition and the specific contributions of the microflora, to human health. Thus, we analyzed 1) changes in the fecal microflora composition by fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 2) changes in the fecal bile acid profile, in a crossover feeding study that investigated the effects of black tea drinking on blood lipids in hypercholesterolemic volunteers. DGGE analysis shows that each study subject harbors a specific bacterial profile that exhibits little change over time. Change from a "free" living diet to the controlled study diet or to black tea drinking did not significantly change these bacterial profiles. FISH analysis revealed that even though black tea did not affect the specific bacterial groups that were analyzed, it did decrease the amounts of bacteria that were detected by the universal bacterial probe, but not by any of the specific probes. We did not detect any consistent effects of either diet or black tea drinking on the levels and proportions of fecal bile acids. Our results indicate that tea drinking affects some microflora components. Larger studies with well defined end points that control for the observed variation are needed to improve our understanding of the effects of diet on intestinal microflora. and fecal bile acid profile. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Groningen, Dept Med Microbiol, Groningen, Netherlands. Univ Minnesota, Dept Food Sci & Nutr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mai, V (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM vmai@epi.umaryland.edu RI Katki, Hormuzd/B-4003-2015; OI Gallaher, Daniel/0000-0002-5969-4938 NR 31 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 134 IS 2 BP 473 EP 478 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 770DN UT WOS:000188708100029 PM 14747691 ER PT J AU Turnlund, JR Keyes, WR AF Turnlund, JR Keyes, WR TI Plasma molybdenum reflects dietary molybdenum intake SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE molybdenum; plasma; dietary intake; stable isotope ID HUMAN-BLOOD-PLASMA; STABLE-ISOTOPES; MASS SPECTROMETRY; HUMAN-SERUM; YOUNG MEN; ABSORPTION; TRACE; EXCRETION; DILUTION; ELEMENTS AB The relationship between plasma molybde5num (Mo) and dietary intake has not been investigated in humans. We developed an isotope dilution method to determine molybdenum in 0.5 mL blood plasma by ICP-MS and conducted a study to determine the effect of dietary intake on plasma molybdenum. Twelve young men consumed a very low Mo diet (22 mug/day) for 24 days while confined to the WHNRC metabolic research unit and plasma molybdenum was monitored. (MO)-M-97 was infused in four of the subjects (Group 1) to follow its clearance from the blood. The other eight remained in unit for 120 days (an additional 96 days). Four consumed the 22 mug/day molybdenum diet for 102 days followed by 467 mukg/day for 18 days (Group 2). and four consumed five levels of dietary molybdenum for 24 days each (Group 3). Mo-100 was added to the diet one or more times at each dietary level. Total plasma molybdenum and Mo-100 were monitored throughout the study. Plasma molybdenum in the 12 subjects decreased from 8.2 +/- 0.5 to 6.1 +/- 0.5 nmol/L after 13 days of low molybdenum intake and was 5.1 +/- 0.5 nmol/L after 24 days. In Group 2, average plasma molybdenum was 7.8 +/- 0.9 nmol/L at the beginning of the study, 5.4 +/- 0.4 mmol/L during the 102 days low molybdenum period, and 16.5 +/- 0.6 nmol/L during the high molybdenum period. plasma molybdenum in Group 3 was 4.2 +/- 2.1 ninol/L at 22 mug/day; 5.8 +/- 2.5 ninol/L at 72 mukg/day 6.6 +/- 2.3 nmol/L at 121 mug/day; 19.7 nmol/L +/-2.1 at 467 mug/day; and 43.9 +/- 2.1 nmol/L at 1490 mug/day. The results demonstrate that, in contrast to most other essential minerals, plasma molybdenum reflects low and high dietary molybdenum intakes within 14 days and may a useful indicator of low and high dietary intakes. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Turnlund, JR (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM jturnlun@whnrc.usda.gov NR 13 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 15 IS 2 BP 90 EP 95 DI 10.1016/j/jnutbio.2003.10.003 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 778BH UT WOS:000189218900003 PM 14972348 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Graham, DH De Young, RW Dahl, E Eberhard, ML Nace, EK Won, K Bishop, H Punkosdy, G Sreekumar, C Vianna, MCB Shen, SK Kwok, OCH Sumners, JA Demarais, S Humphreys, JG Lehmann, T AF Dubey, JP Graham, DH De Young, RW Dahl, E Eberhard, ML Nace, EK Won, K Bishop, H Punkosdy, G Sreekumar, C Vianna, MCB Shen, SK Kwok, OCH Sumners, JA Demarais, S Humphreys, JG Lehmann, T TI Molecular and biologic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from wildlife in the United States SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; BEARS URSUS-AMERICANUS; BLACK BEARS; SEROLOGIC SURVEY; PREVALENCE; INFECTION; ANTIBODIES; SEROPREVALENCE; PENNSYLVANIA; VIRULENCE AB Toxoplasma gondii isolates can be grouped into 3 genetic lineages. Type I isolates are considered more virulent in outbred mice and have been isolated predominantly from clinical cases of human toxoplasmosis, whereas types 11 and III isolates are considered less virulent for mice and are found in humans and food animals. Little is known of genotypes of T. gondii isolates from wild animals. In the present report, genotypes of isolates of T. gondii from wildlife in the United States are described. Sera front wildlife were tested for antibodies to T. gondii with the modified agglutination test, and tissues from animals with titers of 1:25 (seropositive) were bioassayed in mice. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from the hearts of 21 of 34 seropositive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Mississippi and from 7 of 29 raccoons (Procyon lotor) 5 of 6 bobcats (Lynx rufus); and the gray fox (Urocvon cinereoargenteus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and coyote (Canis latrans) from Georgia. Toxoplasina gondii was also isolated from 7 of 10 seropositive black bears (Ursus americanus) from Pennsylvania by bioassay in cats. All 3 enotypes of T. gondii based on the SAG2 locus were circulating among wildlife. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Anim Parasit Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Anim Parasit Dis Lab, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jdubey@anri.barc.usda.gov OI Chirukandoth, Sreekumar/0000-0003-2875-4034 NR 39 TC 69 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 90 IS 1 BP 67 EP 71 DI 10.1645/GE-110R PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 805LH UT WOS:000220367300009 PM 15040668 ER PT J AU Suttle, JC AF Suttle, JC TI Involvement of endogenous gibberellins in potato tuber dormancy and early sprout growth: a critical assessment SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dormancy; gibberellin; potato (Solanum tuberosum) ID SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; MICROTUBER DORMANCY; ABSCISIC-ACID; CYTOKININS; SUBSTANCES; ZEATIN AB The role of endogenous gibberellins (GAs) in the regulation of potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber dormancy was examined by determining: 1. changes in endogenous GA levels during natural dormancy progression, 2. the effects of GA biosynthesis inhibitors on tuber dormancy duration and 3. the dormancy status and tuber GA levels in a dwarf mutant of potato. The tubers (cv. Russet Burbank) used in these studies were still completely dormant after 98 days of storage. Between 98 and 134 days of storage, dormancy began to end and tubers exhibited limited (<2 mm) sprout growth. Tuber dormancy weakened with further storage and tubers exhibited greater rates of sprout growth after 187 days of storage. Tubers stored for 212 days or longer were completely non-dormant and exhibited vigorous sprout growth. Immediately after harvest, the endogenous contents of GA(19), GA(20), and GA(1) were relatively high (0.48-0.62 ng g fresh weight(-1)). The content of these GAs declined between 33 and 93 days of storage. Internal levels of GA(19), GA(20), and GA, rose slightly between 93 and 135 days of storage reaching levels comparable to those found in highly dormant tubers immediately after harvest. Levels of GA(19), GA(20), and GA(1) continued to increase as sprout growth became more vigorous. Neither GA(4) nor GA(8) was detected in any tuber sample regardless of dormancy status. Dormant tubers exhibited a time-dependent increase in apparent GA sensitivity. Freshly harvested tubers were completely insensitive to exogenous GAs. As postharvest storage continued, exogenous GAs promoted premature dormancy release with GA(1) and GA(20) eliciting the greatest response. Injection of up to 5 mug tuber(-1) of kaurene, GA(12), GA(19) or GA(8) had no effect on dormancy release. Sprout growth from non-dormant tubers was also promoted by exogenous GA in the following sequence of activity: GA(1) = GA(20) > GA(19). Kaurene, GA(12), and GA(8) were inactive. Continuous exposure of developing tubers to inhibitors of GA biosynthesis (AMO-1618, ancymidol, or tetcyclasis) did not extend tuber dormancy but rather hastened dormancy release. Comparison of tuber dormancy and GA(1) content in tubers of a wild-type and dwarf mutant of S. tuberosum ssp. andigena revealed a near-identical pattern of dormancy progression in spite of the absence of detectable levels of GA(1) in tubers of the dwarf sibling at any time during dormancy progression. Collectively, these results do not support a role for endogenous GA in potato tuber dormancy release but are consistent with a role for GAs in the regulation of subsequent sprout growth. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Suttle, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, State Univ Stn, POB 5677, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. EM suttlej@fargo.ars.usda.gov NR 30 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 13 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 161 IS 2 BP 157 EP 164 DI 10.1078/0176-1617-01222 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 778WL UT WOS:000189264300003 PM 15022829 ER PT J AU Behall, KM Scholfield, DJ Hallfrisch, J AF Behall, KM Scholfield, DJ Hallfrisch, J TI Lipids significantly reduced by diets containing barley in moderately hypercholesterolemic men SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2002 Meeting CY APR 20-24, 2002 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA DE barley; beta-glucans; whole grains; cholesterol; triacylglycerols ID WHOLE-GRAIN INTAKE; DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; FREE-LIVING MEN; OAT-BRAN; LDL-CHOLESTEROL; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; BLOOD-PRESSURE; HEART-DISEASE; FIBER INTAKE AB Objective: To determine whether barley, as the soluble fiber source, would beneficially change cardiovascular risk factors. Soluble fiber from oats has been recognized as beneficial in decreasing blood cholesterol levels. Although barley contains high amounts of soluble fiber, it is not consumed as extensively as oats. Methods: Eighteen moderately hypercholesterolemic men (28-62 y) consumed a controlled equilibration diet (Step, 1, 30% fat, 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, < 300 mg cholesterol) for 2 weeks followed by the diet with about 20% of energy replaced with brown rice/whole wheat, 1/2 barley & 1/2 brown rice/whole wheat or barley (< 0.4 g, 3 g and 6 g added soluble fiber/2800 kcal, respectively) for 5 weeks in a Latin square design. Fasting blood was drawn twice weekly. Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triacylglycerols were measured enzymatically and lipid fractions were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results: Compared with prestudy concentrations, total cholesterol (14%, 17%, and 20%, respectively) and LDL cholesterol, (17%, 17%, and 24%, respectively) were significantly lower (p < 0.0001) after the low, medium, and high-soluble fiber diets. Triacylglycerol was 6%, 10%,:and 16% lower (p = 0.09) whereas HDL cholesterol (9%, 7%, and 18%) was higher (p < 0.001) after the experimental diets. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol after the high-soluble fiber diet were significantly lower than concentrations after the low- or medium-soluble fiber diets. Mean LDL particle number significantly decreased (p < 0.007) and the large LDL cholesterol fraction showed a trend toward lower concentrations (p = 0.06). Conclusion: Increasing soluble fiber through consumption of barley in a healthy diet can reduce cardiovascular risk factors. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Behall, KM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Bldg 307B,Room 220, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM behall@bhnrc.arsusda.gov NR 42 TC 43 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 23 IS 1 BP 55 EP 62 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 776JB UT WOS:000189111900007 PM 14963054 ER PT J AU Champagne, CM Bogle, ML McGee, BB Yadrick, K Allen, HR Kramer, TR Simpson, P Gossett, J Weber, J AF Champagne, CM Bogle, ML McGee, BB Yadrick, K Allen, HR Kramer, TR Simpson, P Gossett, J Weber, J CA Lower Mississippi Delta Nutr Inter TI Dietary intake in the Lower Mississippi Delta Region: Results from the Foods of our Delta Study SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HEALTH; NUTRITION AB Objective To collect and evaluate food intake data from a culturally diverse population and compare with national survey data. Design The Foods Of Our Delta Study was a baseline, cross-sectional survey that utilized random-digit dialing methodology to identify the sample. Food intake was obtained from a 24-hour dietary recall administered by computer-assisted telephone interview using the multiple-pass method Subjects/Setting One thousand seven hundred fifty-one adults and 485 children in the Lower Mississippi Delta (Delta) of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi. Statistical Analyses Peformed Comparisons of subsets within the Delta were made using weighted t tests. Comparisons of the Delta with the overall US population from the US Department of Agriculture Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and with the Dietary Reference Intakes were made using independent sample z tests of weighted estimates. Results Energy intake did not differ between the Delta and the US populations. Intakes of protein were lower, fat higher, and certain micronutrients lower in Delta adults than in US adults. Delta adults had a 20% lower intake of, fruits and vegetables than the US adults and generally poorer adherence to recommendations of the Food Guide Pyramid. African American Delta adults generally consumed less-optimal diets than white Delta adults. Delta children had diets similar to children of the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals sample population, but lower intakes were noted for vitamins A, C, riboflavin, and B-6, and for calcium and iron. Applications/Conclusions Data such as these will help drive intervention development in this rural region and perhaps set the stage for research in similarly impoverished areas. C1 Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. USDA ARS, Delta Nutr Intervent Res Inst, Little Rock, AR USA. So Univ, Coll Agr Family & Consumer Sci, Human Nutr & Food Program, Baton Rouge, LA USA. A&M Coll, Baton Rouge, LA USA. Univ So Mississippi, Coll Hlth, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Childrens Hosp, Res Inst, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. RP Champagne, CM (reprint author), Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. EM champacm@pbrc.edu NR 21 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 104 IS 2 BP 199 EP 207 DI 10.1016/j.jada.2003.11.011 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 773ZX UT WOS:000188956200010 PM 14760567 ER PT J AU Wu, YV Sessa, DJ AF Wu, YV Sessa, DJ TI Protein Fractionation and properties of salicornia meal SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE amino acid composition; fractionation; nitrogen solubility; nonprotein nitrogen; protein; salicornia; SDS-PAGE ID BIGELOVII TORR; CYSTINE; ACID AB Salicornia bigelovii Torr. is an annual salt-marsh oilseed plant. Hexane-defatted salicornia meal was extracted sequentially with 0.5 M sodium chloride (2x), water, 70% ethanol, and 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (2x). Each sodium chloride extract was dialyzed against deionized water and centrifuged to separate a water-soluble fraction (albumin) from a salt-soluble fraction (globulin) before freeze-drying. Ethanol extracts and neutralized sodium hydroxide extracts (glutelin) were dialyzed against water and freeze-dried. Globulin accounted for the highest amount of protein nitrogen, followed by glutelin and albumin. SDS-PAGE of reduced albumin, globulin, and glutelin showed a number of protein bands. Nitrogen solubility of defatted salicornia meal from pH 2 to 11 indicated a minimum solubility of 22%, around pH 4.5. Nonprotein nitrogen of defatted meal was 23% of total nitrogen, higher than defatted soybean, sunflower, and rapeseed meals. Albumin had the highest proportion of lysine and sulfur amino acids per 16 g nitrogen among all the fractions analyzed. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, NCP, New Crops & Proc Technol Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, NCP, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Wu, YV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, NCP, New Crops & Proc Technol Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM wuyv@ncaur.usda.gov NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 221 W BRADLEY AVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-1827 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 81 IS 2 BP 173 EP 176 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 800RP UT WOS:000220045700012 ER PT J AU Yaklich, RW Vinyard, BT AF Yaklich, RW Vinyard, BT TI Estimating soybean seed protein and oil concentration before harvest SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; oil; protein-to-oil ratio; seed composition; seed protein; temperature; total protein and oil ID UNITED-STATES; PATTERNS; TEMPERATURE AB Temperature and precipitation during the growing season have been shown to influence the protein and oil composition of the soybean [Glycine max L. Merr.] seed. A method based on these parameters was developed to estimate protein and oil concentrations of the seed before harvest. This method was developed with protein and oil data and temperature and precipitation data from the Uniform Soybean Tests, Southern Region, for the years 1975 to 1983. Classification and regression "tree-based" analyses were used to determine the month and numeric value ("splitting point") of the environmental variable that correctly classified the variation from median protein and oil composition for the 126 location-years. Temperature in September was most influential in determining the splitting point for three of the four variables. Oil concentrations from the location-years were separated into low vs. high median-based boundary categories most readily by the September sum of minimum temperatures. Total protein and oil concentrations from the location-years were classified best by September growing degree days. Protein-to-oil ratios were best separated by the September mean minimum temperature. The August mean maximum temperature best separated protein concentration. These data demonstrate that temperature during specific months of the crop year were useful in estimating the final concentration of protein and oil in the seed and could be used by seed processors to estimate seed composition before harvest. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Yaklich, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM yaklichr@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 26 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 221 W BRADLEY AVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-1827 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 81 IS 2 BP 189 EP 194 DI 10.1007/s11746-004-0880-0 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 800RP UT WOS:000220045700015 ER PT J AU Wakui, C Akiyama, H Watanabe, T Fitch, MMM Uchikawa, S Ki, M Takahashi, K Chiba, R Fujii, A Hino, A Maitani, T AF Wakui, C Akiyama, H Watanabe, T Fitch, MMM Uchikawa, S Ki, M Takahashi, K Chiba, R Fujii, A Hino, A Maitani, T TI A histochemical method using a substrate of beta-glucuronidase for detection of genetically modified papaya SO JOURNAL OF THE FOOD HYGIENIC SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA Japanese DT Article DE genetically modified papaya; recombinant DNA; GUS assay; PCR; detection method; embryo ID RECOMBINANT-DNA; MODIFIED MAIZE; POTATO; PLANTS; LINES; GENE AB A histochemical assay for detecting genetically modified (GM) papaya (derived from Line 551) is described. GM papaya, currently undergoing a safety assessment in Japan, was developed using a construct that included a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene linked to a virus coat protein (CP) gene. Histochemical assay was used to visualize the blue GUS reaction product from transgenic seed embryos. Twelve embryos per fruit were extracted from the papaya seeds using a surgical knife. The embryos were incubated with the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-,beta-D-glucuronide (X-Gluc) in a 96-well microtiter plate for 10-15 hours at 37degreesC. Seventy-five percent of GM papaya embryos should turn blue theoretically. The histochemical assay results were completely consistent with those from a qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method developed by this laboratory. Furthermore, the method was validated in a five-laboratory study. The method for detection of GM papaya is rapid and simple, and does not require use of specialized equipment. C1 Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Setagaya Ku, Tokyo 1588501, Japan. USDA ARS, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. Kobe Quarantine Stn, Ctr Inspect Imported Foods & Infect, Hyogo Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6520866, Japan. Osaka City Inst Publ Hlth & Environm Sci, Tennoji Ku, Osaka 543006, Japan. Saitama Inst Publ Hlth, Sakura Ku, Urawa, Saitama 3380824, Japan. Showa Pharmaceut Univ, Machida, Tokyo 1948543, Japan. Ctr Inspect Imported Foods, Yokohama Quarantine Stn, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360011, Japan. Natl Food Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058642, Japan. RP Akiyama, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Setagaya Ku, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Tokyo 1588501, Japan. NR 9 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU FOOD HYG SOC JPN PI TOKYO PA 6-1 JINGU-MAE 2-CHOME SHIBUYA-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN SN 0015-6426 J9 J FOOD HYG SOC JPN JI J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 45 IS 1 BP 19 EP 24 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 780KE UT WOS:000189379200003 ER PT J AU Koci, MD Kelley, LA Larsen, D Schultz-Cherry, S AF Koci, MD Kelley, LA Larsen, D Schultz-Cherry, S TI Astrovirus-induced synthesis of nitric oxide contributes to virus control during infection SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID INFLUENZA-VIRUS; AVIAN ASTROVIRUS; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; IN-VITRO; SYNTHASE; GASTROENTERITIS; REPLICATION; INHIBITION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE AB Astrovirus is one of the major causes of infant and childhood diarrhea worldwide. Our understanding of astrovirus pathogenesis trails behind our knowledge of its molecular and epidemiologic properties. Using a recently developed small-animal model, we investigated the mechanisms by which astrovirus induces diarrhea and the role of both the adaptive and innate immune responses to turkey astrovirus type-2 (TAstV-2) infection. Astrovirus-infected animals were analyzed for changes in total lymphocyte populations, alterations in CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratios, production of virus-specific antibodies (Abs), and macrophage activation. There were no changes in the numbers of circulating or splenic lymphocytes or in CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratios compared to controls. Additionally, there was only a modest production of virus-specific Abs. However, adherent spleen cells from infected animals produced more nitric oxide (NO) in response to ex vivo stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. In vitro analysis demonstrated that TAstV-2 induced macrophage production of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Studies using NO donors and inhibitors in vivo demonstrated, for the first time, that NO inhibited astrovirus replication. These studies suggest that NO is important in limiting astrovirus replication and are the first, to our knowledge, to describe the potential role of innate immunity in astrovirus infection. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Merial Ltd, Duluth, MN USA. RP Schultz-Cherry, S (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, 1300 Univ Ave,Room 417 SMI, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM slschul2@wisc.edu OI Koci, Matthew/0000-0002-5766-4049 NR 39 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 78 IS 3 BP 1564 EP 1574 DI 10.1128/JVI.78.3.1564-1574.2004 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 764KK UT WOS:000188205900050 PM 14722310 ER PT J AU Afonso, CL Piccone, ME Zaffuto, KM Neilan, J Kutish, GF Lu, Z Balinsky, CA Gibb, TR Bean, TJ Zsak, L Rock, DL AF Afonso, CL Piccone, ME Zaffuto, KM Neilan, J Kutish, GF Lu, Z Balinsky, CA Gibb, TR Bean, TJ Zsak, L Rock, DL TI African swine fever virus multigene family 360 and 530 genes affect host interferon response SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOUBLE-STRANDED-RNA; GAMMA-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN-10; MOUTH-DISEASE VIRUS; ALPHA/BETA INTERFERON; ANTIVIRAL RESPONSES; GENE-EXPRESSION; KINASE PKR; INDUCTION; INFECTION; ACTIVATION AB African swine fever virus (ASFV) multigene family 360 and 530 (MGF360/530) genes affect viral growth in macrophage cell cultures and virulence in pigs (L. Zsak, Z. Lu, T. G. Burrage, J. G. Neilan, G. F. Kutish, D. M. Moore, and D. L. Rock, J. Virol. 75:3066-3076, 2001). The mechanism by which these novel genes affect virus-host interactions is unknown. To define MGF360/530 gene function, we compared macrophage transcriptional responses following infection with parental ASFV (Pr4) and an MGF360/530 deletion mutant (Pr4Delta35). A swine cDNA microarray containing 7,712 macrophage cDNA clones was used to compare the transcriptional profiles of swine macrophages infected with Pr4 and Pr4Delta35 at 3 and 6 h postinfection (hpi). While at 3 hpi most (7,564) of the genes had similar expression levels in cells infected with either virus, 38 genes had significantly increased (> 2.0-fold, P < 0.05) mRNA levels in Pr4Delta35-infected macrophages. Similar up-regulation of these genes was observed at 6 hpi. Viral infection was required for this induced transcriptional response. Most Pr4Delta35 up-regulated genes were part of a type I interferon (IFN) response or were genes that are normally induced by double-stranded RNA and/or viral infection. These included monocyte chemoattractant protein, transmembrane protein 3, tetratricopeptide repeat protein 1, a ubiquitin-like 17-kDa protein, ubiquitin-specific protease ISG43, an RNA helicase DEAD box protein, GTP-binding MX protein, the cytokine IP-10, and the PKR activator PACT. Differential expression of IFN early-response genes in Pr4Delta35 relative to Pr4 was confirmed by Northern blot analysis and real-time PCR. Analysis of IFN-alpha mRNA and secreted IFN-alpha levels at 3, 8, and 24 hpi revealed undetectable IFN-alpha in mock- and Pr4-infected macrophages but significant IFN-alpha levels at 24 hpi in Pr4Delta35-infected macrophages. The absence of IFN-alpha in Pr4-infected macrophages suggests that MGF360/530 genes either directly or indirectly suppress a type I IFN response. An inability to suppress host type I IFN responses may account for the growth defect of Pr4Delta35 in macrophages and its attenuation in swine. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Afonso, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. EM cafonso@piadc.ars.usda.gov NR 54 TC 46 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 78 IS 4 BP 1858 EP 1864 DI 10.1128/JVI.78.4.1858.1864.2004 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 769RE UT WOS:000188662900025 PM 14747550 ER PT J AU Nelson, ME Layne, JE Bernstein, MJ Nuernberger, A Castaneda, C Kaliton, D Hausdorff, J Judge, JO Buchner, DM Roubenoff, R Singh, MAF AF Nelson, ME Layne, JE Bernstein, MJ Nuernberger, A Castaneda, C Kaliton, D Hausdorff, J Judge, JO Buchner, DM Roubenoff, R Singh, MAF TI The effects of multidimensional home-based exercise on functional performance in elderly people SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Meeting of the American-College-of-Sports-Medicine CY JUN 02-05, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Amer Coll Sports Med ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; COMMUNITY-DWELLING ELDERS; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; OLDER-ADULTS; STRENGTH; BALANCE; HEALTH; MUSCLE; RELIABILITY; DISABILITY AB Background. This study tested the hypothesis that a home-based exercise program would improve functional perfomance in elderly people. Methods. We conducted a 6-month, single-blinded. randomized controlled trial. 72 community dwelling men and women (aged greater than or equal to70 years) with self-reported and laboratory-based functional impairment were recruited for the study. Participants were randomly assigned to either a home-based progressive strength, balance, and general physical activity intervention or an attention-control group that received home-based nutrition education. Functional performance was measured in the laboratory using the Physical Performance Test (PPT) and the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) short physical performance battery. Physiologic capacity was measured by strength (one repetition maximum), dynamic balance (tandem walk), gait speed (2-meter walk), and cardiovascular endurance (6-minute walk). Results. 70 participants (97%) completed the 6-month trial. Compliance with study interventions within each group ranged front 75% in controls to 82% in exercisers. PPT increased by 6.1 +/- 13.4% in exercisers and decreased by 2.8 +/- 113.6% in controls (p = .02). EPESE improved by 26.2 +/- 37.5% in exercisers and decreased by 1.2 +/- 22.1% in controls (p = .001). Dynamic balance improved by 33.8 +/- 14.4% in exercisers versus 11.5 +/- 23.7% in controls (p = .0002). There were no differences between groups in the change in strength, gait speed, or cardiovascular endurance. Conclusions. Minimally supervised exercise is safe and can improve functional performance in elderly individuals. The improvements in functional performance occurred along with improvements in balance but without a significant change in muscle strength or endurance. C1 Hebrew Rehabil Ctr Aged, Roslindale, MA USA. Univ Sydney, Sch Exercise Sci, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia. Univ Washington, Dept Hlth Serv, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Masonicare, Wallingford, CT USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Div Aging, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Geriatr, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Tufts Univ, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, John Hancock Ctr Phys Act & Nutr, Friedman Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, Medford, MA 02155 USA. RP Nelson, ME (reprint author), Tufts Univ, 150 Harrison Ave,Rm 249, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM miriam.nelson@tufts.edu FU NIA NIH HHS [AG08812, AG14100, 5T32AG00209-9, AG11812]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD-39838]; NIDDK NIH HHS [P01-DK42618] NR 27 TC 145 Z9 149 U1 2 U2 18 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 59 IS 2 BP 154 EP 160 PG 7 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 779YW UT WOS:000189331200010 PM 14999030 ER PT J AU Allen, T Crawford, R Jensen, D Adams, K Goodman, G Erickson, H AF Allen, T Crawford, R Jensen, D Adams, K Goodman, G Erickson, H TI Stepping on stone SO LAB ANIMAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Anim Welf Informat Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Allen, T (reprint author), USDA, Anim Welf Informat Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0093-7355 J9 LAB ANIMAL JI Lab Anim. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 33 IS 2 BP 16 EP 16 DI 10.1038/laban0204-16 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 769QM UT WOS:000188661300004 PM 15235640 ER PT J AU Kinton, VR Goodner, K AF Kinton, VR Goodner, K TI Analysis of flavor formulations using a mass spectrometry-based chemical sensor SO LC GC NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article AB Several different flavor formulations were rapidly and easily compared against each other by using a mass spectrometry (MS)based chemical sensor system. Results were validated by running the same flavor formulations with a GC-MS instrument. Overall, the fast measurement time and easy-to-interpret report generated by the chemical sensor provided advantages over conventional GC-MS analysis. C1 Gerstel Inc, Baltimore, MD 21227 USA. USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Kinton, VR (reprint author), Gerstel Inc, 1510 Caton Ctr Dr, Baltimore, MD 21227 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 USA SN 1527-5949 J9 LC GC N AM JI LC GC N. AM. PD FEB PY 2004 SU S BP 40 EP 41 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 780NV UT WOS:000189388400023 ER PT J AU Kelley, DS Bartolini, GL Warren, JM Simon, VA Mackey, BE Erickson, KL AF Kelley, DS Bartolini, GL Warren, JM Simon, VA Mackey, BE Erickson, KL TI Contrasting effects of t10,c12-and c9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid isomers on the fatty acid profiles of mouse liver lipids SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID COA DESATURASE ACTIVITY; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; TRANS-10,CIS-12 ISOMER; BODY-COMPOSITION; MICE; RATS; CLA; EXPRESSION; HUMANS; PIGS AB The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two purified isomers of CLA (c9,t1 1 -CLA and t10,c12-CLA) on the weights and FA compositions of hepatic TG, phospholipids, cholesterol esters, and FFA. Eight-week-old female mice (n = 6/group) were fed either a control diet or diets supplemented with 0.5% c9,t11-CLA or t10 ,c12-CLA isomers for 8 wk. Weights of liver total lipids and those of individual lipid fractions did not differ between the control and the c9, t11-CLA groups. Livers from animals fed the t10,c12-CLA diet contained four times more lipids than those of the control group; this was mainly due to an increase in the TG fractions (fivefold), but cholesterol (threefold), cholesterol esters (threefold), and FFA (twofold) were also significantly increased. Although c9,t11-CLA did not significantly alter the weights of liver lipids when compared with the control group, its intake was associated with significant reductions in the weight percentage (wt% of total FAME) of 18:1 n-9 and 18:1 n-7 in the TG fraction and with significant increases in the weight percentage of 18:2n-6 in the TG, cholesterol ester, and phospholipid fractions. On the other hand, t10,c12-CLA intake was linked with a significant increase in the weight percentage of 18:1 n-9 and a decrease in that of 18:2n-6 in all lipid fractions. These changes may be the result of alterations in the activity of Delta9-desaturase (stearoyl CoA desaturase) and the enzymes involved in the metabolism of 18:2 n-6. Thus, the two isomers differed not only in their effects on the weights of total liver lipids and lipid fractions but also on the FA profile of the lipid fractions. C1 USDA ARS, WHNRC, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA USA. Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Cell Biol & Human Anat, Davis, CA USA. RP Kelley, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS, WHNRC, Dept Nutr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM dkelley@whnrc.usda.gov NR 41 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 221 W BRADLEY AVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-1827 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD FEB PY 2004 VL 39 IS 2 BP 135 EP 141 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 813FQ UT WOS:000220893400005 PM 15134140 ER PT J AU Kurowska, EM Manthey, JA Casaschi, A Theriault, AG AF Kurowska, EM Manthey, JA Casaschi, A Theriault, AG TI Modulation of HepG2 cell net apolipoprotein B secretion by the citrus polymethoxyflavone, tangeretin SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID TRIGLYCERIDE TRANSFER PROTEIN; HEPATOCYTE APO-B; DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; ACYL-COA; TRIACYLGLYCEROL SYNTHESIS; CONTAINING LIPOPROTEINS; G2 CELLS; IN-VITRO; METABOLISM; FLAVONOIDS AB The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of tangeretin, a polymethoxylated flavone from citrus fruits, on the regulation of apolipoprotein B (apoB) and lipid metabolism in the human hepatoma cell-line HepG2. The marked reduction in apoB secretion observed in cells incubated with 72.8 muM tangeretin was rapid, apoB-specific, and partly reversible. The reduction also was observed under lipid-rich conditions and found to be insensitive to proteasomal degradation of nascent apoB. We followed our study by examining lipid synthesis and mass. A 24-h exposure of cells to 72.8 muM tangeretin decreased intracellular synthesis of cholesteryl esters, free cholesterol, and TAG by 82, 45, and 64%, respectively; tangeretin also reduced the mass of cellular TAG by 37%. The tangeretin-induced suppression of TAG synthesis and mass were associated with decreased activities of DAG acyltransferase (up to -39.0 +/- 3.0% vs. control) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (up to -35.5 +/- 2.5% vs. control). Tangeretin was also found to activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, a transcription actor with a positive regulatory impact on FA oxidation and TAG availability (up to 36% increase vs. control). The data suggest that tangeretin modulates apoB-containing lipoprotein metabolism through multiple mechanisms. C1 KGK Synergize Inc, Res & Dev Div, London, ON N6A 5R8, Canada. USDA ARS, S Atlantic Area, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, John A Burns Sch Med, Div Med Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Kurowska, EM (reprint author), KGK Synergize Inc, Res & Dev Div, Ste 1030,255 Queens Ave, London, ON N6A 5R8, Canada. EM kurowska@kgksynergize.com NR 42 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 221 W BRADLEY AVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-1827 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD FEB PY 2004 VL 39 IS 2 BP 143 EP 151 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 813FQ UT WOS:000220893400006 PM 15134141 ER PT J AU Rocha, JL Eisen, EJ Van Vleck, LD Pomp, D AF Rocha, JL Eisen, EJ Van Vleck, LD Pomp, D TI A large-sample QTL study in mice: I. Growth SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; BODY-WEIGHT; GENETIC ARCHITECTURE; MURINE GROWTH; MOUSE MODEL; OBESITY; LINKAGE; INSULIN; CROSS; IDENTIFICATION AB By use of long-term selection lines for high and low growth, a large-sample (n = similar to1,000 F-2) experiment was conducted in mice to further understand the genetic architecture of complex polygenic traits. In combination with previous work, we conclude that QTL analysis has reinforced classic polygenic paradigms put in place prior to molecular analysis. Composite interval mapping revealed large numbers of QTL for growth traits with an exponential distribution of magnitudes of effects and validated theoretical expectations regarding gene action. Of particular significance, large effects were detected on Chromosome (Chr) 2. Regions on Chrs 1, 3, 6, 10, 11, and 17 also harbor loci with significant contributions to phenotypic variation for growth. Despite the large sample size, average confidence intervals of similar to20 cM exhibit the poor resolution for initial estimates of QTL location. Analysis with genome-wide and chromosomal polygenic models revealed that, under certain assumptions, large fractions of the genome may contribute little to phenotypic variation for growth. Only a few epistatic interactions among detected QTL, little statistical support for gender-specific QTL, and significant age effects on genetic architecture were other primary observations from this study. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, USMARC, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Pomp, D (reprint author), Sygen Int, 2929 7th St, Berkeley, CA 94710 USA. EM dpomp@unl.edu NR 90 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD FEB PY 2004 VL 15 IS 2 BP 83 EP 99 DI 10.1007/s00335-003-2312-x PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 766ZY UT WOS:000188414700003 PM 15058380 ER PT J AU Rocha, JL Eisen, EJ Van Vleck, LD Pomp, D AF Rocha, JL Eisen, EJ Van Vleck, LD Pomp, D TI A large-sample QTL study in mice: II. Body composition SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; INBRED MOUSE STRAINS; GENETIC DISSECTION; DIETARY OBESITY; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; ENERGY-BALANCE; MAPPING GENES; HDL LEVELS; IDENTIFICATION; CROSS AB Using lines of mice having undergone long-term selection for high and low growth, a large-sample (n = similar to1,000 F-2) experiment was conducted to gain further understanding of the genetic architecture of complex polygenic traits. Composite interval mapping on data from male F-2 mice (n = 552) detected 50 QTL on 15 chromosomes impacting weights of various organ and adipose subcomponents of growth, including heart, liver, kidney, spleen, testis, and subcutaneous and epididymal fat depots. Nearly all aggregate growth QTL could be interpreted in terms of the organ and fat subcomponents measured. More than 25% of QTL detected map to MMU2, accentuating the relevance of this chromosome to growth and fatness in the context of this cross. Regions of MMU7, 15, and 17 also emerged as important obesity "hot-spots." Average degrees of directional dominance are close to additivity, matching expectations for body composition traits. A strong QTL congruency is evident among heart, liver, kidney, and spleen weights. Liver and testis are organs whose genetic architectures are, respectively, most and least aligned with that for aggregate body weight. In this study, growth and body weight are interpreted in terms of organ subcomponents underlying the macro aggregate traits, and anchored on the corresponding genomic locations. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, USMARC, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Pomp, D (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM dpomp@unl.edu NR 69 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD FEB PY 2004 VL 15 IS 2 BP 100 EP 113 DI 10.1007/s00335-003-2308-6 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 766ZY UT WOS:000188414700004 PM 15058381 ER PT J AU Treuth, MS Butte, NF Adolph, AL Puyau, MR AF Treuth, MS Butte, NF Adolph, AL Puyau, MR TI A longitudinal study of fitness and activity in girls predisposed to obesity SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE children; body composition; parental obesity; exercise; sedentary behavior; heart rate monitoring ID MAXIMAL AEROBIC CAPACITY; BODY-MASS INDEX; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; PREPUBERTAL GIRLS; AFRICAN-AMERICAN; NATIONAL-HEALTH; CHILDREN; NUTRITION; ADOLESCENTS AB Purpose: To determine whether physical activity and fitness change in girls with and without a predisposition to obesity from 8 to 10 yr of age. Methods: Normal-weight girls (N = 91) were recruited at 8 yr of age according to parental body mass index (BMI): LN = girls with two lean (BMI < 25 kg(.)m(-2)) parents, LNOB = girls with one obese and one lean parent, and OB = girls with two obese (BMI > 28 kg(.)m(-2)) parents. A longitudinal study was undertaken with annual assessments at 8, 9, and 10 yr of age. The primary outcomes were fitness (VO2peak) measured by treadmill testing, and physical activity measured by heart rate monitoring and by questionnaire. Sedentary behavior was assessed by questionnaire. Results: VO2peak (mL(.)kg(-1.)min(-1)) did not change over time; however, VO2peak (L(.)min(-1) and mL(.)kg(-1.)min(-1)), time on the treadmill, and treadmill stage were different across groups (P < 0.02). Girls with LNOB parents had a lower absolute VO2 than the LN girls by 2.5 mL(.)kg(-1.)min(-1) (P < 0.05). The OB group had a 3.9 mL(.)kg(-1.)min(-1) lower VO2 than the LN group (P < 0.001). The girls of LN parents also exercised longer on the treadmill (P < 0.05) than girls with OB parents. The percent of the day spent active on the weekday and weekend did not change over time or between groups. Time spent watching TV during the school year and summer was similar over the study period and between groups. Conclusion: Our data suggest that fitness and physical activity remain fairly constant in girls from 8 to 10 yr of age, but girls of obese parents tend to be less fit. C1 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Human Nutr, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Treuth, MS (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Human Nutr, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. EM mtreuth@jhsph.edu NR 34 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 36 IS 2 BP 198 EP 204 DI 10.1249/01.MSS.0000113666.98463.B0 PG 7 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 771RV UT WOS:000188800600005 PM 14767240 ER PT J AU Erkkila, AT Lichtenstein, AH Dolnikowski, GG Grusak, MA Jalbert, SM Aquino, KA Peterson, JW Booth, SL AF Erkkila, AT Lichtenstein, AH Dolnikowski, GG Grusak, MA Jalbert, SM Aquino, KA Peterson, JW Booth, SL TI Plasma transport of vitamin K in men using deuterium-labeled collard greens SO METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FOOD SOURCES; HUMAN SERUM; PHYLLOQUINONE; DIETARY; HUMANS; WOMEN; ABSORPTION; LIPOPROTEINS; TOCOPHEROL AB The plasma transport of stable isotope-labeled phylloquinone at physiologic doses from food was studied. A single bolus of 100 g (396 +/- 28 mug phylloquinone) deuterium-labeled collard greens was fed with a breakfast containing 24 g fat to 5 men (26 to 71 years). Eleven blood samples were obtained over 216 hours. Phylloquinone concentrations in plasma and lipoprotein subfractions were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the ion abundances of deuterated and endogenous phylloquinone were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Plasma total phylloquinone concentrations peaked at 6 to 9 hours (10.51 +/- 4.38 to 8.30 +/- 4.64 nmol/L) and returned to baseline by 24 hours (1.26 +/- 0.38 nmol/L). The triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction was the major carrier of phylloquinone; low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fractions contained smaller amounts. Maximum enrichment of plasma and TRL phylloquinone with deuterium (88% and 89%, respectively) was reached at 6 hours, respectively; t(1/2) was 22.8 hours (n = 3). Deuterated-phylloquinone was not detectable in plasma or TRL fraction at 72 hours. These results suggest rapid uptake and transport of physiologic doses of phylloquinone. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer HNRCA, Vitamin K Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Booth, SL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer HNRCA, Vitamin K Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 31 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0026-0495 J9 METABOLISM JI Metab.-Clin. Exp. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 53 IS 2 BP 215 EP 221 DI 10.1016/j.metabol.2003.08.015 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 771QK UT WOS:000188797400015 PM 14767874 ER PT J AU Ellingson, JLE Anderson, JL Carlson, SA Sharma, VK AF Ellingson, JLE Anderson, JL Carlson, SA Sharma, VK TI Twelve hour real-time PCR technique for the sensitive and specific detection of Salmonella in raw and ready-to-eat meat products SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES LA English DT Article DE real-time PCR; Salmonella; Sip operon; hybridization probes; meat products ID RESISTANT SALMONELLA; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; TYPHIMURIUM; ENTERICA; INFECTIONS; MULTIPLEX; EMERGENCE AB Rapid pathogen testing is vital to the food industry. Enzyme immunoassays (EIA) provide reliable negative results in 48 h, but a presumptive positive (suspect) EIA result must be confirmed by traditional culture methods, requiring an additional 72 h. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing technology is accepted as an accurate diagnostic tool. However, traditional PCR techniques can require several days. We sought to develop a rapid, real-time quantitative PCR technique for detecting Salmonella spp. in food products. Salmonella spp. was inoculated into raw and ready-to-eat beef products. Total DNA was extracted and used as template for PCR amplification in the LightCycler (Roche Diagnostics Corp., Idaho Technology Inc., Idaho Falls, ID) PCR instrument. Salmonella-specific PCR primers were designed to amplify a 251 base pair product from the junction of SipB and SipC. Fluorescently-labeled hybridization probes were designed to anneal to SipB and SipC. Salmonella was detected down to I colony forming unit/ml in food products. The results of real-time PCR correlated 100% to those of visual immunoprecipitate and culture. PCR methods using the LightCycler can detect and confirm the presence or absence of Salmonella spp. in raw and ready-to-eat beef products within 12 h with increased sensitivity compared to traditional culture and EIA methods. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Marshfield Clin Labs, Food Safety Serv, Marshfield, WI 54449 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, ARS, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Ellingson, JLE (reprint author), Marshfield Clin Labs, Food Safety Serv, 1000 N Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI 54449 USA. EM ellingson.jay@marshfieldclinic.org NR 19 TC 58 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0890-8508 J9 MOL CELL PROBE JI Mol. Cell. Probes PD FEB PY 2004 VL 18 IS 1 BP 51 EP 57 DI 10.1016/j.mcp.2003.09.007 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA 802KB UT WOS:000220161300007 PM 15036370 ER PT J AU Peever, TL Salimath, SS Su, G Kaiser, WJ Muehlbauer, FJ AF Peever, TL Salimath, SS Su, G Kaiser, WJ Muehlbauer, FJ TI Historical and contemporary multilocus population structure of Ascochyta rabiei (teleomorph : Didymella rabiei) in the Pacific Northwest of the United States SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AFLP; Ascochyta blight; chickpea; fungi; gametic disequilibrium; microsatellite; population genetics; recombination ID SEED-TREATMENT FUNGICIDES; MATING-TYPE; GENE FLOW; MYCOSPHAERELLA-GRAMINICOLA; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; HOST-SPECIFICITY; BROWN SPOT; CHICKPEA; PATHOGEN AB The historical and contemporary population genetic structure of the chickpea Ascochyta blight pathogen, Ascochyta rabiei (teleomorph: Didymella rabiei), was determined in the US Pacific Northwest (PNW) using 17 putative AFLP loci, four genetically characterized, sequence-tagged microsatellite loci (STMS) and the mating type locus (MAT). A single multilocus genotype of A. rabiei (MAT1-1) was detected in 1983, which represented the first recorded appearance of Ascochyta blight of chickpea in the PNW. During the following year many additional alleles, including the other mating type allele (MAT1-2), were detected. By 1987, all alleles currently found in the PNW had been introduced. Highly significant genetic differentiation was detected among contemporary subpopulations from different hosts and geographical locations indicating restricted gene flow and/or genetic drift occurring within and among subpopulations and possible selection by host cultivar. Two distinct populations were inferred with high posterior probability which correlated to host of origin and date of sample using Bayesian model-based population structure analyses of multilocus genotypes. Allele frequencies, genotype distributions and population assignment probabilities were significantly different between the historical and contemporary samples of isolates and between isolates sampled from a resistance screening nursery and those sampled from commercial chickpea fields. A random mating model could not be rejected in any subpopulation, indicating the importance of the sexual stage of the fungus both as a source of primary inoculum for Ascochyta blight epidemics and potentially adaptive genotypic diversity. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Intro Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Legume Genet & Physiol Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM tpeever@wsu.edu NR 70 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0962-1083 EI 1365-294X J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 13 IS 2 BP 291 EP 309 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02059.x PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 761QJ UT WOS:000187919200005 PM 14717888 ER PT J AU Fitzgerald, HA Chern, MS Navarre, R Ronald, PC AF Fitzgerald, HA Chern, MS Navarre, R Ronald, PC TI Overexpression of (At)NPR1 in rice leads to a BTH- and environment-induced lesion-mimic/cell death phenotype SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE; INDUCED DISEASE RESISTANCE; SALICYLIC-ACID; CELL-DEATH; GENE-EXPRESSION; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; ARABIDOPSIS MUTANT; PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE; DEFENSE PATHWAYS; JASMONIC ACID AB Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense response that protects plants against a broad spectrum of pathogens. A central regulator of SAR in Arabidopsis is NPR1 (nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related genes). In rice, overexpression of Arabidopsis NPR1 enhances plant resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. This report demonstrates that overexpression of (At)NPR1 in rice also triggers a lesion-mimic/cell death (LMD) phenotype. The LMD phenotype is environmentally regulated and heritable. In addition, the development of lesions and death correlates with the expression of rice defense genes and the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. Application of the salicylic acid (SA) analog, benzo(1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothioc acid S-methyl ester (BTH), potentiates this phenotype Endogenous SA levels are reduced in rice overexpressing (At)NPR1 when compared with wildtype plants, supporting the idea that (At)NPR1 may perceive and modulate the accumulation of SA. The association of (At)NPR1 expression in rice with the development of an LMD phenotype suggests that (At)NPR1 has multiple roles in plant stress responses that may affect its efficacy as a transgenic tool for engineering broad-spectrum resistance. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Ronald, PC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM pcronald@ucdavis.edu NR 64 TC 102 Z9 116 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 17 IS 2 BP 140 EP 151 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2004.17.2.140 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 804WS UT WOS:000220329400002 PM 14964528 ER PT J AU Klepzig, KD Flores-Otero, J Hofstetter, RW Ayres, MP AF Klepzig, KD Flores-Otero, J Hofstetter, RW Ayres, MP TI Effects of available water on growth and competition of southern pine beetle associated fungi SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DENDROCTONUS-FRONTALIS ZIMMERMANN; MINOR HEDGECOCK HUNT; CERATOCYSTIS-MINOR; COLEOPTERA-SCOLYTIDAE; SYMBIOTIC FUNGI; LOBLOLLY-PINE; FINE-STRUCTURE; BARK BEETLES; BLUESTAIN; SURVIVAL AB Competitive interactions among bark beetle associated fungi are potentially influenced by abiotic factors. Water potential. in particular, Undergoes marked Changes over the course of beetle colonization of tree hosts. To investigate the impact of water potential on competition among three southern pine beetle associated fungi, Ophiostoma minus, Entomocorticium sp. A and Ceratocystiopsis ranaculosus, we utilized artificial media with water potentials of 0, -5, -10 and -20 MPa. Growth Of all three fungi, when grown alone, decreased oil media with lower water potentials. Growth rates of all three fungi were likewise reduced in competition experiments. At -5 to -10 MPa, C. ranaculosus (a fungus with beneficial effects toward southern pine beetle) was nearly equal in competitive ability to O. minus (a fungus With antagonistic effects towards southern pine beetle). This was not true oil control media, nor at other water potentials tested. The range of water potentials used in our assays was similar to the range of water potentials we measured in loblolly pines within a southern pine beetle infestation. This study indicates that water potential may alter the outcome of competitive interactions among bark beetle-associated fungi in ways that favour bark beetle success. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Interamer Univ, Bayamon, PR 00957 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Klepzig, KD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, 2500 Shreveport Hwy, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. EM kklepzig@fs.fed.us NR 36 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 108 BP 183 EP 188 DI 10.1017/S0953756203009055 PN 2 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 808ZC UT WOS:000220606000008 PM 15119355 ER PT J AU Hura, CE Crow, TR AF Hura, CE Crow, TR TI Woody debris as a component of ecological diversity in thinned and unthinned northern hardwood forests SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE diversity; northern hardwoods; forest management; structure; complexity; Michigan ID OLD-GROWTH; MICHIGAN; STANDS; YOUNG; MANAGEMENT; 2ND-GROWTH; WISCONSIN; OREGON; SNAGS; AGE AB We examined the effects of management on coarse woody debris, both standing and downed, in thinned and unthinned northern hardwood forests in upper Michigan. The unthinned conditions included old growth and second growth, while the thinned conditions included both even- and uneven-aged management. The structural features analyzed were stem diameter, density, basal area, and height of snags and live trees, as well as volume, diameter, and decay state of downed woody debris (DWD). As measured by these features, the relative structural complexity among the forest conditions was generally old growth > uneven-aged > second growth similar to even-aged. Although snag density was highest in second-growth forests, old growth had the highest snag basal area. Old growth also had the largest volume of DWD, second growth and even-aged had the least, and uneven-aged had an intermediate value. Unlike old growth, other treatments lacked large diameter (> 40 cm) snags and DWD. If prescriptions are changed to allow for the creation of larger snags and DWD, particularly those > 60 cm in diameter, stands can be managed to more closely resemble these structural aspects of old-growth forests. C1 Nature Conservancy, Red Lake Falls, MN 56750 USA. N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Crow, TR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, WFWAR, Stop Code 1113,1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20090 USA. EM tcrow@fs.fed.us NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 24 IS 1 BP 57 EP 64 PG 8 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 779TZ UT WOS:000189318300009 ER PT J AU Shukitt-Hale, B McEwen, JJ Szprengiel, A Joseph, JA AF Shukitt-Hale, B McEwen, JJ Szprengiel, A Joseph, JA TI Effect of age on the radial arm water maze - a test of spatial learning and memory SO NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING LA English DT Article DE cognition; reference memory; working memory; short-term memory; long-term memory; Fischer 344 rat ID WORKING-MEMORY; OBJECT EXPLORATION; FISCHER-344 RATS; OLD RATS; TASK; DEFICITS; DECLINE; HIPPOCAMPAL; IMPAIRMENTS; PERFORMANCE AB Aged rats show decrements in performance on cognitive tasks that require the use of spatial learning and memory. We used the 8-arm radial water maze (RAWM) to measure spatial learning as a function of age in young (6 months) and old (21 months) male F34.4 rats. Rats were placed in the RAWM in different start arms with the same goal arm for 3 days (five trials/day); the goal arm was changed on day 4. Old rats demonstrated spatial impairment as evidenced by increased latencies to find the hidden platform on day 4. Old rats made significantly more errors, both reference and working memory errors, than young rats on all days. It is likely that the old rats utilized non-spatial strategies to solve the task, and therefore were impaired in learning a new platform location. The RAWM is a reliable, sensitive, and powerful additional test to assess age-related spatial learning and memory deficits, combining the advantages of the Morris water maze and the radial arm maze while minimizing the disadvantages. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Shukitt-Hale, B (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM barbara.hale@tufts.edu NR 36 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0197-4580 J9 NEUROBIOL AGING JI Neurobiol. Aging PD FEB PY 2004 VL 25 IS 2 BP 223 EP 229 DI 10.1016/S0197-4580(03)00041-1 PG 7 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Neurosciences SC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 772LU UT WOS:000188844200010 PM 14749140 ER PT J AU Sundaram, S Brand, JH Hymes, MJ Hiremath, S Podila, GK AF Sundaram, S Brand, JH Hymes, MJ Hiremath, S Podila, GK TI Isolation and analysis of a symbiosis-regulated and Ras-interacting vesicular assembly protein gene from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE yeast two-hybrid system; ectomycorrhizas; LbRAS-interacting Ap-180 like proteins; gene expression; Laccaria bicolor ID BASIDIOMYCETE PISOLITHUS-TINCTORIUS; CLATHRIN-COATED VESICLES; PAXILLUS-INVOLUTUS; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; RED PINE; ENDOCYTOSIS; TRANSPORT; ROOT; ORGANIZATION AB A yeast two-hybrid library prepared from Laccaria bicolor x Pinus resinosa mycorrhizas was screened using a LbRAS clone, previously characterized, as a bait to isolate LbRAS interacting signaling-related genes from L. bicolor. Using this method, a novel line of Ras-interacting yeast two-hybrid mycorrhizal (Rythm) clones were isolated and analysed for their symbiosis-regulation. One such clone identified (RythmA) had homology to Ap180-like vesicular proteins. Sequence homology and parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis showed its relatedness to Ap180-like proteins from other systems. DNA analysis suggested that L. bicolor had one or two copies of the RythmA gene. An RNA analysis showed that the expression of RythmA could be detected 36 h after interaction with the host, which follows the expression of Lbras. Immunolocalization of LbRAS near dolipore septum of the fungal cells in the Hartig net area suggests that RythmA protein may be involved in the transport of signaling proteins such as LbRAS. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. USDA, NEFES, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Podila, GK (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. EM podilag@uah.edu NR 68 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 161 IS 2 BP 529 EP 538 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00935.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 757FR UT WOS:000187550700020 ER PT J AU Hilderbrand, RH Kershner, JL AF Hilderbrand, RH Kershner, JL TI Influence of habitat type on food supply, selectivity, and diet overlap of Bonneville cutthroat trout and nonnative brook trout in Beaver Creek, Idaho SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; SMALL STREAMS; SALMO-CLARKI; RAINBOW; INVERTEBRATES; LIMITATION; ABUNDANCE; BUDGET; BROWN AB We collected invertebrate drift samples and stomach contents of native Bonneville cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki utah and normative brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in Beaver Creek, Idaho, during August 1995 to assess food availability and the potential for competition. Regardless of whether samples came from beaver pond or from high-gradient or low-gradient reaches, aquatic Diptera numerically dominated drifting invertebrates by at least fivefold over all other categories captured in 1-h drift samples. Abundances and drift densities of drifting invertebrates were high in the three reach habitat types sampled: beaver pond (3,152 individuals; 18.9 invertebrates/m(3)), high-gradient reach (5,216 individuals; 26.5 invertebrates/m(3)), and low-gradient reach (4,908 individuals; 17.2 invertebrates/m(3)). Cutthroat trout consumed significantly more invertebrates per individual than did brook trout. However, there was no relationship between fish length and consumption. Diets of both brook and cutthroat trout were dominated by Diptera in beaver ponds and terrestrial invertebrates in the high-gradient reach. In the low-gradient reach, Diptera dominated brook trout diets, whereas both Diptera and terrestrial invertebrates dominated diets of cutthroat trout. Both trout species consistently selected terrestrial invertebrates and Trichoptera in all reach types. Diet overlap between brook and cutthroat trout was 92% in beaver ponds, 75% in the high-gradient reach, and 65% in the low-gradient reach. The high degree of diet overlap suggests the possibility of competition between normative brook trout and cutthroat trout if food should become limiting, but we found little evidence that food was limiting during late summer in Beaver Creek. C1 Univ Maryland, Appalachian Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Aquat Watershed & Earth Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, US Forest Serv, Fish & Aquat Ecol Unit, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Hilderbrand, RH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Appalachian Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, 301 Braddock Rd, Frostburg, MD 21532 USA. EM hilderbrand@al.umces.edu RI Hilderbrand, Robert/H-9807-2013 OI Hilderbrand, Robert/0000-0003-0923-7699 NR 26 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 24 IS 1 BP 33 EP 40 DI 10.1577/M02-192 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 802NE UT WOS:000220169400004 ER PT J AU Young, MK Guenther-Gloss, PM AF Young, MK Guenther-Gloss, PM TI Population characteristics of greenback cutthroat trout in streams: Their relation to model predictions and recovery criteria SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ONCORHYNCHUS-CLARKI-PLEURITICUS; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; FISH ABUNDANCE; RIVER DRAINAGE; NORTH-AMERICA; GILA TROUT; SALMONIDS; GROWTH; IMMIGRATION; PERSISTENCE AB Fishes listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act receive intensive management, but evaluations of population characteristics are rare. We report population and habitat characteristics of federally threatened greenback cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki stomias in 12 streams in north-central Colorado surveyed in 1998 and 1999. Our objectives were to assess population size, structure, and distribution, to evaluate a model developed by Harig and Fausch (2002) to assess translocation success, and to compare population characteristics to those reported in the recovery plan. Allopatric population sizes in 10 streams varied from 170 to 7,347 greenback cutthroat trout at least 75 mm long, whereas the 2 streams with brook trout throughout supported 0-142 greenback cutthroat trout. Populations displayed few upstream-downstream trends in fish abundance or mean length, and the coefficient of variation among sampled reaches within streams averaged 61%. As the density of fish at least 75 mm long increased, the percentage of juvenile (<75 mm) fish in a population increased, the percentage of adult (>125 mm) fish longer than 200 rum decreased, and the average weight of a 200-mm fish declined. The abundance of juvenile fish was positively correlated with summer water temperature. Population estimates were highly correlated with the translocation model index values, suggesting that the translocation model may apply to other cutthroat trout taxa in similar environments. Of the 12 streams for which our extensive field data are available, 4 satisfied the recovery criteria we studied and other criteria in the recovery plan; 8 did not. We conclude that many populations of greenback cutthroat trout, including some that meet recovery criteria, are still at risk of extinction and that a reliable monitoring protocol needs to be established. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. US Forest Serv, Med Bow Routt Natl Forests, Saratoga, WY 82331 USA. RP Young, MK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 800 E Beckwith Ave, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. EM mkyoung@fs.fed.us NR 67 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0275-5947 EI 1548-8675 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 24 IS 1 BP 184 EP 197 DI 10.1577/M03-010 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 802NE UT WOS:000220169400020 ER PT J AU Morris, MS Jacques, PF Hankinson, SE Chylack, LT Willett, WC Taylor, A AF Morris, MS Jacques, PF Hankinson, SE Chylack, LT Willett, WC Taylor, A TI Moderate alcoholic beverage intake and early nuclear and cortical lens opacities SO OPHTHALMIC EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alcohol consumption; cataract etiology; lens opacification; nuclear opacity; cortical opacity ID BEAVER DAM EYE; RISK-FACTORS; CATARACT-EXTRACTION; NUTRIENT INTAKE; FRENCH PARADOX; HEART-DISEASE; WINE; CONSUMPTION; ANTIOXIDANTS AB PURPOSE To study the relationship between alcoholic beverage intake and early lens opacities. METHODS 556 Boston-area women aged 53-74 years were sampled from the Nurses' Health Study cohort. Degree of opacity was assessed by eye examinations including lens photography. RESULTS After multivariate adjustment, the odds of a nuclear opacity grade greater than or equal to2.3 increased by 30% (OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.10-1-54) per 10-g increase in total alcohol intake. Furthermore, after control for intake of other alcoholic beverages, the odds of a higher nuclear opacity grade increased by 13% (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02-1.26) for every two additional hard-alcoholic drinks consumed per week, and by 17% (OR = 1.017, 95% CI: 1.03-1.33) for every two additional glasses of wine consumed per week. The odds of a cortical opacity grade greater than or equal to04 decreased by 12% (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.98) for every two additional glasses of wine consumed per week, but intake of other alcoholic beverages was unrelated to cortical opacity. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of alcoholic beverages, particularly hard liquor and wine, was positively related to nuclear opacity. Wine drinking was inversely related to cortical opacity. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Taylor, A (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St,6th Floor, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM ATaylor@HNRC.Tufts.edu FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-87969]; NEI NIH HHS [EY-09611] NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU SWETS ZEITLINGER PUBLISHERS PI LISSE PA P O BOX 825, 2160 SZ LISSE, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-6586 J9 OPHTHAL EPIDEMIOL JI Ophthalmic Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 11 IS 1 BP 53 EP 65 PG 13 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 804WP UT WOS:000220329100006 PM 14977497 ER PT J AU Zhou, XG Scharf, ME Sarath, G Meinke, LJ Chandler, LD Siegfried, BD AF Zhou, XG Scharf, ME Sarath, G Meinke, LJ Chandler, LD Siegfried, BD TI Partial purification and characterization of a methyl-parathion resistance-associated general esterase in Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE esterase; insecticide resistance; purification; characterization; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ID MOSQUITO CULEX-QUINQUEFASCIATUS; CORN-ROOTWORM COLEOPTERA; ORYZAEPHILUS-SURINAMENSIS COLEOPTERA; CONFERRING INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; COLORADO POTATO BEETLE; LEPTINOTARSA-DECEMLINEATA SAY; NILAPARVATA-LUGENS STAL; APHIDS MYZUS-PERSICAE; ORGANOPHOSPHATE RESISTANCE; BROWN PLANTHOPPER AB Increased hydrolytic metabolism of organophosphate insecticides has been associated with resistance among Nebraska western corn rootworm populations. In this study, resistance-associated esterases were partially purified by differential centrifugation, ion exchange, and hydroxyapatite column chromatography, with a final purification factor of 100-fold and recovery of approximately 10%. Kinetic analysis of the partially purified enzyme indicated that the K-m of the group II esterases was identical for the two populations, although V-max was consistently threefold higher in the resistant population. A putative esterase, DvvII, was further purified to homogeneity by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. DvvII is a monomer with a molecular weight of approximately 66 kDa, although three distinct isoforms with similar pIs were evident based on isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis. Immunoassays with the Myzus persicae E4 antiserum indicated that group II esterases from D. v. virgifera were cross-reactive and expressed at much higher titers in the resistant population relative to the susceptible counterpart. These results suggest that the resistance is likely associated with overproduction of an esterase isozyme in resistant D. v. virgifera populations. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Biochem, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Red River Valley Expt Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Siegfried, BD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM bsiegfried1@unl.edu NR 57 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 78 IS 2 BP 114 EP 125 DI 10.1016/j.pestbp.2003.10.003 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 769ZR UT WOS:000188698600006 ER PT J AU Palmiter, RD Huang, LP AF Palmiter, RD Huang, LP TI Efflux and compartmentalization of zinc by members of the SLC30 family of solute carriers SO PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SYNAPTIC VESICLES; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION; CONFERS RESISTANCE; TRANSPORTER ZNT-1; TRANSGENIC MICE; VESICULAR ZINC; DIETARY ZINC; MOUSE-BRAIN; GENE AB All of the members of this family are thought to facilitate zinc efflux from the cytoplasm either into various intracellular compartments (endosomes, secretory granules, synaptic vesicles, Golgi apparatus, or trans-Golgi network) or across the plasma membrane. Thus, these transporters are thought to help maintain zinc homeostasis and facilitate transport of zinc into specialized intracellular compartments. Counterparts of the SLC30 family are found in all organisms. Most of the members of this class are predicted to have 6 transmembrane domains with both N- and C-termini on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Expression of rodent Znt1, Znt2 or Znt4 cDNAs in mammalian cells can confer resistance to zinc toxicity. Loss of function of the mouse Znt1 is embryonic lethal, loss of mouse Znt3 prevents accumulation of zinc in synaptic vesicles, nonfunctional mouse Znt4 (lethal milk) results in zinc-deficient milk, and Znt5-null mice display bone abnormalities and heart failure. No mutations in human counterparts of any of the members of the SLC30 family have been described. C1 Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Biochem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Rowe Program Genet, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Palmiter, RD (reprint author), Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Box 357370, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM Palmiter@u.washington.edu NR 39 TC 230 Z9 237 U1 0 U2 17 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0031-6768 J9 PFLUG ARCH EUR J PHY JI Pflugers Arch. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 447 IS 5 BP 744 EP 751 DI 10.1007/s00424-003-1070-7 PG 8 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 772HV UT WOS:000188837300031 PM 12748859 ER PT J AU Salvucci, ME Crafts-Brandner, SJ AF Salvucci, ME Crafts-Brandner, SJ TI Inhibition of photosynthesis by heat stress: the activation state of Rubisco as a limiting factor in photosynthesis SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Review ID RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE/OXYGENASE ACTIVASE; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; SPINACH LEAVES; LIGHT; CO2; INACTIVATION; WHEAT AB Although the catalytic activity of Rubisco increases with temperature, the low affinity of the enzyme for CO2 and its dual nature as an oxygenase limit the possible increase in net photosynthesis with temperature. For cotton, comparisons of measured rates of net photosynthesis with predicted rates that take into account limitations imposed by the kinetic properties of Rubisco indicate that direct inhibition of photosynthesis occurs at temperatures higher than about 30degreesC. Inhibition of photosynthesis by moderate heat stress (i.e. 30-42degreesC) is generally attributed to reduced rates of RuBP regeneration caused by disruption of electron transport activity, and specifically inactivation of the oxygen evolving enzymes of photosystem II. However, measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and metabolite levels at air-levels of CO2 indicate that electron transport activity is not limiting at temperatures that inhibit CO2 fixation. Instead, recent evidence shows that inhibition of net photosynthesis correlates with a decrease in the activation state of Rubisco in both C-3 and C-4 plants and that this decrease in the amount of active Rubisco can fully account for the temperature response of net photosynthesis. Biochemically, the decrease in Rubisco activation can be attributed to: (1) more rapid de-activation of Rubisco caused by a faster rate of dead-end product formation; and (2) slower re-activation of Rubisco by activase. The net result is that as temperature increases activase becomes less effective in keeping Rubisco catalytically competent. In this opinionated review, we discuss how these processes limit photosynthetic performance under moderate heat stress. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Salvucci, ME (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RI Mason, Richard/F-9865-2010 NR 53 TC 245 Z9 274 U1 4 U2 85 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 120 IS 2 BP 179 EP 186 DI 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0173.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 760RA UT WOS:000187847000002 ER PT J AU Mahan, JR Dotray, PA Light, GG AF Mahan, JR Dotray, PA Light, GG TI Thermal dependence of enzyme function and inhibition; implications for, herbicide efficacy and tolerance SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Review ID GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; PLANTS; TEMPERATURE; ADAPTATION; PROTEIN; EXPRESSION; MECHANISM; CUCUMBER; CROPS AB Environmental temperature is a critical factor in the lives of almost all organisms. Plants experience periods of thermal stress related to seasonal patterns of temperature and periodic water deficits. Within the range of non-lethal temperatures, there are a number of thermal effects on metabolism that are a result of the thermal dependence of enzymes. The thermal dependence of enzyme kinetic parameters was used to predict that the efficacy of the herbicide pyrithiobac on Palmer amaranth would be reduced at temperatures outside a 20-34degreesC thermal application range. This prediction is validated in a controlled environment study described in this paper. Palmer amaranth was grown for 16 days in growth chambers with 34/18degreesC day/night temperature regime. Pyrithiobac was applied to plants at 18, 27 or 40degreesC. After 1 h at the application temperatures the plants were returned to the 34/18degreesC regime for 14 days and post-application biomass accumulation (efficacy) was determined. Dry weight accumulation, as a percentage of untreated controls, was 25, 2.5 and 70% for 18, 27 and 40degreesC application temperatures. Pyrithiobac efficacy was highest for the application within the thermal application range and significantly reduced at temperatures above and below. The validation of the earlier prediction suggests that temperature-related kinetic limitations on herbicide efficacy may also occur in plants with bioengineered herbicide resistance based on herbicide metabolism. The theoretical aspects of such thermal limitations on herbicide resistance mechanisms are discussed. C1 ARS, USDA, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Mahan, JR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. EM jmahan@lbk.ars.usda.gov RI Ma, Tao/D-3216-2012 NR 37 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 120 IS 2 BP 187 EP 195 DI 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0255.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 760RA UT WOS:000187847000003 ER PT J AU Booker, FL AF Booker, FL TI Influence of ozone on ribonuclease activity in wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID LEAF SENESCENCE; ARABIDOPSIS; RNASE; INDUCTION; TOMATO; IDENTIFICATION; RESISTANCE; EXPOSURE; ENZYMES; GROWTH AB Ribonucleases (RNases) degrade RNA and exert a major influence on gene expression during development and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. RNase activity typically increases in response to pathogen attack, wounding and phosphate (P-i) deficiency. Activity also increases during senescence and other programmed cell death processes. The air pollutant ozone (O-3) often induces injury and accelerated senescence in many plants, but the biochemical mechanisms involved in these responses remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether RNase activity and isozyme expression was stimulated in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flag leaves following treatment with O-3. Plants were treated in open-top chambers with charcoal-filtered air (27 nmol O-3 mol(-1)) (control) or non-filtered air plus O-3 (90 nmol O-3 mol(-1)) (O-3) from seedling to reproductive stage. After exposure for 56 days, RNase activity was 2.1 times higher in flag leaf tissues from an O-3-sensitive cultivar in the O-3 treatment compared with the control, which generally coincided with foliar injury and lower soluble protein concentration, but not soluble leaf [P-i]. Soluble [P-i] in leaf tissue extracts from the O-3 and control treatments was not significantly different. RNase activity gels indicated the presence of three major RNases and two nucleases, and their expression was enhanced by the O-3 treatment. Isozymes stimulated in the O-3 treatment were also stimulated in naturally senescent flag leaf tissues from plants in the control. However, soluble [P-i] in extracts from naturally senescent flag leaves was 50% lower than that found in green flag leaves in the control treatment. Thus, senescence-like pathological responses induced by O-3 were accompanied by increased RNase and nuclease activities that also were observed in naturally senescent leaves. However, [P-i] in the leaf tissue samples suggested that O-3-induced injury and accelerated senescence was atypical of normal senescence processes in that P-i export was not observed in O-3-treated plants. C1 ARS, USDA, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. RP Booker, FL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, 3908 Inwood Rd, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 120 IS 2 BP 249 EP 255 DI 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0238.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 760RA UT WOS:000187847000010 ER PT J AU Cho, SH Muehlbauer, FJ AF Cho, SH Muehlbauer, FJ TI Genetic effect of differentially regulated fungal response genes on resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cicer arietinum L.; Ascochyta rabiei; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp ciceri; necrotrophic; fungal-response gene ID CELL-SUSPENSION CULTURES; SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE; PLANT-DISEASE RESISTANCE; SALICYLIC-ACID; FUSARIUM-WILT; DEFENSE RESPONSES; ASCOCHYTA-RABIEI; JASMONIC ACID; OXIDATIVE BURST; SIGNALING PATHWAYS AB Plant resistance to pathogen infection can be achieved by systemic regulation of the defense-related genes that respond to specific systemic signals. To elucidate defense responses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) against fungal pathogens, Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr. causing ascochyta blight and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri causing fusarium wilt, expression patterns of defense-related genes in chickpea after pathogen inoculation and exogenous treatments with systemic signals such as SA and Me-JA were investigated. Two blight differentia germplasm lines, FLIP84-92C(2) (blight resistant and SA- and Me-JA-sensitive) and P1359075(1) (blight susceptible and SA- and Me-JA-insensitive) showed significant differential expression patterns of the defense-related genes after A. rabiei inoculation and exogenous treatment with SA and Me-JA. However, blight resistance in the recombinant inbred lines generated from the cross of the two germplasm lines did not cosegregate with the expression of the genes induced either by pathogen inoculation or by signal chemicals. Fusarium wilt resistance in chickpea also did not require induction of the defense-related genes after Fusarium infection. These results indicated that systemic regulation of the defense-related genes at transcription level which is reportedly associated with disease resistance in other model plant species such as Arabidopsis might not confer resistance in chickpea against two necrotrophic fungal pathogens, A. rabiei (Pass.) Labr and F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceri. Further studies focused on constitutive or unknown defense systems independent of SA- and JA-mediated systemic resistance mechanisms are required to understand fungal resistance mechanisms in chickpea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Washington State Univ, Sch Mol Biosci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Legume Genet & Physiol Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Muehlbauer, FJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Sch Mol Biosci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM choxx048@umn.edu; muehlbziu@wsu.edu NR 66 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 64 IS 2 BP 57 EP 66 DI 10.1016/j.pmpp.2004.07.003 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 868BL UT WOS:000224887100002 ER PT J AU Lapierre, C Pilate, G Pollet, B Mila, I Leple, JC Jouanin, L Kim, H Ralph, J AF Lapierre, C Pilate, G Pollet, B Mila, I Leple, JC Jouanin, L Kim, H Ralph, J TI Signatures of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase deficiency in poplar lignins SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE poplar (Populus deltoides x Populus nigra; cv Ogy); Salicaccae; lignin structure; lignin biosynthesis; cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; transgenic; thioacidolysis; sinapaldehyde; coniferaldehyde ID O-METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY; DOWN-REGULATION; MONOLIGNOL BIOSYNTHESIS; CONIFERYL ALDEHYDE; TRANSGENIC POPLARS; TOBACCO PLANTS; ANGIOSPERMS; ALFALFA; GENE; METHYLATION AB A series of transgenic poplars down-regulated for cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) was analyzed by thioacidolysis. Among the lignin-derived monomers, the indene compounds that were recently shown to originate from sinapaldehyde incorporated into lignins through 8-O-4-cross-coupling, were found to increase as a function of CAD deficiency level. While these syringyl markers were recovered in substantial amounts in the most severely depressed lines, the markers for coniferaldehyde incorporation were recovered in only low amounts. In conjunction with these additional sinapaldehyde units and relative to the control samples, lignins in CAD-deficient poplar lines had less conventional syringyl-units and beta-O-4-bonds and more free phenolic groups. We found that almost half of the polymers in the most deficient lines could be solubilized in alkali and at room temperature. This unusual behavior suggests that lignins in CAD-deficient poplars occur as small, alkali-leachable lignin domains. That mainly sinapaldehyde incorporates into the lignins of CAD-deficient poplars suggests that the recently identified sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase (SAD), which is structurally distinct from the CAD enzyme targeted herein, does not play any substantial role in constitutive lignification in poplar. C1 INRA, UMR 206, INRA INAPG Chim Biol, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France. INRA, F-45160 Olivet, France. INRA, Biol Cellulaire, F-78026 Versailles, France. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Lapierre, C (reprint author), INRA, UMR 206, INRA INAPG Chim Biol, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France. EM lapierre@grignon.inra.fr RI Pilate, Gilles/D-1666-2011; LEPLE, Jean-Charles/H-4210-2012; LEPLE, Jean charles/L-9604-2014; Pilate, Gilles/E-8784-2017 OI Pilate, Gilles/0000-0003-4802-8849 NR 42 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD FEB PY 2004 VL 65 IS 3 BP 313 EP 321 DI 10.1016/j.phytochem.2003.11.007 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 773JX UT WOS:000188921600005 PM 14751302 ER PT J AU Hanson, LE Howell, CR AF Hanson, LE Howell, CR TI Elicitors of plant defense responses from biocontrol strains of Trichoderma virens SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOSYNTHESIS-INDUCING XYLANASE; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS; VERTICILLIUM-DAHLIAE; SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE; COTTON ROOTS; INDUCTION; VIRIDE; LIGNIFICATION; GLYCOPROTEIN AB Effective biocontrol strains of Trichoderma virens can induce the production of defense-related Compounds in the roots of cotton. Ineffective strains do not induce these compounds to significant levels. This elicitation was found to be heat stable, insoluble in chloroform, passed through a 5K molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) filter, but not a 3K MWCO filter, and was sensitive to treatment by proteinase K. When the active material was subjected to sodium dodecyl sultate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, several bands were present in the material from bio- control-active strains that were lacking in inactive strains. When eluted and tested for elicitation activity, with or Without renaturation. four hands Stimulated cotton terpenoid production. One hand showed cross-reaction with an antibody to the ethylene-inducing xylanase from T. viride. Another band of approximately 18 kDa, gave significant stimulation of cotton terpenoid production and increased peroxidase activity in cotton radicles in all tests, with or without renaturation. The 18-kDa protein was Subjected to amino-terminal sequence analysis, and the first 19 amino acids at the amino terminus were determined to be DTVSYDTGYDN-GSRSLNDV. A database homology search using the BLASTp algorithm showed the highest similarity to a serine proteinase from Fusarium sporotrichioides. C1 USDA ARS, Sugar Beet Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. USDA ARS, SPARC, CPRU, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hanson, LE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Sugar Beet Res Unit, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM lehanson@lamar.colostate.edu NR 27 TC 82 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 2004 VL 94 IS 2 BP 171 EP 176 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.2.171 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 807WS UT WOS:000220532200008 PM 18943540 ER PT J AU Matsuda, F Xu, N Kijima, S Tachi, C Christenson, RK Sakai, S Imakawa, K AF Matsuda, F Xu, N Kijima, S Tachi, C Christenson, RK Sakai, S Imakawa, K TI Analysis of transcriptional control elements in the 5 '-upstream region of ovine interferon-tau gene using feeder-independent caprine trophoblast cell line, HTS-1 SO PLACENTA LA English DT Article ID PREGNANCY RECOGNITION HORMONE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; MESSENGER-RNA; CYCLIC EWES; IFN-TAU; EXPRESSION; SHEEP; PROTEIN-1; PROMOTER AB Interferon-tau (IFNtau) is a protein secreted from the embryonic trophectoderm of ruminant ungulates during peri-implantation period. This protein acts on the uterine endometrium, which indirectly maintains corpus luteum function, and is therefore considered essential for the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy. Transcriptional regulation of IFNtau genes had been examined using human choriocarcinoma cell lines, JEG-3 or JAR, however, molecular mechanisms by which cell and term specific IFNtau expression are regulated have not been elucidated. Recently, a feeder cell free-trophoblast cell line derived from Shiba-goat placenta, termed HTS-1, was established. In the present investigation, the 5'-upstream region of ovine IFNtau (oIFNtau) gene was analysed using this cell line, which would provide a more suitable system for studies of the ovine trophoblast specific gene than human choriocarcinoma cells. Variously modified 5'-upstream sequences of the oIFNtau gene fused to a luciferase reporter gene were transiently transfected into HTS-1 cells, and human JEG-3 cells were used as a control. These results and co-transfection with expression vectors revealed that Ets-2 binding site in the promoter region was important in HTS-1, whereas AP-1 that binds to the enhancer region was a major activator in JEG-3. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay, a nuclear protein from HTS-1 cells was confirmed to bind specifically to the Ets-2 site of oIFNtau promoter region. Differences in amounts of AP-1 and Ets-2 protein were demonstrated in nuclear extracts from HTS-1, JEG-3 and ovine conceptuses. Substantial differences on oIFNtau gene transcriptions found between caprine HTS-1 and human JEG-3 cells suggest that this cell line could be valuable in the elucidation of a molecular mechanism(s) by which oIFNtau gene expression is regulated in a cell specific manner. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Lab Anim Breeding, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. Mitsubishi Kagaku Co Ltd, Inst Life Sci, Machida, Tokyo 1948511, Japan. USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Imakawa, K (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Lab Anim Breeding, Bunkyo Ku, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo 1138657, Japan. EM akaz@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp NR 41 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 32 JAMESTOWN RD, LONDON NW1 7BY, ENGLAND SN 0143-4004 J9 PLACENTA JI Placenta PD FEB-MAR PY 2004 VL 25 IS 2-3 BP 166 EP 175 DI 10.1016/j.placenta.2003.08.016 PG 10 WC Developmental Biology; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Developmental Biology; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA 779HP UT WOS:000189289500007 PM 14972449 ER PT J AU Bouma, J Keyser, JD AF Bouma, J Keyser, JD TI Dating the Deadmond bison robe: A seriation of blackfeet biographic art SO PLAINS ANTHROPOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE robe art; Blackfeet; rock art; seriation ID ROCK ART; LEXICON; ARCHAEOLOGY AB The Deadmond bison robe was only recently recognized to be a surviving example of late Historic period Plains Indian biographic art. Using characteristic motifs from the more than 20 biographic scenes painted on the robe, the authors identify it as Blackfeet. By using the Deadmond family history and a seriation chronology of other better-known Blackfeet robe art, the Deadmond robe can be confidently dated to the last two decades of the nineteenth century. C1 Custer Natl Forest, Ashland, MT 59003 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Bouma, J (reprint author), Custer Natl Forest, Ashland Ranger Dist,POB 2378,US Hwy 212, Ashland, MT 59003 USA. NR 70 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLAINS ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOC PI LINCOLN PA 410 WEDGEWOOD DRIVE, LINCOLN, NE 68510 USA SN 0032-0447 J9 PLAINS ANTHROPOL JI Plains Anthropol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 49 IS 189 BP 9 EP 24 PG 16 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA 802PX UT WOS:000220176500001 ER PT J AU Hacisalihoglu, G Ozturk, L Cakmak, I Welch, RM Kochian, L AF Hacisalihoglu, G Ozturk, L Cakmak, I Welch, RM Kochian, L TI Genotypic variation in common bean in response to zinc deficiency in calcareous soil SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE Phaseolus vulgaris; screening; translocation; zinc deficiency; zinc efficiency ID BUFFERED NUTRIENT SOLUTION; WHEAT GENOTYPES; ZN EFFICIENCY; BREAD WHEAT; PLANT; NUTRITION; GROWTH; DIFFER; IMPROVEMENT; RESISTANCE AB Greenhouse experiments have been carried out to study the genotypic variation among 35 bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes with regards to tolerance to zinc (Zn) deficiency ( Zn efficiency). Plants were grown for 45 days in Zn deficient soil supplemented with 0 or 5 mug Zn g(-1) soil) and analyzed for Zn efficiency, plant Zn concentration and content, and the distribution of Zn between old and young parts of the shoot. Zn efficiency (ZE) was defined as the ratio of dry matter production at low and high Zn supply and was calculated for the whole shoot as well as for young and old parts of the shoot. There were marked differences in ZE among the bean genotypes. Genotypes G4449 and G11360 were about 2-fold and 10-fold more Zn-efficient than G11229 and G3871 in whole shoot and young-part based ZE, respectively. Interestingly, the older portions of the shoot for most genotypes had higher dry matter production under Zn deficiency than under sufficient Zn supply, suggesting that there was a significant inhibition of new shoot growth and transport of photosynthates from source to sink organs under low-Zn conditions. Zinc concentrations of both old and young portions of the shoot did not correlate with ZE, but shoot Zn content was found to be significantly correlated with ZE. Furthermore, Zn-efficient genotypes distributed more Zn into young parts of the shoot under Zn-deficient conditions than did the inefficient lines. Variation in seed Zn content did not significantly influence the determination of ZE. We concluded that there is a substantial variation in Zn efficiency in the bean genome, and ZE based on analysis of the young shoot tissues represents a suitable screening technique for the evaluation of ZE in low-Zn soils. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cukurova Univ, Fac Agr, Dept Soil Sci, TR-01330 Adana, Turkey. Sabanci Univ, Fac Engn & Nat Sci, TR-81474 Istanbul, Turkey. RP Kochian, L (reprint author), Florida A&M Univ, Dept Biol, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. EM LVK1@cornell.edu RI Cakmak, Ismail/A-2257-2009; Ozturk, Levent/H-3092-2011; Hacisalihoglu, Gokhan/M-3760-2013; OI Ozturk, Levent/0000-0002-0189-8196; Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 35 TC 26 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD FEB PY 2004 VL 259 IS 1-2 BP 71 EP 83 DI 10.1023/B:PLSO.0000020941.90028.2c PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 806AA UT WOS:000220405600008 ER PT J AU Nelson, JA Morgan, JA LeCain, DR Mosier, A Milchunas, DG Parton, BA AF Nelson, JA Morgan, JA LeCain, DR Mosier, A Milchunas, DG Parton, BA TI Elevated CO2 increases soil moisture and enhances plant water relations in a long-term field study in semi-arid shortgrass steppe of Colorado SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE elevated CO2; leaf water potential; shortgrass steppe; soil moisture; water-use efficiency ID TALLGRASS PRAIRIE ECOSYSTEM; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; BIOMASS PRODUCTION; TOP CHAMBERS; GRASSLAND; RESPONSES; DYNAMICS; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; GROWTH; C-3 AB Increasing atmospheric CO2 has potentially significant impacts on the dynamics of water use and conservation in semi-arid rangelands. In this study we used large (15.5 m(2)) open top chambers to investigate effects of twice ambient CO2 concentration (720 muL L-1) on plant and soil water relations of semi-arid shortgrass steppe (SGS) of northeastern Colorado from 1997 to 2001. Seasonal average soil moisture throughout the soil profile ( 0 - 15, 15 - 45, 45 - 75, 75 - 105 cm) was increased under elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2 for much of the study period. When averaged across years, the greatest relative increase ( elevated vs. ambient) in soil moisture occurred in the 75 - 105 cm depth increment (16.4%). Averaged over the study period, leaf water potential (Psi(leaf)) was enhanced 24 - 30% under elevated CO2 in the major warm- and cool-season grass species of the SGS (Bouteloua gracilis, C-4, 28.5%; Pascopyrum smithii, C-3, 24.7%; Stipa comata, C-3, 30.4%), and the degree of responsiveness in Psi(leaf) to elevated CO2 did not differ between C-3 and C-4 plant functional types, but did differ between C-3 species. Water-use efficiency (WUE; g aboveground biomass harvested/kg water consumed) was 43% higher in elevated (6.10) than ambient (4.27) CO2 plots over the study period. Results suggest that a future, elevated CO2 environmentmay result not only in increased plant productivity due to improved WUE, but also lead to increased water drainage and deep soil moisture storage in this semi-arid grassland ecosystem. This, along with the ability of the major grass species to maintain a favorable water status under elevated CO2, should result in the SGS being less susceptible to prolonged periods of drought. However, increases in deep soil water may eventually favor deeper-rooted over shallow-rooted species. C1 ARS, USDA, Rangeland Resources Res Unit, Crops Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. ARS, USDA, Soil plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Morgan, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Rangeland Resources Res Unit, Crops Res Lab, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM morgan@lamar.colostate.edu NR 38 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 28 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD FEB PY 2004 VL 259 IS 1-2 BP 169 EP 179 DI 10.1023/B:PLSO.0000020957.83641.62 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 806AA UT WOS:000220405600017 ER PT J AU Pedler, JF Kinraide, TB Parker, DR AF Pedler, JF Kinraide, TB Parker, DR TI Zinc rhizotoxicity in wheat and radish is alleviated by micromolar levels of magnesium and potassium in solution culture SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE calcium; cation alleviation; magnesium; metal tolerance; potassium; root elongation; zinc toxicity ID ALUMINUM RHIZOTOXICITY; TRANSPORTER GENES; SILENE-VULGARIS; ROOT ELONGATION; FESTUCA-RUBRA; TOLERANCE; COPPER; ARABIDOPSIS; MECHANISMS; CALCIUM AB The effects of excess zinc (Zn) on solution-cultured wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Yecora Rojo) and radish (Raphanus sativus L., cv. Cherry Belle) were studied, using both short-term root elongation studies and longer term split-root experiments. Alleviation of Zn rhizotoxicity by Mg and K was observed, with especially dramatic alleviation of root stunting by Mg. In the short-term studies using a simple medium (2 mM CaCl(2), pH 6.0), Mg concentrations of 1-5 muM were able to significantly alleviate rhizotoxicity caused by Zn concentrations as high as 60 muM. In the split-root studies, 100 muM Mg was sufficient to abolish Zn toxicity in both wheat and radish. Paradoxically, Mg enhanced uptake and translocation of Zn while simultaneously alleviating toxicity in these longer-term experiments. In short-term experiments, additions of K (0 to 200 muM) to the basal medium alleviated Zn rhizotoxicity to a more limited extent. In split-root experiments, however, the absence or presence of K in test solutions did not affect plant growth or Zn uptake. When increased from a physiological minimum (e.g., 200 muM), Ca also alleviates Zn toxicity, but the effect is very modest in comparison to that of Mg. The results are discussed in relation to the use of short-term assays of metal tolerance in simple salt solutions, and in relation to possible roles of Mg in the physiology of Zn toxicity. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Soil & Water Sci Sect, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, USDA, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Parker, DR (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Soil & Water Sci Sect, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. EM dparker@mail.ucr.edu NR 31 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD FEB PY 2004 VL 259 IS 1-2 BP 191 EP 199 DI 10.1023/B:PLSO.0000020958.42158.f5 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 806AA UT WOS:000220405600019 ER PT J AU Kinraide, TB Pedler, JF Parker, DR AF Kinraide, TB Pedler, JF Parker, DR TI Relative effectiveness of calcium and magnesium in the alleviation of rhizotoxicity in wheat induced by copper, zinc, aluminum, sodium, and low pH SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE calcium; copper; magnesium; root; toxicity; zinc ID SURFACE ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS; MEMBRANES; ROOTS; NA+ AB Root elongation in short-term experiments with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings demonstrated that the following ions were rhizotoxic in the order Cu2+ > Al3+ >> H+ > Zn2+ >> Na+. Additions of Ca2+ and Mg2+ alleviated the toxicity, but the relative ameliorative effectiveness of Ca2+ and Mg2+ depended upon the toxicant. The effectiveness of Mg2+ relative to Ca2+ was 0.098 for Na+, 0.37 for H+, 1.0 for Al3+, 2.1 for Cu2+, and 170 for Zn2+. The mechanisms of inhibition are mainly unknown, but the mechanisms of alleviation are better understood. Mechanism I entails ameliorant-induced reduction of the negativity of the plasma membrane ( PM) surface electrical potential (psi(0)). The consequence is a reduced activity of the toxicant at the PM surface because of reduced electrostatic attraction. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are equally effective agents of Mechanism I alleviation but are less effective than H+ and more effective than Na+ for reasons described by electrostatic principles. Mechanism II alleviation is specific for Ca2+ and entails the restoration of Ca2+ at the PM surface if surface Ca2+ has been reduced by the toxicant to growth-limiting levels. This occurs more commonly in Na+ and H+ toxicities than in the others, though in no case is it the principal mechanism of alleviation. Mechanism III alleviation is the collective ameliorative effect of an ion beyond Mechanisms I and II. Differences between Ca2+ and Mg2+ in ameliorative effectiveness are mainly attributable to Mechanism III which, in the case of Zn2+, may entail an internal detoxification and, in the case of Na+, may entail the blockade of a Na+ uptake channel. This study demonstrates that appropriate nonlinear equations incorporating cell-surface ion activities enable the dissection of multiple toxic and ameliorative effects of the ions. C1 ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, USDA, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Soil & Water Sci Sect, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Kinraide, TB (reprint author), ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, USDA, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. EM tom.kinraide@ars.usda.gov NR 14 TC 84 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD FEB PY 2004 VL 259 IS 1-2 BP 201 EP 208 DI 10.1023/B:PLSO.0000020972.18777.99 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 806AA UT WOS:000220405600020 ER PT J AU Farnham, MW Wilson, PE Stephenson, KK Fahey, JW AF Farnham, MW Wilson, PE Stephenson, KK Fahey, JW TI Genetic and environmental effects on glucosinolate content and chemoprotective potency of broccoli SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Brassica oleracea; doubled haploids; glucoraphanin; isothiocyanates; Italica group; nutrition; sulphoraphane ID BRASSICA-OLERACEA; ANTICARCINOGENIC ACTIVITIES; CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES; PROSTATE-CANCER; ISOTHIOCYANATES; PROTECT; ENZYMES; SPROUTS; CARCINOGENS; UNIFORMITY AB Broccoli is well recognized as a source of glucosinolates and their isothiocyanate breakdown products. Glucoraphanin is one of the most abundant glucosinolates present in broccoli and its cognate isothiocyanate is sulphoraphane, a potent inducer of mammalian detoxication (phase 2) enzyme activity and anti-cancer agent. This study was designed to measure: glucosinolate levels in broccoli florets from an array of genotypes grown in several environments; the elevation of a key phase 2 enzyme, quinone reductase, in mammalian cells exposed to floret extracts; and total broccoli head content. There were significant environmental and genotype-by-environment effects on levels of glucoraphanin and quinone reductase induction potential of broccoli heads; however, the effect of genotype was greater than that of environmental factors. The relative rankings among genotypes for glucoraphanin and quinone reductase induction potential changed, when expressed on a per head basis, rather than on a concentration basis. Correlations of trait means in one environment vs. means from a second were stronger for glucoraphanin and quinone reductase induction potential on a per head basis than on a fresh weight concentration basis. Results of this study indicate that development of a broccoli phenotype with a dense head and a high concentration of glucoraphanin to deliver maximum chemoprotective potential (high enzyme induction potential/glucoraphanin content) is a feasible goal. C1 ARS, USDA, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. New Zealand Inst Crop & Food Res Ltd, Phytochem & Hlth Grp, Christchurch, New Zealand. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, Lewis B & Dorothy Cullman Canc Chemoprotect Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Human Nutr, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RP Farnham, MW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Vegetable Lab, 2700 Savannah Hwy, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. EM mfarnham@saa.ars.usda.gov RI Barickman, Thomas/I-6993-2012 NR 34 TC 57 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 123 IS 1 BP 60 EP 65 DI 10.1046/j.0179-9541.2003.00912.x PG 6 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 776WM UT WOS:000189142400011 ER PT J AU Zhu, XG Portis, AR Long, SP AF Zhu, XG Portis, AR Long, SP TI Would transformation of C-3 crop plants with foreign Rubisco increase productivity? A computational analysis extrapolating from kinetic properties to canopy photosynthesis SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Amaranthus edulis; Griffithsia monilis; Phaeodactylum tricornatum; Calvin cycle; global atmospheric change; model; photorespiration; ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; substrate specificity ID RIBULOSE 1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE/OXYGENASE; TEMPERATURE RESPONSE FUNCTIONS; RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE/OXYGENASE; SPECIFICITY FACTOR; CARBON-DIOXIDE; LIMITED PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; ANACYSTIS-NIDULANS; LARGE SUBUNIT; ELEVATED CO2 AB Genetic modification of Rubisco to increase the specificity for CO2 relative to O-2 (tau) would decrease photorespiration and in principle should increase crop productivity. When the kinetic properties of Rubisco from different photosynthetic organisms are compared, it appears that forms with high tau have low maximum catalytic rates of carboxylation per active site (k(c)(c)). If it is assumed that an inverse relationship between k(c)(c) and tau exists, as implied from measurements, and that an increased concentration of Rubisco per unit leaf area is not possible, will increasing tau result in increased leaf and canopy photosynthesis? A steady-state biochemical model for leaf photosynthesis was coupled to a canopy biophysical microclimate model and used to explore this question. C-3 photosynthetic CO2 uptake rate (A) is either limited by the maximum rate of Rubisco activity (V-cmax) or by the rate of regeneration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, in turn determined by the rate of whole chain electron transport (J). Thus, if J is limiting, an increase in tau will increase net CO2 uptake because more products of the electron transport chain will be partitioned away from photorespiration into photosynthesis. The effect of an increase in tau on Rubisco-limited photosynthesis depends on both k(c)(c) and the concentration of CO2 ([CO2]). Assuming a strict inverse relationship between k(c)(c) and tau, the simulations showed that a decrease, not an increase, in tau increases Rubisco-limited photosynthesis at the current atmospheric [CO2], but the increase is observed only in high light. In crop canopies, significant amounts of both light-limited and light-saturated photosynthesis contribute to total crop carbon gain. For canopies, the present average tau found in C-3 terrestrial plants is supra-optimal for the present atmospheric [CO2] of 370 mumol mol(-1), but would be optimal for a CO2 concentration of around 200 mumol mol(-1), a value close to the average of the last 400 000 years. Replacing the average Rubisco of terrestrial C-3 plants with one having a lower and optimal tau would increase canopy carbon gain by 3%. Because there are significant deviations from the strict inverse relationship between k(c)(c) and tau, the canopy model was also used to compare the rates of canopy photosynthesis for several Rubiscos with well-defined kinetic constants. These simulations suggest that very substantial increases (> 25%) in crop carbon gain could result if specific Rubiscos having either a higher tau or higher k(c)(c) were successfully expressed in C-3 plants. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Long, SP (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 190 ERML,1201 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM stevel@life.uiuc.edu RI Long, Stephen/A-2488-2008 OI Long, Stephen/0000-0002-8501-7164 NR 52 TC 105 Z9 108 U1 3 U2 33 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 27 IS 2 BP 155 EP 165 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2004.01142.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 770KA UT WOS:000188720700002 ER PT J AU Woodruff, DR Bond, BJ Meinzer, FC AF Woodruff, DR Bond, BJ Meinzer, FC TI Does turgor limit growth in tall trees? SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Pseudotsuga menziesii; Douglas-fir; gravitational component of water potential; height growth; osmotic adjustment; pressure-volume curve; turgor maintenance ID TISSUE-WATER RELATIONS; DOUGLAS-FIR TREES; PRESSURE-VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS; OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT; SEASONAL-CHANGES; CANOPY; STRESS; PLANTS; LIGHT; LEAVES AB The gravitational component of water potential contributes a standing 0.01 MPa m(-1) to the xylem tension gradient in plants. In tall trees, this contribution can significantly reduce the water potential near the tree tops. The turgor of cells in buds and leaves is expected to decrease in direct proportion with leaf water potential along a height gradient unless osmotic adjustment occurs. The pressure-volume technique was used to characterize height-dependent variation in leaf tissue water relations and shoot growth characteristics in young and old Douglas-fir trees to determine the extent to which growth limitation with increasing height may be linked to the influence of the gravitational water potential gradient on leaf turgor. Values of leaf water potential (Psi(l)), bulk osmotic potential at full and zero turgor, and other key tissue water relations characteristics were estimated on foliage obtained at 13.5 m near the tops of young (approximately 25-year-old) trees and at 34.7, 44.2 and 55.6 m in the crowns of old-growth (approximately 450-year-old) trees during portions of three consecutive growing seasons. The sampling periods coincided with bud swelling, expansion and maturation of new foliage. Vertical gradients of Psi(l) and pressure-volume analyses indicated that turgor decreased with increasing height, particularly during the late spring when vegetative buds began to swell. Vertical trends in branch elongation, leaf dimensions and leaf mass per area were consistent with increasing turgor limitation on shoot growth with increasing height. During the late spring (May), no osmotic adjustment to compensate for the gravitational gradient of Psi(l) was observed. By July, osmotic adjustment had occurred, but it was not sufficient to fully compensate for the vertical gradient of Psi(l). In tall trees, the gravitational component of Psi(l) is superimposed on phenologically driven changes in leaf water relations characteristics, imposing potential constraints on turgor that may be indistinguishable from those associated with soil water deficits. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Woodruff, DR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM david.woodruff@oregonstate.edu RI Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012 NR 44 TC 143 Z9 150 U1 4 U2 36 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 27 IS 2 BP 229 EP 236 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2003.01141.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 770KA UT WOS:000188720700009 ER PT J AU Xiao, CL Rogers, JD AF Xiao, CL Rogers, JD TI A postharvest fruit rot in d'Anjou pears caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens sp nov SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE postharvest decay; Pyrus communis AB During a survey of postharvest diseases in stored pears conducted in the 2001-02 storage season, a new postharvest fruit rot in d'Anjou pears was discovered in Washington State, Symptoms of this disease were stem-end rot, calyx-end rot, and wound-associated rot, which presumably originated from infections of stem, calyx, and wounds on the fruit surfaces, respectively. The decayed area on the fruit was firm or spongy and appeared brown. During the late storage period from March to May 2002, this disease was observed in 19 of 39 lots and accounted for 2 to 21% of all decayed fruit. The causal agent, Sphaeropsis sp., was consistently recovered from decayed fruit with the symptoms described above. Two isolates of the fungus were used for pathogenicity tests on pear fruit. Decay symptoms developed on fruit inoculated with spore suspensions of the fungus on the stem, calyx, and wounds on the fruit surface. The fungus was reisolated from these decayed fruit. The fungus, Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens sp. nov., was characterized and described. On potato dextrose agar (PDA), oatmeal agar, and pear juice agar at 20degreesC, the fungus grew at mean rates of 21, 15, and 24 mm day(-1) in colony diameter, respectively. On PDA, the fungus formed a circular colony with dense, hyaline hyphae and a few or some aerial mycelia. Colonies appeared light yellow to yellow on 2-week-old PDA cultures. The fungus grew at temperatures from 0 to 25degreesC, with optimum growth between 15 and 20degreesC, little or no growth at 30degreesC, and no growth at 35degreesC. This is a low-temperature species. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Dept Plant Pathol, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Xiao, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Dept Plant Pathol, 1100 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. EM clxiao@wsu.edu NR 15 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 88 IS 2 BP 114 EP 118 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.2.114 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 804QP UT WOS:000220313500002 ER PT J AU Copes, WE Chastaganer, GA Hummel, RL AF Copes, WE Chastaganer, GA Hummel, RL TI Activity of chlorine dioxide in a solution of ions and pH against Thielaviopsis basicola and Fusarium oxysporum SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE black root rot; Chalara; fusarium basal rot ID INOCULUM AB Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a disinfestant used to control pathogens in water. To determine if interactions between inorganic ions and pH levels effect ClO2 activity in vitro, concentrations of ClO2 (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 22, 24, 46, 58, and 70 mg/liter) were mixed for 10 min in solutions containing a nitrogen and hard water solution with equal concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and synthetic hard water (0 and 100 mg/liter) and a divalent metal ion solution with equal concentrations of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc (0, 1, 3, and 5 mg/liter) at pH 5 and 8. Macro- and microconidia of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi or conidia and aleuriospores of Thielaviopsis basicola were injected into each suspension for 30 s, captured on filter paper disks that were flushed with water, and plated on 50% potato dextrose agar. Spore germination was quantified after 1 day. ClO2 activity had a similar effect on both fungal species and all types of propagules with interactions among the divalent metal ion solution, nitrogen and hard water solution, and pH treatments. A higher concentration Of ClO2 was required at pH 8 than at pH 5 to achieve a lethal dose resulting in 50% mortality of spores (LD50). The addition of the divalent metal ion solution required an increase in ClO2 concentration to maintain a LD50. When combined with the nitrogen and hard water solution, the divalent metal ion solution placed a higher demand on ClO2 at pH 5 and a lower demand on ClO2 at pH 8, thus requiring an increase and decrease in a ClO2 concentration, respectively, to achieve a LD50. Chlorine dioxide doses resulting in 50% mortality ranged from 0.5 to 7.0 mg/liter for conidia of E oxysporum, 0.5 to 11.9 mg/liter for conidia of T basicola, and 15.0 to 45.5 mg/liter for aleuriospores of T basicola. C1 USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Washington State Univ, Puyallup Res & Extens Ctr, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. RP Copes, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Washington, DC 20250 USA. EM wcopes@ars.usda.gov NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 88 IS 2 BP 188 EP 194 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.2.188 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 804QP UT WOS:000220313500014 ER PT J AU Lyman, MR Curry, KJ Smith, BJ Diehl, SV AF Lyman, MR Curry, KJ Smith, BJ Diehl, SV TI Effect of Cercosporella rubi on blackberry floral bud development SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE double blossom; Rubus spp; witches'-brooms ID CULTIVARS AB Rosette, caused by the fungus Cercosporella rubi, is an important blackberry disease in the southeastern United States. This disease severely reduces fruit production, and its management has been erratic due to a limited understanding of the host-pathogen relationship. In this study, we expand on previous histological investigations of the development of C rubi on blackberry at tissue and cellular levels from floral bud initiation through senescence of the flower. Symptomatic and asymptomatic floral buds were examined with light microscopy and both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively). Fungal development on the surface of floral buds was examined with SEM. Previous light microscope histological studies were unclear about whether C. rubi penetrated host tissue. With TEM, we demonstrated an intimate association between fungal and host cells with no penetration prior to death of the host tissue. C. rubi was present on symptomatic floral buds before development and through senescence. No morphological differences were seen between healthy and diseased floral buds less than or equal to5.0 mm in diameter other than the presence of C rubi. Necrosis was observed in symptomatic buds at the 6.0-mm-diameter stage and progressed through floral senescence. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Dept Sci Biol, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forest Prod, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Smith, BJ (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Dept Sci Biol, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. EM BarbaraSmith@ars.usda.gov NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 88 IS 2 BP 195 EP 204 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.2.195 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 804QP UT WOS:000220313500015 ER PT J AU Rossman, AY Castlebury, LA Putnam, ML AF Rossman, AY Castlebury, LA Putnam, ML TI First report of ash anthracnose caused by Discula fraxinea in Oregon. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 USDA, ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Rossman, AY (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 88 IS 2 BP 222 EP 222 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.2.222C PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 804QP UT WOS:000220313500027 ER PT J AU Tzanetakis, IE Martin, RR AF Tzanetakis, IE Martin, RR TI First report of Beet pseudo yellows virus in Blackberry in the United States. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 Oregon State Univ, Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, ARS, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Tzanetakis, IE (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Tzanetakis, Ioannis/B-9598-2009 NR 3 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 88 IS 2 BP 223 EP 223 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.2.223C PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 804QP UT WOS:000220313500030 ER PT J AU Huang, Q AF Huang, Q TI First report of Xylella fastidiosa associated with leaf scorch in black oak in Washington, DC SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 USDA, ARS, US Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Huang, Q (reprint author), USDA, ARS, US Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 88 IS 2 BP 224 EP 224 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.2.224C PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 804QP UT WOS:000220313500033 ER PT J AU Adams-Phillips, L Barry, C Kannan, P Leclercq, J Bouzayen, M Giovannoni, J AF Adams-Phillips, L Barry, C Kannan, P Leclercq, J Bouzayen, M Giovannoni, J TI Evidence that CTR1-mediated ethylene signal transduction in tomato is encoded by a multigene family whose members display distinct regulatory features SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CTR1; ethylene-inducible; ethylene signaling; MAPKKK; negative regulation; tomato ID RECEPTOR GENE FAMILY; RAF-LIKE KINASE; RESPONSE PATHWAY; PROTEIN-KINASE; LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; MESSENGER-RNA; ETR1; EXPRESSION AB Ethylene governs a range of developmental and response processes in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the Raf-like kinase CTR1 acts as a key negative regulator of ethylene responses. While only one gene with CTR1 function apparently exists in Arabidopsis, we have isolated a family of CTR1-like genes in tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum). Based on amino acid alignments and phylogenetic analysis, these tomato CTR1-like genes are more similar to Arabidopsis CTR1 than any other sequences in the Arabidopsis genome. Structural analysis reveals considerable conservation in the size and position of the exons between Arabidopsis and tomato CTR1 genomic sequences. Complementation of the Arabidopsis ctr1-8 mutant with each of the tomato CTR genes indicates that they are all capable of functioning as negative regulators of the ethylene pathway. We previously reported that LeCTR1 expression is up-regulated in response to ethylene. Here, quantitative real-time PCR was carried out to detail expression for LeCTR1 and the additional CTR1-like genes of tomato. Our results indicate that the tomato CTR1 gene family is differentially regulated at the mRNA level by ethylene and during stages of development marked by increased ethylene biosynthesis, including fruit ripening. The possibility of a multi-gene family of CTR1-like genes in other species besides tomato was examined through mining of EST and genomic sequence databases. C1 Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Hort Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. INRA, Inst Natl Polytech, Ecole Natl Super Agron, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jjg33@cornell.edu RI Barry, Cornelius/D-7759-2012; Leclercq, Julie/B-2147-2012; OI Barry, Cornelius/0000-0003-4685-0273 NR 57 TC 71 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 23 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 EI 1573-5028 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 54 IS 3 BP 387 EP 404 DI 10.1023/B:PLAN.0000036371.30528.26 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 842EJ UT WOS:000222985700006 PM 15284494 ER PT J AU Meerow, AW Clayton, JR AF Meerow, AW Clayton, JR TI Generic relationships among the baccate-fruited Amaryllidaceae (tribe Haemantheae) inferred from plastid and nuclear non-coding DNA sequences SO PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Amaryllidaceae; Haemantheae; geophytes; South Africa; monocotyledons; DNA; phylogenetics; systematics ID PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; CLADISTIC-ANALYSIS; SOUTH-AFRICA; MORPHOLOGY; EVOLUTION; INCONGRUENCE; VEGETATION; CONGRUENCE; CHARACTERS; SCADOXUS AB Using sequences from the plastid trnL-F region and nrDNA ITS, we investigated the phylogeny of the fleshy-fruited African tribe Haemantheae of the Amaryllidaceae across 19 species representing all genera of the tribe. ITS and a combined matrix produce the most resolute and well-supported tree with parsimony analysis. Two main clades are resolved, one comprising the monophyletic rhizomatous genera Clivia and Cryptostephanus, and a larger clade that unites Haemanthus and Scadoxus as sister genera to an Apodolirion/Gethyllis subclade. One of four included Gethyllis species, G. lanuginosa, resolves as sister to Apodolirion with ITS. Relationships among the Clivia species are not in agreement with a previous published phylogeny. Biogeographic analysis using the divergence/vicariance method roots the tribe in Eastern South Africa, with several subsequent dispersals to the winter rainfall Western Cape region. Chromosomal change from an ancestral 2n=22 (characteristic of Clivia) is associated with each main clade. Reduction in number has occurred in all but Cryptostephanus, which has 2n=24 chromosomes. Increasing the sampling across all of the species in the tribe will allow a more detailed understanding of the biogeographic patterns inherent in the parsimony topology, which undoubtedly reflect Quaternary climatic changes in Southern Africa. C1 ARS, USDA, SHRS, Natl Germplasm Repository, Miami, FL 33156 USA. Fairchild Trop Garden, Miami, FL 33156 USA. RP Meerow, AW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SHRS, Natl Germplasm Repository, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33156 USA. EM miaam@ars-grin.gov NR 64 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0378-2697 J9 PLANT SYST EVOL JI Plant Syst. Evol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 244 IS 3-4 BP 141 EP 155 DI 10.1007/s00606-003-0085-z PG 15 WC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology SC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology GA 801LN UT WOS:000220097500002 ER PT J AU Kim, HJ Triplett, BA AF Kim, HJ Triplett, BA TI Cotton fiber germin-like protein. I. Molecular cloning and gene expression SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE cotton fiber; cupin; differential display; germin-like protein; Gossypium hirsutum; trichome ID POWDERY MILDEW FUNGUS; HORDEUM-VULGARE L.; OXALATE OXIDASE; CELL-WALLS; HYDROXYL RADICALS; MESSENGER-RNA; H2O2-PRODUCING ENZYME; DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY; CUPIN SUPERFAMILY; STORAGE PROTEINS AB The presence of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fiber transcripts coding for a germin-like protein (GLP) was revealed by differential display analysis in which early stages of cotton fiber development between a wild type line, Texas Marker-1 (TM1) and a near isogenic mutant, Naked Seed (N1) were compared. Transcripts of the cotton GLP (GhGLP1) accumulated specifically in TM1, but did not accumulate in the mutant although the GhGLP1 gene was present in both lines. The deduced protein sequence of GhGLP1 is similar to Prunus persica auxin-binding proteins, a barley ADP-glucose pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase and two different classes of hydrogen peroxide-producing enzymes: wheat germin oxalate oxidase and moss extracellular Mn-superoxide dismutase. Cotton GLPs constitute a multigene family like those of Arabidopsis, rice, soybean, and barley. GhGLP1 transcripts accumulated to their highest levels during the period of fiber expansion, followed by a sharp decline when the rate of cell expansion decreased. While germins and GLPs appear to be involved in defense mechanisms in some plants, both biotic and abiotic stress down-regulated the expression of GhGLP1. Numerous functions have been proposed for dicot GLPs. However, to date, there is little direct evidence for how these proteins function in vivo. The association of maximal GhGLP1 expression with stages of maximal cotton fiber elongation suggests that some GLPs may be important for cell wall expansion. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Triplett, BA (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM btriplet@srrc.ars.usda.gov NR 68 TC 37 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD FEB PY 2004 VL 218 IS 4 BP 516 EP 524 DI 10.1007/s00425-003-1133-1 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 773PW UT WOS:000188933000002 PM 14648117 ER PT J AU Kim, HJ Pesacreta, TC Triplett, BA AF Kim, HJ Pesacreta, TC Triplett, BA TI Cotton-fiber germin-like protein. II: Immunolocalization, purification, and functional analysis SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE ADP-glucose pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase; cell wall; germin-like ID AUXIN-BINDING PROTEIN; BARLEY OXALATE OXIDASE; POWDERY MILDEW FUNGUS; SEED STORAGE PROTEINS; HORDEUM-VULGARE L.; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; MESSENGER-RNA; DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY; CUPIN SUPERFAMILY; PLASMA-MEMBRANE AB Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) contains a germin-like protein (GLP), GhGLP1, that shows tissue-specific accumulation in fiber. The fiber GLP is an oligomeric, glycosylated protein with a subunit size of approximately 25.5 kDa. Accumulation of GhGLP1 occurs during the period of fiber elongation [4-14 days post-anthesis (DPA)]. During early phases of fiber development (2-4 DPA), GhGLP1 localizes to cytoplasmic vesicles as shown by confocal immunofluorescent microscopy. In slightly older fibers (7-10 DPA), GhGLP1 localizes to the apoplast. In other plants, germins and GLPs have been reported to have enzymatic activities including oxalate oxidase (OxO), superoxide dismutase, and ADP-glucose pyrophosphatase. Cotton fiber extracts did not contain OxO activity, nor did intact fibers stain for OxO activity. A four-step purification protocol involving ammonium sulfate precipitation of a 1.0 M NaCl extract, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Trisacryl M, lectin-affinity chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography resulted in electrophoretically pure GhGLP1. While 1.0 M NaCl extracts from 10-14 DPA fiber contained superoxide dismutase and phosphodiesterase activities, GhGLP1 could be separated from both enzyme activities by the purification protocol. Although a GLP accumulates in the cotton fiber apoplast during cell elongation, the function of this protein in fiber growth and development remains unknown. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ Louisiana, Microscopy Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. RP Triplett, BA (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM btriplet@srrc.ars.usda.gov NR 65 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD FEB PY 2004 VL 218 IS 4 BP 525 EP 535 DI 10.1007/s00425-003-1134-0 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 773PW UT WOS:000188933000003 PM 14634817 ER PT J AU Lu, RF AF Lu, RF TI Multispectral imaging for predicting firmness and soluble solids content of apple fruit SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fruit; apple; firmness; near-infrared; scattering; imaging; neural networks ID NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; SUGAR CONTENT; NONDESTRUCTIVE DETERMINATION; DIFFUSE-REFLECTANCE; NIR-SPECTROSCOPY; PEACHES; QUALITY AB Firmness and soluble solids content (SSC) are important quality attributes for apples and many other fresh fruits. This research investigated the feasibility of using multispectral imaging to quantify light backscattering profiles from apple fruit for predicting firmness and SSC. Spectral images of the backscattering of light at the fruit surface, which were generated from a focused broadband beam, were obtained from Red Delicious apples for five selected spectral bands (10 nm bandpass) between 680 and 1060 nm. Ratios of scattering profiles for different spectral bands were used as inputs to a backpropagation neural network with one hidden layer to predict fruit firmness and SSC. The three ratio combinations with four wavelengths (680, 880, 905, and 940nm) gave the best predictions of fruit firmness, with r = 0.87 and the standard error of prediction (SEP) = 5.8 N. Only two ratios with three wavelengths of 880, 905 and 940 nm were needed for predicting the SSC of apples with r = 0.77 and SEP = 0.78%. The multispectral imaging technique is promising for predicting firmness and sweetness of apples. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Lu, RF (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, 224 Farrall Hall, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM lur@msu.edu NR 24 TC 131 Z9 146 U1 1 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 EI 1873-2356 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 31 IS 2 BP 147 EP 157 DI 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2003.08.006 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 776AQ UT WOS:000189093200005 ER PT J AU Perkins-Veazie, P Collins, JK AF Perkins-Veazie, P Collins, JK TI Flesh quality and lycopene stability of fresh-cut watermelon SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carotenoid composition; color; HPLC; soluble solids; titratable acidity; modified atmosphere ID CAROTENOID CONTENT; TOMATO; STORAGE; CANCER; ATMOSPHERES; COLOR; RISK AB Red fleshed watermelons are an excellent source of the phytochemical lycopene. However, little is known about the stability of lycopene in cut watermelon. In this study, lycopene stability and other quality factors were evaluated in fresh-cut watermelon. Twenty melons each of a seeded (Summer Flavor 800) and a seedless (Sugar Shack) variety were cut into 5 cm cubes and placed in unvented polystyrene containers, sealed, and stored at 2 degreesC for 2, 7, or 10 days. At each storage interval, melons were evaluated for juice leakage, changes in carotenoid composition, color, soluble solids content (SSC), and titratable acidity. Headspace carbon dioxide and ethylene were monitored during storage intervals. Juice leakage after 10 days of storage averaged 13 and 11% for the seeded and seedless melons, respectively. Lycopene content decreased 6 and 11% after 7 days of storage for Summer Flavor 800 and Sugar Shack melons, respectively. P-Carotene and cis lycopene contents were 2 and 6 mg kg(-1) for Summer Flavor 800 and Sugar Shack, respectively, and did not change with storage. After 10 days of storage, CIE L* values increased while chroma values decreased, indicating a lightening in color and loss of color saturation in melon pieces. Symptoms of chilling injury, such as greatly increased juice leakage, or lesions on cubes, were not seen on the fresh-cut cut watermelon after 10 days storage at 2 degreesC. Puree pH increased and SSC decreased slightly after storage. Carbon dioxide levels increased and oxygen levels decreased linearly during storage, creating a modified atmosphere of 10 kPa each of CO(2) and O(2) after 10 days. Fresh-cut cut watermelon held for 7 or more days at 2 degreesC had a slight loss of SSC, color saturation, and lycopene, most likely caused by senescence. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Perkins-Veazie, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, POB 159, Lane, OK 74555 USA. EM pperkins-usda@lane-ag.org NR 25 TC 60 Z9 68 U1 3 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 31 IS 2 BP 159 EP 166 DI 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2003.08.005 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 776AQ UT WOS:000189093200006 ER PT J AU McCollum, TG Stoffella, PJ Powell, CA Cantliffe, DJ Hanif-Khan, S AF McCollum, TG Stoffella, PJ Powell, CA Cantliffe, DJ Hanif-Khan, S TI Effects of silverleaf whitefly feeding on tomato fruit ripening SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lycopersicon esculentum; cherry tomato; Bemisia argentifolii; Bemisia tabaci; irregular ripening; respiration; ethylene; fruit color; fruit firmness ID ETHYLENE SYNTHESIS; DISORDER; PLANTS; SENESCENCE; ENZYME AB Silverleaf whitefly (SLW) (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring) feeding on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants induces a disorder in the fruit known as irregular ripening. The effects of silverleaf whitefly feeding on ripening of tomato fruit both attached to and detached from the plant are described. 'Florida Petite' tomatoes free of SLW, attached to the plant, began an ethylene climacteric between 40 and 45 days after anthesis (DAA), coincident with a rapid increase in red color and loss of firmness. The ethylene climacteric began between 45 and 50 DAA in tomato fruit from plants infested with SLW, and the fruit developed less red color and softened less than did fruit from plants free of SLW. Fruit harvested 45 DAA from Plants free of SLW reached the respiratory and ethylene climacteric peak 3 days after harvest, developed normal red color, and softened similar to fruit ripened on the plant. In contrast, fruit harvested 45, 50 or 55 DAA from SLW-infested plants showed no respiratory or ethylene climacteric, had poor color development, and did not soften to the same extent as did fruit from plants free of SLW. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, Indian River Res & Educ Ctr, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Petronas Res & Sci Serv Off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kaw Inst Bangi, Selangor 43000, Malaysia. RP McCollum, TG (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. EM gmccollum@ushrl.ars.usda.gov NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 31 IS 2 BP 183 EP 190 DI 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2003.09.001 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 776AQ UT WOS:000189093200009 ER PT J AU Hansen, KK Kittok, RJ Sarath, G Beck, MM AF Hansen, KK Kittok, RJ Sarath, G Beck, MM TI Western immunoblotting in avian shell gland sample immunoblotting methods SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acetone; avian tissue; lipid solubilization; Western blot methodology ID CHICKEN ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; HENS AB Avian shell gland tissue was subjected to Western blot analysis using anti-human estrogen receptor-a antibody H222. Initial attempts to obtain consistent, high-quality blots were unsuccessful because, as it turned out, excessive lipid in tissue preparations interfered with protein separation. Incremental additions of acetone eventually proved to be the critical step in solubilizing lipids and allowing consistent separation of bands on gels. A detailed description of the methodology is presented. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Beck, MM (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM mbeck1@unl.edu NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 83 IS 2 BP 230 EP 233 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 769ZY UT WOS:000188699200013 PM 14979574 ER PT J AU Rath, NC Huff, WE Balog, JM Huff, GR AF Rath, NC Huff, WE Balog, JM Huff, GR TI Comparative efficacy of different dithiocarbamates to induce tibial dyschondroplasia in poultry SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chicken; tibial dyschondroplasia; dithiocarbamate; stress; growth plate ID KAPPA-B ACTIVATION; TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE; PYRROLIDINE DITHIOCARBAMATE; REDOX CYCLE; CELL-DEATH; THIRAM; GLUTATHIONE; CHICKENS; CHONDROCYTES; THYMOCYTES AB Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a metabolic cartilage disease in poultry the natural etiology of which is not known. In the absence of biomarkers to monitor the initiation and progression of the naturally occurring disease, experimentally induced TD can provide a suitable venue to study the mechanism of its pathogenesis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish a streamlined experimental protocol to induce TD using dithiocarbamates and to determine a time course of its progression. Three different dithiocarbamates, dimethyldithiocarbamate, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, and tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (thiram), were tested with respect to their abilities to induce TD and affect different physiological factors. Our results show that chickens fed thiram during the first 2 wk of age showed a maximum TD index. Thiram appeared to be the most potent of the 3 dithiocarbamates with dimethyl-dithiocarbamate having the least ability to induce TD and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate showing an intermediate potency. A transient exposure to thiram for a day or 2 was sufficient to markedly increase the incidence of TD and produce lasting damage as determined by the presence of severe lesions in a high percentage of birds at 2 to 3 wk after the treatment. Thiram affected the chondrocyte morphology of maturing zone cartilage evident by nuclear shrinkage and emptied chondrocyte lacunae during later times and also involutions of capillary vessels. Such changes were not seen in prehypertrophic zone chondrocytes of the same growth plates. Thiram reduced the BW, increased blood heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios, and elevated serum corticosterone concentrations indicating physiological stress. However, there was no change in relative liver weights or blood clinical chemistry including the serum concentrations of Ca, P, and Cu in thiocarbamate-fed chickens. Induction of TD in young chickens by means of a short feeding protocol with thiram may be useful to study the mechanisms of pathogenesis of TD and to identify micronutrients that can provide protection against this disease. C1 Univ Arkansas, PPPSRU, ARS, USDA,Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Rath, NC (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, PPPSRU, ARS, USDA,Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. EM nrath@uark.edu NR 45 TC 29 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 83 IS 2 BP 266 EP 274 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 769ZY UT WOS:000188699200018 PM 14979579 ER PT J AU Poschl, G Stickel, F Wang, XD Seitz, HK AF Poschl, G Stickel, F Wang, XD Seitz, HK TI Alcohol and cancer: genetic and nutritional aspects SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUTRITION SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Summer Meeting of the Nutrition-Society CY JUL 07-10, 2003 CL Kings Coll, London, ENGLAND SP Nutrit Soc HO Kings Coll DE chronic alcohol consumption : cancer : acetaldehyde : cytochrome P450 2E1 :; alcohol-nutrient interactions ID CHRONIC ETHANOL-CONSUMPTION; DEHYDROGENASE 3-ASTERISK-1 ALLELE; HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; RETINOIC ACID CONCENTRATION; AERODIGESTIVE TRACT CANCER; ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION; ORAL-CAVITY; VITAMIN-A; RAT-LIVER; ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE-3 GENOTYPE AB Chronic alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for cancer of upper aero-digestive tract (oro-pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx and oesophagus), the liver, the colo-rectum and the breast. Evidence has accumulated that acetaldehyde is predominantly responsible for alcohol-associated carcinogenesis. Acetaldehyde is carcinogenic and mutagenic, binds to DNA and protein, destroys the folate molecule and results in secondary cellular hyper-regeneration. Acetaldehyde is produced by mucosal and cellular alcohol dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 2E1 and through bacterial oxidation. Its generation and/or its metabolism is modulated as a result of polymorphisms or mutations of the genes responsible for these enzymes. Acetaldehyde can also be produced by oral bacteria. Smoking, which changes the oral bacterial flora, also increases salivary acetaldehyde. Cigarette smoke and some alcoholic beverages, such as Calvados, contain acetaldehyde. In addition, chronic alcohol consumption induces cytochrome P450 2E1 enxyme activity in mucosal cells, resulting in an increased generation of reactive oxygen species and in an increased activation of various dietary and environmental carcinogens. Deficiencies of riboflavin, Zn, folate and possibly retinoic acid may further enhance alcohol-associated carcinogenesis. Finally, methyl deficiency as a result of multiple alcohol-induced changes leads to DNA hypomethylation. A depletion of lipotropes, including methionine, choline, betaine and S-adenosylmethionine, as well as folate, results in the hypomethylation of oncogenes and may lead to DNA strand breaks, all of which are associated with increased carcinogenesis. C1 Salem Med Ctr, Lab Alcohol Res Liver Dis & Nutr, D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany. Salem Med Ctr, Dept Med, D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Dept Med 1, Erlangen, Germany. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Seitz, HK (reprint author), Salem Med Ctr, Lab Alcohol Res Liver Dis & Nutr, Zeppelinstr 11-33, D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany. EM helmut_karl.seitz@urz.uni-heidelberg.de NR 78 TC 61 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0029-6651 EI 1475-2719 J9 P NUTR SOC JI Proc. Nutr. Soc. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 63 IS 1 BP 65 EP 71 DI 10.1079/PNS2003323 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 820AM UT WOS:000221358800008 PM 15070439 ER PT J AU Ordovas, JM AF Ordovas, JM TI The quest for cardiovascular health in the genomic era: nutrigenetics and plasma lipoproteins SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUTRITION SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Summer Meeting of the Nutrition-Society CY JUL 07-10, 2003 CL Kings Coll, London, ENGLAND SP Nutrit Soc HO Kings Coll DE nutrigenetics : cardiovascular health : plasma lipoproteins ID DIETARY INTERVENTION; DEADLY QUARTET; LIPID-LEVELS; NUTRIGENOMICS; POLYMORPHISMS; POPULATION; BABOONS; OBESITY; ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENT AB Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics are promising multidisciplinary fields that focus on studying the interactions between nutritional factors, genetic factors and health outcomes. Their goal is to achieve more efficient individual dietary intervention strategies aimed at preventing disease, improving quality of life and achieving healthy aging. Our studies, and those of many other investigators, using population-based and intervention studies have found evidence for interactions between dietary factors, genetic variants and biochemical markers of CVD. Now, the characterization of individuals who may respond better to one type of dietary recommendation than another can be begun. Thus, a low-fat low-cholesterol strategy may be particularly efficacious in lowering the plasma cholesterol levels of those subjects carrying the apoE4 allele at the APOE gene. HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are also modulated by dietary, behavioural and genetic factors. It has been reported that the effect of PUFA intake on HDL-C concentrations is modulated by an APOA1 genetic polymorphism. Thus, subjects carrying the A allele at the -75 G/A polymorphism show an increase in HDL-C with increased intakes of PUFA, whereas those homozygotes for the more common G allele have the expected lowering of HDL-C levels with increased intake of PUFA. Variability at the hepatic lipase gene is also associated with interactions between intake of fat and HDL-C concentrations that could shed some light on the different abilities of certain ethnic groups to adapt to new nutritional environments. This knowledge should lead to successful dietary recommendations partly based on genetic factors that may help to reduce cardiovascular risk more efficiently than the current universal recommendations. C1 Tufts Univ, JM USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr & Genom Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JM USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr & Genom Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM jordov01@tufts.edu OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 50 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 3 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0029-6651 J9 P NUTR SOC JI Proc. Nutr. Soc. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 63 IS 1 BP 145 EP 152 DI 10.1079/PNS2003313 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 820AM UT WOS:000221358800016 PM 15070444 ER PT J AU Duram, LA Bathgate, J Ray, C AF Duram, LA Bathgate, J Ray, C TI A local example of land-use change: Southern Illinois - 1807, 1938, and 1993 SO PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER LA English DT Article DE geographic information systems (GIS); Illinois; land-use change; wetlands ID SAINT-LAURENT QUEBEC; COVER-CHANGE; AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS; WATER-QUALITY; LANDSCAPE; DYNAMICS; CALIFORNIA; IMPACT; CANADA AB This article provides an analysis of a wetland site in southern Illinois from presettlement to the present. The study area is part of the Cache River-Cypress Creek Wetland, which has international importance, as recognized by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Land-cover data for 1807, 1938, and 1993 were created and analyzed with a geographic information system (GIS). Land-use change by topographic setting (uplands, transitional, and bottomlands) and soil productivity was quantified and studied. Interviews with local experts informed this analysis. Results illustrate the complexity of environmental change and its driving forces. First, notable forest and swamp acreage was converted to cropland between 1807 and 1938 and, to a lesser degree, from 1938 to 1993. Second, there were land-use variations by topographic region. Between 1807 and 1938, the largest transformation occurred in the uplands, with substantial acreage converted from forest to cropland. Between 1938 and 1993, however, agriculture decreased in the upland areas as hilly areas reverted to forest cover. At the same time, agriculture expanded in the bottomlands as this land was drained for farming. Third, there are interesting patterns within these categories of land-use change, as soil productivity is an indicator of what lands were taken out of cropland and converted back to grassland and forest. C1 So Illinois Univ, Dept Geog, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Nat Resource Conservat Serv, USDA, Soil Survey Off, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Sterling Coll, Craftsbury Common, VT 05827 USA. RP Duram, LA (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Geog, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. EM duram@siu.edu; jon.bathgate@il.usda.gov; tray@sterlingcollege.edu NR 44 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0033-0124 J9 PROF GEOGR JI Prof. Geogr. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 56 IS 1 BP 127 EP 140 PG 14 WC Geography SC Geography GA 766EY UT WOS:000188354800018 ER PT J AU Oscar, T AF Oscar, T TI Dose-response model for 13 strains of Salmonella SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE dose-response modeling; human feeding trial; Salmonella; simulation; strain variation ID BACTERIAL-GROWTH; UNITED-STATES; RISK AB Data from a human feeding trial with healthy men were used to develop a dose-response model for 13 strains of Salmonella and to determine the effects of strain variation on the shape of the dose-response curve. Dose-response data for individual strains were fit to a three-phase linear model to determine minimum, median, and maximum illness doses, which were used to define Pert distributions in a computer simulation model. Pert distributions for illness dose of individual strains were combined in an Excel spreadsheet using a discrete distribution to model strain prevalence. In addition, a discrete distribution was used to model dose groups and thus create a model that simulated human feeding trials. During simulation of the model with @Risk, an illness dose and a dose consumed were randomly assigned to each consumption event in the simulated feeding trial and if the illness dose was greater than the dose consumed then the model predicted no illness, otherwise the model predicted that an illness would occur. To verify the dose-response model predictions, the original feeding trial was simulated. The dose-response model predicted a median of 69 (range of 43-101) illnesses compared to 74 in the original trial. Thus, its predictions were in agreement with the data used to develop it. However, predictions of the model are only valid for eggnog, healthy men, and the strains and doses of Salmonella used to develop it. When multiple strains of Salmonella were simulated together, the predicted dose-response curves were irregular in shape. Thus, the sigmoid shape of dose-response curves in feeding trials with one strain of Salmonella may not accurately reflect dose response in naturally contaminated food where multiple strains may be present. C1 Univ Maryland, USDA, ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit,Ctr Food Sci & Tec, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. RP Oscar, T (reprint author), Univ Maryland, USDA, ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit,Ctr Food Sci & Tec, Room 211, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. EM toscar@umes.edu NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 24 IS 1 BP 41 EP 49 DI 10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00410.x PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 779PH UT WOS:000189308900004 PM 15027999 ER PT J AU Cui, ZZ Zhang, Z Qin, AJ Lee, FL AF Cui, ZZ Zhang, Z Qin, AJ Lee, FL TI Analyzing the H19- and T65-epitopes in 38 kd phosphorylated protein of Marek's disease viruses and comparing chicken immunological reactions to viruses point-mutated in the epitopes SO SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES C-LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Marek's disease virus; pp38 gene; point mutant; epitopes; antibody responses ID LYMPHOBLASTOID CELL-LINES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; MDV GENOME; GENE; PP38; POLYPEPTIDES; HERPESVIRUS; DNA; TRANSFORMATION; AMPLIFICATION AB DNA sequencing analysis in 38 kd phosphorylated protein (pp38) ORF of Marek's disease viruses (MDV) indicated that all tested 10 virulent strains with different pathotypes had 'A' at base #320 and glutamine at aa#107 while reacted with monoclonal antibody (Mab) H19 in indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFA). However, vaccine strain CVI988 had 'G' at base#320 and arginine at aa#107 instead, when it was negative in IFA with Mab H19. Some strains were also reactive with Mab T65 in IFA while there was 'G' at base #326 and glycine at aa#109, but the other strains, which had 'A' at base #326 and glutamic acid at aa#109, did not react with Mab T65. By comparison of CVI988 to its point mutants CVI/rpp38(AG) and CVI/rpp38(AA) with 1 or 2 base(s) changes at bases #320 and /or #326 of pp38 gene for their reactivity with Mab H19 and T65, it was confirmed that the glutamine at aa#107 and glycine at aa#109 were critical to epitopes H19 and T65 respectively. Immuno-reactions to MDV were compared in SIPF chickens inoculated with cloned CVI988 and its mutant CVI/rpp38(AG). It was found that antibody responses to MDV in chickens inoculated with CVI/rpp38(AG) were delayed and significantly lower than that in chickens inoculated with the native CVI988. By differential comparison of antibody titers to different antigens, a third epitope specific to CVI988 and dependent on arginine at aa#107 was suggested to be responsible for the big difference in antibody responses induced by native CVI988 and its mutant. C1 Shandong Agr Univ, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Tai An 271018, Peoples R China. Yangzhou Univ, Dept Vet Med, Yangzhou 225009, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Cui, ZZ (reprint author), Shandong Agr Univ, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Tai An 271018, Peoples R China. EM zzcui@sdau.edu.cn NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1006-9305 J9 SCI CHINA SER C JI Sci. China Ser. C-Life Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 47 IS 1 BP 82 EP 91 DI 10.1360/02yc0173 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 773XR UT WOS:000188951300012 ER PT J AU Butler, JL Bottomley, PJ Griffith, SM Myrold, DD AF Butler, JL Bottomley, PJ Griffith, SM Myrold, DD TI Distribution and turnover of recently fixed photosynthate in ryegrass rhizospheres SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE microbial biomass; rhizodeposition; root exudation; C-13-labeling; pulse-labeling ID ROOT-DERIVED MATERIAL; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; LOLIUM-PERENNE; CARBON-FLOW; ORGANIC-CARBON; SOIL; WHEAT; DYNAMICS; MICROORGANISMS; SEEDLINGS AB The cycling of root-deposited photosynthate (rhizodeposition) through the soil microbial biomass can have profound influences on plant nutrient availability. Currently, our understanding of microbial dynamics associated with rhizosphere carbon (C) flow is limited. We used a C-13 pulse-chase labeling procedure to examine the flow of photosynthetically fixed C-13 into the microbial biomass of the bulk and rhizosphere soils of greenhouse-grown annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). To assess the temporal dynamics of rhizosphere C flow through the microbial biomass, plants were labeled either during the transition between active root growth and rapid shoot growth (Labeling Period 1), or nine days later during the rapid shoot growth stage (Labeling Period 2). Although the distribution of C-13 in the plant/soil system was similar between the two labeling periods, microbial cycling of rhizodeposition differed between labeling periods. Within 24 h of labeling, more than 10% of the C-13 retained in the plant/soil system resided in the soil, most of which had already been incorporated into the microbial biomass. From day 1 to day 8, the proportion of C-13 in soil as microbial biomass declined from about 90 to 35% in rhizosphere soil and from about 80 to 30% in bulk soil. Turnover of C-13 through the microbial biomass was faster in rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil, and faster in Labeling Period 1 than Labeling Period 2. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of using C-13 labeling to examine microbial dynamics and fate of C associated with cycling of rhizodeposition from plants at different phenological stages of growth. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Myrold, DD (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, 3017 Agr & Life Sci Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM david.myrold@oregonstate.edu RI Myrold, David/E-1813-2011 OI Myrold, David/0000-0001-6418-226X NR 45 TC 55 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 26 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 36 IS 2 BP 371 EP 382 DI 10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.10.011 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 775VN UT WOS:000189081500018 ER PT J AU Frauenfeld, B Truman, C AF Frauenfeld, B Truman, C TI Variable rainfall intensity effects on runoff and interrill erosion from two coastal plain ultisols in Georgia SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE erosion mechanics; rainfall simulation; sediment; erodibility ID ANTECEDENT WATER-CONTENT; LABORATORY DETERMINATION; SPLASH DETACHMENT; SOIL ERODIBILITY; INFILTRATION; SLOPE AB Predictions and understanding of runoff and soil loss could be improved if the effect of variable rainfall intensity during a storm were quantified. We quantified and compared effects of constant (I-c) and variable (I-v) rainfall intensity patterns on infiltration, runoff, soil loss, and interrill erodibilities (K-i) from a Tifton loamy sand (Plinthic Kandiudult) and a Greenville sandy clay loam (Rhodic Kandiudult). Each soil was air-dried, sieved (19 mm) and then placed in a 1.5-m(2) stainless steel erosion pan (Tifton = 4% slope; Greenville = 7% slope). Simulated rainfall was applied for 70 min at a constant (57 mm. h(-1)) and variable rainfall intensity patterns. The Ic event was determined from the statistical average of the I-v pattern; thus, total rainfall volume applied was the same for both patterns. Values for runoff (R), soil loss (E), splash water (S-w), and splash sediment (S-s) were measured at 5-min intervals throughout each simulation. Rainfall intensity patterns did not affect total runoff or infiltration, but they did influence R-max values, when runoff occurred, and soil loss from each soil. Runoff curves for Iv events (peaks = 25-28 min) lagged intensity curves (peak = 20 min) by 5-8 min. R-max values for I-v events were significantly (2 X) greater than those for I-c events and occurred 35-37 min before those for the I-c events. For the Tifton ls, E-tot for I-c events was significantly greater (2 X) than that for Iv events. Conversely, for the Greenville scl, E-tot for I-v events was significantly greater (20%) than that for I-c events. For the Greenville scl, E-max for I-v events was significantly greater (3 X) than that for I-c events, whereas time to E-max for both soils was 16 min earlier for Iv events than for I-c events. Runoff and soil loss rates for Ic events increased gradually during the first 35-40 min before reaching steady-state conditions, whereas runoff and soil loss rates for Iv events increased sharply to a maximum at 25-29 min and then gradually declined to quasi-steady-state conditions. As a result, I-v events had about 28% more rainfall run-off and 32% more soil loss during the first 35 min of each event than for Ic events. Conversely, I-c events had about 28% more rainfall run-off and 32% more soil loss during the last 35 min of each event than for Iv events. For Ic events, capacity to transport sediment was limited by the lack of runoff during the first 35-40 min, whereas during the second half of each simulation event, runoff was well established at steady-state rates and able to transport sediment. Soil detachment was maintained or supplied at a constant or increased rate. R-70 and E-70 values were greater than R-35 and E-35 values. Greater r(2) values were obtained for the R versus E relationship (r(2) = 0.98) than for the Ss versus E relationship (r(2) = 0.28) on the Tifton Is, whereas relatively high r(2) values were obtained for R versus E (r(2) = 0.99) and S. versus E (r(2) = 0.81) on the Greenville scl. For I-v events, there were detachment- and transport-limiting conditions, especially near the end of each event where capacity to detach soil and transport sediment decreased. R-70, E-70, and Ss(70) values were less than R-35, E-35; and Ss(35) Values, and relatively high r(2) values were obtained for R versus E (r(2) = 0.94-0.99) and S. versus E (r(2) = 0.91-0.96). The Greenville scl was 75-97% more erodible than the Tifton ls. K-iq values were 16-30% larger than K-ii values. Variable rainfall intensity causes problems, conceptually and mathematically, when calculating (KiKi)-K-. values were not solely a property of the soil, were not constant, and did not increase as soil loss increased. E-max values were up to 13 times greater than steady-state soil loss values, yet K-i values for steady-state conditions were 3-5 times greater than those for maximum loss conditions. If K-i represents the susceptibility of a soil to erosional forces, and since rainfall intensity distributions, runoff, and soil loss within a rainfall event are not constant, then, according to our results, K-i distributions within the same event should not be assumed constant. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Agr Sci, Inst Hydraul & Rural Water Management, Vienna, Austria. RP Truman, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, POB 946,2375 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. EM ctswrl@tifton.usda.gov NR 25 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 23 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 169 IS 2 BP 143 EP 154 DI 10.1097/01.ss.0000117784.98510.46 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 774UV UT WOS:000189004500007 ER PT J AU Williams, JD AF Williams, JD TI Effects of long-term winter wheat, summer fallow residue and nutrient management on field hydrology for a silt loam in north-central Oregon SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE agricultural hydrology; cropping systems; dryland crops; fallow; residue management; Pendleton; Oregon ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; NORTHEASTERN OREGON; CROP-ROTATION; TILLAGE; EROSION; RUNOFF; INFILTRATION; PLOTS; YIELD AB In a region where water is the primary limiting factor of crop production, loss of water from fields by overland flow represents an economic loss to producers. Traditional crop management practices in north-central Oregon have led to crop water loss by overland flow. In 1931, a long-term experiment was begun near Pendleton, Oregon, in a Walla Walla silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haploxeroll-US; Kastanozems-FAO), to examine the influence on soil fertility and crop production by nutrient amendments and crop residue management practices. This experiment provided the opportunity to evaluate the influence of a several traditional farming practices on field hydrology. Tillage in all treatments consisted of moldboard plowing and multiple passes with secondary tillage equipment to smooth the surface for planting and for weed control. The treatments were combinations of nutrient amendments (0.90 kg N ha(-1) commercial fertilizer, and 145 kg N ha(-1) from manure) and residue management (fall-burn, spring-burn, and no-burn), whose soil organic carbon increased with increasing nutrient amendments. These treatments were in a winter wheat-fallow system and represent a set of past and current cultural practices. Overland flow from these treatments was measured. Lister furrows separated the plots of 12 m x 40 m (approximate to0.05 ha) to prevent overland flow from treatment to treatment and were instrumented with weirs to capture and measure overland flow. To determine if hydrologic differences existed between treatments, we tested the overland flow to precipitation (Q/P) ratio. The Q/P ratio (P < 0.15) was greatest within crop year/low soil fertility (0 kg N ha(-1), burn) whereas the high fertility (145 kg N ha(-1), no-burn) treatment crop year plots Q/P ratios were similar to fallow, standing stubble plots. Most notably, the manure amendment plots in crop, produce significantly less overland flow than the other residue and nutrient management practices, and marginally less overland flow than treatments in stubble. This research demonstrates that overland flow was greater from low fertility and stubble burned treatments. Increased overland flow increases the risk of soil erosion and loss of water to overland flow is potentially a loss of needed soil water for crop growth and production. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Williams, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. EM johnd.williams@oregonstate.edu NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 75 IS 2 BP 109 EP 119 DI 10.1016/j.still.2003.08.010 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 767XB UT WOS:000188498200002 ER PT J AU Kush, JS Pitt, DG Craul, PJ Boyer, WD AF Kush, JS Pitt, DG Craul, PJ Boyer, WD TI Quantifying forest soil physical variables potentially important for site growth analyses SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE longleaf pine; forest soils; soil variability; soil sampling ID VARIABILITY AB Accurate mean plot values of forest soil factors are required for use as independent variables in site-growth analyses. Adequate accuracy is often difficult to attain because soils are inherently widely variable. Estimates of the variability of appropriate soil factors influencing growth can be used to determine the sampling intensity required to secure accurate mean plot values. A study was conducted to determine the plot means and variation of bulk density, texture, and gross moisture weights within plots associated with the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.)forest type in south Alabama. Included in the study were three different soil series (Troup, Norfolk, and Esto), at each of three topographic positions (lower, mid, and upper slope). Soil texture was the most variable among the properties studied and gross moisture weights the least variable. Results provide a means of estimating forest soil sampling intensity for use in site growth analyses. C1 Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Canadian Forestry Serv, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Harvard Univ, Grad Sch Design, Manlius, NY 13104 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Kush, JS (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, 108 M White Smith Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM kushjoh@aubum.edu; dpitt@NRCan.ge.ca NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0148-4419 J9 SOUTH J APPL FOR JI South. J. Appl. For. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 28 IS 1 BP 5 EP 11 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 775JD UT WOS:000189036200001 ER PT J AU Outcalt, KW Wade, DD AF Outcalt, KW Wade, DD TI Fuels management reduces tree mortality from wildfires in southeastern United States SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE prescribed burning; wildfire; longleaf pine; slash pine; mortality ID REDUCTION; FORESTS AB The objective was to determine the effectiveness of a regular prescribed burning program for reducing tree mortality in southern pine forests burned by wildfire. This study was conducted on public and industry lands in northeast Florida. On the Osceola National Forest, mean mortality was 35% in natural stands and 43% in plantations two growing seasons after a June 1998 wildfire. Burn history significantly affected mortality with those stands prescribe-burned 1.5 yr prior to the wildfire having the lowest mortality, while stands prescribe-burned 2 or more years prior had higher mortality. Although significant tree mortality did occur on the Osceola National Forest, with all trees killed in some stands, many trees in other burned stands did survive. The overall mortality was lower in both plantations and natural stands on the Osceola than at Tiger Bay where prescribed burning had been less frequent. The highest mortality rates occurred on the Lake Butler Forest where prescribed burning had not been used since plantation establishment. Thus, a regular prescribed burning program will reduce mortality following wildfires in both natural and planted stands of southern pines on flat woods sites, even when wildfires occur under severe drought conditions. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Outcalt, KW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM koutcalt@fs.fed.us NR 25 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0148-4419 J9 SOUTH J APPL FOR JI South. J. Appl. For. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 28 IS 1 BP 28 EP 34 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 775JD UT WOS:000189036200004 ER PT J AU Wang, GL Wu, C Zeng, L He, C Baraoidan, M da Silva, FDG Williams, CE Ronald, PC Leung, H AF Wang, GL Wu, C Zeng, L He, C Baraoidan, M da Silva, FDG Williams, CE Ronald, PC Leung, H TI Isolation and characterization of rice mutants compromised in Xa21-mediated resistance to X-oryzae pv. oryzae SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article ID PLANT-DISEASE RESISTANCE; XANTHOMONAS-ORYZAE; SATIVA L.; PHYSICAL INTERACTION; DRAFT SEQUENCE; PTO KINASE; GENE; XA21; RECOGNITION; VARIETIES AB The rice gene, Xa21, confers resistance to diverse races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and encodes a receptor-like kinase with leucine-rich repeats in the extra-cellular domain. To identify genes essential for the function of the Xa21 gene, 4,500 IRBB21 (Xa21 isogenic line in IR24 background) mutants, induced by diepoxybutane and fast neutrons, were screened against Philippine race six (PR6) Xoo for a change from resistance to susceptibility. From two greenhouse screens, 23 mutants were identified that had changed from resistant to fully (6) or partially (17) susceptible to PR6. All fully susceptible mutants carried rearrangements at the Xa21 locus as detected by PCR and Southern hybridization. For the partially susceptible mutants, no changes were detected at the Xa21 locus based on Southern and PCR analyses. However, two of these mutants were confirmed via genetic analysis to have mutations at the Xa21 locus. Partially susceptible mutants exhibited variation in level of susceptibility to different Xoo strains, suggesting that they may carry different mutations required for the Xa21-mediated resistance. The mutants identified in this study provide useful materials for dissecting the Xa21-mediated resistance pathway in rice. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Int Rice Res Inst, Makati, Philippines. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Microbiol, Beijing, Peoples R China. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Crop Prod & Pest Control Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Wang, GL (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Kottman Hall,2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM wang.620@osu.edu NR 23 TC 15 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 108 IS 3 BP 379 EP 384 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1452-4 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 770TW UT WOS:000188747800001 PM 14523518 ER PT J AU Kato, KK Palmer, RG AF Kato, KK Palmer, RG TI Molecular mapping of four ovule lethal mutants in soybean SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; GLYCINE-MAX; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; CYTOLOGICAL ANALYSES; STERILE MUTANT; LEGUMINOSAE; GENOME; DEFICIENCIES; AINTEGUMENTA; INTEGUMENT AB We report genetic mapping of four soybean ovule lethal mutants, PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4, which had been identified as female partial-sterile mutants from a gene-tagging study. The four mutants had been classified into two mutation classes: (1) PS-1-sporophytic mutation affects sporophytically expressed genes; and (2) PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4 mutants-female gametophyte-specific mutations affect gametophytically expressed genes and are transmitted through the male, but not the female gametes. Molecular mapping demonstrated that these four mutant genes and previously reported female-partial sterile gene, Fsp1, are located independently on soybean molecular linkage groups (MLG-) using SSR markers. PS-1, designated as Fsp2 and Genetic Type Collection number T364, is located between SSR markers Satt170 and Satt363 on MLG-C2 and linked by 13.9 cM and 12.1 cM, respectively. PS-2, designated as Fsp3 and Genetic Type Collection number T365H, is located between SSR markers Satt538 and Satt429 on MLG-A2 and linked by 13.3 cM and 25.4 cM, respectively. PS-3, designated as Fsp4 and Genetic Type Collection number T366H, is located on the terminus of MLG-F and linked to Sat 152 by 13.1 cM. PS-4, designated as Fsp5 and Genetic Type Collection number T367H, is located between SSR markers Satt324 and Satt138 on MLG-G and linked by 19.6 cM and 7.5 cM, respectively. SSR markers adjacent to Fsp3, Fsp4, and Fsp5 were distorted from a 1:2:1 ratio and fit a 1:1 ratio. The segregation distortions of SSR markers adjacent to Fsp3, Fsp4, and Fsp5 are in support of male, but not female transmission of the Fsp3, Fsp4, and Fsp5 gametes. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS CICGR, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Obihiro Univ Agr & Vet Med, Dept Crop Sci, Obihiro, Hokkaido 0808555, Japan. RP Palmer, RG (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS CICGR, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM rpalmer@iastate.edu NR 37 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 108 IS 4 BP 577 EP 585 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1482-y PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 777WP UT WOS:000189207100001 PM 14610643 ER PT J AU Singh, S Franks, CD Huang, L Brown-Guedira, GL Marshall, DS Gill, BS Fritz, A AF Singh, S Franks, CD Huang, L Brown-Guedira, GL Marshall, DS Gill, BS Fritz, A TI Lr41, Lr39, and a leaf rust resistance gene from Aegilops cylindrica may be allelic and are located on wheat chromosome 2DS SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; COMMON WHEAT; HEXAPLOID WHEAT; PUCCINIA-RECONDITA; TAUSCHII; SQUARROSA AB The leaf rust resistance gene Lr41 in wheat germplasm KS90WGRC10 and a resistance gene in wheat breeding line WX93D246-R-1 were transferred to Triticum aestivum from Aegilops tauschii and Ae. cylindrica, respectively. The leaf rust resistance gene in WX93D246-R-1 was located on wheat chromosome 2D by monosomic analysis. Molecular marker analysis of F-2 plants from non-critical crosses determined that this gene is 11.2 cM distal to marker Xgwm210 on the short arm of 2D. No susceptible plants were detected in a population of 300 F-2 plants from a cross between WX93D246-R-1 and TA 4186 (Lr39), suggesting that the gene in WX93D246-R-1 is the same as, or closely linked to, Lr39. In addition, no susceptible plants were detected in a population of 180 F-2 plants from the cross between KS90WGRC10 and WX93D246-R-1. The resistance gene in KS90WGRC10, Lr41, was previously reported to be located on wheat chromosome 1D. In this study, no genetic association was found between Lr41 and 51 markers located on chromosome 1D. A population of 110 F-3 lines from a cross between KS90WGRC10 and TAM 107 was evaluated with polymorphic SSR markers from chromosome 2D and marker Xgdm35 was found to be 1.9 cM proximal to Lr41. When evaluated with diverse isolates of Puccinia triticina, similar reactions were observed on WX93D246-R-1, KS90WGRC10, and TA 4186. The results of mapping, allelism, and race specificity test indicate that these germplasms likely have the same gene for resistance to leaf rust. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA PSERU, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27106 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Singh, S (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM sukh@ksu.edu NR 21 TC 30 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 108 IS 4 BP 586 EP 591 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1477-8 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 777WP UT WOS:000189207100002 PM 14534751 ER PT J AU Mehlenbacher, SA Brown, RN Davis, JW Chen, H Bassil, NV Smith, DC Kubisiak, TL AF Mehlenbacher, SA Brown, RN Davis, JW Chen, H Bassil, NV Smith, DC Kubisiak, TL TI RAPD markers linked to eastern filbert blight resistance in Corylus avellana SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article ID ANISOGRAMMA-ANOMALA; EUROPEAN HAZELNUT; DNA POLYMORPHISMS; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; ASCOSPORES AB A total of 1,110 decamer primers were screened for RAPD markers linked to a dominant allele in hazelnut (Corylus avellana) that confers resistance to eastern filbert blight caused by Anisogramma anomala. Twenty RAPD markers linked in coupling, and five markers linked in repulsion, were found. A seedling population was used to construct a linkage map of the region flanking the resistance locus. The map spans 46.6 cM, with 14 markers on one side of the resistance locus and eight on the other side. Eleven markers showed less than 3% recombination with resistance, including three that showed no recombination. Seven of these 11 markers are sufficiently robust to allow their use in marker-assisted selection. These include AA12(850) which shows no recombination, and six markers on one side of the resistance locus: 173(500), 152(800), 122(825), 275(1130), H19(650) and O16(1250). Marker 268(580), which flanks the resistance locus on the other side, is also suitable for use in marker-assisted selection, but shows 5.8% recombination with resistance. Other markers are less suitable for marker-assisted selection because of sensitivity to changes in primer or MgCl2 concentration, or the long time required for electrophoresis to separate bands of similar size. The 16 markers closest to the resistance locus were cloned and sequenced. The W07(365) marker, which showed no recombination with the resistance locus but is difficult to score, includes a CT microsatellite repeat. The sequence information will allow the design of SCAR primers and eventual map-based cloning of the resistance allele. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Inst Forest Genet, Saucier, MS 39574 USA. RP Mehlenbacher, SA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, 4017 ALS Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM mehlenbs@science.oregonstate.edu NR 17 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 108 IS 4 BP 651 EP 656 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1476-9 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 777WP UT WOS:000189207100010 PM 14569427 ER PT J AU Rajesh, PN Coyne, C Meksem, K Sharma, KD Gupta, V Muehlbauer, FJ AF Rajesh, PN Coyne, C Meksem, K Sharma, KD Gupta, V Muehlbauer, FJ TI Construction of a HindIII Bacterial Artificial Chromosome library and its use in identification of clones associated with disease resistance in chickpea SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-WILT; DNA; GENOME; GENE; MARKER; L.; WALKING; LINKAGE; LOCUS; WHEAT AB A chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library from germplasm line, FLIP 84-92C, was constructed to facilitate positional cloning of disease resistance genes and physical mapping of the genome. The BAC library has 23,780 colonies and was calculated to comprise approximately 3.8 haploid-genome equivalents. Studies on 120 randomly chosen clones revealed an average insert size of 100 kb and no empty clones. Colony hybridization using the RUBP carboxylase large subunit as a probe resulted in a very low percentage of chloroplast DNA contamination. Two clones with a combined insert size of 200 kb were isolated after the library was screened with a Sequence Tagged Microsatellite Site (STMS) marker, Ta96, which is tightly linked to a gene (Foc3) for resistance to fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. f. sp. ciceris (Padwick) race 3 at a genetic distance of 1 cM. Also, these two clones were analyzed with several resistance gene analog (RGA) markers. End sequencing of these clones did not identify repetitive sequences. The development of the BAC library will facilitate isolation of Foc3 and allow us to perform physical mapping of this genomic region where additional R genes against other races of the wilt causing pathogen are positioned. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Legume Genet & Physiol Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Soil & Gen Agr, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Natl Chem Lab, Plant Mol Biol Unit, Div Biochem Sci, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India. RP Muehlbauer, FJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Legume Genet & Physiol Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM muehlbau@wsu.edu NR 27 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 108 IS 4 BP 663 EP 669 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1464-0 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 777WP UT WOS:000189207100012 PM 14564396 ER PT J AU Pearson, DE Callaway, RM AF Pearson, DE Callaway, RM TI Response to Thomas et al: biocontrol and indirect effects SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Letter ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; RISK C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Pearson, DE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Box 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM dpearson@fs.fed.us NR 8 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 19 IS 2 BP 62 EP 63 DI 10.1016/j.tree.2003.11.006 PG 2 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 773PD UT WOS:000188931400004 ER PT J AU Sinclair, TR Purcell, LC Sneller, CH AF Sinclair, TR Purcell, LC Sneller, CH TI Crop transformation and the challenge to increase yield potential SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; COWPEA VIGNA-UNGUICULATA; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; ADP-GLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE; NIGHT AIR-TEMPERATURE; REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSES; GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES; FIXATION RESPONSE; HARVEST INDEX; HEAT-STRESS AB Molecular transformation is commonly offered as a hope to overcome the apparent stagnation in crop yield potential. A basic understanding of the resource limits imposed on crops and the yield hierarchy going from gene expression to harvestable yield leads to a rather negative view that transformations of a few, or even of a complex of genes will result directly in major yield increases. Forty years of biochemical and physiological research illustrate the great difficulty in translating research at the basic level into improvements in crop yield. However, there are a few cases where physiological research has led to improved crop cultivars with increased yield. These successes are instructive in highlighting key elements required to achieve success in developing crop cultivars for increased yield. C1 Univ Florida, Agron Physiol Lab, USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. Ohio State Univ, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, Agron Physiol Lab, USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM trsincl@mail.ifas.ufl.edu NR 50 TC 167 Z9 185 U1 2 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1360-1385 J9 TRENDS PLANT SCI JI Trends Plant Sci. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 9 IS 2 BP 70 EP 75 DI 10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.008 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 780BF UT WOS:000189350700006 PM 15102372 ER PT J AU Lehman, RM Baker, KE Mattson, ED AF Lehman, RM Baker, KE Mattson, ED TI Distribution of microorganisms and their activities in capillary barriers: Implications for modeling of hydrologic transport through capillary barriers SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; VADOSE ZONE; WATER; BACTERIA; SOILS; MICROBIOLOGY; PENETRATION; RESPIRATION; SEDIMENTS; GROWTH AB The capping of buried waste with surface barriers is a remediation approach designed to prevent the infiltration of water through the buried waste to minimize migration of waste constituents from the burial ground. The hydraulic performance of surface barriers and their long-term effectiveness have been modeled based on soil physical and chemical characteristics, neglecting the potential contribution of soil microorganisms. We hypothesized that soil microorganisms may affect the long-term performance of surface barriers by altering soil structure, soil wettability, or soil pore water surface tensions. Two field-scale barrier prototypes were studied: the "thick soil" design and "capillary barrier" design. Two conceptual models for microbial distribution in the barriers were postulated: ( i) due to excavation, mixing, and emplacement, soil microbial numbers and activity would be uniformly distributed throughout the barrier profile; and ( ii) in capillary barriers, the presence of the coarse - fine interface would locally enhance microbial growth and create local effects on barrier properties. Our initial studies involved field sampling of thick and capillary barrier prototypes at two different locations, examination of the distributions of microorganisms and their activities in vertical transects through the barriers, and correlation of the biological measures with barrier hydraulic properties. We found relatively uniform distributions of microorganisms and activities across the barriers ( both designs), consistent with the first conceptual model. The presence of a capillary barrier layer was not associated with a clear increase in microbial activities; however, finer resolution sampling may be required to evaluate the second conceptual model. Our observations of uniform ( or increasing) microbial activities with depth in the barriers contrast with commonly ob served decreases in soil microbial numbers and activities with depth at undisturbed sites. The indigenous soil microorganisms did not affect soil wettability or soil pore water interfacial tensions in these prototype barriers of < 10 yr of age. However, on the time scales for which are expected to be effective (100s to 1000s of years), microbially produced surface-active substances may alter barrier hydraulic performance. We propose laboratory studies to evaluate long-term consequences of microbially produced surface-active substance on barrier integrity and indicate how these effects can be incorporated into models predicting long-term barrier performance. C1 Idaho Natl Lab, Dept Biotechnol, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA. RP Lehman, RM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. EM mik4@inel.gov OI Mattson, Earl/0000-0002-2616-0008 NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 3 IS 1 BP 134 EP 142 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 903AM UT WOS:000227397800011 ER PT J AU Darnault, CJG Steenhuis, TS Garnier, P Kim, YJ Jenkins, MB Ghiorse, WC Baveye, PC Parlange, JY AF Darnault, CJG Steenhuis, TS Garnier, P Kim, YJ Jenkins, MB Ghiorse, WC Baveye, PC Parlange, JY TI Preferential flow and transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through the vadose zone: Experiments and modeling SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WATER; SOILS; OUTBREAK; GIARDIA AB As a result of Cryptosporidium parvum in drinking water, several outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have occurred in the last 10 yr. Although it is generally believed that movement of pathogens through the soil is minimal, recent research has shown that appreciable numbers of C. parvum oocysts may be transported via preferential or fingered flow to groundwater. The objective of the present research was to further investigate and model the transport of oocysts through preferential flow paths in the vadose zone under a "worst-case" scenario. This was studied by adding calves feces containing C. parvum oocysts with a Cl- tracer to undisturbed silt loam columns and disturbed sand columns during a simulated steady-state rain. The sand columns exhibited preferential flow in the form of fingers whereas flow occurred in the undisturbed cores. In the columns with fingered flow, oocysts and Cl were transported rapidly with the same velocity through the columns. Although only 14 to 86% of the amount applied, the number of oocysts transported across the columns was several orders of magnitude above an infective dose. The macropore columns had only a very limited breakthrough of oocysts, which appeared several pore volumes after the Cl broke through initially. A simulation model for the transport of oocysts via preferential flow was developed on the basis of an existing preferential flow model for nonadsorbing solutes, with addition of a first-order sink term for adsorbance of the C. parvum to the air - water - solid (AWS) interfaces, and with velocity and dispersivity parameters derived from Cl- transport. The breakthrough of C. parvum oocysts could be described realistically for the sand columns. However, the model could not describe oocyst transport in the columns with macropores. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Biol & Environm Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. INRA, Unite Agron Laon Peronne, F-02007 Laon, France. ARS, USDA, Campbell Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Lab Geoenvironm Engn & Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Steenhuis, TS (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Biol & Environm Engn, Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM tss1@cornell.edu RI Garnier, Patricia/I-4249-2015; OI Baveye, Philippe/0000-0002-8432-6141 NR 23 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 4 U2 18 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 3 IS 1 BP 262 EP 270 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 903AM UT WOS:000227397800022 ER PT J AU Busse, MD Fiddler, GO Ratcliff, AW AF Busse, MD Fiddler, GO Ratcliff, AW TI Ectomycorrhizal formation in herbicide-treated soils of differing clay and organic matter content SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE imazapyr; mycorrhizae; root growth; sulfometuron methyl; triclopyr ID INVITRO GROWTH; MYCORRHIZAL DEVELOPMENT; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; WEED-CONTROL; PINE; GLYPHOSATE; SEEDLINGS; FUNGI; HEXAZINONE; TRICLOPYR AB Herbicides are commonly used on private timberlands in the western United States for site preparation and control of competing vegetation. How non-target soil biota respond to herbicide applications, however, is not thoroughly understood. We tested the effects of triclorpyr, imazapyr, and sulfometuron methyl on ectomycorrhizal formation in a greenhouse study. Ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and white fir seedlings were grown in four forest soils ranging in clay content from 9 to 33% and organic matter content from 3 to 17%, and treated with commercial formulations of each herbicide at 0, 1.0, and 2.0 times the recommended field rate. Many of the possible herbicide-soil combinations resulted in reduced seedling growth. Root development was particularly sensitive to the three herbicides, with an average of 51% fewer root tips compared to the control treatment. The ability of mycorrhizal fungi to infect the remaining root tips, however, was uninhibited. Mycorrhizal formation was high, averaging 91% of all root tips, regardless of herbicide, application rate, soil type, or conifer species. In agreement, soil microbial biomass and respiratory activity were unaffected by the herbicide treatments. The results show that these herbicides do not alter the capability of mycorrhizal fungi to infect roots, even at concentrations detrimental to seedling growth. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA USA. RP Busse, MD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA USA. EM mbusse@fs.fed.us NR 21 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 152 IS 1-4 BP 23 EP 34 DI 10.1023/B:WATE.0000015335.32888.36 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 772TD UT WOS:000188856600003 ER PT J AU Ahmedna, M Marshall, WE Husseiny, AA Rao, RM Goktepe, I AF Ahmedna, M Marshall, WE Husseiny, AA Rao, RM Goktepe, I TI The use of nutshell carbons in drinking water filters for removal of trace metals SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE granular activated carbon; drinking water filtration; point-of-use water filter; pecan shell; almond shell; English walnut shell; copper; lead; zinc ID GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBONS; AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS; RAW SUGAR DECOLORIZATION; ADSORPTIVE PROPERTIES; ESTIMATED COST; ALMOND SHELLS; STEAM AB Filtration of drinking water by point-of-use (POU) or point-of-entry (POE) systems is becoming increasingly popular in the United States. Drinking water is filtered to remove both organic and inorganic contaminants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of granular activated carbon from nutshells (almond, English walnut, pecan) in a POU water filtration system to determine its effectiveness in removing select, potentially toxic metal ions, namely, copper (Cu2+), lead (Ph (2+)) or zinc (Zn2+) found in drinking water. The nutshell-based carbon system was designated "Envirofilter" and was compared to four commercial POU systems with brand names of BRITA, Omni Filter, PUR and Teledyne Water Pik. Eight prototype "Envirofilters", consisting of individual or binary mixtures of carbons made from acid-activated almond or pecan shells and steam-activated pecan or walnut shells were constructed and evaluated for adsorption of the three metal ions. The results indicated that a binary mixture of carbons from acid-activated almond and either steam-activated pecan or walnut shells were the most effective in removing these metals from drinking water of all the POU systems evaluated. Binary mixtures of acid-activated almond shell-based carbon with either steam-activated pecan shell- or walnut shell-based carbon removed nearly 100% of lead ion, 90-95% of copper ion and 80-90% of zinc ion. Overall the performance data on the "Envirofilters" suggest that these prototypes require less carbon than commercial filters to achieve the same metal adsorption efficiency and may also be a less expensive product. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Technol Int Inc, La Place, LA 70068 USA. N Carolina Agr & Tech State Univ, Dept Human Environm & Family Sci, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Commod Utilizat Res Unit, New Orleans, LA USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Rao, RM (reprint author), Technol Int Inc, La Place, LA 70068 USA. EM dr_abdo@rtconline.com OI Ahmedna, Mohamed/0000-0001-8727-4300 NR 17 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 7 U2 44 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 38 IS 4 BP 1062 EP 1068 DI 10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.047 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 775WY UT WOS:000189084700024 PM 14769427 ER PT J AU Lynch, AM AF Lynch, AM TI Fate and characteristics of Picea damaged by Elatobium abietinum (Walker) (Homoptera : Aphididae). In the White Mountains of Arizona SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Elatobium abietinum; Arceuthobium microcarpum; Picea engelmannii; Picea pungens; invasive species; exotic; disturbance ecology; insect impact ID GREEN SPRUCE APHID; SITKA SPRUCE; DWARF MISTLETOE; SITCHENSIS; NEEDLES; GROWTH; FIRE AB Spruce aphid, Elatobium abietinum (Walker), is a new invasive pest in high-elevation forests of southwestern USA. Plots in the White Mountains of Arizona were evaluated over several years to assess the extent and severity of damage in high-elevation forests and to identify tree and site characteristics associated with defoliation and mortality. Large areas were defoliated in each of 4 recent outbreaks. Impact from a single defoliation episode included an overall mortality of 10.3% to Picea engelmannii Parry, 24%-41% in severely defoliated trees. Defoliation severity was much greater on P engelmannii than on P. pungens Engelm. and was more severe in the lower canopy layers. Retention of foliage in the upper-crown third of individual trees was a critical factor in tree survivorship. Mortality was associated with defoliation severity and severe infection by Arceuthobium microcarpum (Engelmann) Hawksworth & Wiens. Picea pungens was much more susceptible to A. microcarpum than was P engelmannii. The combined effects of high levels of defoliation and mistletoe infection were lethal, resulting in almost 70% mortality. Mortality continued to occur at least 3 years after defoliation. This aphid will affect natural disturbance regimes and tree population dynamics in mixed-conifer and spruce-fir forests of the American Southwest. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Lynch, AM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2500 S Pine Knoll, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 47 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD FEB PY 2004 VL 64 IS 1 BP 7 EP 17 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 778XW UT WOS:000189267500002 ER PT J AU Kamler, JF Ballard, WB Gilliland, RL Mote, K AF Kamler, JF Ballard, WB Gilliland, RL Mote, K TI Coyote (Canis latrans) movements relative to cattle (Bos taurus) carcass areas SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE coyote; Canis latrans; cattle; carrion; home range; movements; Texas ID HABITAT USE; HOME RANGE; ECOLOGY AB Use of 2 cattle carcass areas was determined for radio-collared coyotes (Canis latrans) in northwest Texas from January 1999 to January 2000. When 0-3 dead cattle were located at the carcass areas, resident and transient coyotes visited the carcass areas 4% and 8% of the time, respectively. However, when 30-35 dead cattle were located at 1 carcass area due to a disease epizootic, resident and transient coyotes had increased visitation rates of 19% and 63%, respectively Resident coyotes traveled as far as 12.2 km from the center of their home ranges, suggesting that carcass areas influenced residents over a 468-km(2) area. Transient coyotes traveled from as far as 20.5 km away, suggesting that carcass areas influenced transients over a 1320-km(2) area. Our results indicate that carcass areas can influence coyotes over large areas and may concentrate both resident and transient coyotes in relatively small areas, at least for short periods. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. W Texas State Univ, Wildlife Serv, USDA, Canyon, TX 79016 USA. Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Brownwood, TX 76801 USA. RP Ballard, WB (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Box 42125, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RI Kamler, Jan/F-8520-2011 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD FEB PY 2004 VL 64 IS 1 BP 53 EP 58 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 778XW UT WOS:000189267500007 ER PT J AU Tellez, MR Khan, IA Schaneberg, BT Crockett, SL Rimando, AM Kobaisy, M AF Tellez, MR Khan, IA Schaneberg, BT Crockett, SL Rimando, AM Kobaisy, M TI Steam distillation-solid-phase microextraction for the detection of Ephedra sinica in herbal preparations SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Advances in Extraction Technologies CY MAR 05-07, 2003 CL ST PETE BEACH, FLORIDA DE Ephedra sinica; steam distillation; extraction methods; essential oils; pharmaceutical analysis; plant materials; vinylanisole ID VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS; ESSENTIAL OIL; WEIGHT-LOSS; MA HUANG; ALKALOIDS; SEPARATION; STAPF; TETRAMETHYLPYRAZINE; CAFFEINE; PRODUCT AB A new method involving concurrent solid-phase microextraction combined with continuous hydrodistillation of essential oil was developed. This new methodology allowed for the detection by GC-MS of very small amounts of a diagnostic peak for the authentication of Ephedra sinica, in a short period of time and using only small sample sizes. This diagnostic peak was identified as 4-vinylanisole, and elucidated from the chromatographic profile allowed for the identification of a sample as E. sinica among other species investigated in this study. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on using continuous solid-phase microextraction coupled to hydrodistillation for the investigation of essential oil components, and the first report of 4-vinylanisole as a marker compound for E. sinica. A total of 46 collections representing 21 species of Ephedra were studied. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, Oxford, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacognosy, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res,Res Inst Pharmaceut Sci, Oxford, MS 38677 USA. RP Tellez, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, Box 8048, Oxford, MS 38677 USA. NR 54 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JAN 30 PY 2004 VL 1025 IS 1 BP 51 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(03)01035-5 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 759CG UT WOS:000187720300008 PM 14753670 ER PT J AU Grant, LA Doehlert, DC McMullen, MS Vignaux, N AF Grant, LA Doehlert, DC McMullen, MS Vignaux, N TI Spaghetti cooking quality of waxy and non-waxy durum wheats and blends SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE waxy wheat; durum; spaghetti; processing; semolina; blends ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; ENDOSPERM CHARACTER; PASTING PROPERTIES; NOODLE QUALITY; STARCH DAMAGE; FLOUR; AMYLOSE; BREAD; VISCOSITY; SEMOLINA AB Quality attributes of waxy durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L), milled semolina and cooked spaghetti were examined and compared with those of two non-waxy durum cultivars. With the exception of kernel hardness, wheat quality characteristics were similar for both waxy and non-waxy durum. Compared with average values obtained for durum. wheat grown in North Dakota (USA) during the crop year 2000, the values obtained for the wheat used in this study were equal or better for most parameters evaluated. Semolina extraction for all samples was lower than the 2000 average of 62.6%. The waxy lines had higher ash, lower speck count, similar protein quantity, lower wet gluten and stronger mixograph curves than the non-waxy cultivars. Waxy durum semolina had higher lipid content, starch damage, stirring number and flour swelling values. Spaghetti made from waxy durum semolina had shorter cooking time, similar cooking loss and cooked weight and lower firmness values, which would be unacceptable by most standards. Spaghetti made from blends containing 20-80% waxy durum semolina were evaluated. Cooking time and firmness decreased and cooking loss increased as the amount of waxy semolina increased. Acceptable spaghetti was obtained using 20-40% waxy semolina blends, depending on the quality of the non-waxy blending material. Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley Sons Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Grant, LA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. EM grantl@fargo.ars.usda.gov NR 37 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD JAN 30 PY 2004 VL 84 IS 2 BP 190 EP 196 DI 10.1002/jsfa.1633 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 767XF UT WOS:000188498600011 ER PT J AU Gamon, JA Huemmrich, KF Peddle, DR Chen, J Fuentes, D Hall, FG Kimball, JS Goetz, S Gu, J McDonald, KC Miller, JR Moghaddam, M Rahman, AF Roujean, JL Smith, EA Walthall, CL Zarco-Tejada, P Hu, B Fernandes, R Cihlar, J AF Gamon, JA Huemmrich, KF Peddle, DR Chen, J Fuentes, D Hall, FG Kimball, JS Goetz, S Gu, J McDonald, KC Miller, JR Moghaddam, M Rahman, AF Roujean, JL Smith, EA Walthall, CL Zarco-Tejada, P Hu, B Fernandes, R Cihlar, J TI Remote sensing in BOREAS: Lessons leamed SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review DE Boreal forest; remote sensing; carbon cycle; land cover ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; PHOTOCHEMICAL REFLECTANCE INDEX; LIGHT INTERACTION-MODEL; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; 4-SCALE LINEAR-MODEL; LAND-COVER; BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; USE EFFICIENCY; ECOSYSTEM-ATMOSPHERE AB The Boreal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) was a large, multiyear internationally supported study designed to improve our understanding of the boreal forest biome and its interactions with the atmosphere, biosphere, and the carbon cycle in the face of global climate change. In the initial phase of this study (early 1990s), remote sensing played a key role by providing products needed for planning and modeling. During and after the main BOREAS field campaigns (1994 and 1996), innovative remote sensing approaches and analyses expanded our understanding of the boreal forest in four key areas: (1) definition of vegetation structure, (2) land-cover classification, (3) assessment of the carbon balance, and (4) links between surface properties, weather, and climate. In addition to six BOREAS special issues and over 500 journal papers, a principal legacy of BOREAS is its well-documented and publicly available database, which provides a lasting scientific resource and opportunity to further advance our understanding of this critical northern biome. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Calif State Univ Los Angeles, CEA, CREST, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Sci Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Lethbridge, Dept Geog, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, NTSG, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. York Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. Ball State Univ, Dept Geog, Muncie, IN 47306 USA. MATIS, GMME, Meteo France, CNRM, Toulouse, France. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Valladolid, Palencia, Spain. Canada Ctr Remote Sensing, Ottawa, ON, Canada. RP Huemmrich, KF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 923-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM karl.huemmrich@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Gamon, John/A-2641-2014; Goetz, Scott/A-3393-2015; Zarco-Tejada, Pablo J./A-6874-2012 OI Gamon, John/0000-0002-8269-7723; Goetz, Scott/0000-0002-6326-4308; Zarco-Tejada, Pablo J./0000-0003-1433-6165 NR 131 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 EI 1879-0704 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JAN 30 PY 2004 VL 89 IS 2 BP 139 EP 162 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2003.08.017 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 768RY UT WOS:000188589900001 ER PT J AU Kim, EK Maragos, CM Kendra, DF AF Kim, EK Maragos, CM Kendra, DF TI Liquid chromatographic determination of fumonisins B-1, B-2, and B-3 in corn silage SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE mycotoxin; fumonisin B-1; fumonisin B-2; fumonisin B-3; corn silage ID NONHUMAN-PRIMATES; CULTURE MATERIAL; MYCOTOXINS; FEED; QUANTITATION; ZEARALENONE; SCREENINGS; STABILITY; PRODUCTS; CEREALS AB Corn silage was dried, ground, and then extracted with 0.1 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The filtrate was applied to a FumoniTest immunoaffinity column. Fumonisins were derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde, separated on a C-18 liquid chromatographic column, and detected by fluorescence. The detection limits for fumonisin B-1, fumonisin B-2, and fumonisin B-3 were 50, 25, and 25 ng/g of dried silage, respectively. Recoveries of fumonisin B-1, fumonisin B-2, and fumonisin B-3 from wet and dried corn silage spiked over the range of 100-5000 ng/g averaged 91-106%. The method was applied to corn silage samples collected from the midwestern area of the United States during 2001-2002. Of 89 corn silage samples, fumonisin B-1, fumonisin B-2, and fumonisin B-3 were found in 86 (97%), 64 (72%), and 51 (57%) of the samples. The mean positive levels of fumonisin B-1, fumonisin B-2, and fumonisin B-3 were 615, 93, and 51 ng/g, respectively, in dried silage. This suggests that fumonisins may be frequent low level contaminants in corn silage. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Maragos, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM maragocm@ncaur.usda.gov NR 35 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN 28 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 2 BP 196 EP 200 DI 10.1021/jf034934t PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 766GJ UT WOS:000188366300007 PM 14733494 ER PT J AU Ishida, BK Turner, C Chapman, MH McKeon, TA AF Ishida, BK Turner, C Chapman, MH McKeon, TA TI Fatty acid and carotenoid composition of gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) fruit SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng; fatty acids; carotenoids; HPLC; lycopene; beta-carotene; aril; mesocarp; seed; oil ID HEART-DISEASE; LYCOPENE; PLASMA; CANCER; RISK; ANTIOXIDANTS; PRODUCTS; ISOMERS AB In this study, we analyzed fatty acid and carotenoid composition of fruit tissues, including seed (which are surrounded by a bright red, oily aril) of Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng, known as gac in Vietnam. Carotenoid content was analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC, using a C-30 column and a method separating cis- and trans-isomers of the major carotenoids in this fruit. Mean values obtained in aril tissues were 1342 mug trans-, 204 mug cis-, and 2227 mug total lycopene; 597 mug trans-, 39 mug cis-, and 718 mug total beta-carotene; and 107 mug alpha-carotene/g FW. Mesocarp contained 11 mug trans-, 5 mug cis-beta-carotene/g FW, trace amounts of alpha-carotene, and no lycopene. Gac aril contained 22% fatty acids by weight, composed of 32% oleic, 29% palmitic, and 28% linoleic acids. Seeds contained primarily stearic acid (60.5%), smaller amounts of linoleic (20%), oleic (9%), and palmitic (5-6%) acids, and trace amounts of arachidic, cis-vaccenic, linolenic, and palmitoleic, eicosa-11-enoic acids, and eicosa-13-enoic (in one fruit only) acids. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Ishida, BK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM bkishida@pw.usda.gov RI Turner, Charlotta/I-6045-2013 OI Turner, Charlotta/0000-0001-9466-1149 NR 31 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN 28 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 2 BP 274 EP 279 DI 10.1021/jf030616i PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 766GJ UT WOS:000188366300021 PM 14733508 ER PT J AU Christian, TJ Kleiss, B Yokelson, RJ Holzinger, R Crutzen, PJ Hao, WM Shirai, T Blake, DR AF Christian, TJ Kleiss, B Yokelson, RJ Holzinger, R Crutzen, PJ Hao, WM Shirai, T Blake, DR TI Comprehensive laboratory measurements of biomass-burning emissions: 2. First intercomparison of open-path FTIR, PTR-MS, and GC- MS/FID/ECD SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE instrument intercomparision; biomass burning; oxygenated organic compounds ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; REACTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; TRANSFORM INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; TRACE GASES; OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS; HYDROGEN-CYANIDE; AMBIENT AIR; ACETIC-ACID; FIRES; TROPOSPHERE AB [1] Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOC) can dominate atmospheric organic chemistry, but they are difficult to measure reliably at low levels in complex mixtures. Several techniques that have been used to speciate nonmethane organic compounds (NMOC) including OVOC were codeployed/intercompared in well-mixed smoke generated by 47 fires in the U. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Fire Sciences Combustion Facility. The agreement between proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) was excellent for methanol (PT/FT = 1.04 +/- 0.118) and good on average for phenol (0.843 +/- 0.845) and acetol (similar to 0.81). The sum of OP-FTIR mixing ratios for acetic acid and glycolaldehyde agreed ( within experimental uncertainty) with the PTR-MS mixing ratios for protonated mass 61 (PT/FT = 1.17 +/- 0.34), and the sum of OP-FTIR mixing ratios for furan and isoprene agreed with the PTR-MS mixing ratios for protonated mass 69 ( PT/ FT = 0.783 +/- 0.465). The sum of OP-FTIR mixing ratios for acetone and methylvinylether accounted for most of the PTR-MS protonated mass 59 signal ( PT/ FT = 1.29 +/- 0.81), suggesting that one of these compounds was underestimated by OP-FTIR or that it failed to detect other compounds that could contribute at mass 59. Canister grab sampling followed by gas chromatography ( GC) with mass spectrometry ( MS), flame ionization detection (FID), and electron capture detection (ECD) analysis by two different groups agreed well with OP-FTIR for ethylene, acetylene, and propylene. However, these propylene levels were below those observed by PTR-MS ( PT/ FT = 2.33 +/- 0.89). Good average agreement between PTR-MS and GC was obtained for benzene and toluene. At mixing ratios above a few parts per billion the OP-FTIR had advantages for measuring sticky compounds ( e. g., ammonia and formic acid) or compounds with low proton affinity ( e. g., hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde). Even at these levels, only the PTR-MS measured acetonitrile and acetaldehyde. Below a few ppbv only the PTR-MS measured a variety of OVOC, but the possibility of fragmentation, interference, and sampling losses must be considered. C1 Univ Montana, Dept Chem, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, Atmospher Chem Dept, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Forest Serv, Fire Sci Lab, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Christian, TJ (reprint author), Univ Montana, Dept Chem, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM ted.christian@umontana.edu; kleiss@mpch-mainz.mpg.de; byok@selway.umt.edu; holzing@nature.berkeley.edu; air@mpch-mainz.mpg.de; whao@fs.fed.us; t.shirai@nao.ac.jp; drblake@uci.edu RI Holzinger, Rupert/C-9160-2009; Yokelson, Robert/C-9971-2011; Crutzen, Paul/F-6044-2012 OI Yokelson, Robert/0000-0002-8415-6808; NR 60 TC 91 Z9 91 U1 6 U2 53 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 28 PY 2004 VL 109 IS D2 AR D02311 DI 10.1029/2003JD003874 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 772XC UT WOS:000188867100002 ER PT J AU Fulton, RW Briggs, RE Payton, ME Confer, AW Saliki, JT Ridpath, JF Burge, LJ Duff, GC AF Fulton, RW Briggs, RE Payton, ME Confer, AW Saliki, JT Ridpath, JF Burge, LJ Duff, GC TI Maternally derived humoral immunity to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1a, BVDV1b, BVDV2, bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3 virus bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in beef calves, antibody decline by half-life studies and effect on response to vaccination SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE bovine immunity; vaccines; maternal antibodies ID YOUNG CALVES; DAIRY CALVES; CATTLE; COLOSTRUM; DISEASE; PROTECTION; INFECTION; VACCINES; SERUM; RHINOTRACHEITIS AB The passive immunity transferred to calves from their dams was investigated in a beef herd to determine half-life of antibody, estimated time to seronegative status and effect on immunization. One hundred two beef calves in a commercial ranch under standard management conditions were utilized. Samples were collected at branding (day 0). This was the first possible date to collect samples postcalving. This was approximately 2 months postcalving, and days 95 and 116. The calves were divided into two groups: vaccinates (5 1) and nonvaccinates (51). The calves were vaccinated with a commercial inactivated viral vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)la, BVDV2, bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) on days 0 and 95. Half of the vaccinated and unvaccinated calves also received one dose of an experimental Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida vaccine at day 95. Serums were tested for neutralizing antibody titers to BVDV1a, BVDV1b, BVDV2, BHV-1, PI-3V, and BRSV Antibodies were detected by ELISA to M. haemolytica whole cell, M. haemolytica leukotoxin, and P. multocida outer membrane protein (OMP). The mean half-life of viral antibodies in nonvaccinated calves to each virus was: BVDV1a, 23.1 days (d); BVDV1b, 22.8 d; BVDV2,22.9 d; BHV-1, 21.2d;PI-3V, 30.3 d; and BRSV, 35.9d. The mean half-life of viral antibodies was greater for vaccinates than for nonvaccinates for all viruses except BRSV The calculated mean time to seronegative status for nonvaccinates based on titers at day 0 was: BVDV1a, 192.2 d; BVDV1b, 179.1 d; BVDV2,157.8 d; BHV-1, 122.9 d; PI-3V, 190.6 d; and BRSV, 186.7 d. There was an active immune response after vaccination with two doses to all the viruses, except BRSV. Mean antibody titers of vaccinates at day 116 were statistically higher than nonvaccinates for all viruses except BRSV However on an individual calf basis there were few seroconversions (four-fold rise or greater to BVDV I a, BVDV1b, BVDV2, PI-3V, or BRSV; or two-fold rise for BHV-1) in the presence of viral antibodies. The predicted time of seronegative status for a group of calves for vaccination programs may not be appropriate as there may be a range of titers for all calves at day 0. In this study the range for BVDV1a was 16-16,384; BVDV1b, 8-8192; BVDV2,0-8192; BHV-1, 0-935; PI-3V, 8-2048; and BRSV, 8-4096. Using the half-life of 23 d for BVDV I a, the time thereafter for seronegative status would be 46 and 299 d compared to the calculated date of 192.2 d using the mean of estimated time to seronegative status for all the calves. There was an active humoral response in the vaccinated calves to M. haemolytica and R multocida. Cowherd Immoral immunity based on serum antibodies should be monitored as it may relate to transfer of maternal antibodies to calves. Exceptionally high levels of viral antibodies transferred to calves could interfere with the antibody response to vaccination. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Coll Vet Med, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Stat, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Anim Sci, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Fulton, RW (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Coll Vet Med, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM rfulton@okstate.edu NR 29 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 26 PY 2004 VL 22 IS 5-6 BP 643 EP 649 DI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.08.033 PG 7 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 775YB UT WOS:000189087300015 PM 14741155 ER PT J AU Gagnon, JL Jokela, EJ Moser, WK Huber, DA AF Gagnon, JL Jokela, EJ Moser, WK Huber, DA TI Characteristics of gaps and natural regeneration in mature longleaf pine flatwoods ecosystems SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE silviculture; uneven-aged; group selection; canopy disturbance; natural disturbance; forest reproduction method ID FOREST CANOPY GAPS; SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS; OAK FORESTS; PATCH-SIZE; GROWTH; UNDERSTORY; TEMPERATE; ESTABLISHMENT; SILVICULTURE; RESOURCES AB Developing uneven-aged structure in mature stands of longleaf pine requires scientifically based silvicultural systems that are reliable, productive and sustainable. Understanding seedling responses to varying levels of site resource availability within forest gaps is essential for effectively converting even-aged stands to uneven-aged stands. A project was initiated on the Apalachicola National Forest in Northwestern Florida to examine these relationships, particularly as they would apply to the group selection forest reproduction method. This study used a line transect technique to examine gaps formed in mature stands of longleaf pine by either natural disturbances or prior intermediate silvicultural operations (i.e., thinnings). The expanded gap sizes ranged from 32 to 1161 m(2); however, 86% of all gaps sampled in this study were less than 600 m(2) in size. Mean and median expanded gap sizes were 402 and 334 m, respectively. Gap shapes were irregular and significantly different from a circle. Seedling stocking ranged from 0 to 43% and density ranged from 0 to 9800 seedlings ha(-1). Neither gap size nor shape significantly affected seedling numbers or root collar diameters (RCDs). In contrast, proximity to mature longleaf pine affected both seedling numbers and RCD. Seedling numbers increased considerably greater than or equal to5 m from mature trees. Significant decreases in seedling RCD, resulting from interspecific competition with mature longleaf pine, were detected and most strongly expressed outside the gaps (average RCD = 21 and 16 mm inside and outside gaps, respectively). In general, seedling stocking within the gaps was low (average 16%). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 39870 USA. Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Forest Inventory Anal Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Gagnon, JL (reprint author), Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Rt 2,Box 2324, Newton, GA 39870 USA. EM jgagnon@jonesctr.org; ejokela@ufl.edu; wkmoser@fs.fed.us; dahuber@ufl.edu NR 38 TC 29 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JAN 23 PY 2004 VL 187 IS 2-3 BP 373 EP 380 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2003.07.002 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 761NM UT WOS:000187914900018 ER PT J AU Lehmkuhl, JF AF Lehmkuhl, JF TI Epiphytic lichen diversity and biomass in low-elevation forests of the eastern Washington Cascade range, USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE epiphytic lichens; litterfall; cascade range; pinus ponderosa; pseudotsuga menziesii; abies grandis ID DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST; NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRRELS; OLD-GROWTH; CONIFER FORESTS; BOREAL FORESTS; FOOD-HABITS; AGE; MACROLICHENS; OREGON; COMMUNITIES AB I used litterfall sampling to estimate the biomass, diversity, and community structure of epiphytic lichens in three dry forest cover types in the eastern Washington Cascade range. Cover types represented a temperature/moisture and stand structural complexity gradient. Lichen litterfall biomass increased with increasing stand complexity and moisture. Lichen litterfall biomass was 3.42 kg/ha in open pine stands, 7.51 kg/ha in young mixed-species stands, 8.55 kg/ha in mature mixed-species stands. Six species accounted for 63% of the total sample biomass: Bryoria capillaris (20.2%), Hypogymnia imshaugii (15.8%), Letharia vulpina (14.5%), B. fremontii (7.2%), Nodobryoria abbreviata (2.8%), and Alectoria sarmentosa (2.6%). Bryoria tortuosa, considered rare in most of its range, was relatively common in young forest. Epiphytic lichen species richness and dominance did not differ among the three forest cover types. Lichen associations differed, however, among cover types. The dominant lichen in open pine stands was L vulpina, followed by Bryoria spp., H. imshaugii, and L columbiana. Vulpicida canadensis and L. columbiana were weak indicator species. Young stands were dominated by H. imshaugii, a strong indicator species of young stands, followed by B. capillaris and L. vulpina. Cetraria platyphylla and C. pallidula also were strong indicator species of young stands. Mature stands were overwhelmingly dominated by Bryoria species, primarily B. capillaris and B. fremontii, both strong indicators of mature stands. A. sarmentosa, H. imshaugii, and L. vulpina were other moderately abundant species. Alectoria imshaugii was also a strong indicator species of mature forest. Impacts on epiphytic lichens of dry forest management options that reduce stand density in fire-suppressed stands might vary. Lichens associated with dry open conditions would presumably benefit. The impact on species associated with old or moist conditions, especially forage lichens, might be lessened by variable-density thinning and other practices that maintain open- and closed-canopy patchiness and large trees. That patchiness might be hard to maintain with a maintenance program of understory burning patterned after natural fire regimes. At landscape scales, however, long-term persistence of forage and other lichens associated with mature moist forest would be enhanced by restoration of stable fire regimes. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Lehmkuhl, JF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1133 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. EM jlehmkuhl@fs.fed.us NR 51 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JAN 23 PY 2004 VL 187 IS 2-3 BP 381 EP 392 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2003.07.003 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 761NM UT WOS:000187914900019 ER PT J AU Cheng, NH Pittman, JK Zhu, JK Hirschi, KD AF Cheng, NH Pittman, JK Zhu, JK Hirschi, KD TI The protein kinase SOS2 activates the Arabidopsis H+/Ca2+ antiporter CAX1 to integrate calcium transport and salt tolerance SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; ION HOMEOSTASIS; CALCINEURIN; STRESS; YEAST; IDENTIFICATION; EXCHANGER; DOMAIN; PLANTS AB The regulation of ions within cells is an indispensable component of growth and adaptation. The plant SOS2 protein kinase and its associated Ca2+ sensor, SOS3, have been demonstrated to modulate the plasma membrane H+/ Na+ antiporter SOS1; however, how these regulators modulate Ca2+ levels within cells is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that SOS2 regulates the vacuolar H+/Ca2+ antiporter CAX1. Using a yeast growth assay, co-expression of SOS2 specifically activated CAX1, whereas SOS3 did not. CAX1-like chimeric transporters were activated by SOS2 if the chimeric proteins contained the N terminus of CAX1. Vacuolar membranes from CAX1-expressing cells were made to be H+/Ca2+-competent by the addition of SOS2 protein in a dose-dependent manner. Using a yeast two-hybrid assay, SOS2 interacted with the N terminus of CAX1. In each of these yeast assays, the activation of CAX1 by SOS2 was SOS3-independent. In planta, the high level of expression of a deregulated version of CAX1 caused salt sensitivity. These findings suggest multiple functions for SOS2 and provide a mechanistic link between Ca2+ and Na+ homeostasis in plants. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Plant Physiol Grp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Human & Mol Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hirschi, KD (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Plant Physiol Grp, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM kendalh@bcm.tmc.edu RI Zhu, Jian-Kang/F-7658-2011; OI Zhu, Jian-Kang/0000-0001-5134-731X; Pittman, Jon/0000-0001-7197-1494 NR 31 TC 119 Z9 135 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD JAN 23 PY 2004 VL 279 IS 4 BP 2922 EP 2926 DI 10.1074/jbc.M309084200 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 764MU UT WOS:000188211300072 PM 14583601 ER PT J AU Zhu, QS Deng, YP Vanka, P Brown, SJ Muthukrishnan, S Kramer, KJ AF Zhu, QS Deng, YP Vanka, P Brown, SJ Muthukrishnan, S Kramer, KJ TI Computational identification of novel chitinase-like proteins in the Drosophila melanogaster genome SO BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Plant and Animal Genome Conference (PAG) CY JAN 10-14, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA ID INSECT CHITINASE; BOMBYX-MORI; FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; MANDUCA-SEXTA; MOLTING FLUID; GENE; SEQUENCE; DOMAINS; CLONING AB Motivation: Multiple chitinases as well as lectins closely related to them have been characterized previously from many insect species and the corresponding genes/cDNAs have been cloned. However, the identification of the entire assortment of genes for chitinase family proteins and their differences in biochemical properties have not been carried out in any individual insect species. The completion of the entire DNA sequence of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) genome and identification of open reading frames presents an opportunity to study the structures and functions of chitinase-like proteins, and also to identify new members of this family in Drosophila. We are, therefore, interested in studying the functional genomics of chitinase-like gene families in insects. Methods: We searched the Drosophila protein sequences database using fully characterized insect chitinase sequences and BLASTP software, identified all the putative chitinase-like proteins encoded in Drosophila genome, and predicted their structures using domain analysis tools. A phylogenetic analysis of the chitinase-like proteins from Drosophila and several other insect species was carried out. The structures of these chitinases were modeled using homology modeling software. Results: Our analysis revealed the presence of 18 chitinase-like proteins in the Drosophila protein database. Among these are seven novel chitinase-like proteins that contain four signature amino acid sequences of chitinases belonging to family 18 glycosylhydrolases, including both acidic and hydrophobic amino acid residues critical for enzyme activity. All the proteins contain at least one catalytic domain with one having four catalytic domains. Phylogenetic analysis of chitinase-like proteins from Drosophila and other insects revealed an evolutionary relationship among all these proteins, which indicated gene duplication and domain shuffling to generate the observed diversity in the encoded proteins. Homology modeling showed that all the Drosophila chitinase-like proteins contain one or more catalytic domains with a (alpha/beta)(8) barrel-like structure. Our results suggest that insects utilize multiple family 18 chitinolytic enzymes and also non-enzymatic chitinase-like proteins for degrading/remodeling/binding to chitin in different insect anatomical extracellular structures, such as the cuticle, peritrophic membrane, trachea and mouth parts during insect development, and possibly for other roles including chitin synthesis. C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Bioinformat Program, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Deng, YP (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Bioinformat Program, Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM ydeng@ksu.edu RI Z., Q./I-4446-2013 FU NCRR NIH HHS [P20 RR16475] NR 38 TC 40 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1367-4803 J9 BIOINFORMATICS JI Bioinformatics PD JAN 22 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 2 BP 161 EP 169 DI 10.1093/bioinformatics/bth020 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 766RQ UT WOS:000188389700005 PM 14734306 ER PT J AU Matukumalli, LK Grefenstette, JJ Sonstegard, TS Van Tassell, CP AF Matukumalli, LK Grefenstette, JJ Sonstegard, TS Van Tassell, CP TI EST-PAGE - managing and analyzing EST data SO BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article ID EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAGS AB Summary: EST-PAGE provides a bioinformatics solution for expressed sequence tags (EST) data entry, database management, GenBank submission, process control and data retrieval from a unified web interface that can be easily customized and adapted by groups working on diverse EST sequencing projects. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bovine Funct Genom Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. George Mason Univ, Manassas, VA 20110 USA. RP Van Tassell, CP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bovine Funct Genom Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM curtvt@anri.barc.usda.gov OI Van Tassell, Curtis/0000-0002-8416-2087 NR 10 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1367-4803 J9 BIOINFORMATICS JI Bioinformatics PD JAN 22 PY 2004 VL 20 IS 2 BP 286 EP 288 DI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg411 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 766RQ UT WOS:000188389700025 PM 14734326 ER PT J AU Finkenstadt, VL Willett, JL AF Finkenstadt, VL Willett, JL TI A direct-current resistance technique for determining moisture content in native starches and starch-based plasticized materials SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE conductance; starch; extrusion; moisture content ID WATER-CONTENT AB This technique allows the accurate determination of the moisture content of native starch and starch-based materials using a direct-current resistance technique that conforms to established protocols. The technique uses currently available technology and can be used to measure the moisture content of homogeneous powders, pellets, or thin sheets. The range of moisture content studied was 1-40% (w/w). A second-order polynomial equation can be easily utilized to determine moisture content from the measured volume resistance. The accuracy of the resistance technique is within acceptable error for a moisture content range of 5-20% depending on starch type. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Finkenstadt, VL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM finkenvl@ncaur.usda.gov NR 3 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD JAN 22 PY 2004 VL 55 IS 2 BP 149 EP 154 DI 10.1016/j.carbpol.2003.08.016 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 768CY UT WOS:000188511700003 ER PT J AU Liu, ZY Moore, PH Ma, H Ackerman, CM Ragiba, M Yu, QY Pearl, HM Kim, MS Charlton, JW Stiles, JI Zee, FT Paterson, AH Ming, R AF Liu, ZY Moore, PH Ma, H Ackerman, CM Ragiba, M Yu, QY Pearl, HM Kim, MS Charlton, JW Stiles, JI Zee, FT Paterson, AH Ming, R TI A primitive Y chromosome in papaya marks incipient sex chromosome evolution SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID GENOME; SEQUENCES; SILENE; GENE AB Many diverse systems for sex determination have evolved in plants and animals(1-3). One involves physically distinct ( heteromorphic) sex chromosomes ( X and Y, or Z and W) that are homozygous in one sex ( usually female) and heterozygous in the other ( usually male). Sex chromosome evolution is thought to involve suppression of recombination around the sex determination genes, rendering permanently heterozygous a chromosomal region that may then accumulate deleterious recessive mutations by Muller's ratchet, and fix deleterious mutations by hitchhiking as nearby favourable mutations are selected on the Y chromosome(4,5). Over time, these processes may cause the Y chromosome to degenerate and to diverge from the X chromosome over much of its length; for example, only 5% of the human Y chromosome still shows X - Y recombination(6). Here we show that papaya contains a primitive Y chromosome, with a male-specific region that accounts for only about 10% of the chromosome but has undergone severe recombination suppression and DNA sequence degeneration. This finding provides direct evidence for the origin of sex chromosomes from autosomes. C1 Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. ARS, USDA, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Mol Biosci & Bioengn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Integrated Coffee Technol Inc, Waialua, HI 96791 USA. Univ Georgia, Plant Genome Mapping Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Ming, R (reprint author), Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. EM rming@harc-hspa.com NR 30 TC 221 Z9 248 U1 2 U2 24 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 22 PY 2004 VL 427 IS 6972 BP 348 EP 352 DI 10.1038/nature02228 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 765KE UT WOS:000188266200040 PM 14737167 ER PT J AU Gopinath, M Pick, D Li, Y AF Gopinath, M Pick, D Li, Y TI An empirical analysis of productivity growth and industrial concentration in US manufacturing SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID MARKET-STRUCTURE; COMPETITION AB This manuscript focuses on the productivity-industrial concentration relationship in the US manufacturing industries, while accounting for external and internal sources of knowledge. It is found that there is a critical level of industrial concentration beyond which its relationship with productivity growth becomes negative. Results suggest that static welfare losses of increasing concentration in manufacturing industries can be offset by welfare gains from productivity growth. C1 ERS, Specialty Crops Branch, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pick, D (reprint author), ERS, Specialty Crops Branch, USDA, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU ROUTLEDGE TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0003-6846 J9 APPL ECON JI Appl. Econ. PD JAN 20 PY 2004 VL 36 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1080/0003684042000177143 PG 7 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 756YZ UT WOS:000187514500001 ER PT J AU Stark, JD Banks, JE Vargas, R AF Stark, JD Banks, JE Vargas, R TI How risky is risk assessment: The role that life history strategies play in susceptibility of species to stress SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ECOLOGICAL RISK; PESTICIDES; TEPHRITIDAE; DECLINES; DIPTERA AB Measurements of toxicity based on individuals, such as the LC50 (concentration that kills 50% of a population), and effects on reproduction are used extensively in determining ecological risk, in particular, for endangered or threatened species. An underlying assumption is that individual-based toxicity metrics for one species can be directly compared with that for another species. However, this assumption overlooks the fact that different species have different life-history strategies and variables, such as lifespan, time to first reproduction, and number of offspring produced over a lifetime. Using a simple model and laboratory-derived parameter values, we tested the impact of differences in life-history traits on predicted responses to stress. The model predicts the delay in population growth. We compared seven invertebrate species by imposing 50% chronic mortality, 50% reduction of offspring, and both of these effects. The mode predicted substantial differences in population delay among a : of the species. Furthermore, the intrinsic rate of increase of each population was negatively correlated with the delay in population growth; species with high intrinsic rates of increase were less susceptible to equal levels of stress than species with lower intrinsic rates of increase. These results suggest that the susceptibility of species to pollutants is more complicated than previously thought and that differences in life-history variables must be considered in analyses of population persistence for threatened and endangered species. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ecotoxicol Program, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. Univ Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. USDA ARS, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Stark, JD (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ecotoxicol Program, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. EM stark@puyallup.wsu.edu RI Banks, John/D-4194-2012 NR 28 TC 101 Z9 111 U1 5 U2 34 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JAN 20 PY 2004 VL 101 IS 3 BP 732 EP 736 DI 10.1073/pnas.0304903101 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 768VH UT WOS:000188555400009 PM 14718673 ER PT J AU Powell, M Schlosser, W Ebel, E AF Powell, M Schlosser, W Ebel, E TI Considering the complexity of microbial community dynamics in food safety risk assessment SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pathogen; microbial community dynamics; food safety risk assessment ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; GROWTH; COMPETITION; MODELS; FLORA AB The potential for competitive inhibition to limit the growth of microbial pathogens in food raises questions about the external validity of typical predictive microbiology studies and suggests the need to consider microbial community dynamics in food safety risk assessment. Ecological theory indicates, however, that community dynamics are highly complex and may be very sensitive to initial conditions and random variation. Seemingly incongruous empirical results for Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef are shown to be consistent with a simple theoretical model of interspecific competition. A potential means of incorporating community-level microbial dynamics into the food safety risk assessment process is explored. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 USDA, Off Risk Assessment & Cost Benefit Analysis, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, College Stn, TX USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Powell, M (reprint author), USDA, Off Risk Assessment & Cost Benefit Analysis, 1400 Independence Ave,SW,5248 S Ag Bldg, Washington, DC 20250 USA. EM mpowell@oce.usda.gov NR 23 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD JAN 15 PY 2004 VL 90 IS 2 BP 171 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00106-5 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 765QV UT WOS:000188295700004 PM 14698098 ER PT J AU Sessa, DJ AF Sessa, DJ TI Processing of soybean hulls to enhance the distribution and extraction of value-added proteins SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE soybean hulls; milling; air classification-; aqueous extraction-; Bowman-Birk-type inhibitor; peroxidase ID GLYCINE-MAX; SEED COATS; PEROXIDASE; INHIBITOR; PECTIN; PURIFICATION; XYLANASE; DOUGH AB Soybean hulls contain peroxidase (SBP) and Bowman-Birk type protease inhibitor (BBI). SBP is used in the European bread-baking industry, and BBI isolated from dehulled, defatted soy flour possesses cancer-preventive and anticarcinogenic properties. Because hulls possess a low percentage of nitrogen, with fibre and other carbohydrates being the major components, our objective was to determine whether air classification of milled hulls could be used to fractionate and enrich these value-added proteins. Hulls were pin milled three times at 18 000 rpm, followed by air classification to yield fractions with particle size distributions ranging from < 15 to > 30 mum. The finely ground fractions with particle sizes ranging from < 15 to 18 mum were enriched with nitrogen and lipid when compared with the more coarsely ground fractions. Yields of extractable nitrogenous components from aqueous extracts were quantified at a variety of pHs, homogenisation speeds and times. BBI and SBP were confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with known standards. Based on assays for SBP and BBI activities, BBI, though concentrated in the finer fractions, also appeared in the highest-mass, coarsest fraction, whereas SBP resided mainly in the coarsest fraction. Dry milling and air classification of soybean hulls proved beneficial to distribute SBP into a product stream that facilitates its isolation and purification. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Sessa, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM sessadj@ncaur.usda.gov NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD JAN 15 PY 2004 VL 84 IS 1 BP 75 EP 82 DI 10.1002/jsfa.1612 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 760MY UT WOS:000187839000009 ER PT J AU Sobolev, VS Cole, RJ AF Sobolev, VS Cole, RJ TI Note on utilisation of peanut seed testa SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE peanuts; Arachis hypogaea; peanut testa; peanut oil; lignoceric acid; behenic acid; antioxidants ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; MATURITY; VARIETY AB Peanut testae (skins, seed coats) are an extremely low value by-product of peanut-blanching operations. Their commercial value is $12-20 per ton and their limited use is only as a minor component of cattle feed. Based on world in-shell peanut production of 29.1 million tons in 199912000 and an average skin content of 2.6%, world production of peanut skins can be estimated at over 750000 tons annually. Research performed to find new uses for peanut skins demonstrated that up to 35% of the oil in the skins can be recovered. In some cases the oil can be a new potential source of behenic and lignoceric acids, which are used in body-building formulations and as ingredients in shampoos. After removal of the oil the skins were useful for making brandy, liqueur and tea. Peanut skin oil extraction followed by tannin extraction also produces a protein-enriched product that could find application in mixed feeds for cattle consumption at higher concentrations relative to existing practice. A simple technique was also offered to use the skins in finishing decorative panels. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. RP Sobolev, VS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, 1011 Forrester Dr SE, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. EM vsobolev@nprl.usda.gov NR 9 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 5 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD JAN 15 PY 2004 VL 84 IS 1 BP 105 EP 111 DI 10.1002/jsfa.1593 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 760MY UT WOS:000187839000013 ER PT J AU Lopez, H Wu, Z Satter, LD Wiltbank, MC AF Lopez, H Wu, Z Satter, LD Wiltbank, MC TI Effect of dietary phosphorus concentration on estrous behavior of lactating dairy cows SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dairy cow; estrus; phosphorus requirement ID MILK-PRODUCTION; REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; HOLSTEIN COWS; CATTLE; ESTRUS; EXCRETION; MANAGEMENT; OVULATION; ALFALFA; ENERGY AB The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary phosphorus (P) concentrations of 0.38 (adequate) or 0.48% (excess) of the total mixed ration (TMR) (dry matter basis) on estrous behavior of lactating cows as measured by a radiotelemetric system (HeatWatch; De Forest, W1, USA). At calving, 42 Holstein cows (n = 21 per treatment) were randomly assigned to one of two dietary P treatments. Cows were milked twice daily and milk weights were recorded. Cows were housed in a free-stall barn and were fitted with a radiotelemetric transmitter 40 days postpartum to record estrous mounting activity. The total number of estruses recorded for the 42 cows were 72 (37 and 35 for cows in the adequate and excess P groups, respectively). The mean duration of estrous cycles was 22 +/- 0.6 days and 21 +/- 0.4 days for cows fed the adequate and excess P diets, respectively (P = 0.14). The mean duration of estrus was 8.9 +/- 1.1 h and 8.6 +/- 1.2 h (P = 0.86), the average number of mounts during estrus was 7.0 +/- 1.2 and 8.2 +/- 1.7 (P = 0.57), and the total mounting time was 27.1 +/- 4.3 s and 30.8 +/- 6.5 s (P = 0.64) for cows fed the adequate and excess P diets, respectively. Phosphorus treatment had no significant effect on intensity or duration of estrus. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Wiltbank, MC (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Wiltbank, Milo/B-1506-2010 NR 50 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JAN 15 PY 2004 VL 61 IS 2-3 BP 437 EP 445 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(03)00245-0 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 759AV UT WOS:000187716100021 PM 14662142 ER PT J AU Turner, C Whitehand, LC Nguyen, T McKeon, T AF Turner, C Whitehand, LC Nguyen, T McKeon, T TI Optimization of a supercritical fluid extraction/reaction methodology for the analysis of castor oil using experimental design SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Candida antarctica; castor; experimental design; hydroxy fatty acid; lipase; Ricinus communis L.; SFE ID LIPASE-CATALYZED ESTERIFICATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; IMMOBILIZED LIPASE; FATTY-ACID; ENZYMATIC-REACTION; CO2; INTERESTERIFICATION; OILSEEDS; MOISTURE; SEEDS AB The aim of this work was to optimize a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)/enzymatic reaction process for the determination of the fatty acid composition of castor seeds. A lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435) was used to catalyze the methanolysis reaction in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). A Box-Behnken statistical design was used to evaluate effects of various values of pressure (200-400 bar), temperature (40-80degreesC), methanol concentration (1-5 vol %), and water concentration (0.02-0.18 vol %) on the yield of methylated castor oil. Response surfaces were plotted, and these together with results from some additional experiments produced optimal extraction/reaction conditions for SC-CO2 at 300 bar and 80degreesC, with 7 vol % methanol and 0.02 vol % water. These conditions were used for the determination of the castor oil content expressed as fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in castor seeds. The results obtained were similar to those obtained using conventional methodology based on solvent extraction followed by chemical transmethylation. It was concluded that the methodology developed could be used for the determination of castor oil content as well as composition of individual FAMEs in castor seeds. C1 USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP McKeon, T (reprint author), USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM tmckeon@pw.usda.gov RI Turner, Charlotta/I-6045-2013 OI Turner, Charlotta/0000-0001-9466-1149 NR 30 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN 14 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1 BP 26 EP 32 DI 10.1021/jf0347665 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 761XZ UT WOS:000187941900006 PM 14709009 ER PT J AU Anderson, RA Broadhurst, CL Polansky, MM Schmidt, WF Khan, A Flanagan, VP Schoene, NW Graves, DJ AF Anderson, RA Broadhurst, CL Polansky, MM Schmidt, WF Khan, A Flanagan, VP Schoene, NW Graves, DJ TI Isolation and characterization of polyphenol type-A polymers from cinnamon with insulin-like biological activity SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE glucose; insulin; diabetes; cinnamon; polyphenols; spice ID ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY; DIABETIC-PATIENTS; CHROMIUM; FOODS; PROCYANIDINS; EXTRACT; LIPIDS; PLANT AB The causes and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus are not clear, but there is strong evidence that dietary factors are involved in its regulation and prevention. We have shown that extracts from cinnamon enhance the activity of insulin. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize insulin-enhancing complexes from cinnamon that may be involved in the alleviation or possible prevention and control of glucose intolerance and diabetes. Water-soluble polyphenol polymers from cinnamon that increase insulin-dependent in vitro glucose metabolism roughly 20-fold and display antioxidant activity were isolated and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. The polymers were composed of monomeric units with a molecular mass of 288. Two trimers with a molecular mass of 864 and a tetramer with a mass of 1152 were isolated. Their protonated molecular masses indicated that they are A type doubly linked procyanidin oligomers of the catechins and/or epicatechins. These polyphenolic polymers found in cinnamon may function as antioxidants, potentiate insulin action, and may be beneficial in the control of glucose intolerance and diabetes. C1 USDA, ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, ARS, Nucl Magnet Resonance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Bldg 307C,Rm 223, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM anderson@307.bhnrc.usda.gov NR 28 TC 222 Z9 231 U1 5 U2 43 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN 14 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1 BP 65 EP 70 DI 10.1021/jf034916b PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 761XZ UT WOS:000187941900011 PM 14709014 ER PT J AU Morrica, P Trabue, S Anderson, JJ Lawler, S Seccia, S Fidente, P Swain, RS Mattson, SL AF Morrica, P Trabue, S Anderson, JJ Lawler, S Seccia, S Fidente, P Swain, RS Mattson, SL TI Kinetics and mechanism of cymoxanil degradation in buffer solutions SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cymoxanil; hydrolysis; half-life; pH; temperature; kinetics ID PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS; C-14 CYMOXANIL; POPULATIONS; SENSITIVITY; METABOLISM; HYDROLYSIS AB The kinetics and mechanism(s) of the hydrolytic degradation of a compound are needed to evaluate a compound's abiotic degradation in the environment. In this paper, the hydrolysis of cymoxanil [2-cyano-N-[(ethylamino)carbonyl]-2-(methoxyimino) acetamide] was investigated in dark sterile aqueous solutions under a variety of pH conditions (pH 2.8-9.2) and temperatures (15-50 degreesC). Hydrolysis of cymoxanil was described by first-order kinetics, which was dependent on pH and temperature. Cymoxanil degraded rapidly at pH 9 (half-life = 31 min) and relatively slowly at pH 2.8 (half-life = 722 days). The effect of temperature on the rate of cymoxanil degradation was characterized using the Arrhenius equation with an estimated energy of activation of 117.1 kJ mol(-1). An increase in temperature of 10 degreesC resulted in a decrease in half-life by a factor of similar to5. Three competing degradation pathways are proposed for the hydrolysis of cymoxanil, with two of the pathways accounting for similar to90% of cymoxanil degradation. These two pathways involved either initial cyclization to 1-ethyldihydro-6-imino-2,3,5(3H)-pyrimidinetrione-5-(O-methyloxime) (1, Figure 1) or direct cleavage of the C-1 amide bond to form cyano(methoxyimino) acetic acid (7). The third pathway of degradation involved initial cyclization to 3-ethyl-4-(methoxyimino)-2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinecarbonitrile (8), which rapidly degrades into 1-ethyl-5-(methoxyimino)-2,4-imidazoline-2,4-dione (9). All three pathways eventually lead to the formation of the polar metabolite oxalic acid. C1 Dupont Crop Protect, Stine Haskell Res Ctr, Global Technol Div, Newark, DE 19714 USA. Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Chim Farmaceut & Tossicol, Naples, Italy. RP Trabue, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Swine Res & Informat Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM trabue@nsric.ars.usda.gov OI Trabue, Steven/0000-0002-4584-5790 NR 16 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN 14 PY 2004 VL 52 IS 1 BP 99 EP 104 DI 10.1021/jf034757w PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 761XZ UT WOS:000187941900017 PM 14709020 ER PT J AU Robinson, PH Grattan, SR Getachew, G Grieve, CM Poss, JA Suarez, DL Benes, SE AF Robinson, PH Grattan, SR Getachew, G Grieve, CM Poss, JA Suarez, DL Benes, SE TI Biomass accumulation and potential nutritive value of some forages irrigated with saline-sodic drainage water SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE drainage; salinity; forage; sodicity; gas production ID ALFALFA; DIGESTIBILITY; DIGESTION; YIELD; HAY AB A controlled study using a sand-tank system was conducted to evaluate 10 forage species (bermudagrass, 'Salado' and 'SW 9720' alfalfa, 'Duncan' and 'Polo' Paspalum, 'big' and 'narrow leaf' trefoil, kikuyugrass, Jose tall wheatgrass, and alkali sacaton). Forages were irrigated with sodium-sulfate dominated synthetic drainage waters with an electrical conductivity of either 15 or 25 dS/m. Forage yield was significantly reduced by the higher (25 dS/m) salinity level of irrigation water compared to the lower (15 dS/m) level. There was wide variation in the sensitivity of forage species to levels of salinity in irrigation water as reflected by biomass accumulation. With the exception of bermudagrass, which increased accumulation at the higher level of salinity, and big trefoil, which failed to establish at the higher level of salinity, ranking of forages according to the percent reduction in biomass accumulation due to the higher level of salinity of irrigation water was: Salado alfalfa (54%) = SW 9720 alfalfa (52%) > Duncan Paspalum (41%) > narrow leaf trefoil (30%) > alkali sacaton (24%) > Polo Paspalum (16%) > Jose tall wheatgrass (11%) = kikuyugrass (11%). Bermudagrass and Duncan Paspalum were judged to be the best species in terms of forage yield and nutritive quality. Kikuyugrass, which had the third highest biomass accumulation, was judged to be unacceptable due to its poor nutritional quality. Although narrow leaf trefoil had a relatively high nutritional quality, its biomass accumulation potential was judged to be unacceptably low. Alfalfa cultivar's biomass accumulations were the most sensitive to the higher level of salinity, among forages that survived at the higher salinity level, although actual accumulations at the higher salinity were high relative to other forages. Increased salinity influenced several forage quality parameters, including organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and in vitro gas production, generally leading to higher nutritional quality at the higher salinity level, although their significance varied amongst species and cuttings. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept LAWR, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Calif State Univ Fresno, Dept Plant Sci, Fresno, CA 93740 USA. RP Getachew, G (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM ggetachew@ucdavis.edu NR 19 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD JAN 12 PY 2004 VL 111 IS 1-4 BP 175 EP 189 DI 10.1016/S0377-8401(03)00213-X PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 761ZP UT WOS:000187945600012 ER PT J AU Arellano, AF Kasibhatla, PS Giglio, L van der Werf, GR Randerson, JT AF Arellano, AF Kasibhatla, PS Giglio, L van der Werf, GR Randerson, JT TI Top-down estimates of global CO sources using MOPITT measurements SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CARBON-MONOXIDE; TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; EMISSIONS; ASIA; MODEL AB We present a synthesis inversion of CO emissions from various geographical regions and for various source categories for the year 2000 using CO retrievals from the MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) instrument. We find a large discrepancy between our top-down estimates and recent bottom-up estimates of CO emissions from fossil fuel/biofuel (FFBF) use in Asia. A key conclusion of this study is that CO emissions in East Asia (EAS) are about a factor of 1.8-2 higher than recent bottom-up estimates. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. NASA, GSFC, SSAI, Greenbelt, MD USA. USDA, FAS, NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Arellano, AF (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708 USA. EM afa3@duke.edu RI Arellano, Avelino, Jr./F-5674-2010; Kasibhatla, Prasad/A-2574-2010; van der Werf, Guido/M-8260-2016 OI van der Werf, Guido/0000-0001-9042-8630 NR 17 TC 109 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 8 PY 2004 VL 31 IS 1 AR L01104 DI 10.1029/2003GL018609 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 765MB UT WOS:000188286400002 ER PT J AU Silverstein, JT Rexroad, CE King, TL AF Silverstein, JT Rexroad, CE King, TL TI Genetic variation measured by microsatellites among three strains of domesticated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE microsatellite marker variation; population differentiation; selective breeding; rainbow trout; Oncorhynchus mykiss ID POPULATIONS AB Genetic variation fuels selective change in natural and captive populations. In establishing a broodstock for selective improvement, the level of genetic diversity is an important consideration because it provides an indication of the scope for selective progress. Three domesticated strains of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were examined at nine polymorphic microsatellite loci to assess detectable levels of allelic diversity and heterozygosity within and differentiation among the strains. A total of 126 alleles were observed to segregate into unique multilocus genotypes for each of the 152 individuals assayed. There was an average heterozygosity of 71.5% at these nine loci, and an average of 14 alleles at a locus. Each locus was represented by alleles unique to at least two of the three strains. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations of genotype frequencies were detected in each strain. Subsequent analysis indicated sub-structuring within strains leading to Wahlund effects that caused these deviations. Significant differences in genotype frequencies and pairwise F-ST values demonstrated that all strains were unique. The overall F-ST of 0.089 provides additional evidence of unique genetic diversity present in each strain, and agrees well with the degree of genetic variation found in rainbow trout across broad geographical ranges. The genetic diversity contributed by each population suggests that there is greater scope for selective improvement of numerous traits within a synthetic strain combining these three strains than within any individual strain. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Cool & Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. US Geol Serv, Leetown Sci Ctr, Biol Resource Div, Kearneysville, WV USA. RP Silverstein, JT (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Cool & Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA, 11876 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 27 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD JAN 3 PY 2004 VL 35 IS 1 BP 40 EP 48 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.00979.x PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 754QW UT WOS:000187342900006 ER PT J AU van der Werf, GR Randerson, JT Collatz, GJ Giglio, L Kasibhatla, PS Arellano, AF Olsen, SC Kasischke, ES AF van der Werf, GR Randerson, JT Collatz, GJ Giglio, L Kasibhatla, PS Arellano, AF Olsen, SC Kasischke, ES TI Continental-scale partitioning of fire emissions during the 1997 to 2001 El Nino/La Nina period SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CARBON-CYCLE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; FOREST-FIRES; GROWTH-RATE; MODEL; CO; DELTA-C-13; DIOXIDE; METHANE; ENSO AB During the 1997 to 1998 El Nino, drought conditions triggered widespread increases in. re activity, releasing CH(4) and CO(2) to the atmosphere. We evaluated the contribution of. res from different continents to variability in these greenhouse gases from 1997 to 2001, using satellite-based estimates of. re activity, biogeochemical modeling, and an inverse analysis of atmospheric CO anomalies. During the 1997 to 1998 El Nino, the. re emissions anomaly was 2.1 +/- 0.8 petagrams of carbon, or 66 +/- 24% of the CO(2) growth rate anomaly. The main contributors were Southeast Asia (60%), Central and South America (30%), and boreal regions of Eurasia and North America (10%). C1 Foreign Agr Serv, USDA, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CALTECH, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci & Syst Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP van der Werf, GR (reprint author), Foreign Agr Serv, USDA, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 923,Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM guido@ltpmailx.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Arellano, Avelino, Jr./F-5674-2010; Kasibhatla, Prasad/A-2574-2010; collatz, george/D-5381-2012; van der Werf, Guido/M-8260-2016; OI van der Werf, Guido/0000-0001-9042-8630; Kasibhatla, Prasad/0000-0003-3562-3737 NR 30 TC 335 Z9 351 U1 6 U2 59 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 2 PY 2004 VL 303 IS 5654 BP 73 EP 76 DI 10.1126/science.1090753 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 758YU UT WOS:000187710600035 PM 14704424 ER PT J AU Linderman, RG Davis, EA AF Linderman, RG Davis, EA TI Varied response of marigold (Tagetes spp.) genotypes to inoculation with different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi SO SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Article DE endomycorrhiza; ornamentals; cultivars; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae; symbiosis; growth enhancement; biomass partitioning ID MODERN WHEAT CULTIVARS; NUTRIENT-UPTAKE; GRAPEVINE ROOTSTOCKS; GLOMUS-INTRARADICES; SOYBEAN CULTIVARS; SATIVA L; COLONIZATION; PHOSPHORUS; GROWTH; SOIL AB Different genotypes of marigolds, representing different vegetative and flowering habits, were evaluated for colonization and responsiveness to inoculation by different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi under low soil P conditions. Cultivars included were Tagetes erecta 'Jubilee', 'Perfection', 'Antigua', 'Inca', and 'Discovery' as tall and compact forms of the African-type; Tagetes patula 'Aurora', 'Disco', 'Nema-gone', and 'Lemon Drop' as French-types with single or double flowers; and Tagetes tenuifolia 'Ursula' as a fine-leaf Mexican-type. Considerable variation occurred in shoot and root biomass response depending on the cultivar and AM fungus used. Most cultivars responded minimally, but positively to inoculation with AM fungi (1-22% increase in total plant biomass compared to the non-AM controls); however, some responded in reduced growth (1-12% decrease compared to the non-AM controls). Cultivars varied in their pattern of partitioning biomass into roots or shoots, with some partitioning more into roots than others with similar shoot biomass. Flower number or plant height did not vary between AM and non-AM plants. Stem diameter, measured only on 'Jubilee' and "Nema-gone", was increased only on 'Jubilee', compared to the non-A-M controls. There was also great variation in the extent of AM colonization, ranging from under 10% in 'Ursula', 'Antigua', 'Inca', and Perfection', to over 70% in 'Jubilee' and 'Aurora', by Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, and Glomus deserticola; and notably, Gigaspora albida did not colonize any marigold cultivar. Intraradical colonization intensity ratings (arbuscules, vesicles, and internal hyphae) varied significantly among cultivars and AM fungal inoculants, as did extraradical hyphal development. These results document the potential variation in responsiveness that can occur depending on host genotype and AM fungal endophyte combination, and indicates the need for caution in predictingbenefit from inoculating with mycorrhizal fungi under any set of conditions when different genotypes are grown. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Linderman, RG (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. EM lindermr@science.oregonstate.edu NR 52 TC 44 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4238 J9 SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM JI Sci. Hortic. PD JAN 2 PY 2004 VL 99 IS 1 BP 67 EP 78 DI 10.1016/S0304-4238(03)0081-5 PG 12 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 763DG UT WOS:000188058200007 ER PT B AU Brewer, CK Barber, JA Willhauck, G Benz, UC AF Brewer, CK Barber, JA Willhauck, G Benz, UC GP ieee TI Multi-source and multi-classifier system for regional landcover mapping SO 2003 IEEE WORKSHOP ON ADVANCES IN TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYSIS OF REMOTELY SENSED DATA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Workshop on Advances in Techniques for Analysis of Remotely Sensed Data held in Honor of David A Landgrebe CY OCT 27-28, 2003 CL NASA Goddard Space Flight Visitor Ctr, Greenbelt, MD SP IEEE HO NASA Goddard Space Flight Visitor Ctr ID LANDSAT TM IMAGERY; FOREST MANAGEMENT; VEGETATION; COVER; SEGMENTATION; INTEGRATION; MODELS; GIS AB Forest managers need consistent and continuous data on existing vegetation and landcover to address most land management issues and concerns. The current operational approach used by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Region to produce such data using a multi-source and mufti-classifier system is described. The methodological components of this system include: a) ecogeographic stratification, b) production of image objects through image segmentation, c) incorporation of multi-temporal image data and change detection, d) extensive use of ecological modeling and other ancillary data, e) generation of reference data integrating field sampled inventory data through a structured aerial photo interpretation process, and f) utilization of multiple classifiers for different levels of the classification hierarchy. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Brewer, CK (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, POB 7669, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 57 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8350-8 PY 2004 BP 143 EP 149 PG 7 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BAG84 UT WOS:000222142800021 ER PT J AU Nachman, RJ Coast, GM Kaczmarek, K Williams, HJ Zabrocki, J AF Nachman, RJ Coast, GM Kaczmarek, K Williams, HJ Zabrocki, J TI Stereochemistry of insect kinin tetrazole analogues and their diuretic activity in crickets SO ACTA BIOCHIMICA POLONICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th Polish Peptide Symposium CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 2003 CL Lodz, POLAND DE tetrazole; cis-peptide bond; beta-turn mimetic; constrained insect kinin analogue; diuresis ID CONFORMATIONAL MIMICRY; NEUROPEPTIDE FAMILY; BOND AB Insect kinin analogues of the sequence Phe-Phe-psi[CN(4)]-Ala-Trp-Gly-NH(2) containing (L-Phe(2), L-Ala(3)) and (L-Phe(2), D-Ala(3)) stereochemical variants of the tetrazole moiety, a mimic of the type VI beta-turn, demonstrate significant agonist and partial antagonist activity, respectively, in a cricket diuretic bioassay. A comparison of the solution conformations of these two stereochemical variants indicates a structural basis for their divergent bioactivities. The (D-Phe(2), D-Ala(3)) stereochemical variant was synthesized and found to demonstrate significant agonist activity. The results further define stereochemical requirements for the diuretic activity of insect kinins in crickets and provide valuable information for the design of biostable analogues capable of disrupting digestive and diuretic processes in pest insects. C1 USDA, ARS, Areawide Pest Management Unit, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Sch Biol & Chem Sci, London WC1E 7HX, England. Tech Univ Lodz, Inst Organ Chem, PL-90924 Lodz, Poland. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX USA. RP Nachman, RJ (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Areawide Pest Management Unit, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM nachman@tamu.edu RI Kaczmarek, Krzysztof/H-5741-2012 NR 12 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACTA BIOCHIMICA POLONICA PI WARSAW PA PASTEURA 3, 02-093 WARSAW, POLAND SN 0001-527X J9 ACTA BIOCHIM POL JI Acta Biochim. Pol. PY 2004 VL 51 IS 1 BP 121 EP 127 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 809BL UT WOS:000220612100012 PM 15094832 ER PT J AU Mavrodi, DV Bleimling, N Thomashow, LS Blankenfeldt, W AF Mavrodi, DV Bleimling, N Thomashow, LS Blankenfeldt, W TI The purification, crystallization and preliminary structural characterization of PhzF, a key enzyme in the phenazine-biosyntheis pathway from Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID PHENAZINE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; MECHANISM; CRYSTALS; PROTEINS; SYMMETRY; LOCUS; GENES AB Phenazines produced by members of several bacterial genera are biologically active metabolites that function in microbial competitiveness, the suppression of soil-borne plant diseases and virulence in infectious disease. Despite recent progress towards understanding the biochemistry of phenazine synthesis, the key reactions leading to the formation of the heterocyclic scaffold common to all phenazine compounds remain obscure. Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 contains seven phenazine (phz) genes that encode components of the pathway for biosynthesis of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid. A central step in this pathway involves the condensation of two identical precursor molecules derived from chorismic acid and is catalysed by the product of the phzF gene. In this study, recombinant PhzF was purified and crystallized from PEG 4000/ammonium sulfate/sodium citrate pH 5.6. The crystals belong to space group P3(1)21 or P3(2)21, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 56.3, c = 156.4 Angstrom. They contain one monomer in the asymmetric unit and diffract to better than 1.7 Angstrom on synchrotron beamlines. Crystals of seleno-L-methionine-labelled PhzF have been obtained and SAD data are reported. C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. ARS, USDA, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Blankenfeldt, W (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Otto Hahn Str 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany. RI Mavrodi, Dmitri/J-2745-2013; Blankenfeldt, Wulf/F-8877-2010 OI Blankenfeldt, Wulf/0000-0001-9886-9668 NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 60 BP 184 EP 186 DI 10.1107/S090744490302571X PN 1 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 755JF UT WOS:000187399200040 PM 14684924 ER PT J AU Frebort, I Galuszka, P Frebortova, J Popelkova, H Drabek, J Bilyeu, KD AF Frebort, I Galuszka, P. Frebortova, J. Popelkova, H. Drabek, J. Bilyeu, K. D. TI POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF PLANT PHENOLICS IN CATALYTIC REACTION OF CYTOKININ DEHYDROGENASE SO ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Frebort, I; Galuszka, P.; Popelkova, H.; Drabek, J.] Palacky Univ, Dept Biochem, Div Mol Biol, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic. [Frebortova, J.] Palacky Univ, Inst Expt Bot ASCR, Lab Growth Regulators, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic. [Bilyeu, K. D.] Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Frebortova, Jitka/H-2435-2014; Drabek, Jiri/A-6135-2008 OI Drabek, Jiri/0000-0002-5747-6478 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0137-5881 J9 ACTA PHYSIOL PLANT JI Acta Physiol. Plant. PY 2004 VL 26 IS 3 BP 38 EP 38 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V80CW UT WOS:000205415400099 ER PT J AU Krol, M Ivanov, AG Rosso, D Mattoo, AK Booij-James, IS Huner, NPA AF Krol, M. Ivanov, A. G. Rosso, D. Mattoo, A. K. Booij-James, I. S. Huner, N. P. A. TI PHOTODAMAGE AND PHOTOPROTECTION OF PS II REACTION CENTRES IN THE F2 BARLEY MUTANT SO ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Krol, M.; Ivanov, A. G.; Rosso, D.; Huner, N. P. A.] Univ Western Ontario, Dept Biol, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada. [Krol, M.; Ivanov, A. G.; Rosso, D.; Mattoo, A. K.; Booij-James, I. S.; Huner, N. P. A.] USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Mattoo, Autar/G-9863-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0137-5881 J9 ACTA PHYSIOL PLANT JI Acta Physiol. Plant. PY 2004 VL 26 IS 3 BP 97 EP 97 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V80CW UT WOS:000205415400252 ER PT J AU Boerjan, W Morreel, K Rohde, A Christensen, P Kim, H Lu, F Goeminne, G Van Doorsselaere, J Ralph, S Goeman, J Van der Eycken, J Herdewijn, P Busson, R Storme, V Andersson, S Sundberg, B Ralph, J Messens, E AF Boerjan, W. Morreel, K. Rohde, A. Christensen, P. Kim, H. Lu, F. Goeminne, G. Van Doorsselaere, J. Ralph, S. Goeman, J. Van der Eycken, J. Herdewijn, P. Busson, R. Storme, V Andersson, S. Sundberg, B. Ralph, J. Messens, E. TI PHENOLIC AND TRANSCRIPT PROFILING OF LIGNIN TRANSGENICS SO ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Boerjan, W.; Morreel, K.; Rohde, A.; Christensen, P.; Goeminne, G.; Van Doorsselaere, J.; Storme, V; Messens, E.] Univ Ghent VIB, Dept Plant Syst Biol, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium. [Kim, H.; Lu, F.; Ralph, J.] Univ Wisconsin, USDA, Agr Res Ctr, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Kim, H.; Lu, F.; Ralph, J.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. [Andersson, S.; Sundberg, B.] UPSC, Dept Forest Genet & Plant Physiol, Umea, Sweden. [Ralph, S.] USDA, Forest Serv, US Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. [Goeman, J.; Van der Eycken, J.] Univ Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. [Herdewijn, P.; Busson, R.] Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Med Scheikunde, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. RI Van der Eycken, Johan/G-5431-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0137-5881 J9 ACTA PHYSIOL PLANT JI Acta Physiol. Plant. PY 2004 VL 26 IS 3 BP 294 EP 294 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V80CW UT WOS:000205415400756 ER PT S AU den Biggelaar, C Lal, R Wiebe, K Breneman, V AF den Biggelaar, C Lal, R Wiebe, K Breneman, V BE Sparks, DL TI The global impact of soil erosion on productivity SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 81 SE Advances in Agronomy LA English DT Review ID BROWN CHERNOZEMIC SOIL; MAIZE ZEA-MAYS; CORN YIELD; TOPSOIL REMOVAL; CROP PRODUCTIVITY; RESTORING PRODUCTIVITY; WHEAT YIELDS; SIMULATED EROSION; DRYLAND CONDITIONS; PIEDMONT SOILS C1 Appalachian State Univ, Dept Interdisciplinary Studies, Boone, NC 28608 USA. Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP den Biggelaar, C (reprint author), Appalachian State Univ, Dept Interdisciplinary Studies, Boone, NC 28608 USA. RI Lal, Rattan/D-2505-2013; OI Wiebe, Keith/0000-0001-6035-620X NR 212 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 BN 0-12-000799-1 J9 ADV AGRON JI Adv. Agron. PY 2004 VL 81 BP 1 EP 48 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(03)81001-5 PG 48 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BY94M UT WOS:000189501300001 ER PT J AU den Biggelaar, C Lal, R Wiebe, K Eswaran, H Breneman, V Reich, P AF den Biggelaar, C Lal, R Wiebe, K Eswaran, H Breneman, V Reich, P TI The global impact of soil erosion on productivity SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 81 SE ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY LA English DT Review ID POPULATION; MACHAKOS C1 Appalachian State Univ, Dept Interdisciplinary Studies, Boone, NC 28608 USA. Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20036 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Soil Survey Div, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP den Biggelaar, C (reprint author), Appalachian State Univ, Dept Interdisciplinary Studies, Boone, NC 28608 USA. RI Lal, Rattan/D-2505-2013 NR 57 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 J9 ADV AGRON PY 2004 VL 81 BP 49 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(03)81002-7 PG 47 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BY94M UT WOS:000189501300002 ER PT J AU Ibekwe, AM AF Ibekwe, AM TI Effects of fumigants on non-target organisms in soils SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 83 SE ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY LA English DT Review ID MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; LEVEL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROFILES; GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; SUBSTRATE-INDUCED RESPIRATION; PESTICIDE-TREATED SOILS; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; RICE PADDY SOILS; METHYL-BROMIDE; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; ENZYME-ACTIVITIES AB Soil fumigants are extensively used to control plant-parasitic nematodes, weeds, fungi, and insects for planting of high value cash crops. The ideal pesticide should be toxic only to the target organisms; however, fumigants are a class of pesticide with broad biocidal activity and affect many nontarget soil organisms. Soil microorganisms play one of the most critical roles in sustaining the health of natural and agricultural soil systems. The ability of soil microorganisms to recover after treatment with pesticide is critical for the development of healthy soils. In the southwestern United States, fumigation is used to control pathogens such as Verticillium dahliae, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, or Cylindroanpon spp. In addition to pathogen control, fumigation can also result in enhanced growth response of the plant by reducing weed pressure. The continued use of fumigants in agriculture will require more investigations of the different types of fumigants, soils, environmental conditions, and biological/microbial communities to establish both the effectiveness on target organisms and safety to the general public. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. C1 USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Ibekwe, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 124 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 J9 ADV AGRON PY 2004 VL 83 BP 1 EP 35 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(04)83001-3 PG 35 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BAU69 UT WOS:000223638100001 ER PT J AU Burton, JW Miller, JF Vick, BA Scarth, R Holbrook, CC AF Burton, JW Miller, JF Vick, BA Scarth, R Holbrook, CC TI Altering fatty acid composition in oil seed crops SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 84 SE ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY LA English DT Review ID HIGH OLEIC-ACID; ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA L.; 2 SOYBEAN MUTANTS; HIGH OLEATE TRAIT; REDUCED LINOLENIC ACID; PALMITIC ACID; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; SUMMER RAPE; ERUCIC-ACID; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS AB World consumption of vegetable oils increased steadily in the last decade, from 62.6 million metric tons (MMT) in 1993 to 87.8 MMT in 2000 (Goblitz, 2002). This demand has been primarily due to increased use of edible oils in food preparation. Yet, vegetable oils are being used in many industrial products including fuels. Part of this has resulted from alteration of the fatty acid composition of vegetables oils making them more versatile in their uses. The four major oilseed crops are soybean (Glycine maxL. Merr.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), rapeseed (Brassica), and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The seed oil of these has been genetically altered through standard plant breeding methodology and molecular genetic engineering. The following is a review of recent developments in the genetic manipulation of these crop plants to change seed oil quality. (C) 2004 by Elsevier Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Soybean & Nitrogen Fixat Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Univ Manitoba, Fac Agr & Food Sci, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Burton, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soybean & Nitrogen Fixat Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 122 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 J9 ADV AGRON PY 2004 VL 84 BP 273 EP 306 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(04)84006-9 PG 34 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BAU70 UT WOS:000223638600006 ER PT S AU Gulya, TJ AF Gulya, T. J. BE SpencerPhillips, P Jeger, M TI A seedling bioassay to detect the presence of Plasmopara halstedii in soil SO Advances in Downy Mildew Research - Vol 2 SE DEVELOPMENTS IN PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Downy Mildews Workshop held at the 8th International Congress of Plant Pathology CY FEB, 2003 CL Christchurch, NEW ZEALAND ID PHYTOPHTHORA-FRAGARIAE; OOSPORE GERMINATION; FIELD CONDITIONS; DOWNY MILDEW; TEMPERATURE; INFESTANS; PATHOGEN; SORGHI C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Gulya, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1318 BN 1-4020-2657-9 J9 DEV PLANT PATHOL PY 2004 VL 16 BP 233 EP 240 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Mycology SC Plant Sciences; Mycology GA BEZ25 UT WOS:000240247300015 ER PT S AU Kim, MS Lefcourt, AM Chen, YR Kang, S AF Kim, MS Lefcourt, AM Chen, YR Kang, S BE Lee, SS Yoon, DJ Lee, JH Lee, S TI Uses of hyperspectral and multispectral laser induced fluorescence imaging techniques for food safety inspection SO ADVANCES IN NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, PT 1-3 SE KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Asian Pacific Conference on Nondestructive Testing ( APCNDT-11) CY NOV 03-07, 2003 CL Jeju Isl, SOUTH KOREA DE hyperspectral imaging; multispectral imaging; fluorescence; laser-induced fluorescence; animal fecal contamination; food safety ID FECAL CONTAMINATION; POULTRY CARCASSES; SYSTEM; REFLECTANCE; SPECTRA; APPLES AB Spectral imaging including machine vision and multispectral imaging can provide a rapid, nondestructive means to assess agricultural commodities for their quality and safety for human consumption. These nondestructive techniques generally rely on reflectance measurements; the most commonly used spectral regions range through the visible (Vis) to the near infrared (NIR). Another optical sensing technique is based on fluorescence that is generally regarded as more sensitive optical sensing tools compared to reflectance techniques. Recently, we developed two imaging systems for food safety research; a laboratory-based hyperspectral imaging system capable of both reflectance and fluorescence measurements and a multispectral laser induced fluorescence imaging system. Because many contiguous spectral bands are acquired with each hyperspectral image pixel, the resulting data quantity makes uses of hyperspectral imaging spectrometer for on-line food safety inspection impractical. Instead, the spectral and spatial information is used to determine several optimal wavebands that can be implemented to a multispectral imaging system. We present a systematic method for using hyperspectral image data to identify few wavebands to be used in multispectral detection systems. Also presented is a two-band ratio as a multispectral fusion method along with automated detection for animal feces contamination on apples. The fluorescence imaging techniques demonstrated that even minute animal feces, not clearly visible to human eye, could be detected. Practical considerations for development of multispectral fluorescence imaging systems for on-line uses are also discussed. C1 USDA, ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Agr Mechanizat Res Inst, Rural Dev Adm, Suwon, Gyeonggi Do, South Korea. RP Kim, MS (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Powder Mill Rd,Bldg 303,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM kimm@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-948-2 J9 KEY ENG MAT PY 2004 VL 270-273 BP 1055 EP 1063 PN 1-3 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BAW82 UT WOS:000223978300173 ER PT S AU Havey, MJ AF Havey, MJ BE McCreight, JD Ryder, EJ TI A new paradigm for the breeding of longer-generation hybrid crops SO ADVANCES IN VEGETABLE BREEDING SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th International Horticultural Congress CY AUG 11-17, 2002 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Canadian Soc Hort Sci, Int Soc Hort Sci, Univ Guelph DE cytoplasmic-genic male sterility; haploidy; inbreeding; recurrent selection; transformation ID ALLIUM-CEPA L; OPEN-POLLINATED POPULATIONS; CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY; CHLOROPLAST TRANSFORMATION; PLASTID TRANSFORMATION; CHLAMYDOMONAS-REINHARDTII; RECURRENT SELECTION; UNPOLLINATED OVULES; MITOCHONDRIAL GENE; MICROSPORE CULTURE AB Many agriculturally important crops possess generation times of years instead of months, including the biennial vegetables, woody ornamentals, and tree crops for the production of fruits, nuts, and wood products. The genetic improvement of these longer-generation crops is a slow process requiring long-term commitments of time and resources. In this presentation, I describe a breeding scheme using previously described and yet to be realized technologies to reduce the time required to breed competitive hybrids of longer-generation crops. The approach is based on recurrent selection to increase the frequency of favorable alleles in populations, the extraction of haploids and their doubling to produce uniform, homozygous inbreds, the testing of these inbreds to identify superior parents for hybrid production, transformation to introduce simply inherited disease resistances or other value-added traits, and finally transformation of the mitochondrial genome to produce cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) lines for efficient hybrid-seed production. I review salient literature regarding each step of this breeding approach and describe challenges to the implementation of this new paradigm. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA, ARS, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA, ARS, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 62 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-667-3 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2004 IS 637 BP 31 EP 39 PG 9 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BAV04 UT WOS:000223696200002 ER PT S AU Staub, JE Robbins, MD Chung, S Lopez-Sese, AI AF Staub, JE Robbins, MD Chung, S Lopez-Sese, AI BE McCreight, JD Ryder, EJ TI Molecular methodologies for improved genetic diversity assessment in cucumber and melon SO ADVANCES IN VEGETABLE BREEDING SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th International Horticultural Congress CY AUG 11-17, 2002 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Canadian Soc Hort Sci, Int Soc Hort Sci, Univ Guelph DE reference array; standard marker array; multiplexing reactions ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; MARKERS; COLLECTIONS; MANAGEMENT; GERMPLASM; L. AB Genetic markers have been used successfully in germptasm management to catalogue accession relationships and develop strategies for their management. Molecular marker technology has been applied to the assessment of genetic diversity of Cucumis species. The interpretation of relationships among accessions is made more meaningful if marker-based diversity assessments are standardized by uniform marker arrays (SMA) and historically based reference accessions (RA). In this study, previously mapped random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were converted to more stable sequence characterized amplified region (SCARs) markers and tested in multiplexing reactions (duplex and triplex) to increase assessment efficiency. Efficiency of PCR analysis can be increased by the use of liquid dispensing machines (LDM) that operate on a 96-well format. The efficiency of one such machine was compared to manual dispensing in preparation of PCR. The effectiveness (based on band intensity) of LDM and manual PCR preparation was equivalent. When compared to manual preparation, the efficiency of PCR preparation is increased using the LDM if more than four plates are run per day. Although a single SCAR marker can function well when used alone or in combination with another SCAR marker, the complementary use of markers in multiplex reactions decreases as the number of markers used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) increases. The kinetics of the PCR and its optimization play a major role in the success of multiplexing. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA, ARS, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA, ARS, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Lopez-Sese, Anabel/C-5085-2008 OI Lopez-Sese, Anabel/0000-0001-5686-0884 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-667-3 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2004 IS 637 BP 41 EP 47 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BAV04 UT WOS:000223696200003 ER PT S AU Grube, RC AF Grube, RC BE McCreight, JD Ryder, EJ TI Genetic analysis of resistance to lettuce drop caused by Sclerotinia minor SO ADVANCES IN VEGETABLE BREEDING SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th International Horticultural Congress CY AUG 11-17, 2002 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Canadian Soc Hort Sci, Int Soc Hort Sci, Univ Guelph DE Lactuca sativa; vegetable; breeding; disease; soilborne; fungus; escape mechanisms; partial resistance ID SCREENING LETTUCE; WHITE MOLD; QTL AB yDespite extensive germplasm screening, no lettuce accessions have been identified as possessing immunity to infection by Sclerotinia species. As previously reported, several genotypes have consistently shown a significant reduction in disease incidence compared with susceptible varieties following inoculation with S. minor. Many of these genotypes exhibit architectural features that may promote avoidance or escape from infection, such as upright growth and early bolting. To date, the genetic basis and mechanisms of resistance identified in lettuce remain unknown. Transfer of resistance that is due solely to avoidance into commercial cultivars without simultaneous transfer of unacceptable plant morphology may be difficult or impossible. In contrast, physiological resistance is likely to be more easily incorporated into acceptable cultivars. To facilitate the development of lettuce cultivars with S. minor resistance, we sought to ascertain the genetic basis of resistance from the primitive L. sativa accession PI 251246. Recombinant-inbred lines (RILs) were developed from a 'Salinas' x PI 251246 F-2 population to determine the heritability and action of genes involved in resistance derived from PI 251246 and for mapping of quantitative resistance loci. Results and implications of preliminary evaluation of F-2:4 RILs in a replicated field trial will be discussed. C1 USDA, ARS, Salinas, CA USA. RP Grube, RC (reprint author), USDA, ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-667-3 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2004 IS 637 BP 49 EP 55 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BAV04 UT WOS:000223696200004 ER PT S AU Mou, B Ryder, EJ Tanaka, J Liu, YB Chaney, WE AF Mou, B Ryder, EJ Tanaka, J Liu, YB Chaney, WE BE McCreight, JD Ryder, EJ TI Breeding for resistance to leafminer in lettuce SO ADVANCES IN VEGETABLE BREEDING SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th International Horticultural Congress CY AUG 11-17, 2002 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Canadian Soc Hort Sci, Int Soc Hort Sci, Univ Guelph DE Liriomyza langei; Liriomyza huidobrensis; insect resistance; Lactuca sativa; Lactuca serriola; Lactuca saligna; Lactuca virosa ID LIRIOMYZA-TRIFOLII DIPTERA; AGROMYZIDAE; HUIDOBRENSIS; CELERY AB Leafminer (Liriomyza langei Frick) is a major pest that causes considerable damage to a wide variety of vegetable crops including lettuce, and resistant cultivars remain the most economic means of insect control. Eighty-four lettuce cultivars and introduction lines were grown in an insect cage with eight replications for resistance screening. Leafminer flies were released in the cage to feed on the plants. Significant genetic variation for leafminer stings per unit leaf area was observed among genotypes tested. Resistant lines with fewer leafminer stings were found in Lactuca saliva, L. saligna, L. serriola, and L. virosa, and the resistance was confirmed in a field experiment. Crosses were made to combine leafminer resistance and superior horticultural traits in crisphead, green leaf, red leaf, romaine, and butterhead lettuces. Leaf miner resistant plants were selected in F-2 progenies of such crosses, and were backcrossed to restore horticultural type. C1 USDA, ARS, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Mou, B (reprint author), USDA, ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-667-3 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2004 IS 637 BP 57 EP 62 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BAV04 UT WOS:000223696200005 ER PT S AU Jenderek, MM AF Jenderek, MM BE McCreight, JD Ryder, EJ TI Development of S-1 families in garlic SO ADVANCES IN VEGETABLE BREEDING SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th International Horticultural Congress CY AUG 11-17, 2002 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Canadian Soc Hort Sci, Int Soc Hort Sci, Univ Guelph DE Allium sativum; Allium longicuspis; characteristics of seed progenies AB Production of true seed in garlic (Allium sativum L. and A. longicuspis L.) has been known for several years. Although release of seed derived varieties may be nearing reality, there are no reports on inheritance patterns of plant characteristics for this species. The lack of information may be due to difficulties in producing inbred families. From 1999 to 2001, over 500 garlic plants were self-pollinated to generate S-1 progenies for genetic studies. In all years, the number of S-1 seeds harvested was low. About 9% of the self-pollinated plants produced from 10 to 73 seeds each, and only one produced a total of 271 seeds. The seed germination rate averaged 8%, and the number of S-1 plants established was even lower. Phenotypic characteristics among plants of the S-1 families that were different from the parents included the absence of viable pollen, the presence of yellow anthers, and different bulb size. Many seedlings either had severe chlorophyll deficiencies or truncated roots or did not grow beyond the first leaf stage. Despite the deleterious characteristics, S-1 bulbs of a few families were successfully harvested and they represent valuable materials for studies on garlic genetics. C1 USDA, ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agr Sci Ctr, Parlier, CA 96348 USA. RP Jenderek, MM (reprint author), USDA, ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agr Sci Ctr, Parlier, CA 96348 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-667-3 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2004 IS 637 BP 203 EP 206 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BAV04 UT WOS:000223696200024 ER PT S AU Mou, BQ Ryder, EJ AF Mou, BQ Ryder, EJ BE McCreight, JD Ryder, EJ TI Relationship between the nutritional value and the head structure of lettuce SO ADVANCES IN VEGETABLE BREEDING SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th International Horticultural Congress CY AUG 11-17, 2002 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Canadian Soc Hort Sci, Int Soc Hort Sci, Univ Guelph DE Lactuca sativa; vitamin A; beta-carotene; vitamin C; ascorbic acid; calcium; iron ID CHLOROPHYLL; LEAVES; LEAF; IRON AB Crisphead lettuce has much lower vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron contents than leaf or romaine lettuce. This experiment was conducted to determine whether the low nutritional value is associated with the head structure. Heads of a crisphead lettuce cultivar Salinas grown in the field were kept open by hand, while leaves of a romaine lettuce cultivar Lobjoits were closed by tying with wire. These plants as well as the normal controls were analyzed for their nutritional contents. The content of beta-carotene (provitamin A), Ca, and Fe was higher in the outer leaves than in the inner leaves of a normal lettuce head, while there was little difference in vitamin C content between the two classes of leaves. Artificially opening the lettuce head greatly increased its nutrient content to a level comparable to leaf or romaine lettuce. After the romaine lettuce leaves were closed, the levels of beta-carotene and vitamin C dropped to a minimum and the contents of Ca and Fe were also largely reduced. These results suggest that the lower nutritional value of crisphead lettuce is due to the enclosure of its leaves in the head structure. The physiological basis of these findings and their implications for genetic improvement of the nutritional value of lettuce are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Mou, BQ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-667-3 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2004 IS 637 BP 361 EP 367 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BAV04 UT WOS:000223696200045 ER PT S AU Dien, BS Nichols, NN O'Bryan, PJ Iten, LB Bothast, RJ AF Dien, BS Nichols, NN O'Bryan, PJ Iten, LB Bothast, RJ BE Nelson, WM TI Enhancement of ethanol yield from the corn dry grind process by conversion of the kernel fiber fraction SO AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS IN GREEN CHEMISTRY SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Agricultural Applications in Green Chemistry CY APR 07-11, 2002 CL Orlando, FL SP ACS, Div Ind & Engn Chem ID RECOMBINANT ESCHERICHIA-COLI; FERMENTATION; STRAINS; SUGARS; ACID AB Approximately 50% of the corn processed for fuel ethanol in the U.S. is dry grinded. Dry grinding yields 2.7-2.8 gal of ethanol per bushel of corn. This ethanol yield could be increased if the fiber component of the corn kernel was also converted into ethanol. Currently, the kernel fiber in a dry grind plant is collected after the fermentation in a solids cake by centrifugation and termed Distillers Wet Grains (DWG). Three different samples of DWG were analyzed and found to contain 14.7-18.1% glucans and 34.9-40.5% total carbohydrates. We have successfully converted the fiber component of DWG into ethanol using either an industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (Y-2034) or ethanologenic Escherichia coli strain FBR5. For the S. cerevisiae fermentation, DWG was pretreated with dilute acid and simultaneously saccharified and fermented (SSF) by adding cellulase, beta-glucosidase, and glucoamylase along with the yeast. The ethanol yield was 7.52 g ethanol per 100 g DWG (dry basis) and the fermentation was completed within 30 hr. For the bacterial fermentation, DWG was first treated with dilute acid and the syrup, containing the hydrolyzed pentose and starch components, separated from the residual solids. Fermentation of this hydrolysate was completed within 30 hr and the final ethanol concentration was 2.12% w/v. The ethanol yield for the bacterial fermentation was 0.49 g ethanol per g sugar(s) initially present in the hydrolysate, which is 96% of the theoretical yield. DWG is normally used as an animal feed. Pretreating DWG significantly increased the percent of crude protein that was soluble from 4 to 29%, which would have significant impact on the animal nutritional properties of the modified DWG. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dien, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM dienb@ncaur.usda.gov OI Dien, Bruce/0000-0003-3863-6664 NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3828-6 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2004 VL 887 BP 63 EP 77 DI 10.1021/bk-2004-0887.ch006 PG 15 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry GA BBI62 UT WOS:000225631600006 ER PT S AU Wright, MS Osbrink, WLA Lax, AR AF Wright, MS Osbrink, WLA Lax, AR BE Nelson, WM TI Potential of entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents against the Formosan subterranean termite SO AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS IN GREEN CHEMISTRY SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Agricultural Applications in Green Chemistry CY APR 07-11, 2002 CL Orlando, FL SP ACS, Div Ind & Engn Chem ID METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; COPTOTERMES-FORMOSANUS; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; RHINOTERMITIDAE; ISOPTERA; NAPHTHALENE; VOLATILES; NESTS AB Tolerance, pathogenicity and transmission studies of the fungi Metarhizium and Beauveria, show that biological control agents can enhance termite treatment flexibility. Subterranean termites cause significant damage to wood structures and trees, especially along the Gulf of Mexico coastal region of the United States. A predominant pest species is the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Shiraki), which differs from native termite species in increased colony density and a propensity to destroy living wood. However, in order for termite control approaches to work they must be non-repellant, transferrable, and have delayed toxicity to allow transfer from foraging workers to their nestmates. An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach will be necessary to reduce the impact of these pests. One component of IPM, and the focus of this work, is the development of biological control agents. Environmental conditions in FST nests and sites of infestation, such as living trees, can vary greatly. Some treatment sites require novel treatment methods which fungi may be uniquely suited to provide. C1 USDA ARS, SRRC, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Wright, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SRRC, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, 1100 Robert E Lee, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3828-6 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2004 VL 887 BP 173 EP 188 DI 10.1021/bk-2004-0887.ch012 PG 16 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry GA BBI62 UT WOS:000225631600012 ER PT S AU Bhalgat, MK Felsot, AS Ridley, WP Seiber, JN AF Bhalgat, MK Felsot, AS Ridley, WP Seiber, JN BE Bhalgat, MK Ridley, WP Felsot, AS Seiber, JN TI Untitled - Preface SO AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Agricultural Biotechnology held at the American-Chemistry-Society National Meeting CY AUG, 2001 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agr & Food Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem C1 Amegen Inc, Analyt Serv, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA. Washington State Univ, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Monsanto Co, Prod Safety Ctr, St Louis, MO 63167 USA. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Bhalgat, MK (reprint author), Amegen Inc, Analyt Serv, 1 Amegen Ctr Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA. EM mbhalgat@amgen.com; afelsot@tricity.wsu.edu; william.p.ridley@monsanto.com; jseiber@pw.usda.gov; mbhalgat@amgen.com; william.p.ridley@monsanto.com; afelsot@tricity.wsu.edu; jseiber@pw.usda.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3815-4 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2004 VL 866 BP IX EP XII PG 4 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry GA BY84D UT WOS:000189476000001 ER PT S AU Blechl, AE AF Blechl, AE BE Bhalgat, MK Ridley, WP Felsot, AS Seiber, JN TI Applications of biotechnology for improving the healthfulness and utility of cereals SO AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Agricultural Biotechnology held at the American-Chemistry-Society National Meeting CY AUG, 2001 CL Chicago, IL SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agr & Food Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem ID TRANSGENIC RICE PLANTS; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION; MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; INTEGRATION PATTERNS; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; QUALITY TRAITS; MAIZE HYBRIDS; VITAMIN-A AB The biotechnology approach allows geneticists and plant breeders to add improvements and value to cereals in ways that have not been easy or even possible by traditional breeding. Genetic transformation methods facilitate the introduction of one or a few genes from natural and man-made sources. These genes are chosen and designed to extend the food and non-food uses of cereals. This chapter highlights some applications of biotechnology for improving attributes of rice, wheat, maize and barley, the most important cereal crops for human consumption and utilization. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Blechl, AE (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 59 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3815-4 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2004 VL 866 BP 53 EP 65 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry GA BY84D UT WOS:000189476000005 ER PT J AU Johansson, RC Gowda, PH Mulla, DJ Dalzell, BJ AF Johansson, RC Gowda, PH Mulla, DJ Dalzell, BJ TI Metamodelling phosphorus best management practices for policy use: a frontier approach SO AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE nonpoint source pollution; phosphorus; abatement costs ID NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTION; INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT; WATER-POLLUTION; INFORMATION; EFFICIENCY; SYSTEMS; QUALITY AB This article presents a modelling system for synthesising heterogeneous productivity and nutrient loading potentials inherent in agricultural cropland for policy use. Phosphorus abatement cost functions for cropland farmers in a southeastern Minnesota watershed are metamodelled using frontier analysis. These functions are used to evaluate policies aimed at reducing nonpoint phosphor-us discharges into the Minnesota River. Results indicate an efficiently targeted policy to reduce phosphorus discharge by 40% would cost US$ 167,700 or 844 per farm. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Johansson, RC (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, Resource Econ Div, 1800 M St NW,Suite 4015-S, Washington, DC 20036 USA. EM rjohanss@email.ers.usda.gov; pgowda@soils.umn.edu; dmulla@soils.umn.edu; dalzell@purdue.edu NR 53 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-5150 J9 AGR ECON JI Agric. Econ. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 30 IS 1 BP 63 EP 74 DI 10.1016/j.agecon.2003.10.001 PG 12 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 773BQ UT WOS:000188878200005 ER PT J AU Ares, A Brauer, D AF Ares, A Brauer, D TI Growth and nut production of black walnut in relation to site, tree type and stand conditions in south-central United States SO AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE growth patterns; site index; Juglans nigra ID MODEL; SYSTEM AB Black walnut (Juglans nigra) is a prime tree species for agroforestry practices in the United States providing highly prized wood and nuts for human consumption and wildlife. In 54 black walnut stands in south central United States, the site index (i.e., mean dominant height [DH], at age 25 years) ranged between 5.2 and 21.4 m, and was independent of stand density. There were no differences in height and stem diameter (DBH) growth rates between stands with improved varieties and native stock. Most stands were in a "free growth" stage because of either early age or wide spacing. Mean annual increments in DBH and height were positively related both for improved varieties and native stock. Understory competition had a substantial detrimental effect on DH. In a 26 year-old stand, trees growing within Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis) had a site index 5 m greater than trees growing within tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Predicted nut yields in 2002 varied between 0 and 1370 kg of hulled nuts per ha. Improved varieties had, in general, higher nut yields than predicted from a nut yield-DBH equation developed for individual trees. Nut yields were highly variable both within and among stands, and were related to DBH in native stock but not in improved varieties. C1 ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, USDA, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, USDA, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. EM aares@spa.ars.usda.gov NR 23 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4366 EI 1572-9680 J9 AGROFOREST SYST JI Agrofor. Syst. PY 2004 VL 63 IS 1 BP 83 EP 90 DI 10.1023/B:AGFO.0000049436.54654.05 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Forestry SC Agriculture; Forestry GA 874BA UT WOS:000225324700009 ER PT J AU Shively, GE Zelek, CA Midmore, DJ Nissen, TM AF Shively, GE Zelek, CA Midmore, DJ Nissen, TM TI Carbon sequestration in a tropical landscape: an economic model to measure its incremental cost SO AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE farm forestry; land conversion; marginal cost; Paraserianthes falcataria; Philippines ID UPLANDS; FORESTS AB Farm level rates of carbon sequestration are derived for timber and agroforestry systems based on Paraserianthes falcataria. An economic model is used to measure the incremental cost of carbon storage, based on the opportunity cost of land diverted from annual crop production. The method is applied to the Manupali watershed, in the Philippine province of Bukidnon, to estimate carbon storage potential and carbon storage costs at a landscape scale. Carbon storage via land use modification is calculated to cost between $3.30 per ton on fallowed lands and $62.50 per ton on land that otherwise supports high value cropping. Carbon storage through agroforestry is less costly than via a pure tree-based system; a strong argument for the role of agroforestry rather than forestry per se, in re-forestation projects. C1 Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA, NRCS, Indianapolis, IN USA. Univ Cent Queensland, Rockhampton, Qld, Australia. Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Shively, GE (reprint author), Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM shivelyg@purdue.edu NR 25 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4366 J9 AGROFOREST SYST JI Agrofor. Syst. PY 2004 VL 60 IS 3 BP 189 EP 197 DI 10.1023/B:AGFO.0000024409.05640.ca PG 9 WC Agronomy; Forestry SC Agriculture; Forestry GA 813IW UT WOS:000220901800001 ER PT J AU Wilhelm, WW Johnson, JMF Hatfield, JL Voorhees, WB Linden, DR AF Wilhelm, WW Johnson, JMF Hatfield, JL Voorhees, WB Linden, DR TI Crop and soil productivity response to corn residue removal: A literature review SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Review ID NATURAL C-13 ABUNDANCE; ZEA-MAYS L.; ORGANIC-MATTER DYNAMICS; NO-TILL CORN; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; SUBSOIL COMPACTION; WHEAT-FALLOW; C STORAGE; NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION; MANAGEMENT-PRACTICES AB Society is facing three related issues: overreliance on imported fuel, increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and producing sufficient food for a growing world population. The U.S. Department of Energy and private enterprise are developing technology necessary to use high-cellulose feedstock, such as crop residues, for ethanol production. Corn (Zea mays L.) residue can provide about 1.7 times more C than barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (A vena sativa L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residues based on production levels. Removal of crop residue from the field must be balanced against impacting the environment (soil erosion), maintaining soil organic matter levels, and preserving or enhancing productivity. Our objective is to summarize published works for potential impacts of wide-scale, corn stover collection on corn production capacity in Corn Belt soils. We address the issue of crop yield (sustainability) and related soil processes directly. However, scarcity of data requires us to deal with the issue of greenhouse gases indirectly and by inference. All ramifications of new management practices and crop uses must be explored and evaluated fully before an industry is established. Our conclusion is that within limits, corn stover can be harvested for ethanol production to provide a renewable, domestic source of energy that reduces greenhouse gases. Recommendation for removal rates will vary based on regional yield, climatic conditions, and cultural practices. Agronomists are challenged to develop a procedure (tool) for recommending maximum permissible removal rates that ensure sustained soil productivity. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Morris, MN 56267 USA. Natl Soil Tilth Lab 108, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Wilhelm, WW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 120 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM wwilhelm1@unl.edu OI Johnson, Jane/0000-0002-1687-4007 NR 156 TC 346 Z9 361 U1 14 U2 142 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 1 EP 17 PG 17 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 767JX UT WOS:000188437400001 ER PT J AU Davidonis, GH Johnson, AS Landivar, JA Fernandez, CJ AF Davidonis, GH Johnson, AS Landivar, JA Fernandez, CJ TI Cotton fiber quality is related to boll location and planting date SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID YIELD; MOTES; SEEDS AB Early cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planting in the Texas Coastal Bend has the potential for improved performance through drought avoidance. This 2-yr field study was conducted to compare the effect of boll position on fiber properties across planting dates and to determine how flowering date, boll position, and environmental factors affect fiber quality. Cotton ('Deltapine 5409') was planted early March, late March, and mid-April each year. In 1997, lint yield for the early planting date (731 kg ha(-1)) was significantly higher than the middle (622 kg ha(-1)) and late (533 kg ha(-1)) planting dates. No significant differences in yield were found in 1999. Boll distribution patterns for middle-and late-planted cotton were similar. In 1997, the drier of the 2 yr, fiber length and micronafis values increased at all boll locations with earliness of planting while in 1999, the longest and most mature fiber was associated with a number of boll locations in the middle planting date. High temperatures before and during boll development accompanied by adequate moisture increased fiber maturity. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Texas A&M Agr Res & Ext Cent, Corpus Christi, TX 78406 USA. RP Davidonis, GH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. EM davidon@srrc.ars.usda.gov NR 19 TC 43 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 42 EP 47 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 767JX UT WOS:000188437400005 ER PT J AU Fridgen, JJ Kitchen, NR Sudduth, KA Drummond, ST Wiebold, WJ Fraisse, CW AF Fridgen, JJ Kitchen, NR Sudduth, KA Drummond, ST Wiebold, WJ Fraisse, CW TI Management Zone Analyst (MZA): Software for subfield management zone delineation SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; CLAYPAN SOILS; CROP YIELD; FUZZY-SETS; CLASSIFICATION; TOPOGRAPHY AB Producers using site-specific crop management (SSCM) have a need for strategies to delineate areas within fields to which management can be tailored. These areas are often referred to as management zones. Quick and automated procedures are desirable for creating management zones and for testing the question of the number of zones to create. A software program called Management Zone Analyst (MZA) was developed using a fuzzy c-means unsupervised clustering algorithm that assigns field information into like classes, or potential management zones. An advantage of MZA over many other software programs is that it provides concurrent output for a range of cluster numbers so that the user can evaluate how many management zones should be used. Management Zone Analyst was developed using Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 and operates on any computer with Microsoft Windows (95 or newer). Concepts and theory behind MZA are presented as are the sequential steps of the program. Management Zone Analyst calculates descriptive statistics, performs the unsupervised fuzzy classification procedure for a range of cluster numbers, and provides the user with two performance indices [fuzziness performance index (FPI) and normalized classification entropy (NCE)] to aid in deciding how many clusters are most appropriate for creating management zones. Example MZA output is provided for two Missouri clay-pan soil fields using soil electrical conductivity, slope, and elevation as clustering variables. Management Zone Analyst performance indices indicated that one field should be divided into either two (using NCE) or four (using FPI) management zones and the other field should be divided into four (using NCE or FPI) management zones. C1 USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ITD Spectral Vis, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Kitchen, NR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM kitchenn@missouri.edu NR 38 TC 123 Z9 140 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 100 EP 108 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 767JX UT WOS:000188437400011 ER PT J AU Liebig, MA Miller, ME Varvel, GE Doran, JW Hanson, JD AF Liebig, MA Miller, ME Varvel, GE Doran, JW Hanson, JD TI AEPAT: Software for assessing agronomic and environmental performance of management practices in long-term agroecosystem experiments SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL QUALITY; PRODUCTION SYSTEMS; SUSTAINABILITY; FRAMEWORK AB Approaches to assess the effects of management practices on agro-ecosystem functions are needed. This paper describes a computer program designed to assess the relative sustainability of management practices using agronomic and environmental data. The program, entitled AgroEcosystem Performance Assessment Tool (AEPAT), utilizes performance-based index methodology to derive a relative ranking of agroecosystem performance among management practices for functions and indicators included in the procedure. The program is organized into eight major steps: Introduction, Input Files, Assign Indicators to Functions, Describe Indicators, Assign Weights, Select Output File, Calculate Agroecosystem Performance Scores, and Save Agroecosystem Project. Help windows as well as a tutorial are provided within the program to assist users through each step. Users must keep in mind the assumptions and drawbacks inherent to performance-based indices while using AEPAT. Additionally, the program requires data on many indicators to provide useful information on agroecosystem performance. Therefore, its use is intended primarily for clientele conducting long-term agroecosystem experiments. C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Comp Sci, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Soil & Water Conserv Res Unit, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Liebig, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. EM liebigm@mandan.ars.usda.gov RI Liebig, Mark/A-2775-2009 NR 16 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 109 EP 115 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 767JX UT WOS:000188437400012 ER PT J AU Baker, DA Young, DL Huggins, DR Pan, WL AF Baker, DA Young, DL Huggins, DR Pan, WL TI Economically optimal nitrogen fertilization for yield and protein in hard red spring wheat SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GRAIN-YIELD; EFFICIENCY; WATER AB This analysis determines profit-maximizing N fertilization levels of hard red spring wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L.) for various wheat prices, N prices, and protein-based HRSW price premium/ discount (P/D) structures for southeastern Washington data. Fertilizer response data consisting of rates of N fertilization (kg ha(-1)), grain yield (kg ha(-1)), and grain protein (g kg(-1)) were used to statistically estimate regression relationships that predicted yield and protein in response to N. Experiments were located near Pullman, WA (550 mm average annual precipitation). All predicted net return maximizing N, protein, and yield levels were within the data range. Increasing P/D incentives for protein increased optimal N, the expected economic result. At the high P/D structures, the P/D structure dominated N and wheat prices in determining optimal N application levels. Overall, net return-maximizing yields varied only modestly with changes in both N and wheat price in this data set. However, in all scenarios, as P/D incentives increased, net return-maximizing N levels were beyond the level that resulted in maximum yield. At the two lowest P/D structures, which provided the lowest reward for protein, it was most profitable to fertilize for slightly less than 140 g kg-1 expected protein. These results indicate that it is not always profitable to use 14% protein as an N fertilization goal. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Young, DL (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM dlyoung@wsu.edu NR 16 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 116 EP 123 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 767JX UT WOS:000188437400013 ER PT J AU Flowers, M Weisz, R Heiniger, R Osmond, D Crozier, C AF Flowers, M Weisz, R Heiniger, R Osmond, D Crozier, C TI In-season optimization and site-specific nitrogen management for soft red winter wheat SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID OPTIMIZING SOIL; USE EFFICIENCY; FERTILIZER; YIELD; UNIFORM; PLANT; RATES AB Site-specific N management based on an in-season assessment of crop N status may offer producers increased grain yield, profitability, and spring N fertilizer use efficiency (SNUE). The goal of this study was to determine the distinct contributions of (i) in-season N rate optimization and (ii) site-specific N management. Our objective was to compare site-specific and field-specific N management with typical growers' practices to determine if site-specific N management (i) increased soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield, (ii) reduced N inputs, (iii) increased SNUE, and (iv) reduced within-field grain yield variability. Research was conducted at eight sites in 2000, 2001, and 2002. A randomized complete block design with two or five N management systems was used at two and six sites, respectively. Site-specific management did not improve grain yield compared with field-specific management when based on the same in-season estimation of optimum N rates. At sites where site-specific or field-specific systems were compared with typical growers' practices, grain yield benefits of in-season N optimization (up to 2267 kg ha(-1)) were apparent. For grain yield, in-season optimization of N rate was more important than site-specific management. A large reduction in N inputs (up to 48.6%) was also attributed to in-season N rate optimization. After incorporating in-season optimization, a further reduction in N inputs (up to 19.6%) was possible through site-specific application. Site-specific N application maximized SNUE compared with either field-specific or typical growers' practices at all sites and reduced within-field grain yield variance at four sites. C1 USDA ARS, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Vernon James Res & Ext Cent, Dept Crop Sci, Plymouth, NC 27692 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Vernon James Res & Ext Cent, Dept Soil Sci, Plymouth, NC 27692 USA. RP Flowers, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, 3908 Inwood Rd, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. EM mike_flowers@ncsu.edu NR 23 TC 21 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 124 EP 134 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 767JX UT WOS:000188437400014 ER PT J AU DeVuyst, EA Halvorson, AD AF DeVuyst, EA Halvorson, AD TI Economics of annual cropping versus crop-fallow in the northern great plains as influenced by tillage and nitrogen SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SPRING WHEAT RESPONSE; WINTER-WHEAT; FERTILIZATION; EFFICIENCY; SYSTEM; RISK; MANAGEMENT; SUNFLOWER; ROTATION; RETURNS AB Annualized yields with more intensive cropping (IQ systems tend to be greater than those of spring wheat-fallow (SW-F); however, little economic comparison information is available. The long-term (12 yr) effects of tillage system and N fertilization on the economic returns from two dryland cropping systems in North Dakota were evaluated. An IC rotation [spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)winter wheat (T. aestivum L.)-sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)] and a SW-F rotation were studied. Tillage systems included conventional till (CT), minimum till (MT), and no-till (NT). Nitrogen rates were 34, 67, and 101 kg N ha(-1) for the IC system and 0, 22, and 45 kg N ha(-1) for the SW-F system. Annual precipitation ranged from 206 to 655 mm, averaging 422 mm over 12 yr. The IC system generated higher profits than the SW-F system, but the IC profits were more variable. Within the IC system, MT generated higher profits than corresponding N treatments under CT and NT, but MT profits were more variable. Of the N rates evaluated, the largest N rates generated the largest profits. The dryland IC system with MT and NT was more profitable than the best SW-F system using CT for this location. Stochastic dominance analyses revealed that the SW-F system and IC system CT treatments were economically inefficient when compared with the IC system with MT and NT. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dep Agribusiness & Appl Econ, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Halvorson, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2150 Ctr Ave,Bldg D,Suite 100, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM ardell.halvorson@ars.usda.gov NR 23 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 148 EP 153 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 767JX UT WOS:000188437400017 ER PT J AU Schepers, AR Shanahan, JF Liebig, MA Schepers, JS Johnson, SH Luchiari, A AF Schepers, AR Shanahan, JF Liebig, MA Schepers, JS Johnson, SH Luchiari, A TI Appropriateness of management zones for characterizing spatial variability of soil properties and irrigated corn yields across years SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SITE-SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; PRECISION AGRICULTURE; NITROGEN MANAGEMENT; GRAIN-YIELD; CROP; TOPOGRAPHY AB Recent precision-agriculture research has focused on use of management zones (MZ) as a method for variable application of inputs like N. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) if landscape attributes could be aggregated into MZ that characterize spatial variation in soil chemical properties and corn yields and (ii) if temporal variability affects expression of yield spatial variability. This work was conducted on an irrigated cornfield near Gibbon, NE. Five landscape attributes, including a soil brightness image (red, green, and blue bands), elevation, and apparent electrical conductivity, were acquired for the field. A georeferenced soil-sampling scheme was used to determine soil chemical properties (soil pH, electrical conductivity, P, and organic matter). Georeferenced yield monitor data were collected for five (1997-2001) seasons. The five landscape attributes were aggregated into four MZ using principal-component analysis of landscape attributes and unsupervised classification of principal-component scores. All of the soil chemical properties differed among the four MZ. While yields were observed to differ by up to 25% between the highest- and lowest-yielding MZ in three of five seasons, receiving average precipitation, less-pronounced (less than or equal to5%) differences were noted among the same MZ in the driest and wettest seasons. This illustrates the significant role temporal variability plays in altering yield spatial variability, even under irrigation. Use of MZ for variable application of inputs like N would only have been appropriate for this field in three out of the five seasons, seriously restricting the use of this approach under variable environmental conditions. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron & Hort, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. EMBRAPA, Meio Ambiente, Jaguariuna, SP, Brazil. RP Shanahan, JF (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. EM jshanahan1@unl.edu OI Shanahan, John/0000-0003-3173-4245 NR 30 TC 87 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 26 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 195 EP 203 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 767JX UT WOS:000188437400022 ER PT J AU Nielsen, DC AF Nielsen, DC TI Kenaf forage yield and quality under varying water availability SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL GREAT-PLAINS; DAIRY COMPOST; WINTER-WHEAT; SUNFLOWER AB A broadleaf forage crop grown in rotation with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) would diversify dryland crop rotations in the central Great Plains. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) provides good quality livestock forage, but yield and quality have not been evaluated under varying water availability conditions. This study determined kenaf soil water extraction, plant height, regrowth following cutting, dry matter (DM) yield, and forage quality responses to varying water availability. Kenaf was planted on a Weld silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic Argiustolls) under a line-source gradient irrigation system. Water conditions ranged from rainfed to full evapotranspiration replacement. Kenaf was harvested in early August and then again in October. Dry matter yield increased linearly with increases in available water and water use, with about 2000 kg ha(-1) DM yield produced with 274-mm water use increasing to 6000 kg ha(-1) with 507-mm water use. Crude protein (163 to 279 g kg(-1)) decreased with increasing water use. Neutral detergent fiber (229 to 478 g kg(-1)) and acid detergent fiber (168 to 314 g kg(-1)) increased with increasing water use. Total digestible nutrients (656 to 840 g kg(-1)) and relative feed value (range 130 to 308) decreased with increasing water use. For a given amount of water use, kenaf DM yield was lower than corn (Zea mays L.) silage, but kenaf crude protein production was higher than corn silage (73-215%). Kenaf appears to be a high quality livestock forage that has potential as both an irrigated or dryland crop in the central Great Plains. C1 USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RP Nielsen, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, 40335 Cty Rd GG, Akron, CO 80720 USA. EM David.Nielsen@ars.usda.gov RI Nielsen, David/A-8044-2009 OI Nielsen, David/0000-0002-8240-7183 NR 24 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 204 EP 213 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 767JX UT WOS:000188437400023 ER PT J AU Loecke, TD Liebman, M Cambardella, CA Richard, TL AF Loecke, TD Liebman, M Cambardella, CA Richard, TL TI Corn response to composting and time of application of solid swine manure SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CHLOROPHYLL METER; NITROGEN UPTAKE; SAWDUST LITTER; SOIL-NITROGEN; GRAIN-YIELD; MASS-LOSS; ZEA-MAYS; NUTRIENT; NITRATE; MAIZE AB Swine production in hoop structures is a relatively new husbandry system in which a mixture of manure and bedding accumulates. This manure/bedding pack can be applied to crop fields directly from a hoop structure or piled for composting. During 2000 and 2001, field experiments were conducted near Boone, IA, to determine the effects of form of solid swine manure (fresh or composted) and time of manure application (fall or spring) on corn (Zea mays L.) nutrient status and yield. Fresh and composted manure were applied at 340 kg total N ha(-1). Urea N fertilizer treatments of 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha(-1) were used to determine N fertilizer equivalency values for the manure. In 2000, but not in 2001, fresh manure decreased corn emergence by 9.5% compared with the unamended, nonfertilized control treatment. No corn yield differences due to the form or the time of manure application were detected in 2000, but all treatments receiving manure produced more corn grain than the unamended control. In 2001, fall application of manure increased corn grain yield more than spring application, and composted manure increased yield more than fresh manure, with spring-applied fresh manure providing no yield response beyond the unamended control. Mean N supply efficiency, defined as the N fertilizer equivalency value as a percentage of the total N applied, was greatest for fall-applied composted manure (34.7%), intermediate for fall-applied fresh manure (24.3%) and spring-applied composted manure (25.0%), and least for spring-applied fresh manure (10.9%). C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab 310, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Natl Swine Res & Inf Ctr 3222, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Liebman, M (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, 3405 Agron Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM mliebman@iastate.edu RI Richard, Tom/H-5058-2012 NR 51 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 214 EP 223 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 767JX UT WOS:000188437400024 ER PT J AU Krupinsky, JM Tanaka, DL Lares, MT Merrill, SD AF Krupinsky, JM Tanaka, DL Lares, MT Merrill, SD TI Leaf spot diseases of barley and spring wheat as influenced by preceding crops SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION TILLAGE; DRECHSLERA-TERES; CROPPING SYSTEMS; GREAT-PLAINS; WINTER-WHEAT; SASKATCHEWAN; EFFICIENCY; PATHOGENS; NITROGEN; ROTATION AB Crop diversification and crop sequencing can influence plant disease risk in cropping systems. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of 10 previous crops on leaf spot diseases of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Barley and spring wheat were direct-seeded (no till) in the crop residue of 10 crops (barley, canola (Brassica napus L.), crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. Fr.), dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), dry pea (Pisum sativum L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and spring wheat). Barley was evaluated for leaf spot diseases 15 times over 2 yr. Results indicate that risk for leaf spot disease on barley would be lower following wheat, crambe, canola and dry pea compared with the barley-after-barley treatment. Although barley yields were similar across all treatments one year, differences were detected in another year with the barley-after-barley treatment having the lowest yield. Spring wheat was evaluated for leaf spot diseases 22 times over 2 yr. Differences among treatments were more detectable in earlier evaluations, indicating a greater influence of crop residue and carryover of inoculum early in the season compared with later. The risk for leaf spot disease was lower when wheat was grown after canola, barley, crambe, and flax than when grown after the other crops. Although wheat yields were similar across all treatments one year, differences were detected in another year with the wheat-after-wheat treatment having the lowest yield. C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. Univ Mary, Bismarck, ND 58501 USA. RP Krupinsky, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. EM krupinsj@mandan.ars.usda.gov NR 29 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 259 EP 266 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 767JX UT WOS:000188437400030 ER PT J AU Pikul, JL Aase, JK Cochran, VL AF Pikul, JL Aase, JK Cochran, VL TI Water use and biomass production of oat-pea hay and lentil in a semiarid climate SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; GREEN-MANURE CROPS; ALFALFA ESTABLISHMENT; CANADIAN PRAIRIES; FORAGE QUALITY; BARLEY-PEA; FALLOW; YIELD; WHEAT; PRECIPITATION AB Suitability of alternative crops in the northern Great Plains remains a question because of water limitations. Objectives were to compare water use of an oat (Avena sativa L.)-pea (Pisum sativum L.) mix grown for hay (OPH) to that of black lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus cv. Indianhead) grown as green manure (BL). Water use and plant biomass for OPH and BL were measured near Culbertson, MT (Site 1), during 4 yr. Soil water was measured by neutron attenuation. Precision-weighing lysimeters were used at Site 2, located 65 km southeast of Site 1, to measure water use. Soil was a Williams loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls). Biomass of crops was measured biweekly. Relative feed value (RFV) based on measured neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was calculated. Biomass under OPH was 34 and 46% greater than with BL at Sites 1 and 2, respectively. At Site 1, biomass accumulated at a rate of 14 kg ha(-1)mm(-1)water used under BL and 23 kg ha(-1)mm(-1)under OPH. Biomass accumulated at a rate of 21 kg ha(-1)mm(-1) under BL and 29 kg ha(-1)mm(-1) under OPH at Site 2. Hay RFV, at full bloom in pea, averaged 116 (Number 2 hay), and this did not change appreciably as the crop matured to soft dough stage in oat. Oat-pea hay fits the growing conditions in the northern Great Plains and meets the needs of producers for high quality hay. C1 USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. USDA ARS, NW Irrig & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. USDA ARS, NO Plains Agr Res Lab, Sidney, BC 59270, Canada. RP Pikul, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. EM jpikul@ngirl.ars.usda.gov NR 30 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 298 EP 304 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 767JX UT WOS:000188437400035 ER PT J AU Fitzgerald, GJ AF Fitzgerald, GJ TI Portable hyperspectral tunable imaging system (PHyTIS) for precision agriculture SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL MIXTURE ANALYSIS AB Hyperspectral remote sensing can provide contiguous spectra of scenes made up of dozens to hundreds of narrow wavebands, across the visible and near-infrared portions of the spectrum. This emerging technology provides spatial and spectral information that can be acquired simultaneously. Presented here for use in agricultural research is the Portable Hyperspectral Tunable Imaging System (PHyTIS). It is a computer-controlled, liquid-crystal tunable filter, digital imaging system designed to extract spectra of typical agronomic scene components (endmembers) such as sunlit and shaded leaves and soil for spectral mixture analysis. Results from a scene acquired in a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) field showed that scene components could be successfully unmixed and area of each quantified. Image processing and hyperspectral remote sensing can identify endmembers to quantify crop biophysical parameters, to derive fractional cover maps, and could be used as inputs to plant, soil, and evapotranspiration models. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Fitzgerald, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EM gfitzgerald@uswcl.ars.ag.gov NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2004 VL 96 IS 1 BP 311 EP 315 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 767JX UT WOS:000188437400037 ER PT J AU Grune, B Fallon, M Howard, C Hudson, V Kulpa-Eddy, JA Larson, J Leary, S Roi, A van der Valk, J Wood, M Dorendahl, A Kohler-Hahn, D Box, R Spielmann, H AF Grune, B Fallon, M Howard, C Hudson, V Kulpa-Eddy, JA Larson, J Leary, S Roi, A van der Valk, J Wood, M Dorendahl, A Kohler-Hahn, D Box, R Spielmann, H TI Report and recommendations of the workshop "Retrieval approaches for information on alternative methods to animal experiments" SO ALTEX-ALTERNATIVEN ZU TIEREXPERIMENTEN LA English DT Article DE alternative methods; in vitro methods; database; information; publications; searching; retrieval; Internet; index terms; thesaurus; workshop; 3Rs concept; ZEBET; BfR AB In the member states of the EU and in the USA, scientists are obliged by animal welfare legislation not to conduct an animal experiment if another scientifically satisfactory method is reasonably and practicably available. To meet the regulatory obligation to use alternatives to animal experiments, scientists should consult literature and other relevant sources on alternatives prior to any experimental study on laboratory animals. It is the responsibility of the individual scientist to select the most appropriate database to obtain information on alternatives, which have been defined as methods that refine, reduce or replace animal experiments (the 3 Rs concept of Russell and Burch (1959)). Specialised information services provide support to scientists searching for publications on alternative methods. On occasion of a workshop in Berlin in November 2003, representatives of animal welfare information centres discussed currently available information sources on alternative methods, index terms for alternative methods, and search strategies based on index terms for alternative methods. ZEBET presented an investigation on the current status Of indexing systems on alternative methods in established literature databases. The project analysed how the results of a search for publications on alternatives was influenced by the indexing procedure. The results of the study were exemplified by a typical search result. The results of the study indicated that the current indexing systems do not provide the required information, since not all of the relevant information is indexed under "alternative methods". The workshop participants developed recommendations for ad hoc working groups and research projects, e.g. development of suitable search strategies on alternative methods for scientists. C1 BfR, ZEBET, Ctr Document & Evaluat Alternat Methods Anim Expt, D-12277 Berlin, Germany. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dept Vet Affairs, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Emory Univ, Decatur & Dept Lab Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. John Hopkins Ctr Alternat Anim Testing, Baltimore, MD USA. Natl Lib Med, Specialized Informat Serv Div, Bethesda, MD USA. USDA, APHIS, Riverdale, MD USA. USDA, Anim Welfare Informat Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Alternat Res & Dev Fdn, Jenkintown, PA USA. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Hlth & Consumer Protect, ECVAM Sci Informat Serv, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. Univ Utrecht, Fac Vet Med, Dept Anim Sci & Soc, NCA, Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Ctr Anim Alternat, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Grune, B (reprint author), BfR, ZEBET, Ctr Document & Evaluat Alternat Methods Anim Expt, Diederdorfer Weg 1, D-12277 Berlin, Germany. EM grune.zebet@bfr.bund.de RI van der Valk, Jan/A-8529-2008 NR 22 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPEKTRUM AKAD VERLAG PI HEIDELBERG PA SLEVOGTSTRASSE 3-5, D-69126 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0946-7785 J9 ALTEX-ALTERN TIEREXP JI Altex Altern. Tierexp. PY 2004 VL 21 IS 3 BP 115 EP 127 PG 13 WC Integrative & Complementary Medicine SC Integrative & Complementary Medicine GA 858GO UT WOS:000224180500003 PM 15329775 ER EF