FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Neff, SG Thilker, DA Seibert, M de Paz, AG Bianchi, L Schiminovich, D Martin, DC Madore, BF Rich, RM Barlow, TA Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Malina, RF Milliard, B Morrissey, P Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY Wyder, TK AF Neff, SG Thilker, DA Seibert, M de Paz, AG Bianchi, L Schiminovich, D Martin, DC Madore, BF Rich, RM Barlow, TA Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Malina, RF Milliard, B Morrissey, P Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY Wyder, TK TI Ultraviolet emission from stellar populations within tidal tails: Catching the youngest galaxies in formation? SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : evolution; galaxies : individual (Arp 295, NGC 520, NGC 5719; NGC 7771); galaxies : interactions ID INTERACTING GALAXIES; MERGING GALAXIES; DWARF GALAXIES; NGC-520; GAS AB New Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) observations have detected significant far-UV (FUV; 1530 Angstrom) and near-UV (NUV; 2310 Angstrom) emission from stellar substructures within the tidal tails of four ongoing galaxy mergers. The UV-bright regions are optically faint and are coincident with H I density enhancements. FUV emission is detected at any location where the H I surface density exceeds similar to2 M. pc(-2), and it is often detected in the absence of visible wavelength emission. UV luminosities of the brighter regions of the tidal tails imply masses of 10(6) to similar to10(9) M. in young stars in the tails, and H I luminosities imply similar H I masses. UV-optical colors of the tidal tails indicate stellar populations as young as a few megayears, and in all cases ages under 400 Myr. Most of the young stars in the tails formed in single bursts, rather than resulting from continuous star formation, and they formed in situ as the tails evolved. Star formation appears to be older near the parent galaxies and younger at increasing distances from the parent galaxy. This could be because the star formation occurs progressively along the tails, or because the star formation has been inhibited near the galaxy/tail interface. The youngest stellar concentrations, usually near the ends of long tidal tails, have masses comparable to confirmed tidal dwarf galaxies and may be newly forming galaxies undergoing their first burst of star formation. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Neff, SG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM susan.g.neff@nasa.gov RI Gil de Paz, Armando/J-2874-2016; OI Gil de Paz, Armando/0000-0001-6150-2854; malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865 NR 23 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L91 EP L94 DI 10.1086/426137 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300023 ER PT J AU Popescu, CC Tuffs, RJ Madore, BF de Paz, AG Volk, HJ Barlow, T Bianchi, L Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Malina, RF Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, SG Rich, RM Schiminovich, D Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY Wyder, TK AF Popescu, CC Tuffs, RJ Madore, BF de Paz, AG Volk, HJ Barlow, T Bianchi, L Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Malina, RF Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, SG Rich, RM Schiminovich, D Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY Wyder, TK TI A comparative study of the spatial distribution of ultraviolet and far-infrared fluxes from M101 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE dust, extinction; galaxies : individual (M101); galaxies : spiral; infrared : galaxies; scattering; ultraviolet : galaxies ID SPECTRAL ENERGY-DISTRIBUTION; VIRGO CLUSTER GALAXIES; SPIRAL GALAXIES; STELLAR LIGHT; DUST; EXTINCTION; ATTENUATION; PHOTOMETRY; RADIATION; EMISSION AB The total ultraviolet (UV) flux (from 1412 to 2718 Angstrom) of M101 is compared on a pixel-to-pixel basis with the total far-infrared (FIR) flux (from 60 to 170 mm) using the maps of the galaxy taken by the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) in the near-UV and far-UV and by the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) at 60, 100, and 170 mm. The main result of this investigation is the discovery of a tight dependence of the FIR/UV ratio on radius, with values monotonically decreasing from similar to4 in the nuclear region to nearly zero toward the edge of the optical disk. Although the tightness of this dependence is in part attributable to resolution effects, the result is consistent with the presence of a large-scale distribution of diffuse dust having a face-on optical depth that decreases with radius and that dominates over the more localized variations in opacity between the arm and interarm regions. We also find a trend for the FIR/UV ratio of taking on higher values in the regions of diffuse interarm emission than in the spiral-arm regions, at a given radius. This is interpreted quantitatively in terms of the escape probability of UV photons from spiral arms and their subsequent scattering in the interarm regions, and in terms of the larger relative contribution of optical photons to the heating of the dust in the interarm regions. C1 Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NASA, IPAC Extraglact Database, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Popescu, CC (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Kernphys, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. RI Gil de Paz, Armando/J-2874-2016; OI Gil de Paz, Armando/0000-0001-6150-2854; malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865 NR 25 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L75 EP L78 DI 10.1086/422991 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300019 ER PT J AU Rey, SC Rich, RM Lee, YW Yoon, SJ Yi, SK Bianchi, L Sohn, YJ Friedman, PG Barlow, TA Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Heckman, TM Jee, MJ Jelinsky, PN Kim, SW Lee, JW Madore, BF Malina, RF Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, SG Rhee, J Schiminovich, D Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY Wyder, TK AF Rey, SC Rich, RM Lee, YW Yoon, SJ Yi, SK Bianchi, L Sohn, YJ Friedman, PG Barlow, TA Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Heckman, TM Jee, MJ Jelinsky, PN Kim, SW Lee, JW Madore, BF Malina, RF Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, SG Rhee, J Schiminovich, D Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY Wyder, TK TI Galaxy Evolution Explorer ultraviolet photometry of globular clusters in M31 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : individual (M31); galaxies : star clusters; globular clusters : general; ultraviolet : galaxies ID OLD STELLAR POPULATIONS; HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; ELLIPTIC GALAXIES; RELATIVE AGES; COLORS; SYSTEM; METALLICITIES; EXTINCTION; RADIATION; CATALOG AB We present ultraviolet photometry for globular clusters (GCs) in M31 from 15 deg(2) of imaging using the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX). We detect 200 and 94 GCs with certainty in the near-ultraviolet (NUV; 1750-2750 Angstrom) and far-ultraviolet (FUV; 1350-1750 Angstrom) bandpasses, respectively. Our rate of detection is about 50% in the NUV and 23% in the FUV, to an approximate limiting V magnitude of 19. Out of six clusters with [Fe/H] > -1 seen in the NUV, none is detected in the FUV bandpass. Furthermore, we find no candidate metal-rich clusters with significant FUV flux because of the contribution of blue horizontal-branch (HB) stars, such as NGC 6388 and NGC 6441, which are metal-rich Galactic GCs with hot HB stars. We show that our GALEX photometry follows the general color trends established in previous UV studies of GCs in M31 and the Galaxy. Comparing our data with Galactic GCs in the UV and with population synthesis models, we suggest that the age ranges of M31 and Galactic halo GCs are similar. C1 Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Astron & Space Sci, Taejon 305764, South Korea. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3RH, England. Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Sejong Univ, Dept Astron & Space Sci, Seoul 143747, South Korea. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rey, SC (reprint author), Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. EM screy@srl.caltech.edu OI malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865 NR 38 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L119 EP L122 DI 10.1086/422412 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300030 ER PT J AU Rich, RM Salim, S Brinchmann, J Charlot, S Seibert, M Kauffmann, G Lee, YW Yi, SK Barlow, TA Bianchi, L Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Madore, BF Malina, RF Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, SG Schiminovich, D Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY Wyder, TK AF Rich, RM Salim, S Brinchmann, J Charlot, S Seibert, M Kauffmann, G Lee, YW Yi, SK Barlow, TA Bianchi, L Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Madore, BF Malina, RF Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, SG Schiminovich, D Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY Wyder, TK TI Systematics of the ultraviolet rising flux in a GALEX/SDSS sample of early-type galaxies SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : elliptical and lenticular, cD; galaxies : evolution; ultraviolet : galaxies ID DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; STAR-FORMING GALAXIES; ELLIPTIC GALAXIES; STELLAR POPULATIONS; PHOTOMETRY; EVOLUTION; CLUSTERS; EMISSION; SPECTRA; UPTURN AB We present ultraviolet photometry for a sample of morphologically early-type galaxies selected by matching the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) First Data Release with the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) Medium and All-sky Imaging Surveys. We obtain a working sample of 1032 early-type galaxies with GALEX far-UV (FUV) detections, SDSS spectroscopy, and z < 0.2. Using the SDSS spectra to identify galaxies with even weak star formation or evidence of active galactic nuclei, and further removing galaxies with any evidence of non-early-type morphology, we derive a final sample of 172 red quiescent early-type galaxies. We find that the FUV - r color has a full range of 5 mag. Plotting the FUV - R color against the metallicity sensitive Lick Mg-2 and D4000 indices and against the stellar velocity dispersion, we find no correlation between our measurement of UV rising flux and any parameter sensitive to the global metallicity of quiescent early-type galaxies. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Univ Porto, Ctr Astrophys, P-4150762 Oporto, Portugal. CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England. Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. CALTECH, NASA, IPAC Extragalact Database, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rich, RM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM rmr@astro.ucla.edu RI Brinchmann, Jarle/M-2616-2015; OI Brinchmann, Jarle/0000-0003-4359-8797; malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865 NR 27 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L107 EP L110 DI 10.1086/426939 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300027 ER PT J AU Salim, S Charlot, S Rich, RM Kauffmann, G Heckman, TM Barlow, TA Bianchi, L Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, RF Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, SG Schiminovich, D Seibert, M Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY Wyder, TK AF Salim, S Charlot, S Rich, RM Kauffmann, G Heckman, TM Barlow, TA Bianchi, L Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, RF Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, SG Schiminovich, D Seibert, M Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY Wyder, TK TI New constraints on the star formation histories and dust attenuation of galaxies in the local universe from GALEX SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : evolution; galaxies : fundamental parameters; galaxies : starburst; ultraviolet : galaxies ID DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; FORMING GALAXIES; DATA RELEASE; MASS AB We derive a variety of physical parameters including star formation rates (SFRs), dust attenuation, and burst mass fractions for 6472 galaxies observed by the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) and present in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 1 (SDSS DR1) main spectroscopic sample. Parameters are estimated in a statistical way by comparing each observed broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) ( two GALEX and five SDSS bands) with an extensive library of model galaxy SEDs, which cover a wide range of star formation histories and include stochastic starbursts. We compare the constraints derived using SDSS bands only with those derived using the combination of SDSS and GALEX photometry. We find that the addition of the GALEX bands leads to significant improvement in the estimation of both the dust optical depth and the star formation rate over timescales of 100 Myr to 1 Gyr in a galaxy. We attain sensitivity to SFRs as low as 10(-3) M-. yr(-1), and we find that low levels of star formation (SF) are mostly associated with early-type, red galaxies. The least massive galaxies have ratios of current to past-averaged SF rates (b-parameter) consistent with constant SF over a Hubble time. For late-type galaxies, this ratio on average decreases with mass. We find that b correlates tightly with NUV - r color, implying that the SF history of a galaxy can be constrained on the basis of the NUV - r color alone. The fraction of galaxies that have undergone a significant starburst episode within the last 1 Gyr steeply declines with mass, from similar to20% for galaxies with similar to10(8) M-. to similar to5% for similar to10(11) M-. galaxies. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Inst Astrophys, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Salim, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM samir@astro.ucla.edu OI malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865 NR 13 TC 129 Z9 130 U1 1 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L39 EP L42 DI 10.1086/424800 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300010 ER PT J AU Schiminovich, D Ilbert, O Arnouts, S Milliard, B Tresse, L Le Fevre, O Treyer, M Wyder, TK Budavari, T Zucca, E Zamorani, G Martin, DC Adami, C Arnaboldi, M Bardelli, S Barlow, T Bianchi, L Bolzonella, M Bottini, D Byun, YI Cappi, A Contini, T Charlot, S Donas, J Forster, K Foucaud, S Franzetti, P Friedman, PG Garilli, B Gavignaud, I Guzzo, L Heckman, TM Hoopes, C Iovino, A Jelinsky, P Le Brun, V Lee, YW Maccagni, D Madore, BF Malina, R Marano, B Marinoni, C McCracken, HJ Mazure, A Meneux, B Morrissey, P Neff, S Paltani, S Pello, R Picat, JP Pollo, A Pozzetti, L Radovich, M Rich, RM Scaramella, R Scodeggio, M Seibert, M Siegmund, O Small, T Szalay, AS Vettolani, G Welsh, B Xu, CK Zanichelli, A AF Schiminovich, D Ilbert, O Arnouts, S Milliard, B Tresse, L Le Fevre, O Treyer, M Wyder, TK Budavari, T Zucca, E Zamorani, G Martin, DC Adami, C Arnaboldi, M Bardelli, S Barlow, T Bianchi, L Bolzonella, M Bottini, D Byun, YI Cappi, A Contini, T Charlot, S Donas, J Forster, K Foucaud, S Franzetti, P Friedman, PG Garilli, B Gavignaud, I Guzzo, L Heckman, TM Hoopes, C Iovino, A Jelinsky, P Le Brun, V Lee, YW Maccagni, D Madore, BF Malina, R Marano, B Marinoni, C McCracken, HJ Mazure, A Meneux, B Morrissey, P Neff, S Paltani, S Pello, R Picat, JP Pollo, A Pozzetti, L Radovich, M Rich, RM Scaramella, R Scodeggio, M Seibert, M Siegmund, O Small, T Szalay, AS Vettolani, G Welsh, B Xu, CK Zanichelli, A TI The GALEX-VVDS measurement of the evolution of the far-ultraviolet luminosity density and the cosmic star formation rate SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmology : observations; galaxies : evolution; galaxies : luminosity function, mass function; ultraviolet : galaxies ID GALAXY REDSHIFT SURVEY; LYMAN-BREAK GALAXIES; FORMATION HISTORY; FORMING GALAXIES; UNIVERSE; ABSORPTION AB In a companion Letter (Arnouts et al.) we present new measurements of the galaxy luminosity function at 1500 Angstrom out to z similar to 1 using Galaxy Evolution Explorer VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey observations (1039 galaxies with NUV less than or equal to 24.5 and z > 0.2) and at higher z using existing data sets. In this Letter we use the same sample to study evolution of the FUV luminosity density rho(1500). We detect evolution consistent with a (1+z)(2.5+/-0.7) rise to z similar to 1 and (1 + z)(0.5+/-0.4) for z > 1. The luminosity density from the most UV-luminous galaxies (UVLGs) is undergoing dramatic evolution (30 times) between 0 < z < 1. UVLGs are responsible for a significant fraction (>25%) of the total far-ultraviolet luminosity density at z similar to 1. We measure dust attenuation and star formation rates of our sample galaxies and determine the star formation rate density ((rho) over dot(*)) as a function of redshift, both uncorrected and corrected for dust. We find good agreement with other measures of (rho) over dot(*) in the rest ultraviolet and Halpha given the still significant uncertainties in the attenuation correction. C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille, France. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Osservatorio Astron Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. Osserv Astron Capodimonte, I-80131 Naples, Italy. Univ Bologna, Dept Astron, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. IASF INAF, Sez Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Observ Midi Pyrenees, Astrophys Lab, F-31400 Toulouse, France. Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany. Inst Astrophys, UMR 7095, F-75014 Paris, France. Osserv Astron Brera, I-20121 Milan, Italy. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. CNR, Ist Radioastron, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. CALTECH, NASA IPAC, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Schiminovich, D (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, MC 2457,550 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027 USA. RI Pello, Roser/G-4754-2010; Le Fevre, Olivier/G-7389-2011; Cappi, Alberto/O-9391-2015; Zucca, Elena/O-9396-2015; Bolzonella, Micol/O-9495-2015; Bardelli, Sandro/O-9369-2015; OI Iovino, Angela/0000-0001-6958-0304; Pozzetti, Lucia/0000-0001-7085-0412; Arnaboldi, Magda/0000-0001-7214-3009; Scodeggio, Marco/0000-0002-2282-5850; Cappi, Alberto/0000-0002-9200-7167; Zucca, Elena/0000-0002-5845-8132; Bolzonella, Micol/0000-0003-3278-4607; Bardelli, Sandro/0000-0002-8900-0298; Scaramella, Roberto/0000-0003-2229-193X; bottini, dario/0000-0001-6917-041X; GUZZO, LUIGI/0000-0001-8264-5192; Zanichelli, Alessandra/0000-0002-2893-023X; Franzetti, Paolo/0000-0002-6986-0127; malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865; Radovich, Mario/0000-0002-3585-866X; Garilli, Bianca/0000-0001-7455-8750; Zamorani, Giovanni/0000-0002-2318-301X NR 31 TC 200 Z9 200 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L47 EP L50 DI 10.1086/427077 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300012 ER PT J AU Seibert, M Martin, DC Heckman, TM Buat, V Hoopes, C Barlow, T Bianchi, L Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Jelinsky, P Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, R Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, S Rich, RM Schiminovich, D Siegmund, O Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, B Wyder, TK AF Seibert, M Martin, DC Heckman, TM Buat, V Hoopes, C Barlow, T Bianchi, L Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Jelinsky, P Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, R Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, S Rich, RM Schiminovich, D Siegmund, O Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, B Wyder, TK TI Testing the empirical relation between ultraviolet color and attenuation of galaxies SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE dust, extinction; galaxies : ISM; ultraviolet : galaxies ID IRAS OBSERVATIONS; STARBURST GALAXIES; DUST CONTENT; ENVIRONMENTS AB We test the empirical relation between ultraviolet color and attenuation as derived for starburst galaxies with a wide assortment of galaxy types detected by the Galaxy Evolution Explorer and find that it systematically overestimates the far-ultraviolet attenuation of our sample by similar to 0.5 mag. Our efforts to find an additional parameter that could improve the starburst reddening relation were unsuccessful. In particular, UV - K-s colors (in non-matching apertures) show no correlation with the offset from the starburst reddening relation, suggesting either that UV - K-s colors are a poor tracer of present to past average star formation history (the "b" parameter) or that the intrinsic dust distribution/geometry may be responsible for moving galaxies off the correlation. It is possible to reduce the systematic overestimate of A(FUV) by using the linear correlation derived from our sample, which simply lowers the starburst predicted values of A(FUV) by 0.58 mag. The scatter, however, remains large at 0.89 mag. C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille, France. Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. CALTECH, NASA IPAC Extragalact Database, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Seibert, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Mail Code 405-47,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. OI malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865 NR 20 TC 103 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L55 EP L58 DI 10.1086/427843 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300014 ER PT J AU Seibert, M Budavari, T Rhee, J Rey, SC Schiminovich, D Salim, S Martin, DC Szalay, AS Forster, K Rich, RM Barlow, T Bianchi, L Byun, YI Donas, J Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, P Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, R Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, S Siegmund, O Small, T Welsh, B Wyder, TK AF Seibert, M Budavari, T Rhee, J Rey, SC Schiminovich, D Salim, S Martin, DC Szalay, AS Forster, K Rich, RM Barlow, T Bianchi, L Byun, YI Donas, J Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, P Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, R Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, S Siegmund, O Small, T Welsh, B Wyder, TK TI GALEX observations of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: A comparison SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : statistics; stars : statistics; surveys; ultraviolet : galaxies; ultraviolet : general; ultraviolet : stars ID STARS; SEPARATION; GALAXIES AB We have matched 358,046 objects in 143 deg(2) of overlap between the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). This Letter provides matching statistics at Medium Imaging Survey and All-sky Imaging Survey depths for SDSS-classified stars and galaxies as well as spectroscopic star, galaxy, and QSO subsamples. Distributions of magnitudes, redshifts, and colors are provided. Near-ultraviolet (NUV)-based color-color diagrams reveal ( 1) the segregation of main-sequence, horizontal-branch, subdwarf, white dwarf, M dwarf, and M dwarf - white dwarf binary stellar populations, ( 2) a bimodal distribution of galaxies, and ( 3) the higher signal quality of the GALEX NUV compared to the SDSS u band. C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Astron & Space Sci, Taejon 305764, South Korea. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. CALTECH, NASA IPAC Extragalact Database, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Seibert, M (reprint author), CALTECH, MC 405-47,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. OI malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865 NR 16 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L23 EP L26 DI 10.1086/427842 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300006 ER PT J AU Thilker, DA Bianchi, L Boissier, S de Paz, AG Madore, BF Martin, DC Meurer, GR Neff, SG Rich, RM Schiminovich, D Seibert, M Wyder, TK Barlow, TA Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Malina, RF Milliard, B Morrissey, P Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY AF Thilker, DA Bianchi, L Boissier, S de Paz, AG Madore, BF Martin, DC Meurer, GR Neff, SG Rich, RM Schiminovich, D Seibert, M Wyder, TK Barlow, TA Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Malina, RF Milliard, B Morrissey, P Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY TI Recent star formation in the extreme outer disk of M83 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : formation; galaxies : individual (M83); galaxies : ISM ID GALACTIC DISKS; MOLECULAR GAS; NGC-5236 M83; YOUNG STARS; GALAXIES; REGIONS AB Ultraviolet imaging with the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) has revealed an extensive sample of UV-bright stellar complexes in the extreme outer disk of M83, extending to about 4 times the radius at which the majority of H II regions are detected (R-H II = 5.'1, or 6.6 kpc). These sources are typically associated with large- scale filamentary H I structures in the warped outer disk of M83 and are distributed beyond the galactocentric radii at which molecular interstellar medium has yet been detected. We present measured properties of these stellar complexes, including far-UV and near-UV magnitudes and local gas surface density. Only a subset of the outer-disk UV sources have corresponding H II regions detected in Ha imaging, consistent with a sample of mixed age in which some sources are a few megayears old and others are much more evolved (similar to10(8) yr). C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Thilker, DA (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM dthilker@pha.jhu.edu RI Gil de Paz, Armando/J-2874-2016; OI Gil de Paz, Armando/0000-0001-6150-2854; malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865 NR 24 TC 181 Z9 181 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L79 EP L82 DI 10.1086/425251 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300020 ER PT J AU Thilker, DA Hoopes, CG Bianchi, L Boissier, S Rich, RM Seibert, M Friedman, PG Rey, SC Buat, V Barlow, TA Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, RF Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, PF Neff, SG Schiminovich, D Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY Wyder, TK AF Thilker, DA Hoopes, CG Bianchi, L Boissier, S Rich, RM Seibert, M Friedman, PG Rey, SC Buat, V Barlow, TA Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, RF Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, PF Neff, SG Schiminovich, D Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY Wyder, TK TI Panoramic GALEX far- and near-ultraviolet imaging of M31 and M33 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : individual (M31, M33); Local Group; ultraviolet : galaxies ID DIFFUSE IONIZED-GAS; STELLAR POPULATION; GALAXIES AB We present Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) far-UV (FUV) and near-UV (NUV) mosaic observations covering the entirety of M31 and M33. For both targets, we measure the decline of surface brightness (in FUV and NUV) and changes in color as a function of galactocentric radius. These UV radial profiles FUV - NUV are compared to the distribution of ionized gas traced by Halpha emission. We find that the extent of the UV emission, in both targets, is greater than the extent of the observed H II regions and diffuse ionized gas. We determine the ultraviolet diffuse fraction in M33 using our FUV observations and compare it to the Halpha diffuse fraction obtained from wide-field narrowband imaging. The FUV diffuse fraction appears to be remarkably constant near 0.65 over a large range in galactocentric radius, with departures to higher values in circumnuclear regions and, most notably, at the limit of the Halpha disk. We suggest that the increase in the FUV diffuse fraction at large galactocentric radii could indicate that a substantial portion of the diffuse emission beyond this point is not generated in situ but rather scattered from dust, after originating in the vicinity of the disk's outermost H II regions. The radial variation of the Halpha diffuse fraction was also measured. We found the Halpha diffuse fraction generally near 0.4 but rising toward the galaxy center, up to 0.6. We made no attempt to correct our diffuse fraction measurements for position-dependent extinction, so the quoted values are best interpreted as upper limits given the plausibly higher extinction for stellar clusters relative to their surroundings. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Astron & Space Sci, Taejon 305764, South Korea. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. CALTECH, NASA, IPAC Extragalact Database, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Thilker, DA (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM dthilker@pha.jhu.edu; choopes@pha.jhu.edu; bianchi@pha.jhu.edu; boissier@ociw.edu; rmr@astro.ucla.edu; mseibert@srl.caltech.edu; friedman@srl.caltech.edu; screy@srl.caltech.edu; veronique.buat@oamp.fr; tab@ipac.caltech.edu; byun@obs.yonsei.ac.kr; jose.donas@oamp.fr; krl@srl.caltech.edu; heckman@pha.jhu.edu; patj@ssl.berkeley.edu; ywlee@csa.yonsei.ac.kr; barry@ipac.caltech.edu; roger.malina@oamp.fr; cmartin@srl.caltech.edu; bruno.milliard@oamp.fr; patrick@srl.caltechedu; neff@stars.gsfc.nasa.gov; ds@srl.caltech.edu; ossy@ssl.berkeley.edu; tas@srl.caltech.edu; szalay@pha.jhu.edu; barry@ipac.caltech.edu; wyder@srl.caltech.edu OI malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865 NR 13 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L67 EP L70 DI 10.1086/424816 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300017 ER PT J AU Treyer, M Wyder, TK Schiminovich, D Arnouts, S Budavari, T Milliard, B Barlow, TA Bianchi, L Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, RF Martin, DC Morrissey, P Neff, SG Rich, RM Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY AF Treyer, M Wyder, TK Schiminovich, D Arnouts, S Budavari, T Milliard, B Barlow, TA Bianchi, L Byun, YI Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, RF Martin, DC Morrissey, P Neff, SG Rich, RM Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY TI The ultraviolet galaxy luminosity function from GALEX data: Color-dependent evolution at low redshift SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : evolution; galaxies : luminosity function, mass function; ultraviolet : galaxies ID STAR-FORMATION AB We present measurements of the far-UV (FUV; 1530 Angstrom) and near-UV (NUV; 2310 Angstrom) galaxy luminosity functions (LFs) at low redshift (z less than or equal to 0.2) from Galaxy Evolution Explorer observations matched to the Two-Degree Field (2dF) Galaxy Redshift Survey. We split our FUV and NUV samples into two UV - b(J) color bins and two redshift bins. As observed at optical wavelengths, the local LF of the bluest galaxies tend to have steeper faint-end slopes and fainter characteristic magnitudes M-* than the reddest subsamples. We find evidence for color-dependent evolution at very low redshift in both bands, with bright blue galaxies becoming dominant in the highest redshift bin. The evolution of the total LF is consistent with an similar to 0.3 mag brightening between and z similar to 0 0.13, in agreement with the first analysis of deeper GALEX fields probing adjacent and higher redshifts. C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Treyer, M (reprint author), CALTECH, MC 405-47,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM treyer@srl.caltech.edu OI malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865 NR 27 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L19 EP L22 DI 10.1086/425302 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300005 ER PT J AU Wheatley, JM Welsh, BY Siegmund, OHW Byun, YI Yi, S Lee, YW Madore, BF Viton, M Rich, RM Bianchi, L Barlow, TA Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Malina, RF Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, SG Schiminovich, D Small, T Szalay, AS Wyder, TK AF Wheatley, JM Welsh, BY Siegmund, OHW Byun, YI Yi, S Lee, YW Madore, BF Viton, M Rich, RM Bianchi, L Barlow, TA Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Malina, RF Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, SG Schiminovich, D Small, T Szalay, AS Wyder, TK TI Large-amplitude ultraviolet variations in the RR Lyrae star ROTSE-I J143753.84+345924.8 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE stars : atmospheres; stars : individual (ROTSE-I J143753.84+345924.8); stars : variables : other; ultraviolet : stars ID GALAXY-EVOLUTION-EXPLORER; ATMOSPHERES; OPACITIES; SATELLITE AB The NASA Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) satellite has obtained simultaneous near-ultraviolet (NUV) and far-ultraviolet (FUV) light curves of the ROTSE-I Catalog RR Lyrae type ab variable star J143753.84+345924.8. A series of 38 GALEX Deep Imaging Survey observations well distributed in phase within the star's 0.56432 day period shows an AB = 4.9 mag variation in the FUV (1350-1750 Angstrom) band and an AB = 1.8 mag variation in the NUV (1750-2750 Angstrom) band, compared with only a 0.8 mag variation in the broad, unfiltered ROTSE-I (approximate to4500-10,000 Angstrom) band. These GALEX UV observations are the first to reveal a large RR Lyrae amplitude variation at wavelengths below 1800 Angstrom. We compare the GALEX and ROTSE-I observations to predictions made by recent Kurucz stellar atmosphere models. We use published physical parameters for the comparable period (0.57433 days), well-observed RR Lyrae star WY Antliae to compute predicted FUV, NUV, and ROTSE-I light curves for J143753.84+345924.8. The observed light curves agree with the Kurucz predictions for [Fe/H] = -1.25 to within AB = 0.2 mag in the GALEX NUV and ROTSE-I bands and to within 0.5 mag in the FUV. At all metallicities between solar and 1/100 solar, the Kurucz models predict 6-8 mag of variation at wavelengths between 1000 and 1700 Angstrom. Other variable stars with similar temperature variations, such as Cepheids, should also have large-amplitude FUV light curves, observable during the ongoing GALEX imaging surveys. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Expt Astrophys Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. CALTECH, NASA, IPAC Extragalact Database, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wheatley, JM (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Expt Astrophys Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM wheat@ssl.berkeley.edu; bwelsh@ssl.berkeley.edu; ossy@ssl.berkeley.edu; byun@obs.yonsei.ac.kr; yi@astro.ox.ac.uk; ywlee@csa.yonsei.ac.kr; barry@ipac.caltech.edu; maurice.viton@free.fr; rmr@astro.ucla.edu; bianchi@pha.jhu.edu; tab@srl.caltech.edu; jose.donas@oamp.fr; krl@srl.caltech.edu; friedman@srl.caltech.edu; heckman@adcam.pha.jhu.edu; patj@ssl.berkeley.edu; roger.malina@oamp.fr; cmartin@srl.caltech.edu; bruno.milliard@oamp.fr; patrick@srl.caltech.edu; neff@stars.gsfc.nasa.gov; ds@srl.caltech.edu; tas@srl.caltech.edu; szalay@pha.jhu.edu; wyder@srl.caltech.edu OI malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865 NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L123 EP L126 DI 10.1086/422391 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300031 ER PT J AU Wyder, TK Treyer, MA Milliard, B Schiminovich, D Arnouts, S Budavari, T Barlow, TA Bianchi, L Byun, YK Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, RF Martin, DC Morrissey, P Neff, SG Rich, RM Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY AF Wyder, TK Treyer, MA Milliard, B Schiminovich, D Arnouts, S Budavari, T Barlow, TA Bianchi, L Byun, YK Donas, J Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, RF Martin, DC Morrissey, P Neff, SG Rich, RM Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY TI The ultraviolet galaxy luminosity function in the local universe from GALEX data SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : luminosity function, mass function; surveys; ultraviolet : galaxies ID STAR-FORMATION HISTORY; REDSHIFT SURVEY; DENSITY; DUST; SAMPLE; EMISSION; FIELD AB We present the results of a determination of the galaxy luminosity function at ultraviolet wavelengths at redshifts of z = 0.0-0.1 from Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) data. We determined the luminosity function in the GALEX far-UV and near-UV bands from a sample of galaxies with UV magnitudes between 17 and 20 that are drawn from a total of 56.73 deg(2) of GALEX fields overlapping the b(J)-selected Two-Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey. The resulting luminosity functions are fainter than previous UV estimates and result in total UV luminosity densities of 10(25.55+/-0.12) and 10(25.72+/-0.12) ergs s(-1) Hz(-1) Mpc(-3) at 1530 and 2310 Angstrom, respectively. This corresponds to a local star formation rate density in agreement with previous estimates made with Halpha-selected data for reasonable assumptions about the UV extinction. C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Wyder, TK (reprint author), CALTECH, MC 405-47,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM wyder@srl.caltech.edu OI malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865 NR 32 TC 150 Z9 150 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L15 EP L18 DI 10.1086/424735 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300004 ER PT J AU Xu, CK Iglesias-Paramo, J Burgarella, D Rich, RM Neff, SG Lauger, S Barlow, TA Bianchi, L Byun, YI Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, RF Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, P Schiminovich, D Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY Wyder, TK AF Xu, CK Iglesias-Paramo, J Burgarella, D Rich, RM Neff, SG Lauger, S Barlow, TA Bianchi, L Byun, YI Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, RF Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, P Schiminovich, D Siegmund, OHW Small, T Szalay, AS Welsh, BY Wyder, TK TI Ultraviolet emission and star formation in Stephan's Quintet SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; galaxies : interactions; galaxies : ISM; galaxies : starburst; intergalactic medium; stars : formation ID COMPACT GROUP ENVIRONMENT; H-ALPHA EMISSION; INTRAGROUP MEDIUM; DWARF GALAXIES; MOLECULAR GAS; STARBURST; EVOLUTION; OBJECTS; REGIONS; TAILS AB We present the first Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) UV images of the well-known interacting group of galaxies, Stephan's Quintet (SQ). We detect widespread UV emission throughout the group. However, there is no consistent coincidence between UV structure and emission in the optical, Halpha, or H I. Excluding the foreground galaxy NGC 7320 (Sd), most of the UV emission is found in regions associated with the two spiral members of the group, NGC 7319 and NGC 7318b, and the intragroup medium starburst SQ-A. The extinction-corrected UV data are analyzed to investigate the overall star formation activity in SQ. We find that the total star formation rate (SFR) of SQ is 6.69 +/- 0.65 M. yr(-1). Of this, 1.34 +/- 0.16 M. yr(-1) is due to SQ-A. This is in excellent agreement with that derived from the extinction-corrected Halpha luminosity of SQ-A. The SFR in regions related to NGC 7319 is 1.98 +/- 0.58 M. yr(-1), most of which (68%) is contributed by the disk. The contribution from the "young tail" is only 15%. In the UV, the young tail is more extended (similar to100 kpc) and shows a looplike structure, including the optical tail, the extragalactic H II regions recently discovered in Halpha, and other UV emission regions discovered for the first time. The UV and optical colors of the "old tail" are consistent with a single stellar population of age t similar or equal to 10(8.5+/-0.4) yr. The UV emission associated with NGC 7318b is found in a very large (similar to80 kpc) disk, with a net SFR of 3.37 +/- 0.25 M. yr(-1). Several large UV emission regions are 30-40 kpc away from the nucleus of NGC 7318b. Although both NGC 7319 and NGC 7318b show peculiar UV morphology, their SFR is consistent with that of normal Sbc galaxies, indicating that the strength of star formation activity is not enhanced by interactions. C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. CALTECH, NASA, IPAC Extragalact Database, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Xu, CK (reprint author), CALTECH, MC 405-47,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. OI malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865; Iglesias-Paramo, Jorge/0000-0003-2726-6370 NR 31 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L95 EP L98 DI 10.1086/425130 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300024 ER PT J AU Xu, CK Donas, J Arnouts, S Wyder, TK Seibert, M Iglesias-Paramo, J Blaizot, J Small, T Milliard, B Schiminovich, D Martin, DC Barlow, TA Bianchi, L Byun, YI Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, RF Morrissey, P Neff, SG Rich, RM Siegmund, OHW Szalay, AS Welsh, BY AF Xu, CK Donas, J Arnouts, S Wyder, TK Seibert, M Iglesias-Paramo, J Blaizot, J Small, T Milliard, B Schiminovich, D Martin, DC Barlow, TA Bianchi, L Byun, YI Forster, K Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, PN Lee, YW Madore, BF Malina, RF Morrissey, P Neff, SG Rich, RM Siegmund, OHW Szalay, AS Welsh, BY TI Number counts of GALEX sources in far-ultraviolet (1530 angstrom) and near-ultraviolet (2310 angstrom) bands SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; galaxies : evolution; galaxies : photometry; galaxies : stellar content; stars : formation; ultraviolet : galaxies ID GALAXY COUNTS; STAR COUNTS; EXTINCTION; LUMINOSITY AB Number counts of galaxies in two Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) bands [far-UV (FUV: 1530 Angstrom) and near-UV (NUV: 2310 Angstrom); both in AB magnitudes] are reported. They provide for the first time in the literature homogeneously calibrated number counts of UV galaxies continuously covering a very wide range in UV magnitude (14 - 23.8). Both the FUV and NUV counts are inconsistent with a nonevolution model, whereas they are in good agreement with evolution models (essentially luminosity evolution) derived from the high-z UV luminosity functions of Arnouts et al. We find that the contribution from GALEX-detected galaxies to the UV background is 0.68 +/- 0.10 nW m(-2) sr(-1) at 1530 Angstrom and 0.99 +/- 0.15 nW m(-2) sr(-1) at 2310 Angstrom. These are 66% +/- 9% and 44% +/- 6% of the total contributions of galaxies to the UV background at 1530 Angstrom (1.03 +/- 0.15 nW m(-2) sr(-1)) and at 2310 Angstrom (2.25 +/- 0.32 nW m(-2) sr(-1)), respectively, as estimated using the evolution models. Galaxy counts and star counts in seven regions, each containing a few square degrees of GALEX coverage in an area of similar to4 - 13 deg(2), are compared with each other to study the region-by-region variance. This shows that for the galaxy counts, the cosmic variance is comparable to the net error due to other uncertainties. The star counts increase with decreasing absolute Galactic latitude. \b\. C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Astrophys Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. CALTECH, NASA IPAC Extragalact Database, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Xu, CK (reprint author), CALTECH, MC 405-47,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 26 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L11 EP L14 DI 10.1086/425252 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300003 ER PT J AU Yi, SK Yoon, SJ Kaviraj, S Deharveng, JM Rich, RM Salim, S Boselli, A Lee, YW Ree, CH Sohn, YJ Rey, SC Lee, JW Rhee, J Bianchi, L Byun, YI Donas, J Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, P Madore, BF Malina, R Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, S Schiminovich, D Siegmund, O Small, T Szalay, AS Jee, MJ Kim, SW Barlow, T Forster, K Welsh, B Wyder, TK AF Yi, SK Yoon, SJ Kaviraj, S Deharveng, JM Rich, RM Salim, S Boselli, A Lee, YW Ree, CH Sohn, YJ Rey, SC Lee, JW Rhee, J Bianchi, L Byun, YI Donas, J Friedman, PG Heckman, TM Jelinsky, P Madore, BF Malina, R Martin, DC Milliard, B Morrissey, P Neff, S Schiminovich, D Siegmund, O Small, T Szalay, AS Jee, MJ Kim, SW Barlow, T Forster, K Welsh, B Wyder, TK TI Galaxy Evolution Explorer ultraviolet color-magnitude relations and evidence of recent star formation in early-type galaxies SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : evolution; galaxies : formation; ultraviolet : galaxies ID DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; SURVEY PHOTOMETRIC SYSTEM; ELLIPTIC GALAXIES; MERGER FRACTION; RICH CLUSTER; RADIATION; EMISSION; ORIGIN AB We have used the Galaxy Evolution Explorer UV photometric data to construct a first near-UV (NUV) color-magnitude relation (CMR) for the galaxies preclassified as early-type by Sloan Digital Sky Survey studies. The NUV CMR is a powerful tool for tracking the recent star formation history in early-type galaxies, owing to its high sensitivity to the presence of young stellar populations. Our NUV CMR for UV-weak galaxies shows a well-defined slope and thus will be useful for interpreting the rest-frame NUV data of distant galaxies and studying their star formation history. Compared to optical CMRs, the NUV CMR shows a substantially larger scatter, which we interpret as evidence of recent star formation activities. Roughly 15% of the recent epoch (z < 0.13) bright [M(r) < -22] early-type galaxies show a sign of recent (less than or similar to1 Gyr) star formation at the 1%-2% level (lower limit) in mass compared to the total stellar mass. This implies that low-level residual star formation was common during the last few billion years even in bright early-type galaxies. C1 Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England. Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille, France. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Astron & Space Sci, Taejon 305764, South Korea. Sejong Univ, Dept Astron & Space Sci, Seoul 143747, South Korea. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Expt Astrophys Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. CALTECH, NASA, IPAC Extragalact Database, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Yi, SK (reprint author), Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, 134 Shinchon, Seoul 120749, South Korea. EM yi@astro.ox.ac.uk OI Ree, Chang Hee/0000-0001-8986-112X; malina, roger/0000-0003-3399-3865 NR 30 TC 226 Z9 226 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 619 IS 1 BP L111 EP L114 DI 10.1086/422811 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890KE UT WOS:000226509300028 ER PT J AU Steele, BM Reddy, SK Nemani, RR AF Steele, BM Reddy, SK Nemani, RR TI A regression strategy for analyzing environmental data generated by spatio-temporal processes SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE spatio-temporal data; serial correlation; ARIMA models; NPP process models; carbon balance ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; UNITED-STATES; CARBON EXCHANGE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; OSCILLATION; VEGETATION; PACIFIC; MODEL AB Highly complex spatio-temporal environmental data sets are becoming common in ecology because of the increasing use of large-scale simulation models and automated data collection devices. The spatial and temporal dimensions present real and difficult challenges for the interpretation of these data. A particularly difficult problem is that the relationship among variables can vary in dramatically in response to environmental variation; consequently, a single model may not provide adequate fit. The temporal dimension presents both opportunities for improved prediction because explanatory variables sometimes exert delayed effects on response variables, and problems because variables are often serially correlated. This article presents a regression strategy for accommodating these problems and exploiting serial correlation. The strategy is illustrated by a case study of simulated net primary production (SNPP) that compares ocean-atmosphere indices to terrestrial climate variables as predictors of SNPP across the conterminous United States, and describes spatial variation in the relative importance of terrestrial climate variables towards predicting SNPR We found that the relationship between ocean-atmosphere indices and SNPP varies substantially over the United States, and that there is evidence of a substantive link only in the western portions of the United States. Evidence of multi-year delays in the effect of terrestrial climate effects on SNPP were also found. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Montana, Dept Math Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Steele, BM (reprint author), Univ Montana, Dept Math Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM steele@mso.umt.edu NR 45 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 181 IS 2-3 BP 93 EP 108 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.06.038 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 873JD UT WOS:000225274900001 ER PT J AU Tsurutani, BT Judge, DL Guarnieri, FL Gangopadhyay, P Jones, AR Nuttall, J Zambon, GA Didkovsky, L Mannucci, AJ Iijima, B Meier, RR Immel, TJ Woods, TN Prasad, S Floyd, L Huba, J Solomon, SC Straus, P Viereck, R AF Tsurutani, BT Judge, DL Guarnieri, FL Gangopadhyay, P Jones, AR Nuttall, J Zambon, GA Didkovsky, L Mannucci, AJ Iijima, B Meier, RR Immel, TJ Woods, TN Prasad, S Floyd, L Huba, J Solomon, SC Straus, P Viereck, R TI The October 28, 2003 extreme EUV solar flare and resultant extreme ionospheric effects: Comparison to other Halloween events and the Bastille Day event SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Some of the most intense solar flares measured in 0.1 to 0.8 nm x-rays in recent history occurred near the end of 2003. The Nov 4 event is the largest in the NOAA records (X28) and the Oct 28 flare was the fourth most intense (X17). The Oct 29 flare was class X7. These flares are compared and contrasted to the July 14, 2000 Bastille Day (X10) event using the SOHO SEM 26.0 to 34.0 nm EUV and TIMED SEE 0.1-194 nm data. High time resolution, similar to30s ground-base GPS data and the GUVI FUV dayglow data are used to examine the flare-ionosphere relationship. In the 26.0 to 34.0 nm wavelength range, the Oct 28 flare is found to have a peak intensity greater than twice that of the Nov 4 flare, indicating strong spectral variability from flare-to-flare. Solar absorption of the EUV portion of the Nov 4 limb event is a possible cause. The dayside ionosphere responds dramatically (similar to2.5 min 1/e rise time) to the x-ray and EUV input by an abrupt increase in total electron content (TEC). The Oct 28 TEC ionospheric peak enhancement at the subsolar point is similar to25 TECU (25 x 10(12) electrons/cm(2)) or 30% above background. In comparison, the Nov 4, Oct 29 and the Bastille Day events have similar to5-7 TECU peak enhancements above background. The Oct 28 TEC enhancement lasts similar to3 hrs, far longer than the flare duration. This latter ionospheric feature is consistent with increased electron production in the middle altitude ionosphere, where recombination rates are low. It is the EUV portion of the flare spectrum that is responsible for photoionization of this region. Further modeling will be necessary to fully understand the detailed physics and chemistry of flare-ionosphere coupling. C1 Univ So Calif, Ctr Space Sci, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Space Phys Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Ionospher & Atmospher Remote Sensing Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. George Mason Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Creat Res Enterprises, Pleasanton, CA 94566 USA. Interferometr Inc, Washington, DC USA. USN, Res Lab, Div Plasma Phys, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Aerosp Corp, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Univ So Calif, Ctr Space Sci, Dept Phys & Astron, Univ Pk Campus, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM bruce.tsurutani@jpl.nasa.gov RI Mannucci, Anthony/A-1349-2007; Solomon, Stanley/J-4847-2012; Meier, Robert/G-4749-2014; OI Mannucci, Anthony/0000-0003-2391-8490; Solomon, Stanley/0000-0002-5291-3034; Meier, Robert/0000-0001-8497-7115; Lakhina, Gurbax /0000-0002-8956-486X NR 10 TC 116 Z9 117 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 3 AR L03S09 DI 10.1029/2004GL021475 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 891KA UT WOS:000226578600001 ER PT J AU Styers-Barnett, DJ Ellison, SP Park, C Wise, KE Papanikolas, JM AF Styers-Barnett, DJ Ellison, SP Park, C Wise, KE Papanikolas, JM TI Ultrafast dynamics of single-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed in polymer films SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Letter ID RELAXATION DYNAMICS; CARRIER DYNAMICS; TIME-DOMAIN; SPECTROSCOPY; SUSPENSIONS; NANORODS; STATES; GOLD AB Wavelength-resolved femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy is used to follow the electronic dynamics of single-walled carbon nanotubes in polymers following visible photoexcitation. Electron-hole (e-h) pairs features give rise to sharp features in the transient spectra that decay in amplitude and exhibit rapid spectral shifts. The decay reflects (e-h) recombination oil both short (1.3 ps) and long (35 ps) time scales. Transient Spectra also exhibit a broad photobleach at early times that arises front the cooling of a hot electron gas created via excitation at the red edge of a pi-plasmon hand. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Papanikolas, JM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM John_Papanikolas@unc.edu NR 29 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 109 IS 2 BP 289 EP 292 DI 10.1021/jp044636e PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 887NN UT WOS:000226312900001 PM 16833346 ER PT J AU Kempf, S Srama, R Horanyi, M Burton, M Helfert, S Moragas-Klostermeyer, G Roy, M Grun, E AF Kempf, S Srama, R Horanyi, M Burton, M Helfert, S Moragas-Klostermeyer, G Roy, M Grun, E TI High-velocity streams of dust originating from Saturn SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID ULYSSES SPACECRAFT; JUPITER; EJECTION; GRAINS AB High-velocity submicrometre-sized dust particles expelled from the jovian system have been identified by dust detectors on board several spacecraft(1,2). On the basis of periodicities in the dust impact rate, Jupiter's moon Io was found to be the dominant source of the streams(3). The grains become positively charged within the plasma environment of Jupiter's magnetosphere, and gain energy from its co-rotational electric field(4). Outside the magnetosphere, the dynamics of the grains are governed by the interaction with the interplanetary magnetic field that eventually forms the streams(5). A similar process was suggested for Saturn(6). Here we report the discovery by the Cassini spacecraft of bursts of high-velocity dust particles (greater than or equal to100 km s(-1)) within similar to70 million kilometres of Saturn. Most of the particles detected at large distances appear to originate from the outskirts of Saturn's outermost main ring. All bursts of dust impacts detected within 150 Saturn radii are characterized by impact directions markedly different from those measured between the bursts, and they clearly coincide with the spacecraft's traversals through streams of compressed solar wind. C1 Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Kempf, S (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Kernphys, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. EM Sascha.Kempf@mpi-hd.mpg.de OI KEMPF, SASCHA/0000-0001-5236-3004 NR 13 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 433 IS 7023 BP 289 EP 291 DI 10.1038/nature03218 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 888NK UT WOS:000226381300048 PM 15662418 ER PT J AU Krukowski, AE Stone, LS AF Krukowski, AE Stone, LS TI Expansion of direction space around the cardinal axes revealed by smooth pursuit eye movements SO NEURON LA English DT Article ID CORTICAL AREAS MT; PERCEPTION FOLLOWING LESIONS; TEMPORAL VISUAL AREA; MOTION PERCEPTION; MACAQUE MONKEY; MST; DISCRIMINATION; OCULOMOTOR; DEFICITS; MICROSTIMULATION AB It is well established that perceptual direction discrimination shows an oblique effect; thresholds are higher for motion along diagonal directions than for motion along cardinal directions. Here, we compare simultaneous direction judgments and pursuit responses for the same motion stimuli and find that both pursuit and perceptual thresholds show similar anisotropies. The pursuit oblique effect is robust under a wide range of experimental manipulations, being largely resistant to changes in trajectory (radial versus tangential motion), speed (10 versus 25 deg/s), directional uncertainty (blocked versus randomly interleaved), and cognitive state (tracking alone versus concurrent tracking and perceptual tasks). Our data show that the pursuit oblique effect is caused by an effective expansion of direction space surrounding the cardinal directions and the requisite compression of space for other directions. This expansion suggests that the directions around the cardinal directions are in some way overrepresented in the visual cortical pathways that drive both smooth pursuit and perception. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Human Factors Res & Technol Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. San Jose State Univ, Dept Psychol, San Jose, CA 95192 USA. RP Stone, LS (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Human Factors Res & Technol Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM lstone@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 41 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 1100 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0896-6273 J9 NEURON JI Neuron PD JAN 20 PY 2005 VL 45 IS 2 BP 315 EP 323 DI 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.005 PG 9 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 889OE UT WOS:000226451500017 PM 15664182 ER PT J AU Szewczyk, ZP Smith, GL Priestley, KJ AF Szewczyk, ZP Smith, GL Priestley, KJ TI Validation of Clouds and Earth Radiant Energy System instruments aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CERES AB A comparison of unfiltered radiances measured by Clouds and Earth Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments (FM1 and FM4) operating on two different platforms, Terra and Aqua satellites, is presented. Data for the comparison were collected at orbital crossings in July and August 2002 and June 2003. Using a special scanning mode, viewing geometries of the instruments were matched to provide a large data set for comparing all three channels. In addition, the data collected over Greenland were used for a more stringent test of the consistency of the shortwave radiances. Statistics are computed for different scene types, and a confidence test is applied to compiled averages to show the consistency of 1% between measurements taken from the two different platforms. Results of the unfiltered radiance comparison are based on Edition2 of the FM1 and FM4 ES8 (Earth Radiation Budget Experiment-like) data product. C1 SAIC, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Szewczyk, ZP (reprint author), SAIC, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. EM z.p.szewczyk@larc.nasa.gov; g.l.smith@larc.nasa.gov; k.j.priestley@larc.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 19 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D2 AR D02103 DI 10.1029/2004JD004776 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 891KE UT WOS:000226579000001 ER PT J AU Zhu, X Yee, JH Talaat, ER Mlynczak, M Gordley, L Mertens, C Russell, JM AF Zhu, X Yee, JH Talaat, ER Mlynczak, M Gordley, L Mertens, C Russell, JM TI An algorithm for extracting zonal mean and migrating tidal fields in the middle atmosphere from satellite measurements: Applications to TIMED/SABER-measured temperature and tidal modeling SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID DIURNAL TIDE; LOWER THERMOSPHERE; SABER EXPERIMENT; MESOSPHERE; SPACE; VARIABILITY; RESOLUTION; DYNAMICS; GSWM; UARS AB For a data series with grid points that do not uniformly cover a whole wave cycle in both space and time, traditional least squares fitting methods will lead to biased estimates of the zonal mean and wave components as a result of aliasing between these elements. We introduce a set of formal regularity conditions to select available grid points that reduce aliasing while obtaining the zonal mean and tidal components from unevenly sampled or incomplete measurements. The algorithm is used to self-consistently investigate the effect of the zonal mean field on the seasonal variation of diurnal tide in the upper middle atmosphere using temperature measured by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument onboard the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. We first unbiasly derive both the zonal mean and migrating tidal components from the measurements, then simulate the seasonal variation of the migrating diurnal tide using a spectral tidal model with the measured zonal mean as input, and finally compare the seasonal variation of the measured tide with the modeled one. The model and measurement comparisons show self-consistently and more conclusively the dominant effect of the zonal mean wind on the seasonal variation of the migrating diurnal tide in the upper middle atmosphere. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. G&A Tech Software Inc, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RP Zhu, X (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM xun.zhu@jhuapl.edu RI Mlynczak, Martin/K-3396-2012; Zhu, Xun/C-2097-2016 OI Zhu, Xun/0000-0001-7860-6430 NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 19 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D2 AR D02105 DI 10.1029/2004JD004996 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 891KE UT WOS:000226579000002 ER PT J AU Cattell, C Dombeck, J Wygant, J Drake, JF Swisdak, M Goldstein, ML Keith, W Fazakerley, A Andre, M Lucek, E Balogh, A AF Cattell, C Dombeck, J Wygant, J Drake, JF Swisdak, M Goldstein, ML Keith, W Fazakerley, A Andre, M Lucek, E Balogh, A TI Cluster observations of electron holes in association with magnetotail reconnection and comparison to simulations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COLLISIONLESS MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; PHASE-SPACE HOLES; SOLITARY WAVES; PARTICLE SIMULATIONS; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; AURORAL-ZONE; MAGNETOPAUSE; BOUNDARY; REGION; POLAR AB [1] Large-amplitude ( up to similar to50 mV/m) solitary waves, identified as electron holes, have been observed during waveform captures on two of the four Cluster satellites during several plasma sheet encounters that have been identified as the passage of a magnetotail reconnection x line. The electron holes were seen near the outer edge of the plasma sheet, within and on the edge of a density cavity, at distances on the order of a few ion inertial lengths from the center of the current sheet. The electron holes occur during intervals when there were narrow electron beams but not when the distributions were more isotropic or contained beams that were broad in pitch angle. The region containing the narrow beams ( and therefore the electron holes) can extend over thousands of kilometers in the x and y directions, but is very narrow in the z direction. The association with electron beams and the density cavity and the location along the separatrices are consistent with simulations shown herein. The velocities and scale sizes of the electron holes are consistent with the predictions of Drake et al. [ 2003]. Particle simulations of magnetic reconnection reproduce the observed Cluster data only with the addition of a small (0.2 of the reversed field) ambient guide field. The results suggest that electron holes may sometimes be an intrinsic feature of magnetotail reconnection and that in such cases the traditional neglect of the guide field may not be justified. Very large amplitude lower hybrid waves ( hundreds of millivolts per meter), as well as waves at frequencies up to the electron plasma frequency, were also observed during this interval. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Res Elect & Appl Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. Swedish Inst Space Phys, Uppsala Div, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Space & Atmospher Phys Grp, London SW7 2BZ, England. RP Cattell, C (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM cattell@belka.space.umn.edu RI Goldstein, Melvyn/B-1724-2008; OI Cattell, Cynthia/0000-0002-3805-320X NR 34 TC 161 Z9 161 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 19 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A1 AR A01211 DI 10.1029/2004JA010519 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 891KY UT WOS:000226581100001 ER PT J AU Fung, SF Green, JL AF Fung, SF Green, JL TI Modeling of field-aligned guided echoes in the plasmasphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS; DENSITY DISTRIBUTION; ELECTRON-DENSITY; TOPSIDE-SOUNDER; IMAGER; MAGNETOSPHERE; IONIZATION; DUCTS; IONS; RPI AB [1] Ray tracing modeling is used to investigate the plasma conditions under which high-frequency f much greater than f(uh)) extraordinary mode waves can be guided along geomagnetic field lines. These guided signals have often been observed as long-range discrete echoes in the plasmasphere by the Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) onboard the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration satellite. Field-aligned discrete echoes are most commonly observed by RPI in the plasmasphere, although they are also observed over the polar cap region. The plasmasphere field-aligned echoes appearing as multiple echo traces at different virtual ranges are attributed to signals reflected successively between conjugate hemispheres that propagate along or nearly along closed geomagnetic field lines. The ray tracing simulations show that field-aligned ducts with as little as 1% density perturbations ( depletions) and < 10 wavelengths wide can guide nearly field-aligned propagating high-frequency X mode waves. Effective guidance of a wave at a given frequency and wave normal angle (&UPsi;) depends on the cross-field density scale of the duct, such that ducts with stronger density depletions need to be wider in order to maintain the same gradient of refractive index across the magnetic field. While signal guidance by field aligned density gradient without ducting is possible only over the polar region, conjugate field-aligned echoes that have traversed through the equatorial region are most likely guided by ducting. C1 NASA, Space Phys Data Facil, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Space Sci Data Operat Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Fung, SF (reprint author), NASA, Space Phys Data Facil, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 632, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM shing.f.fung@nasa.gov RI Fung, Shing/F-5647-2012 NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 19 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A1 AR A01210 DI 10.1029/2004JA010658 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 891KY UT WOS:000226581100004 ER PT J AU Wu, DL Ao, CO Hajj, GA Juarez, MD Mannucci, AJ AF Wu, DL Ao, CO Hajj, GA Juarez, MD Mannucci, AJ TI Sporadic E morphology from GPS-CHAMP radio occultation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; LOWER THERMOSPHERE; LOWER TROPOSPHERE; ELECTRON-DENSITY; E LAYERS; ATMOSPHERE; WAVES; IRREGULARITIES; IONOSPHERE; DEPENDENCE AB [ 1] The scintillations of phase and amplitude in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the GPS radio occultation signal are caused by thin ionization layers. These thin irregular electron density layers in the E region ionosphere are often called sporadic E (E-s). For a monthly retrieval of Es morphology we use the variances of the phase and SNR fluctuations of worldwide similar to 6000 GPS/CHAMP occultations in the E region. The E-s climatology is studied globally with the SNR and phase variances in terms of monthly zonal means, seasonal maps, and diurnal and long-term variations. The zonal mean variances reveal strong, extended E-s activities at summertime midlatitudes but weak, confined activities in wintertime high latitudes, peaking at similar to 105 km. Global maps at 105-km altitude show clear dependence of E-s activities on the geomagnetic dip angle, where the summertime midlatitude E-s occurs mostly at dip angles of 30degrees- 60degrees and the wintertime high-latitude enhancement occurs mostly at dip angles >80degrees. The midlatitude Es variances exhibit a strong semidiurnal variation with peak hours near 0800 - 1000 and 2000 local solar time, respectively. The peak hours are delayed slightly with decreasing height, suggesting influences from the semidiurnal tide. To provide more insights on the observed SNR and phase variances, we model radio wave propagation for the CHAMP observing geometry under several perturbed cases in the E region ionosphere. The model simulations indicate that the SNR variance has the maximum response to E-s perturbations at vertical wavelengths of similar to 1.2 km, whereas the phase response maximizes at similar to 2 km (for the 1-s variance analysis). The characteristic scale depends little on the truncation time used in the SNR variance analysis, but it increases with the truncation time for the phase variances. Initial studies show that reasonable global Es morphology can be produced on a monthly and seasonal basis with the CHAMP one-antenna occultations. Better results from other existing and upcoming GPS occultation missions are anticipated in future studies, and they will significantly improve our understanding of this important phenomenon. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wu, DL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 238-600, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM dwu@mls.jpl.nasa.gov RI Mannucci, Anthony/A-1349-2007; Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012 OI Mannucci, Anthony/0000-0003-2391-8490; NR 36 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 19 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A1 AR A01306 DI 10.1029/2004JA010701 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 891KY UT WOS:000226581100006 ER PT J AU Ramanathan, K Bangar, MA Yun, M Chen, W Myung, NV Mulchandani, A AF Ramanathan, K Bangar, MA Yun, M Chen, W Myung, NV Mulchandani, A TI Bioaffinity sensing using biologically functionalized conducting-polymer nanowire SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CARBON NANOTUBE; CHEMICAL DERIVATIZATION; ELECTRONIC DEVICES; BUILDING-BLOCKS; FABRICATION; TRANSISTOR; ARRAYS; POLYPYRROLE C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Myung, NV (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. EM myung@engr.ucr.edu; adani@engr.ucr.edu RI Chen, Wilfred/H-4335-2013; Mulchandani, Ashok/B-9692-2016 OI Mulchandani, Ashok/0000-0002-2831-4154 NR 16 TC 239 Z9 245 U1 7 U2 63 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD JAN 19 PY 2005 VL 127 IS 2 BP 496 EP 497 DI 10.1021/ja044486l PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 887RZ UT WOS:000226324500011 PM 15643853 ER PT J AU Desantis, S Corriero, A Cirillo, F Deflorio, M Brill, R Gniffiths, M Lopata, AL de la Sernae, JM Bridges, CR Kime, DE De Metrio, G AF Desantis, S Corriero, A Cirillo, F Deflorio, M Brill, R Gniffiths, M Lopata, AL de la Sernae, JM Bridges, CR Kime, DE De Metrio, G TI Immunohistochemical localization of CYP1A, vitellogenin and Zona radiata proteins in the liver of swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.) taken from the Mediterranean sea, South Atlantic, South Western Indian and Central North Pacific Oceans SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE swordfish liver; CYP1A; Zona radiata proteins; vitellogenin; immunochemistry; eadocrine disruption ID PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE RESIDUES; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS HEPATOCYTES; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; GADUS-MORHUA L; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS; EGGSHELL PROTEIN; EXPRESSION; FISH; INDUCTION AB Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) monoxygenase. vitellogenin (Vtg) and Zona radiata proteins (Zrp) are, frequently used as biomarkers of fish exposure to organic contaminants. In this work. swordfish liver sections obtained from the Mediterranean Sea, the South African coasts (South Atlantic and South Western Indian Oceans) and the Central North Pacific Ocean were immunostained with antisera against CYP1A. Zrp, and Vtg. CYP1A induction was found in hepatocytes, epithelium of the biliary ductus and the endothelium of large blood vessels of fish from the Mediterranean Sea and South African waters. but not front the Pacific Ocean. Zrp and Vtg were immunolocalized in hepatocytes of male swordfish from the Mediterranean Sea and front South African waters. Plasma Dot-Blot analysis, performed in Mediterranean and Pacific specimens. revealed the presence of Zrp and Vtg in males front Mediterranean but not front Pacific. These results confirm previous findings about the potential exposure of Mediterranean swordfish to endocrine, disrupting chemicals and raise questions concerning the. possible presence of xenobiotic contaminants off the Southern coasts of South Africa in both the South Atlantic and South Western Indian Oceans. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bari, Dept Anim Hlth & Wellbeing, I-70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Minist Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand. Univ Cape Town, NHLS Observ, Div Immunol, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa. Ctr Oceanog Malaga, Malaga 29640, Spain. Univ Dusseldorf, Lehrstuhl Stoffwechselphysiol, Inst Zoophysiol, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. RP De Metrio, G (reprint author), Univ Bari, Dept Anim Hlth & Wellbeing, SP Casamassima Km 3, I-70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy. EM g.demetrio@veterinaria.uniba.it RI Lopata, Andreas/C-8160-2009; Lopata, Andreas/C-3831-2012; OI Lopata, Andreas/0000-0002-2940-9235; Desantis, Salvatore/0000-0001-8580-7556 NR 54 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD JAN 18 PY 2005 VL 71 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.10.005 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 891FJ UT WOS:000226566400001 PM 15642627 ER PT J AU Bhardwaj, A Branduardi-Raymont, G Elsner, RF Gladstone, GR Ramsay, G Rodriguez, P Soria, R Waite, JH Cravens, TE AF Bhardwaj, A Branduardi-Raymont, G Elsner, RF Gladstone, GR Ramsay, G Rodriguez, P Soria, R Waite, JH Cravens, TE TI Solar control on Jupiter's equatorial X-ray emissions: 26-29 November 2003 XMM-Newton observation SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SCATTERING; PLANETS AB During Nov. 26 - 29, 2003 XMM-Newton observed soft (0.2 - 2 keV) X-ray emission from Jupiter for 69 hours. The low-latitude X-ray disk emission of Jupiter is observed to be almost uniform in intensity with brightness that is consistent with a solar-photon driven process. The simultaneous light curves of Jovian equatorial X rays and solar X rays ( measured by the TIMED/SEE and GOES satellites) show similar day-to-day variability. A large solar X-ray flare occurring on the Jupiter-facing side of the Sun is found to have a corresponding feature in the Jovian X rays. These results support the hypothesis that X-ray emission from Jovian low-latitudes are solar X rays scattered from the planet's upper atmosphere, and suggest that the Sun directly controls the non-auroral X rays from Jupiter's disk. Our study also suggests that Jovian equatorial X rays can be used to monitor the solar X-ray flare activity on the hemisphere of the Sun that is invisible to space weather satellites. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. XMM Newton SOC, E-28080 Madrid, Spain. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Phys & Astron, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Bhardwaj, A (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NSSTC-XD12, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM anil.bhardwaj@msfc.nasa.gov OI Bhardwaj, Anil/0000-0003-1693-453X NR 13 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 18 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 3 AR L03S08 DI 10.1029/2004GL021497 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 891JZ UT WOS:000226578500001 ER PT J AU Wang, Y Russell, SD Shimabukuro, RL AF Wang, Y Russell, SD Shimabukuro, RL TI Voltage-induced broad-spectrum reflectivity change with surface-plasmon waves SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EXCITATION; MODULATOR AB Voltage-induced broad-spectrum reflectivity change with surface-plasmon waves is reported. When white light is incident at a metal/electro-optical material interface, surface-plasmon waves can be excited under phase match conditions. This surface-plasmon resonance depends on the dielectric constants of both the metal and the electro-optical material. Photons in the surface-plasmon resonance wavelength range are absorbed by the interface. Since metals have large imaginary parts of their dielectric constants, the surface-plasmon resonances are broad and may cover all visible wavelengths. Applying voltage to the electro-optical material to change its dielectric constant can result in a change in the reflectivity at the interface. Experimental results showed a reflectivity change from almost 0% to about 40% under an applied voltage using a liquid-crystal and nickel film structure, and the results had good agreement with theoretical calculations. The theoretical calculations also predicted a 90% reflectivity recovery by exciting surface-plasmon waves at a Rh-Al/electro-optical material interface. These results demonstrate that a high efficiency white light modulator can be built using surface-plasmon excitations. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Space & Naval Warfare Syst Ctr, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. RP Wang, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM yu.wang@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 15 PY 2005 VL 97 IS 2 AR 023708 DI 10.1063/1.1830093 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 893DW UT WOS:000226700500055 ER PT J AU Pines, V Zlatkowski, M Chait, A AF Pines, V Zlatkowski, M Chait, A TI Stochastic diffusion interactions and coarsening in a system of droplets growing from a supersaturated gas mixture SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; WATER AB In this work we study diffusion interactions among liquid droplets growing in stochastic population by condensation from supersaturated binary gas mixture. During the postnucleation transient regime collective growth of liquid droplets competing for the available water vapor decreases local supersaturation leading to the increase of critical radius and the onset of coarsening process. In coarsening regime the growth of larger droplets is prevailing noticeably broadening the droplet size-distribution function when the condensation process becomes more intensive than the supersaturation yield. Modifications in the kinetic equation are discussed and formulated for a stochastic population of liquid droplets when diffusional interactions among droplets become noteworthy. The kinetic equation for the droplet size-distribution function is solved together with field equations for the mass fraction of disperse liquid phase, mass fraction of water vapor component of moist air, and temperature during diffusion-dominated regime of droplet coarsening. The droplet size and mass distributions are found as functions of the liquid volume fraction, showing considerable broadening of droplet spectra. It is demonstrated that the effect of latent heat of condensation considerably changes coarsening process. The coarsening rate constant, the droplet density (number of droplets per unit volume), the screening length, the mean droplet size, and mass are determined as functions of the temperature, pressure, and liquid volume fraction. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Chait, A (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. EM Arnon.Chait@grc.nasa.gov NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 15 PY 2005 VL 122 IS 3 AR 034702 DI 10.1063/1.1814636 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 893VP UT WOS:000226748800029 PM 15740212 ER PT J AU Ramachandran, N Leslie, FW AF Ramachandran, N Leslie, FW TI Using magnetic fields to control convection during protein crystallization-analysis and validation studies SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article DE fluid flow; magnetic fields; microgravity conditions; lysozyme ID CRYSTAL-GROWTH; TRANSPORT PHENOMENA; NATURAL-CONVECTION; LYSOZYME CRYSTALS; MICROGRAVITY; ORIENTATION; FUTURE; FLUIDS; FLOWS; SPACE AB The effect of convection during the crystallization of proteins is not very well understood. In a gravitational field. convection is caused by crystal sedimentation and by solutal buoyancy induced flow and these can lead to crystal imperfections. While crystallization in microgravity can approach diffusion-limited growth conditions (no convection), terrestrially strong magnetic fields can be used to control fluid flow and sedimentation effects. In this work, we develop the analysis for magnetic flow control and test the predictions using analog experiments. Specifically: experiments on solutal convection in a paramagnetic fluid were conducted in a strong magnetic field gradient using a dilute solution of manganese chloride. The observed flows indicate that the magnetic field can completely counter the settling effects Of gravity locally and are consistent with the theoretical predictions presented. This phenomenon suggests that magnetic fields may be useful in mimicking the microgravity environment of space for some crystal growth and biological applications where fluid convection is undesirable. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 BAE Syst Analyt Solut Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Sci Directorate, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Ramachandran, N (reprint author), BAE Syst Analyt Solut Inc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. EM narayanan.ramachandran@msfc.nasa.gov NR 31 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN 15 PY 2005 VL 274 IS 1-2 BP 297 EP 306 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.10.006 PG 10 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 887YH UT WOS:000226340900041 ER PT J AU Wang, JJ Myung, NV Yun, MH Monbouquette, HG AF Wang, JJ Myung, NV Yun, MH Monbouquette, HG TI Glucose oxidase entrapped in polypyrrole on high-surface-area Pt electrodes: a model platform for sensitive electroenzymatic biosensors SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE glucose biosensor; polypyrrole; enzyme immobilization; Pt nanowires; Pt black ID MESOPOROUS PLATINUM; ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS; ENZYME ELECTRODES; GLUTAMATE OXIDASE; FILMS; IMMOBILIZATION; SENSOR; INTERFERENCE; MICROSENSORS; NANOTUBES AB Enzyme entrapped in an electrosynthesized polymer film on a high-surface-area electrode is shown to be an attractive platform for the important class of amperometric biosensors based on oxidases and electrooxidation of the H2O2 generated by enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of analyte. Two Pt electrode surface morphologies, Pt black (Pt-BLK) and Pt nanowire brush (Pt-NW) were electrodeposited from chloroplatinic acid. Glucose oxidase (GOx) served as the model enzyme. which was entrapped in an elect ropolymerized polypyrrole (PPY) film on the high-surface-area Pt electrodes. The glucose sensitivity of the GOx electrodes can be controlled simply through Pt deposition conditions and varies roughly linearly with electrode microscopic roughness, factor-A sensitivity of 103 muA mM(-1) cm(-2) was achieved with the Pt-BLK/PPY-immobilized GOx system at an underlying electrode surface roughness of 318, which is 150-fold higher than the sensitivity of a bare evaporated PUPPY-immobilized GOx electrode with a surface roughness of similar to2-3. The apparent Michaelis constant for PPY-immobilized GOx (similar to30 mM) is similar to that for free enzyme (25 mM) suggesting that the overall electrode kinetics are not limited by glucose mass transfer. Scanning electron micrographs, of enzyme electrode surfaces and a fluorescence assay to determine immobilized GOx concentration revealed that the PPY-GOx layer is deposited as a thin film that follows the contours of the electrode surface and that up to 3-fold greater enzyme is entrapped on the roughest electrodes examined. The orders of magnitude greater sensitivity of enzyme electrodes based on high-surface-area Pt appears likely to be due to increased H2O2 electrooxidation efficiency. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Monbouquette, HG (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem Engn, 5531 Boelier Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM harold@seas.ucla.edu NR 32 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0022-0728 J9 J ELECTROANAL CHEM JI J. Electroanal. Chem. PD JAN 15 PY 2005 VL 575 IS 1 BP 139 EP 146 DI 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.08.023 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA 887XJ UT WOS:000226338500014 ER PT J AU Meloni, D di Sarra, A Herman, JR Monteleone, F Piacentino, S AF Meloni, D di Sarra, A Herman, JR Monteleone, F Piacentino, S TI Comparison of ground-based and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer erythemal UV doses at the island of Lampedusa in the period 1998-2003: Role of tropospheric aerosols SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; LONG-TERM VARIATIONS; SATELLITE RETRIEVALS; EARTHS SURFACE; OPTICAL DEPTH; IRRADIANCE; NETWORK; SPECTRORADIOMETERS; NORTHERN; MODEL AB [1] The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) has the longest time series of globally distributed estimates of UV irradiance at the Earth's surface. The proper interpretation of TOMS estimated irradiances relies on well-calibrated and well-maintained spectrometers at the Earth's surface. In this study, daily erythemal irradiances measured by a Brewer spectrophotometer at the island of Lampedusa (35.5degreesN, 12.6degreesE), in the Mediterranean are compared with TOMS observations in the period January 1998 to August 2003. The comparison, also because of the peculiar conditions at Lampedusa, a very good site for ground-based validation of satellite observations, allows us to recognize how the space-borne observations are influenced by the presence of atmospheric aerosols. Two TOMS data sets, derived applying different algorithms to retrieve ozone and UV irradiance from the backscattered radiance, are used in this study: Version 7 (V7) and the recently developed version 8 (V8), which uses new climatologies for ozone and temperature profiles and accounts for the attenuation by tropospheric aerosols through the aerosol index ( AI). As shown in previous studies performed with V7 TOMS data, satellite-derived erythemal doses systematically overestimate ground-based measurements, mainly because of uncorrected absorption by aerosols in the troposphere. The bias between the TOMS and Brewer doses for all-sky conditions is (9.4 +/- 19.8)% for V7 and (7.3 +/- 20.0)% for V8 and decreases to (5.6 +/- 8.0)% for V7 and (3.4 +/- 8.4)% for V8 for the cloud-free cases. The large standard deviations for all-sky conditions are due to nonhomogeneity in the cloud cover within the sensor field of view, while those for cloud-free days are caused by the large aerosol variability occurring at Lampedusa. The biases for cloud-free days have been related to differences in the TOMS AI UV attenuation algorithm and to the aerosol optical depth ( AOD) at 415.6 nm measured with a Sun photometer at Lampedusa since 2001. The mean bias between the V7 TOMS and Brewer doses progressively increases with AI and AOD at 415.6 nm, from +/- 3% for low AI and AOD up to 21% for 1.5 less than or equal to AI < 2.5 and 0.5 <= AOD < 0.6. The bias calculated with V8 data set varies between + 6% for 0 less than or equal to AI < 1 and about - 8% for 4 <= AI < 5, well within the respective uncertainties of the Brewer and TOMS measurements. TOMS V8 data show a smaller dependency on the aerosol absorption, indicating that the implemented corrections produce more reliable estimated doses. For very low aerosol loading ( AOD at 415.6 nm below 0.2), the TOMS-to-Brewer erythemal dose ratio, both for V7 and V8, is approximately 1, indicating that the radiometric calibration of the Brewer instrument is consistent with the TOMS estimated irradiances from derived ozone and Rayleigh scattering attenuation. C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Phys, I-00185 Rome, Italy. ENEA, Climate Lab, I-00060 Santa Maria Di Galeria, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. ENEA, Project Climate, I-90141 Palermo, Italy. ENEA, Lab Climate Observ, I-92010 Lampedusa, Italy. RP Meloni, D (reprint author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Phys, Piazzale A Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy. EM daniela.meloni@casaccia.enea.it RI di Sarra, Alcide/J-1491-2016 OI di Sarra, Alcide/0000-0002-2405-2898 NR 32 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 15 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D1 AR D01202 DI 10.1029/2004JD005283 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 890YR UT WOS:000226548200006 ER PT J AU Ahn, BH Chen, GX Sun, W Gjerloev, JW Kamide, Y Sigwarth, JB Frank, LA AF Ahn, BH Chen, GX Sun, W Gjerloev, JW Kamide, Y Sigwarth, JB Frank, LA TI Equatorward expansion of the westward electrojet during magnetically disturbed periods SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AURORAL ELECTROJETS; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; POLAR IONOSPHERE; DISTRIBUTIONS; SUBSTORMS; INDEXES; CHAIN; FIELD AB [ 1] The auroral electrojet (AE) indices have widely been used in various fields of solar terrestrial physics since their introduction to the community. Recently, it has been reported that the AE indices do not, at times, properly monitor the auroral electrojets because as magnetic activity increases, they expand equatorward beyond the standard AE network, resulting in a serious underestimation of the auroral electrojet intensity. It is particularly the case during severe geomagnetic storms. To determine quantitatively the equatorial expansion of the auroral electrojets, we examined an extensive database obtained from the Alaska, International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects ( IMAGE), and Canadian Auroral Network for the OPEN Program Unified Study chain of magnetometers. These chains of magnetometers enable us to determine the latitude where the maximum current density of the auroral electrojet flows. It is generally understood that the center of the auroral electrojet tends to migrate equatorward with an increase in magnetic activity. We note, however, that there seems to be a lower limit particularly of the westward electrojet, similar to60 in corrected geomagnetic latitude, regardless of magnetic activity levels. The relative location of the westward electrojet with respect to the global auroral image taken from the Polar satellite is also examined. Contrary to the generally accepted notion, the auroral electrojets are found to be most intense not in the region of bright auroral luminosity but slightly poleward of it in less luminous region. The current center seems to be the region where both ionospheric conductivity and electric field become significantly high. C1 Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Taegu 702701, South Korea. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol & Geophys, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Nagoya Univ, Solarterr Environm Lab, Aichi 4428507, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Electrodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Ahn, BH (reprint author), Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Earth Sci, 1370 Sankyuk Dong, Taegu 702701, South Korea. EM bhahn@knu.ac.kr NR 16 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 15 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A1 AR A01305 DI 10.1029/2004JA010553 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890YV UT WOS:000226548600001 ER PT J AU Bertucci, C Mazelle, C Acuna, MH Russell, CT Slavin, JA AF Bertucci, C Mazelle, C Acuna, MH Russell, CT Slavin, JA TI Structure of the magnetic pileup boundary at Mars and Venus SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SOLAR-WIND INTERACTION; FIELD DRAPING ENHANCEMENT; GLOBAL SURVEYOR; PLASMA ENVIRONMENT; UP BOUNDARY; MAGNETOSPHERE; MAGNETOPAUSE; MAGNETOTAIL; PHOBOS-2; MISSION AB [1] The magnetic pileup boundary (MPB) is a sharp, thin, and well-defined plasma boundary located between the bow shock and the inner ionospheric boundary at comets, Mars, and Venus. This boundary separates the magnetosheath, a region of low magnetic fields with a conspicuous wave activity, from the magnetic pileup region dominated by strong, highly organized magnetic fields as a result of the pileup and draping of the interplanetary magnetic field. In the present paper we study the magnetic structure of the magnetic pileup boundary at Mars and Venus by means of the technique of minimum variance of the magnetic field. For each one of the crossings analyzed, we obtain a very well defined minimum variance vector. At Mars the direction of this vector agrees with the normal to the MPB fit obtained from Mars Global Surveyor crossings. The results confirm that the MPB is a well-defined plasma boundary. According to empirical criteria based on minimum variance analysis results, the Martian and Venusian MPB crossings would resemble an MHD tangential discontinuity rather than a rotational discontinuity. However, spacecraft observations suggest that the nature of the MPB could be far more complex. We compare our results with similar studies at the MPB of comets and the magnetic tail boundary of Titan, and we discuss the nature of the boundary from a general perspective. C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BZ, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. UPS, CNRS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31028 Toulouse, France. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Bertucci, C (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Prince Consort Rd, London SW7 2BZ, England. EM c.bertucci@imperial.ac.uk RI Slavin, James/H-3170-2012; OI Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X; Bertucci, Cesar/0000-0002-2540-5384 NR 37 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 15 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A1 AR A01209 DI 10.1029/2004JA010592 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890YV UT WOS:000226548600002 ER PT J AU de Graaf, M Stammes, P Torres, O Koelemeijer, RBA AF de Graaf, M Stammes, P Torres, O Koelemeijer, RBA TI Absorbing Aerosol Index: Sensitivity analysis, application to GOME and comparison with TOMS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID BACKSCATTERED ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; BIOMASS BURNING SMOKE; SURFACE OBSERVATIONS; MINERAL DUST; SATELLITE; VARIABILITY; ABSORPTION; RETRIEVAL; AFRICA; OCEAN C1 Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, KNMI, NL-3732 GK De Bilt, Netherlands. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Netherlands Environm Assessment Agcy, RIVM, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP de Graaf, M (reprint author), Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, KNMI, Wilhelminalaan 30, NL-3732 GK De Bilt, Netherlands. EM graafdem@knmi.nl; stammes@knmi.nl; torres@tparty.gsfc.nasa.gov; robert.koelemeijer@rivm.nl RI Torres, Omar/G-4929-2013 NR 28 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 14 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D1 AR D01201 DI 10.1029/2004JD005178 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 890YQ UT WOS:000226548100003 ER PT J AU Elsner, RF Lugaz, N Waite, JH Cravens, TE Gladstone, GR Ford, P Grodent, D Bhardwaj, A MacDowall, RJ Desch, MD Majeed, T AF Elsner, RF Lugaz, N Waite, JH Cravens, TE Gladstone, GR Ford, P Grodent, D Bhardwaj, A MacDowall, RJ Desch, MD Majeed, T TI Simultaneous Chandra X ray, Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet, and Ulysses radio observations of Jupiter's aurora SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POLAR IONOSPHERIC FLOWS; SOLAR-WIND; ENERGETIC PARTICLE; EMISSION; MAGNETOSPHERE; COMETS; IONS; PRECIPITATION; SPECTRA; PLANETS AB [1] Observations of Jupiter carried out by the Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS-S) instrument over 24 - 26 February 2003 show that the auroral X-ray spectrum consists of line emission consistent with high-charge states of precipitating ions, and not a continuum as might be expected from bremsstrahlung. The part of the spectrum due to oxygen peaks around 650 eV, which indicates a high fraction of fully stripped oxygen in the precipitating ion flux. A combination of the OVIII emission lines at 653 eV and 774 eV, as well as the OVII emission lines at 561 eV and 666 eV, are evident in the measure auroral spectrum. There is also line emission at lower energies in the spectral region extending from 250 to 350 eV, which could be from sulfur and/or carbon. The Jovian auroral X-ray spectra are significantly different from the X-ray spectra of comets. The charge state distribution of the oxygen ions implied by the measured auroral X-ray spectra strongly suggests that independent of the source of the energetic ions, magnetospheric or solar wind, the ions have undergone additional acceleration. This spectral evidence for ion acceleration is also consistent with the relatively high intensities of the X rays compared with the available phase space density of the (unaccelerated) source populations of solar wind or magnetospheric ions at Jupiter, which are orders of magnitude too small to explain the observed emissions. The Chandra X-ray observations were executed simultaneously with observations at ultraviolet wavelengths by the Hubble Space Telescope and at radio wavelengths by the Ulysses spacecraft. These additional data sets suggest that the source of the X rays is magnetospheric in origin and that the precipitating particles are accelerated by strong field-aligned electric fields, which simultaneously create both the several-MeV energetic ion population and the relativistic electrons observed in situ by Ulysses that are correlated with similar to 40 min quasi-periodic radio outbursts. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Phys & Astron, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Liege, Inst Astrophys & Geophys, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, SD 50, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM ron.elsner@nasa.gov RI Lugaz, Noe/C-1284-2008; MacDowall, Robert/D-2773-2012 OI Lugaz, Noe/0000-0002-1890-6156; NR 42 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 14 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A1 AR A01207 DI 10.1029/2004JA010717 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890YU UT WOS:000226548500005 ER PT J AU Weygand, JM Kivelson, MG Khurana, KK Schwarzl, HK Thompson, SM McPherron, RL Balogh, A Kistler, LM Goldstein, ML Borovsky, J Roberts, DA AF Weygand, JM Kivelson, MG Khurana, KK Schwarzl, HK Thompson, SM McPherron, RL Balogh, A Kistler, LM Goldstein, ML Borovsky, J Roberts, DA TI Plasma sheet turbulence observed by cluster II SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; SOLAR-WIND; MULTIFRACTAL STRUCTURE; INTERMITTENT TURBULENCE; MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TURBULENCE; RECURRENT STREAMS; SCALE VELOCITY; FLUCTUATIONS; DISSIPATION AB [1] Cluster fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) and ion spectrometer (CIS) data are employed to analyze magnetic field fluctuations within the plasma sheet during passages through the magnetotail region in the summers of 2001 and 2002 and, in particular, to look for characteristics of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. Power spectral indices determined from power spectral density functions are on average larger than Kolmogorov's theoretical value for fluid turbulence as well as Kraichnan's theoretical value for MHD plasma turbulence. Probability distribution functions of the magnetic fluctuations show a scaling law over a large range of temporal scales with non-Gaussian distributions at small dissipative scales and inertial scales and more Gaussian distribution at large driving scales. Furthermore, a multifractal analysis of the magnetic field components shows scaling behavior in the inertial range of the fluctuations from about 20 s to 13 min for moments through the fifth order. Both the scaling behavior of the probability distribution functions and the multifractal structure function suggest that intermittent turbulence is present within the plasma sheet. The unique multispacecraft aspect and fortuitous spacecraft spacing allow us to examine the turbulent eddy scale sizes. Dynamic autocorrelation and cross correlation analysis of the magnetic field components allow us to determine that eddy scale sizes fit within the plasma sheet. These results suggest that magnetic field turbulence is occurring within the plasma sheet resulting in turbulent energy dissipation. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2BZ, England. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM jweygand@igpp.ucla.edu RI Roberts, Dana/D-4625-2012; Kivelson, Margaret/I-9019-2012; Goldstein, Melvyn/B-1724-2008 OI Kivelson, Margaret/0000-0003-3859-8581; NR 45 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 14 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A1 AR A01205 DI 10.1029/2004JA010581 PG 29 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890YU UT WOS:000226548500003 ER PT J AU Urbain, X Djuric, N Safvan, CP Jensen, MJ Pedersen, HB Sogaard, LV Andersen, LH AF Urbain, X Djuric, N Safvan, CP Jensen, MJ Pedersen, HB Sogaard, LV Andersen, LH TI Storage ring study of the dissociative recombination of He-2(+) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID METASTABLE HELIUM; MOLECULAR-IONS; IONIZATION; COLLISIONS; STATES AB Absolute cross sections for dissociative recombination have been measured for the He-4(2)+ and (HeHe+)-He-3-He-4 isotopomers as a function of storage time at the ASTRID 2 storage ring. The recombination rate of (HeHe+)-He-3-He-4 with low-energy electrons is found to dramatically decrease with time, giving an upper limit for the thermal rate coefficient for cold ions of the order of 6 x 10(-10) cm(3) s(-1), in agreement with flowing afterglow measurements. Two-dimensional imaging of the atomic fragments points to He(1s(2) S-1) + He(1s3s S-3) as the lowest dissociation channel to be accessed in the dissociative recombination of rovibrationally hot ions. C1 Univ Catholique Louvain, Dept Phys, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Aarhus, Dept Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark. RP Urbain, X (reprint author), Univ Catholique Louvain, Dept Phys, Chemin Cyclotron 2, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium. EM urbain@fyam.ucl.ac.be NR 19 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD JAN 14 PY 2005 VL 38 IS 1 BP 43 EP 50 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/38/1/004 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 898AE UT WOS:000227047200009 ER PT J AU Bradley, J Dai, ZR Erni, R Browning, N Graham, G Weber, P Smith, J Hutcheon, I Ishii, H Bajt, S Floss, C Stadermann, F Sandfords, S AF Bradley, J Dai, ZR Erni, R Browning, N Graham, G Weber, P Smith, J Hutcheon, I Ishii, H Bajt, S Floss, C Stadermann, F Sandfords, S TI An astronomical 2175 angstrom feature in interplanetary dust particles SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ULTRAVIOLET EXTINCTION CURVES; SOLAR-SYSTEM; GRAINS; IDENTIFICATION; CONSTRAINTS; SHAPES; CARBON AB The 2175 angstrom extinction feature is the strongest (visible-ultraviolet) spectral signature of dust in the interstellar medium. Forty years after its discovery, the origin of the feature and the nature of the carrier(s) remain controversial. Using a transmission electron microscope, we detected a 5.7-electron volt (2175 angstrom) feature in interstellar grains embedded within interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). The carriers are organic carbon and amorphous silicates that are abundant in IDPs and in the interstellar medium. These multiple carriers may explain the enigmatic invariant central wavelength and variable bandwidth of the astronomical 2175 angstrom feature. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Washington Univ, Space Sci Lab, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Astrophys Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bradley, J (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM jbradley@igpp.ucllnl.org RI Dai, Zurong/E-6732-2010; Bajt, Sasa/G-2228-2010; Erni, Rolf/P-7435-2014 OI Erni, Rolf/0000-0003-2391-5943 NR 26 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 14 PY 2005 VL 307 IS 5707 BP 244 EP 247 DI 10.1126/science.1106717 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 888GJ UT WOS:000226361900039 PM 15653501 ER PT J AU Jensen, E Pfister, L AF Jensen, E Pfister, L TI Implications of persistent ice supersaturation in cold cirrus for stratospheric water vapor SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE LAYER; RADIATIVE IMPACTS; TRANSPORT; CLOUDS; CRYSTALS AB Recent measurements made near the tropical tropopause during the NASA Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers - Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) indicate persistent ice saturation ratios ( si) of about 1.2 - 1.3 in cold ice clouds ( T < 200 K) even when the ice surface area is substantial [Gao et al., 2004]. These observations challenge the conventional thinking that any water vapor in excess of ice saturation should be depleted by crystal growth given sufficient time. Here we use model simulations to evaluate the impact of this steady-state ice supersaturation on cirrus formed in situ within the tropical tropopause layer and water vapor fluxes across the tropical tropopause. We show that cirrus occurrence frequencies are unexpectedly increased, and we estimate an increase of about 0.5 - 1 ppmv in the water vapor concentration in air entering the stratosphere. Inclusion of the enhanced in-cloud supersaturation in our simulations improves agreement with satellite measurements of water vapor. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 245-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ejensen@cirrus.arc.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 13 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 1 AR L01808 DI 10.1029/2004GL021125 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 890YG UT WOS:000226546900003 ER PT J AU Burlaga, LF Ness, NF Stone, EC McDonald, FB Richardson, JD AF Burlaga, LF Ness, NF Stone, EC McDonald, FB Richardson, JD TI Voyager 2 observations related to the October-November 2003 solar events SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MERGED INTERACTION REGION; COSMIC-RAY MODULATION; OUTER HELIOSPHERE; PICKUP IONS; ENERGETIC PARTICLES; DISTANT HELIOSPHERE; SHOCK PROPAGATION; AU; WIND; DECREASES AB A transient flow system observed at 1 AU from October 24 - November 7, 2003 ( consisting of several shocks, ejecta and possibly other flows) moved away from the Sun for approximate to 180 days to 73 AU, where Voyager 2 (V2) observed a large Merged Interaction Region (MIR) associated with a fast ( 560 km/s) stream that followed a forward shock and moved past V2 for approximate to 1.5 solar rotations. The MIR and stream were associated with a large decrease in the cosmic ray intensity and an exceptionally large enhancement in the flux of approximate to 2.5 MeV protons. The speed and the cosmic ray profiles observed by V2 were very simple, resembling the profiles of a shock/sheath/ejecta flow and a Forbush decrease, respectively, at 1 AU, but rescaled by a factor by a factor of approximate to 10. The onset of the MIR-associated decrease in the cosmic ray intensity occurred 10 days after the shock, lasting several days, with a full recovery approximate to 70 days after the onset. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA. CALTECH, Dept Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM leonard.f.burlaga@nasa.gov NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 12 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 3 AR L03S05 DI 10.1029/2004GL021480 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 890YL UT WOS:000226547600002 ER PT J AU Odegard, GM Clancy, TC Gates, TS AF Odegard, GM Clancy, TC Gates, TS TI Modeling of the mechanical properties of nanoparticle/polymer composites SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE molecular dynamics; nanoparticles; nanocomposites ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES; FIBER WAVINESS; NANOCOMPOSITES; DIANHYDRIDE; POLYIMIDES; STRESS; MATRIX; MELTS AB A continuum-based elastic micromechanics model is developed for silica nanoparticle/polyimide composites with various nanoparticle/polyimide interfacial treatments. The model incorporates the molecular structures of the nanoparticle, polyimide, and interfacial regions, which are determined using a molecular modeling method that involves coarse-grained and reverse-mapping techniques. The micromechanics model includes an effective interface between the polyimide and nanoparticle with properties and dimensions that are determined using the results of molecular dynamics simulations. It is shown that the model can be used to predict the elastic properties of silica nanoparticle/polyimide composites for a large range of nanoparticle radii, 10-10,000 Angstrom. For silica nanoparticle radii above 1000 Angstrom, the predicted properties are equal to those predicted using the standard Mori-Tanaka micromechanical approach, which does not incorporate the molecular structure. It is also shown that the specific silica nanoparticle/polynnide interface conditions have a significant effect on the composite mechanical properties for nanoparticle radii below 1000 Angstrom. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Odegard, GM (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM gmodegar@mtu.edu OI Odegard, Gregory/0000-0001-7577-6565 NR 28 TC 256 Z9 264 U1 21 U2 144 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD JAN 12 PY 2005 VL 46 IS 2 BP 553 EP 562 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.022 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 888XD UT WOS:000226406600026 ER PT J AU Bozzolo, G Noebe, RD Mosca, HO AF Bozzolo, G Noebe, RD Mosca, HO TI Atomistic modeling of Pd site preference in NiTi SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE computer simulations; nickel; titanium; palladium; shape memory alloy; semi-empirical methods; NiTi ID ALLOYS; ELEMENTS; CU; TI; OCCUPANCY AB An analysis of the site substitution behavior of Pd in NiTi was performed using the BFS method for alloys. Through a combination of Monte Carlo simulations and detailed atom-by-atom energetic analyses of various computational cells, representing compositions of NiTi with up to 10 at.% Pd, a detailed understanding of the site occupancy of Pd in NiTi was revealed. Pd substituted at the expense of Ni in an NiTi alloy will prefer the Ni-sites. Pd substituted at the expense of Ti shows a very weak preference for Ti-sites that diminishes as the amount of Pd in the alloy increases and as the temperature increases. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. UAM, Comis Nacl Energia Atom, San Martin, Pcia Bs As, Argentina. RP Bozzolo, G (reprint author), Ohio Aerosp Inst, 22800 Cedar Point Rd, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. EM guillermo.h.bozzolo@grc.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD JAN 11 PY 2005 VL 386 IS 1-2 BP 125 EP 138 DI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2004.05.015 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 885VW UT WOS:000226186300022 ER PT J AU Nandra, K Laird, ES Adelberger, K Gardner, JP Mushotzky, RF Rhodes, J Steidel, CC Teplitz, HI Arnaud, KA AF Nandra, K Laird, ES Adelberger, K Gardner, JP Mushotzky, RF Rhodes, J Steidel, CC Teplitz, HI Arnaud, KA TI A deep Chandra survey of the Groth Strip - I. The X-ray data SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE surveys; galaxies : active; cosmology : observations; X-rays : diffuse background; X-rays : galaxies ID FRANCE REDSHIFT SURVEY; LYMAN BREAK GALAXIES; FIELD-NORTH SURVEY; NEAR-INFRARED IDENTIFICATIONS; LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE; SEYFERT 2 GALAXIES; 14 HOUR FIELD; SUBMILLIMETER SURVEY; LUMINOSITY FUNCTION; SPECTRAL PROPERTIES AB We present the results of a 200-ks Chandra observation of part of the Groth Strip region, using the ACIS-I instrument. We present a relatively simple method for the detection of point sources and calculation of limiting sensitivities, which we argue is at least as sensitive and more self-consistent than previous methods presented in the literature. A total of 158 distinct X-ray sources are included in our point-source catalogue in the ACIS-I area. The number counts show a relative dearth of X-ray sources in this region. For example, at a flux limit of 10(-15) erg cm(-2) s(-1), around 20 per cent more soft-band sources are detected in the HDF-N and almost 50 per cent more in the ELAIS-N1 field, which we have analysed by the same method for comparison. We find, however, that these differences are consistent with Poisson variations at <2σ significance, and therefore there is no evidence for cosmic variance based on these number counts alone. We determine the average spectra of the objects and find a marked difference between the soft-band-selected sources, which have &UGamma; = 1.9 typical of unobscured active galactic nuclei (AGN), and the hard-band-selected sources, which have &UGamma; = 1.0. Reassuringly, the sample as a whole has a mean spectrum of &UGamma; = 1.4 +/- 0.1, the same as the X-ray background. None the less, our results imply that the fraction of sources with significant obscuration is only &SIM;25 per cent, much less than predicted by standard AGN population synthesis models. This is confirmed by direct spectral fitting, with only a handful of objects showing evidence for absorption. After accounting for absorption, all objects are consistent with a mean intrinsic spectrum of &UGamma; = 1.76 +/- 0.08, very similar to local Seyfert galaxies. The survey area is distinguished by having outstanding multiwaveband coverage. Comparison with these observations and detailed discussion of the X-ray source properties will be presented in future papers. C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Astrophys Grp, London SW7 2AW, England. Carnegie Observ, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Nandra, K (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Astrophys Grp, Prince Consort Rd, London SW7 2AW, England. EM k.nandra@imperial.ac.uk NR 61 TC 95 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD JAN 11 PY 2005 VL 356 IS 2 BP 568 EP 586 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08475.x PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 882OW UT WOS:000225949200014 ER PT J AU Bassim, ND Twigg, ME Eddy, CR Culbertson, JC Mastro, MA Henry, RL Holm, RT Neudeck, PG Trunek, AJ Powell, JA AF Bassim, ND Twigg, ME Eddy, CR Culbertson, JC Mastro, MA Henry, RL Holm, RT Neudeck, PG Trunek, AJ Powell, JA TI Lowered dislocation densities in uniform GaN layers grown on step-free (0001)4H-SiC mesa surfaces SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VAPOR-PHASE EPITAXY; FILMS; NUCLEATION; TEMPERATURE; COALESCENCE; RESISTIVITY; DEFECTS AB We report that very low threading dislocation densities (8x10(7)/cm(2)) were achieved in uniform GaN layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on (0001) 4H-SiC mesa surfaces 50 mumx50 mum in area that were completely free of steps. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that all observable GaN film threading dislocations were of edge type. TEM analysis of the defect structure of the nucleation layer (aluminum nitride, AlN) revealed a lack of c-component dislocations, and the clean annihilation of lateral, a-type dislocations within the first 200 nm of growth, with no lateral dislocations developing threading arms. These results indicate that the elimination of steps on the initial (0001) 4H-SiC growth surface may play an important role in the removal of mixed and c-type dislocations in subsequently grown AlN and GaN heteroepitaxial layers. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 USN, Res Lab, Div Elect Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. OAI, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Sest Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Bassim, ND (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Div Elect Sci & Technol, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM nbass@estd.nrl.navy.mil NR 16 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 10 PY 2005 VL 86 IS 2 AR 021902 DI 10.1063/1.1849834 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 893EG UT WOS:000226701500020 ER PT J AU Wilson, JD Schwartz, ZD AF Wilson, JD Schwartz, ZD TI Multifocal flat lens with left-handed metamaterial SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LOW-FREQUENCY PLASMONS; NEGATIVE REFRACTION; TRANSMISSION-LINES; PHOTONIC CRYSTALS; VERIFICATION; INDEX; LIGHT AB We show experimental results demonstrating multiple focal lengths at microwave frequencies in a flat lens constructed of left-handed metamaterial (LHM). In contrast to conventional lenses, which are constructed of materials with positive index and require a curved surface or inhomogeneous structures to focus light or other electromagnetic radiation, no curvature is needed with a LHM because of a negative effective index of refraction. Such a flat lens has the advantage of being capable of changing the focal length by simply changing the distance between the electromagnetic source and the lens. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Analex Corp, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Wilson, JD (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM jeffrey.d.wilson@nasa.gov NR 18 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 10 PY 2005 VL 86 IS 2 AR 021113 DI 10.1063/1.1850590 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 893EG UT WOS:000226701500013 ER PT J AU Dwek, E Krennrich, F AF Dwek, E Krennrich, F TI Simultaneous constraints on the spectrum of the extragalactic background light and the intrinsic TeV spectra of Markarian 421, Markarian 501, and H1426+428 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE BL Lacertae objects : individual (Markarian 421, Markarian 501, H1426+428); diffuse radiation; galaxies : active; gamma rays : observations; infrared : general ID GAMMA-RAY ABSORPTION; ACTIVE GALAXY MARKARIAN-421; SIMULTANEOUS X-RAY; BL-LAC OBJECTS; EXPERIMENT SEARCH; ENERGY-SPECTRUM; TENTATIVE DETECTION; SOURCE COUNTS; 1ES 2344+514; CRAB-NEBULA AB Very high energy (similar toTeV) gamma-rays from blazars are attenuated by photons from the extragalactic background light (EBL). Observations of blazars can therefore provide an ideal opportunity for determining the EBL intensity if their intrinsic spectrum is known. Conversely, knowledge of the EBL intensity can be used to determine the intrinsic blazar spectrum. Unfortunately, neither the EBL intensity nor the intrinsic blazar spectrum is known with high enough precision to accurately derive one quantity from the other. In this paper we use the most recent data on the EBL to construct 12 different realizations representing all possible permutations between EBL limits and the detections in the different wavelength regions. These realizations explore a significantly larger range of allowable EBL spectra than any previous studies. We show that these realizations can be used to explore the effects of the EBL on the inferred spectra of blazars. Concentrating on the two relatively nearby (z approximate to 0.03) blazars Mrk 421 and 501, we derive their intrinsic spectra and peak gamma-ray energies for the different EBL realizations. Some EBL spectra give rise to "unphysical" intrinsic blazar spectra, characterized by an exponential rise at high TeV energies. We use the F-test to show that some of these exponential rises are statistically insignificant. Consequently, statements regarding the existence of an "IR background-TeV gamma-ray crisis" are unfounded on the basis of our present knowledge of the EBL. EBL spectra that do give rise to unphysical blazar spectra are regarded as invalid realizations of the EBL. Those that do not thus define new constraints on the EBL spectrum and are used to derive new limits on the intensity and the peak gamma-ray energy of these two blazars. In particular, we derive an upper limit of similar to15 nW m(-2) sr(-1) on the 60 mum EBL intensity and find the peak energies of the Mrk 421 and Mrk 501 sources to be very similar, between 0.5-1.2 and 0.8-2.5 TeV, respectively. We also show that the intrinsic spectrum of Mrk 421 during a period of intense flaring activity has a peak energy that seems to shift to higher energies at higher flux states. For the most distant blazar H1426+428 (z = 0.129), most EBL realizations give rise to spectra that peak between similar to1 and 5 TeV, with some suggesting peaks below 400 GeV and above similar to10 TeV. These results provide important constraints on the different particle acceleration mechanisms and the generation of the gamma-ray emission. Finally, we also show that uncertainties in the absolute calibration of the gamma-ray energies with atmospheric Cerenkov telescopes have an important impact on the intrinsic blazar spectra. These systematic uncertainties will be improved with the next generations of telescopes that will also cover a wider range of gamma-ray energies, providing further insights into the intrinsic spectrum of TeV blazars. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Dwek, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM eli.dwek@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 94 TC 96 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 10 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 2 BP 657 EP 674 DI 10.1086/426010 PN 1 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 887GM UT WOS:000226293800010 ER PT J AU Neill, JD Shara, MM Oegerle, WR AF Neill, JD Shara, MM Oegerle, WR TI Tramp novae between galaxies in the Fornax Cluster: Tracers of intracluster light SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : clusters : individual (Fornax); galaxies : interactions; intergalactic medium ID VIRGO CLUSTER; PLANETARY-NEBULAE; H-ALPHA; RICH CLUSTERS; NGC 1399; O-III; STARS; EVOLUTION; CATALOG; POPULATION AB We report the results of a survey for novae in and between the galaxies of the Fornax Cluster. Our survey provides strong evidence that intracluster novae exist and that they provide a useful, independent measure of the intracluster light in Fornax. We discovered six strong nova candidates in six distinct epochs spanning 11 yr from 1993 to 2004. The data were taken with the 4 m and the 1.5 m telescopes at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. The spatial distribution of the nova candidates is consistent with similar to16%-41% of the total light in the cluster being in the intracluster light, based on the ratio of the number of novae we discovered in intracluster space over the total number of novae discovered plus a simple completeness correction factor. This estimate is consistent with independent measures of intracluster light in Fornax and Virgo using intracluster planetary nebulae. The accuracy of the intracluster light measurement improves with each survey epoch as more novae are discovered. C1 Univ Victoria, Dept Phys & Astron, Victoria, BC V8P 1A1, Canada. Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Neill, JD (reprint author), Univ Victoria, Dept Phys & Astron, Elliott Bldg,3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P 1A1, Canada. EM neill@uvic.ca; mshara@amnh.org; oegerle@uvo.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Oegerle, William/C-9070-2012 NR 39 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 10 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 2 BP 692 EP 704 DI 10.1086/426049 PN 1 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 887GM UT WOS:000226293800013 ER PT J AU Chou, Y Bloser, PF Grindlay, JE Narita, T AF Chou, Y Bloser, PF Grindlay, JE Narita, T TI Observations of Cygnus X-1 with the EXITE2 hard X-ray balloon payload SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE stars : individual (Cygnus X-1); X-rays : binaries; X-rays : individual (Cygnus X-1) ID BLACK-HOLE CANDIDATES; SPECTRAL VARIABILITY; X-1; TELESCOPE; COMPTONIZATION; ASTRONOMY AB We present results from the second-generation Energetic X-ray Imaging Telescope (EXITE2) observations of the black hole X-ray binary Cyg X-1 during the experiment's 1997 and 2001 flights. The EXITE2 phoswich [NaI(Tl)/CsI(Na)] detector is designed to image cosmic X-ray sources in the hard X-ray band by using the coded-aperture imaging technique from a high-altitude scientific balloon. The sky image reconstruction methodology used for EXITE2 is also discussed in detail. Background reduction (PSD rejection), subtractive flat-fielding, pixel shuffling, and image functions are introduced. During the observations from the EXITE2 1997 and 2001 flights, Cyg X-1 is easily detected in the 37-237 keV energy range. During the 1997 observations, the spectrum is well fitted by a Comptonization model. The spectral signatures and the observed 100 keV flux, together with the RXTE ASM light curve, indicate that the source was in the typical low state during this observation. Evidence is seen for hard X-ray variability on timescales on the order of 10 minutes. During the 2001 flight the spectrum is best fit by an extended power law with no observable cutoff. This is possible evidence of a transition to the high state, which is indeed seen in the RXTE ASM light curve shortly after our observation. C1 Natl Cent Univ, Grad Inst Astron, Jung Li City 320, Tuoyuan, Taiwan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Coll Holy Cross, Dept Phys, Worcester, MA 01610 USA. RP Chou, Y (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Grad Inst Astron, 300 Jung Da Rd, Jung Li City 320, Tuoyuan, Taiwan. EM yichou@astro.ncu.edu.tw; bloser@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov; josh@head-cfa.harvard.edu; tnarita@holycross.edu RI Chou, Yi/C-4922-2008 OI Chou, Yi/0000-0002-8584-2092 NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 10 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 2 BP 856 EP 865 DI 10.1086/383078 PN 1 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 887GM UT WOS:000226293800029 ER PT J AU Dyudina, UA Sackett, PD Bayliss, DDR Seager, S Throop, HB Dones, L AF Dyudina, UA Sackett, PD Bayliss, DDR Seager, S Throop, HB Dones, L TI Phase light curves for extrasolar Jupiters and Saturns SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE methods : data analysis; planetary systems; planets : rings; planets and satellites : individual (Jupiter, Saturn); scattering ID GRAVITATIONAL LENSING EXPERIMENT; LUMINOSITY OBJECT TRANSITS; GIANT PLANETS; REFLECTED-LIGHT; JOVIAN PLANETS; GALACTIC DISK; 2001 CAMPAIGN; UPPER LIMIT; TAU-BOOTIS; PHOTOMETRY AB We predict how a remote observer would see the brightness variations of giant planets similar to those in our solar system as they orbit their central stars. Our models are the first to use measured anisotropic scattering properties of solar system giants and the first to consider the effects of eccentric orbits. We model the geometry of Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's rings for varying orbital and viewing parameters, using scattering properties for the (forward scattering) planets and (backward scattering) rings as measured by the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft at 0.6-0.7 mum. Images of the planet with and without rings are simulated and used to calculate the disk-averaged luminosity varying along the orbit; that is, a light curve is generated. We find that the different scattering properties of Jupiter and Saturn (without rings) make a substantial difference in the shape of their light curves. Saturn-sized rings increase the apparent luminosity of a planet by a factor of 2-3 for a wide range of geometries, an effect that could be confused with a larger planet size. Rings produce asymmetric light curves that are distinct from the light curve that the planet would have without rings, which could resolve this confusion. If radial velocity data are available for the planet, the effect of the ring on the light curve can be distinguished from effects due to orbital eccentricity. Nonringed planets on eccentric orbits produce light curves with maxima shifted relative to the position of the maximum phase of the planet. Given radial velocity data, the amount of the shift restricts the planet's unknown orbital inclination and therefore its mass. A combination of radial velocity data and a light curve for a nonringed planet on an eccentric orbit can also be used to constrain the surface scattering properties of the planet and thus describe the clouds covering the planet. We summarize our results for the detectability of exoplanets in reflected light in a chart of light-curve amplitudes of nonringed planets for different eccentricities, inclinations, and azimuthal viewing angles of the observer. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Mt Stromlo Observ, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Canberra, ACT 2611, Australia. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Washington, DC 20015 USA. Space Sci Inst, CICLOPS, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. RI Bayliss, Daniel/I-4635-2012 NR 45 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 10 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 2 BP 973 EP 986 DI 10.1086/426050 PN 1 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 887GM UT WOS:000226293800040 ER PT J AU Takeuchi, T Velusamy, T Lin, DNC AF Takeuchi, T Velusamy, T Lin, DNC TI Apparent stellar wobble by a planet in a circumstellar disk: Limitations on planet detection by astrometry SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE accretion, accretion disks; astrometry; planetary systems : formation; solar system : formation ID EXTRASOLAR GIANT PLANETS; HIGH-MASS PLANETS; SOLAR NEBULA; PROTOPLANETARY DISCS; OLIGARCHIC GROWTH; DENSITY WAVES; ACCRETION; STAR; EVOLUTION; OPACITY AB Astrometric detection of a stellar wobble on the plane of the sky will provide us the next breakthrough in searching for extrasolar planets. The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) is expected to achieve high-precision astrometry as accurate as 1 muas, which is precise enough to discover a newborn Jupiter mass planet around a pre-main-sequence (PMS) star in the Taurus-Auriga star-forming region. PMS stars, however, have circumstellar disks that may be obstacles to the precise measurement of the stellar position. We present results on disk influences on the stellar wobble. The density waves excited by a planet move both the disk's mass center and the photocenter. The motion of the disk mass center induces an additional wobble of the stellar position, and the motion of the disk photocenter causes a contamination in the measurement of the stellar position. We show that the additional stellar motion dynamically caused by the disk's gravity is always negligible but that the contamination by the disk light can interfere with the precise measurement of the stellar position if the planet's mass is smaller than similar to10M(J). The motion of the disk photocenter is sensitive to a slight change in the wave pattern and the disk properties. Measurements by interferometers are generally insensitive to extended sources such as disks. Because of this property, SIM will not suffer significant contamination by the disk light, even if the planet's mass is as small as 1M(J). C1 Kobe Univ, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Calif Observ, Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Takeuchi, T (reprint author), Kobe Univ, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. EM taku@kobe-u.ac.jp; lin@ucolick.org RI Takeuchi, Taku/F-1954-2015 NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 10 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 2 BP 987 EP 1000 DI 10.1086/426048 PN 1 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 887GM UT WOS:000226293800041 ER PT J AU Burlaga, LF Ness, NF Wang, C Richardson, JD McDonald, FB Stone, EC AF Burlaga, LF Ness, NF Wang, C Richardson, JD McDonald, FB Stone, EC TI A transition to fast flows and its effects on the magnetic fields and cosmic rays observed by Voyager 2 near 70 AU SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmic rays; interplanetary medium ID SOLAR-WIND; OUTER HELIOSPHERE; MODULATION; SPEED AB A shocklike transition at 2003.37 from quasi-periodic flows to increasingly fast flows was observed by Voyager 2 (V2) near 70 AU. The transition was related to the appearance of coronal holes near the solar equatorial plane on Carrington rotation (CR) approximate to1994. Several important features ( two cycles of quasi-periodic variations in V and B, a shock, a merged interaction region (MIR) with strong magnetic fields in a region with increasing speed, and a second shock that was related to the 2003 October 29-30 events at 1 AU) were observed by V2 from 2002.8 to 2004.4. A one-dimensional multifluid MHD model shows that these features at V2 evolved from the flows observed by ACE at 1 AU. The model also shows that the features propagated through the heliosphere out to 95 AU. The changes in the magnetic field associated with the features at V2 caused changes in the cosmic-ray intensity ( CRI) of particles more energetic than 70 MeV nucleon(-1). The quasi-periodic variations were related to variations in CRI, but they produced no appreciable net decrease in the CRI. Both the first shock and the MIR produced a steplike decrease in the CRI at V2. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA. MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Space Sci & Appl Res, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 692, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM leonard.f.burlaga@nasa.gov; nfness@udel.edu; cw@space.mit.edu; jdr@space.mit.edu; fm27@umail.umd.edu; ecs@srl.caltech.edu NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 10 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 2 BP 1074 EP 1078 DI 10.1086/426105 PN 1 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 887GM UT WOS:000226293800050 ER PT J AU Chen, H Beiersdorfer, P Scofield, JH Brown, GV Boyce, KR Kelley, RL Kilbourne, CA Porter, FS Gu, MF Kahn, SM AF Chen, H Beiersdorfer, P Scofield, JH Brown, GV Boyce, KR Kelley, RL Kilbourne, CA Porter, FS Gu, MF Kahn, SM TI Excitation cross section measurement for n=3 to n=2 line emission in Fe20+ to Fe23+ SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE atomic data; atomic processes; methods : laboratory; X-rays : general ID X-RAY SPECTROMETER; BEAM ION-TRAP; LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS; ELECTRON-BEAM; FE-XVII; RADIATIVE RECOMBINATION; RELATIVE INTENSITY; XMM-NEWTON; TRANSITIONS; POLARIZATION AB Electron impact excitation cross sections have been measured for iron L-shell 3 --> 2 lines of Fe XXI to Fe XXIV at the EBIT-II electron beam ion trap using a crystal spectrometer and a 6x6 element array microcalorimeter. The cross sections were determined by direct normalization to the well-established cross section of radiative electron capture, and a summary of calculated energy-dependent radiative recombination cross sections for electron capture into the n=2 state fine-structure levels of Fe16+ to Fe23+ ions is given. The measurement results for 17 lines and their comparison with model calculations are presented. While agreement of the model calculations with the experiment is good for most measured lines, significant discrepancies were found for a few lines, including the strongest line in Fe XXI. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, High Temp & Astrophys Div, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Chen, H (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, High Temp & Astrophys Div, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. RI Porter, Frederick/D-3501-2012; Kelley, Richard/K-4474-2012 OI Porter, Frederick/0000-0002-6374-1119; NR 40 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 10 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 2 BP 1086 EP 1094 DI 10.1086/426135 PN 1 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 887GM UT WOS:000226293800052 ER PT J AU Zhang, SN AF Zhang, SN TI A single intrinsic luminosity function for both type I and type II active galactic nuclei SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; galaxies : fundamental parameters; galaxies : luminosity function, mass function; galaxies : Seyfert ID MASS BLACK-HOLES; SEYFERT-1 GALAXIES; ACCRETION DISKS; EVOLUTION; CONSTRAINTS; VARIABILITY; MCG-6-30-15; QUASARS; GROWTH; MODEL AB The luminous electromagnetic emission from distant active galactic nuclei (AGNs) including quasars is believed to be powered by accretion onto supermassive black holes. In the standard unification model for AGNs, a dusty torus covers a significant portion of the viewing angles to the accretion disk and the black hole. The system is classified as a type I AGN if the accretion disk is viewed through the opening part; otherwise, it is called a type II AGN. Therefore, the ratio of type II to type I AGNs serves as a sensitive probe to the unification model. A surprising discovery made from several large sky coverage and/or deep AGN surveys is a significant anticorrelation between the type II fraction and the observed X-ray luminosity between 2 and 10 keV. This suggests two different luminosity functions for the two types of AGNs, thus challenging the AGN unification model. However, this observed anticorrelation is a natural consequence of the AGN unification model with only one intrinsic luminosity function if the inclination angle effects of the X-ray-emitting accretion disk are taken into account. Thus, the AGN unification model survived another critical test. C1 Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Tsing Hua Univ, Ctr Astrophys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Univ Alabama, Dept Phys, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Sci Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Beijing 100039, Peoples R China. RP Zhang, SN (reprint author), Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. EM zhangsn@tsinghua.edu.cn NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 10 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 2 BP L79 EP L82 DI 10.1086/427800 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 887GO UT WOS:000226294000005 ER PT J AU Canzian, A Mosca, HO Bozzolo, G AF Canzian, A Mosca, HO Bozzolo, G TI Atomistic modeling comparison of Fe growth on Nb(110) and Nb growth on Fe(110) SO SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adatoms; computer simulations; iron; niobium; semi-empirical methods and model calculations; surface alloys; surface structure, morphology, roughness and topography ID EPITAXIAL-GROWTH; THIN-FILMS; ALLOYS; SYSTEMS; W(110); METAL; IRON AB The deposition of Fe on Nb(110), and the symmetric case, Nb on Fe(110), are studied by means of a simple modeling approach based on a quantum approximate technique, the BFS method for alloys. For Fe deposition on Nb, different regimes depending on the film thickness including layer-by-layer growth and formation of a surface alloy before stabilizing a pure Fe layer have been observed. Conversely, Nb growth on Fe is characterized by a specific temperature-dependent surface alloying pattern. A detailed atom-by-atom analysis using a single set of parameters reproduces all the experimentally known features based on a discussion of diffusion barriers, exchange mechanisms and the role of temperature via Monte Carlo simulations. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Univ Tecnol Nacl, Fac Reg Gral Pacheco, RA-1617 Gral Pacheco, Buenos Aires, Argentina. UMA, Comis Nacl Energia Atom, RA-1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. RP Bozzolo, G (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Mail Stop 23-2,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM guillermo.h.bozzolo@grc.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-6028 J9 SURF SCI JI Surf. Sci. PD JAN 10 PY 2005 VL 574 IS 2-3 BP 287 EP 296 DI 10.1016/j.susc.2004.10.040 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 892PR UT WOS:000226663000020 ER PT J AU Gao, F Schaaf, CB Strahler, AH Roesch, A Lucht, W Dickinson, R AF Gao, F Schaaf, CB Strahler, AH Roesch, A Lucht, W Dickinson, R TI MODIS bidirectional reflectance distribution function and albedo Climate Modeling Grid products and the variability of albedo for major global vegetation types SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LAND-SURFACE ALBEDO; BRDF; CONSISTENCY; RETRIEVALS; VALIDATION; ALGORITHM; SPACE AB Global land surface albedo data sets derived from the Terra Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from March 2000 to present have been completed for ready use by the global modeling community. This paper describes these albedo and bidirectional reflectance distribution function Climate Modeling Grid products and their variability within major global vegetation types. Preliminary results based on collection 4 data reveal that these coarse resolution (0.05degrees), geographic (latitude/longitude), global albedos have spatial and temporal patterns appropriate for the underlying land cover classes, further encouraging modelers to introduce albedos as functions of ground cover, geographic location, temporal season, and spatial resolution in the various climate-modeling schemes. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Ctr Remote Sensing, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Beijing Normal Univ, Sch Geog, GIS, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. Beijing Normal Univ, Res Ctr Remote Sensing, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Environm Sci, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. Potsdam Inst Klimafolgenforsch, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Gao, F (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 923, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM fgao@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov; schaaf@bu.edu; alan@bu.edu; andreas.roesch@env.ethz.ch; wlucht@pik-potsdam.de; robted@eas.gatech.edu RI Gao, Feng/F-3944-2010; Lucht, Wolfgang/G-2180-2011 OI Lucht, Wolfgang/0000-0002-3398-8575 NR 25 TC 77 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 8 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D1 AR D01104 DI 10.1029/2004JD005190 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 890LC UT WOS:000226511700001 ER PT J AU de Koning, CA Steinberg, JT Gosling, JT Reisenfeld, DB Skoug, RM St Cyr, OC Malayeri, ML Balogh, A Rees, A McComas, DJ AF de Koning, CA Steinberg, JT Gosling, JT Reisenfeld, DB Skoug, RM St Cyr, OC Malayeri, ML Balogh, A Rees, A McComas, DJ TI An unusually fast interplanetary coronal mass ejection observed by Ulysses at 5 AU on 15 November 2003 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INTER-PLANETARY SHOCK; SOLAR-WIND; MAGNETIC HOLES; PLASMA OBSERVATIONS; EVENTS; FIELD; ACCELERATION; LASCO; CME; DISTURBANCES AB [1] On 15 November 2003, at similar to 2030 UT, Ulysses/ SWOOPS observed the onset of a large, unusually fast interplanetary coronal mass ejection ( ICME) in the solar wind at 5.2 AU. Ulysses measured the peak solar wind flow speed associated with this event, nu(max) = 993 km s(-1), in the turbulent sheath region preceding the ICME. This is the fastest solar wind speed recorded by Ulysses/ SWOOPS at this distance since November 1992. On 7 November 2003 at 1554 UT, SOHO/ LASCO observed the solar counterpart of this ICME behind the west limb of the Sun; the CME had a plane- of- sky speed of 1995 km s(-1). We believe this CME originated in AR 0486, the same active region responsible for the extremely fast ICMEs that impacted the Earth on 29 and 30 October 2003. The ICME took at least 4.3 days to propagate past Ulysses and had a radial width of similar to 2.1 AU. The ICME was a magnetic cloud, with a depressed proton beta of similar to 0.01 and a smooth rotation of the magnetic field polar angle from 43degrees to 62degrees. In addition, Ulysses/ SWOOPS also observed bidirectional electron streaming throughout the ICME, indicating that even at this distance, closed field lines threaded the entire event. In the days preceding the ICME, Ulysses observed disturbed solar wind conditions, including six shocks from 6 November to 15 November and several small ICMEs, indicating a high degree of solar activity. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BW, England. SW Res Inst, Space Sci & Engn Div, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. RP de Koning, CA (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS D466, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM dekoning@lanl.gov RI Reisenfeld, Daniel/F-7614-2015 NR 44 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 8 PY 2005 VL 110 IS A1 AR A01102 DI 10.1029/2004JA010645 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 890LN UT WOS:000226512800004 ER PT J AU Lorenz, RD Griffith, CA Lunine, JI McKay, CP Renno, NO AF Lorenz, RD Griffith, CA Lunine, JI McKay, CP Renno, NO TI Convective plumes and the scarcity of Titan's clouds SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERE; MODEL; EQUILIBRIUM; CLIMATE; CYCLE AB We show that simple thermodynamic models of convective plumes predict the area fraction of convective plumes (i.e., updrafts) in Titan's atmosphere to be similar to12 smaller than on Earth. This result is in agreement with predictions by sophisticated dynamical models and with the relative tropospheric cloud cover, which is only similar to1% on Titan. Rainstorms on Titan, being so rare, may be violent. C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Lorenz, RD (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM rlorenz@lpl.arizona.edu RI Lorenz, Ralph/B-8759-2016 OI Lorenz, Ralph/0000-0001-8528-4644 NR 19 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 7 PY 2005 VL 32 IS 1 AR L01201 DI 10.1029/2004GL021415 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 890KS UT WOS:000226510700003 ER PT J AU Gao, CJ Zhang, SN AF Gao, CJ Zhang, SN TI Higher-dimensional dilaton black holes with cosmological constant SO PHYSICS LETTERS B LA English DT Article ID STRING THEORY; FIELDS AB The metric of a higher-dimensional dilaton black hole in the presence of a cosmological constant is constructed. It is found that the cosmological constant is coupled to the dilaton in a non-trivial way. The dilaton potential with respect to the cosmological constant consists of three Liouville-type potentials. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Tsing Hua Univ, Ctr Astrophys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Univ Alabama, Dept Phys, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Sci Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Lab Particle Astrophys, Beijing 100039, Peoples R China. RP Gao, CJ (reprint author), Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. EM gaocj@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn; zhangsn@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn NR 15 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0370-2693 J9 PHYS LETT B JI Phys. Lett. B PD JAN 6 PY 2005 VL 605 IS 1-2 BP 185 EP 189 DI 10.1016/j.physletb.2004.11.030 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 886HQ UT WOS:000226217900023 ER PT J AU Canty, T Riviere, ED Salawitch, RJ Berthet, G Renard, JB Pfeilsticker, K Dorf, M Butz, A Bosch, H Stimpfle, RM Wilmouth, DM Richard, EC Fahey, DW Popp, PJ Schoeberl, MR Lait, LR Bui, TP AF Canty, T Riviere, ED Salawitch, RJ Berthet, G Renard, JB Pfeilsticker, K Dorf, M Butz, A Bosch, H Stimpfle, RM Wilmouth, DM Richard, EC Fahey, DW Popp, PJ Schoeberl, MR Lait, LR Bui, TP TI Nighttime OClO in the winter Arctic vortex SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS; NASA ER-2 AIRCRAFT; OZONE LOSS RATES; POLAR VORTEX; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; CHLORINE ACTIVATION; TRACE-GAS; MODEL-CALCULATIONS; COLUMN ABUNDANCES; MCMURDO-STATION AB We show that a nighttime profile of OClO in the Arctic vortex during the winter of 2000 is overestimated, by nearly a factor of 2, using an isentropic trajectory model constrained by observed profiles of ClOx (ClO + 2 x ClOOCl) and BrO. Calculated abundances of nighttime OClO are shown to be sensitive to the abundance of BrOx (BrO + BrCl), details of the air parcel history during the most recent sunrise/sunset transitions, and the BrCl yield from the reaction BrO + ClO. Many uncertainties are considered, and the discrepancy between measured and modeled nighttime OClO appears to be robust. This discrepancy suggests that production of OClO occurs more slowly than implied by standard photochemistry. If the yield of BrCl from the reaction of BrO + ClO is increased from 7% (JPL 2002 value) to 11% (near the upper limit of the uncertainty), good agreement is found between measured and modeled nighttime OClO. This study highlights the importance of accurate knowledge of BrO + ClO reaction kinetics as well as air parcel trajectories for proper interpretation of nighttime OClO. These factors have a considerably smaller impact on the interpretation of OClO observations obtained during twilight (90degrees less than or equal to SZA less than or equal to 92degrees), when photolytic processes are still active. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Orleans, CNRS, Lab Phys & Chim Environm, F-45071 Orleans, France. Univ Heidelberg, Inst Umweltphys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Canty, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 183-601, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM tcanty@jpl.nasa.gov RI Salawitch, Ross/B-4605-2009; Canty, Timothy/F-2631-2010; Butz, Andre/A-7024-2013; Boesch, Hartmut/G-6021-2012; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Salawitch, Ross/0000-0001-8597-5832; Canty, Timothy/0000-0003-0618-056X; Butz, Andre/0000-0003-0593-1608; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 50 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 4 PY 2005 VL 110 IS D1 AR D01301 DI 10.1029/2004JD005035 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 890KY UT WOS:000226511300001 ER PT J AU Wolfe, DE Singh, J Miller, RA Eldridge, JI Zhu, DM AF Wolfe, DE Singh, J Miller, RA Eldridge, JI Zhu, DM TI Tailored microstructure of EB-PVD 8YSZ thermal barrier coatings with low thermal conductivity and high thermal reflectivity for turbine applications SO SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE TBC; EB-PVD; thermal conductivity; reflectance; YSZ; yttria-stabilized zirconia; stress ID PHYSICAL VAPOR-DEPOSITION; YTTRIA-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA; PREFERRED ORIENTATION; RESIDUAL-STRESSES; PHASE-STABILITY; BEHAVIOR; MECHANISM; SUBSTRATE; TEXTURE; CRYSTAL AB This paper discusses microstructural changes produced by two novel approaches using electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) in which periodic strain fields/microporosity was incorporated within the large columnar grains of ZrO2-8 wt.% Y2O3 (8YSZ). The traditional columnar microstructure of partially stabilized zirconia has been slightly modified to produce a lower thermal conductive thermal barrier coating (TBC) by periodically interrupting the condensing vapor resulting in microstructural modifications with diffuse or sharp interfaces and morphological changes on the submicron scale without changing the composition of the TBC. These microstructural modifications resulted in a 20-30% reduction in the thermal conductivity, 28-56% increase in hemispherical reflectance, improved oxidation cyclic life (over 100%), and better strain tolerance as compared to standard ZrO2-8 wt.% Y2O3 deposited on platinum-nickel-aluminide and CoNiCrAlY bond-coated MAR-M-247 test samples. The TBC with tailored microstructures were examined by various techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), steady-state laser heat flux technique, hemispherical reflectance and thermal cyclic oxidation tests. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NASA, GRC, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Wolfe, DE (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Appl Res Lab, 119 Mat Res Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM dew125@psu.edu NR 47 TC 62 Z9 66 U1 3 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0257-8972 J9 SURF COAT TECH JI Surf. Coat. Technol. PD JAN 3 PY 2005 VL 190 IS 1 BP 132 EP 149 DI 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.04.071 PG 18 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 873TZ UT WOS:000225305300018 ER PT S AU Pepper, SV AF Pepper, SV BE Warmbein, B TI Effect of test environment on lifetime of a vacuum lubricant SO 11th European Space Mechanisms and Tribology Symposium, Proceedings SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th European Space Mechanisms and Tribology Symposium CY SEP 21-23, 2005 CL Luzern, SWITZERLAND AB The relative destruction rate of Krytox 143AC molecules subjected to rolling contact with 440C steel has been evaluated as a function of test environment. The rates in ultrahigh vacuum, 1.6 Torr oxygen and 760 Torr dry nitrogen were about the same. However, water vapor in the test environment-a few ppm in 760 Torr nitrogen-reduced the destruction rate by up to an order of magnitude. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Pepper, SV (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-902-2 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2005 VL 591 BP 73 EP 75 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BDJ91 UT WOS:000233936400010 ER PT B AU Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Truszkowski, WF Rouff, CA Sterritt, R AF Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Truszkowski, WF Rouff, CA Sterritt, R BE Ma, J Yang, LT TI Challenges of developing new classes of NASA self-managing missions SO 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS WORKSHOPS, VOL II, PROCEEDINGS, LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems CY JUL 20-22, 2005 CL Fukuoka, JAPAN SP IEEE Comp Soc, TCDP & TCPP, Fukuoka Inst Technol AB NASA is proposing increasingly complex missions that will require a high degree of autonomy and autonomicity. These missions pose hereto unforeseen problems and raise issues that have not been well-addressed by the community. Assuring success of such missions will require new software development techniques and tools. This paper discusses some of the challenges that NASA and the rest of the software development community are facing in developing these ever-increasingly complex systems. We give an overview of a proposed NASA mission as well as techniques and tools that are being developed to address autonomic management and the complexity issues inherent in these missions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM michael.g.hinchey@nasa.gov; rouffc@saic.com; r.sterritt@ulster.ac.uk NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA PY 2005 BP 463 EP 467 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BCY13 UT WOS:000231842200092 ER PT B AU Truszkowski, W Hinchey, M Sterritt, R AF Truszkowski, W Hinchey, M Sterritt, R BE Ma, J Yang, LT TI Towards an Autonomic Cluster Management System (ACMS) with reflex autonomicity SO 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS WORKSHOPS, VOL II, PROCEEDINGS, LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems CY JUL 20-22, 2005 CL Fukuoka, JAPAN SP IEEE Comp Soc, TCDP & TCPP, Fukuoka Inst Technol AB Cluster computing, whereby a large number of simple processors or nodes are combined together to apparently function as a single powerful computer, has emerged as a research area in its own right. The approach offers a relatively inexpensive means of providing a fault-tolerant environment and achieving significant computational capabilities for high performance computing applications. However, the task of manually managing and configuring a cluster quickly becomes daunting as the cluster grows in size. Autonomic computing, with its vision to provide self-management, can potentially solve many of the problems inherent in cluster management. We describe the development of a prototype Autonomic Cluster Management System (ACMS) that exploits autonomic properties in automating cluster management and its evolution to include reflex reactions via pulse monitoring. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM walt.truszkowski@nasa.gov; michael.g.hinchey@nasa.gov; r.sterritt@ulster.ac.uk NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA PY 2005 BP 478 EP 482 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BCY13 UT WOS:000231842200095 ER PT B AU Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Rouff, CA AF Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Rouff, CA BE Ma, J Yang, LT TI Enabling requirements-based programming for highly-dependable complex parallel and distributed systems SO 11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems Workshops, Vol II, Proceedings, LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems CY JUL 20-22, 2005 CL Fukuoka, JAPAN SP IEEE Comp Soc, TCDP & TCPP, Fukuoka Inst Technol DE distributed systems validation; verification; formal methods; automatic code generation; CSP AB The manual application of formal methods in system specification has produced successes, but in the end, despite any claims and assertions by practitioners, there is no provable relationship between a manually derived system specification or formal model and the customer's original requirements. Complex parallel and distributed systems present the worst case implications for today's dearth of viable approaches for achieving system dependability. No avenue other than formal methods constitutes a serious contender for resolving the problem, and so recognition of requirements-based programming has come at a critical juncture. We describe a new, NASA-developed automated requirements-based programming method that can be applied to certain classes of systems, including complex parallel and distributed systems, to achieve a high degree of dependability. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hinchey, MG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA PY 2005 BP 570 EP 574 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BCY13 UT WOS:000231842200113 ER PT B AU Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Rouff, CA AF Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Rouff, CA BE Rozenblit, J ONeill, T Peng, J TI A formal approach to requirements-based programming SO 12th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on the Engineering of Computer-Based Systems, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer-Based Systems CY APR 04-07, 2005 CL Greenbelt, MD SP IEEE TC Engn Comp Based Syst, NASA Software Engn Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Arizona DE validation; verification; formal methods; automatic code generation; requirements-based programming ID MYTHS AB No significant general-purpose method is currently available to mechanically transform system requirements into a provably equivalent model. The widespread use of such a method represents a necessary step toward high-dependability system engineering for numerous application domains. Current tools and methods that start with a formal model of a system and mechanically produce a provably equivalent implementation are valuable but not sufficient. The "gap" unfilled by such tools and methods is that the formal models cannot be proven to be equivalent to the requirements. We offer a method for mechanically transforming requirements into a provably equivalent formal model that can be used as the basis for code generation and other transformations. This method is unique in offering full mathematical tractability while using notations and techniques that are well known and well trusted. Finally, we describe further application areas we are investigating for use of the approach. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hinchey, MG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2308-0 PY 2005 BP 339 EP 345 DI 10.1109/ECBS.2005.7 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BCE92 UT WOS:000228973200040 ER PT B AU Rash, JL Hinchey, MG Rouff, CA Gracanin, D Erickson, J AF Rash, JL Hinchey, MG Rouff, CA Gracanin, D Erickson, J BE Rozenblit, J ONeill, T Peng, J TI Experiences with a requirements-based programming approach to the development of a NASA autonomous ground control system SO 12TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOPS ON THE ENGINEERING OF COMPUTER-BASED SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer-Based Systems CY APR 04-07, 2005 CL Greenbelt, MD SP IEEE TC Engn Comp Based Syst, NASA Software Engn Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Arizona AB Requirements-to-Design-to- Code (R2D2C) is an approach to the engineering of computer-based systems that embodies the idea of requirements-based programming in system development. It goes further however in that the approach offers not only an underlying formalism, but full formal development from requirements capture through to the automatic generation of provably-correct code. As such, the approach has direct application to the development of systems requiring autonomic properties. We describe a prototype tool to support the method, and illustrate its applicability to the development of LOGOS, a NASA autonomous ground control system which exhibits autonomic behavior Finally, we briefly discuss other areas where the approach and prototype tool are being considered for application. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM james.l.rash@nasa.gov; michael.g.hinchey@nasa.gov; rouffc@saic.com; gracanin@vt.edu; jderick@cs.utexas.edu NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2308-0 PY 2005 BP 490 EP 497 DI 10.1109/ECBS.2005.37 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BCE92 UT WOS:000228973200059 ER PT B AU Lutz, R Nelson, S Patterson-Hine, A Frost, CR Tal, D AF Lutz, R Nelson, S Patterson-Hine, A Frost, CR Tal, D GP IEEE Computer Society TI Identifying contingency requirements using obstacle analysis SO 13th IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 2005 CL Univ Paris1 Pantheon Sorbonne, Paris, FRANCE SP IEEE Comp Soc, IAE, Groupe Sqli, Afia, DRA, ALCATEL, INFORSID, Univ Waterloo, UGS, IBM, FUNDP NAMUR, HP, Borland, CCK HO Univ Paris1 Pantheon Sorbonne DE contingency requirements; obstacle analysis; safety-critical software; requirements evolution; autonomy; anomaly-handling AB This paper describes the use of Obstacle Analysis to identify anomaly-handling requirements for a safety-critical, autonomous system. The software requirements for the system evolved during operations due to an on-going effort to increase the autonomous system's robustness. The resulting increase in autonomy also increased system complexity. This investigation used Obstacle Analysis to identify and to reason incrementally about new requirements for handling failures and other anomalous events. Results reported in the paper show that Obstacle Analysis complemented standard safety-analysis techniques in identifying undesirable behaviors and ways to resolve them. The step-by-step use of Obstacle Analysis identified potential side effects and missing monitoring and control requirements. Adding an Availability Indicator and feature-interaction patterns proved useful for the analysis of obstacle resolutions. The paper discusses the consequences of these results in terms of the adoption of Obstacle Analysis to analyze anomaly-handling requirements in evolving systems. C1 CALTECH, JPL, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Lutz, R (reprint author), CALTECH, JPL, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2425-7 PY 2005 BP 263 EP 272 DI 10.1109/RE.2005.32 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BDC18 UT WOS:000232588000025 ER PT B AU Nikora, AP AF Nikora, Allen P. GP IEEE TI Classifying requirements: Towards a more rigorous analysis of natural-language specifications SO 16th IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering CY NOV 08-11, 2005 CL Chicago, IL SP IEEE Comp Soc, Reliabil Soc AB Requirements play a pivotal role in planning, selection, development, testing and operation of NASA's missions. Starting from mission objectives, requirements are successively decomposed intofiner detail and ultimately allocated to individual components. This decomposition process is sometimes referred to as "requirements flowdown" between successive levels. The correctness of this decomposition is obviously critical to mission success: if a higher level requirement is improperly decomposed into lower level requirements, the subsequent development-from that stage onwards will be jeopardized. A task to determine how to improve the rigor of requirements flowdown analyses has recently been completed. Since requirements continue to be written in natural language, the task focused on examining only natural language specifications for a JPL space mission system. One particular aspect of flow down analysis examined was classifying requirements by type - subsetting a collection of requirements in this fashion may significantly reduce the effort required to analyze a flowdown by restricting the number of requirements analyzed at any one time, and may increase the accuracy of the flow down analysis. The application of natural language processing techniques and machine learning techniques has resulted in classifiers that perform well in distinguishing between temporal and non-temporal requiremerits written in natural language. Such a capability could reduce the effort required to analyze requirements of a given type. Current plans call for extending this capability to improving automated tracing of related requirements and checking a set of related requirements for consistency. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Nikora, AP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7695-2482-6 PY 2005 BP 291 EP 300 DI 10.1109/ISSRE.2005.14 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BFB79 UT WOS:000240903300027 ER PT S AU Ransone, ED Gregory, DD AF Ransone, ED Gregory, DD TI An overview of the NASA Sounding Rockets and Balloon Programs SO 17th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research CY MAY 30-JUN 02, 2005 CL Sandefjord, NORWAY SP European Space Agcy, Dell, Norspace, Kongsberg Def & Aerosp, Kongsberg Satellite Serv, IP Zone AB The U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Sounding Rockets and Balloon Programs conduct a total of 40 to 50 missions per year in support of the NASA scientific community. The Goddard Space Flight Center has management and implementation responsibility for these programs. These missions support investigations sponsored by NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Life and Microgravity Sciences & Applications, Earth Science, and Exploration Systems. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Ransone, ED (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY PI PARIS PA 8-10 RUE MARIO NIKIS, 75738 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-901-4 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2005 VL 590 BP 19 EP 24 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDN54 UT WOS:000234475600004 ER PT S AU Eberspeaker, PJ AF Eberspeaker, PJ TI NASA Sounding Rocket Program educational outreach SO 17th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research CY MAY 30-JUN 02, 2005 CL Sandefjord, NORWAY SP European Space Agcy, Dell, Norspace, Kongsberg Def & Aerosp, Kongsberg Satellite Serv, IP Zone AB Educational and public outreach is a major focus area for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The NASA Sounding Rocket Program (NSRP) shares in the belief that NASA plays a unique and vital role in inspiring future generations to pursue careers in science, mathematics, and technology. To fulfill this vision, the NASA Sounding Rocket Program engages in a host of student flight projects providing unique and exciting hands-on student space flight experiences. These projects include single stage Orion missions carrying "active" high school experiments and "passive" Explorer School modules, university level Orion and Terrier-Orion flights, and small hybrid rocket flights as part of the Small-scale Educational Rocketry Initiative (SERI) currently under development. Efforts also include educational programs conducted as part of major campaigns. The student flight projects are designed to reach students ranging from Kindergarteners to university undergraduates. The programs are also designed to accommodate student teams with varying levels of technical capabilities - from teams that can fabricate their own payloads to groups that are barely capable of drilling and tapping their own holes. The program also conducts a hands-on student flight project for blind students in collaboration with the National Federation of the Blind. The NASA Sounding Rocket Program is proud of its role in inspiring the "next generation of explorers" and is working to expand its reach to all regions of the United States and the international community as well. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Eberspeaker, PJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY PI PARIS PA 8-10 RUE MARIO NIKIS, 75738 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-901-4 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2005 VL 590 BP 63 EP 66 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDN54 UT WOS:000234475600011 ER PT S AU Schmidlin, FJ Goldberg, RA Beebe, A AF Schmidlin, FJ Goldberg, RA Beebe, A TI Temperature measurements from solve 2 and MaCWAVE Campaigns compared with AIRS and SABER remote temperature measurements SO 17th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research CY MAY 30-JUN 02, 2005 CL Sandefjord, NORWAY SP European Space Agcy, Dell, Norspace, Kongsberg Def & Aerosp, Kongsberg Satellite Serv, IP Zone AB During January 2003, inflatable falling spheres were launched on small Super Loki rocket motors, as part of the Mountain and Convective Waves Ascending Vertically (MaCWAVE) Campaign at ESRANGE. The aim of launching these small rockets was to obtain temperature and wind data to assess mountain wave initiation and propagation. During this period, daily inflatable spheres were also launched for support of the Sage III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment 2 (SOLVE-2) campaign designed to validate SAGE-3. The in situ data were examined on numerous occasions since the temperature profiles were in a state that caused one to wonder whether features observed in the temperature structure, although unique, are valid. We used the temperatures retrieved from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) to compare with the spheres using 'structure function' and correlation analysis. Direct comparison of the original profiles suggested that such functions would be difficult to construct; nonetheless, information from the analysis was possible. Temperatures retrieved from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry SABER satellite were also used as an alternate to AIRS. The resulting analysis compares temperatures obtained from the three sources, spheres, AIRS, and SABER. Although not perfect, reasonable agreement is found between the inflatable sphere and SABER temperatures. Concluded from this comparison is a more positive insight in the value of failing sphere temperatures. C1 NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Schmidlin, FJ (reprint author), NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RI Goldberg, Richard /E-1881-2012 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY PI PARIS PA 8-10 RUE MARIO NIKIS, 75738 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-901-4 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2005 VL 590 BP 157 EP 159 PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDN54 UT WOS:000234475600029 ER PT B AU Weisbin, CR Manvi, R Shelton, KE Adumitroaie, V Derleth, JE Elfes, A AF Weisbin, CR Manvi, R Shelton, KE Adumitroaie, V Derleth, JE Elfes, A BE Selvaraj, H Muthukumar, V TI Capability-development return on investment for the NASA aeronautics program SO 18th International Conference on Systems Engineering, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Conference on Systems Engineering (ICSEng 2005) CY AUG 16-18, 2005 CL Univ Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV SP ALDEC, Project Performance Int HO Univ Nevada Las Vegas AB As part of a multi-agency effort to improve America's air transportation system, NASA has undertaken a study to develop and demonstrate a systematic method for selecting capability investments based on their projected return on investment. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Weisbin, CR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Elfes, Alberto/E-2463-2011 OI Elfes, Alberto/0000-0003-2433-995X NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2359-5 PY 2005 BP 231 EP 237 DI 10.1109/ICSENG.2005.21 PG 7 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Industrial SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BEA45 UT WOS:000236450300038 ER PT B AU Barrett, A AF Barrett, Anthony BE Kaelbling, LP Saffotti, A TI Model Compilation for Real-Time Planning and Diagnosis with Feedback SO 19TH INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (IJCAI-05) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 05) CY JUL 30-AUG 05, 2005 CL Edinburgh, SCOTLAND SP BCS, Scottish Enterprise, QinetiQ, BTO, Foresight, Microsoft Research, ERCIM, Intelligent Applications Ltd, IBM, CologNET, Intel, Google AB This paper describes MEXEC, an implemented micro executive that compiles a device model that can have feedback into a structure for subsequent evaluation. This system computes both the most likely current device mode from n sets of sensor measurements and the n-1 step reconfiguration plan that is most likely to result in reaching a target mode - if such a plan exists. A user tunes the system by increasing n to improve system capability at the cost of real-time performance. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Barrett, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 126-347, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM anthony.barrett@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IJCAI-INT JOINT CONF ARTIF INTELL PI FREIBURG PA ALBERT-LUDWIGS UNIV FREIBURG GEORGES-KOHLER-ALLEE, INST INFORMATIK, GEB 052, FREIBURG, D-79110, GERMANY PY 2005 BP 1195 EP 1200 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BUS48 UT WOS:000290233000191 ER PT J AU Schaffer, SR Clement, BJ Chien, SA AF Schaffer, Steve R. Clement, Bradley J. Chien, Steve A. BE Kaelbling, LP Saffotti, A TI Probabilistic Reasoning for Plan Robustness SO 19TH INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (IJCAI-05) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 05) CY JUL 30-AUG 05, 2005 CL Edinburgh, SCOTLAND SP BCS, Scottish Enterprise, QinetiQ, BTO, Foresight, Microsoft Research, ERCIM, Intelligent Applications Ltd, IBM, CologNET, Intel, Google AB A planning system must reason about the uncertainty of continuous variables in order to accurately project the possible system state over time. A method is devised for directly reasoning about the uncertainty in continuous activity duration and resource usage for planning problems. By representing random variables as parametric distributions, computing projected system state can be simplified. Common approximations and novel methods are compared for over-constrained and lightly constrained domains within an iterative repair planner. Results show improvements in robustness over the conventional non-probabilistic representation by reducing the number of constraint violations during execution. The improvement is more significant for larger problems and those with higher resource subscription levels but diminishes as the system is allowed to accept higher risk levels. C1 [Schaffer, Steve R.; Clement, Bradley J.; Chien, Steve A.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Schaffer, SR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 126-347, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM steve.schaffer@jpl.nasa.gov; bradley.clement@jpl.nasa.gov; steve.chien@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IJCAI-INT JOINT CONF ARTIF INTELL PI FREIBURG PA ALBERT-LUDWIGS UNIV FREIBURG GEORGES-KOHLER-ALLEE, INST INFORMATIK, GEB 052, FREIBURG, D-79110, GERMANY PY 2005 BP 1266 EP 1271 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BUS48 UT WOS:000290233000202 ER PT J AU Kortenkamp, D Bell, S AF Kortenkamp, David Bell, Scott BE Kaelbling, LP Saffotti, A TI Using AI and simulations to design and control space habitats SO 19TH INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (IJCAI-05) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 05) CY JUL 30-AUG 05, 2005 CL Edinburgh, SCOTLAND SP BCS, Scottish Enterprise, QinetiQ, BTO, Foresight, Microsoft Research, ERCIM, Intelligent Applications Ltd, IBM, CologNET, Intel, Google AB This paper describes a dynamic simulation of a space habitat. The simulation is configurable and controllable via external programs. Several groups have been using the simulation to study the impact of artificial intelligence tools on space habitat design and control. We outline some of the AI challenges and invite the AI community to use our simulation to further NASA's exploration goals. C1 [Kortenkamp, David] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Metrica Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Kortenkamp, D (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Metrica Inc, 1101 NASA Rd,1 Mail Stop ER2, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM kortenkamp@jsc.nasa.gov; scott.e.bell1@jsc.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IJCAI-INT JOINT CONF ARTIF INTELL PI FREIBURG PA ALBERT-LUDWIGS UNIV FREIBURG GEORGES-KOHLER-ALLEE, INST INFORMATIK, GEB 052, FREIBURG, D-79110, GERMANY PY 2005 BP 1507 EP 1508 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BUS48 UT WOS:000290233000239 ER PT J AU Bresina, J Jonsson, A Morris, P Rajan, K AF Bresina, John Jonsson, Ari Morris, Paul Rajan, Kanna BE Kaelbling, LP Saffotti, A TI Mixed-Initiative Activity Planning for Mars Rovers SO 19TH INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (IJCAI-05) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 05) CY JUL 30-AUG 05, 2005 CL Edinburgh, SCOTLAND SP BCS, Scottish Enterprise, QinetiQ, BTO, Foresight, Microsoft Research, ERCIM, Intelligent Applications Ltd, IBM, CologNET, Intel, Google AB One of the ground tools used to operate the Mars Exploration Rovers is a mixed-initiative planning system called MAPGEN. The role of the system is to assist operators building daily plans for each of the rovers, maximizing science return, while maintaining rover safety and abiding by science and engineering constraints. In this paper, we describe the MAPGEN system, focusing on the mixed-initiative planning aspect. We note important challenges, both in terms of human interaction and in terms of automated reasoning requirements. We then describe the approaches taken in MAPGEN, focusing on the novel methods developed by our team. C1 [Bresina, John; Jonsson, Ari; Morris, Paul; Rajan, Kanna] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Bresina, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mailstop 269-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM bresina@email.arc.nasa.gov; jonsson@email.arc.nasa.gov; pmorris@email.arc.nasa.gov; kanna@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU IJCAI-INT JOINT CONF ARTIF INTELL PI FREIBURG PA ALBERT-LUDWIGS UNIV FREIBURG GEORGES-KOHLER-ALLEE, INST INFORMATIK, GEB 052, FREIBURG, D-79110, GERMANY PY 2005 BP 1709 EP 1710 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BUS48 UT WOS:000290233000327 ER PT B AU Kim, WS Ansar, AI Steele, RD AF Kim, WS Ansar, AI Steele, RD GP IEEE TI Rover mast calibration, exact camera pointing, and camera handoff for visual target tracking SO 2005 12th International Conference on Advanced Robotics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Advanced Robotics CY JUL 17-20, 2005 CL Seattle, WA SP IEEE DE rover mast calibration; camera pointing; camera handoff; visual target tracking; target approach AB This paper presents three technical elements that we have developed to improve the accuracy of the visual target tracking for single-sol approach-and-instrument placement in future Mars rover missions. An accurate, straightforward method of rover mast calibration is achieved by using a total station, a camera calibration target, and four prism targets mounted on the rover. The method was applied to Rocky8 rover mast calibration and yielded a 1.1-pixel rms residual error. Camera pointing requires inverse kinematic solutions for mast pan and tilt angles such that the target image appears right at the center of the camera image. Two issues were raised. Mast camera frames are in general not parallel to the masthead base frame. Further, the optical axis of the camera model in general does not pass through the center of the image. Despite these issues, we managed to derive non-iterative closed-form exact solutions, which were verified with Matlab routines. Actual camera pointing experiments over 50 random target image points yielded less than 1.3-pixel rms pointing error. Finally, a purely geometric method for camera handoff using stereo views of the target has been developed. Experimental test runs show less than 2.5 pixels error on high-resolution Navcam for Pancam-to-Navcam handoff, and less than 4 pixels error on lower-resolution Hazcam for Navcam-to-Hazcam bandoff. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kim, WS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9177-2 PY 2005 BP 384 EP 391 PG 8 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BDM50 UT WOS:000234272400057 ER PT S AU Aldrich, JB Skelton, RE AF Aldrich, J. B. Skelton, R. E. GP IEEE TI Time-energy optimal control of hyper-actuated mechanical systems with geometric path constraints SO 2005 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control & European Control Conference, Vols 1-8 SE IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL - PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 44th IEEE Conference on Decision Control/European Control Conference (CCD-ECC) CY DEC 12-15, 2005 CL Seville, SPAIN SP IEEE Control Syst Soc, European Union Control Assoc, IFAC, INFORMS, SIAM, SICE, Honeywell, MathWorks AB For a general class of Hyper-Actuated Mechanical-Systems (HAMS) that is generalized to include robotic manipulators and tendon-driven tensegrity structures, this paper determines the tendon force inputs from a set of admissible, non-saturating inputs, that will move the rigid-body system from point A to point B along a prescribed path with minimum time and control energy. The approach herein utilizes the existence conditions and solution of a linear algebra problem that describes how the set of admissible tendon forces is mapped onto the set of path-dependent torques. Since this mapping is not one-to-one, free parameters in the control law always exist. This paper determines the best time-invariant free parameters. This yields a novel control law for HAMS that tracks the center of the admissible set and reduces the number of states in the optimal control problem. to two. The prevalence of HAMS in nature is discussed. Numerical examples illustrate the method and demonstrate tensegrity's superior maneuvering and saturation avoidance capabilities. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Postdoctoral Scholars Program, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Aldrich, JB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Postdoctoral Scholars Program, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0191-2216 BN 0-7803-9567-0 J9 IEEE DECIS CONTR P PY 2005 BP 8246 EP 8253 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BFB21 UT WOS:000240653707151 ER PT S AU Diftler, MA Mehling, JS Strawser, PA Doggett, WR Spain, IM AF Diftler, MA Mehling, JS Strawser, PA Doggett, WR Spain, IM GP IEEE TI A space construction humanoid SO 2005 5TH IEEE-RAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HUMANOID ROBOTS SE IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots CY DEC 05-07, 2005 CL Tsukuba, JAPAN SP IEEE, RAS DE dexterous robot; space humanoid; modular assembly; teleoperation; shared control ID DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS; ROBONAUT AB A mobile humanoid robot is reconfiguring NASA modular truss structures at the Johnson Space Center. Until recently these structures could only be effectively manipulated by human hands or by robots with specialized end effectors. This humanoid robot, Robonaut, designed to assist astronauts during space walks, has been upgraded to tackle the precision constrained tasks associated with truss assembly and disassembly. An overview of construction tasks with reconfigurable truss systems is presented along with the associated challenges these systems present to humanoid robots. Advances in Robonaut's capabilities that address these challenges are described and include: a grip surface augmentation to Robonaut's gloves that provides a close approximation to the latest astronaut gloves ensuring a secure grasp during truss coupler manipulation, a set of force controller parameters tuned to maintain stable contact and minimize loads on the truss structure, and a shared control strategy that divides the Cartesian control of Robonaut's hands between the teleoperator and the robot's on-board controller to minimize human workload during constrained tasks. Results of the reconfiguration tests are presented along with potential areas for future automation. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Automat Robot & Simulat Div, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Automat Robot & Simulat Div, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM diftler@jsc.nasa.gov; mehling@jsc.nasa.gov; strawser@jsc.nasa.gov; william.r.doggett@nasa.gov; ispain@ems.jsc.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2164-0572 BN 0-7803-9320-1 J9 IEEE-RAS INT C HUMAN PY 2005 BP 92 EP 97 PG 6 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BDY66 UT WOS:000236204200016 ER PT S AU Stoica, A Keymeulen, D Csaszar, A Gan, QA Hidalgo, T Moore, J Newton, J Sandoval, S Xu, JJ AF Stoica, A Keymeulen, D Csaszar, A Gan, QA Hidalgo, T Moore, J Newton, J Sandoval, S Xu, JJ GP IEEE TI Humanoids for lunar and planetary surface operations SO 2005 5TH IEEE-RAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HUMANOID ROBOTS SE IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots CY DEC 05-07, 2005 CL Tsukuba, JAPAN SP IEEE, RAS DE tracking; filtering; estimation; information fusion; resource management AB This paper presents a vision of humanoid robots as humans key partners in future space exploration, in particular for construction, maintenance/repair and operation of lunar/planetary habitats, bases and settlements. It integrates this vision with the recent plans for human and robotic exploration, aligning a set of milestones for operational capability of humanoids with the schedule and phases of Human space flight system development program for the next decades. These milestones relate to a set of incremental challenges, for the solving of which new humanoid technologies are needed. A system of systems integrative approach that would lead to readiness of cooperating humanoid crews is sketched. Robot fostering, training/education techniques, anti improved cognitive/sensory/motor development techniques are considered essential elements for achieving intelligent humanoids. A pilot project in this direction is outlined. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stoica, A (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM adrian.stoica@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2164-0572 BN 0-7803-9320-1 J9 IEEE-RAS INT C HUMAN PY 2005 BP 345 EP 350 PG 6 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BDY66 UT WOS:000236204200056 ER PT B AU Memarsadeghi, N Le Moigne, J Mount, DM Morisette, J AF Memarsadeghi, N Le Moigne, J Mount, DM Morisette, J GP IEEE TI A new approach to image fusion based on cokriging SO 2005 7th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION), Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION) CY JUL 25-28, 2005 CL Philadelphia, PA SP IEEE DE image fusion; cokriging; wavelet; PCA; remote sensing; hyperion; ALI AB We consider the image fusion problem involving remotely sensed data. We introduce cokriging as a method to perform fusion. We investigate the advantages of fusing Hyperion with ALI. This evaluation is performed by comparing the classification of the fused data with that of input images and by calculating well-chosen quantitative fusion quality metrics. We consider the Invasive Species Forecasting System (ISFS) project as our fusion application. The fusion of ALI with Hyperion data is studied using PCA and wavelet-based fusion. We then propose utilizing a geostatistical based interpolation method called cokriging as a new approach for imagefusion. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Memarsadeghi, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9286-8 PY 2005 BP 622 EP 629 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BDP88 UT WOS:000234830400084 ER PT B AU Krainak, MA AF Krainak, MA GP IEEE TI Photoionization of trapped carriers in avalanche photodiodes to reduce afterpulsing during Geiger-mode photon counting SO 2005 Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics (CLEO), Vols 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY MAY 22-27, 2005 CL Baltimore, MD ID SPECTROSCOPY; RANGE AB We reduced the afterpulsing probability by a factor of five in a Geiger-mode photon-counting InGaAs avalanche photodiode by using sub-band-gap (k=1.95 mu m) laser diode illumination, which we believe photoionizes the trapped carriers. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Laser & Electroopt Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Krainak, MA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Laser & Electroopt Branch, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMERICA PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA BN 1-55752-795-4 PY 2005 BP 588 EP 590 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA BDP70 UT WOS:000234819900201 ER PT B AU Malkova, N Ning, CZ AF Malkova, N Ning, CZ GP IEEE TI Electro-optical control of the directional switching based on degenerate state splitting in photonic crystal SO 2005 Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics (CLEO), Vols 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY MAY 22-27, 2005 CL Baltimore, MD AB We study degenerate defect state splitting inside two-dimensional photonic crystal. Using group-theory analysis we determined perturbation potentials that split the degeneracy most efficiently. Application of the effect in optical switch waveguide devices is presented. (c) 2000 Optical Society of America C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Malkova, N (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMERICA PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA BN 1-55752-795-4 PY 2005 BP 840 EP 842 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA BDP70 UT WOS:000234819901023 ER PT B AU Soibel, A Mansour, K Forouhar, S Peabody, ML Sivco, DL Cho, AY Gmachl, C AF Soibel, A Mansour, K Forouhar, S Peabody, ML Sivco, DL Cho, AY Gmachl, C GP IEEE TI Y-branch optical coupler monolithically integrated with DFB quantum cascade lasers SO 2005 Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics (CLEO), Vols 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) CY MAY 22-27, 2005 CL Baltimore, MD AB A Y-branch optical coupler monolithically integrated with two DFB Quantum Cascade Lasers has been demonstrated and studied. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Soibel, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMERICA PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA BN 1-55752-795-4 PY 2005 BP 863 EP 865 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA BDP70 UT WOS:000234819901031 ER PT B AU Chen, CC Biswas, A Roberts, WT Britcliffe, MJ AF Chen, CC Biswas, A Roberts, WT Britcliffe, MJ GP IEEE TI Turning Palomar into a deep-space optical receiver SO 2005 Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meeting CY JUL 25-27, 2005 CL San Diego, CA AB The approach for adapting the 200-inch Hale telescope, located at Mt. Palomar, CA to support a deep space optical communications project is outlined. Considerations include protecting the telescope for daytime operations and limiting the amount of background detected by the receiver. (c) 2000 Optical Society of America. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chen, CC (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8981-6 PY 2005 BP 11 EP 12 PG 2 WC Optics SC Optics GA BCY18 UT WOS:000231847800005 ER PT B AU Farr, WH AF Farr, WH GP IEEE TI Photon-counting detectors for optical communications SO 2005 Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meeting CY JUL 25-27, 2005 CL San Diego, CA C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Farr, WH (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8981-6 PY 2005 BP 17 EP 18 PG 2 WC Optics SC Optics GA BCY18 UT WOS:000231847800008 ER PT B AU Wilson, KE Wright, MW Lee, S Troy, M AF Wilson, KE Wright, MW Lee, S Troy, M GP IEEE TI Adaptive optics for daytime deep space laser communications from Mars SO 2005 Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meeting CY JUL 25-27, 2005 CL San Diego, CA AB The application of adaptive optics to the daytime deep space link is analyzed. Theoretical results show up to 8.4 dB gains for 64 PPM formats under daytime sky background conditions at 3 degrees sun angle. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Telecommun Sci & Engn Div, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wilson, KE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Telecommun Sci & Engn Div, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8981-6 PY 2005 BP 19 EP 20 PG 2 WC Optics SC Optics GA BCY18 UT WOS:000231847800009 ER PT B AU Hemmati, H Chen, Y Lee, S Ortiz, GG AF Hemmati, H Chen, Y Lee, S Ortiz, GG GP IEEE TI Earth-image tracking in the IR for deep space optical communications SO 2005 Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meeting CY JUL 25-27, 2005 CL San Diego, CA AB Sub-microradian level laser beam pointing to an Earth-based receiver is required for deep space optical communications. This requires a beacon emanated from Earth towards the spacecraft. The beacon could be a laser or reflected sunlight from Earth. Earth image tracking in the visible is hampered by significant albedo variations and/or crescent Earth image yielding large central errors. Here, we report results of Earth-image tracking in the infrared (8 to 13 micron) region of the spectrum with the aim of substantially alleviating the two challenges mentioned earlier. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hemmati, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 161-135, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8981-6 PY 2005 BP 27 EP 28 PG 2 WC Optics SC Optics GA BCY18 UT WOS:000231847800013 ER PT B AU Yu, N Salik, E Maleki, L AF Yu, N Salik, E Maleki, L GP IEEE TI Simultaneous generation of ultra-low noise optical pulse and microwave signal SO 2005 DIGEST OF THE LEOS SUMMER TOPICAL MEETINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meeting CY JUL 25-27, 2005 CL San Diego, CA ID MODE-LOCKED LASERS; FIBER LASER; SEMICONDUCTOR-LASER; TIMING JITTER; OSCILLATOR C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yu, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8981-6 PY 2005 BP 107 EP 108 PG 2 WC Optics SC Optics GA BCY18 UT WOS:000231847800052 ER PT B AU Matsko, AB Savchenkov, AA Strekalov, D Maleki, L AF Matsko, AB Savchenkov, AA Strekalov, D Maleki, L GP IEEE TI High frequency photonic microwave oscillators based on WGM resonators SO 2005 Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meeting CY JUL 25-27, 2005 CL San Diego, CA ID PHASE NOISE C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Matsko, AB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8981-6 PY 2005 BP 113 EP 114 PG 2 WC Optics SC Optics GA BCY18 UT WOS:000231847800055 ER PT B AU Ni, JJ Barton, R AF Ni, JJ Barton, R GP IEEE TI Design and performance analysis of a UWB tracking system for space applications SO 2005 IEEE/ACES International Conference on Wireless Communications and Applied Computational Electromagnetics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/ACES International Conference on Wireless Communications and Applied Computational Electromagnetics CY APR 03-07, 2005 CL Honolulu, HI SP IEEE, Appl Computat Electromagnet Soc AB This paper discusses an ultra-wideband (UWB) tracking system design effort for a free-flying video camera system for aid in inspection around the International Space Station and the Space Shuttle. The UWB technology is exploited to implement the tracking system due to its properties such as high data rate, fine time resolution, low power spectral density and multipath immunity. A system design using commercially available UWB products is implemented. A tracking algorithm TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival) is investigated and the performance analysis provides guidance to improve the system design. Simulations show that the TDOA algorithm can achieve the fine resolution with low noise data. The laboratory experiments demonstrate the UWB tracking feasibility. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Ni, JJ (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9068-7 PY 2005 BP 31 EP 34 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BDB79 UT WOS:000232402200008 ER PT B AU Deshpande, M Shin, J AF Deshpande, M Shin, J GP IEEE TI Characterization of meta-materials using computational electromagnetic methods SO 2005 IEEE/ACES International Conference on Wireless Communications and Applied Computational Electromagnetics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/ACES International Conference on Wireless Communications and Applied Computational Electromagnetics CY APR 03-07, 2005 CL Honolulu, HI SP IEEE, Appl Computat Electromagnet Soc AB An efficient and powerful computational method is presented to synthesize a meta-material to specified electromagnetic properties. Using the periodicity of meta-materials, the Finite Element Methodology (FEM) is developed to estimate the reflection and transmission through the meta-material structure for a normal plane wave incidence. For efficient computations of the reflection and transmission over a wide band frequency range through a meta-material a Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) approach is also developed. Using the Nicholson-Ross method and the Genetic Algorithms, a robust procedure to extract electromagnetic properties of meta-material from the knowledge of its reflection and transmission coefficients is described. Few numerical examples are also presented to validate the present approach. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Deshpande, M (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9068-7 PY 2005 BP 421 EP 424 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BDB79 UT WOS:000232402200102 ER PT B AU Deshpande, MD AF Deshpande, MD GP IEEE TI Study of electromagnetic scattering from material object doped randomely with thin metallic wires using finite element method SO 2005 IEEE/ACES International Conference on Wireless Communications and Applied Computational Electromagnetics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/ACES International Conference on Wireless Communications and Applied Computational Electromagnetics CY APR 03-07, 2005 CL Honolulu, HI SP IEEE, Appl Computat Electromagnet Soc AB A new numerical simulation method using the finite element methodology (FEM) is presented to study electromagnetic scattering due to an arbitrarily shaped material body doped randomely with thin and short metallic wires. The FEM approach described in many standard text books [1,2] is appropriately modified to account for the presence of thin and short metallic wires distributed randomly inside an arbitrially shaped material body. Using this modified FEM approach, the electromagnetic scattering due to cylindrical, spherical material body doped randomly with thin metallic waires is studied. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Deshpande, MD (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9068-7 PY 2005 BP 686 EP 689 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BDB79 UT WOS:000232402200168 ER PT S AU Baumgartner, ET Bonitz, RG Melko, JP Shiraishi, LR Leger, PC AF Baumgartner, Eric T. Bonitz, Robert G. Melko, Joseph P. Shiraishi, Lori R. Leger, P. Chris GP IEEE TI The Mars Exploration Rover instrument positioning system SO 2005 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID ART.; SPECTROMETER AB During Mars Exploration Rover (MER) surface operations, the scientific data gathered by the in situ instrument suite has been invaluable with respect to the discovery of a significant water history at Meridiani Planum and the hint of water processes at work in Gusev Crater. Specifically, the ability to perform precision manipulation from a mobile platform (i.e., mobile manipulation) has been a critical part of the successful operation of the Spirit and Opportunity rovers. As such, this paper(1,2) describes the MER Instrument Positioning System that allows the in situ instruments to operate and collect their important science data using a robust, dexterous robotic arm combined with visual target selection and autonomous software functions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Baumgartner, ET (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Eric.T.Baumgartner@jpl.nasa.gov; Robert.G.Bonitz@jpl.nasa.gov; Joseph.P.Melko@jpl.nasa.gov; Lori.R.Shiraishi@jpl.nasa.gov; Chris.Leger@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1 EP 19 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559295 PG 19 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000001 ER PT S AU Bajracharya, M Diaz-Calderon, A Robinson, M Powell, M AF Bajracharya, Max Diaz-Calderon, Antonio Robinson, Matthew Powell, Mark GP IEEE TI Target tracking, approach, and camera handoff for automated instrument placement SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper describes the target designation, tracking, approach, and camera handoff technologies required to achieve accurate, single-command autonomous instrument placement for a planetary rover. It focuses on robust tracking integrated with obstacle avoidance (luring the approach phase, and image-based camera handoff to allow vision-based instrument placement. It also provides initial results from a complete system combining these technologies with rover base placement to maximize arm manipulability and image-based instrument placement. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bajracharya, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 52 EP 59 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000004 ER PT S AU Backes, P Diaz-Calderon, A Robinson, M Bajracharya, M Helmick, D AF Backes, Paul Diaz-Calderon, Antonio Robinson, Matthew Bajracharya, Max Helmick, Daniel GP IEEE TI Automated rover positioning and instrument placement SO 2005 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Technologies to enable automated placement of a rover arm mounted instrument with the rover starting about three meters from the specified instrument target on a terrain feature have been developed and demonstrated on a prototype mars rover. The technologies are automated rover base placement, collision-free arm path planning, and vision guided manipulation. These technologies were integrated with rover visual tracking to provide a complete capability for automated rover approach and instrument placement. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Backes, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 60 EP 71 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559299 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000005 ER PT S AU Meshkat, L Voss, L Cornford, SL Feather, MS AF Meshkat, Leila Voss, Luke Cornford, Steven L. Feather, Martin S. GP IEEE TI An integrated approach to risk assessment for concurrent design SO 2005 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB (1,2)This paper describes an approach to risk assessment and analysis suited to the early phase, concurrent design of a space mission. The approach integrates an agile, multi-user risk collection tool, a more indepth risk analysis tool, and. repositories of risk information. A JPL developed tool, named RAP, is used for collecting expert opinions about risk from designers involved in the concurrent design of a space mission. Another in-house developed risk assessment tool, named DDP, is used for the analysis. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Meshkat, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Leila.Meshkat@jpl.nasa.gov; Luke.Voss@jpl.nasa.gov; Steven.L.Cornford@jpl.nasa.gov; Martin.S.Feather@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 80 EP 88 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559301 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000007 ER PT S AU Carvalho, RE Williams, J Sturken, I Keller, R Panontin, T AF Carvalho, Robert E. Williams, James Sturken, Ian Keller, Richard Panontin, Tina GP IEEE TI InvestigationOrganizer: The development and testing of a web-based tool to support mishap investigations SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB InvestigationOrganizer (10) is a collaborative web-based system designed to support the conduct of mishap investigations. 10 provides a common repository for a wide range of mishap related information, and allows investigators to make explicit, shared, and meaningful links between evidence, causal models, findings and recommendations. It integrates the functionality of a database, a common document repository, a semantic knowledge network, a rule-based inference engine, and causal modeling and visualization. Thus far, 10 has been used to support four mishap investigations within NASA, ranging from a small property damage case to the loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia. This paper describes how the functionality of 10 supports mishap investigations and the lessons learned from the experience of supporting two of the NASA mishap investigations: the Columbia Accident Investigation and the CONTOUR Loss Investigation.(12) C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Carvalho, RE (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 269-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 89 EP 98 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559302 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000008 ER PT S AU Shapiro, AA AF Shapiro, Andrew A. GP IEEE TI An ultra-reliability project for NASA SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB NASA has (1,2)embarked on a new program designed to improve the reliability of NASA systems. In this context, the goal for the Ultra-Reliability program is to ultimately improve the systems by an order of magnitude. The approach outlined in this presentation involves five steps: 1. Divide NASA systems into seven sectors; 2, Establish sector champions and representatives from each NASA center; 3. Develop a challenge list for each sector using a team of NASA experts in each area with the sector champion facilitating the effort; 4, Develop mitigation strategies for each of the sectors' challenge lists and rank their importance by holding a workshop with area experts from government (NASA and non-NASA), universities and industry; 5, develop a set of tasks for each sector in order of importance for improving the reliability of NASA systems. Several NASA-wide workshops have been held, identifying issues for reliability improvement and providing mitigation strategies for these issues. Results from these workshops will be presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shapiro, AA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 99 EP 110 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559303 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000009 ER PT S AU Witkowski, MM Standley, S AF Witkowski, Mona M. Standley, Shaun GP IEEE TI Collaborative risk management for the Cassini-Huygens probe mission SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Cassini-Huygens is an internationally cooperative mission between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the European Space Agency (ESA) and Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) to study Saturn, its rings, moons, icy satellites and magnetosphere. The spacecraft will release Huygens on December 24, 2004, setting up the correct entry conditions for the probe's arrival during Cassini's third flyby of Titan. Huygens will then coast for 20 days while the Cassini spacecraft continues on overhead, awaiting news of its arrival. Upon arrival at Titan, Huygens will "wake up" to analyze the composition of the atmosphere and conduct unprecedented observations of this distant world as it descends through the clouds. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Witkowski, MM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 230-205, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 111 EP 119 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000010 ER PT S AU Perera, J Holsomback, J AF Perera, Jeevan Holsomback, Jerry GP IEEE TI An integrated risk management tool and process SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Most project managers know that Risk Management (RM) is essential to good project management(12). At NASA, standards and procedures to manage risk through a tiered approach have been developed - from the global agency requirements down to a program or project implementation. The basic methodology for NASA's risk management strategy includes processes to identify, analyze, plan, track, control, communicate and document risks. The identification, characterization, mitigation plan, and mitigation responsibilities associated with specific risks are documented to help communicate, manage, and effectuate appropriate closure. This approach helps to ensure more consistent documentation and assessment and provides a means of archiving lessons learned for future identification or mitigation activities. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Perera, J (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 129 EP 136 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559306 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000012 ER PT S AU Gray, AA Arabshahi, P Lamassoure, E Okino, C Andringa, J AF Gray, Andrew A. Arabshahi, Payman Lamassoure, Elisabeth Okino, Clayton Andringa, Jason GP IEEE TI A real options framework for space mission design SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB a real options framework for use in space mission design is presented. Such a framework has potential application in architecting flexibility in certain mission designs with the objective of maximizing mission utility. It integrates economic principles of cost, return, risk, flexibility, and other concepts from Black-Scholes option pricing theory and the multiplicative binomial process. Options pricing theory provides an objective method for valuing flexibility in making future investment decisions based on new information becoming available; such flexibility may have great value in certain risky ventures. This flexibility in the future may or may not exist without additional investment. The development of investment strategies to create flexibility must include answering the question "how much can be invested to create the desired flexibility?" The answer must include a priori estimation of the value that the flexibility provides; in this application the real options framework becomes a powerful tool. The utility of this tool will be demonstrated through conceptual examples; these examples will also illustrate some limitations of the method. This work is by no means a comprehensive study. At best it attempts to demonstrate that there are techniques and ways of thinking - frameworks - that offer benefits for the complex process of mission design for an uncertain and often risky future. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gray, AA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 137 EP 146 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000013 ER PT S AU Cheung, KM Ko, A Dang, V Heckman, D AF Cheung, Kar-Ming Ko, Adans Dang, Van Heckman, David GP IEEE TI Risk analysis for non-deterministic mission planning and sequencing SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB In this paper we address the dilemma of planning in the presence of uncertainty - the problem of scheduling events where some events might have non-deterministic durations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Commun Syst & Res Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cheung, KM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Commun Syst & Res Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 147 EP 158 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000014 ER PT S AU Shotwell, R Gray, A Illsley, P Johnson, M Sherwood, R Vozoff, M Ziemer, J AF Shotwell, R. Gray, A. Illsley, P. Johnson, M. Sherwood, R. Vozoff, M. Ziemer, J. GP IEEE TI Mars Aeronomy Explorer (MAX): Study employing distributed micro-spacecraft SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB an overview of a Mars. Aeronomy Explorer (MAX) mission design study performed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is presented herein. The mission design consists of ten micro-spacecraft orbiters launched on a Delta IV to Mars polar orbit to determine the spatial, diurnal and seasonal variation of the constituents of the Martian upper atmosphere and ionosphere over the course of one Martian year. The spacecraft are designed to allow penetration of the upper atmosphere to at least 90 km. This property coupled with orbit precession will yield knowledge of the nature of the solar wind interaction with Mars, the influence of the Mars crustal magnetic field on ionospheric processes, and the measurement of present thermal and nonthermal escape rates of atmospheric constituents. The mission design incorporates alternative design paradignis that are more appropriate for-and in some cases motivate-distributed micro-spacecraft. These design paradigms are not defined by a simple set of rules, but rather a way of thinking about the function of instruments, mission reliability/risk, and cost in a systemic framework. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shotwell, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 167 EP 176 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000016 ER PT S AU Gladden, R Hwang, P Waggoner, B McLaughlin, B Fieseler, P Thomas, R Bigwood, M Herrera, P AF Gladden, Roy Hwang, Pauline Waggoner, Bruce McLaughlin, Bruce Fieseler, Paul Thomas, Reid Bigwood, Maria Herrera, Paul GP IEEE TI Mars relay coordination lessons learned SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Mission Management Office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory was tasked with coordinating the relay of data between multiple spacecraft at Mars in support of the Mars Exploration Rover missions in early 2004. The confluence of three orbiters (Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, and Mars Express), two rovers (Spirit and Opportunity), and one lander (Beagle 2) has provided a challenging operational scenario that required careful coordination between missions to provide the necessary support and to avoid potential interference during simultaneous relay sessions. As these coordination efforts progressed, several important lessons were learned that should be applied to future Mars relay activities. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gladden, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 177 EP 190 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000017 ER PT S AU Andringa, JM Easter, RW Gray, AA Lamassoure, ES Mungas, GS AF Andringa, Jason M. Easter, Robert W. Gray, Andrew A. Lamassoure, Elisabeth S. Mungas, Greg S. GP IEEE TI Mars Human Precursor mission concepts for the decade 2010-2020 SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB In the President's vision for space exploration presented in January 2004, a Human Precursor Testbed mission series is identified for both the Moon and Mars. It is assumed that the Testbed missions to Mars will satisfy measurement recommendations from the Mars Human Precursor Science Steering Group (MHP SSG), the Mar's Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG), and the National Research Council's (NRC) Safe on Mars Report. Technology demonstrations and technology feed-forward such as heavy landing, hazard avoidance, pinpoint landing, and in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) must also be accomplished. A number of concepts to complete such tasks have been developed by the Pre-Projects and Advanced Studies Office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Concepts for orbiters, single stationary or mobile landers, and multiple stationary or mobile landers have been developed. This paper(1) provides an overview of the concepts developed to date to satisfy human precursor measurements and demonstrations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Andringa, JM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 191 EP 201 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559312 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000018 ER PT S AU Bundas, DJ AF Bundas, David J. GP IEEE TI Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer: Mission design for rapid, accurate location of Gamma-Ray Bursts SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Swift Gamma-ray Burst Explorer is a NASA Mid-sized Explorer (MIDEX) with the primary mission of determining the origins of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). It will be the first mission to autonomously respond to newly-discovered GRBs and provide immediate follow-up with narrow field instruments capable of multi-wavelength (UV, Optical, X-ray) observations. The characteristics of GRBs that are the key mission design drivers, are their non-repeating and brief duration bursts of multi-wavelength photons. In addition, rapid notification of the location and characteristics of the GRBs to ground-and-space-based observatories drive the end-to-end data analysis and distribution requirements. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Mission Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bundas, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Mission Branch, Code 594, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 202 EP 208 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000019 ER PT S AU Andringa, JM Gray, AA AF Andringa, Jason M. Gray, Andrew A. GP IEEE TI A systems study to determine the attractiveness of solar system sites for eventual human exploration SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB A pre-phase A idea-generation team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has conducted a study to rank notable locations in the solar system based on attractiveness for human exploration. The process used to perform the study was composed of the following primary steps: determination of ranking criteria (including value, cost, and risk criteria) upon which to rate sites in the solar system; weighting of the criteria based upon importance to eventual human exploration; selection of candidate sites to consider and assignment of team members to the task of advocating the benefits of particular sites; rating the sites in both the short- and long-term based on team member presentations and team discussions; compilation of scores derived from an average of the individual ratings for each weighted criterion. Finally, a comparison of the total scores of different sites was made to determine a ranking of all the bodies and solar system sites included in the study. Sensitivity analysis was also performed to determine how criteria weightings affect the rankings. Criteria and methods used may be valuable in determining future exploration strategies. Insight may also be gained from some potentially surprising rankings. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Andringa, JM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 221 EP 227 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559315 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000021 ER PT S AU Rummel, JD AF Rummel, John D. GP IEEE TI Technical challenges in meeting the next decade's planetary protection requirements SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Protecting solar system bodies from biological contamination is of critical importance to the future success of NASA's science and exploration missions, as is protecting the Earth from the importation of life from elsewhere, if it exists. As the planned array of missions grows, the details of the data that drive future planetary protection concerns will be increasingly important. Not all locations on a solar system body will warrant the same contamination control requirements. C1 NASA Headquarters, Sci Mission Directorate, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Rummel, JD (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, Sci Mission Directorate, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 246 EP 252 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000024 ER PT S AU Barengoltz, J AF Barengoltz, Jack GP IEEE TI A review of the approach of NASA projects to planetary protection compliance SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The approaches to planetary protection compliance by several space projects in the period between Galileo and the present are reviewed. The emphasis is on missions to Mars, based on the historical record and the specificity of planetary protection requirements for that planet. However, an interesting change in requirements dating back to Galileo's launch led many years later to the protection of Europa and the choice of ending the mission with an entry into Jupiter. An analogy exists for Cassini at Saturn, with the potential for protecting Titan from the orbiter (not the Huygens probe of course). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Barengoltz, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 253 EP 261 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000025 ER PT S AU Buxbaum, KL AF Buxbaum, Karen L. GP IEEE TI Planetary protection technologies: Technical challenges for Mars Exploration SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The search for life in the solar system, using either in situ analysis or sample return, brings with it special technical challenges in the area of planetary protection. Planetary protection (PP) requires planetary explorers to preserve biological and organic conditions for future exploration and to protect the Earth from potential extraterrestrial contamination that could occur as a result of sample return to the Earth-Moon system. In view of the exploration plans before us, the NASA Solar System Exploration Program Roadmap published in May 2003 identified planetary protection as one of 13 technology areas for "high priority technology investments." Recent discoveries at Mars and Jupiter, coupled with new policies, have made this planning for planetary protection technology particularly challenging and relevant. New missions to Mars have been formulated, which present significantly greater forward contamination potential. In response, new guidelines have been adopted by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), including the introduction by COSPAR of a Category IVc for planetary protection. Some missions may not be feasible without the introduction of new planetary protection technologies. Other missions may be technically possible but planetary protection requirements may be so costly to implement with current technology that they are not affordable. A strategic investment strategy is needed to focus on technology investments designed to enable future missions and reduce their costs. This presentation will describe some of the potential technology pathways that may be most productive. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Buxbaum, KL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 262 EP 267 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000026 ER PT S AU Zimmerman, W Lunine, J Lorenz, R AF Zimmerman, Wayne Lunine, Jonathan Lorenz, Ralph GP IEEE TI A post-Huygens titan surface science mission design SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB With the Cassini-Huygens atmospheric probe drop-off mission fast approaching, it is essential that scientists and engineers start scoping potential follow-on surface science missions. This paper provides a summary of the first year of a two year design study [1] which examines in detail the desired surface science measurements and resolution, potential instrument suite, and complete payload delivery system. Also provided are design concepts for both an aerial inflatable mobility platform and deployable instrument sonde. The tethered deployable sonde provides the capability to sample near-surface atmosphere, sub-surface liquid (if it exists), and surface solid material. Actual laboratory tests of the amphibious sonde prototype are also presented. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zimmerman, W (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 268 EP 278 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000027 ER PT S AU Shirbacheh, M Hecht, M Bell, JL Mogensen, C AF Shirbacheh, Mike Hecht, Michael Bell, Julie L. Mogensen, Claus GP IEEE TI Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer (MECA) payload on Mars '07 Phoenix Lander SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Mars Environmental Compatibility Assessment (MECA), originally sponsored by NASA's Human Exploration and Development of Space Office, was planned to be launched as payload on the 2001 Mars Surveyor Lander which was cancelled as a result of the Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander failures in 1999. As originally planned, MECA was designed to analyze Martian soil for properties that might pose hazards to future astronauts. Renamed the Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer, MECA is now a payload on the Mars Phoenix Lander, scheduled for launch in 2007. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Shirbacheh, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 302-219,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 279 EP 291 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000028 ER PT S AU Weiss, JR Smythe, WD Lu, WW AF Weiss, James R. Smythe, William D. Lu, Wenwen GP IEEE TI Science traceability SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Any comprehensive science mission(1,2) proposal must be able to simply explain why it is important to accomplish the goals of the mission and how it will be implemented. This can be accomplished through use of a Science traceability matrix, a construct that is becoming a required component of all NASA science mission proposals. The Science Traceability Matrix (STM) provides the overview of what a Mission will accomplish relative to high-level objectives suggested through Academy of science surveys, NASA Roadmaps, or Program Objectives. It provides a logical flow from these high level objectives through mission objectives, science objectives, measurement objectives, measurement requirements, instrument requirements and spacecraft and system requirements to data products and eventual publications. It is the one document that shows the relationship between all these key elements and the one document that provides the breadth needed to perform and document high level trades effecting science outcome and overall design. The increasing detail in the requirements flow down represent results of considering underlying key parameters Some of the key parameters considered during requirements definition include: observation importance, ability to make a given measurement, constraints on all systems, number of measurements needed to complete an observation objective, complexity of required measurements, probability for success, measurement fidelity, data quality, community involvement, publishable findings, questions addressed. Parameters underlying instrument definition include: data requirements, pointing constraints, stability requirements, mounting constraints, thermal constraints, power constraints, mass, and volume. The STM can be used as a gauge to determine the completeness of the definition of a proposed mission If the matrix flows effortlessly from high level objective to publishable science result then it has been carefully laid out. If the logic that ties one aspect to another is not clear then there is more work to be done prior to any proposal preparation. The science matrix provides a basis for negotiating lower level requirements (typically tracked with tools such as Telelogic's DOORS (R) requirements tracking tool) and evaluating affects of the results of those negotiations on the ability to achieve objectives originating at higher levels. It also provides a succinct snapshot of those high level objectives - particularly important for high-level goals since there is often no objective algorithm to quantify the relative merits of the conflicting high-level goals. For this case, the matrix provides a convenient notation for assessing and arbitrating the impact on equal-valued objects caused by changes in available mission resources. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Weiss, JR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 292 EP 299 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000029 ER PT S AU Young, LA Aiken, E Lee, P Briggs, G AF Young, Larry A. Aiken, Edwin Lee, Pascal Briggs, Geoffrey GP IEEE TI Mars rotorcraft: Possibilities, limitations, and implications for human/robotic exploration SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Several research investigations have examined the challenges and opportunities in the use of small robotic rotorcraft for the exploration of Mars. To date, only vehicles smaller than 150 kg have been studied. This paper proposes to examine the question of maximum Mars rotorcraft size, range, and payload/cargo capacity. Implications for the issue of whether or not (from an extreme design standpoint) a manned Mars rotorcraft is viable are also discussed. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Army Rotorcraft Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Young, LA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Army Rotorcraft Div, MS 243-12, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Briggs, Andrew/A-6890-2011 NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 300 EP 318 PG 19 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000030 ER PT S AU Rapp, D Andringa, J Easter, R Smith, JH Wilson, TJ Clark, DL Payne, K AF Rapp, Donald Andringa, Jason Easter, Robert Smith, Jeffrey H. Wilson, Thomas J. Clark, D. Larry Payne, Kevin GP IEEE TI Preliminary system analysis of in situ resource utilization for Mars human exploration SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID GROUND ICE; STABILITY AB We carried out a system analysis of processes for utilization of Mars resources to support human exploration of Mars by production of propellants and life-support consumables from indigenous resources. Seven ISRU processes were analyzed to determine mass, power and propellant storage volume requirements. The major elements of each process include CO2 acquisition, chemical conversion, and storage of propellants. Based on two figures of merit [(a) the ratio of the mass of propellants that must be brought from Earth in a non-ISRU mission to the mass of the ISRU system, tanks and feedstocks that must be brought from Earth for a ISRU mission, and (b) the mission mass in LEO saved by use of ISRU] the most attractive process (by far) is one where indigenous Mars water is accessible and this is processed via Sabatier/Electrolysis to methane and oxygen. These processes are technically relatively mature. Other processes with positive leverage involve reverse water gas shift and solid oxide electrolysis. These processes would be appropriate if accessible water is not available on Mars. However the technologies involved are still immature. Processes that require storage of large amounts of hydrogen were deemed infeasible because of power, volume and mass considerations. The critical interfacial issues with Mars are finding accessible sources of water and acquisition of CO2 from the atmosphere. A technology development and demonstration program is proposed that hinges heavily on the search for accessible water. A roadmap summarizes the future steps needed to implement ISRU in the Human Mission Architecture. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rapp, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 319 EP 338 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000031 ER PT S AU Deans, M Kunz, C Sargent, R Park, E Pedersen, L AF Deans, M. Kunz, C. Sargent, R. Park, E. Pedersen, L. GP IEEE TI Combined feature based and shape based visual tracker for robot navigation SO 2005 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB We have developed a combined feature based and shape based visual tracking system designed to enable a planetary rover to visually track and servo to specific points chosen by a user with centimeter precision. The feature based tracker uses invariant feature detection and matching across a stereo pair, as well as matching pairs before and after robot movement in order to compute an incremental 6-DOF motion at each tracker update. This tracking method is subject to drift over time, which can be compensated by the shape based method. The shape based tracking method consists of 3D model registration, which recovers 6-DOF motion given sufficient shape L and proper initialization. By integrating complementary algorithms, the combined tracker leverages the efficiency and robustness of feature based methods with the precision and accuracy of model registration. In this paper, we present the algorithms and their integration into a combined visual tracking system. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS Grp, Autonomy & Robot Area, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Deans, M (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS Grp, Autonomy & Robot Area, Mailstop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM mdeans@arc.nasa.gov; ckunz@arc.nasa.gov; rsargent@arc.nasa.gov; epark@arc.nasa.gov; lpedersen@arc.nasa.gov NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 339 EP 346 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000032 ER PT S AU Castano, R Judd, M Estlin, T Anderson, RC Gaines, D Castano, A Bornstein, B Stough, T Wagstaff, K AF Castano, Rebecca Judd, Michele Estlin, Tara Anderson, Robert C. Gaines, Daniel Castano, Andres Bornstein, Ben Stough, Tim Wagstaff, Kiri GP IEEE TI Current results from a rover science data analysis system SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Onboard Autonomous Science Investigation System (OASIS) evaluates geologic data gathered by a planetary rover. This analysis is used to prioritize the data for transmission, so that the data with the highest science value is transmitted to Earth. In addition, the onboard analysis results are used to identify science opportunities. A planning and scheduling component of the system enables the rover to take advantage of the identified science opportunity. OASIS is a NASA-funded research project that is currently being tested on the FIDO rover at JPL for use on future missions. In this paper(1), we provide a brief overview of the OASIS system, and then describe our recent successes in integrating with and using rover hardware. OASIS currently works in a closed loop fashion with onboard control software (e.g., navigation and vision) and has the ability to autonomously perform the following sequence of steps: analyze gray scale images to find rocks, extract the properties of the rocks, identify rocks of interest, retask the rover to take additional imagery of the identified target and then allow the rover to continue on its original mission. We also describe the early 2004 ground test validation of specific OASIS components on selected Mars Exploration Rover (MER) images. These components include the rock-finding algorithm, RockIT, and the rock size feature extraction code. Our team also developed the RockIT GUI, an interface that allows users to easily visualize and modify the rock-finder results. This interface has allowed us to conduct preliminary testing and validation of the rock-finder's performance. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Castano, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 356 EP 365 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000034 ER PT S AU Bornstein, B Castano, R Gilmore, MS Merrill, M Greenwood, JP AF Bornstein, Benjamin Castano, Rebecca Gilmore, Martha S. Merrill, Matthew Greenwood, James P. GP IEEE TI Creation and testing of an artificial neural network based carbonate detector for Mars rovers SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB We have developed an artificial neural network (ANN) based carbonate detector capable of running on current and future rover hardware. The detector can identify calcite in visible/NIR (350-2500 nm) spectra of both laboratory specimens covered by ferric dust and rocks in Mars analogue field environments. The ANN was trained using the Backpropagation algorithm with sigmoid activation neurons. For the training dataset, we chose nine carbonate and eight non-carbonate representative mineral spectra from the USGS spectral library. Using these spectra as seeds, we generated 10,000 variants with up to 2% Gaussian noise in each reflectance measurement. We cross-validated several ANN architectures, training on 9,900 spectra and testing on the remaining 100. The best performing ANN correctly detected, with perfect accuracy, the presence (or absence) of carbonate in spectral data taken on field samples from the Mojave desert and clean, pure marbles from CT. Sensitivity experiments with JSC Mars-1 simulant dust suggest the carbonate detector would perform well in aeolian Martian environments(1,2). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bornstein, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Gilmore, Martha/G-5856-2011 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 378 EP 384 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000036 ER PT S AU Estlin, T Gaines, D Chouinard, C Fisher, F Castano, R Judd, M Anderson, RC Nesnas, I AF Estlin, Tara Gaines, Daniel Chouinard, Caroline Fisher, Forest Castano, Rebecca Judd, Michele Anderson, Robert C. Nesnas, Issa GP IEEE TI Enabling autonomous rover science through dynamic planning and scheduling SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB With each new rover mission to Mars, rovers are traveling significantly longer distances. This distance increase allows not only the collection of more science data, but enables a number of new and different science collection opportunities. Current mission operations, such as that on the 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers (MER), require all rover commands to be determined on the ground, which is a time-consuming and largely manual process. However, many science opportunities can be efficiently handled by performing intelligent decision-making onboard the rover itself. This paper describes how dynamic planning and scheduling techniques can be used onboard a rover to autonomously adjust rover activities in support of science goals. These goals could be identified by scientists on the ground or could be identified by onboard data-analysis software. Several different types of dynamic decisions are described, including the handling of opportunistic science goals identified during rover traverses, preserving high priority science targets when resources, such as power, are unexpectedly oversubscribed, and dynamically adding additional, ground-specified science targets when rover actions are executed more quickly than expected. After describing our system approach, we discuss some of the particular challenges we have examined to support autonomous rover decision-making. These include interaction with rover navigation and path-planning software and handling large amounts of uncertainty in state and resource estimations. Finally, we describe our experiences in testing this work using several Mars rover prototypes in a realistic environment. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Estlin, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 385 EP 396 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000037 ER PT S AU Alexander, C Gulkis, S Frerking, M Janssen, M Holmes, D Burch, J Stern, A Gibson, W Goldstein, R Parker, J Scherrer, J Slater, D Fuselier, S Gombosi, T AF Alexander, C. Gulkis, S. Frerking, M. Janssen, M. Holmes, D. Burch, J. Stern, A. Gibson, W. Goldstein, R. Parker, J. Scherrer, J. Slater, D. Fuselier, S. Gombosi, T. GP IEEE TI The US Rosetta Project: NASA's contribution to the International Rosetta Mission SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The International Rosetta Mission was successfully launched on March 2, 2004. NASA's contribution to this mission consists of the following three hardware experiments: Alice (an Ultraviolet Spectrometer), the Ion and Electron Sensor (IES - a plasma instrument), and the Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter (MIRO), as well as other components. Collectively these elements are known as the U.S. Rosetta Project. In this paper we present an overview of the U.S. Rosetta Project. We present and summarize the successful launch and early operations phases of the U.S. Rosetta Project. Finally, an unplanned science target appeared in the form of comet C/2002 T7 (LINEAR). Comet Linear was successfully observed by the U.S. Rosetta project on two occasions, April 30 and May 17, 2004, by both Alice and MIRO. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Alexander, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Gombosi, Tamas/G-4238-2011 OI Gombosi, Tamas/0000-0001-9360-4951 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 407 EP 421 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000039 ER PT S AU Johnston, MD Graf, JE Zurek, RW Eisen, HJ Jai, BH AF Johnston, M. D. (Dan) Graf, James E. Zurek, Richard W. Eisen, Howard J. Jai, Benhan GP IEEE TI The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) will be launched in August 2005 by an Atlas V 401 expendable launch vehicle from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, USA. It will deliver to Mars orbit a payload to conduct remote sensing science observations, identify and characterize sites for future landers, and provide critical telecom/navigation relay capability for follow-on missions. The mission is designed to provide global, regional survey, and targeted observations from a low 255km by 320km Mars orbit with a 3:00 P.M. local mean solar time (ascending node). During the one Martian year (687 Earth days) primary science phase, the orbiter will acquire visual and near-infrared high-resolution images of the planet's surface, monitor atmospheric weather and climate, and search the upper crust for evidence of water. After this science phase is completed, the orbiter will provide telecommunications support for spacecraft launched to Mars in the 2007 and 2009 opportunities. The primary mission ends on December 31, 2010, approximately 5.5 years after launch. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Johnston, MD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 447 EP 464 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000042 ER PT S AU Franklin, SF Slonski, JP Kerridge, S Noreen, G Riedel, JE Stosic, D Racho, C Edwards, B Austin, R Boroson, D AF Franklin, Stephen F. Slonski, John P., Jr. Kerridge, Stuart Noreen, Gary Riedel, Joseph E. Stosic, Dorothy Racho, Caroline Edwards, Bernard Austin, Richard Boroson, Don GP IEEE TI The 2009 Mars Telecom Orbiter mission SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper provides an overview of the Mars Telecom Orbiter (MTO) mission, and is an update to the paper presented at last year's conference. Launched in 2009, MTO will provide Mars-to-Earth relay services for NASA missions arriving at Mars between 2016 and 2020, enabling far higher science data return and lowering the telecom and operations costs for these missions. MTO carries an optical communications payload, which will demonstrate downlink bit rates from 1 Mbps up to and possibly exceeding 30 Mbps. MTO will also demonstrate the ability to autonomously navigate, and to search for and rendezvous with an orbiting sample, in preparation for NASA's proposed Mars Sample Return Mission. A to-be-defined science instrument will also be carried. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Franklin, SF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 465 EP 480 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000043 ER PT S AU Muirhead, BK AF Muirhead, Brian K. GP IEEE TI Probabilistic approach to planetary protection SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is the next generation Mars surface exploration mission proposed to launch in 2009. MSL faces a new and complex set of planetary protection (PP) and contamination control issues. MSL will carry a scientific payload capable of making geochemical and biochemical measurements never before attempted on another planet. MSL is designed to access most of the surface of Mars at any season for as much as a full Mars year through the use of radioisotope power. The combination of the science goals, use of radioisotope power, new measurements and theories about the presence of ice, and the requirement to evaluate off-nominal landings have forced the MSL project to develop a new approach to PP. Well, not so new, the project's strategy is the go back to the Viking probabilistic approach as the basis for its planetary protection categorization request. With the newest know-ledge of Mars and detailed failure scenarios the project is preparing a very detailed set of analyses to show there is an acceptably low probability of contaminating Mars in the event an off-nominal landing. This paper will discuss the formulation of the probabilistic approach and the latest results. Included is a summary of the various analyses that are required to support the probabilistic analysis including: entry and aerothermal breakup, terminal impact and breakup, thermo-fluid dynamics of icy soil in the presence of a perennial heat source to create liquid water, biologic reproduction potential and redistribution. This work is being closely coordinated with the NASA Planetary Protection Officer and is recognized as pathfinding for future Mars surface missions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Muirhead, BK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 481 EP 488 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000044 ER PT S AU Morabito, DD Edquist, KT AF Morabito, David D. Edquist, Karl T. GP IEEE TI Communications blackout predictions for atmospheric entry of Mars Science Laboratory SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)(1,2) is expected to be a long-range, long-duration science laboratory rover on the Martian surface. MSL will provide a significant milestone that paves the way for future landed missions to Mars. NASA is studying options to launch MSL as early as 2009. There are three elements to the spacecraft; carrier (cruise stage), entry vehicle, and rover. The rover will have a UHF proximity link as the primary path for EDL communications and may have an X-band direct-to-Earth link as a back-up Given the importance of collecting critical event telemetry data during atmospheric entry, it is important to understand the ability of a signal link to be maintained, especially during the period near peak convective heating. The received telemetry during entry (or played back later) will allow for the performance of the Entry-Descent-Landing technologies to be assessed. These technologies include guided entry for precision landing, a new sky-crane landing system and powered descent. MSL will undergo an entry profile that may result in a potential communications blackout caused by ionized particles for short periods near peak heating. The vehicle will use UHF and possibly X-band during the entry phase. The purpose of this report is to quantify or bound the likelihood of any such blackout at UHF frequencies (401 MHz) and X-band frequencies (8.4 GHz). Two entry trajectory scenarios were evaluated: a stressful entry trajectory to quantify an upper-bound for any possible blackout period, and a nominal trajectory to quantify likelihood of blackout for such cases. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Morabito, DD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 489 EP 500 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559339 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000045 ER PT S AU Reddy, BBK Kimiaghalam, B Homaifar, A AF Reddy, Bandi Bharat Kumar Kimiaghalam, Bahram Homaifar, Abdollah GP IEEE TI Evolutionary algorithms for parameter determination of patched conic approximation SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The objective of this research is to investigate the utility of micro genetic algorithms (GA) to determine the initial conditions of a spacecraft at the point of departure from Earth's orbit to make a successful lunar landing or a lunar flyby. The states of the spacecraft at the point at the destination are then obtained using the Patched-Conic Approximation. As demonstrated in this work, faster convergence is obtained using micro genetic algorithms. This methodology can also be extended to interplanetary translation by utilizing the intermediate thrust of the spacecraft. C1 N Carolina Agr & Tech State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, NASA, Autonomous Control & Informat Technol Ctr, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. RP Reddy, BBK (reprint author), N Carolina Agr & Tech State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, NASA, Autonomous Control & Informat Technol Ctr, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 501 EP 506 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559340 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000046 ER PT S AU Goldberg, A Havelund, K McGann, C AF Goldberg, Allen Havelund, Klaus McGann, Conor GP IEEE TI Runtime verification for autonomous spacecraft software SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Autonomous systems are systems that can operate without human interference for extended periods of time in changing environments, likely in remote locations. Software is usually an essential part of such systems. However, adaptation of autonomy software is limited by its complexity and the difficulty of verifying and validating it. We describe an approach named runtime verification for testing autonomy software. Runtime verification is a technique for generating test oracles from abstract specifications of expected behavior. We describe its application to the PLASMA planning system, used in the recent Mars Exploration Rover missions. We furthermore discuss alternative autonomy V&V approaches. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Kestrel Technol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Goldberg, A (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Kestrel Technol, MS 269-1 T35B, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 507 EP 516 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000047 ER PT S AU White, AL AF White, Allan L. GP IEEE TI Fault injection for semi-parametric reliability models SO 2005 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID COMPUTER-SYSTEM DEPENDABILITY; SEQUENTIAL-CIRCUITS; COVERAGE ESTIMATION; ERROR-DETECTION; TEST RESPONSES; SIMULATION; TOLERANCE; SOFTWARE; MECHANISMS; COMPACTION AB A new result about the reliability models of reconfigurable digital systems is derived and then applied to the problem of establishing ultra reliability by fault injection experiments. The result shows that the complicated fault recovery procedure can be adequately described by a few parameters. The resulting reduction in modeling and experimental effort brings establishing extremely low probabilities of failure within experimental reach. There is a discussion of the differences between this approach and previous efforts. The result is used to design experiments for several example systems. C1 NASA, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP White, AL (reprint author), NASA, MS 130, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM a.l.white@larc.nasa.gov NR 61 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 537 EP 556 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000050 ER PT S AU Buehler, MG Anderson, RC Seshadri, S Schaap, MG AF Buehler, M. G. Anderson, R. C. Seshadri, S. Schaap, M. G. GP IEEE TI Prospecting for in situ resources on the Moon and Mars using wheel-based sensors SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB (12)The Apollo and Russian missions during 1970's were reviewed to rediscover the type and distribution of minerals on the Moon. This study revealed that the Moon has a restricted set of minerals when compared with the Earth. Results from lunar minerals brought back to Earth, indicate that the Moon lacks water, hydroxyl ions, and carbon based minerals. This mineral set is probably incomplete and so is the motivation for prospecting for other minerals using wheel-base sensors. Our approach to prospecting utilizes a vehicle with sensors embedded in a wheel that allow measurements while the vehicle is in motion. Once a change in soil composition is detected, decision making software stops the vehicle and analytical instruments perform a more quantitative soil analysis. This paper discusses instrumentation and data derived from wheel-based sensors. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Buehler, MG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 607 EP 616 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559351 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000057 ER PT S AU Boynton, J Mungas, G Sepulveda, C Balzer, M Beegle, L Sobel, H Fisher, T Deans, M Klein, D Lee, P AF Boynton, John Mungas, Greg Sepulveda, Cesar Balzer, Mark Beegle, Luther Sobel, Harold Fisher, Ted Deans, Matthew Klein, Dan Lee, Pascal GP IEEE TI CHAMP: Camera, hand lens, and microscope probe SO 2005 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID MERIDIANI-PLANUM; GUSEV CRATER; MARS; IMAGER AB CHAMP (Camera, Hand lens And Microscope Probe)(1,2) is a novel field microscope capable of color imaging with continuously variable spatial resolution from infinity imaging down to diffraction-limited microscopy (similar to 3 mu m/pixel). As a robotic arm-mounted imager, CHAMP supports stereo-imaging with variable baselines, can continuously image targets at an increasing magnification during an arm approach, can provide precision range-finding estimates to targets, and can accommodate microscopic imaging of rough surfaces through a image filtering process called z-stacking. CHAMP was originally developed through the Mars Instrument Development Program (MIDP) in support of robotic field investigations, but may also find application in new areas such as robotic in-orbit servicing and maintenance operations associated with spacecraft and human operations. We overview CHAMP's instrument performance and basic design considerations below. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, San Marino, CA 91108 USA. RP Boynton, J (reprint author), Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Dr, San Marino, CA 91108 USA. EM John.E.Boynton@jpl.nasa.gov; Greg.S.Mungas@jpl.nasa.gov; Cesar.A.Sepulveda@jpl.nasa.gov; Mark.A.Balzer@jpl.nasa.gov; Luther.Beegle@jpl.nasa.gov; Harold.R.Sobel@jpl.nasa.gov; Ted.Fisher@firestar-engineering.com; mdeans@arc.nasa.gov; dan_5422@yahoo.com; pclee@marsinstitute.info NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 631 EP 640 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559353 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000059 ER PT S AU Buehler, MG Sant, TA Brizendine, E Keymeulen, D Kuhlman, GM Schaap, MG Seshadri, S Anderson, RC AF Buehler, M. G. Sant, T. A. Brizendine, E. Keymeulen, D. Kuhlman, G. M. Schaap, M. G. Seshadri, S. Anderson, R. C. GP IEEE TI Measuring water content of Martian soil simulants using planar four-probes SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID RESISTIVITY; SURFACE; MARS AB (1,2) -A miniature four-point probe instrument has been developed and applied to the characterization of the moisture content of the Martian soil simulants using fine and coarse silica sand and Moses Lake basalt. The results indicate that the soil resistivity varies over four orders of magnitude as the moisture content varied from 0.1% to over 10%. In addition it was found that forcing too much current through the sand sample resulted in a curious breakdown in the current-voltage characteristic. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Buehler, MG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 648 EP 659 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000061 ER PT S AU Shafaat, HS Cable, ML Ikeda, MK Kirby, JP Pelletier, CC Ponce, A AF Shafaat, Hannah S. Cable, Morgan L. Ikeda, Michael K. Kirby, James P. Pelletier, Christine C. Ponce, Adrian GP IEEE TI Towards an in-situ endospore detection instrument SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID ANTHRAX SMOKE DETECTOR; BACTERIAL-SPORES; TERBIUM DIPICOLINATE; NATURAL SAMPLES; MICROORGANISMS; LONGEVITY; MARS; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; ENVIRONMENTS; SUBLIMATION AB (1)-Bacterial spores (endospores) are the most resilient form of life and as a result have been invoked as the most likely candidates capable of surviving interplanetary travel. We are designing an in situ instrument to detect and quantify endospores in extreme environments, including Martian environments (i.e., Mars Endospore Detector, MED). Our detection strategy is based on a chemical marker.(dipicolinic acid, DPA), which is unique to bacterial spores, highly concentrated (0.1-1 moles per liter within the spore), and readily detected with a number of spectroscopic methods. In an effort to evolve an in situ instrument design, we are evaluating various extraction and detection protocols for endospores in soils. In general, the protocols consist of endospore lysis (i.e., rupture of cell) to release DPA, extraction of DPA from spores and soil, purification of the extract, and quantification of DPA in terms of spores/gram. Here we report extraction efficiencies and limits of detection for endospores embedded in lab sand, soil from JPL grounds, and soil from the Atacama Desert (Chile) for three protocols: spore lysis by autoclaving followed by aqueous extraction of DPA with (1) UV. absorbance spectral determination of DPA or (2) ion chromatography coupled with inline UV absorbance detection of DPA, and (3) spore lysis by acid treatment followed by sublimation extraction of DPA with terbium-DPA luminescence detection. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shafaat, HS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 660 EP 669 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000062 ER PT S AU Wilcox, JZ Urgiles, E Toda, R Crisp, J AF Wilcox, Jaroslava Z. Urgiles, Eduardo Toda, Risaku Crisp, Joy GP IEEE TI Atmospheric electron-induced X-ray Spectrometer (AEXS) development SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The progress in the development of the Atmospheric Electron X-ray Spectrometer (AEXS) described. The AEXS is a surface analysis tool based on the excitation of characteristic x-ray and luminescence spectra at ambient pressure using an electron beam. In situ operation for the AEXS is obtained through the use of a thin electron transmissive membrane to isolate the vacuum of the electron source from the ambient atmosphere, resulting in rapid spectrum acquisition, non-destructive evaluation of surfaces, and moderate-to-high variable spatial resolution in comparison to similar portable instruments. The applications of the instrument for NASA planetary exploration include determination of elemental abundance and identification of minerals suspect of past biological activities, through correlation of x-ray and optical luminescence data. The proof-of-principle for the instrument is being demonstrated through 1) simulation of observational capabilities for the instrument, 2) characterization of the effect of thin membranes on the properties of the excitation beam, and 3) assembly and characterization of a membrane-encapsulated prototype instrument. The observational capabilities for the instrument are simulated through acquisition of x-ray and luminescence spectra using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Cathodo-Luminescence (CL) spectrometer,. and an environmental chamber that was constructed in our laboratory to simulate the effect of Mars planetary atmosphere. The effect of the membrane is determined by comparing the spectra acquired from metal and mineral samples with and without the membrane intersecting the excitation beam, and from samples in the laboratory ambient and in the environmental chamber. The comparison isolates the effect of membrane and atmosphere interactions, which will determine performance limits for AEXS in situ operation. A breadboard vacuum-encapsulated stand-alone instrument requiring no vacuum apparatus support is being assembled in our laboratory. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wilcox, JZ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 670 EP 680 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000063 ER PT S AU Trombka, JI Parsons, AM Starr, RD Schweitzer, J Groves, J Amatucci, E Akkurt, H Smith, MT Evans, LG Floyd, S Mccoy, TJ McClanahan, TP AF Trombka, Jacob I. Parsons, Ann M. Starr, Richard D. Schweitzer, Jeffrey Groves, Joel Amatucci, Edward Akkurt, Hatice Smith, Miles T. Evans, Larry G. Floyd, Samuel McCoy, Timothy J. McClanahan, Timothy P. GP IEEE TI A pulsed neutron gamma-ray system for Mars rover missions SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB A Pulsed Neutron(12) Gamma-ray System (PNGS) can be used to determine the subsurface planetary geochemistry on rover missions to Mars and other planetary bodies. These data can be used to unravel the history of formation of biogenic materials, characterize the climate, explore the geology and characterize the radiation environment. We have performed feasibility studies for a Pulsed Neutron/Gamma-ray System (PNGS) to operate on a Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) type rover. It has been developed to meet the MSL rover mission constraints on mass and power limitations, temperature and radiation effects, and reliable operation for long periods of time. C1 NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Trombka, JI (reprint author), NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 691, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Parsons, Ann/I-6604-2012 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 681 EP 690 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000064 ER PT S AU Herrell, LM AF Herrell, L. M. GP IEEE TI The New Millennium Program architecture and Access To Space SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The New Millennium Program (NMP) validates technolouies that will support future NASA earth and space science missions(1,2). NMP flight validates as many subsystem- and system-level technologies as funding permits. If the pro-ram can be designed, or architected, around the use Of cost-effective Access-To-Space (ATS) accommodations, NMP's cost for access to space will be reduced and more technologies can be flown. Examples of alternative ATS accommodations are: less-expensive spacecraft and launch vehicles, space platforms other than free-flying spacecraft, synergies with other projects, partnering with unrelated missions, and back-tobasics networking with colleagues through conferences and other venues. Stepping into the world of alternative ATS accommodations and 'ridesharing' also crosses paths with a variety of individual technologists and small mission developers with essentially similar challenges as the NMP. The scope of a validation or experiment may be different, but the principles and lessons learned are the same. The particular challenge for NMP lies in taking advantage of these alternative approaches. Planning for future NNW projects requires an in-depth understanding of these options, and must also anticipate as-yet-undefined payloads (due to the competitive nature of the program)-with so many variables in this scenario, the problem quickly becomes complex. A more straightforward approach would be to ignore the alternatives and plan a business-as-usual mission. The benefits, however, are significant enough to warrant an assessment. This paper introduces a trade space from which these options may be discussed. The advantages vary with the type of NMP mission (subsystem or system). This preliminary look at the option space focuses on two alternative approaches: using less-expensive spacecraft and partnering with other missions. Less-expensive spacecraft can provide a platform for flying NMP subsystem technologies, and partnering with other missions can be a cost-effective approach for NMP system-level technology validations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Herrell, LM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 737 EP 742 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000072 ER PT S AU Some, R Neff, J AF Some, Raphael Neff, Jon GP IEEE TI XML technology planning database: Lessons learned SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB A hierarchical Extensible Markup Language (XML) database called XCALIBR (XML Capability Analysis LIBRary) has been developed by the New Millennium Program to assist in technology return on investment (ROI) analysis and technology portfolio optimization. The database contains mission requirements and technology capabilities, which are related by use of an XML, dictionary. The XML dictionary codifies a standardized taxonomy for space missions, systems, subsystems and technologies. In addition to being used for ROI analysis, the database is being examined for use in project planning, tracking and documentation. During the past year, the database has moved from development into alpha testing. This paper(12) describes the lessons learned during construction and testing of the prototype database and the motivation for moving from an XML taxonomy to a standard XML-based ontology. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Some, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 743 EP 757 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000073 ER PT S AU Carlisle, CC Webb, EH Slavin, JA AF Carlisle, Candace C. Webb, Evan H. Slavin, James A. GP IEEE TI Space Technology 5 - Changing the mission design without changing the hardware SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Space Technology 5 (ST-5) Project is part of NASA's New Millennium Program. The validation objectives are to demonstrate the research-quality science capability of the ST-5 spacecraft; to operate the three spacecraft as a constellation; and to design, develop, test and flight-validate three capable micro-satellites with new technologies. A three-month flight demonstration phase is planned, beginning in March 2006. This year, the mission was re-planned for a Pegasus XL dedicated launch into an elliptical polar orbit (instead of the originally-planned Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit.) The re-plan allows the mission to achieve the same high-level technology validation objectives with a different launch vehicle. The new mission design involves a revised science validation strategy, a new orbit and different communication strategy, while minimizing changes to the ST-5 spacecraft itself. The constellation operations concepts have also been refined. While the system engineers, orbit analysts, and operations teams were re-planning the mission, the implementation team continued to make progress on the flight hardware. Most components have been delivered, and the first spacecraft is well into integration and test. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Carlisle, CC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Technol 5 Project,Code 495, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Slavin, James/H-3170-2012 OI Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 758 EP 767 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000074 ER PT S AU Sherwood, R Chien, S Tran, D Cichy, B Castano, R Davies, A Rabideau, G AF Sherwood, Rob Chien, Steve Tran, Daniel Cichy, Benjamin Castano, Rebecca Davies, Ashley Rabideau, Gregg GP IEEE TI The ST6 Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment (ASE), part of the New Millennium Space Technology 6 Project, is flying onboard the Earth Orbiter 1 (EO-1) mission. The ASE software enables EO-I to autonomously detect and respond to science events such as: volcanic activity, flooding, and water freeze/thaw. ASE uses classification algorithms to analyze imagery onboard to detect change and science events. Detection of these events is then used to trigger follow-up imagery. Onboard mission planning software then develops a response plan that accounts for target visibility and operations constraints. This plan is then executed using a task execution system that can deal with run-time anomalies. In this paper we describe the autonomy flight software and how it enables a new paradigm of autonomous science and mission operations. We will also describe our approach to testing and validation the ASE software, how we prepared the ASE software for Space flight, and the current experiment status and future plans. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sherwood, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 791 EP 802 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559371 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000077 ER PT S AU Turner, PR Herrell, LM AF Turner, Philip R. Herrell, Linda M. GP IEEE TI A pragmatic access to space approach for the ST8 mission SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB NASA's The New Millennium Program (NMP) approach to space flight validation of advanced technologies is to alternate between subsystem and system flight validations(12). Candidates for each NMP project (subsystem or system) are competed through a NASA Research Announcement process, and proposal selection is determined by NASA Headquarters. Space Technology 8 (ST8) is the second NMP subsystem project. It will include technology experiments selected from four technology capability areas. The forecast for launch is 2008. The key distinguishing feature between the first subsystem project (ST6) and ST8 is the approach for access to space (ATS). The ST6 Project was initiated in 1999-a time of great expectations for an expanded launch industry and potential for a great deal of 'ride-sharing' to space. Anticipating an environment rich with partnering possibilities, the ST6 competing teams sought and found a variety of accommodations for ATS (e.g., as payloads on other spacecraft, or as a payload on the shuttle's HitchHiker Program). Lessons learned from ST6 include the loss of partnerships or 'rideshares' in a time of decreasing launch availability, cancellation of a partner's project, and loss of the Space Shuttle (as of this writing) as a host platform. The ST8 mission was initiated in 2003, after the 'crash' of the launch industry, and the NMP approach for access to space changed. NMP planned to provide a launch vehicle and carrier spacecraft that would accommodate the selection of subsystem technologies. Because of the competitive element of NMP, however, the technologies to be flown would not be known until a year after the start of the competition and that valuable time could be used to prepare for the spacecraft requirements, and align the spacecraft acquisition to coincide with the down-selection of the technology payload. NMP was confronted with a ('chicken-or-the-egg') dilemma: Since the technology payload has not been chosen, how do we scope the NMP carrier requirements? If we wait to begin work on the spacecraft requirements until after NASA selects the technology payloads, we could lose a year or more toward enabling future space science missions. Part of the answer came from the competition itself. We knew the four categories of technologies and their needs, including an idea of what orbital conditions would be required (e.g., COTS computing radiation needed a 'radiation' orbit, and no team had any particularly difficult pointing requirements). Part of the answer came from prior studies funded by NMP with industry, which took a look at eight different technology-types and which combinations of types could be accommodated on a single spacecraft. And perhaps the most important part of the answer was to work with the competing teams from the beginning to iterate with them to understand their spacecraft/mission requirements. This paper tells the story of the evolution of the access to space approach for the ST8 Project, with some insights and comments on the benefits and risks of this approach. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Turner, PR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 803 EP 809 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000078 ER PT S AU Lee, CH Cheung, KM Edwards, C Kerridge, SJ Noreen, GK Vaisnys, A AF Lee, Charles H. Cheung, Kar-Ming Edwards, Chad Kerridge, Stuart J. Noreen, Gary K. Vaisnys, Arvydas GP IEEE TI Orbit design based on global maps of telecom metrics SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper describes a tool to aid orbit design called the Telecom Orbit Analysis and Simulation Tool (TOAST). By specifying the six orbital elements of an orbit, a time frame of interest, a horizon mask angle, and some telecom parameters such as transmitter power, frequency, antenna gains, antenna losses, required link margin and received threshold powers for the rates, TOAST enables the user to view orbit performance as animations of two- or three-dimensional telecom metrics at any point on the planet (i.e., on global planetary maps). Supported metrics include (i) number of contacts, (ii) total contact duration, (iii) maximum communication gap, (iv) maximum supportable rate and (v) return data volume at a best single rate or with an adaptive rate, along with (vi) the orbiter's footprint and (vii) local solar times. Unlike other existing tools, which generally provide geometry, view periods and link analysis for an orbiter with respect to a single location on the planet, TOAST generates telecom performance metrics over the entire planet. The added capabilities provide the user an extra degree of freedom in analyzing orbits and enable the user to focus on meeting specific mission requirements, such as what data rates can be supported, what data volume can be expected, and what the time gap will be between communication periods. Although TOAST can be used to study and select orbits about any planet, we describe here its use for missions to Mars. TOAST is being used to analyze candidate orbits for the 2009 Mars Telecommunications Orbiter mission. Telecom predicts generated by TOAST for MTO orbit candidates are laying-a foundation for selecting the MTO service orbit. This paper presents numerical simulations and telecom predicts for four candidate MTO orbits. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, CH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 846 EP 854 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559376 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000082 ER PT S AU Lee, S von Allmen, P Fink, W Petropoulos, AE Terrile, RJ AF Lee, Seungwon von Allmen, Paul Fink, Wolfgang Petropoulos, Anastassios E. Terrile, Richard J. GP IEEE TI Design- and optimization of low-thrust orbit transfers SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB NASA's space missions Dawn and JIMO will use low-thrust propulsion for multi-revolution orbit transfers around a central body. Here we address the problem of designing low-thrust orbit transfers between arbitrary orbits in an inverse-square gravity field by using evolutionary algorithms to drive parameter selection in a Lyapunov feedback control law (the Q-law). We develop an efficient and efficacious method to assess, with reasonable accuracy, the trade off between propellant mass and flight time (i.e., to find the Pareto front for these two quantities), and to provide the time history of the state variables and the thrust vector for any chosen point on the Pareto front. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 855 EP 869 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559377 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000083 ER PT S AU Sargent, R Deans, M Kunz, C Sims, M Herkenhoff, K AF Sargent, Randy Deans, Matthew Kunz, Clayton Sims, Michael Herkenhoff, Ken GP IEEE TI The Ames MER Microscopic Imager Toolkit SO 2005 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, have spent several successful months on Mars, returning gigabytes of images and spectral data to scientists on Earth. One of the instruments on the MER rovers, the Athena Microscopic Imager (MI), is a fixed focus, megapixel camera providing a 3mm depth of field and a 31 x 31 mm field of view at a working distance of 63 min from the lens to the object being imaged. In order to maximize the science return from this instrument, we developed the Ames MI Toolkit and supported its use during the primary mission. The MI Toolkit is a set of programs that operate on collections of MI images, with the goal of making the data more understandable to the scientists on the ground. Because of the limited depth of field of the camera, and the often highly variable topography of the terrain being imaged, MI images of a given rock are often taken as a stack, with the Instrument Deployment Device (IDD) moving along a computed normal vector, pausing every few millimeters for the MI to acquire an image. The MI Toolkit provides image registration and focal section merging, which combine these images to form a single, maximally in-focus image, while compensating for changes in lighting as well as parallax due to the motion of the camera. The MI Toolkit also provides a 3-D reconstruction of the surface being imaged using stereo and can embed 2-D MI images as texture maps into 3-D meshes produced by other imagers on board the rover to provide context. The 2-D images and 3-D meshes output from the Toolkit are easily viewed by scientists using other mission tools, such as Viz or the MI Browser. This paper describes the MI Toolkit in detail, as well as our experience using it with scientists at JPL during the primary MER mission. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Sargent, R (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, MS 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM rsargent@arc.nasa.gov; mdeans@arc.nasa.gov; ckunz@arc.nasa.gov; msims@arc.nasa.gov; kherkenhoff@usgs.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 927 EP 941 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000090 ER PT S AU Udomkesmalee, SG Hayati, SA AF Udomkesmalee, S. Gabriel Hayati, Samad A. GP IEEE TI Mars Science Laboratory focused technology program overview SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Mars Technology Program (MTP) is part of the NASA Mars Exploration Program (MEP). The purpose of MTP is to develop technologies needed for future Mars missions, including Mars Scouts. The two principle program elements of MTP are the Focused Technology and the Base Technology Programs. The Focused Technology Program addresses technologies that are specific and critical to near-term missions, while the Base Technology Program addresses those technologies that are applicable for multiple missions and which can be characterized as longer term, higher risk, and high payoff technologies. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Udomkesmalee, SG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 961 EP 970 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000093 ER PT S AU Volpe, R AF Volpe, Richard GP IEEE TI Rover technology development and mission infusion beyond MER SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper describes recent efforts of the Mars Technology Program (MTP) to develop, integrate, and validate new rover technologies for upcoming missions. Missions planned after the current Mars Exploration Rovers require increased autonomy in several usage scenarios: long traverse, instrument placement, sampling, and onboard science data processing. To ensure improvements over current systems, MTP is funding component technology development toward these ends, as well as integration efforts that unify the components to address the larger scenarios. This unified software is expanding a developing infrastructure of common tools for operations, control, and hardware interfacing or system simulation. Using these, validation efforts are underway to quantify the performance of the scenario solutions, and document these for subsequent presentation to the upcoming flight projects. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91103 USA. RP Volpe, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91103 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 971 EP 981 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000094 ER PT S AU Mattingly, R Hayati, S Udomkesmalee, G AF Mattingly, Richard Hayati, Samad Udomkesmalee, Gabriel GP IEEE TI Technology development plans for the Mars Sample Return mission SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Mars Sample Return (MSR), a technology-rich mission, is being planned for possible launch in 2013. Project guidelines dictate all technology be at Technology Readiness Level (TRL)-6 by the PDR scheduled for mid-2009. Funding for MSR focused technology development starts in FY05. Over the last year, a MSR technology planning board has assessed technology needs and developed a plan to be implemented over the next 4 years. This paper describes this plan and how we arrived at it. The plan includes needed technologies that are being developed in other Mars Exploration Program (MEP) technology areas, and flight demonstrations that are required to reduce overall project risk. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Mattingly, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 301-485, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 982 EP 995 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000095 ER PT S AU Gershman, R Adams, M Dillman, R Fragola, J AF Gershman, Robert Adams, Marc Dillman, Robert Fragola, Joseph GP IEEE TI Planetary protection technology for Mars sample return SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The NASA Mars Exploration Program has recently adopted a plan that includes a first Mars sample return (MSR) mission proposed for launch in 2013. Such a mission would deal with two new categories of planetary protection requirements: (1) assuring a very low probability of inadvertent sample release in order to provide extra protection against the extremely unlikely possibility of biological hazards in the returned material and (2) keeping the samples free of round-trip Earth organisms to facilitate evaluation after return to Earth. This paper describes the planetary-protection-related technical challenges awaiting any MSR mission and describes work in progress on technology needed to meet these challenges. New technology is needed for several functions. Containment assurance requires breaking the chain of contact with Mars: the exterior of the sample container must not be contaminated with Mars material either during the loading process or during launch from the Mars surface. Also, the sample container and its seals must survive the worst Earth impact corresponding to the candidate mission profile, the Earth return vehicle must provide accurate delivery to the Earth entry corridor, and the Earth entry vehicle must withstand the thermal and structural rigors of Earth atmosphere entry - All with an unprecedented degree of confidence. Sample contamination must be avoided by sterilizing the entire spacecraft, a challenge with modem avionics, or by sterilizing the sample collection and containment gear and then isolating it from other parts of the spacecraft. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gershman, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 996 EP 1005 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000096 ER PT S AU Robinson, JA Rhatigan, JL Baumann, DK AF Robinson, Julie A. Rhatigan, Jennifer L. Baumann, David K. GP IEEE TI Recent research accomplishments on the International Space Station SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID POLYPEPTIDE (PPG)(10) ABOARD; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY; GENETIC MODELS; C57BL/6 MOUSE; CRYSTALLIZATION; MICROGRAVITY; SPACEFLIGHT; IMMUNITY AB Astronauts have conducted more than four years of continuous space research aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The US Laboratory Module, Destiny, is outfitted with a robust suite of scientific equipment to support spaceflight research. Research, albeit limited, is ongoing in spite the grounding of the Space Shuttle fleet as a result of the loss of the Columbia in February 2003. Results from the last four years of research on ISS are now appearing in the scientific literature. Indeed, scientific articles are now being submitted to peer-reviewed journals from the ISS by the Science Officer on board. This paper addresses the recent research results and accomplishments; and discusses the unique challenges faced in these early years of ISS assembly, including the methods for conduct of research while the Space Shuttle is unavailable as a resource for deploying and returning experiments for the ISS. We also discuss how the research portfolio is being realigned to support the use of ISS to enable NASA's Exploration Mission.(1) C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Off ISS Program Sci, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Robinson, JA (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Off ISS Program Sci, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 58 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1020 EP 1031 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000098 ER PT S AU Cruzen, CA Gibbs, RE Dyer, SV Cech, JG AF Cruzen, Craig A. Gibbs, Richard E., III Dyer, Steven V. Cech, John G. GP IEEE TI Expanding remote science operations capabilities onboard the International Space Station SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB EXPRESS Racks have been supporting payload science operations onboard the International Space Station (ISS) since April of 2001(1,2). EXPRESS is an acronym that stands for "EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to apace Station." This name reflects NASA's focus to simplify the process of manifesting experiments and maximizing scientific research capabilities by providing a robust, remotely operated payload support platform. The EXPRESS Rack System was developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and built by The Boeing Company in Huntsville, Alabama. Eight EXPRESS racks were built and five are currently onboard the ISS supporting science operations. The design and development of the EXPRESS Rack System is a long story that has been documented in previous publications. This paper briefly describes the facilities used to develop and verify flight software, test operational capabilities. It then traces the advancements made in the operational capabilities of the EXPRESS Racks from the time they were launched on STS-100 through the present. The paper concludes with a description of potential enhancements that will make the EXPRESS racks one of the most advanced and capable remote science platforms ever developed. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Cruzen, CA (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1032 EP 1042 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000099 ER PT S AU Hickman, JM Voorhees, PW Kwon, Y Lorik, T AF Hickman, J. Mark Voorhees, Peter W. Kwon, Yongwoo Lorik, Tibor GP IEEE TI Coarsening in solid-liquid mixtures-2: A materials science experiment for the ISS SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB A materials science experiment(1) has been developed and readied for operation aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Components of this experiment are onboard ISS and are awaiting the flight of science samples. The goal of the experiment is to understand the dynamics of Ostwald ripening, also known as coarsening, a process that occurs in nearly any two-phase mixture found in nature. Attempts to obtain experimental data in ground-based laboratories are hindered due to the presence of gravity, which introduces material transport modes other than that of the coarsening phenomenon. This introduces adjustable parameters in the formulation of theory. The original Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures (CSLM) mission, which flew on the Space Shuttle in 1997, produced data from a coarsened eutectic alloy. Unfortunately, both the science matrix and the hardware, while nominally functional, did not account adequately for operations in microgravity. A significantly redesigned follow-on experiment, CSLM-2 has been developed to redress the inadequacies of the original experiment. This paper(2) reviews the CSLM-2 project: its history, science goals, flight hardware implementation, and planned operations and analysis. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Hickman, JM (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1054 EP 1060 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000101 ER PT S AU Balint, TS AF Balint, Tibor S. GP IEEE TI To Europa and beyond - (Enabled by a small-RPS) SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Solar system exploration (SSE) to the Outer Planets requires internal power sources, since external power generation, relying on solar power, is not very effective or practical. One of the scientifically interesting destinations in this region is Jupiter's moon Europa, where a lander would require internal power sources, such as batteries or Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS) to achieve mission success. This paper discusses a Europa lander concept as a potential adjunct element to NASA's proposed Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO) mission. The lander would operate on the surface for 3 to 14 days, performing astrobiology, geophysics and geological-compositional measurements as defined by the JIMO Science Definition Team (SDT). The power system trade study for this concept compares small-RPSs up to similar to 50We against primary batteries. Additional SSE destinations are also outlined, Where small-RPSs provide a viable option to accomplish science and mission objectives. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Balint, TS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-170U, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1061 EP 1068 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000102 ER PT S AU Chamberlain, N Andricos, C Berkun, A Kumley, K Krimskiy, V Hodges, R Spitz, S AF Chamberlain, Neil Andricos, Constantine Berkun, Andrew Kumley, Kendra Krimskiy, Vladimir Hodges, Richard Spitz, Suzanne GP IEEE TI T/R module development for large aperture L-band phased array SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper describes a transmit/receive (T/R) module for a large L-band space based radar active phased array being developed at JPL. Electrical performance and construction techniques are described, with emphasis on the former. The T/R modules have a bandwidth of more than 80 MHz centered at 1260 MHz and support dual, switched polarizations. Phase and amplitude are controlled by a 6-bit phase shifter and a 6-bit attenuator, respectively. The transmitter power amplifier generates 2.4 W into a nominal 50 ohm load with 36% overall efficiency. The receiver noise figure is 4.4 dB including all front-end losses. The module weighs 32 g and has a footprint of 10.6 cm x 4.8 cm. Fourteen of these T/R modules were fabricated at the JPL Pick-and-Place Facility and were tested using a computer-controlled measurement facility developed at JPL. Calibrated performance of this set of T/R modules is presented and shows good agreement with design predictions.(1,2) C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Flight Commun Syst, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chamberlain, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Flight Commun Syst, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1093 EP 1103 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559400 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379000106 ER PT S AU Hodges, RE Zawadzki, M AF Hodges, Richard E. Zawadzki, Mark GP IEEE TI A reflectarray antenna for use in interferometeric ocean height measurement SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB A deployable reflectarray antenna is developed for use in a Ku-band dual polarization cross-track interferometer instrument. It is found that the reflectarray antenna provides unique, mission enabling advantages for a large dual polarized antenna in terms of stowage, dual beam aperture efficiency and cost. This paper presents experimental results to demonstrate that reflectarray antenna technology is sufficiently mature for flight applications. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hodges, RE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1131 EP 1139 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001001 ER PT S AU Imbriale, WA Gama, E AF Imbriale, William A. Gama, Eric GP IEEE TI Antennas for the array-based deep space network: Current status and future designs SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Development of very large arrays(1,2) of small antennas has been proposed as a way to increase the downlink capability of the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) by two or three orders of magnitude thereby enabling greatly increased science data from currently configured missions or enabling new mission concepts. The current concept is for an array of 400 x 12-m antennas at each of three longitudes. The DSN array will utilize radio astronomy sources for phase calibration and will have wide bandwidth correlation processing for this purpose. NASA has undertaken a technology program to prove the performance and cost of a very large DSN array. Central to that program is a 3-element interferometer to be completed in 2005. This paper describes current status of the low cost 6-meter breadboard antenna to be used as part of the interferometer and the RF design of the 12-meter antenna. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Imbriale, WA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1140 EP 1149 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001002 ER PT S AU Jones, DL AF Jones, Dayton L. GP IEEE TI Weak-signal phase calibration strategies for large DSN arrays SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) is studying arrays of large numbers of small, mass-produced radio antennas as a cost-effective way to increase downlink sensitivity and data rates for future missions. An important issue for the operation of large arrays is the accuracy with which signals from hundreds of small antennas can be combined. This is particularly true at Ka band (32 GHz) where atmospheric phase variations can be large and rapidly changing. A number of algorithms exist to correct the phases of signals from individual antennas in the case where a spacecraft signal provides a useful signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on time scales shorter than the atmospheric coherence time. However, for very weak spacecraft signals it will be necessary to rely on background natural radio sources to maintain array phasing. Very weak signals could result from a spacecraft emergency or by design, such as direct-to-Earth data transmissions from distant planetary atmospheric or surface probes using only low gain antennas. This paper considers the parameter space where external real-time phase calibration will be necessary, and what this requires in terms of array configuration and signal processing. The inherent limitations of this technique are also discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jones, DL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Code 238-332, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1150 EP 1157 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001003 ER PT S AU Jamnejad, V AF Jamnejad, Vahraz GP IEEE TI A study of effect of element pointing error on power density in near field of reflector arrays SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper addresses the issue of acceptable power density levels in arrays of small antennas to be used for uplink transmission functions at NASA/JPL's Deep Space Network (DSN). This problem is of interest due to safety considerations as well as interference with receivers on nearby flying objects such as helicopters or other systems. Specifically, array element pointing errors can produce hot spots due to coherent combining of the radiation from individual elements in the near and mid field regions of the antenna arrays which may be larger than is expected and could become unacceptable. Therefore care must be taken that such situations do not occur. In this paper the interference problem is formulated and limits are obtained to prevent the peak addition of signals which could be 6 dB higher than that achieved by individual elements. Ample plots and example are provided to clarify the concept and provide guidelines for pointing error specifications. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jamnejad, V (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1158 EP 1175 PG 18 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001004 ER PT S AU Chamberlain, N Amaro, L Oakes, E Hodges, R Spitz, S Rosen, PA AF Chamberlain, Neil Amaro, Luis Oakes, Eric Hodges, Richard Spitz, Suzanne Rosen, Paul A. GP IEEE TI Microstrip patch antenna panel for large aperture L-band phased array SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper describes the design and development of a large, lightweight antenna panel for an active phased array operating at L-band. The panel was developed under a JPL program of technology development for space based radar. It utilizes dual-stacked patch elements that are interconnected with a corporate feed manifold of striplines. This paper focuses on the electromagnetic design and performance of the radiating elements, with emphasis on scan performance, and also addresses mechanical and thermal aspects of the panel. The element in the array environment has a bandwidth of more than 80MEz centered at 1260MHz and is fed so that it can radiate orthogonal linear polarizations. The envisioned phased array, with a nominal aperture of 50m x 2m, is designed to scan 45 degrees in azimuth and +/- 20 degrees in elevation. The panel of radiating elements has a mass density of 3.9 kg/m(2), which represents approximately 50% of the target 8kg/m(2) total panel mass density that includes T/R modules and feed manifolds. (1,2) C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Flight Commun Syst, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chamberlain, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Flight Commun Syst, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1185 EP 1192 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559409 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001006 ER PT S AU Pollard, BD Sadowy, G AF Pollard, Brian D. Sadowy, Gregory GP IEEE TI Next generation millimeter-wave radar for safe planetary landing SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Safe, precise landing on planetary bodies requires knowledge of altitude and velocity, and may require active detection and avoidance of hazardous terrain. Radar offers a superior solution to both problems due to its ability to operate at any time of day, through dust and engine plumes, and ability to detect velocity coherently. While previous efforts have focused on providing near term solutions to the safe landing problem, we are designing radar velocimeters and radar imagers; for missions beyond the next decade. In this paper we identify the fundamental issues within each approach, at arrive at strawman sensor designs at a center frequency at or around 160 GHz (G-band). We find that a G-band radar velocimeter design is capable of sub-10 cm/s accuracy, and a G-band imager is capable of sub-0.5 degree resolution over a 28 degree field of view. From those designs, we arrive at the key technology requirements for the development of power and low noise amplifiers, signal distribution methods, and antenna arrays that enable the construction of these next generation sensors. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pollard, BD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1213 EP 1219 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001009 ER PT S AU Hurd, WJ AF Hurd, William J. GP IEEE TI System concepts for transmit arrays of parabolic antennas for deep space uplinks SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Phased arrays of parabolic antennas are a potentially lower-cost way to provide uplink transmission to distant spacecraft, compared to the 34-m and 70-m antennas now used by the NASA Deep Space Network. A large transmit array could provide very high EIRP when needed for spacecraft emergencies, such as the equivalent of 1 MW radiated from a 70-m antenna. Cost-effectiveness is realized by dividing the array into smaller arrays to provide routine support to many spacecraft simultaneously. The antennas might be as small as 12-m in diameter, with as many as 100 antennas covering an area of 0.5 kin to 1 km in extent. Such arrays present significant technical challenges in phase alignment, which must be maintained at close to 1 mm. The concept requires a very stable system with accurately known antenna phase center locations. The system is first calibrated by transmitting from all antennas, and observing the signals at a target located in the far fields of the individual antennas. The antennas are then pointed to the operational targets, with the signal phases and time delays set to reinforce in the target directions. This requires accurate knowledge of the target directions and calculation of the required phases. The system must be phase-stable for all directions and over the time between calibrations, which is desired to be at least one day. In this paper, a system concept is presented, the major error sources are identified, a rough error budget is established, and key elements of the system are discussed. A calibration method is recommended which uses satellites as radar targets. The performance goal is to achieve a combining loss of less than 0.2 dB in good weather, and of less than 1 dB in all but extremely bad weather. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hurd, WJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1228 EP 1234 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001011 ER PT S AU Amoozegar, F Paal, L Mileant, A Lee, D AF Amoozegar, Farid Paal, Leslie Mileant, Alexander Lee, Dennis GP IEEE TI Analysis of errors for uplink array of 34-m antennas for deep space applications SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Although the technologies for large arrays of distributed reflector antennas with just downlink (receiving) capability have been well defined and proven for deep space applications, a similar architecture, i.e., the arraying of distributed reflector antennas for uplink (transmitting) applications has not been proven, tested, or built yet. In previous papers [1,2,3] the need, feasibility, technology challenges and high-level system issues of a large array of reflector antennas with uplink capability for the future deep space network (DSN) were discussed. In particular, the primary design drivers, cost drivers, and technology challenges for uplink array phase calibration were addressed together with some preliminary test results with the 34-m. antemia exciters. It is now of great interest to obtain the key requirements for the current Deep Space Network (DSN) 34-m antennas so that they can operate in an uplink array mode. The successful demonstration of the DSN 34-m antennas in uplink array mode serves as a prototype and a key milestone for the future large array development. In this paper, simulation and analysis of the current DSN 34-m antennas in an uplink array mode will be discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Amoozegar, F (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1235 EP 1257 PG 23 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001012 ER PT S AU Noreen, GK Cesarone, RJ Deutsch, LJ Edwards, CD Soloff, JA Ely, T Cook, BM Morabito, DD Hemmati, H Piazzolla, S Hastrup, R Abraham, DS Sue, MK Manshadi, F AF Noreen, Gary K. Cesarone, Robert J. Deutsch, Leslie J. Edwards, Charles D. Soloff, Jason A. Ely, Todd Cook, Brian M. Morabito, David D. Hemmati, Hamid Piazzolla, Sabino Hastrup, Rolf Abraham, Douglas S. Sue, Miles K. Manshadi, Farzin GP IEEE TI Integrated network architecture for sustained human and robotic exploration SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Exploration Systems Mission Directorate is planning a series of human and robotic missions to the Earth's moon and to Mars. These missions will require telecommunication and navigation services. This paper(1) sets forth presumed requirements for such services and presents strawman lunar and Mars teleconummications network architectures to satisfy the presumed requirements. The paper(2) suggests that a modest ground network would suffice for missions to the near-side of the moon. A constellation of three Lunar Telecommunications Orbiters connected to a modest ground network could provide continuous redundant links to a polar lunar base and its vicinity. For human and robotic missions to Mars, a pair of areostationary satellites could provide continuous redundant links between a midlatitude Mars base and Deep Space Network antennas augmented by large arrays of 12-m antennas. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Noreen, GK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1266 EP 1285 PG 20 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001014 ER PT S AU Okino, C LaBroad, J AF Okino, Clayton LaBroad, Jonathan GP IEEE TI A reliable data transfer architecture for a space-based reconfigurable protocol chip SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB In this paper, we present an architecture for reliable data transfers for space-based applications. In particular, we examine a Network Interface Card (NIC) architecture, a reliable link layer approach based on hybrid Automatic-Repeat-Request (ARQ) scheme, and then consider the corresponding handshaking associated with file transfers. We present results on the performance of our methodology and an implementation strategy for incorporation of the mechanism into a reconfigurable, protocol chip architecture. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Okino, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 238-343, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1286 EP 1291 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559418 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001015 ER PT S AU Gao, JL Segui, JS AF Gao, Jay L. SeGui, John S. GP IEEE TI Performance evaluation of the CCSDS file delivery protocol - Latency and storage requirement SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB To support robotic and human explorations of Mars in the coming decade, the 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and the 2009 Mars Telecommunications Orbiter (MTO), as part of the Mars Network, will provide file transfer services to other Marscrafts using the CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP). CFDP was designed to provide file-based data and storage management, store-and-forward relay, and reliable data transfer over space links characterized by large propagation delay and intermittent availability. This paper will describe how MTO can use CFDP to relay operational data and bulk science data for surface missions such as the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL). Performance metrics for latency and storage requirement are derived from mathematical analysis as well as simulation of anticipated MTO-MSL mission scenarios. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gao, JL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1300 EP 1312 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001017 ER PT S AU Clare, LP Gao, JL Jennings, EH Okino, C AF Clare, Loren P. Gao, Jay L. Jennings, Esther H. Okino, Clayton GP IEEE TI A network architecture for precision formation flying using the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Precision Formation Flying (PFF) missions involve the tracking and maintenance of spacecraft in a desired geometric configuration. Autonomous control of the distributed spacecraft requires inter-spacecraft communications with guaranteed performance. We present a network architecture that supports PFF control across the various phases of mission operations, ranging from initial random deployment to precision formation. The architecture incorporates the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol and utilizes both its Distributed Control Function (DCF) and Point Coordination Function (PCF) modes as appropriate to the PFF operational phase. A proactive routing protocol provides timely topology status. A new application layer protocol is incorporated which provides a simple interface between the PFF control application and the underlying communications network. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Clare, LP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1335 EP 1347 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001020 ER PT S AU Lee, D Gray, A Kang, E Tsou, HP Lay, N Fong, W Fisher, D Hoy, S AF Lee, Dennis Gray, Andrew Kang, Edward Tsou, Haiping Lay, Norman Fong, Wai Fisher, Dave Hoy, Scott GP IEEE TI A gigabit-per-second Ka-band demonstration using a reconfigurable FPGA modulator SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Gigabit-per-second communications have been a desired target for future NASA Earth science missions, and for potential manned lunar missions. Frequency bandwidth at S-band and X-band is typically insufficient to support missions at these high data rates. In this paper, we present the results of a 1 Gbps 32-QAM end-to-end experiment at Ka-band using a reconfigurable Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) baseband modulator board. Bit error rate measurements of the received signal using a software receiver demonstrate the feasibility of using ultra-high data rates at Ka-band, although results indicate that error correcting coding and/or modulator predistortion must be implemented in addition. Also, results of the demonstration validate the low-cost, CMOS-based reconfigurable modulator approach taken to development of a high rate modulator, as opposed to more expensive ASIC or pure analog approaches.(1,2) C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1370 EP 1378 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001024 ER PT S AU Alena, RL Lee, C AF Alena, Richard L. Lee, Charles GP IEEE TI Adaptive bio-inspired wireless network routing for planetary surface exploration SO 2005 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Wireless mobile networks' 2 suffer connectivity loss when used in a terrain that has hills and valleys when line of sight is interrupted or range is exceeded. To resolve this problem and achieve acceptable network performance, we have designed an adaptive, configurable, hybrid system to automatically route network packets along the best path between multiple geographically dispersed modules. This is very useful in planetary surface exploration, especially for ad-hoc mobile networks, where computational devices take an active part in creating a network infrastructure, and can actually be used to route data dynamically and even store data for later transmission between networks. Using inspiration from biological systems, this research proposes to use ant trail algorithms with multi-layered information maps (topographic maps, RF coverage maps) to determine the best route through ad-hoc networks at real time. The determination of best route is a complex one, and requires research into the appropriate metrics, best method to identify the best path, optimizing traffic capacity, network performance, reliability, processing capabilities and cost. Real ants are capable of finding the shortest path from their nest to a food source without visual sensing through the use of pheromones. They are also able to adapt to changes in the environment using subtle clues. To use ant trail algorithms, we need to define the probability function. The artificial ant is, in this case, a software agent that moves from node to node on a network graph. The function to calculate the fitness (evaluate the better path) includes: length of the network edge, the coverage index, topology graph index, and pheromone trail left behind by other ant agents. Each agent modifies the environment in two different ways: Local trail updating: As the ant moves between nodes it updates the amount of pheromone on the edge. Global trail updating: When all ants have completed a tour the ant that found the shortest route updates the edges in its path The purpose of the local updating is mainly to avoid very strong pheromone edges to be chosen by every ant and hence to increase exploration and hopefully avoid locally optimal solutions. The global updating function gives the shortest path higher reinforcement, which is a higher amount of pheromone on the edges of the path. In addition the agents are provided with some capabilities not present in real ants, but likely to help solving the problem at hand. For example each ant is able to determine how far away nodes are, what the RF coverage index is, topology favorable index and they all have a memory of which nodes they have already visited. Furthermore, we add the estimated values for next node by tracking the speed of current mobile units. The simulation shows that the method is feasible and more reliable. It is a feasible way to avoid node congestion and network interruptions without much decrease of network performance. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Alena, RL (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Richard.L.Alena@nasa.gov; clee@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1438 EP 1443 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001031 ER PT S AU Barbieri, AJ Butman, S Danos, MJ Greenberg, E Ilott, PA Kazz, GJ Torgerson, JL Vaisnys, A Adams, WR Johnson, CE Dapore, M Merz, D AF Barbieri, Andrea J. Butman, Stanley Danos, Monika J. Greenberg, Edward Ilott, Peter A. Kazz, Greg J. Torgerson, Jordan L. Vaisnys, Arvydas Adams, William R. Johnson, Charles E. Dapore, Mark Merz, Doug GP IEEE TI Development and flight performance of CCSDS proximity-1 on odyssey and the Mars Exploration Rovers SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The LTHF relay link through the Mars Odyssey orbiter exceeded expectations of the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) project and played a critical role in the return of data from the surface of Mars and in the accuracy of the rover position determination. This paper(1,2) will discus the development and performance of the UBF transceivers and the Consultative Committee for Spacecraft Data Systems (CCSDS) Proximity-1 Space Link Protocol that were used by Odyssey and the two MER rovers; and some of the more prominent lessons learned during development and operations of the MER-Odyssey relay link. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Barbieri, AJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1444 EP 1454 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001032 ER PT S AU Okino, C Lee, C Gray, A Arabshahi, P AF Okino, Clayton Lee, Clement Gray, Andrew Arabshahi, Payman GP IEEE TI Space-based autonomous reconfigurable protocol chip SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB In this paper, we present an architecture for a reconfigurable protocol chip for space-based applications. We present a model for examining various stimuli for reconfiguration in space, and identify some approaches to operating on the stimuli. In particular, we examine fault tolerant schemes and reconfiguration based on detection of a link layer framing format. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Okino, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 238-343, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1494 EP 1499 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559439 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001036 ER PT S AU Bagri, DS Statman, JI Gatti, MS AF Bagri, Durgadas S. Statman, Joseph I. Gatti, Mark S. GP IEEE TI Operation's concept for array-based deep space network SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Array-based Deep Space Network (DSN-Array) will be a part of more than 103 times increase in the downlink/telemetry capability of the Deep space Network (DSN). The key function of the DSN-Array is to provide cost-effective, robust Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) services to the space missions of NASA and its international partners. It provides an expanded approach to the use of an array-based system. Instead of using the array as an element in the existing DSN, relying to a large extent on the DSN infrastructure, we explore a broader departure from the current DSN, using fewer elements of the existing DSN, and establishing a more modem Concept of Operations. This paper gives architecture and operation's philosophy of DSN-Array. It also describes customer's view of operations, operations management and logistics, and maintenance philosophy, anomaly analysis and reporting. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bagri, DS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1532 EP 1540 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001041 ER PT S AU Ho, C Angkasa, K Sue, M AF Ho, Christian Angkasa, Kris Sue, Miles GP IEEE TI Interference estimate around Canberra DSN station at 2.04 GHz during Huygens release phase SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB During the descent phase of the Huygens Probe released from the Cassini spacecraft and inserted at Titan, the Deep Space Network (DSN) Canberra Deep Space Station (DSS) 43 (with its 70-m antenna) is being considered as a backup station to directly receive the Huygens Probe data being transmitted at 2.04 GHz. This study provides an assessment on the interference level from the major nearby transmitters operating in this frequency band. The minimum trans-horizon attenuations are calculated using terrain topographic data and the Trans-Horizon Interference Propagation Loss (THIPL) Computing Program recently developed based on ITU-R P.452, and the calculations take into account all propagation modes under a 0.1% of time exceeded. We find that there are five terrestrial transmitters within 100 km of DSS 43. Transmitter 1 is the closest to DSS 43, and needs to be coordinated to avoid interference. The rest of the four transmitters will not interfere with DSS 43. The interference levels from these transmitters are all below the DSN protection criteria of 99.9% of time. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ho, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1552 EP 1558 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559446 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001043 ER PT S AU Shambayati, S Davarian, F Morabito, D AF Shambayati, Shervin Davarian, Faramaz Morabito, David GP IEEE TI Link design and planning for Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Ka-band (32 GHz) telecom demonstration SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB NASA is planning a Ka-band (32 GHz) engineering telemetry demonstration with Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Capabilities of Ka-band for use with deep space mission are demonstrated using the link optimization algorithms and weather forecasting. Furthermore, based on the performance of previous deep space missions with Ka-band downlink capabilities, experiment plans are developed for telemetry operations during superior solar conjunction. A general overview of the demonstration is given followed by a description of the experiment planning during cruise, the primary science mission and superior conjunction. As part of the primary science mission planning the expected data return for various data optimization methods is calculated. These results indicate that, given MRO's data rates, a link optimized to use of at most two data rates, subject to a minimum availability of 90%, performs almost as well as a link with no limits on the number of data rates with the same minimum availability requirement. Furthermore, the effects of forecasting on these link design algorithms are discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shambayati, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1559 EP 1569 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001044 ER PT S AU Roberts, WT AF Roberts, W. Thomas GP IEEE TI Stray light observations at the 200-inch hale telescope on Palomar Mountain SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Measurements of low-angle scatter of the 200-inch Hale Telescope were taken to establish the amount of scatter expected at the focal plane when the telescope is pointed near the Sun. These measurements were obtained by using the Moon as a surrogate solar source, attenuated by roughly six orders of magnitude. Pointing the telescope at the Moon, and at angles ranging from 2 to 12 degrees from the Moon, the variation and sources of background light were observed at the focal plane of the existing PHARO science camera. Through the use of the pupil-imaging option on the PHARO camera, comparisons of the sky background and light scattered directly from the primary mirror into the field of view were evaluated. Sky scattering appeared to decline as the inverse square-root of the angle from the Moon, while primary mirror scattering appeared to decline much quicker, as the inverse square of the angle from the Moon. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91208 USA. RP Roberts, WT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91208 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1612 EP 1620 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559453 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001050 ER PT S AU Gioannini, B Wong, Y Wesdock, J Patel, C AF Gioannini, Bryan Wong, Yen Wesdock, John Patel, Chitra GP IEEE TI Bandwidth efficient modulation and coding techniques for NASA's existing Ku/Ka-Band 225 MHz wide service SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has recently established the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) K-band Upgrade Project (TKUP), a project intended to enhance the TDRSS Ku-band and Ka-band Single Access Return 225 MHz (Ku/KaSAR-225) data service by adding the capability to process bandwidth efficient signal design and to replace the White Sand Complex (WSC) KSAR high data rate ground equipment and high rate switches which are nearing obsolescence. As a precursor to this project, a modulation and coding study was performed to identify signal structures which maximized the data rate through the Ku/KaSAR-225 channel, minimized the required customer EIRP and ensured acceptable hardware complexity on the customer platform. This paper(1,2) presents the results and conclusions of the TKUP modulation and coding study. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. RP Gioannini, B (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, White Sands Complex, Las Cruces, NM 88004 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1627 EP 1637 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001052 ER PT S AU Rahnami, K Arabshahi, P Gray, A AF Rahnami, Kourosh Arabshahi, Payman Gray, Andrew GP IEEE TI Neural network based model reference controller for active queue management of TCP flows SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB We discuss here, implementation of a Neural Network (NN) based Model Referenced Control (MRC) algorithm to improve transient and steady state behavior of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) flows and Active Queue Management (AQM) routers in a network setting. Based on a fluid theoretical model of a network, two neural networks are trained to control the traffic flow of a bottleneck router. Results show dramatic improvement of the transient and the steady state behavior of the queuing window length. The results are compared to the traditional RED algorithm and the P and PI controllers of classical control theory. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rahnami, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1696 EP 1704 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559464 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001061 ER PT S AU Kerczewski, RJ Greenfeld, I Welch, BW AF Kerczewski, Robert J. Greenfeld, Israel Welch, Bryan W. GP IEEE TI Communications, navigation and surveillance for improved oceanic air traffic operations SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Air traffic management around the world is implemented using ground-based communications, navigation and surveillance systems. For obvious reasons, such systems are not available in oceanic airspace, nor are they available in remote land regions. In general, aircraft operating in these regions maintain safe separations by relying on procedural separation methods. Such methods require separations of 50 nautical miles (nm) or more to be maintained. As air traffic across the oceans increases, the procedural separations are leading to increased inefficiencies in oceanic and remote operations. These inefficiencies result from schedule delays, inability to fly preferred routes (for best wind advantages), and the inability to use the most efficient altitudes, leading to higher fuel bum rates. New methods of operating in oceanic and remote airspace are needed, and indeed they are being developed and implemented, but they depend on an improved communications, navigation and surveillance (CNS) systems, which of necessity must be primarily supplied by satellite-based systems. This paper summarizes current and future air traffic management operations, the CNS requirements for future operations and satellite-based systems which have the potential for fulfilling these requirements, and what is needed to bring such system to implementation. C1 NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Kerczewski, RJ (reprint author), NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1799 EP 1805 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001069 ER PT S AU Shamma, MA AF Shamma, Mohammed A. GP IEEE TI GSM/GPRS Erlang capacity analyses and simulations under air traffic loading conditions SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper looks at the General Packet Radio System (GPRS) technology as an alternative communications technology for the air traffic users within a managed air space. This technology can compliment, or back up the more conventional links such as VHF Digital Link Modes VDL 2,3,4. Theoretical maximum speeds of up to 171 kilobits per second (kbps) are achievable with GPRS. In addition, it is a widely accepted migration step toward Third Generation Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (3G UNITS) which will provide even more capabilities through the use of Wide band Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA). This study involved the computation of availability/blockage of voice and Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) data over GSM/GPRS. The Erlang B was used for the voice, while the Erlang C was used for the data services to compute the availability of each. Traffic loads are obtained for the airport, terminal, and enroute airspace domains. Several parameters that effect the availability results were studied including the outage definition time, range of service data, number of available TDMA logical channels, and buffer size. The results show very good availability for busiest airspace demand rates for year 2015. Overall, the voice communications will reduce the system availability the most, followed by the data applications. The most significant reduction of ideal maximum capacity is probably the limitation of the controller's human capability to handle a large group of aircraft within a sector. Nonetheless, automation advancements may improve that limitation in the future(12). C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Analex Corp, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Shamma, MA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Analex Corp, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1931 EP 1943 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001081 ER PT S AU Roberts, WT AF Roberts, W. Thomas GP IEEE TI Optical membrane technology for deep space optical communications filters SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID RECEIVER AB Large filters are being considered to allow large Earth-based optical communication receiver apertures to maintain communication with deep-space terminals as their orbits take them around the Sun. Optical membranes have been investigated as a promising substrate for such filters; their low weight offers great flexibility in mounting, while their similar to 10 micron thickness should be helpful in avoiding optical aberrations. Critical performance parameters of membrane filter samples are presented. Interferometry has shown generally good performance of the material for transmission applications, though aberrations near membrane seams are currently excessive. Scattering measurements at 1.064 microns show scatter of .05-.15 sr(-1), though variations of the plastic formulation show promise for reducing this to .01 sr(-1). Finally, in-situ application of filter samples have demonstrated that their insertion currently results in an increase to stellar point spread functions of similar to 3-4 arcseconds at the intended 1.064 micron transmission wavelength. Filter designs concentrating on metallic induced-transmission filters are presented for application as a solar rejection filter on membrane substrates. Accomplishing efficient rejection of solar radiation, and high throughput at the communication wavelength with relatively few layers, these filter designs appear ideal for application to large filters for earth-based optical communication receivers(12). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91208 USA. RP Roberts, WT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91208 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 1991 EP 2000 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559490 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379001087 ER PT S AU Feinberg, LD Hagopian, J Budinoff, J Dean, B Howard, J AF Feinberg, Lee D. Hagopian, John Budinoff, Jason Dean, Bruce Howard, Joe GP IEEE TI Spherical primary optical telescope (SPOT): A cost-effective space telescope architecture SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper summarizes efforts underway at the Goddard Space Flight Center to demonstrate a new type of space telescope architecture that builds on the rigid, segmented telescope heritage of the James Webb Space Telescope but that solves several key challenges for future space telescopes. The architecture is based on a cost-effective segmented spherical primary mirror combined with a unique wavefront sensing and control system that allows for continuous phasing of the primary mirror. The segmented spherical primary allows for cost-effective 3-meter class (e.g., Midex and Discovery) missions as well as enables 30-meter telescope solutions; that can be manufactured in a reasonable amount of time and for a reasonable amount of money. The continuous wavefront sensing and control architecture enables missions in low-earth-orbit and missions that do not require expensive stable structures and thermal control systems. For the 30-meter class applications, the paper discusses considerations for assembling and testing the telescopes in space. The paper also summarizes the scientific and technological roadmap for the architecture and also gives an overview of technology development, design studies, and testbed activities underway to demonstrate its feasibility.(12) C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Feinberg, LD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 443, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2310 EP 2315 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002006 ER PT S AU Sun, G Alvarez-Salazar, OS Azizi, A Fischer, J AF Sun, George Alvarez-Salazar, Oscar S. Azizi, Ali Fischer, Jens GP IEEE TI Dim-star tracking for stellar interferometry SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper proposes a new dim-star angle tracking architecture applicable to multi-baseline stellar interferometry missions like Space Interferometry Mission (SIM). The proposed architecture is being implemented on SIM's System Test Bed 3 (STB3) - a 3-baseline stellar interferometer test bed with similar instrument architecture to that of SIM. Preliminary implementation results, analysis and traceability to the flight system are discussed. The proposed dim-star tracking architecture consists of feeding angle tracking information from one of the guide interferometers' back-end cameras to the fast steering mirror on the science interferometer. The information would allow the science interferometer to track its own dim-star, while not having the needed photon-rates to use its own camera as a sensor. One of SIM's requirements for STB3 is to show 20 dB of rejection of induced motion at any frequency between .1 and 1 Hz. This level of performance has been reached and is discussed in the results at the end of this paper. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sun, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 171-113, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2316 EP 2325 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002007 ER PT S AU Peer, S AF Peer, Scott GP IEEE TI Fault protection for the Space Interferometry Mission SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) is a deep space mission with limited ground contact and challenging instrument fault protection requirements. Some faults that could occur on SIM have symptoms only visible in the scientific measurements, and many of the observations that SIM makes must be repeated to be useful. Because of this, SIM needs to be very reliable. We are addressing these challenges by combining several approaches. The use of redundancy in the instrument will be important in making the complex instrument with several dozen actuators reliable. Probabilistic Risk Assessment and reliability modeling are being performed to study the most cost effective areas for redundancy. Ground checks are important parts of the fault detection approach. Special approaches such as "flood mode" (providing large amounts of raw data) and diagnostic data dumps are also important.(1,2) C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Peer, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2326 EP 2332 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002008 ER PT S AU Serabyn, G AF Serabyn, Gene GP IEEE TI Optimization of interferometers for space-based planet detection SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID ARCHITECTURE; MISSION; NULLER AB One way of meeting the formidable challenge of directly detecting faint extra-solar planets near bright stars is space-based infrared nulling interferometry. However, with multiple, large, cryogenic telescopes involved, this approach is inherently complex and expensive, necessitating a careful identification of the critical measurement capabilities and the simplest system capable of providing them. On the other hand, in any novel measurement approach, a degree of versatility may be beneficial, to allow for on-orbit parameter optimization. In previous papers, the capabilities and characteristics of potential interferometric pupil plane configurations were compared, and the regime of three to four telescope apertures was found to provide an acceptable compromise, between functionality and simplicity. However, due to the large number of parameters, no single "optimum" case was identified. Here, the capabilities of three and four telescope nullers are explored, further, in order to elaborate the tradeoff between simplicity and functionality within this more restricted range. Of these choices, the four-telescope case provides both a better level of functionality, and more potential versatility. In fact, there seems little reason to consider interferometers more complex than four telescopes for first generation nulling interferometry missions. On the other hand, three-telescope nullers have more limited capabilities, but they can nevertheless provide a minimum set of functionalities, and so should receive serious consideration as "minimum" missions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Serabyn, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 171-113, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2333 EP 2342 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002009 ER PT S AU Martin, S AF Martin, Stefan GP IEEE TI TPF Planet Detection Testbed: demonstrating deep, stable nulling and planet detection. SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The design of a testbed being built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is described. Simulating a dual chopped Bracewell interferometer, the testbed comprises a four beam star and planet source and nulling beam combiner. Since achieving a stable null is of great concern the testbed has many control systems designed to achieve stability of alignments and optical path differences over long periods of time. Comparisons between the testbed and the flight system are drawn and key performance parameters are discussed. The interaction between designs for phaseplate systems that achromatically invert the electric field of one of each pair of the incoming beams to achieve the null and the choice of fringe tracking schemes is also discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Martin, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 306-388, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2343 EP 2352 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002010 ER PT S AU Liu, D Levine, BM Shao, M Aguayo, F AF Liu, Duncan Levine, B. Martin Shao, Michael Aguayo, Franciso GP IEEE TI Single mode fiber array for planet detection using a visible nulling interferometer SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB We 12 report the design, fabrication, and testing of a coherent large mode field diameter fiber array to be used as a spatial filter in a planet finding visible nulling interferometer. The array is a key component of a space instrument for visible-light detection and spectroscopy of Earth like extrasolar planets. In this concept, a nulling interferometer is synthesized from a pupil image of a single aperture which is then spatially filtered by a coherent array of single mode fibers to suppress the residual scattered star light. The use of the fiber array preserves spatial information between the star and planet. The fiber array uses a custom commercial large mode field or low NA step-index single mode fiber to relax alignment tolerances. A matching custom micro lens array is used to couple light into the fibers, and to recollimate the light out of the fiber array. The use of large mode field diameter fiber makes the fabrication of a large spatial filter array with 300 to 1000 elements feasible. In this paper, we present the fabrication of a fiber array made with a custom small NA (similar to 0.04) conventional single mode fiber to alleviate the problem associated with regular 0.1NA fiber array and 0.04NA PCF array. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Liu, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2353 EP 2360 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002011 ER PT S AU Regehr, MW Milman, M AF Regehr, Martin W. Milman, Mark GP IEEE TI Analysis and numerical modeling of error sources in SIM star light phase detection SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID INTERFEROMETRY AB The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), scheduled to launch in 2010, will perform precision astrometry by interfering starlight beams collected by two 35 cm, "collector" mirrors separated by 10m. Part of each astrometric measurement will involve accurately measuring the relative phase of the two beams at the beam combiner. This measurement will be performed by modulating the optical path of one of the beams periodically through a range of roughly one optical wavelength, while simultaneously detecting the intensity of the interference fringes using spectrometers at the two outputs of the combiner. During this process, the lengths of the optical paths traveled by both starlight beams within the interferometer will be monitored by a laser interferometer. A number of sources of error are of concern when designing this phase-detection system. Shot and read noise in the spectrometers' (CCD) detectors introduce errors into the phase measurement; the magnitude of these errors depends on the rate at which the CCD is read and the design resolution of the spectrometer. Vibrations in the structure of the spacecraft, produced by reaction wheels, the motion of the high gain antenna, propellant slosh, or other mechanisms, will introduce errors in the phase measurement, errors which, however, can to some extent be suppressed using measurements from the laser interferometer. Simple algorithms developed for estimating the phase of monochromatic interference fringes are computationally efficient and relatively straightforward to analyze, but have limited accuracy when used to estimate the phase of interference fringes generated by broadband starlight. This paper describes numerical simulations and other methods of analysis used to quantify the phase measurement errors introduced by a range of mechanisms, to make design decisions, to generate subsystem requirements, and to rank sources of noise or disturbances. We have developed a general simulation package which allows us to analyze the interference fringe detection and phase measurement processes, simulating shot and read noise either via a Monte-Carlo approach or by a method in which the corresponding variances are propagated. We are able to simulate arbitrary stellar spectra, and to calculate the effect of arbitrary vibrations. A method of suppressing vibration-induced errors has been tested using data from the Micro-Arcsecond Metrology (MAM) testbed at JPL. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Regehr, MW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 171-113, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2361 EP 2368 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002012 ER PT S AU Shapiro, AA Haque, I AF Shapiro, Andrew A. Haque, Inam GP IEEE TI An improved thermal conductivity polyurethane composite for a space borne 20KV power supply SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This effort(1,2) was designed to find a way to reduce the temperature rise of critical components of a 20KV High Voltage Power Supply (HVPS) by improving the thermal conductivity between the component heat sources and a heatsink external to the encapsulated modules. Three strategies were evaluated by developing complete procedures, preparing samples, and performing tests. The three strategies were: 1. Improve the thermal conductivity of the polyurethane encapsulant through the addition of thermally conductive powder while minimizing impact on other characteristics of the encapsulant. 2. Improve the thermal conductivity of the polyurethane encapsulated assembly by the addition of a slab of thermally conductive, electrically insulating material, which is to act as a heat spreader. 3. Employ a more thermally conductive substrate (Al2O3) with the existing encapsulation scheme. The materials were chosen based on the following criteria: high dielectric breakdown strength; high thermal conductivity, ease of manufacturing, high compliance, and other standard space qualified materials properties (low out-gassing, etc.). An optimized cure was determined by a statistical design of experiments for both filled and unfilled materials. The materials were characterized for the desired properties and a complete process was developed and tested. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shapiro, AA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2546 EP 2556 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002035 ER PT S AU Barltrop, KJ Kan, EP AF Barltrop, Kevin J. Kan, Edwin P. GP IEEE TI How much fault protection is enough - A deep impact perspective SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB For the Deep Impact Project, a myriad of Fault Protection (FP) Monitors, Symptoms, Alarms and Responses is engineered into the spacecraft FP software, common and yet custom to the Flyby and Impactor mother-daughter spacecraft. Device faults and functional faults are monitored, which are mapped l-to-n into FP Symptoms, per instance of the fault. Symptoms are then mapped n-to-l to FP Alarms, farther down mapped n-to-l to FP Responses. Though the final statistics of 49 Monitors, 921 Symptoms, 667 Alarms, and 39 Responses appear to be staggering, it remains debatable whether the amount of on-board autonomous Fault Protection is sufficient and friendly to operate. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Barltrop, KJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2581 EP 2594 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002039 ER PT S AU Stoica, A Wang, X Keymeulen, D Zebulum, RS Ferguson, MI Guo, X AF Stoica, Adrian Wang, Xiao Keymeulen, Didier Zebulum, Ricardo S. Ferguson, M. I. Guo, Xin GP IEEE TI Characterization and recovery of deep sub micron (DSM) technologies behavior under radiation SO 2005 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper serves as a twofold purpose: characterize the behavior of a reconfigurable chip exposed to radiation; and demonstrate a method for functionality recovery due to Total Ionizing Dose (TID) effects. The experiments are performed using a JPL-developed reconfigurable device, a Field Programmable Transistor Array (FPTA). The paper initially describes experiments on the characterization of the NMOS transistor behavior for TID values up to 300krad. The behavior of analog and digital circuits downloaded onto the FPTA chip is also assessed for TID effects. This paper also presents a novel approach for circuit functionality recovery due to radiation effects based on Evolvable Hardware. The key idea is to reconfigure a programmable device, in-situ, to compensate, or bypass its degraded or damaged components. Experiments with total radiation dose up to 300kRad show that while the functionality of a variety of circuits is degraded/lost at levels before 200kRad, the correct functionality can be recovered through the proposed evolutionary approach, and the chips are able to survive higher radiation, for several functions in excess of total radiation dose of 250kRad. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stoica, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM adrian.stoica@jpl.nasa.gov; didier.keymeulen@jpl.nasa.gov; ricardo.zebulum@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2616 EP 2624 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002042 ER PT S AU Ferguson, MI Keymeulen, D Peay, C Yee, K Li, DL AF Ferguson, Michael I. Keymeulen, Didier Peay, Chris Yee, Karl li, Daang Leon Li GP IEEE TI Effect of temperature on MEMS vibratory rate gyroscope SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB We report the temperature dependence of the JPL/Boeing MEMS second generation Post Resonator Gyroscopes and determine the effect of hysteresis over the range 35 degrees C to 65 degrees C. The results indicate a strong linear dependence of the drive frequency and sense frequency with temperature of 0.093Hz/degrees C and AGC bias voltage with temperature of 13mV/degrees C. The results also indicate a significant time lag of the gyroscope of these quantities when responding to external temperature variations but determined no hysteresis exists in the drive frequency, sense frequency, and AGC bias. Both the time-frequency and time-bias voltage relationships are of the form y = A+B*exp(-t/T) where A is an offset parameter in Hertz and Volts respectively and B depends on the magnitude of the temperature variation. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Ferguson, MI (reprint author), MS 303-300,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2625 EP 2630 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002043 ER PT S AU Keymeulen, D Fink, W Ferguson, MI Peay, C Oks, B Terrile, R Yee, K AF Keymeulen, Didier Fink, Wolfgang Ferguson, Michael I. Peay, Chris Oks, Boris Terrile, Richard Yee, Karl GP IEEE TI Tuning of MEMS devices using evolutionary computation and open-loop frequency response. SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID GYROSCOPES AB We propose a tuning method for MEMS gyroscopes based on evolutionary computation that has the capacity to efficiently increase the sensitivity of MEMS gyroscopes through timing and, furthermore, to find the optimally tuned configuration for this state of increased sensitivity. The tuning method was tested for the second generation JPL/Boeing Post-resonator MEMS gyroscope using the measurement of the frequency response of the MEMS device in open-loop operation. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Keymeulen, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2631 EP 2638 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002044 ER PT S AU Ferguson, MI Keymeulen, D Hayworth, K Blaes, B Peay, C Yee, K MacDonald, E Foor, D AF Ferguson, Michael I. Keymeulen, Didier Hayworth, Ken Blaes, Brent Peay, Chris Yee, Karl MacDonald, Eric Foor, David GP IEEE TI A hardware platform for tuning of MEMS devices using closed-loop frequency response SO 2005 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID ADAPTIVE-CONTROL; GYROSCOPES AB We report on the development of a hardware platform for integrated tuning and closed-loop operation of MEMS gyroscopes. The platform was developed and tested for the second generation JPL/Boeing Post-Resonator MEMS gyroscope. The control of this device is implemented through a digital design on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). A software interface allows the user to configure, calibrate, and tune the bias voltages on the microgyro. The interface easily transitions to an embedded solution that allows for the miniaturization of the system to a single chip. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Ferguson, MI (reprint author), MS 303-300,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Michael.I.Ferguson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2639 EP 2645 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002045 ER PT S AU Shields, JF AF Shields, Joel F. GP IEEE TI The formation control testbed celestial sensor: Overview, modelling, and calibrated performance SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Formation Control Testbed (FCT) is a ground based multiple robot testbed for simulating the dynamic interaction of spacecraft formations in a representative 6-DOF environment. Linear and spherical air bearings are used to mimic the drag free space environment. Each robot is fully autonomous with a self contained supply of float gas, integrated battery power, and a complete suite of onboard avionics including IMU (3-axis gyro), wireless interspacecraft and ground communication links, cold-gas thrusters, and reaction wheels. For attitude determination each robot uses an analog camera to image IR beacons fixed to the walls and ceiling of the test facility. These navigation beacons act as an artificial star field. Due to the close proximity of these beacons, the camera direction measurements are coupled to both translation and attitude maneuvers of the robot. This allows unique determination of each quantity, provided enough beacons are in the camera FOV. We have come to refer to this sensing scheme as the "Celestial Sensor". In this paper, each subsystem of the Celestial Sensor is discussed with emphasis given to the filtering algorithms. The celestial sensor software processes sequential frame based bearing measurements on a peripheral CPU specifically designed for this application. A frame preprocessor is used to normalize each bearing measurement and apply a number of accept/reject rules. The accepted set of measurements is then passed to an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) that is tuned to track the motion of the robot within the room. A detailed sensor model is described in this paper that is used to predict the performance of the integrated system. Frame based simulations using this sensor model are presented that predict 1-sigma errors on the order of 3.0 arc minutes in attitude (per axis) and 4.0 millimeters in position (per cartesian coordinate). Preliminary results from the production system are given that demonstrate similar resolution statistics and decoupling of the attitude and position estimates. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Guidance & Control Anal Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shields, JF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Guidance & Control Anal Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2732 EP 2740 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002055 ER PT S AU Tralli, DM Foxall, W Rodgers, A Stappaerts, E Schultz, C AF Tralli, David M. Foxall, William Rodgers, Arthur Stappaerts, Eddy Schultz, Craig GP IEEE TI Suborbital and spaceborne monitoring of seismic surface waves SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The development of a suborbital or spaceborne system to monitor seismic surface waves poses an intriguing prospect for advancing the state of seismology. This capability would enable an unprecedented global mapping of the velocity structure of the Earth's crust, event source location and characterization, and greatly improved understanding of earthquake rupture dynamics and wave propagation effects. Seismic wave measurement requirements include lower bounds on delectability of earthquakes and wave amplitude accuracy for different levels of analysis, such as source characterization and crustal tomography, with 10-100 mu m wave amplitude resolution for waves nominally traveling 5 km/s, an upper frequency bound based on earthquake surface displacement spectra, and minimum horizontal resolution (1-5 km) and areal coverage. The technological challenges to developing any such system are at this stage enormous. However, preliminary architectural concepts suggest feasibility in a far-term horizon while fostering collaboration on meeting scientific and operational challenges. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Natl Space Technol Applicat Off, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tralli, DM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Natl Space Technol Applicat Off, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Rodgers, Arthur/E-2443-2011 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2741 EP 2746 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002056 ER PT S AU Lee, C Alena, RL Robinson, P AF Lee, Charles Alena, Richard L. Robinson, Peter GP IEEE TI Migrating fault trees to decision trees for real time fault detection on International Space Station SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Fault Tree(12) Analysis shows the possible causes of a system malfunction by enumerating the suspect components and. their respective failure modes that may have induced the problem. Complex systems often use fault trees to analyze the faults. Fault diagnosis, when error occurs, is performed by engineers and analysts performing extensive examination of all data gathered during the mission. International Space Station (ISS) control center operates on the data feedback from the system and decisions are made based on threshold values by using fault trees. Since those decision-making tasks are safety critical and must be done promptly, the engineers who manually analyze the data are facing time challenge. To automate this process, this paper present an approach that uses decision trees to capture the contents of fault trees and detect faults by running the telemetry data through the decision trees in real time. Decision trees (also called classification trees) are the binary trees built from data samples and can classify the objects into different classes. In our case, the decision trees can classify different fault events or normal events. Given a set of data samples, decision trees can be built and trained, and then by running the new data through the trees, classification and prediction can be made. In this way, diagnostic knowledge for fault detection and isolation can be represented as diagnostic rules; we call this tree the diagnostic decision tree(DDT). By showing the fault path in decision trees, we also can point out the root cause when a fault occurs. Since all the procedures and algorithms are available to build decision trees, the trees built are cost effective and time effective. Because the diagnostic decision trees are based on available data and previous knowledge of subsystem logic, the DDT can also be trained to predict faults and detect unknown faults. Based on this, the needs for on-board real time diagnostics can readily be met. Diagnostic Decision Trees are built based on the fault trees as static trees that serve as the fundamental diagnostic trees, and the dynamic DDTs are built over time from vehicle telemetry data. The dynamic DDT will add the functionalities of prediction, and will be able to detect unknown faults. Crew or maintenance engineers can use the decision tree system without having previous knowledge or experience about the diagnosed system. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to propose a solution to build diagnostics decision trees from fault trees, which convert the reliability analysis models to diagnostic models. We show through mapping and ISS examples that the approach is feasible and effective. We also present future work and development. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SAIC, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Lee, C (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SAIC, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2831 EP 2836 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002066 ER PT S AU Ippolito, C Pisanich, G Young, LA AF Ippolito, Corey Pisanich, Greg Young, Larry A. GP IEEE TI Cognitive emotion layer architecture for intelligent UAV planning, behavior and control SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID SCIENCE AB Remote planetary exploration by autonomous vehicles in uncertain environments requires dynamic and highly adaptive decision making, behavior, and control mechanisms to maximize the chances of successful mission completion. We present in this paper an adaptive architecture for cognition, behavior and control of an autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) Mars explorer called the Cognitive Emotion Layer (CEL) architecture that uses dynamical emotional response mechanisms to model explorer's response to continuous stimuli and provides adaptive decision making and control capabilities for the exploration platform. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Div Comp Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ippolito, C (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Div Comp Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 2964 EP 2979 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002080 ER PT S AU Brat, G Venet, A AF Brat, G. Venet, A. GP IEEE TI Precise and scalable static program analysis of NASA flight software SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Recent(1,2) NASA mission failures (e.g., Mars Polar Lander and Mars Orbiter) illustrate the importance of having an efficient verification and validation process for such systems. One software error, as simple as it may be, can cause the loss of an expensive mission, or lead to budget overruns and crunched schedules. Unfortunately, traditional verification methods cannot guarantee the absence of errors in software systems. Therefore, we have developed the CGS static program analysis tool, which can exhaustively analyze large C programs. CGS analyzes the source code and identifies statements in which arrays are accessed out of bounds, or, pointers are used outside the memory region they should address. This paper gives a high-level description of CGS and its theoretical foundations. It also reports on the use of CGS on real NASA software systems used in Mars missions (from Mars PathFinder to Mars Exploration Rover) and on the International Space Station. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94305 USA. RP Brat, G (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 269-2, Moffett Field, CA 94305 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 3028 EP 3037 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002086 ER PT S AU Denney, E Fischer, B Schumann, J Richardson, J AF Denney, Ewen Fischer, Bernd Schumann, Johann Richardson, Julian GP IEEE TI Automatic certification of Kalman filters for reliable code generation SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB AUTOFILTER is a tool for automatically deriving Kalman filter code from high-level declarative specifications of state estimation problems. It can generate code with a range of algorithmic characteristics and for several target platforms. The tool has been designed with reliability of the generated code in mind and is able to automatically certify that the code it generates is free from various error classes. Since documentation is an important part of software assurance, AUTOFILTER can also automatically generate various human-readable documents, containing both design and safety related information. We discuss how these features address software assurance standards such as DO-178B. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Denney, E (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 3038 EP 3047 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002087 ER PT S AU Schumann, J Gupta, P Jacklin, S AF Schumann, Johann Gupta, Pramod Jacklin, Stephen GP IEEE TI Toward verification and validation of adaptive aircraft controllers SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Traditional fixed-gain control has proven to be unsuccessful to deal with complex, strongly nonlinear, uncertain, and changing systems such as a damaged aircraft. Control systems with components that can adapt toward changes in the plant, e.g., using a neural network, have been actively investigated as they offer many advantages (e.g., better performance, controllability of aircraft despite of a damaged wing). However, neuro-adaptive controllers have not been used in safety-critical applications, because performance and safety guarantees cannot be provided at development time-a major prerequisite for safety certification (e.g., by the FAA or NASA). In this paper, we will describe our approach toward V&V of neuro-adaptive controllers. We have developed tools which dynamically estimate the neural network performance and safety envelope, using a Bayesian approach. We will discuss our V&V approach, the tool architecture and simulation experiments within NASA's IFCS (Intelligent Flight Control System) project. C1 NASA, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Schumann, J (reprint author), NASA, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 3048 EP 3053 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002088 ER PT S AU Smith, MH Cucullu, GC Holzmann, GJ Smith, BD AF Smith, Margaret H. Cucullu, Gordon C., III Holzmann, Gerard J. Smith, Benjamin D. GP IEEE TI Model checking autonomous planners: Even the best laid plans must be verified SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Automated planning systems (APS) are gaining acceptance for use on NASA missions as evidenced by APS flown on missions-such as Earth Orbiter 1 and Deep Space 1, both of which were commanded by onboard planning systems. The planning system takes high level goals and expands them onboard into a detailed plan of action that the spacecraft executes. The system must be verified to ensure that the automatically generated plans achieve the goals as expected and do not generate actions that would harm the spacecraft or mission. These systems are typically tested using empirical methods. Formal methods, such as model checking, offer exhaustive or measurable test coverage which leads to much greater confidence in correctness.(1 2) This paper describes a formal method based on the SPIN model checker. This method guarantees that possible plans meet certain desirable properties. We express the input model in Promela, the language of SPIN [1] [2] and express the properties of desirable plans formally. The Promela model is then checked by SPIN to see if it contains violations of the properties, which are reported as errors. We have applied this approach to an APS and found a defect. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Smith, MH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 198-326, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 3054 EP 3064 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002089 ER PT S AU Richardson, J Schumann, J Fischer, B Denney, E AF Richardson, Julian Schumann, Johann Fischer, Bemd Denney, Ewen GP IEEE TI Rapid exploration of the design space during automatic generation of Kalman filter code SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB State estimation is a core capability for autonomous systems such as satellites and planetary rovers. Kalman filters provide a computationally efficient way to determine the values of state variables (e.g. position, velocity) from noisy measurements. The Automated Software Engineering group at NASA Ames Research Center has previously developed a number of systems for generating program code in NASA-relevant domains, including AMPHION/NAIF [12] for generating code for mission planning and AUToBAYES [6] for generating data analysis code. In this paper, we outline a program generation system, AUTOFILTER [13], which has been developed at NASA Ames Research Center. AUTOFILTER synthesizes (i.e. generates) Kalman filter code. It takes as input a textual specification - a description of the mathematical model underlying the Kalman filter - and automatically generates code suitable for compilation using MATLAB libraries (for prototyping and testing the filter) or standalone C code (for deploying the filter). We describe how AUTOFILTER assists the iterative development of Kalman filters in various ways: permitting changes in the mathematical model underlying the filter to be rapidly realized as code and tested, different Kalman filters to be synthesized from the same model, code automatically assessed for computational performance, and approximating assumptions applied to the code in order to improve efficiency. AUTOFILTER provides assistance for ensuring that the generated code is correct by generating program documentation and correctness certificates in addition to the code itself. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Richardson, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 3308 EP 3315 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002113 ER PT S AU Carvalho, R Berrios, D Wolfe, S Williams, J AF Carvalho, Robert Berrios, Dan Wolfe, Shawn Williams, James GP IEEE TI Ontology development and evolution in the accident investigation domain SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB InvestigationOrganizer (IO) is a collaborative semantic web application designed to support mishap investigations, and has been used for accidents ranging from those involving only minor property damage to the loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia. The development and use of 10 in support of these investigations has provided significant lessons about the use of semantic web technologies in real-world systems. 10 is a data and knowledge repository for a wide range of mishap related information in which investigators meaningfully structure information and link together evidence, causal models, and investigation results. The types of knowledge that investigators can include in the repository are defined by its investigation ontology, a component of the system that expresses investigation concepts using a logical formalism. 10 developers can dynamically alter this ontology without having to recompile the application. This paper describes the development of the investigation ontology for 10, focusing on its growth in response to user needs during the investigations, as well as efforts to control that growth. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Carvalho, R (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 269-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 3336 EP 3343 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002116 ER PT S AU Peer, S Grasso, CA AF Peer, Scott Grasso, Christopher A. GP IEEE TI Spitzer space telescope use of the virtual machine language SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Spitzer Space Telescope makes the most extensive use of the Virtual Machine Language (VML) sequencing language of any mission launched to date. The use of VML has presented minor ground integration challenges to the mission and provides many benefits. While other missions such as Cassini use sequencing languages that can provide similar capabilities, VML's syntax, tools, and approach provide greater functionality in practice. Benefits of the sequencing approach taken include reduction in uplink volume, increased science efficiency, simplified operations, and increased mission safety. VML provides more commonality between missions than previous sequencing approaches, in an environment more like high level programming. It would be difficult to determine the life-cycle cost impact of using VML on Spitzer, but Spitzer's investment in the technology should enable future missions to achieve cost savings while simultaneously increasing autonomation and safety. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Stellar Solut, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Peer, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Stellar Solut, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 3368 EP 3377 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379002120 ER PT S AU Tumer, K Agogino, A AF Tumer, Kagan Agogino, Adrian GP IEEE TI Complexity signatures for system health monitoring SO 2005 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The ability to assess risk in complex systems is one of the fundamental challenges facing the aerospace industry in general, and NASA in particular. First, such an ability allows for quanti able trade-offs during the design stage of a mission. Second, it allows the monitoring of the health of the system while in operation. Because many of the difficulties in complex systems arise from the interactions among the subsystems, system health monitoring cannot solely focus on the health of those subsystems. Instead system level signatures that encapsulate the complex system interactions are needed. In this work, we present the Entropy-Scale (ES) and Entropy-Resolution (ER) system-level signatures, that are both computationally tractable and encapsulate many of the salient characteristics of a system. These signatures are based on the change of entropy as a system is observed across different resolutions and scales. We demonstrate the use of the ES and ER signatures on artifcial data streams and simple dynamical systems and show that they allow the unambiguous clustering of many types of systems, and therefore are good indicators of system health. We then show how these signatures can be applied to graphical data as well as data strings by using a simple "graphwalking" method. This methods extracts a data stream from a graphical system representation (e.g., fault tree, software call graph) that conserves the properties of the graph. Finally we apply these signatures to analysis of software packages, and show that they provide significantly better correlation with risk markers than many standard metrics. These results indicate that proper system level signatures, coupled with detailed component-level analysis will enable the automatic detection of potentially hazardous subsystem interactions in complex systems before they lead to system deterioration or failures. C1 NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Tumer, K (reprint author), NASA Ames Res Ctr, Mailstop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ktumer@mail.arc.nasa.gov; adrian@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 3803 EP 3813 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003043 ER PT S AU Srivastava, AN Zane-Ulman, B AF Srivastava, Ashok N. Zane-Ulman, Brett GP IEEE TI Discovering recurring anomalies in text reports regarding complex space systems SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Many existing complex space systems have a significant amount of historical maintenance and problem data bases that are stored in unstructured text forms. The problem that we address in this paper is the discovery of recurring anomalies and relationships between problem reports that may indicate larger systemic problems. We will illustrate our techniques on data from discrepancy reports regarding software anomalies in the Space Shuttle. These free text reports are written by a number of different people, thus the emphasis and wording vary considerably. We test four automatic methods of anomaly detection in text that are popular in the current literature on text mining. The first method that we describe is k-means or Gaussian mixture model and its application to the term-document matrix. The second method is the Sammon nonlinear map, which projects high dimensional document vectors into two dimensions for visualization and clustering purposes. The third method is based on an analysis of the results of applying a new clustering method, Expectation Maximization on a mixture of von Mises Fisher distributions, that represents each document as a point on a high dimensional sphere. In this space, we perform clustering to obtain sets of similar documents. The results are derived from a new method known as spectral clustering, where vectors from the term-document matrix are embedded in a high dimensional space for clustering. The paper concludes with recommendations regarding the development of an operational text mining system for analysis of problem reports that arise from complex space systems. We also contrast such systems with general purpose text mining systems, illustrating the areas in which this system needs to be specified for the space domain. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Srivastava, AN (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 3853 EP 3862 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003048 ER PT S AU Fijany, A Vatan, F AF Fijany, Amir Vatan, Farrokh GP IEEE TI New high performance algorithmic solution for diagnosis problem SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB We(12) propose a novel algorithmic approach and present a new algorithm for solving the diagnosis problem. We report the results of the performance tests of the new algorithm and compare them with the traditional and standard algorithms. These results show the strong performance of our new algorithm with more than ten times improvement over the traditional approach. The most widely used approach to model-based diagnosis consists of a two-step process: (1) generating conflict sets from symptoms; (2) calculating minimal diagnosis set from the conflicts. Here a conflict set is a set of assumption on the modes of some components that is not consistent with the model of the system and observations, and a minimal diagnosis is a set of the consistent assumptions of the modes of all components with minimal number of abnormal components. However, there are major drawbacks in the current model-based diagnosis techniques in efficiently performing the above two steps that severely limit their practical application to many systems of interest. For conflict generating problem, these techniques are usually based on different versions of Truth Maintenance method, which lead to an exhaustive search in the space of possible modes of the components. For finding minimal diagnosis from the conflicts, the most common is based on Reiter's algorithm, which requires both exponential time and exponential space (memory) for implementation. In this paper we address the problem of generating the minimal diagnosis from the conflicts. This problem can be formulated as the well-known Hitting Set Problem. Our approach starts by mapping the Hitting Set problem onto the Integer Programming Problem that enables us, for the first time, a priori determination of the lower and upper bounds on the size of the solution. Based on these bounds, we introduce a new concept of solution window for the problem. We also propose a new branch-and-bound technique that not only is faster than the current techniques in terms of number of operations (by exploiting the structure of the problem) but also, using the concept of window, allows a massive reduction (pruning) in the number of branches. Furthermore, as the branch-and-bound proceeds, the solution window is dynamically updated and narrowed to enable further pruning. We present the results of the performance of the new algorithm on a set of test cases. These results clearly show the advantage of our new algorithm over the traditional branch-and-bound algorithm; more specifically the new algorithm has achieved several orders of magnitude speedup over the standard algorithm. For example, for the systems with 40 components, the new algorithm, in average, solves the problem more than 300 times faster than the traditional algorithm. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Fijany, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 3863 EP 3873 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003049 ER PT S AU Temple, G Jize, N Wysocki, P AF Temple, Gerald Jize, Nicholas Wysocki, Philip GP IEEE TI Testability modeling and analysis of a rocket engine test stand SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper describes a testability analysis methodology that improves efficiency in maintainability and availability of a system, provides improvements in the overall capabilities of this system, and has historical verifiable data to compare the testability analysis metrics to the observed discrepancy reports. Here is a methodology that illustrates the use of a testability analysis tool to aid in the design and development of a health management system. Included is a brief discussion of how the model's testability output metrics can be used in conjunction with other types of model outputs for optimization purposes. Some top-level figures of merit are targeted here to verify that the testability analysis data is adequate and valid. It is shown here that this technology can improve maintenance efficiency, and aid in automating an integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) system, while reducing the need for human interaction for decision making, data acquisition and testing. The technology identifies critical components in the system, and prescribes a fast and accurate failure detection and isolation method that diagnoses faults to the lowest level of ambiguity. The Safety, reliability and testability metrics identified here are used to reduce the test stand operator's stress levels by increasing the confidence in the operational state of the system, especially those related to critical components, before and during tests. Consequently, confidence in the test stand output data from the test article is realized. It is proven here that this technology also adds confidence in sustainability improvement of the test stand, which is above and beyond meeting just performance specifications. False alarms and false replacement concerns are also addressed here. The importance of using today's testability analysis tools for assessing and optimizing integrated vehicle health management systems is emphasized in this paper. With this technology we were able to model a rocket engine test stand and utilize the existing test stand sensors as a baseline for the testability analysis. We used the observed discrepancy maintenance reports provided by the test stand engineers to assign failure modes to the components.(12). C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Temple, G (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 213-15, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 3874 EP 3895 PG 22 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003050 ER PT S AU Kahle, W Miller, J AF Kahle, William Miller, Jim GP IEEE TI The practical value of health management in space exploration systems SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB There(1,2) is a body of evidence, and a group of advocates, supporting the need for integrated system health management for space exploration systems. The advocates include operators responsible for complex and inherently risky decisions, and the technologists working in the domain of health management and looking for application for their products. Others in the decision loops take the view that health management is too expensive, or represents a technology paradigm shift that is not warranted. Within NASA, there have been two groups of technical experts studying this situation. Collectively, they have generated data supporting the view that health management systems have a positive impact on system safety, mission assurance and life cycle cost control. One of these groups is led by Bill Kahle and other NASA project managers, who have managed and/or proposed "technology risk reduction" demonstrations to increase the traditional technology readiness level (TRL) of health management processes and technologies. The experiments and demonstrations produce data needed for more ambitious health management technology applications. Well funded and successful within the constraints of the approved programs and projects, these demonstrations nevertheless have had limited success persuading decision makers, managers and designers of new and proposed programs to incorporate system-level health management technologies. The other group is led by Jim Miller and supported the NASA space architect's CRAI (Capabilities, Requirements, Analyses, and Integration) efforts by developing a capabilities breakdown structure (CBS) for the domain of IAHM&C (Integrated Avionics, Health Management, and Controls). The CBS identifies the critical capabilities, provides definitions and metrics by which the effectiveness of these capabilities may be measured, and assessed the state of the art of these capabilities against a set of hypothetical scenarios (architectures) put forth for implementing the new exploration initiative. In the aggregate, the two groups define a comprehensive view that is required to accommodate and support the annual funding profile that program managers deal with continually, and which typically tends to obscure health management progress. Notwithstanding fiscal variability, funding health management piecemeal can still result in specific, quantifiable, and practical value to the overall health management goals. This paper provides insight into the thought processes and conclusions of these teams and reflects the thoroughness and specificity of the recommended investment areas and investment strategies. The authors propose that NASA need not make the total investment in these technologies since there is a considerable need and commensurate investment in the defense and private industry. The paper does not recommend a specific set of technologies for specific exploration application scenarios since these scenarios have not yet been fully developed. The paper does, however, reflect the view that integrated system health management is not a nebulous set of discretionary technologies that could probably be applied; but that these technologies do, in fact, represent valuable elements in the domain of system engineering that will lead to improved safety and the increased likelihood of mission success. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kahle, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 3903 EP 3909 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003052 ER PT S AU Yeh, PS Armbruster, P Kiely, A Masschelein, B Moury, G Schaefer, C Thiebaut, C AF Yeh, Pen-Shu Armbruster, Philippe Kiely, Aaron Masschelein, Bart Moury, Gilles Schaefer, Christoph Thiebaut, Carole GP IEEE TI The new CCSDS image compression recommendation SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) data compression working group has recently adopted a recommendation for image data compression, with a final release expected in 2005. The algorithm adopted in the recommendation consists of a two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform of the image, followed by progressive bit-plane coding of the transformed data. The algorithm can provide both lossless and lossy compression, and allows a user to directly control the compressed data volume or the fidelity with which the wavelet-transformed data can be reconstructed. The algorithm is suitable for both frame-based image data and scan-based sensor data, and has applications for near-Earth and deep-space missions. The standard will be accompanied by free software sources on a future web site. An Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) implementation of the compressor is currently under development. This paper describes the compression algorithm along with the requirements that drove the selection of the algorithm. Performance results and comparisons with other compressors are given for a test set of space images. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yeh, PS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 567, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4138 EP 4145 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003075 ER PT S AU Wick, JV Callas, JL Norris, JS Powell, MW Vona, MA AF Wick, Justin V. Callas, John L. Norris, Jeffrey S. Powell, Mark W. Vona, Marsette A., III GP IEEE TI Distributed operations for the Mars Exploration Rover Mission with the science activity planner SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The unprecedented endurance of both the Spirit and Opportunity rovers during the Mars Exploration Rover Mission (MER) brought with it many unexpected challenges. Scientists, many of whom had planned on staying at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, CA for 90 days, were eager to return to their families and home institutions. This created a need for the rapid conversion of a mission-planning tool, the Science Activity Planner (SAP), from a centralized application usable only within JPL, to a distributed system capable of allowing scientists to continue collaborating from locations around the world. Rather than changing SAP itself, the rapid conversion was facilitated by a collection of software utilities that emulated the internal JPL software environment and provided efficient, automated information propagation. During this process many lessons were learned about scientific collaboration in a concurrent environment, use of existing server-client software in rapid systems development, and the effect of system latency on end-user usage patterns. Switching to a distributed mode of operations also saved a considerable amount of money, and increased the number of specialists able to actively contribute to mission research. Long-term planetary exploration missions of the future will build upon the distributed operations model used by MER. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wick, JV (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4162 EP 4173 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003077 ER PT S AU Bass, DS Wales, RC Shalin, VL AF Bass, Deborah S. Wales, Roxana C. Shalin, Valerie L. GP IEEE TI Choosing Mars time: Analysis of the Mars Exploration Rover experience SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper focuses on the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission's management decision to work on Mars Time and the implications of that decision on the tactical surface operations process as personnel planned activities and created a new command load for work on each Martian sol. The paper also looks at tools that supported the complexities of Mars Time operations, and makes some comparisons between Earth and Mars Time scheduling. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bass, DS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Mail Stop T1718,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4174 EP 4185 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003078 ER PT S AU Reeves, G Neilson, T AF Reeves, Glenn Neilson, Tracy GP IEEE TI The Mars Rover Spirit FLASH anomaly SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Mars Exploration Rover "Spirit" suffered a debilitating anomaly that prevented communication with Earth for several anxious days. With the eyes of the world upon us, the anomaly team used each scrap of information, our knowledge of the system, and sheer determination to analyze and fix the problem, then return the vehicle to normal operation. This paper will discuss the Spirit FLASH anomaly, including the drama of the investigation, the root cause and the lessons learned from the experience. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Reeves, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4186 EP 4199 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003079 ER PT S AU Girerd, AR AF Girerd, Andre R. GP IEEE TI A rapid, flexible approach to tradespace definition and exploration SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID DESIGN AB This paper provides an overview of the Mission Tradespace Tool (MTT), a methodology and software framework developed to improve JPL's early design process by offering a rapid, structured, and inexpensive way to identify feasible space mission design architectures from a wide array of candidate architectures. There has been a growing consensus at JPL that to improve the quality of service offered to design customers it is desirable to explore a wide tradespace of candidate architectures prior to forming a conceptual design baseline. This paper describes the rationale behind the MTT's approach to meet this need. Notable features of the framework are introduced and explained. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Girerd, AR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4212 EP 4219 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003081 ER PT S AU Malin, JT Throop, DR Fleming, L Flores, L AF Malin, Jane T. Throop, David R. Fleming, Land Flores, Luis GP IEEE TI Transforming functional requirements and risk information into models for analysis and simulation SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB (1,2)A method is presented for transforming functional requirements into system-of-subsystems function models. Text from requirements and risk tools is transformed into simple semantic models. An ontology of functions, entities and problems provides structure for the transformation and for deriving functional models. Functions, operands of functions and functional agents can be captured. Generic hazards and vulnerabilities can be identified for types of functions and operands. These models are transformed into functional architectures of connected subsystems. This approach permits application of graph analysis and lightweight simulation to investigate the effects of problems and countermeasures in scenarios. We discuss a hazard identification tool and hybrid simulation tool where these methods are being applied. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Malin, JT (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 NASA Rd 1, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4251 EP 4257 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559729 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003085 ER PT S AU Cohen, R Boncyk, W Brutocao, J Beveridge, L AF Cohen, Ronald Boncyk, Wayne Brutocao, James Beveridge, Iain GP IEEE TI Model-based trade space exploration for near-earth space missions SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB We developed a capability for model-based trade space exploration to be used in the conceptual design of Earth-orbiting space missions. We have created a set of reusable software components to model various subsystems and aspects of space missions. Several example mission models were created to test the tools and process. This technique and toolset has demonstrated itself to be valuable for space mission architectural design. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cohen, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4258 EP 4267 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003086 ER PT S AU Terrile, RJ Adami, C Aghazarian, H Chau, SN Dang, VT Ferguson, MI Fink, W Huntsberger, TL Klimeck, G Kordon, MA Lee, S Von Allmen, P Xu, J AF Terrile, Richard J. Adami, Christoph Aghazarian, Hrand Chau, Savio N. Dang, Van T. Ferguson, Michael I. Fink, Wolfgang Huntsberger, Terrance L. Klimeck, Gerhard Kordon, Mark A. Lee, Seungwon Von Allmen, Paul Xu, Joseph GP IEEE TI Evolutionary computation technologies for space systems SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Evolvable Computation Group,(1,2) at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is tasked with demonstrating the utility of computational engineering and computer optimized design for complex space systems. The group is comprised of researchers over a broad range of disciplines including biology, genetics, robotics, physics, computer science and system design, and employs biologically inspired evolutionary computational techniques to design and optimize complex systems. Over the past two years we have developed tools using genetic algorithms, simulated annealing and other optimizers to improve on human design of space systems. We have further demonstrated that the same tools used for computer-aided design and design evaluation can be used for automated innovation and design. These powerful techniques also serve to reduce redesign costs and schedules. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Terrile, RJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Adami, Christoph/A-5181-2009; Klimeck, Gerhard/A-1414-2012 OI Klimeck, Gerhard/0000-0001-7128-773X NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4284 EP 4295 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003089 ER PT S AU Rogers, EW Berkowitz, D Singh, T Linde, C AF Rogers, Edward W. Berkowitz, David Singh, Tushar Linde, Charlotte GP IEEE TI Linking acquisition strategy to contract performance over the product life cycle SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE ID GOVERNANCE AB This paper(1,2) draws attention to challenges faing NASA in the new environment of performance based contracting. Unless NASA fully understands the marketplace, industrial policy and competitive game structure of this new environment it may be open to accepting unintended consequences of contract choices. Creating bilateral relationships between NASA and its contractors is essential to safeguarding scarce resources and ensuring their efficient and effective use on behalf of the American taxpayer. The paper compares acquisition sustainment models from NASA Space Shuttle, DoD, and the Commercial product world. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rogers, EW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mail Code 170, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4314 EP 4319 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559736 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003092 ER PT S AU Maluf, D Bell, D AF Maluf, David Bell, David GP IEEE TI Towards G2G: Systems of technology database systems SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB We present an approach and methodology for developing Government-to-Government (G2G) Systems of Technology Database Systems. G2G will deliver technologies for distributed and remote integration of technology data for internal use in analysis and planning as well as for external communications. G2G enables NASA managers, engineers, operational teams and information systems to "compose" technology roadmaps and plans by selecting, combining, extending, specializing and modifying components of technology database systems. G2G will interoperate information and knowledge that is distributed across organizational entities involved that is ideal for NASA future Exploration Enterprise (123). Key contributions of the G2G system will include the creation of an integrated approach to sustain effective management of technology investments that supports the ability of various technology database systems to be independently managed. The integration technology will comply with emerging open standards. Applications can thus be customized for local needs while enabling an integrated management of technology approach that serves the global needs of NASA. The G2G capabilities will use NASA's breakthrough in database "composition" and integration technology, will use and advance emerging open standards, and will use commercial information technologies to enable effective System of Technology Database systems. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Maluf, D (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4320 EP 4326 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003093 ER PT S AU Webster, J AF Webster, Jeffery GP IEEE TI Management of external requirements for projects: How parent organizations can help SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Well known to engineering project managers is that all projects, no matter what their final products are, should practice rigorous management of the project's requirements. Although external requirements have long been part of many engineering projects, the modern project environment contains more and more management and technical requirements levied by organizations external to the project. For many projects the scope of this challenge is large and growing. New requirements are constantly being flowed down to projects from political, regulatory, legal, and international entities, and from projects' parent organizations as well. One effective response to this challenge is for project parent organizations to assist in identifying, defining, and flowing down to projects the ever-growing number of external requirements. This paper will describe how the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has developed and deployed institutional mechanisms to identify, define, and flow down technical and programmatic requirements which are generated external to the projects. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Webster, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4343 EP 4349 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003096 ER PT S AU Bohn-Meyer, M Kilp, S Chun, P AF Bohn-Meyer, Marta Kilp, Stephen Chun, Peggy GP IEEE TI Doing systems engineering without thinking about it at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB When asked [1] about his processes in designing a new airplane, Burt Rutan responded: ...there is always a performance requirement. So I start with the basic physics of an airplane that can get those requirements, and that pretty much sizes an airplane... Then I look at the functionality... And then I try a lot of different configurations to meet that, and then justify one at a time, throwing them out... Typically I'll have several different configurations... But I like to experiment, certainly. I like to see if there are other ways to provide the utility. This kind of thinking-engineering as a total systems engineering approach-is what is being instilled in all engineers at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center. C1 NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. RP Bohn-Meyer, M (reprint author), NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, POB 273 M-S 2009, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4350 EP 4365 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003097 ER PT S AU Jansma, PA AF Jansma, P. A. Trisha GP IEEE TI When management gets serious about managing software SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB In FY 2002, JPL launched a lab-wide software quality improvement effort aimed at addressing the challenges of developing, managing and acquiring software in an engineering and scientific environment. The lab's senior management formed the Software Quality Improvement (SQI) Project in order to establish an ongoing operational effort that results in continuous, measurable improvement of software quality at JPL. After some study, the SQI Project identified several factors that are critical for the successful and timely management and implementation of software-intensive systems. The initial focus of their efforts was the basic project management of software classified as mission-critical or mission support. The areas of emphasis selected were based on the CMMI (R) model, and included software project planning, software project monitor and control, software acquisition management, software risk management, software requirements management, software quality assurance, software configuration management, and software measurement and analysis. The SQI Project developed a broad range of products, services, and training to support managers and practitioners throughout the entire software development life-cycle. As products, services and training were developed, each one needed to be systematically deployed. Hence, the SQI Project developed a deployment process that includes four aspects: infrastructure and operations, communication and outreach, education and training, and consulting support. In addition, the SQI Project took a proactive approach to organizational change management and customer relationship management - both concepts and approaches not traditionally invoked in an engineering environment. This paper(1,2) describes JPL's approach to improving bow software is managed, developed and acquired. It discusses the various products, services and training that were developed, describes the deployment approach used, and concludes with several "lessons learned". C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Software Qual Improvement Project, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jansma, PA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Software Qual Improvement Project, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4366 EP 4382 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003098 ER PT S AU Rogers, EW Milam, J AF Rogers, Edward W. Milam, John GP IEEE TI Pausing for learning: Applying the after action review process at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper(1,2) describes a pilot project at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center to adapt and deploy a learning process modeled after the After Action Review process used by the military. A process was established, early lessons observed, and an approach to roll-out developed. This paper introduces a concept for formalizing learning from NASA projects that is modeled on the Army After Action Review (AAR) process. While the AAR was developed to learn primarily from training exercises, it has 25 years of experience-base, theoretical foundations and practical tools that make it a valuable methodology for NASA to learn from. NASA has not paid as much attention to learning lessons from successes being instead overly focused on learning only from mistakes. Without a process for learning from every activity regardless of ultimate outcome, the Agency risks missing out on the bulk of the learning from project work and potentially not really knowing the reasons behind the spectacular successes in addition to the root causes behind the failures. To distinguish the process at NASA from AAR it was given the descriptive name of "Pausing for Learning" or PFL. The idea is to create a learning event at the end of selected critical events in the life of a project. End of project or even end of mission reflections are good but are too infrequent for an organization like NASA to learn in a timely manner. Also much intermediate learning is lost between concept and launch. PFLs are integrated into the project life cycle at key points as natural parts of the process. Being facilitated and assembled by outsiders, the key project team members are only required to do a small amount of additional effort. This means that PFLs have the potential to deliver a very high value for a small investment in time and money. In addition to addressing learning needs of NASA, they are an attractive activity that projects have been willing to adopt. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rogers, EW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4383 EP 4388 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559743 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003099 ER PT S AU Oberto, RE Nilsen, E Cohen, R Wheeler, R DeFlorio, P Borden, C AF Oberto, Robert E. Nilsen, Erik Cohen, Ron Wheeler, Rebecca DeFlorio, Paul Borden, Chester GP IEEE TI The NASA exploration design team: Blueprint for a new design paradigm SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB To meet the Nation's goal(1,2) of a new direction in human and robotic space exploration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) must rapidly develop concepts, architectures, and requirements for the next generation of space exploration systems. This requires a rapid architectural design capability, quick access to the vast expertise distributed throughout NASA centers and external partners, and impartial analysis of options. To accomplish these goals, the NASA Exploration Design Team (NEDT) has been established to provide the infrastructure, tools and processes to evaluate exploration program, mission and technology trade studies in a collaborative, distributed, real-time environment. Experience with JPL's Team X studies of robotic space missions (there have been over 650 designs to date) demonstrates that significant efficiencies can be captured in performing these complex studies in a collaborative environment with common tools and processes. Team X has reduced per-study costs by a factor of 5 and per-study duration by a factor of 10 compared to conventional design processes. The Team X concept has spread to other NASA centers, industry, academia, and international partners. The goal for NEDT at project completion is to achieve a study turn-around time. of as low as 2 weeks. In this paper, we present an extension of the JPL Team X process to the NASA-wide collaborative design team. We describe the architecture and approach for such a process and elaborate on the implementation challenges of this process. We further discuss current ideas on how to address these challenges. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Adv Design Teams, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Oberto, RE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Adv Design Teams, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4398 EP 4405 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559745 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003101 ER PT S AU Kordon, M Baker, J Gilbert, J Hanks, D AF Kordon, Mark Baker, John Gilbert, John Hanks, David GP IEEE TI Space mission scenario development and performance analysis tool SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB This paper discusses a new and innovative approach for a rapid spacecraft multi-disciplinary performance analysis using a tool called the Mission Scenario Development Workbench (MSDW). To meet the needs of new classes of space missions, analysis tools with proven models were developed and integrated into a framework to enable rapid trades and analyses between spacecraft designs and operational scenarios during the formulation phase of a mission. Generally speaking, spacecraft resources are highly constrained on deep space missions and this approach makes it possible to maximize the use of existing resources to attain the best possible science return. This approach also has the potential benefit of reducing the risk of costly design changes made later in the design cycle necessary to meet the mission requirements by understanding system design sensitivities early and adding appropriate margins. This paper will describe the approach used by the Mars Science Laboratory Project to accomplish this result. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kordon, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4423 EP 4432 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003104 ER PT S AU Rahnamai, K Gorman, K Gray, A Arabshahi, P AF Rahnamai, Kourosh Gorman, Kevin Gray, Andrew Arabshahi, Payman GP IEEE TI Formations of autonomous vehicles using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB In this work we present the design, development, and testing of a hardware testbed for formation movement, using a fleet of autonomous R/C (Remote Control) vehicles equipped with Global Positioning Systems (GPS). The work was formulated and executed as a student project with the intent of being both a vehicle for education and investigation into low-cost formation control. The low cost testbed is to be used for validation of communication protocols and control algorithms that with further development may find application in distributed sensing applications such as formation flying helicopters, blimps, or other aerobots. Critical to many applications of such distributed sensing platforms is navigation and collaborative navigation. This effort is part of many ongoing research efforts at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory targeting low-cost distributed science gathering capability on earth and in space. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rahnamai, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4472 EP 4477 DI 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559754 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003110 ER PT S AU Komar, GJ Walton, AL AF Komar, George J. Walton, Amy L. GP IEEE TI Deriving measurement strategies from science SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB Earth-Sun System activities within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration are science-driven and technology-enabled. NASA has developed a process for matching science needs and technologies that includes a set of notional mission concepts. This document(1,2) summarizes the most recent output of that process: a notional set of science objectives, technology requirements, and measurement/mission concepts stretching beyond the time horizon of current plans. The materials can be a valuable resource in efforts to sketch out the future of Earth-Sun science and applications from space. C1 NASA, Earth Sun Syst Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Komar, GJ (reprint author), NASA, Earth Sun Syst Technol Off, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4534 EP 4537 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003116 ER PT S AU Stabnow, WR AF Stabnow, William R. GP IEEE TI Deriving technology needs from measurement strategies SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Earth-Sun System Division in the Science Missions Directorate of NASA has seven science focus areas, which are oriented to gathering space-based data used in the decision-making process for National policy on the Earth environment. Science roadmaps, derived from the NASA strategic planning process, serve as the vehicle for deriving measurement strategies and remote sensing requirements. The technology requirements (instrument, information systems, and platform) are developed to fit the schedule and cost assessed against the proposed mission need dates. This paper(1) will discuss(2) and show the current state of this process. C1 NASA, Earth Sun Syst Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stabnow, WR (reprint author), NASA, Earth Sun Syst Technol Off, MS 407, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4538 EP 4544 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003117 ER PT S AU Bauer, R Pasciuto, M AF Bauer, Robert Pasciuto, Michael GP IEEE TI Organizing to implement technology in the NASA science organization SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB As part of a NASA reorganization to support the new Vision for Space Exploration, a number of space and Earth science activities were combined into a single organization. This merger provided an opportunity to review and revise technology development within the new entity. While this process has yet to be finalized, an overview(1,2) of some of the options and considerations is provided. Examples from one portion of the new entity, the Earth-Sun System Technology program, are used as illustrations. C1 NASA, Earth Sun Syst Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bauer, R (reprint author), NASA, Earth Sun Syst Technol Off, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4545 EP 4550 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003118 ER PT S AU Ghuman, P AF Ghuman, Parminder GP IEEE TI Implementing technology with industrial community: The SBIR example SO 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 05-12, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT SP IEEE AB The Earth-Sun System Technology Office (ESTO) works with Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs to supplement its own technology development program. The SBIR/STTR program is a highly competitive program that encourages small business to explore their technological potential to fulfill technology needs identified by ESTO. SBIR program has three phases. The Phase 1 contracts last for 6 months with a maximum funding of $70,000, and Phase 2 contracts last for 24 months with a maximum funding of $600,000. For Phase 3, the small business must find funding in the private sector or other non-SBIR federal agency funding. During this phase ESTO evaluates Phase 2 graduates and selects those that need to be further developed for airborne or spaceflight demonstration and provides funding. This paper(1) will discuss(2) the all three phases in and role of ESTO in this program. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sun Syst Technol Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ghuman, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sun Syst Technol Off, MS 407, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-8869-0 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2005 BP 4551 EP 4555 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEN93 UT WOS:000238379003119 ER PT S AU Cheng, Y Johnson, A Matthies, L AF Cheng, Y Johnson, A Matthies, L BE Schmid, C Soatto, S Tomasi, C TI MER-DIMES: A planetary landing application of computer vision SO 2005 IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION, VOL 1, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition CY JUN 20-25, 2005 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE Comp Soc AB During the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) landings, the Descent Image Motion Estimation System (DIMES) was used for horizontal velocity estimation. The DIMES algorithm combined measurements from a descent camera, a radar altimeter, and an inertial measurement unit. To deal with large changes in scale and orientation between descent images, the algorithm used altitude and attitude measurements to rectify images to a level ground plane. Feature selection and tracking were employed in the rectified images to compute the horizontal motion between images. Differences of consecutive motion estimates were then compared to inertial measurements to verify correct feature tracking. DIMES combined sensor data from multiple sources in a novel way to create a low-cost, robust, and computationally efficient velocity estimation solution, and DIMES was the first use of computer vision to control a spacecraft during planetary landing. This paper presents the detailed implementation of the DIMES algorithm and the results from the two landings on Mars. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM ycheng@jpl.nasa.gov; aej@jpl.nasa.gov; lhm@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1063-6919 BN 0-7695-2372-2 J9 PROC CVPR IEEE PY 2005 BP 806 EP 813 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BCR44 UT WOS:000230923100109 ER PT B AU Stoica, A Wang, X Keyrneulen, D Zebulum, RS Ferguson, MI Guo, X AF Stoica, A Wang, X Keyrneulen, D Zebulum, RS Ferguson, MI Guo, X GP IEEE TI Circuit recovery under gamma ray radiation SO 2005 IEEE CONGRESS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION, VOLS 1-3, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation CY SEP 02-05, 2005 CL Edinburgh, SCOTLAND SP IEEE, IEEE Computat Intelligence Soc, IEE, Evolut Programming Soc AB This paper demonstrates a method for functionality recovery due to Total Ionizing Dose (TID) effects. The experiments are performed using a JPL-developed reconfigurable device, a Field Programmable Transistor Array (FPTA). The key idea of the approach is to reconfigure a programmable device, in-situ, to compensate, or bypass its degraded or damaged components. This method, demonstrated previously for electron beam radiation, is applied here for circuit recovery under Cobalt 60 sourced gamma rays radiation. Experiments with total radiation dose up to 300kRad show that while the functionality of a variety of circuits is degraded/lost at levels before 200kRad, the correct functionality can be recovered through the proposed evolutionary approach, and the chips are able to survive higher radiation, for several functions in excess of total radiation dose of 250kRad. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stoica, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM adrian.stoica@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9363-5 J9 IEEE C EVOL COMPUTAT PY 2005 BP 2469 EP 2475 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BCZ86 UT WOS:000232173100328 ER PT S AU Diftler, MA Ambrose, RO Goza, SM Tyree, KS Huber, EL AF Diftler, MA Ambrose, RO Goza, SM Tyree, KS Huber, EL GP IEEE TI Robonaut mobile autonomy: Initial experiments SO 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA), VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY APR 18-22, 2005 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE dexterous robot; mobile; autonomy; humanoid; hazardous environment AB A mobile version of the NASA/DARPA Robonaut humanoid recently completed initial autonomy trials working directly with humans in cluttered environments. This compact robot combines the upper body of the Robonaut system with a Segway (TM) Robotic Mobility Platform yielding a dexterous, maneuverable humanoid ideal for interacting with human co-workers in a range of environments. This system uses stereovision to locate human teammates and tools and a navigation system that uses laser range and vision data to follow humans while avoiding obstacles. Tactile sensors provide information to grasping algorithms for efficient tool exchanges. The autonomous architecture utilizes these preprogrammed skills to form complex behaviors. The initial behavior demonstrates a robust capability to assist a human by acquiring a tool from a remotely located individual and then following the human in a cluttered environment with the tool for future use. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Automat Robot & Simulat Div, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Automat Robot & Simulat Div, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM diftler@jsc.nasa.gov; huber@jsc.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 0-7803-8914-X J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2005 BP 1425 EP 1430 PG 6 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BDU48 UT WOS:000235460101037 ER PT S AU Park, E Kobayashi, L Lee, SY AF Park, E Kobayashi, L Lee, SY GP IEEE TI Extensible hardware architecture for mobile robots SO 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Vols 1-4 SE IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY APR 18-22, 2005 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE modular; extensible; hardware architecture; mobile robot; k9 AB The Intelligent Robotics Group at NASA Ames Research Center has developed a new mobile robot hardware architecture designed for extensibility and reconfigurability. Implemented on the K9 rover, and currently being integrated onto the K10 series of human-robot collaboration research robots, this architecture allows for rapid changes in instrumentation configuration and provides a high degree of modularity through a synergistic mix of off-the-shelf and custom designed components, easing incorporation into a wide variety of mobile robot platforms. A component level overview of this architecture is presented along with a description of the modifications required for implementation on K10, followed by plans for future work. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Robot Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Park, E (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Robot Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 0-7803-8914-X J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2005 BP 3084 EP 3089 PG 6 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BDU48 UT WOS:000235460102114 ER PT S AU Johnson, A Montgomery, J Matthies, L AF Johnson, A Montgomery, J Matthies, L GP IEEE TI Vision guided landing of an autonomous helicopter in hazardous terrain SO 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA), VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY APR 18-22, 2005 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE autonomous landing; hazard detection; structure from motion; UAV ID MOTION AB Future robotic space missions will employ a precision soft-landing capablility that will enable exploration of previously inaccessible sites that have strong scientific significance. To enable this capability, a fully autonomous onboard system that identifies and avoids hazardous features such as steep slopes and large rocks is required. Such a system mill also provide greater functionality in unstructured terrain to unmanned aerial vehicles. This paper describes an algorithm for landing hazard avoidance based on images from a single moving camera. The core of the algorithm is an efficient application of structure from motion to generate a dense elevation map of the landing area. Hazards are then detected in this map and a safe landing site is selected. The algorithm has been implemented on an autonomous helicopter testbed and demonstrated four times resulting in the first autonomous landing of an unmanned helicopter in unknown and hazardous terrain. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM aej@jpl.nasa.gov; monty@jpl.nasa.gov NR 17 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 9 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 0-7803-8914-X J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2005 BP 3966 EP 3971 PG 6 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BDU48 UT WOS:000235460103067 ER PT S AU Huntsberger, T Aghazarian, H Tunstel, E AF Huntsberger, T Aghazarian, H Tunstel, E GP IEEE TI Onboard adaptive learning for planetary surface rover control in rough terrain SO 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA), VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY APR 18-22, 2005 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE adaptive behavior; onboard learning; planetary surface rovers ID BEHAVIOR-BASED ROBOTS; NONSTATIONARY CONDITIONS; ACTION SELECTION; MOBILE ROBOTS; HISTORY; REPRESENTATION; EXPLORATION; NAVIGATION AB Current and future NASA robotic missions to planetary surfaces are tending toward longer duration and are becoming more ambitious for rough terrain access. For a higher level of autonomy in such missions, the rovers will require behavior that must also adapt to declining rover health and unknown environmental conditions. The MER (Mars Exploration Rovers) called Spirit and Opportunity have both passed 350 days of life on the Martian surface, with possible extensions to 450 days and beyond depending on rover health. Changes in navigational planning due to degradation of the drive motors as they reach their lifetime are currently done on Earth for the Spirit rover. The upcoming 2009 MSL (Mars Science Laboratory) and 2013 AFL (Astrobiology Field Laboratory) missions are planned to last: 300-500 days, and will possibly involve traverses on the order of multiple kilometers over challenging terrain. This paper presents an adaptive control algorithm for onboard learning of weights within a free flow hierarchy (FFH) behavior framework for autonomous control of planetary surface rovers that explicitly addresses the issues of rover health and rough terrain access. We also present the results of some laboratory and field studies. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91009 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91009 USA. EM Terry.Huntsberger@jpl.nasa.gov; Hrand.Aghazarian@jpl.nasa.gov; Edward.Tunstel@jpl.nasa.gov NR 47 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 0-7803-8914-X J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2005 BP 4156 EP 4163 PG 8 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BDU48 UT WOS:000235460103098 ER PT S AU Powell, MW Norris, JS Vona, MA Backes, PG Wick, JV AF Powell, MW Norris, JS Vona, MA Backes, PG Wick, JV GP IEEE TI Scientific visualization for the Mars Exploration Rovers SO 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Vols 1-4 SE IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY APR 18-22, 2005 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE visualization; telerobotics; science planning; image processing; coregistration AB We present an account of the scientific visualization techniques that were used to support science planning for NASA's 2003 Mars Exploration Rover Mission. The great sophistication of the rover's Athena Science Payload required a wide variety of visualization modalities to make the large amounts of scientific data accessible and readily understood by the science planners under the tight time constraints of the tactical planning schedule. A number of techniques were also newly developed to support science operations, including on-the-fly mosaic stitching and rendering, image cube visualization, and data fusion. Many other well-established visualization techniques were applied to science operations also, such as anaglyph stereo, high performance 3D visualization, and optimized I/O and memory management techniques for the loading, processing, and visualization of very large data sets. We discuss each of these topics and demonstrate their application in the MER mission with examples. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Powell, MW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 0-7803-8914-X J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2005 BP 4290 EP 4296 PG 7 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BDU48 UT WOS:000235460103120 ER PT S AU Johnson, A Willson, R Goguen, J Alexander, J Meller, D AF Johnson, A Willson, R Goguen, J Alexander, J Meller, D GP IEEE TI Field testing of the Mars Exploration Rovers Descent Image Motion Estimation System SO 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA), VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY APR 18-22, 2005 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE Mars Landing; velocity estimation; feature tracking; MER AB The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Descent Image Motion Estimation System (DIMES) is the first autonomous machine vision system used to safely land a robotics payload on another planet. DIMES consists of a descent camera and an algorithm for estimating horizontal velocity using image, inertial and altitude measurements. Before DIMES was accepted by MER for inclusion in the mission, its performance was validated through field testing using a manned helicopter to image three Mars analog test sites. Statistical analysis of the resulting 1900+ test cases showed that DIMES met its velocity estimation requirement. This paper describes the DIMES field test approach and associated results. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM andrew.johnson@jpl.nasa.gov; reg.willson@jpl.nasa.gov; jay.goguen@jpl.nasa.gov; james.alexander@jpl.nasa.gov; david.meller@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 0-7803-8914-X J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2005 BP 4463 EP 4469 PG 7 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BDU48 UT WOS:000235460103147 ER PT S AU Cheng, Y Ansar, A AF Cheng, Y Ansar, A GP IEEE TI Landmark based position estimation for pinpoint landing on Mars SO 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Vols 1-4 SE IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY APR 18-22, 2005 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE pinpoint landing; landmark detection; landmark matching; position estimation ID POSE ESTIMATION AB Many of NASA's planned missions for the coming decade will require a pinpoint landing (PPL) capability, whether for sample acquisition and return or for precise insertion into hazardous but scientifically interesting terrain. Thus, a robust spacecraft-based position estimation system is a critical near term need. We present in this paper a vision-based system, which provides a low power, low cost, high accuracy solution with flight proven hardware. The key components of our image based localization approach are: (1) real-time detection of landmarks in descent imagery, (2) real-time matching of detected landmarks to a stored database, and (3) robust estimation of spacecraft state (position, attitude and velocity) from matched 2D-3D data. We present an analysis of the performance and noise sensitivity of our system and show that the suggested technology is able to deliver a spacecraft to within 100 meters of a pre-selected landing site in a typical Mars landing scenario. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mobil Syst Concepts Dev Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cheng, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mobil Syst Concepts Dev Sect, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 0-7803-8914-X J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2005 BP 4470 EP 4475 PG 6 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BDU48 UT WOS:000235460103148 ER PT S AU Norris, JS Powell, MW Vona, MA Backes, PG Wick, JV AF Norris, JS Powell, MW Vona, MA Backes, PG Wick, JV GP IEEE TI Mars Exploration Rover operations with the Science Activity Planner SO 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Vols 1-4 SE IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY APR 18-22, 2005 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP IEEE DE teleoperation; visualization; planning; simulation; space AB The Science Activity Planner (SAP) is the primary science operations tool for the Mars Exploration Rover mission and NASA's Software of the Year for 2004. SAP utilizes a variety of visualization and planning capabilities to enable the mission operations team to direct the activities of the Spirit and Opportunity rovers. This paper outlines some of the challenging requirements that drove the design of SAP and discusses lessons learned from the development and use of SAP in mission operations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Norris, JS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 0-7803-8914-X J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2005 BP 4618 EP 4623 PG 6 WC Robotics SC Robotics GA BDU48 UT WOS:000235460103172 ER PT S AU Enzer, DG Klipstein, WM Tjoelker, RL AF Enzer, D. G. Klipstein, W. M. Tjoelker, R. L. GP IEEE TI Light shift measurements in a cesium fountain without the use of mechanical shutters SO 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXHIBITION SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY AUG 29-31, 2005 CL Vancouver, CANADA DE cesium fountain; light shift; frequency standard; atomic clock; injection locked lasers ID LASER COOLED CLOCKS AB We present measurements confirming operation of a cesium fountain frequency standard with light shift below 1015 (and with evidence suggesting it is several orders of magnitude below this level) but without the use of mechanical shutters. Suppression of the light shift is realized using a master-slave laser configuration by reducing the overall optical power delivered to the physics package as well as spoiling the injection of the slave, causing it to lase far off resonance (1-2 nm) as proposed by the authors several years ago [1]. In the absence of any mitigation, this (AC Stark) shift, due to near-resonant laser light reaching the atoms during their microwave interrogation period, is the largest shift in such frequency standards (2x10(-11) for our fountain). Mechanical shutters provided adequate light attenuation but have been prone to failure. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Enzer, DG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Daphna.G.Enzer@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-9052-0 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2005 BP 279 EP 284 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573943 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BEG11 UT WOS:000237191500049 ER PT S AU Dick, GJ Wang, RT Tjoelker, RL Basu, R AF Dick, G. John Wang, Rabi T. Tjoelker, Robert L. Basu, Ronni GP IEEE TI Design and progress report for compact cryocooled sapphire oscillator "VCSO" SO 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXHIBITION SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY AUG 29-31, 2005 CL Vancouver, CANADA ID STABILITY AB We report on the development of a compact cryocooled sapphire oscillator "VCSO", designed for operational frequency and timing systems or metrology applications requiring a higher-performance replacement for ultra-stable quartz oscillators. The VCSO matches a new Stirling cryocooler requiring only 160 Watts input power with an improved version of the thermomechanically compensated silver/sapphire resonator previously developed for the 40K CSO. We describe details of the sapphire resonator electrical and mechanical design, report on analysis of a crossover circuit that, together with an inexpensive 100 MHz quartz clean-up oscillator, reduces bright-line vibration-induced phase noise spikes by 40 dB or more, and report on cryogenic and vibration tests on a candidate cryocooler. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Dick, GJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM john.dick@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-9052-0 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2005 BP 363 EP 367 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573959 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BEG11 UT WOS:000237191500065 ER PT S AU Greenhall, C AF Greenhall, Charles GP IEEE TI Optimal estimation of clock values and trends from finite data SO 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY AUG 29-31, 2005 CL Vancouver, CANADA ID PREDICTION; FREQUENCY AB We show how to solve two problems of optimal linear estimation from a finite set of phase data. Clock noise is modeled as a stochastic process with stationary dth increments. The covariance properties of such a process are contained in the generalized autocovariance function (GACV). We set up two principles for optimal estimation; these principles lead to a set of linear equations for the regression coefficients and some auxiliary parameters. The mean square errors of the estimators are easily calculated. The method can be used to check the results of other methods and to find good suboptimal estimators based on a small subset of the available data. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Greenhall, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-9052-0 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2005 BP 377 EP 382 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573962 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BEG11 UT WOS:000237191500068 ER PT S AU Burt, EA Tjoelker, RL AF Burt, E. A. Tjoelker, R. L. GP IEEE TI Characterization and reduction of number dependent sensitivity in Multi-pole Linear Ion Trap Standards SO 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY AUG 29-31, 2005 CL Vancouver, CANADA AB The Multi-pole Linear Ion Trap Standard developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has demonstrated excellent short and long-term stability and improved immunity from two of its remaining systematic effects, the second order Doppler shift and second order Zeeman shift. The technology has also demonstrated long-term operation in the field. In this paper we discuss the LITS systematic effects and present the characterization and reduction of the primary shifts and their dependence on ion number. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Burt, EA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-9052-0 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2005 BP 466 EP 471 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573975 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BEG11 UT WOS:000237191500081 ER PT S AU Prestage, JD Chung, S Le, T Lim, L Maleki, L AF Prestage, J. D. Chung, S. Le, T. Lim, L. Maleki, L. GP IEEE TI Liter sized ion clock with 10(-15) stability SO 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY AUG 29-31, 2005 CL Vancouver, CANADA AB We have recently completed a breadboard ion-clock physics package based on Hg ions shuffled between a quadrupole and a 16-pole rf trap. With this architecture we have demonstrated short-term stability similar to 2-3 x 10(-13) at 1 second, averaging to 10,15 at 1 day. This development shows that H-maser quality stabilities can be produced in a small clock package, comparable in size to an ultra-stable quartz oscillator required for holding 1-2 x 10(-13) at 1 second. This performance was obtained in a sealed vacuum configuration where only a getter pump was used to maintain vacuum. We have selected materials for the vacuum tube, ion trap and UV windows that will allow a 450 C tube bake-out to prepare for tube seal-off. This approach to the vacuum follows the methods used in flight vacuum tube electronics, such as flight TWTA's where tube operation lifetime and shelf fife of up to 15 years is achieved. We have made a thorough study of residual gas shifts of the ion-clock frequency and a study of alternate noble gasses as a buffer gas within the sealed tube. We find that neon is more suitable than the traditional use of helium, with 2-3 times less pressure induced frequency pulling. Since neon is heavier than helium, negligible diffusion losses will occur over the operation lifetime. We have developed a modular optical system that integrates lens, mirrors, Hg-202 lamp and exciter, photomultiplier tube and pulse generation electronics, all into a small package that attaches to the vacuum tube, aligned with its optical ports and ion trap inside. Similarly, the reference magnetic field coil, an inner layer magnetic shield and a 40.5 GHz microwave feed with window have been incorporated into this breadboard. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Prestage, JD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-9052-0 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2005 BP 472 EP 476 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573976 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BEG11 UT WOS:000237191500082 ER PT S AU Lauf, J Calhoun, M Diener, W Gonzalez, J Kirk, A Kuhne, P Tucker, B Kirby, C Tjoelker, R AF Lauf, J. Calhoun, M. Diener, W. Gonzalez, J. Kirk, A. Kuhne, P. Tucker, B. Kirby, C. Tjoelker, R. GP IEEE TI Clocks and timing in the NASA Deep Space Network SO 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY AUG 29-31, 2005 CL Vancouver, CANADA AB A new timing system has been developed for the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) and is currently in the final stages of integration, testing and implementation in all three DSN sites. The DSN is a distributed antenna network for deep space communication, whose facilities are continuously engaged in spacecraft tracking, Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) or Radio Astronomy activities. Its primary components consist of three Deep Space Communication Centers (DSCC) separated nearly equidistant around the Earth in California, USA; Spain; and Australia. Within each DSCC, synchronized, low jitter timing signals must be distributed to many users over distances of up to 30 kilometers. The design criteria for the timing system required state of the art stability and jitter performance, but also extremely high operability and reliability. This paper describes some of the key features and recent system performance data as measured both in the laboratory and the operational DSN. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lauf, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-9052-0 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2005 BP 830 EP 835 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2005.1574041 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BEG11 UT WOS:000237191500147 ER PT S AU Yu, N Salik, E Tu, MR Maleki, L AF Yu, Nan Salik, Ertan Tu, Meirong Maleki, Lute GP IEEE TI Frequency stabilization of the Coupled Opto-Electronic Oscillator SO 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY AUG 29-31, 2005 CL Vancouver, CANADA ID LOCKED FIBER LASER; TIMING JITTER; NOISE; SYSTEMS AB The Coupled Opto-Electronic Oscillator (COEO) is a system that couples an optical oscillator with the microwave oscillator. The COEO can be modeled as a photonic microwave oscillators using a mode-locked laser as the high-Q resonator, and has been shown to be capable of generating ultra-low phase noise microwave signals [N. Yu et al, Opt. Lett. V. 30, 1231 (2005)]. This configuration also provides the opportunity to link the stability of the two oscillators. In this paper, we will describe our recent phase-noise measurements of photonic microwave oscillators. We will also discuss our investigation of the frequency stability link between the optical and microwave frequencies in the coupled oscillator. This link is established by stabilizing the optical frequency to an atomic transition, the stability of which is transfered to the microwave signal. This system represents a unique architecture for drawing a stable microwave signal from the optical oscillator. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yu, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-9052-0 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2005 BP 857 EP 860 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BEG11 UT WOS:000237191500151 ER PT S AU Wang, RT Calhoun, MD Kirk, A Diener, WA Dick, GJ Tjoelker, RL AF Wang, R. T. Calhoun, M. D. Kirk, A. Diener, W. A. Dick, G. J. Tjoelker, R. L. GP IEEE TI A high performance frequency standard and distribution system for cassini Ka-band experiment SO 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM AND EXHIBITION SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition CY AUG 29-31, 2005 CL Vancouver, CANADA AB This paper provides an overview and update of a specialized frequency reference system for the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) to support Ka-band radio science experiments with the Cassini spacecraft, currently orbiting Saturn. Three major components, a Hydrogen Maser, Stabilized Fiber-Optic Distribution Assembly (SFODA), and 10 Kelvin Cryocooled Sapphire Oscillator (10K CSO) and frequency-lock-loop, are integrated to achieve the very high performance, ground based frequency reference at a remote antenna site located 16 km from the hydrogen maser. Typical measured Allan Deviation is 1.6x10(-14) at 1 second and 1.7x10(-15) at 1000 seconds averaging intervals. Recently two 10K CSOs have been compared in situ while operating at the remote DSN site DSS-25. The CSO references were used operationally to downconvert the Ka band downlink received from the Cassini spacecraft in a series of occultation measurements performed over a 78 day period from March to June 2005. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wang, RT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Rabi.T.Wang@JPL.NASA.GOV NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-9052-0 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2005 BP 919 EP 924 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2005.1574056 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BEG11 UT WOS:000237191500162 ER PT B AU Chen, Y Mojaradi, M Westergard, L Billman, C Cozy, S Burke, G Kolawa, E AF Chen, Y Mojaradi, M Westergard, L Billman, C Cozy, S Burke, G Kolawa, E GP IEEE TI Design for ASIC reliability for low-temperature applications SO 2005 IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop, Final Report LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop CY OCT 17-20, 2005 CL S Lake Tahoe, CA SP IEEE Elect Devices Soc, IEEE Reliabil Soc AB A methodology for designing reliability into electronics for low-temperature applications has been developed. The proposed hot carrier aging lifetime projection model takes account of the evaluation of the hot carrier aging impact on the technology, analysis of circuit critical paths, transistor substrate current profile and temperature profile to determine the most applicable transistor size in order to meet reliability requirements. This methodology call be applied to other transistor-level failure and/or degradation mechanisms for applications with a varying temperature ranges. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chen, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 303-230, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8992-1 PY 2005 BP 49 EP 53 PG 5 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BDY64 UT WOS:000236204000011 ER PT B AU White, M Huang, B Qin, J Gur, Z Talmor, M Chen, Y Heidecker, J Nguyen, D Bernstein, J AF White, M Huang, B Qin, J Gur, Z Talmor, M Chen, Y Heidecker, J Nguyen, D Bernstein, J GP IEEE TI Impact of device scaling on deep sub-micron transistor reliability - A study of reliability trends using SRAM SO 2005 IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop, Final Report LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop CY OCT 17-20, 2005 CL S Lake Tahoe, CA SP IEEE Elect Devices Soc, IEEE Reliabil Soc AB As microelectronics are scaled in to the deep submicron regime, users of advanced technology CMOS, particularly in high-reliability applications, should reassess how scaling effects impact long-term reliability. An experimental based reliability study of industrial grade SRAMs, consisting of three different technology nodes, is proposed to substantiate current acceleration models for temperature and voltage life-stress relationships. This reliability study utilizes Step-Stress techniques to evaluate memory technologies (0.25um, 0.15um, and 0.13um) embedded in many of today's high-reliability space/aerospace applications. Two acceleration modeling approaches are presented to relate experimental FIT calculations to Mfr's qualification data. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP White, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8992-1 PY 2005 BP 103 EP 106 DI 10.1109/IRWS.2005.1609574 PG 4 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA BDY64 UT WOS:000236204000024 ER PT S AU Chapin, E Chen, CW AF Chapin, E Chen, CW GP IEEE TI Preliminary results from an airborne experiment using along-track interferometry for ground moving target indication SO 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL RADAR, CONFERENCE RECORD SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 09-12, 2005 CL Arlington, VA SP Natl Capital Area Council, IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, RADAR Syst Panel, IEE DE synthetic aperture radar; along-track interferometry; ground moving target indication AB Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) along track interferometry (ATI) has been used extensively to measure ocean surface currents. Given its ability to measure small velocities (similar to 10 cm/s) of relatively radar-dark water surfaces, there is great potential that this technique can be adapted for ground moving target indication (GMTI) applications, particularly as a method for detecting very slow targets with small radar cross sections. In this paper we describe preliminary results from an ATI GMTI experiment. The SAR data described here were collected by the dual-frequency NASA/JPL airborne radar in its standard dual-baseline ATI mode. The radar system imaged a variety of control targets including a pickup truck, sport utility vehicles, passenger cars, a bicycle, and pedestrians over multiple flight passes. The control targets had horizontal velocities of less than 5 m/s. The cross sections of the targets were not purposely enhanced, although the targets' reflectivities may have been affected by the existence of the GPS equipment used to record the targets' positions. Single-look and multiple-look interferograms processed to the full azimuth resolution were analyzed. In the data processed to date, all of the targets were observed by visual inspection in at least one of the four combinations of dual-frequency, dual-baseline interferometric data. This extremely promising result demonstrates the potential of ATI for GMTI applications. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Chapin, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 0-7803-8881-X J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2005 BP 343 EP 347 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BCR36 UT WOS:000230903000064 ER PT S AU Im, E Wu, CL Durden, SL AF Im, E Wu, CL Durden, SL GP IEEE TI Cloud Profiling Radar for the CloudSat Mission SO 2005 IEEE International Radar, Conference Record SE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2005 IEEE Radar Conference CY MAY 09-12, 2005 CL Arlington, VA SP Natl Capital Area Council, IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, RADAR Syst Panel, IEE DE Cloud Profiling Radar; CloudSat; reflectivity AB The Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) for the upcoming CloudSat Mission is a spacebome 94-GHz nadir-looking radar that measures the power backscattered by clouds as a function of distance from the radar. This sensor is expected to provide cloud measurements at a 500-m vertical resolution and a 1.5km horizontal resolution. CPR will operate in a short-pulse mode and will yield measurements at a minimum detectable sensitivity of -28 dBZ. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Im, E (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 0-7803-8881-X J9 RADAR CONF PY 2005 BP 483 EP 486 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BCR36 UT WOS:000230903000089 ER PT S AU Fang, WC Le, C Taft, S AF Fang, WC Le, C Taft, S GP IEEE TI On-board fault-tolerant SAR processor for spaceborne imaging radar systems SO 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ISCAS), VOLS 1-6, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) CY MAY 23-26, 2005 CL Kobe, JAPAN SP IEEE Circuits & Syst Soc, Sci Council Japan, Inst Elect, Informat & Commun Engineers, Inst Elect Engineers Japan, Informat Proc Soc Japan AB A real-time high-performance and fault-tolerant FPGA-based hardware architecture for the processing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images has been developed for advanced spaceborne radar imaging systems. In this paper, we present the integrated design approach, from top-level algorithm specifications, system architectures, design methodology, functional verification, performance validation, down to hardware design and implementation. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Fang, WC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0271-4302 BN 0-7803-8834-8 J9 IEEE INT SYMP CIRC S PY 2005 BP 420 EP 423 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BCZ06 UT WOS:000232002400106 ER PT B AU Divsalar, D Dolinar, S Jones, C AF Divsalar, D Dolinar, S Jones, C GP IEEE TI Low-rate LDPC codes with simple protograph structure SO 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INFORMATION THEORY (ISIT), VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory and Its Applications CY SEP 04-09, 2005 CL Adelaide, AUSTRALIA SP IEEE, IEEE Informat Theory Soc, Univ S Australia, ACoRN, Australian Govt, Dept Educ Sci & Training, NSF, ONR, Gov S Australia, Dept Further Educ, Employment, Sci & Technol, Natl ICT Australia, Caltech, Lee Ctr Adv Network, IBM Res, Australian Govt, Dept Def Sci & Technol Org, Agere, Cohda Wireless ID PARITY-CHECK CODES; PERFORMANCE; CAPACITY; DESIGN AB This paper provides a construction method for low-rate low density parity check codes. Inspired by recently proposed Accumulate-Repeat-Accumulate (ARA) codes, and hybrid concatenated codes, in this paper we extend the construction to low rates. Such codes can be viewed as hybrid concatenations of simple modules such as accumulators, repetition codes, differentiators, and punctured single parity check codes. These codes constitute a subclass of LDPC codes with very fast encoder structure. They also have a projected graph or protograph representation that allows for high-speed decoder implementation. Based on density evolution, we show through some examples that low iterative decoding thresholds close to the channel capacity limits can be achieved, as the block size goes to infinity. Iterative decoding simulation results for short blocks are provided for a few examples that show near-capacity performance and very low error floor. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Dariush.Divsalar@jpl.nasa.gov; sam@shannon.jpl.nasa.gov; christop@jpl.nasa.gov NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9150-0 PY 2005 BP 1622 EP 1626 PG 5 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BDP28 UT WOS:000234713801088 ER PT B AU Dolinar, S AF Dolinar, S GP IEEE TI A rate-compatible family of protograph-based LDPC codes built by expurgation and lengthening SO 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory CY SEP 04-09, 2005 CL Adelaide, AUSTRALIA SP IEEE, IEEE Informat Theory Soc, Univ S Australia, ACoRN, Australian Govt, Dept Educ Sci & Training, NSF, ONR, Gov S Australia, Dept Further Educ, Employ, Sci & Technol, Natl ICT Australia, Caltech, Lee Ctr Adv Network, IBM Res, Australian Govt, Dept Def Sci & Technol Org, Agere Syst, Cohds Wireless AB We construct a protograph-based rate-compatible family of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes that cover a very wide range of rates from 1/2 to 16/17, perform within about 0.5 dB of their capacity limits for all rates, and can be decoded conveniently and efficiently with a common hardware implementation. In contrast to alternative methods that create codes of different rates by puncturing, shortening, or expurgation, our method uses a combination of expurgation and lengthening (equivalent to an unusual extension) to produce lower-rate codes. Advantages compared to the alternative methods include roughly uniform utilization of common family decoder hardware for different rates, implementation with uniformly low maximum check node degrees despite high maximum rate, and a large fixed portion of the protograph that can be labeled with a fixed set of edge permutations for all rates. We apply this method to create a rate-compatible code family anchored by a particular code of (nominal) rate 7/8 and length n = 8176 designed by Kou, Lin and Fossorier [1] whose edge permutations are determined by Euclidean geometries (EG). All members of our family retain all of the EG-designed edges and circulant permutations of this anchor code, and this helps to avoid weak spots in the code graph that usually arise when edge permutations are assigned by greedy algorithms. There are also varying numbers of auxiliary and ancillary checks, variables, and edges, allowing realization of different rates, with fixed (nominal) dimension k = 8176 for all rates. Simulations show that all members of this family achieve steeply falling error rate curves without detectable error floors, at least to codeword error rates of about 10(-6). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Dolinar, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9150-0 PY 2005 BP 1627 EP 1631 PG 5 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BDP28 UT WOS:000234713801089 ER PT B AU Andrews, K Dolinar, S Thorpe, J AF Andrews, K Dolinar, S Thorpe, J GP IEEE TI Encoders for block-circulant LDPC codes SO 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INFORMATION THEORY (ISIT), VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory and Its Applications CY SEP 04-09, 2005 CL Adelaide, AUSTRALIA SP IEEE, IEEE Informat Theory Soc, Univ S Australia, ACoRN, Australian Govt, Dept Educ Sci & Training, NSF, ONR, Gov S Australia, Dept Further Educ, Employment, Sci & Technol, Natl ICT Australia, Caltech, Lee Ctr Adv Network, IBM Res, Australian Govt, Dept Def Sci & Technol Org, Agere, Cohda Wireless AB In this paper, we present two encoding methods for block-circulant LDPC codes. The first is an iterative encoding method based on the erasure decoding algorithm, and the computations required are well organized due to the block-circulant structure of the parity check matrix. The second method uses block-circulant generator matrices, and the encoders are very similar to those for recursive convolutional codes. Some encoders of the second type have been implemented in a small Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and operate at 100 Msymbols/second. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM andrews@shannon.jpl.nasa.gov; sam@shannon.jpl.nasa.gov; jeremy@shannon.jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9150-0 PY 2005 BP 2300 EP 2304 PG 5 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BDP28 UT WOS:000234713801227 ER PT S AU Yu, JR AF Yu, JR GP IEEE TI Advanced mid-IR solid-state laser developments SO 2005 IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting Conference Proceedings (LEOS) SE IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Lasers-and-Electro-Optical-Society CY OCT 22-28, 2005 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP IEEE Lasers & Elect Opt Soc AB This paper reviews the state-of-the-art 2-micron solid-state laser developments. A world record one-Joule-per-pulse energy laser system and an advanced thermal management with fully conductive cooled laser technique are discussed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Yu, JR (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1092-8081 BN 0-7803-9217-5 J9 IEEE LEOS ANN MTG PY 2005 BP 30 EP 31 DI 10.1109/LEOS.2005.1547862 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BDR62 UT WOS:000235109700017 ER PT S AU Schwartz, ZD Ponchak, GE AF Schwartz, ZD Ponchak, GE GP IEEE TI High temperature performance of a SiC MESFET based oscillator SO 2005 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM DIGEST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 11-17, 2005 CL Long Beach, CA SP IEEE Microwave Theory & Technol Soc DE oscillators; wide-bandgap; SiC; high temperature AB A hybrid, UHF-Rand differential oscillator based on 10 W SiC RF Power Metal Semiconductor Held Effect Transistor (MESFET) has been designed, fabricated and characterized through 475 degrees C. The circuit is fabricated on an alumina substrate with thin film spiral inductors, chip capacitors, chip resistors, and wire bonds for all crossovers and interconnects. The oscillator delivers 1.5.7 dBm at 515 MHz into a 50 Omega load at 125 degrees C with a DC to RF conversion efficiency of 2.8 %. After tuning the load impedance, the oscillator delivers 18.8 dBm at 610 MHz at 200 degrees C with a DC to RF conversion efficiency of 5.8 %. Finally, by tuning the load and bias conditions, the oscillator delivers 4.9 dBm at 453 MHz at 475 degrees C. C1 Analex Corp, NASA, Gleen Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Schwartz, ZD (reprint author), Analex Corp, NASA, Gleen Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 0-7803-8845-3 J9 IEEE MTT-S PY 2005 BP 1179 EP 1182 DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2005.1516886 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BDO34 UT WOS:000234561202013 ER PT S AU Hensley, S Wheeler, K Sadowy, G Miller, T Shaffer, S Muellerschoen, R Jones, C Zebker, H Madsen, S Rosen, P AF Hensley, S Wheeler, K Sadowy, G Miller, T Shaffer, S Muellerschoen, R Jones, C Zebker, H Madsen, S Rosen, P GP IEEE TI Status of a UAVSAR designed for repeat pass interferometry for deformation measurements SO 2005 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM DIGEST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 11-17, 2005 CL Long Beach, CA SP IEEE Microwave Theory & Technol Soc DE electronically scanned array; interferometry; radar; SAR; UAV AB NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is currently implementing a reconfigurable polarimetric L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR), specifically designed to acquire airborne repeat track interferometric (RTI) SAR data, also known as differential interferometric measurements. Differential interferometry can provide key deformation measurements, important for the scientific studies of Earthquakes and volcanoes. Using precision real-time CPS and a sensor controlled flight management system, the system will be able to fly predefined paths with great precision. The expected performance of the flight control system will constrain the flight path to be within a 10 m diameter tube about the desired flight track. The radar will be designed to operate on a UAV (Unpiloted Arial Vehicle) but will initially be demonstrated on a minimally piloted vehicle (MPV), such as the Proteus built by Scaled Composites or on a NASA Gulfstream III. The radar design is a fully polarimetric with an 80 MHz bandwidth (2 m range resolution) and 16 km range swath. The antenna is an electronically steered along track to assure that the actual antenna pointing can be controlled independent of the wind direction and speed. Other features supported by the antenna include an elevation monopulse option and a pulse-to-pulse resteering capability that will enable some novel modes of operation. The system will nominally operate at 45,000 ft (13800 m). The program began out as an Instrument Incubator Project (IIP) funded by NASA Earth Science and Technology Office (ESTO). C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hensley, S (reprint author), Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 4 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 0-7803-8845-3 J9 IEEE MTT-S PY 2005 BP 1453 EP 1456 DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2005.1516963 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BDO34 UT WOS:000234561202079 ER PT S AU Samoska, L Bryerton, E Morgan, M Thacker, D Saini, K Boyd, T Pukala, D Peralta, A Hu, M Schmitz, A AF Samoska, L Bryerton, E Morgan, M Thacker, D Saini, K Boyd, T Pukala, D Peralta, A Hu, M Schmitz, A GP IEEE TI Medium power amplifiers covering 90-130 GHz for the ALMA telescope local oscillators SO 2005 IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 11-17, 2005 CL Long Beach, CA SP IEEE Microwave Theory & Technol Soc DE MMIC power amplifiers; InPHEMT; coplanar waveguide; ALMA ID MW AB This paper describes a set of power amplifier (PA) modules containing InP High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) Monolithic Millimeter-wave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) chips. The chips were designed and optimized for local oscillator sources in the 90-130 GHz band for the Atacama Large Millimeter Array telescope. The modules feature 20-45 mW of output power, to date the highest power from solid state HEMT MMIC modules above 110 GHz. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 0-7803-8845-3 J9 IEEE MTT S INT MICR PY 2005 BP 1583 EP 1586 DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2005.1517003 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BDO34 UT WOS:000234561202109 ER PT S AU Moussessian, A Chen, C Edelstein, W Madsen, S Rosen, P AF Moussessian, A Chen, C Edelstein, W Madsen, S Rosen, P GP IEEE TI System concepts and technologies for high orbit SAR (Invited) SO 2005 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM DIGEST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 11-17, 2005 CL Long Beach, CA SP IEEE Microwave Theory & Technol Soc DE active arrays; phased array radar; radar; Synthetic Aperture Radar AB This paper discusses large aperture, high orbit radar concepts for measuring sub-centimeter-level surface displacements from space. These measurements will enable applications such as earthquake simulation, modeling and forecasting. We will explain the need for large aperture, high Orbit arrays and will discuss the technologies required to achieve these missions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Moussessian, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 0-7803-8845-3 J9 IEEE MTT-S PY 2005 BP 1623 EP 1626 DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2005.1517017 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BDO34 UT WOS:000234561202118 ER PT S AU Moussessian, A Del Castillo, L Huang, J Sadowy, G Hoffman, J Smith, P Hatake, T Derksen, C Lopez, B Caro, E AF Moussessian, A Del Castillo, L Huang, J Sadowy, G Hoffman, J Smith, P Hatake, T Derksen, C Lopez, B Caro, E GP IEEE TI An active membrane phased array radar SO 2005 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM DIGEST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 11-17, 2005 CL Long Beach, CA SP IEEE Microwave Theory & Technol Soc DE active arrays; membranes; phased array radar; radar; Synthetic Aperture Radar AB We have developed the first membrane-based active phased array in L-band (1.26GHz). The array uses membrane-compatible Transmit/Receive (T/R) modules (membrane T/R) for each antenna element. We use phase shifters within each T/R module for electronic beam steering. We will discuss the T/R module design and integration with the membrane. We will also present transmit and receive beam-steering results for the array. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Moussessian, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 0-7803-8845-3 J9 IEEE MTT-S PY 2005 BP 1711 EP 1714 DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2005.1517047 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BDO34 UT WOS:000234561203004 ER PT S AU Kangaslahti, P Tanner, A Wilson, W Dinardo, S Lambrigsten, B AF Kangaslahti, P Tanner, A Wilson, W Dinardo, S Lambrigsten, B GP IEEE TI Prototype development of a geostationary synthetic thinned aperture radiometer (GeoSTAR) SO 2005 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Vols 1-4 SE IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM DIGEST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 11-17, 2005 CL Long Beach, CA SP IEEE Microwave Theory & Technol Soc DE millimeter wave low noise amplifiers; millimeter wave antenna arrays; MMIC phase shifters; MMIC receivers; Synthetic Aperture Imaging AB Weather prediction and hurricane tracking would greatly benefit of a continuous imaging capability of a hemisphere at millimeter wave frequencies. We are developing a synthetic thinned aperture radiometer (STAR) prototype operating from 50 to 56 GHz as a ground-based testbed to demonstrate the technologies needed to do full earth disk atmospheric temperature soundings from Geostationary orbit with high spatial resolution. The prototype consists of a Y-array of 24 MMIC receivers that are compact units implemented with low noise 1nP MMIC LNAs, second harmonic I-Q mixers, low power IF amplifiers and include internal digital bias control with serial line communication to enable low cost testing and system integration. Furthermore, this prototype STAR includes independent LO and noise calibration signal phase switching circuitry for each arm of the Y-array to verify the operation and calibration of the system. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kangaslahti, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 0-7803-8845-3 J9 IEEE MTT-S PY 2005 BP 2075 EP 2078 DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2005.1517155 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BDO34 UT WOS:000234561203090 ER PT B AU Slywczak, RA AF Slywczak, RA GP IEEE TI Developing autonomous missions through intelligent on-board architectures SO 2005 IEEE Networking, Sensing and Control Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control CY MAR 19-22, 2005 CL Tucson, AZ SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, Univ Arizona, PARCS Res Ctr DE architectures; IP-based protocols; NASA; satellites; security AB As NASA visualizes the future of space exploration, they will encounter a number of challenges during the development of new missions whose goals are to return man to the Moon and explore Mars and other planets. While NASA has been extremely successful with manned flight, continuous exploration of deep space holds it own unique challenges like large latencies, high bit error rates, and sparse and infrequent communications opportunities. To overcome these challenges, NASA must develop intelligent and extensible on-board architectures that can result in autonomous missions for deep space exploration. These missions, whether manned or unmanned, must provide self-management and self-healing services to achieve mission success. The goal of this paper is to develop and explain an intelligent and extensible on-board satellite architecture that can be reconfigured to meet the requirements of many missions. This architecture will be compared and contrasted with existing on-board architectures that are currently considered the state-of-the-art. Finally, the required steps need to take these architectures from concept to implementation will be discussed. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Slywczak, RA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8812-7 PY 2005 BP 359 EP 364 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BCP51 UT WOS:000230555300065 ER PT B AU Israel, DJ AF Israel, DJ GP IEEE TI Space network IP services (SNIS): An architecture for supporting low Earth orbiting 2 satellite missions SO 2005 IEEE Networking, Sensing and Control Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control CY MAR 19-22, 2005 CL Tucson, AZ SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, Univ Arizona, PARCS Res Ctr DE networks; satellite communication AB The NASA Space Network (SN) supports a variety of missions using the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS), which includes ground stations in White Sands, New Mexico and Guam. A Space Network IP Services (SNIS) architecture is being developed to support future users with requirements for end-to-end Internet Protocol (IP) communications. This architecture will support all IP protocols, including Mobile IP, over TDRSS Single Access, Multiple Access, and Demand Access Radio Frequency (RF) links. This paper will describe this architecture and how it can enable Low Earth Orbiting IP satellite missions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Israel, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8812-7 PY 2005 BP 900 EP 903 PG 4 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BCP51 UT WOS:000230555300159 ER PT B AU Howard, AM AF Howard, AM GP IEEE TI A methodology to assess performance of human-robotic systems in achievement of collective tasks SO 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Vols 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems CY AUG 02-06, 2005 CL Edmonton, CANADA SP IEEE, Robot Soc Japan DE performance assessment; human-robot interaction; task allocation AB In this paper, we present a methodology to assess system performance of human-robotic systems in achievement of collective tasks such as habitat construction, geological sampling, and space exploration. The methodology uses a systematic approach that assesses performance by incorporating capabilities of both human and robotic agents based on accomplishment of functional operations and effect of cognitive stress due to continuous operation by the human agent. In this paper, we provide an overview of the assessment system and discuss its implementation on a representative habitat construction task. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Howard, AM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8912-3 PY 2005 BP 377 EP 382 DI 10.1109/IROS.2005.1545010 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BDV16 UT WOS:000235632100061 ER PT B AU Talukder, A Ali, SM Panangadan, A Chandramouli, L AF Talukder, A Ali, SM Panangadan, A Chandramouli, L GP IEEE TI Predictive controller for heterogeneous sensor network operation in dynamic environments SO 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Vols 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems CY AUG 02-06, 2005 CL Edmonton, CANADA SP IEEE, Robot Soc Japan DE evolutionary algorithm; control; distributed sensing; machine learning; sensor networks; pattern recognition; resource management; mathematical optimization; wireless communication AB We discuss a novel control methodology for power management in heterogeneous distributed sensor networks. Many algorithms for resource management in sensor networks require complete knowledge of the external environment and the sensor network system, are rule-based and cannot handle rapidly changing environments; this restricts their use in real-world environments. We present an event based control optimization formulation of the resource management problem and discuss a method to adaptively change desired system performance of the sensor network in response to events. This functionality is critical in field-deployable sensor networks where the available energy is extremely limited. This limitation disallows continuous operation as a very expensive option and necessitates system adaptation as a means to extend operational lifetime in the face of dynamic external events. We show results on synthetic sensor networks where only partially accurate information about the external world and the sensing system is available and illustrate the efficacy of the control algorithm in handling dynamic events with guaranteed minimum system lifespan via efficient usage of energy resources. We show that the control algorithm makes effective control decisions about the use of energy resources with varying sensor reliabilities. C1 Univ So Calif, CHLA, NASA, Joint Affiliat Jet Propuls Lab, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Talukder, A (reprint author), Univ So Calif, CHLA, NASA, Joint Affiliat Jet Propuls Lab, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8912-3 PY 2005 BP 1133 EP 1139 DI 10.1109/IROS.2005.1545132 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BDV16 UT WOS:000235632101018 ER PT B AU Huntsberger, T Cheng, Y Stroupe, A Aghazarian, H AF Huntsberger, T Cheng, Y Stroupe, A Aghazarian, H GP IEEE TI Closed loop control for autonomous approach and placement of science instruments by planetary rovers SO 2005 IEEE/RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems CY AUG 02-06, 2005 CL Edmonton, CANADA SP IEEE, Robot Soc Japan DE planetary surface rovers; autonomous science; closed loop control ID STATE ESTIMATION; FIDO ROVER; LOCALIZATION; NAVIGATION AB The underlying motive of "follow the water" in the search for evidence of past or present life on Mars has led NASA to deploy increasingly sophisticated robotic missions to the planetary surface. Opportunity and Spirit, the current pair of MER (Mars Exploration Rovers) on Mars for over a year, have both discovered evidence of past surface water. Optimal use of mission resources, such as ground planning time and surface operation duration, for increased science data return becomes critical with each advancement in the capabilities of the onboard instrument suites. This paper presents a novel, end-to-end, fully integrated system being developed at JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) that is called SCAIP (Single Command Approach and Instrument Placement). SCAIP enables a rover to autonomously travel to a designated science target from an extended distance away, and precisely place an instrument on that target with a single command without additional human interaction. The results of some experimental studies with a rover in terrestrial settings and using imagery returned from MER are also described. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Mobil & Robot Syst Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jet Propuls Lab, Mobil & Robot Syst Sect, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM terry.huntsberger@jpl.nasa.gov; yang.cheng@jpl.nasa.gov; ashley.stroupe@jpl.nasa.gov; hrand.aghazarian@jpl.nasa.gov NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8912-3 PY 2005 BP 1399 EP 1406 DI 10.1109/IROS.2005.1545175 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BDV16 UT WOS:000235632101061 ER PT B AU Helmick, DM Cheng, Y Clouse, DS Bajracharya, M Matthies, LH Roumeliotis, SI AF Helmick, DM Cheng, Y Clouse, DS Bajracharya, M Matthies, LH Roumeliotis, SI GP IEEE TI Slip compensation for a Mars Rover SO 2005 IEEE/RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems CY AUG 02-06, 2005 CL Edmonton, CANADA SP IEEE, Robot Soc Japan DE rover navigation; visual odometry; slip compensation; kalman filter; kinematics AB A system that enables continuous slip compensation for a Mars rover has been designed, implemented, and field-tested. This system is composed of several components that allow the rover to accurately and continuously follow a designated path, compensate for slippage, and reach intended goals in high-slip environments. These components include: visual odometry, vehicle kinematics, a Kalman filter pose estimator, and a slip compensation/path follower. Visual odometry tracks distinctive scene features in stereo imagery to estimate rover motion between successively acquired stereo image pairs. The vehicle kinematics for a rocker-bogie suspension system estimates motion by measuring wheel rates, and rocker, bogie, and steering angles. The Kalman filter merges data from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and visual odometry. This merged estimate is then compared to the kinematic estimate to determine how much slippage has occurred, taking into account estimate uncertainties. If slippage has occurred then a slip vector is calculated by differencing the current Kalman filter estimate from the kinematic estimate. This slip vector is then used to determine the necessary wheel velocities and steering angles to compensate for slip and follow the desired path. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM daniel.helmick@jpl.nasa.gov; yang.cheng@jpl.nasa.gov; daniel.clouse@jpl.nasa.gov; max.bajracharya@jpl.nasa.gov; larry.matthies@jpl.nasa.gov; stergios@cs.umn.edu NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8912-3 PY 2005 BP 1419 EP 1426 DI 10.1109/IROS.2005.1545178 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BDV16 UT WOS:000235632101064 ER PT B AU Stroupe, A Huntsberger, T Okon, A Aghazarian, H Robinson, M AF Stroupe, A Huntsberger, T Okon, A Aghazarian, H Robinson, M GP IEEE TI Behavior-based multi-robot collaboration for autonomous construction tasks SO 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Vols 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems CY AUG 02-06, 2005 CL Edmonton, CANADA SP IEEE, Robot Soc Japan DE space robotics; cooperative mobile; manipulation; multi-robot systems AB The Robot Construction Crew (RCC) is a heterogeneous mules-robot system for autonomous construction of a structure through assembly of long components. The two-robot team demonstrates component placement into an existing structure in a realistic environment. The task requires component acquisition, cooperative transport, and cooperative precision manipulation. A behavior-based architecture provides adaptability. The RCC approach minimizes computation, power, communication, and sensing for applicability to space-related construction efforts, but the techniques are applicable to terrestrial construction tasks. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stroupe, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8912-3 PY 2005 BP 1989 EP 1994 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA BDV16 UT WOS:000235632101155 ER PT S AU Shevade, AV Ryan, MA Homer, ML Jewell, AD Zhou, H Manatt, K Kisor, AK Manfreda, AM Taylor, CJ AF Shevade, AV Ryan, MA Homer, ML Jewell, AD Zhou, H Manatt, K Kisor, AK Manfreda, AM Taylor, CJ GP IEEE TI Developing sensor activity relationships for the JPL electronic nose sensors using molecular modeling and QSAR techniques SO 2005 IEEE SENSORS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Sensors LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th IEEE Conference on Sensors CY OCT 31-NOV 03, 2005 CL Irvine, CA SP IEEE Sensors Council ID POLYMER; RESPONSES AB We report a Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) study using Genetic Function Approximation (GFA) to describe the polymer-carbon composite sensor activities in the JPL Electronic Nose (ENose), when exposed to chemical vapors at parts-per-million (ppm) concentration levels. A unique QSAR molecular descriptor set developed in this work combines the default analyte property set (thermodynamic, structural etc.) with sensing film-analyte interactions that describes the sensor response. These descriptors are calculated using semi-empirical and molecular modeling tools. The QSAR training data set consists of 15-20 analyte molecules specified by NASA for applications related to Life Support and Habitation in space. The statistically validated QSAR model was also tested independently to predict the sensor activities for test analytes not considered in the training set. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shevade, AV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Abhijit.Shevade@jpl.nasa.gov; Margaret.A.Ryan@jpl.nasa.gov; Margie.L.Homer@jpl.nasa.gov; April.D.Jewell@jpl.nasa.gov; Hanying.Zhou@jpl.nasa.gov; Kenneth.S.Manatt@jpl.nasa.gov; Adam.Kisor@jpl.nasa.gov; ali@manfreda.org; ctaylor@pomona.edu NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-0395 BN 0-7803-9056-3 J9 IEEE SENSOR PY 2005 BP 250 EP 253 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BEE80 UT WOS:000237003500062 ER PT S AU Son, KA Liu, Y Ruden, PP Xie, J Biyikli, N Moon, YT Onoijima, N Morkoc, H AF Son, KA Liu, Y Ruden, PP Xie, J Biyikli, N Moon, YT Onoijima, N Morkoc, H GP IEEE TI GaN-based micro pressure sensor for extreme environments SO 2005 IEEE SENSORS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Sensors LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th IEEE Conference on Sensors CY OCT 31-NOV 03, 2005 CL Irvine, CA SP IEEE Sensors Council ID III-V NITRIDE; PIEZOELECTRIC POLARIZATION; UNIAXIAL-STRESS; ALGAN/GAN HETEROSTRUCTURES; CONDUCTIVITY AB n-GaN/Al(x)Ga(1-x)N/n-GaN (n-I-n) heterostructure devices are investigated for potential applications as pressure sensors in extreme environments. Theoretical modeling of n-I-n sensors performed with various compositions (x = 0.1, 0.15, & 0.2) and thicknesses (10 nm and 20 nm) of Al(x)Ga(1-x)N suggests that electrical current will decrease with increasing pressure and this effect becomes more significant with higher AIN compositions in the Al(x)Ga(1-x)N layer and thicker Al(x)Ga(1-x)N layer. The effects of hydrostatic pressure on the electrical properties of n-GaN/Al(0.15),Ga(0.85)N/n-GaN structures were also measured over the range of 0-6 kbar. The current was found to decrease linearly and reversibly with increasing pressure. The normalized change in current with pressure is consistent with our modeling studies. The linearity and reversibility in pressure response suggest that these newly investigated nGaN/Al(x)Ga(1-x)N/n-GaN devices are promising candidates for high-pressure sensor applications. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Son, KA (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-0395 BN 0-7803-9056-3 J9 IEEE SENSOR PY 2005 BP 1259 EP 1262 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing GA BEE80 UT WOS:000237003500314 ER PT B AU Spinhirne, JD Welton, EJ Campbell, JR Berkoff, T AF Spinhirne, JD Welton, EJ Campbell, JR Berkoff, T GP IEEE TI Monitoring aerosol distribution from ground based elastic scattering lidar: a review SO 2005 IEEE Workshop on Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Workshop on Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols CY APR 05-06, 2005 CL Tucson, AZ SP IEEE C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Atmospheres, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Spinhirne, JD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Atmospheres, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9109-8 PY 2005 BP 14 EP 15 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BCX67 UT WOS:000231781800003 ER PT B AU Russell, PB Livingston, JM Dubovik, O Ramirez, SA Wang, J Redemann, J Schmid, B Box, M Holben, BN AF Russell, PB Livingston, JM Dubovik, O Ramirez, SA Wang, J Redemann, J Schmid, B Box, M Holben, BN GP IEEE TI Diffuse light corrections to Sun photometry of desert dust and marine aerosols SO 2005 IEEE Workshop on Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Workshop on Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols CY APR 05-06, 2005 CL Tucson, AZ SP IEEE ID COLUMNAR WATER-VAPOR; OPTICAL-DEPTH SPECTRA; PINATUBO C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Russell, PB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-5, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009 OI Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9109-8 PY 2005 BP 24 EP 25 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BCX67 UT WOS:000231781800005 ER PT B AU Flittner, DE AF Flittner, DE GP IEEE TI What can limb scatter tell us about aerosols? SO 2005 IEEE Workshop on Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Workshop on Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols CY APR 05-06, 2005 CL Tucson, AZ SP IEEE AB Profiles of light scattered from the limb of the terrestrial atmosphere can provide information upon the vertical structure of optically thin aerosol layers. Such data can also be used to determine the upper altitude of thicker layers (tau > 0.01). Multi-wavelength measurements can help determine relative size distribution, but only with assumptions concerning the particle index of refraction and shape. Measurements of polarization can help to narrow the range of possible optical constants and shapes, but the small range of scatterings angles limits the degree of useful information. Despite these limitations, limb scatter observations can be quite useful for stratospheric aerosol research and examining the injection of aerosols into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Presented is an algorithm for the estimation of the aerosol extinction profile from 10 - 30 km using limb scatter radiance profiles. Data is presented from the 1 mu m channel of the Limb Ozone Retrieval Experiment (LORE) flown on-board STS107 (Columbia). Comparisons are made with aerosol extinction profiles measured by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II using the solar occultation method. On average the difference for the LORE data is less than 20% with a variation of 40%. Additional results are presented for multi-wavelength Limb scatter observations made by SAGE III. Analysis of the retrievals shows altitude registration and stray. light to be the major error factors. C1 NASA Langley Res Ctr, Climate Sci Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Flittner, DE (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, Climate Sci Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9109-8 PY 2005 BP 68 EP 73 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BCX67 UT WOS:000231781800012 ER PT B AU Wilmot, J AF Wilmot, J GP ACM TI A core flight software system SO 2005 International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis CY SEP 18-21, 2005 CL Jersey City, NJ DE software; operating system; interfaces AB No two flight missions are alike, hence, development and on-orbit software costs are high. Software portability and adaptability across hardware platforms and operating systems has been minimal at best. Standard interfaces across applications and/or common applications are almost non-existent. To reduce flight software costs, these issues must be addressed. This presentation describes how the Flight Software Branch at Goddard Space Flight Center has architected a solution to these problems. C1 Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Software Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wilmot, J (reprint author), Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Software Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 1-59593-161-9 PY 2005 BP 13 EP 14 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BDF45 UT WOS:000233237900003 ER PT B AU Meyyappan, M AF Meyyappan, M BE Badawy, W Moussa, W TI Novel one dimensional nanostructures SO 2005 International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems CY JUL 24-27, 2005 CL Banff, CANADA SP IEEE CAS TE BioCAs, IEEE Circuit & Syst Soc C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Meyyappan, M (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2398-6 PY 2005 BP 3 EP 3 DI 10.1109/ICMENS.2005.91 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BDO07 UT WOS:000234540800001 ER PT S AU Katz, DS Jacob, JC Berriman, GB Good, J Laity, AC Deelman, E Kesselman, C Singh, G Su, MH Prince, TA AF Katz, DS Jacob, JC Berriman, GB Good, J Laity, AC Deelman, E Kesselman, C Singh, G Su, MH Prince, TA BE Skeie, T Yang, CS TI A comparison of two methods for building astronomical image mosaics on a grid SO 2005 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PARALLEL PROCESSING WORKSHOPS, PROCEEDINGS SE International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th International Conference on Parallel Processing (ICPP) CY JUN 14-17, 2005 CL Oslo, NORWAY SP Int Assoc Comp & Commun, Simula Res Lab, Res Council Norway, Univ Oslo, Norwegian Comp Soc AB This paper compares two methods for running an application composed of a set of modules on a grid. The set of modules (collectively called Montage) generates large astronomical image mosaics by composing multiple small images. The workflow that describes a particular run of Montage can be expressed as a directed acyclic graph (DAG), or as a short sequence of parallel (MPI) and sequential programs. In the first case, Pegasus can be used to run the workflow! In the second case, a short shell script that calls each program can be run. In this paper, we discuss the Montage modules, the workflow run for a sample job, and the two methods of actually running the workflow. We examine the run time for each method and compare the portions that differ between the two methods. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Daniel.S.Katz@jpl.nasa.gov OI Katz, Daniel S./0000-0001-5934-7525 NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1530-2016 BN 0-7695-2381-1 J9 INT CONF PARA PROC PY 2005 BP 85 EP 94 DI 10.1109/ICPPW.2005.6 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BCP53 UT WOS:000230570200010 ER PT B AU Birk, RJ AF Birk, RJ BE King, RL Younan, NH TI Extending NASA Earth-Sun system research results to serve GEOSS societal benefits SO 2005 International Workshop on the Analysis on Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images CY MAY 16-18, 2005 CL Biloxi, MS SP IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, Mississippi State Univ, James Worth Bagley Coll Engn, GRI, ERC AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) share a common vision and mission to serve society through Earth observation systems. Beginning in the early 1960s, research and development programs conducted by NASA included Earth observation spacecraft focused on improving the capacity to monitor the weather; weather is now one of the societal benefit areas identified by the GEO. From the 1980s through 2004, NASA developed and deployed the Earth Observing System to conduct global research using measurements from the Terra, Aqua, and Aura spacecraft. The research results from these and other NASA space-based observatories are pathfinders for next-generation operational systems and are information sources for evolving computer models used to improve predictions of weather, climate, and natural hazards. Improved understanding of climate change and the prediction and preparedness associated with disasters are two additional societal benefit areas of the GEO. One of NASA's goals is to extend benefits of space research to improve scientific understanding of the Earth system and to demonstrate new technologies with the potential to improve future operational systems. NASA focuses on applications of national priority to transition these benefits systematically, enabling and improving integrated system solutions that inform decisions to serve society. Management of energy, coastal and biological ecosystems, agriculture, water, and human health are applications served by integrating NASA research results into solutions that are consistent with GEO societal benefit areas. NASA and the GEO share a common framework architecture to systematically apply Earth observations and predictions to enable decision support for specific applications areas. Over the next 10 years, NASA plans to continue collaborations with its U.S. and international partners to develop and deploy innovative research spacecraft and instruments. These Systems can demonstrate the capacity for space systems to address targets identified in The Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) 10-Year Implementation Plan. C1 NASA, Appl Sci Program, Earth Sun Syst Div, Sci Miss Direct, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Birk, RJ (reprint author), NASA, Appl Sci Program, Earth Sun Syst Div, Sci Miss Direct, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9118-7 PY 2005 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BCU69 UT WOS:000231288600001 ER PT B AU McKellip, R Ryan, RE Blonski, S Prados, D AF McKellip, R Ryan, RE Blonski, S Prados, D BE King, RL Younan, NH TI Crop surveillance demonstration using a near-daily MODIS derived vegetation index time series SO 2005 International Workshop on the Analysis on Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images CY MAY 16-18, 2005 CL Biloxi, MS SP IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, Mississippi State Univ, James Worth Bagley Coll Engn, GRI, ERC DE MODIS; NDVI time series; AVHRR; cotton; noise; Median Filter; Savitzky-Golay filter; agriculture; crop diseases AB Effective response to crop disease outbreaks requires rapid identification and diagnosis of an event. A near-daily vegetation index product, such as a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), at moderate spatial resolution may serve as a good method for monitoring quick-acting diseases. NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument flown on the Terra and Aqua satellites has the temporal, spatial, and spectral properties to make it an excellent wide area data source for rapid, comprehensive surveillance of agricultural areas. A proof-of-concept wide area crop surveillance system using daily MODIS imagery was developed and tested on a set of San Joaquin cotton fields over a growing season. This area was chosen in part because excellent ground truth data were readily available. Preliminary results indicate that, at least in the southwestern part of the United States, near-daily NDVI products can be generated that show the natural variations in the crops as well as specific crop practices. Various filtering methods were evaluated and compared with standard MOD13 NDVI MODIS products. We observed that specific chemical applications that produce defoliation, which would have been missed using the standard 16-day product, were easily detectable with the filtered daily NDVI products. C1 NASA, Appl Sci Direct, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP McKellip, R (reprint author), NASA, Appl Sci Direct, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9118-7 PY 2005 BP 54 EP 58 PG 5 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BCU69 UT WOS:000231288600012 ER PT B AU Tilton, JC Lawrence, WT AF Tilton, JC Lawrence, WT BE King, RL Younan, NH TI Monitoring change through hierarchical segmentation of remotely sensed image data SO 2005 INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON THE ANALYSIS ON MULTI-TEMPORAL REMOTE SENSING IMAGES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images CY MAY 16-18, 2005 CL Biloxi, MS SP IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, Mississippi State Univ, James Worth Bagley Coll Engn, GRI, ERC DE hierarchical segmentation; MODIS; change detection; monitoring AB NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center has developed a fast and effective method for generating image segmentation hierarchies. These segmentation hierarchies organize image data in a manner that makes their information content more accessible for analysis. Image segmentation enables analysis through the examination of image regions rather than individual image pixels. In addition, the segmentation hierarchy provides additional analysis clues through the tracing of the behavior of image region characteristics at several levels of segmentation detail. The potential for extracting the information content from imagery data based on segmentation hierarchies has not been fully explored for the benefit of the Earth and space science communities. This paper explores the potential of exploiting these segmentation hierarchies for the analysis of multi-date data sets, and for the particular application of change monitoring. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mail Code 606, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM James.C.Tilton@nasa.gov; wlawrence@bowiestate.edu NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9118-7 PY 2005 BP 109 EP 114 PG 6 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BCU69 UT WOS:000231288600024 ER PT B AU Riishojgaard, LP AF Riishojgaard, LP BE King, RL Younan, NH TI High-latitude winds from Molniya orbit - A mission concept for NASA's Earth system science Pathfinder program SO 2005 International Workshop on the Analysis on Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images CY MAY 16-18, 2005 CL Biloxi, MS SP IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, Mississippi State Univ, James Worth Bagley Coll Engn, GRI, ERC AB The successful application of winds from MODIS in global assimilation and forecast systems has demonstrated that high-latitude wind observations can have a very substantial impact on forecast. The positive impact of these winds generally extends well into the lower latitudes, and the impact tends to be largest when the forecast skill is lowest. Much of the success of the MODIS winds is attributed to the 6.7 mu water vapor channel imagery that provides the vast majority of the wind vectors. In this light, it is unfortunate that after the end of the MODIS mission in 2008, high-latitude water vapor imagery will not be available until at least the 2014/2015 timeframe. A meteorological imager launched in a Molniya orbit would be a natural MODIS follow-on mission from a satellite winds perspective. The Molniya orbit is a highly eccentric orbit with a stable high-latitude apogee. Due to the second Kepler law of planetary motion, the satellite spends about two thirds of the time near its apogee where it provides a quasi-geostationary perspective centered over the high latitudes. This will allow us to extend the time-continuous imagery coverage all the way to the pole and will enable the near-real time (60 minutes or better) dissemination of high-latitude winds and other derived products based on high refresh rate imagery, including one or more water vapor channels. C1 UMBC, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Riishojgaard, LP (reprint author), UMBC, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9118-7 PY 2005 BP 120 EP 124 PG 5 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BCU69 UT WOS:000231288600026 ER PT B AU Miller, RL Del Castillo, CE Chilmakuri, C McCorquodale, JA Georgiou, I McKee, BA D'Sa, EJ AF Miller, RL Del Castillo, CE Chilmakuri, C McCorquodale, JA Georgiou, I McKee, BA D'Sa, EJ BE King, RL Younan, NH TI Using multi-temporal MODIS 250 m data to calibrate and validate a sediment transport model for environmental monitoring of coastal waters SO 2005 International Workshop on the Analysis on Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images CY MAY 16-18, 2005 CL Biloxi, MS SP IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, Mississippi State Univ, James Worth Bagley Coll Engn, GRI, ERC DE suspended sediments; sediment transport; MODIS; ECOMSED; water quality; monitoring ID ALGORITHM; SURVIVAL; IMAGERY AB Muti-temporal images of total suspended matter (TSM) derived from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) Terra 250 m red-band reflectance data were used to set the initial conditions and validate output of a hydrodynamic and sediment transport model (ECOMSED) developed for Lake Pontchartrain, LA USA. During this initial study, the moderately high spatial resolution of the 250 m images provided a significant improvement in model definition when compared to model runs calibrated using I km data available from most ocean viewing instruments (eg, A VHRR and Sea WiFS). The combination of daily MODIS imagery, and model simulations offer a more robust monitoring and prediction system of suspended sediments than available from either system alone. The additional use of Aqua MODIS imagery should afford greater refinement in model paramerization and accuracy. C1 NASA, Appl Sci Directorate, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Miller, RL (reprint author), NASA, Appl Sci Directorate, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RI Del Castillo, Carlos/N-2601-2013 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9118-7 PY 2005 BP 200 EP 204 PG 5 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BCU69 UT WOS:000231288600046 ER PT B AU Gwaltney, DA Ferguson, MJ AF Gwaltney, DA Ferguson, MJ BE Lohn, J Gwaltney, D Hornby, G Zebulum, R Keymeulen, D Stoica, A TI Enabling the on-line intrinsic evolution of analog controllers SO 2005 NASA/DOD CONFERENCE ON EVOLVABLE HARDWARE (EH-2005), PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware CY JUN 29-JUL 01, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP NASA, Dept Def, NASA Ames Res Ctr AB The intrinsic evolution of analog controllers to provide closed-loop control of the speed of a DC motor has been previously demonstrated at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Aside effect of the evolutionary process is that during evolution there are necessarily poor configurations to be evaluated that could cause damage to the plant This paper concerns the development and implementation of a safe Evolvable Analog Controller (EAC) architecture able to evolve controllers on-line even in the presence of these poor configurations. The EAC concept is discussed and experimental results are presented that show the feasibility of the approach. This EAC architecture represents the first in a series of steps required to make deployment of an evolvable controller a reality. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM david.a.gwaltney@nasa.gov; michael.i.ferguson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2399-4 PY 2005 BP 3 EP 11 DI 10.1109/EH.2005.21 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture SC Computer Science GA BCR60 UT WOS:000230938600001 ER PT B AU Gwaltney, DA Dutton, K AF Gwaltney, DA Dutton, K BE Lohn, J Gwaltney, D Hornby, G Zebulum, R Keymeulen, D Stoica, A TI A VHDL core for intrinsic evolution of discrete time filters with signal feedback SO 2005 NASA/DOD CONFERENCE ON EVOLVABLE HARDWARE (EH-2005), PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware CY JUN 29-JUL 01, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP NASA, Dept Def, NASA Ames Res Ctr AB The design of an Evolvable Machine VHDL Core is presented, representing a discrete-time processing structure capable of supporting control system applications. This VHDL Core is implemented in an FPGA and is interfaced with an evolutionary algorithm implemented in firmware on a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) to create an evolvable system platform. The salient features of this architecture are presented. The capability to implement IN filter structures is presented along with the results of the intrinsic evolution of a filter. The robustness of the evolved filter design is tested and its unique characteristics are described. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM david.a.gwaltney@nasa.gov; kenneth.dutton@nasa.gov NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2399-4 PY 2005 BP 43 EP 50 DI 10.1109/EH.2005.6 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture SC Computer Science GA BCR60 UT WOS:000230938600007 ER PT B AU Terrile, RJ Aghazarian, H Ferguson, MI Fink, W Huntsberger, TL Keymeulen, D Klimeck, G Kordon, MA Lee, SW von Allmen, P AF Terrile, RJ Aghazarian, H Ferguson, MI Fink, W Huntsberger, TL Keymeulen, D Klimeck, G Kordon, MA Lee, SW von Allmen, P BE Lohn, J Gwaltney, D Hornby, G Zebulum, R Keymeulen, D Stoica, A TI Evolutionary computation technologies for the automated design of space systems SO 2005 Nasa/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware (EH-2005), Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware CY JUN 29-JUL 01, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP NASA, Dept Def, NASA Ames Res Ctr AB The Evolvable Computation Group, at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), is tasked with demonstrating the utility of computational engineering and computer optimized design for complex space systems. The group is comprised of researchers over a broad range of disciplines including biology, genetics, robotics, physics, computer science and system design, and employs biologically inspired evolutionary computational techniques to design and optimize complex systems. Over the past two years we have developed tools using genetic algorithms, simulated annealing and other optimizers to improve on human design of space systems. We have further demonstrated that the same tools used for computer-aided design and design evaluation can be used for automated innovation and design, and be applied to hardware in the loop such as robotic arms and MEMS micro-gyroscopes. These powerful techniques also serve to reduce redesign costs and schedules. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Terrile, RJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 301-340, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Klimeck, Gerhard/A-1414-2012 OI Klimeck, Gerhard/0000-0001-7128-773X NR 14 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2399-4 PY 2005 BP 131 EP 138 DI 10.1109/EH.2005.24 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture SC Computer Science GA BCR60 UT WOS:000230938600020 ER PT B AU Chao, TH AF Chao, TH GP IEEE TI Compact digital holographic memory using blue diode laser SO 2005 Non-Volatile Memory Technology Symposium, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Non-Volatile Memory Technology Symposium CY NOV 07-10, 2005 CL Dallas, TX SP NASA, USAF Res Lab, Def Threat Reduct Agcy, IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Sovc, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, NASA New Millennium Program, NASA Elect Parts & Packaging AB Recent technical progress in developing a compact digital holographic memory system is presented. Due to rapid advancement in data input and output devices, electro-optic beam steering technology, and diode laser source, a compact holographic memory brassboard for digital data storage has been integrated. The system consist of a 1 Meg pixel binary spatial light modulator, a E-O beam steering mirror, a CMOS photo sensor, a LiNbO3 photorefractive crystal, and a blue laser source. The system architecture and experimental test data will be discussed. An overview of the holographic data storage technology will also be discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chao, TH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9408-9 PY 2005 BP 72 EP 74 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture SC Computer Science GA BDO81 UT WOS:000234567100015 ER PT B AU Patterson, J Guertin, S Nguyen, D AF Patterson, J Guertin, S Nguyen, D GP IEEE TI Emerging SER modes and SEE testing strategies for highly scaled NAND FLASH devices SO 2005 Non-Volatile Memory Technology Symposium, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Non-Volatile Memory Technology Symposium CY NOV 07-10, 2005 CL Dallas, TX SP NASA, USAF Res Lab, Def Threat Reduct Agcy, IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Sovc, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, NASA New Millennium Program, NASA Elect Parts & Packaging C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Patterson, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9408-9 PY 2005 BP 140 EP 140 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture SC Computer Science GA BDO81 UT WOS:000234567100028 ER PT B AU Dubovitsky, S Lay, OP Peters, RD Liebe, CC AF Dubovitsky, S Lay, OP Peters, RD Liebe, CC GP IEEE TI Absolute optical metrology: Nanometers to kilometers SO 2005 PACIFIC RIM CONFERENCE ON LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics CY JUL 11-15, 2005 CL Tokyo, JAPAN ID RESOLUTION; SYSTEM AB We provide an Overview of developments in high-accuracy absolute optical metrology with emphasis on space-based applications. Specific work on the Modulation Sideband Technology for Absolute Ranging (MSTAR) sensor is described along with novel applications of the sensor. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM serge.dubovitsky@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9242-6 PY 2005 BP 946 EP 948 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA BEC31 UT WOS:000236757900454 ER PT B AU Mojarradi, MM Blalock, BJ Kolawa, E Johnson, RW AF Mojarradi, MM Blalock, BJ Kolawa, E Johnson, RW GP JSAP TI Design challenges and methodology for developing new integrated circuits for the robotics exploration of the solar system SO 2005 Symposium on VLSI Circuits, Digest of Technical Papers LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on VLSI Circuits CY JUN 16-18, 2005 CL Kyoto, JAPAN SP Japan Soc Appl Phys, IEEE Solid-State Circuits Soc, Inst Elect Informat & Commun Engeers Japan, IEEE Elect Dev Soc AB Next generation space-based robotics systems will be constructed using distributed architectures where electronics capable of working in the extreme environments of the planets of the solar system are integrated with the sensors and actuators in plug-and-play modules and are connected through common multiple redundant data and power buses. Challenges for development of integrated circuits for these robotic systems deal with the reliable operation of these systems under extreme planetary environments. These challenges are compounded by a complementary set of packaging and assembly issues that address the reliability of the system from the mechanical point of view. Without exception integrated electronics developed for space systems will have to use existing commercial device and VLSI manufacturing technologies. Because of the sever difference between the extreme environment of the solar system planets and earth, IC designers of space systems have to examine the performance of all the devices in the extreme environment conditions and define a new set of design rules and models that predicts the performance and life cycle of these technologies. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Mojarradi, MM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN SOCIETY APPLIED PHYSICS PI TOKYO PA 5TH FLOOR KUDAN KITA BLDG 1-12-3 KUDAN-KITA CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 102, JAPAN BN 4-900784-01-X PY 2005 BP 154 EP 155 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BDQ92 UT WOS:000234973500037 ER PT S AU Pereira, JM Melis, ME Revilock, DM AF Pereira, JM Melis, ME Revilock, DM BE Paisley, DL Kleinfelder, S Snyder, DR Thompson, BJ TI A summary of the space shuttle Columbia tragedy and the use of digital high speed photography in the accident investigation and NASA's return-to-flight effort SO 26th International Congress on High Speed Photography and Photonics SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th International Congress on High-Speed Photography and Photonics CY SEP 20-24, 2004 CL Alexandria, VA SP Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab Phys Div, SPIE DE high-speed; digital; photography; impact testing AB On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia broke apart during reentry resulting in loss of seven crewmembers and craft. For the next several months an extensive investigation of the accident ensued involving a nationwide team of experts from NASA, industry, and academia, spanning dozens of technical disciplines. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB), a group of experts assembled to conduct an investigation independent of NASA concluded in August, 2003 that the cause of the loss of Columbia and its crew was a breach in the left wing leading edge Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) thermal protection system initiated by the impact of thermal insulating foam that had separated from the orbiters external fuel tank 81 seconds into that mission's launch. During reentry, this breach allowed superheated air to penetrate behind the leading edge and erode the aluminum structure of the left wing which ultimately led to the breakup of the orbiter. Supporting the findings of the CAIB, were numerous ballistic impact testing programs conducted to investigate and quantify the physics of External Tank Foam impact on the RCC wing leading edge material. These tests ranged from fundamental material characterization tests to full-scale Orbiter Wing Leading Edge tests. Following the accident investigation, NASA turned its focus to returning the Shuttle safely to flight. Supporting this effort are many test programs to evaluate impact threats from various debris sources during ascent that must be completed for certifying the Shuttle system safe for flight. Digital high-speed cameras were used extensively to document these tests as significant advances in recent years have nearly eliminated the use of film in many areas of testing. Researchers at the NASA Glenn Ballistic Impact Laboratory have participated in several of the impact test programs supporting the Accident Investigation and Return-to-Flight efforts. This paper summarizes the Columbia Accident and the nearly seven month long investigation that followed. Highlights of the NASA Glenn contributions to the impact testing are presented with emphasis on the use of high speed digital photography to document theses tests. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Pereira, JM (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5530-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5580 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1117/12.579291 PG 11 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BCE99 UT WOS:000228994200001 ER PT B AU Mehlitz, PC Penix, J AF Mehlitz, PC Penix, J TI Design for verification with dynamic assertions SO 29th Annual IEEE/NASA Software Engineering Workshop, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th Annual IEEE/NASA Software Engineering Workshop CY APR 06-07, 2005 CL Greenbelt, MD SP IEEE TCSE, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, NASA Software Engn lab AB Completed design and implementation are often regarded as pre-requisites of any verification. While recent development methods establish testability as a design criterion, there is no corresponding design support for other verification methods like model checking and static analysis. Since these methods have inherent scalability problems, their application becomes more difficult where it is most needed - for complex systems. Our Design-for-Verification (D4V) approach attempts to close this gap using a variety of techniques, such as design patterns, APIs and source annotations . This paper presents a overview of D4V, and introduces Dynamic Assertions as one of the proposed D4V techniques. Dynamic Assertions are dedicated, non-intrusive check objects that are dynamically activated, evaluated and deactivated via assertions of their target objects. Since these check objects can have their own state, they can be used to verify a broad range of properties. Properties can be expressed in the target programming language, and checked in a testing environment. In addition, Dynamic Assertions can be configured via call contexts, making them suitable for connector-specific verification of component based systems. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Comp Sci Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Mehlitz, PC (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Comp Sci Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2306-4 PY 2005 BP 285 EP 292 DI 10.1109/SEW.2005.23 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BDX14 UT WOS:000235925700029 ER PT S AU Talukder, A Bhatt, R Chandramouli, L Ali, SM Pidva, R Monacos, S AF Talukder, Ashit Bhatt, Rajan Chandramouli, L. Ali, Syed Muhammad Pidva, Rishi Monacos, S. GP IEEE TI Autonomous Resource Management and Control Algorithms for Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks SO 3RD ACS/IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS, 2005 SE International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA-05) CY JAN 03-06, 2005 CL Amer Univ, Cairo, EGYPT SP IEEE, Arab Comp Soc (ACS), IEEE Comp Soc HO Amer Univ DE Evolutionary algorithm; control; distributed sensing; machine learning; sensor networks; pattern recognition; resource management; mathematical optimization; wireless communication AB We discuss a novel framework for integrated sensing and resource management in a distributed intelligent sensor network with sensor nodes whose useful active lifetime is significantly shorter than the required lifetime of the sensor system. Past sensor network research has focused on security and communication, but largely ignored the overall dynamic resource management issue of such distributed systems. Our contribution is in integrated control optimization and resource management algorithms to ensure proper functioning of distributed sensors in extremely limited bandwidth, power, and storage. In this paper, we present a novel genetic algorithm for real-time system control and resource management that handles multiple conflicting objectives and constraints in the distributed system. Our framework is suitable for dynamic environments where the desired system performance and resource usage changes dynamically while being constrained by limited amount of resources. C1 [Talukder, Ashit] Univ So Calif, CHLA, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Talukder, A (reprint author), Univ So Calif, CHLA, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM talukder@usc.edu NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2161-5322 BN 978-0-7803-8735-5 J9 I C COMP SYST APPLIC PY 2005 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BXU62 UT WOS:000297136100010 ER PT S AU Ghaffarian, R AF Ghaffarian, R GP IEEE TI Thermal cycle reliability and failure mechanisms of CCGA and PBGA assemblies with and without corner staking SO 55TH ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS & TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2, 2005 PROCEEDINGS SE Electronic Components and Technology Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 55th Electronic Components and Technology Conference CY MAY 31-JUN 04, 2005 CL Lake Buena Vista, FL SP Elect Components, Assemblies & Mat Assoc, Elect Ind Alliance, IEEE, CPMT DE ball grid array; BGA; PBGA; thermal cycle; stake; solder joint; column grid array; CCGA; CGA; inspection AB Area Array Packages (AAPs) with 1.27 mm pitch have been the packages of choice for commercial applications; they are now starting to be implemented for use in military and aerospace applications. Thermal cycling characteristics of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) and chip scale package (CSP) assemblies, because of their wide usage for commercial applications, have been extensively reported on in literature. Thermal cycling represents the on-off environmental condition for most electronic products and therefore, is a key factor that defines reliability. However, very limited data is available for thermal cycling behavior of ceramic. packages commonly used for the aerospace applications. For high reliability applications, numerous area array packages are available with the same design pattern both in ceramic and plastic packages. This paper compares assembly reliability of ceramic and plastic package with the same I/O and pattern. The ceramic package was in the form of CCGA with 560 I/Os peripheral array with the same pad design as its plastic counterpart. The effects of the following key parameters on reliability of both CCGA and PBGA assemblies were investigated. Thermal cycle ranges, -50/75 degrees C, -55/100 degrees C, and 55/125 degrees C Corner staking on failure mechanisms for two thermal cycle profiles, -55/125 degrees C and -50/75 degrees C Package interchangeability, i.e. using PBGA package on CGA pad design with a larger pad Heat sink attachment on the top of package Packages were assembled on polyimide board and their daisy chains were continuously monitored. Optical photomicrographs were taken at various thermal cycle intervals to document damage progress and behavior. Representative samples along with their cross-sectional photomicrographs at higher magnification, taken by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), are also presented. These were used to determine crack propagation and failure analyses for packages with and without corner staking. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Ghaffarian, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Reza.Ghaffrian@JPL.NASA.Gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0569-5503 BN 0-7803-8906-9 J9 ELEC COMP C PY 2005 BP 391 EP 398 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BCP57 UT WOS:000230581600060 ER PT B AU Maluf, D Bell, D Ashish, N Knight, C Tran, P AF Maluf, D Bell, D Ashish, N Knight, C Tran, P BE Desai, BC Vossen, G TI Semi-structured data management in the enterprise: A nimble, high-throughput, and scalable approach SO 9th International Database Engineering & Application Symposium, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Database Engineering and Application Symposium (IDEAS 2005) CY JUL 25-27, 2005 CL Concordia Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Sofware Engn, Montreal, CANADA SP IEEE Comp Soc HO Concordia Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Sofware Engn ID XML AB In this paper we describe an approach and system for managing enterprise semi-structured data that is high-throughput, nimble, and scalable. We present the NETMARK system, which provides for a "schemaless" way of managing semi-structured documents. We describe in particular detail the unique underlying data storage approach and efficient query processing mechanisms given this storage system. We present an extensive benchmark evaluation of the NETMARK system and also compare it with related XML management systems. At the heart of the approach is the philosophy of a focus on most common data management requirements in the enterprise, and not burdening users and application developers with unnecessary complexity and formal schemas. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Maluf, D (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2404-4 PY 2005 BP 115 EP 124 DI 10.1109/IDEAS.2005.52 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BCX12 UT WOS:000231656600013 ER PT S AU Benazera, E Narasimhan, S AF Benazera, E Narasimhan, S GP IEEE TI An extension to the Kalman filter for an improved detection of unknown behavior SO ACC: Proceedings of the 2005 American Control Conference, Vols 1-7 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference 2005 (ACC) CY JUN 08-10, 2005 CL Portland, OR SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC, AIAA, AIChE, AIST, ASCE, ASME, IEEE, ISA, SCS AB The use of Kalman filter (KF) interferes with fault detection algorithms based on the residual between estimated and measured variables, since the measured values are used to update the estimates. This feedback results in the estimates being pulled closer to the measured values, influencing the residuals in the process. Here we present a fault detection scheme for systems that are being tracked by a KF. Our approach combines an open-loop prediction over an adaptive window and an information-based measure of the deviation. of the Kalman estimate from the prediction, to improve fault detection. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Benazera, E (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-9098-9 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2005 BP 1039 EP 1041 DI 10.1109/ACC.2005.1470097 PG 3 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BCY93 UT WOS:000231947701051 ER PT S AU Shields, J Bailey, R Lytle, B Schroeder, J Lurie, B Acikmese, AB Singh, G Keim, J Ahmed, A AF Shields, J Bailey, R Lytle, B Schroeder, J Lurie, B Acikmese, AB Singh, G Keim, J Ahmed, A GP IEEE TI System design, modelling, and tracking filter for bearings only camera SO ACC: Proceedings of the 2005 American Control Conference, Vols 1-7 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference 2005 (ACC) CY JUN 08-10, 2005 CL Portland, OR SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC, AIAA, AIChE, AIST, ASCE, ASME, IEEE, ISA, SCS ID POSE ESTIMATION AB The Formation Control Testbed (FCT) is a ground based multiple robot testbed for simulating the dynamic interaction of spacecraft formations in a representative 6-DOF environment. Linear and spherical air bearings are used to mimic the drag free space environment. Each robot is fully autonomous with a self contained supply of float gas, integrated battery power, and a complete suite of onboard avionics including IMU (3-axis gyro), wireless interspacecraft and ground communication links, cold-gas thrusters, and reaction wheels. For attitude determination an analog camera is used to image IR beacons fixed to the walls and ceiling of the test facility. These navigation beacons act as an artificial star field. Due to the close proximity of these beacons, the camera direction measurements are coupled to both translation and attitude maneuvers of the robot. This allows unique determination of each quantity, provided enough beacons are in the camera FOV. We have come to refer to this sensing scheme as the "Celestial Sensor". In this paper, each subsystem of the Celestial Sensor is discussed with emphasis given to the filtering algorithms. A detailed sensor model is described that is used to predict the performance of the sensor. Frame based simulations using this model are presented that predict 1-sigma errors on the order of 3.0 arc minutes in attitude (per axis) and 4.0 millimeters in position (per cartesian coordinate). Preliminary results from the production system are given that demonstrate uncalibrated functional operation of the system. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Shields, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-9098-9 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2005 BP 1981 EP 1986 DI 10.1109/ACC.2005.1470260 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BCY93 UT WOS:000231947702083 ER PT S AU Acikmese, AB Corless, M AF Acikmese, AB Corless, M GP IEEE TI Observers for systems with nonlinearities satisfying an incremental quadratic inequality SO ACC: Proceedings of the 2005 American Control Conference, Vols 1-7 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference 2005 (ACC) CY JUN 08-10, 2005 CL Portland, OR SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC, AIAA, AIChE, AIST, ASCE, ASME, IEEE, ISA, SCS ID DESIGN; STATE; STABILITY AB We consider the problem of designing observers to asymptotically estimate the state of a system whose nonlinear time-varying terms satisfy an incremental quadratic inequality that is parameterized by a set of multiplier matrices. Observer design is reduced to solving linear matrix inequalities for the observer gain matrices. The proposed observers guarantee exponential convergence of the state estimation error to zero. In addition to considering a larger class of nonlinearities than previously considered, this paper unifies some earlier results in the literature. The results are illustrated by application to a model of an underwater vehicle. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Acikmese, AB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Corless, Martin/F-2299-2011 NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-9098-9 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2005 BP 3622 EP 3629 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BCY93 UT WOS:000231947704108 ER PT S AU Gawronski, W AF Gawronski, W GP IEEE TI Control and pointing challenges of antennas and telescopes SO ACC: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2005 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference 2005 (ACC) CY JUN 08-10, 2005 CL Portland, OR SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC, AIAA, AIChE, AIST, ASCE, ASME, IEEE, ISA, SCS ID SIMULATION AB Extremely large telescopes will be constructed in the near future, and new radiotelescopes will operate at significantly higher radio frequencies; both features create significantly increased pointing accuracy requirements that have to be addressed by control. system engineers. The paper presents control and pointing problems encountered during design, testing, and operation of antennas, radiotelescopes, and optical telescopes. This collection of challenges informs of their current status, helps to evaluate their importance, and is a basis for discussion on the ways of improvement of antenna pointing accuracy. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM wodek.k.gawronski@jpl.nasa.gov NR 56 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-9098-9 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2005 BP 3758 EP 3769 DI 10.1109/ACC.2005.1470558 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BCY93 UT WOS:000231947705007 ER PT S AU Bayard, DS Brugarolas, PB AF Bayard, DS Brugarolas, PB GP IEEE TI An estimation algorithm for vision-based exploration of small bodies in space SO ACC: Proceedings of the 2005 American Control Conference, Vols 1-7 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference 2005 (ACC) CY JUN 08-10, 2005 CL Portland, OR SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC, AIAA, AIChE, AIST, ASCE, ASME, IEEE, ISA, SCS AB This paper summarizes a methodology for designing on-board state estimators in support of spacecraft exploration of small bodies such as asteroids and comets. This paper will focus on an estimation algorithm that incorporates two basic computer-vision measurement types: a Landmark Table and a Paired Feature Table. Several innovations are developed to incorporate these measurement types into the onboard state estimation algorithm. Simulations are provided to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bayard, DS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-9098-9 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2005 BP 4589 EP 4595 DI 10.1109/ACC.2005.1470719 PG 7 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BCY93 UT WOS:000231947706028 ER PT J AU McCuistion, JD Birk, R AF McCuistion, JD Birk, R TI From observations to decision support: the new paradigm for satellite data SO ACTA ASTRONAUTICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th IAA International Symposium n Small Satellites for Earth Observation CY APR 07-11, 2003 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt eV, Int Acad Astronaut AB Global observations and scientific expertise are becoming increasingly crucial to sound decision-making affecting a variety of economic and social challenges. Conversely, decision maker's awareness of the benefits of space-based observations is crucial to the future of the remote sensing industry. This can only be accomplished through increased availability and accessibility to support tools capable of providing decision makers with the knowledge they require. Space-based systems. and the data collected, must migrate from the purely scientific research realm into Earth observation architectures that support interoperable models. These architectures and interoperable models are the framework for the high fidelity, interoperable decision support tools of tomorrow. The NASA Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) is placing new emphasis on exploitation of science expertise and global observations to bring these decision support systems into reality and widespread acceptance. The US Administration is taking bold steps to implement the President's vision for remote sensing and applications. Concurrently, the ESE is implementing an architecture, and aligning systems. research and resources to this ends defining six scientific themes to frame mission concept selection and system development. In parallel. applications and technologies are being initiated and expanded to advance NASA-sponsored observations and predictions into practical-use models. and decision support tools. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, Office Earth Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP McCuistion, JD (reprint author), NASA, Office Earth Sci, 300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM James.D.McCuistion@nasa.gov; rbirk@hq.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0094-5765 J9 ACTA ASTRONAUT JI Acta Astronaut. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 5 EP 8 DI 10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.09.046 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 879VQ UT WOS:000225747600003 ER PT J AU Esper, J Gervin, J Kirchman, F Middleton, E Knox, R Gregg, W Mannino, A McClain, C Herman, J Hall, F AF Esper, J Gervin, J Kirchman, F Middleton, E Knox, R Gregg, W Mannino, A McClain, C Herman, J Hall, F TI Low/medium density biomass, coastal and ocean carbon: a carbon cycle mission SO ACTA ASTRONAUTICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th IAA International Symposium n Small Satellites for Earth Observation CY APR 07-11, 2003 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt eV, Int Acad Astronaut AB As part of the Global Carbon Cycle research effort, an agency-wide planning initiative was organized between October 2000 and June 2001 by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center at the behest of the Associate Administrator for Earth Science. The goal was to define future research and technology development activities needed for implementing a cohesive scientific observation plan. A timeline for development of missions necessary to acquire the selected new measurements was laid out, and included missions for low-medium density terrestrial biomass/coastal ocean, and global ocean carbon. This paper will begin with the scientific justification and measurement requirements for these specific activities. lightly touch on the options for having separate low Earth orbiting missions, and follow-up in more detail with a combined implementation study centered on a hyperspectral imager at geosynchronous altitudes, highlighting both its merits and challenges. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Syst Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Esper, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Syst Engn Branch, Code 593, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Jaime.Esper-I@nasa.gov RI Knox, Robert/E-9657-2011; OI Herman, Jay/0000-0002-9146-1632 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0094-5765 J9 ACTA ASTRONAUT JI Acta Astronaut. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 25 EP 34 DI 10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.09.044 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 879VQ UT WOS:000225747600006 ER PT J AU Neeck, SP Magner, TJ Paules, GE AF Neeck, SP Magner, TJ Paules, GE TI NASA's small satellite missions for Earth observation SO ACTA ASTRONAUTICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th IAA International Symposium n Small Satellites for Earth Observation CY APR 07-11, 2003 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt eV, Int Acad Astronaut AB The mission of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) is to develop a scientific understanding of the Earth system and its response to natural and human-induced changes to enable improved prediction of climate. weather. and natural hazards for present and future generations. The ESE has an end-to-end strategy to assure that information. understanding. and capabilities derived from its research program achieve maximum usefulness to the scientific and decision-making communities. Small satellites (< 500 kg) have been crucial contributors to satisfying the research strategy since the inception of NASA's Earth observation program in the 1960s. In the last decade, NASA's ESE has placed a renewed emphasis on small satellites. This reemphasis reflects advancements in compact sensor, small satellite bus. and launch vehicle technologies in addition to management innovations. Near term and advanced planning suggest that this trend will continue. A number of related small satellite missions have been recently launched, are in development. or are planned. Multi-satellite constellations under study include small satellites as key architectural elements. Studies indicate that low cost. capable microspacecraft along with compact sensors and increased autonomy are technology enablers to the sensorwebs and associated distributed spacecraft infrastructure required to realize the long-term NASA Earth Science Vision (ESV). Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, Off Earth Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Neeck, SP (reprint author), NASA, Off Earth Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 10 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0094-5765 J9 ACTA ASTRONAUT JI Acta Astronaut. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 187 EP 192 DI 10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.09.034 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 879VQ UT WOS:000225747600027 ER PT J AU Crisp, D Johnson, C AF Crisp, D Johnson, C TI The orbiting carbon observatory mission SO ACTA ASTRONAUTICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th IAA International Symposium n Small Satellites for Earth Observation CY APR 07-11, 2003 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt eV, Int Acad Astronaut AB The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) mission was selected by NASA's Office of Earth Science. as the fifth mission in its Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program. OCO will make the first global, space-based measurements of atmospheric CO2 with the precision, resolution, and coverage needed to characterize sources and sinks of this important green-house gas. These measurements will improve our ability to forecast CO2-induced climate change. OCO will fly in a 1:15 PM sun-synchronous orbit, sharing its around track with the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua platform. It will carry high-resolution spectrometers to measure reflected sunlight in the molecular oxygen (O-2) A-band at 0.76 mum and the CO2 bands at 1.61 and 2.06 mum to retrieve the column-averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction. X-CO2. A comprehensive validation and correlative measurement program has been incorporated into this mission to ensure that X-CO2 can be retrieved with precisions of 0.3% (1 ppm) on regional scales. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Off Earth Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Johnson, C (reprint author), NASA, Off Earth Sci, HQ,Code YF,300 E St SW, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM cjohnso3@hq.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0094-5765 J9 ACTA ASTRONAUT JI Acta Astronaut. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 193 EP 197 DI 10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.09.032 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 879VQ UT WOS:000225747600028 ER PT J AU Lemmerman, L Raymond, C Shotwell, R Chase, J Bhasin, K Connerton, R AF Lemmerman, L Raymond, C Shotwell, R Chase, J Bhasin, K Connerton, R TI Advanced platform technologies for Earth science SO ACTA ASTRONAUTICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th IAA International Symposium n Small Satellites for Earth Observation CY APR 07-11, 2003 CL Berlin, GERMANY SP Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt eV, Int Acad Astronaut AB Historically, Earth science investigations have been independent and highly focused. However. the Earth's environment 1:. a very dynamic and interrelated system and to understand it, significant improvements in spatial and temporal observations will be required. Science needs to document the need for constellations to achieve desired spatial and temporal observations. A key element envisioned for accomplishing these difficult challenges is the idea of a distributed. heterogeneous, and adaptive observing system or sensor web. This paper focuses on one possible approach based on a LEO constellation composed of 100 spacecraft. A cost analysis has been done to indicate the financial pressures of each mission phase and conclusions are drawn suggesting that new technology investments are needed, directed toward lowering production costs; that operations costs will need to be reduced through autonomy; and that, of the on-board subsystems considered, advanced power generation and management may be the most enabling of new technologies. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Lemmerman, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0094-5765 J9 ACTA ASTRONAUT JI Acta Astronaut. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 56 IS 1-2 BP 199 EP 208 DI 10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.09.031 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 879VQ UT WOS:000225747600029 ER PT J AU Michalek, G Gopalswamy, N Yashiro, S AF Michalek, G Gopalswamy, N Yashiro, S TI Estimation of projection effect of CMEs from the onset time of the shock-associated type III radio burst SO ACTA ASTRONOMICA LA English DT Article DE sun : coronal mass ejections (CMEs); sun : radio radiation ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; SPACECRAFT; WAVES AB We present a new possibility to estimate the projection effects on coronal mass ejection (CME) measurements. It is well known that coronagraphic observations of CMEs are subject to projection effects. Fortunately, the WIND/WAVES observations of type III radio bursts associated with shock waves are free from projection effects. We assume that (1) high energy electrons are produced at the shock front ahead of the CME, and (2) the radio burst starts when the shock reaches open field lines (approximate to 3 R-circle dot). In other words, the onset time of the radio burst corresponds to the time when the CME leading edge reaches 3 R-circle dot. The difference between the onset times of CMEs and radio bursts should be strongly correlated with the position of CMEs on the Sun. This correlation seems to be strongly dependent on solar activity. Using particular linear fits on the scatter plots, we can determine the source location of CMEs and tell how much the projection effect can really affect CME measurements. C1 Jagiellonian Univ, Astron Observ, PL-30244 Krakow, Poland. Catholic Univ Amer, Ctr Solar & Space Weather, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Michalek, G (reprint author), Jagiellonian Univ, Astron Observ, Ul Orla 171, PL-30244 Krakow, Poland. EM michalek@oa.uj.edu.pl RI Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012 NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS FOUNDATION POLISH ASTRONOMY PI WARSAW PA AL UJAZDOWSKIE 4, 00-478 WARSAW, POLAND SN 0001-5237 J9 ACTA ASTRONOM JI Acta Astron. PY 2005 VL 55 IS 1 BP 151 EP 158 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 914IK UT WOS:000228220800008 ER PT B AU Salem, J Quinn, G Jenkins, M AF Salem, J Quinn, G Jenkins, M BE Bradt, RC Munz, D Sakai, M White, KW TI Measuring the real fracture toughness of ceramics: ASTM C 1421 SO ACTIVE MATERIALS, NANOSCALE MATERIALS, COMPOSITES, GLASS AND FUNDAMENTALS SE FRACTURE MECHANICS OF CERAMICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics CY FEB 25-28, 2003 CL Univ Houston, Houston, TX HO Univ Houston ID SURFACE-CRACK; FLEXURE METHOD; SILICON-NITRIDE; SPECIMENS; STABILITY; STRAIN AB ASTM C 1421 "Standard Test Methods for Determination of Fracture Toughness of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature" is a high-quality, technically-rigorous, full-consensus standard that may have finally answered the question, "What is the 'real' fracture toughness of ceramics?" This document was eight years in the actual standardization process (although an estimated two decades of preparation work may have preceded the actual standardization process). Three different types of notch/crack geometries are employed in flexure beams: single edge pre-cracked beam (SEPB); chevron-notched beam (CNB), and surface crack in flexure (SCF). Extensive experimental, analytical, and numerical evaluations were conducted in order to mitigate interferences that frequently lower the accuracy of fracture toughness test results. Several round robins (e.g., Versailles Advanced Materials and Standards {VAMAS}) verified and validated the choice of dimensions and test parameters included in the standard. In addition, the standard reference material NIST SRM 2100 was developed and can be used in concert with ASTM C 1421 to validate a fracture toughness test setup or test protocol. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Life Predict Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Life Predict Branch, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 49-7, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM jsalem@grc.nasa.gov NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-24134-5 J9 FRACT MECH PY 2005 VL 14 BP 531 EP 553 PG 23 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Mechanics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA BDB47 UT WOS:000232366200040 ER PT B AU Nemeth, NN Jadaan, OM Palfi, T Baker, EH AF Nemeth, NN Jadaan, OM Palfi, T Baker, EH BE Bradt, RC Munz, D Sakai, M White, KW TI Predicting the reliability of brittle material structures subjected to transient proof test and service loading SO Active Materials, Nanoscale Materials, Composites, Glass and Fundamentals SE FRACTURE MECHANICS OF CERAMICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics CY FEB 25-28, 2003 CL Univ Houston, Houston, TX HO Univ Houston ID FRACTURE; STRESSES C1 NASA, Life Predict Branch, Glenn Res Ctr, Brookpark, OH 44135 USA. RP Nemeth, NN (reprint author), NASA, Life Predict Branch, Glenn Res Ctr, Brookpark, OH 44135 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-24134-5 J9 FRACT MECH PY 2005 VL 14 BP 555 EP 578 PG 24 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Mechanics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA BDB47 UT WOS:000232366200041 ER PT B AU Salem, JA Weaver, AS AF Salem, JA Weaver, AS BE Bradt, RC Munz, D Sakai, M White, KW TI Estimation and simulation of slow crack growth parameters from constant stress rate data SO Active Materials, Nanoscale Materials, Composites, Glass and Fundamentals SE FRACTURE MECHANICS OF CERAMICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics CY FEB 25-28, 2003 CL Univ Houston, Houston, TX HO Univ Houston AB Closed form, approximate functions for estimating the variances and degrees-of-freedom associated with the slow crack growth parameters n,D,B, and A* as measured using constant stress rate ("dynamic fatigue") testing were derived by using propagation of errors. Estimates made with the resulting functions and slow crack growth data for a sapphire window were compared to the results of Monte Carlo simulations. The functions for estimation of the variances of the parameters were derived both with and without logarithmic transformation of the initial slow crack growth equations. The transformation was. performed to make the functions both more linear and more normal. Comparison of the Monte Carlo results and the closed form expressions derived with propagation of errors indicated that linearization is not required for good estimates of the variances of parameters n and D by the propagation of errors method. However, good estimates variances of the parameters B and A* could only be made when the starting slow crack growth equation was transformed and the coefficients of variation of the input parameters were not too large. This was partially a result of the skewed distributions of B and A*. Parametric variation of the input parameters was used to determine an acceptable range for using closed form approximate equations derived from propagation of errors. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Life Predict Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Salem, JA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Life Predict Branch, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 49-7, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-24134-5 J9 FRACT MECH PY 2005 VL 14 BP 579 EP 596 PG 18 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Mechanics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA BDB47 UT WOS:000232366200042 ER PT S AU Jones, KH Lodding, KN Olariu, S Wilson, L Xin, CS AF Jones, KH Lodding, KN Olariu, S Wilson, L Xin, CS BE Syrotiuk, VR Chavez, E TI Biology-inspired distributed consensus in massively-deployed sensor networks SO AD-HOC, MOBILE, AND WIRELESS NETWORKS, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Ad-Hoc, Mobile and Wireless Networks CY OCT 06-08, 2005 CL Cancun, MEXICO AB Promises of ubiquitous control of the physical environment by large-scale wireless sensor networks open avenues for new applications that are expected to redefine the way we live and work. Most of recent research has concentrated on developing techniques for performing relatively simple tasks in small-scale sensor networks assuming some form of centralized control. The main contribution of this work is to propose a new way of looking at large-scale sensor networks, motivated by lessons learned from the way biological ecosystems are organized. Indeed, we believe that techniques used in small-scale sensor networks are not likely to scale to large networks; that such large-scale networks must be viewed as an ecosystem in which the sensors/effectors are organisms whose autonomous actions, based on local information, combine in a communal way to produce global results. As an example of a useful function, we demonstrate that fully distributed consensus can be attained in a scalable fashion in massively deployed sensor networks where individual motes operate based on local information, making local decisions that are aggregated across the network to achieve globally-meaningful effects. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. Norfolk State Univ, Norfolk, VA 23504 USA. RP Jones, KH (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM k.h.jones@nasa.gov; kenneth.n.lodding@nasa.gov; olariu@cs.odu.edu; wilson@cs.odu.edu; cxin@nsu.edu NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-29132-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3738 BP 99 EP 112 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BDO66 UT WOS:000234565600010 ER PT B AU Mancinelli, RL AF Mancinelli, RL BE GundeCimerman, N Oren, A Plemenitas, A TI Halophiles: A terrestrial analog for life in brines on Mars - Halophiles on Mars SO Adaptation to Life at High Salt Concentrations in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya SE CELLULAR ORIGIN AND LIFE IN EXTREME HABITATS AND ASTROBIOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Halophiles 2004 International Symposium CY SEP 04-09, 2004 CL Ljubljana, SLOVENIA ID SIMULATED MARTIAN ENVIRONMENT; METABOLIC-ACTIVITY; MICROORGANISMS; PERMAFROST; EVAPORITES; ORIGIN; EARTH; VOLATILES; EVOLUTION; SURVIVAL C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Mancinelli, RL (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SETI Inst, Mail Stop 239-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Mancinelli, Rocco/L-8971-2016 NR 58 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-3632-9 J9 CELL ORIGIN LIFE EXT JI Cell. Orig. Life Extrem. Habitats Astrobiol. PY 2005 VL 9 BP 137 EP + PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA BDK16 UT WOS:000233974700010 ER PT S AU Barth, TJ AF Barth, TJ BE Plewa, T Linde, T Weirs, VG TI A posteriori error estimation and mesh adaptivity for finite volume and finite element methods SO ADAPTIVE MESH REFINEMENT - THEORY AND APPLICATIONS SE Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Adaptive Mesh Refinement Methods CY SEP 03-05, 2003 CL Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL HO Univ Chicago DE a posteriori error estimates; error representation; Godunov finite volume methods; finite element methods; unstructured meshes ID CONSERVATION-LAWS; RESOLUTION; SCHEMES AB Error representation formulas and a posteriori error estimates for numerical solutions of hyperbolic conservation laws are considered with specialized variants given for the Godunov finite volume and discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods. The error representation formulas utilize the solution of a dual problem to capture the nonlocal error behavior present in hyperbolic problems. The error representation formulas also provide a framework for understanding superconvergence properties of functionals and fundamental differences between finite element and Godunov finite volume methods. Computable error estimates are then constructed for practical implementation in computer codes. The error representation formulas and computable error estimates also suggest a straightforward strategy for mesh adaptivity which is demonstrated on numerical hyperbolic problems of interest. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM barth@nas.nasa.gov NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1439-7358 BN 3-540-21147-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMP SCI PY 2005 VL 41 BP 183 EP 202 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Mathematics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Mathematics GA BBP86 UT WOS:000226971600013 ER PT S AU Choi, DI AF Choi, DI BE Plewa, T Linde, T Weirs, VG TI Mesh refinement calculations of gravitational waves and black holes in 3-dimensions SO ADAPTIVE MESH REFINEMENT - THEORY AND APPLICATIONS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Adaptive Mesh Refinement Methods CY SEP 03-05, 2003 CL Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL HO Univ Chicago AB Here, we report our current effort to apply adaptive mesh refinement techniques to the simulations of black hole spacetimes and gravitational waves. We solve Einstein's equations written in the first-order in time and second-order in space form. We demonstrate that using quadratic-order guardcell filling along with "refluxing" of first order derivatives of the variables as interface conditions at the refinement jumps are essential for accurate evolutions of gravitational waves. Some preliminary results for the head-on collisions of binary black holes are also given. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Choi, DI (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab High Energy Astrophys, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1439-7358 BN 3-540-21147-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMP SCI PY 2005 VL 41 BP 453 EP 461 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Mathematics, Applied SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Mathematics GA BBP86 UT WOS:000226971600034 ER PT S AU Barnes, NP AF Barnes, NP BE Aksnes, A Amzajerdian, F Killinger, D Merhari, L TI Laser and nonlinear optical materials for laser remote sensing SO Advanced Devices and Materials for Laser Remote Sensing SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advanced Devices and Materials for Laser Remote Sensing held at the 2005 MRS Spring Meeting CY MAR 29-31, 2005 CL San Francisco, CA SP Mat Res Soc, NASA, Langley Res Ctr, SINTEF AB NASA remote sensing missions involving laser systems and their economic impact are outlined. Potential remote sensing missions include: green house gasses, tropospheric winds, ozone, water vapor, and ice cap thickness. Systems to per-form these measurements use lanthanide series lasers and nonlinear devices including second harmonic generators and parametric oscillators. Demands these missions place on the laser and nonlinear optical materials are discussed from a materials point of view. Methods of designing new laser and nonlinear optical materials to meet these demands are presented. C1 NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Barnes, NP (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-837-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 883 BP 39 EP 44 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BDB99 UT WOS:000232488200004 ER PT S AU Soibel, A Mansour, K Spiers, G Forouhar, S AF Soibel, A Mansour, K Spiers, G Forouhar, S BE Aksnes, A Amzajerdian, F Killinger, D Merhari, L TI Development of mid-IR lasers for laser remote sensing SO Advanced Devices and Materials for Laser Remote Sensing SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advanced Devices and Materials for Laser Remote Sensing held at the 2005 MRS Spring Meeting CY MAR 29-31, 2005 CL San Francisco, CA SP Mat Res Soc, NASA, Langley Res Ctr, SINTEF ID QUANTUM-CASCADE LASERS; CONTINUOUS-WAVE OPERATION; SEMICONDUCTOR-LASER; TRANSITION; EMISSION AB There is a need in NASA for development of mid-infrared (mid-IR) lasers, such as Quantum Cascade (QC) lasers, for in-situ and remote laser spectrometers. Mid-IR, compact, low power consumption laser spectrometers have a great potential for detection and measurements of planetary gases and biological important biomarker molecules such as H2O, H2O2, CH4, and many additional chemical species on Mars and other planets of Solar systems. Other applications of mid-IR QC lasers are in high power remote Laser Reflectance Spectrometer (LRS) instruments for future NASA outer solar system explorations. In LSR instruments, QC lasers will act as the illumination source for conducting active mid-IR reflectance spectroscopy of solid-surfaced objects in the outer Solar System. LRS instruments have the potential to provide an incredible amount of information about the compositions of surfaces in the outer Solar System. In this work, we will discuss our current effort at JPL to develop and improve the mid-IR QC lasers to a level that the laser performance, operational requirements and reliability will be compatible with the instruments demands for space exploration applications. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Soibel, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-837-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 883 BP 79 EP 88 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BDB99 UT WOS:000232488200009 ER PT S AU Meadows, BL Amzajerdian, F Barnes, BW Baker, NR Baggott, RP Singh, UN Kavaya, MJ AF Meadows, BL Amzajerdian, F Barnes, BW Baker, NR Baggott, RP Singh, UN Kavaya, MJ BE Aksnes, A Amzajerdian, F Killinger, D Merhari, L TI Reliability of long pulsewidth high power laser diode arrays SO Advanced Devices and Materials for Laser Remote Sensing SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advanced Devices and Materials for Laser Remote Sensing held at the 2005 MRS Spring Meeting CY MAR 29-31, 2005 CL San Francisco, CA SP Mat Res Soc, NASA, Langley Res Ctr, SINTEF ID FACET TEMPERATURE; CW AB Space-borne laser remote sensing systems typically rely on conductively cooled, diode-pumped solid-state lasers as their transmitter source. Since space-borne instruments incur high developmental and launch costs and are inaccessible for maintenance, their reliability is of great importance. Therefore, it is crucial to address the reliability of high power laser pump arrays, which essentially dictate the reliability and lifetime of the laser systems. The most common solid-state lasers used for remote sensing applications are Neodymium-based, 1-micron lasers and Thulium/Holmium based 2-micron lasers. 2-micron lasers require a pump wavelength of around 10 to 20 nm shorter compared with 1-micron lasers, and require pump pulse durations 5 to 10 times longer. This work focuses on the long pulsewidth laser diode arrays (LDAs) operating at a central wavelength of 792 nm used for optically pumping 2-micron solid-state laser materials. Such LDAs are required to operate at relatively high pulse energies with pulse durations on the order of one millisecond. However, such relatively long pulse durations cause the laser diode active region to experience high peak temperatures and drastic thermal cycling. This extreme localized heating and thermal cycling of the active regions are considered the primary contributing factors for both gradual and catastrophic degradation of LDAs, thus limiting their reliability and lifetime. One method for mitigating this damage is to incorporate materials that can improve thermo-mechanical properties by increasing the rate of heat dissipation and reducing internal stresses due to differences in thermal expansion and thus increasing lifetime. This paper explains the need for long pulsewidth operation, how this affects reliability and lifetime and presents some results from characterization and life testing of these devices. C1 NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Meadows, BL (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-837-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 883 BP 99 EP 109 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BDB99 UT WOS:000232488200011 ER PT S AU Amzajerdian, F Pierrottet, D Singh, U Kavaya, M AF Amzajerdian, F Pierrottet, D Singh, U Kavaya, M BE Aksnes, A Amzajerdian, F Killinger, D Merhari, L TI Optimum integrated heterodyne photoreceiver for coherent lidar applications SO Advanced Devices and Materials for Laser Remote Sensing SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advanced Devices and Materials for Laser Remote Sensing held at the 2005 MRS Spring Meeting CY MAR 29-31, 2005 CL San Francisco, CA SP Mat Res Soc, NASA, Langley Res Ctr, SINTEF AB Many coherent lidar applications, particularly airborne and space-based applications, impose stringent power and size constraints while requiring high levels of sensitivity. For this reason, optimization of the lidar heterodyne photoreceiver is one of the critical steps in ensuring full utilization of limited resources to achieve the required sensitivity. The analysis of 2-micron heterodyne receivers shows that substantial improvement of the order of 3 dB can be obtained by proper optimization of the receiver key control parameters and elimination of its parasitic capacitances by integrating the detector, its bias circuit, and the preamplifier on a single substrate. This paper describes analytical steps for defining optimum heterodyne receiver design parameters and development of experimental devices operating at 2-micron wavelength. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Amzajerdian, F (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-837-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 883 BP 201 EP 207 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BDB99 UT WOS:000232488200024 ER PT S AU Baize, RR Amzajerdian, F Tolson, R Davidson, J Powell, RW Peri, F AF Baize, RR Amzajerdian, F Tolson, R Davidson, J Powell, RW Peri, F BE Aksnes, A Amzajerdian, F Killinger, D Merhari, L TI Lidar technology role in future robotic and manned missions to solar system bodies SO Advanced Devices and Materials for Laser Remote Sensing SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advanced Devices and Materials for Laser Remote Sensing held at the 2005 MRS Spring Meeting CY MAR 29-31, 2005 CL San Francisco, CA SP Mat Res Soc, NASA, Langley Res Ctr, SINTEF ID MARS AB Future planetary exploration missions will require safe and precision soft-landing to target scientifically interesting sites near hazardous terrain features, such as escarpments, craters, slopes, and rocks. Although the landing accuracy has steadily improved over time to approximately 35 km for the recent Mars Exploration Rovers due to better approach navigation, a drastically different guidance, navigation and control concept is required to meet future mission requirements. For example, future rovers will require better than 6 km landing accuracy for Mars and better than I kin for the Moon plus 100 in maneuvering capability to avoid hazards. Laser Radar or Lidar technology can be the key to meeting these objectives since it can provide high-resolution 3-D maps of the terrain, accurately measure ground proximity and velocity, and determine atmospheric pressure and wind velocity. These lidar capabilities can enable the landers of the future to identify the pre-selected landing zone and hazardous terrain features within it, determine the optimum flight path, having atmospheric pressure and winds data, and accurately navigate using precision ground proximity and velocity data. This paper examines the potential of lidar technology in future human and robotic missions to the Moon, Mars, and other planetary bodies. A guidance and navigation control architecture concept utilizing lidar sensors will be presented and its operation will be described. The performance and physical requirements of the lidar sensors will be also discussed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Baize, RR (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-837-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 883 BP 243 EP 248 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BDB99 UT WOS:000232488200028 ER PT J AU Clayton, LM Sikder, AK Kumar, A Cinke, M Meyyappan, M Gerasimov, TG Harmon, JP AF Clayton, LM Sikder, AK Kumar, A Cinke, M Meyyappan, M Gerasimov, TG Harmon, JP TI Transparent poly(methyl methacrylate)/single-walled carbon nanotube (PMMA/SWNT) composite films with increased dielectric constants SO ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID NANOTUBE/POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) COMPOSITES; POLYMER COMPOSITES; ELECTRICAL-PROPERTIES; IONIZING-RADIATION; SINGLE; PERMITTIVITY; DISPERSION AB Poly(methyl methacrylate)/single-walled carbon nanotube (PMMA/SWNT) composites were prepared visa in situ polymerization induced either by heat, ultraviolet (UV) light, or ionizing (gamma) radiation. The composites dissolved in methylene chloride and then cast into films exhibited enhanced transperancy as compared with the melt-blended composite material. UV/visible spectroscopy was used to quantitatively analyze the transparency of the composites. The dielectric constant (epsilon') was measured via dielectric analysis (DEA) and correlated to the refractive index values using Maxwell's relationship. The dielectric constant increased in the composite samples as compared with the neat PMMA samples prepared by the same methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provided images of the polymer-nanotube composites and single- walled CNT's respectively. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Chem, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Univ S Florida, Nanomat & Nanomfg Res Ctr, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Eloret Corp, Sunnyvale, CA 94087 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Harmon, JP (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Chem, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM harmon@cas.usf.edu NR 34 TC 96 Z9 97 U1 6 U2 47 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1616-301X J9 ADV FUNCT MATER JI Adv. Funct. Mater. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 15 IS 1 BP 101 EP 106 DI 10.1002/adfm.200305106 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 893FU UT WOS:000226705500013 ER PT S AU Kapale, KT Sahrai, M Tajali, H Zubairy, MS AF Kapale, KT Sahrai, M Tajali, H Zubairy, MS BE Coufal, HJ Hasan, ZU Craig, AE TI Phase control of electromagnetically induced transparency and its applications to tunable group velocity and atom localization SO Advanced Optical and Quantum Memories and Computing II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Optical and Quantum Memories and Computing II CY JAN 25-26, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE phase control; subluminal and superluminal group velocity; atom localization ID AUTLER-TOWNES MICROSCOPY; QUANTUM INTERFERENCE; SPONTANEOUS-EMISSION; DRIVEN ATOM; SINGLE-ATOM; INVERSION; SPECTRUM; LIGHT; LASER; ULTRASLOW AB We show that, by simple modifications of the usual three-level A-type scheme used for obtaining electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), phase dependence in the response of the atomic medium to a weak probe field can be introduced. This gives rise to phase dependent susceptibility. By properly controlling phase and amplitudes of the drive fields we obtain variety of interesting effects. On one hand we obtain phase control of the group velocity of a probe field passing through medium to the extent that continuous tuning of the group velocity from subluminal to superluminal and back is possible. While on the other hand, by choosing one of the drive fields to be a standing wave field inside a cavity, we obtain sub-wavelength localization of moving atoms passing through the cavity field. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Quantum Comp Technol Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kapale, KT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Quantum Comp Technol Grp, Mail Stop 126-347,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5709-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5735 BP 69 EP 79 DI 10.1117/12.601705 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA BCI58 UT WOS:000229604200008 ER PT S AU Bencic, TJ Eldridge, JI AF Bencic, TJ Eldridge, JI BE Meyendorf, N Baaklini, GY Michel, B TI Smart coatings for health monitoring and nondestructive evaluation SO Advanced Sensor Technologies for Nondestructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoring SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Sensor Technologies for Nondestructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoring CY MAR 08-10, 2005 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE temperature-sensitive paint; luminescent coatings; aerospace material inspection; thermography; nondestructive evaluation; health monitoring ID THERMOGRAPHIC PHOSPHORS AB Luminescent coatings applications have been increased dramatically over the last decade as imaging capacities have advanced. These coatings have been used to monitor surface temperature and air pressure (oxygen sensing) in testing facilities around the world. Through the commercial suppliers of these coatings.. custom assembled hardware systems and especially data reduction and analysis software, the use of smart luminescent coatings are starting to find their way in to inspection monitoring and nondestructive evaluation testing. The use of a temperature sensitive paint for example, can be a potential replacement for infrared imaging where IR techniques are limited due to access, reflections and complex geometries. Detection of the luminescent signal can use simple intensity ratio methods with synchronized pulsing systems to capture frequency responses in imaging applications. Time or frequency methods allow signals to be detected in the presence of high background noise that allow measurements that were previously unobtainable. This paper describes general luminescent sensors, detection methods and examples of coatings that are applied over test examples or embedded in materials to measure or monitor the health of a specimen. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Bencic, TJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5751-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5770 BP 88 EP 96 DI 10.1117/12.606240 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation SC Instruments & Instrumentation GA BCO92 UT WOS:000230455100009 ER PT S AU Roth, DJ Mandlik, A Sandhu, J Hertert, L AF Roth, DJ Mandlik, A Sandhu, J Hertert, L BE Meyendorf, N Baaklini, GY Michel, B TI Approaches for non-uniformity correction and dynamic range extension for acoustography SO Advanced Sensor Technologies for Nondestructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoring SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Sensor Technologies for Nondestructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoring CY MAR 08-10, 2005 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE nondestructive evaluation; ultrasonics; acoustography; image processing AB Acoustography is a full-field ultrasonic imaging process where a high resolution 2D acousto-optic sensor based on liquid crystal technology is employed to directly convert the ultrasound into a visual image in near real time. Unprocessed acoustography images typically suffer from non-uniformity due to spatial variations in the optical brightness response of the acousto-optic sensor field to ultrasonic intensity. Additionally, dynamic range of the acousto-optic sensor is limited to approximately 20 to 30 db. The nonuniformity and dynamic range limitation can result in difficulty in acoustography image interpretation, impracticality for large field application, and difficulty for use on samples having a wide range of attenuation. The approach of this ongoing study is to apply various methodologies that address these limitations in hopes of extending the usefulness and applications of acoustoography for nondestructive testing. This article shows initial results of methodologies developed to correct for image nonuniformity and explains the proposed approach to extend the dynamic range of acoustography images. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Roth, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5751-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5770 BP 124 EP 134 DI 10.1117/12.601034 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation SC Instruments & Instrumentation GA BCO92 UT WOS:000230455100013 ER PT S AU Seo, JT Mal, M Lee, K Brown, H Jackson, A Skyles, T Cubbage, NM Tabibi, B Yoo, KP Kim, SY Jung, SS Namkung, M AF Seo, JT Mal, M Lee, K Brown, H Jackson, A Skyles, T Cubbage, NM Tabibi, B Yoo, KP Kim, SY Jung, SS Namkung, M BE Kim, HD Lin, HT Hoffmann, MJ TI Highly porous silica nanoaerogels for ultrafast nonlinear optical applications SO ADVANCED SI-BASED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES SE KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on New Frontier of Advanced Si-Based Ceramics and Composites (ISASC 2004) CY JUN 20-23, 2004 CL Gyeongju, SOUTH KOREA SP Korea Inst Machinery & Mat, Korean Ceram Soc, Ctr Adv Mat Proc, Amer Ceram Soc, Australian Ceram Soc, Chinese Ceram Soc, Ceram Soc Japan, Spanish Soc Ceram & Glass, AFOSR, AOARD, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Natl Res Lab, ONRIFO DE silica nanoaerogels; nonlinear refraction and absorption; and optical power limiting ID REFRACTIVE-INDEX COEFFICIENT; GLASSES; BEAM AB Highly porous silica nanoaerogels with low apparent density of &SIM; 0.1 g/cm(3) and &SIM; 0.07 g/cm(3) were synthesized through two-step sol-gel processing and low temperature supercritical fluid drying. The nonlinear refraction (γ) of silica nanoaerogels was estimated to be &SIM; -3.4 x 10(-16) m(2)/W for &SIM; 0.1 g/cm(3) and &SIM; 0.07 g/cm(3) apparent densities with a signal-beam femtosecond z-scan spectroscopy. The third-order nonlinear refraction coefficient of nanostructure silica nanoaerogels was almost four orders larger than that of bulk silica materials. The large nonlinear refraction with high nonlinear figure of merit (γ/βλ, β&SIM; 2x10(-10) m/W for 0.07 g/cm(3) apparent density, β&SIM; 6 x 10(-10) m/W for 0.1 g/cm(3) apparent density, λ&SIM; 0.775 μ m) is an ideal optical property for nonlinear applications of homeland security, battlefield enhancement, and industrial uses. C1 Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. Sogang Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Seoul 121742, South Korea. Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Taejon 305600, South Korea. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, NESB, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Seo, JT (reprint author), Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. EM jaetae.seo@hamptonu.edu RI Namkung, Min/E-1533-2012 NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-965-2 J9 KEY ENG MAT PY 2005 VL 287 BP 352 EP 357 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BCB89 UT WOS:000228550000057 ER PT S AU Hillel, D Rosenzweig, C AF Hillel, D Rosenzweig, C BE Sparks, DL TI The role of biodiversity in agronomy SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 88 SE Advances in Agronomy LA English DT Review; Book Chapter ID MODIFIED HERBICIDE-TOLERANT; BELOW-GROUND BIODIVERSITY; FARM SCALE EVALUATIONS; AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; SOIL BIODIVERSITY; MONARCH LARVAE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PEST-CONTROL; DISEASE C1 Columbia Univ, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Hillel, D (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. NR 107 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 BN 0-12-000786-X J9 ADV AGRON JI Adv. Agron. PY 2005 VL 88 BP 1 EP 34 DI 10.1016/S0065-2113(05)88001-0 PG 34 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BDK82 UT WOS:000234008300001 ER PT S AU Markwick, A AF Markwick, Andrew BE Thompson, JMT TI ASTROCHEMISTRY: FROM MOLECULAR CLOUDS TO PLANETARY SYSTEMS SO ADVANCES IN ASTRONOMY: FROM THE BIG BANG TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM SE Royal Society Series on Advances in Science LA English DT Article; Book Chapter AB In this chapter I will describe aspects of the chemistry occuring in the transition of interstellar material from molecular clouds to planetary systems, and what we call hope to learn about this transition by studying chemistry. C1 [Markwick, Andrew] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, NRC, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Markwick, Andrew] Univ Manchester, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England. RP Markwick, A (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, NRC, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ajm@ajmarkwick.com NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS PI COVENT GARDEN PA 57 SHELTON STREET, COVENT GARDEN WC2H 9HE, ENGLAND SN 1793-1827 BN 978-1-86094-577-9 J9 ROY SOC SER ADV SCI PY 2005 VL 1 BP 263 EP 279 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BKX42 UT WOS:000269526700014 ER PT S AU Arnold, N AF Arnold, Neil BE Thompson, JMT TI SOLAR VARIABILITY, COUPLING BETWEEN ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS AND CLIMATE CHANGE SO ADVANCES IN ASTRONOMY: FROM THE BIG BANG TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM SE Royal Society Series on Advances in Science LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; NUMERICAL SPECTRAL MODEL; GLOBAL CLOUD COVERAGE; COSMIC-RAY FLUX; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; MISSING LINK; STRATOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; EARTHS ATMOSPHERE AB One of the enduring puzzles of atmospheric physics is the extent. to which changes in the Sun can influence the behaviour of the climate System. Whilst solar-flux changes tend to be relatively modest, a number of observations of atmospheric parameters indicate a disproportionately large response. Global-scale models of the coupled middle and upper atmosphere have provided new insights into some of the mechanisms that may be responsible for the amplification of the solar signal. In particular, modification of the transport of heat and chemicals, such as ozone, by waves during periods of solar activity has been shown to make all important contribution to the, climate of them stratosphere and mesosphere. In this paper, a review of some of the recent advances in understanding the coupling between atmospheric layers and how this work relates to Sun-weather relations and climate change will be presented, along with a discussion of some of the challenges that remain. C1 [Arnold, Neil] Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. RP Arnold, N (reprint author), Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. NR 61 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS PI COVENT GARDEN PA 57 SHELTON STREET, COVENT GARDEN WC2H 9HE, ENGLAND SN 1793-1827 BN 978-1-86094-577-9 J9 ROY SOC SER ADV SCI PY 2005 VL 1 BP 391 EP 412 PG 22 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BKX42 UT WOS:000269526700020 ER PT J AU Xu, Q Gu, W Gao, ST AF Xu, Q Gu, W Gao, ST TI Nonlinear oscillations of semigeostrophic Eady waves in the presence of diffusivity SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE nonlinear oscillation; semigeostrophic Eady wave; diffusivity ID POTENTIAL VORTICITY; BOUNDARY-LAYER; VISCOUS SEMIGEOSTROPHY; FRONTS; DYNAMICS; EQUILIBRATION; MODEL AB Analyses are performed to examine the physical processes involved in nonlinear oscillations of Eady baroclinic waves obtained from viscous semigeostrophic models with two types of boundary conditions (free-slip and non-slip). By comparing with previous studies for the case of the free-slip boundary condition, it is shown that the nonlinear oscillations are produced mainly by the interaction between the baroclinic wave and zonal-mean state (total zonal-mean flow velocity and buoyancy stratification) but the timescale of the nonlinear oscillations is largely controlled by the diffusivity. When the boundary condition is non-slip, the nonlinear oscillations are further damped and slowed by the diffusive process. Since the free-slip (non-slip) boundary condition is the zero drag (infinite drag) limit of the more realistic drag boundary condition, the nonlinear oscillations obtained with the two types of boundary conditions are two extremes for more realistic nonlinear oscillations. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xu, Q (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Qin.Xu@noaa.gov RI AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 22 IS 1 BP 49 EP 57 DI 10.1007/BF02930869 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 890EX UT WOS:000226495600005 ER PT S AU Chen, G Chin, SA Dou, YS Kapale, KT Kim, M Svidzinsky, AA Urtekin, K Xiong, H Scully, MO AF Chen, G Chin, SA Dou, YS Kapale, KT Kim, M Svidzinsky, AA Urtekin, K Xiong, H Scully, MO BE Stroke, HH TI The two electron molecular bond revisited: From Bohr orbits to two-center orbitals SO ADVANCES IN ATOMIC MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS, VOL 51 SE Advances In Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics LA English DT Review; Book Chapter ID HETERONUCLEAR DIATOMIC-MOLECULES; PROLATE-SPHEROIDAL ORBITALS; LARGE-DIMENSION LIMIT; MODEL WAVE-FUNCTIONS; HYDROGEN MOLECULE; GROUND-STATE; 2-ELECTRON ATOMS; POLYATOMIC-MOLECULES; CORRELATED ORBITALS; QUANTUM-MECHANICS AB Niels Bohr originally applied his approach to quantum mechanics to the H atom with great success. He then went on to show in 1913 how the same "planetary-orbit" model can predict binding for the H(2) molecule. However, he misidentified the correct dissociation energy of his model at large internuclear separation, forcing him to give up on a "Bohr's model for molecules". Recently, we have found the correct dissociation limit of Bohr's model for H(2) and obtained good potential energy curves at all internuclear separations. This work is a natural extension of Bohr's original paper and corresponds to the D = infinity limit of a dimensional scaling (D-scaling) analysis, as developed by Herschbach and coworkers. In a separate but synergetic approach to the two-electron problem, we summarize recent advances in constructing analytical models for describing the two-electron bond. The emphasis here is not maximally attainable numerical accuracy. but beyond textbook accuracy as informed by physical insights. We demonstrate how the interplay of the cusp condition, the asymptotic condition, the electron-correlation. configuration interaction, and the exact one electron two-center orbitals. can produce energy results approaching chemical accuracy. To this end, we provide a tutorial on using the Riccati form of the ground state wave function as a unified way of understanding the two-electron wave function and collect a detailed account of mathematical derivations on the exact one-electron two-center wave functions. Reviews of more traditional calculational approaches. such as Hartree-Fock, are also given. The inclusion of electron correlation via Hylleraas type functions is well known to be important, but difficult to implement for more than two electrons. The use of the D-scaled Bohr model offers the tantalizing possibility of obtaining electron correlation energy in a non-traditional way. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Inst Quantum Studies, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Math, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem & Elect Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany. RP Chen, G (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Inst Quantum Studies, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Chin, Siu/A-5696-2012; OI Chin, Siu/0000-0002-3676-9212 NR 88 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-250X BN 0-12-003851-X J9 ADV ATOM MOL OPT PHY JI Adv. Atom. Mol. Opt. Phys. PY 2005 VL 51 BP 93 EP 238 DI 10.1016/S1049-250X(05)51015-2 PG 146 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA BDT09 UT WOS:000235191900005 ER PT S AU Choi, SR Bansal, NP Zhu, DM AF Choi, Sung R. Bansal, Narottam P. Zhu, Dongming BE Zhu, D Plucknett, K TI MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF ADVANCED OXIDE MATERIALS FOR HIGHER-TEMPERATURE COATINGS APPLICATIONS SO ADVANCES IN CERAMIC COATINGS AND CERAMIC-METAL SYSTEMS SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 23-28, 2005 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc ID BARRIER COATINGS; CONDUCTIVITY AB Advanced oxide material systems are being developed for higher-temperature thermal/environmental barrier coatings (T/EBCs) in advanced gas turbine engine applications. Four pyrochlore oxide (La(2)Zr(2)O(7), Nd(2)Zr(2)O(7), Gd(2)Zr(2)O(7), and La(2)Hf(2)O(7)) and three magnetoplumbite oxide (LaMnAl(11)O(19), LaMgAl(11)O(19), and LaZnAl(11)O(19)) powders were hot pressed. Ambient-temperature mechanical properties of these oxides including flexure strength, fracture toughness, elastic modulus, and hardness were determined. Thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, and environmental durability were also determined. LaMgAl(11)O(19) and LaZnAl(11)O(19) exhibited higher strength (>300 MPa) and higher fracture toughness (>= 3 MTa root m) than the other oxides that exhibited strength of 40-150 MPa and fracture toughness of 1-2 MPa root m. Despite their poor ambient-temperature mechanical properties, certain pyrochlore oxides showed promising results over other oxides as coating materials in view of low thermal conductivity, good creep resistance and good water vapor stability in combustion environments. C1 [Choi, Sung R.; Bansal, Narottam P.; Zhu, Dongming] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Choi, SR (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RI Gentleman, Molly/A-7137-2010 NR 12 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-1-57498-233-6 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2005 VL 26 IS 3 BP 11 EP 19 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BMU97 UT WOS:000273628100002 ER PT S AU Spuckler, CM AF Spuckler, Charles M. BE Zhu, D Plucknett, K TI EFFECT OF SCATTERING ON THE HEAT TRANSFER BEHAVIOR OF A TYPICAL SEMITRANSPARENT TBC MATERIAL ON A SUBSTRATE SO ADVANCES IN CERAMIC COATINGS AND CERAMIC-METAL SYSTEMS SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 23-28, 2005 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; REFRACTIVE-INDEX AB A parametric study was performed to examine the effects of isotropic scattering on the heat transfer in typical semitransparent thermal barrier coating on an opaque substrate. Some ceramic materials are semitransparent in the wavelength range where thermal radiation is important. Therefore, absorption, emission, and scattering of thermal radiation by the semitransparent layer and the emissivity of the substrate will affect the heat transfer and temperature in the layer. Scattering which depends on the structure of the semitransparent material can be used to increase the reflectivity of the layer and therefore decrease the heat transfer through the layer. A one dimensional model of a I mm thick semitransparent layer on a substrate was used in this study. The front of the semitransparent layer is heated by convection and radiation and the back of the substrate is cooled by radiation and convection. The coating is assumed to be semitransparent up to a cutoff wavelength and opaque at higher wavelengths. The absorption and scattering coefficient are constant over the wavelength range where the material is semitransparent. The absorption coefficient, scattering coefficients, width of the semitransparent band, and the bond coat emissivity are varied. Temperature profiles and heat flux through layers as a function of absorption and scattering coefficients are presented. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Spuckler, CM (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-1-57498-233-6 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2005 VL 26 IS 3 BP 47 EP 54 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BMU97 UT WOS:000273628100006 ER PT S AU Eldridge, JI Spuckler, CM Nesbitt, JA Martin, RE AF Eldridge, Jeffrey I. Spuckler, Charles M. Nesbitt, James A. Martin, Richard E. BE Zhu, D Plucknett, K TI NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS BY MID-INFRARED REFLECTANCE IMAGING SO ADVANCES IN CERAMIC COATINGS AND CERAMIC-METAL SYSTEMS SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 23-28, 2005 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc AB The application of mid-infrared reflectance (MIR) imaging to monitor damage in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) has been extended from a previously demonstrated area-averaged spectroscopic analysis tool to become a practical imaging tool that provides the spatial resolution needed to quickly identify localized regions of TBC damage by visual inspection. Illumination optics and image collection procedures were developed to produce illumination-normalized flatfield reflectance images after subtraction of the background thermal emission. MIR reflectance images were collected with a bandpass filter centered at a wavelength of 4 microns, which provided the optimum balance between good sensitivity to buried cracks and coating erosion, but with a desirable insensitivity to TBC sintering and absorption from ambient gases. Examples are presented of the application of MIR reflectance imaging to monitor damage progression in plasma-sprayed 8wt% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) TBCs subjected to either furnace cycling or alumina particle jet erosion. These results show that MIR reflectance imaging can reliably track the progression of buried delamination cracks produced by thermal cycling and can also be used to determine when any local section of the TBC has eroded beyond an acceptable limit. Modeling of the effects of buried cracks and erosion on reflectance will be presented to show the dependence of damage sensitivity to TBC thickness. C1 [Eldridge, Jeffrey I.; Spuckler, Charles M.; Nesbitt, James A.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Eldridge, JI (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-1-57498-233-6 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2005 VL 26 IS 3 BP 121 EP 128 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BMU97 UT WOS:000273628100015 ER PT S AU Ghosn, LJ Zhu, DM Miller, RA AF Ghosn, Louis J. Zhu, Dong Ming Miller, Robert A. BE Zhu, D Plucknett, K TI CRACK DRIVING FORCES IN A MULTILAYERED COATING SYSTEM FOR CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITE SUBSTRATES SO ADVANCES IN CERAMIC COATINGS AND CERAMIC-METAL SYSTEMS SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 23-28, 2005 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc ID THERMAL-BARRIER COATINGS AB The effects of the top coating thickness, modulus and shrinkage strains on the crack driving forces for a baseline multi-layer Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia/Mullite/Si thermal and environment barrier coating (TEBC) system for SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite substrates are determined for gas turbine applications. The crack driving forces increase with increasing modulus, and a low modulus thermal barrier coating material (below 10GPa) will have no cracking issues under the thermal gradient condition analyzed. Since top coating sintering increases the crack driving forces with time, highly sintering resistant coatings are desirable to maintain a low tensile modulus and maintain a low crack driving force with time. Finite element results demonstrated that an advanced TEBC system, such as ZrO(2)/HfO(2), which possesses improved sintering resistance and high temperature stability, exhibited excellent durability. A multi-vertical cracked structure with fine columnar spacing is an ideal strain tolerant coating capable of reducing the crack driving forces to an acceptable level even with a high modulus of 50GPa. C1 [Ghosn, Louis J.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ghosn, LJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-1-57498-233-6 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2005 VL 26 IS 3 BP 159 EP 166 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BMU97 UT WOS:000273628100019 ER PT S AU Singh, M Shpargel, TP Asthana, R AF Singh, Mrityunjay Shpargel, Tarah P. Asthana, Rajiv BE Zhu, D Plucknett, K TI BRAZING OF STAINLESS STEEL TO YSZ USING SILVER-BASE BRAZES SO ADVANCES IN CERAMIC COATINGS AND CERAMIC-METAL SYSTEMS SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 23-28, 2005 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc AB Three silver braze alloys (PalCuSil-10, PalCuSil-15, and TiCuSil) were evaluated for oxidation behavior, and their effectiveness in joining YSZ to steel. TGA, SEM and EDS were used to evaluate the braze oxidation behavior, and structure and chemistry of the joint. Chemical interdiffusion led to compositional changes, and yielded metallurgically sound joints. The effect of the braze and joining process on the interfacial microstructure and composition is discussed. C1 [Singh, Mrityunjay; Shpargel, Tarah P.] NASA, QSS Grp Inc, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Singh, M (reprint author), NASA, QSS Grp Inc, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-1-57498-233-6 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2005 VL 26 IS 3 BP 383 EP 390 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BMU97 UT WOS:000273628100043 ER PT S AU Choi, SR Bansal, NP Calomino, AM Verrilli, MJ AF Choi, SR Bansal, NP Calomino, AM Verrilli, MJ BE Singh, JP Bansal, NP Kriven, WM TI Shear strength behaviors of ceramic matrix composites at elevated temperatures SO ADVANCES IN CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES X SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 106th Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY APR 18-21, 2004 CL Indianapolis, IN SP Amer Ceram Soc ID CRACK-GROWTH; INPLANE; CFCCS AB Interlaminar shear strength of four different fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites was determined with double-notch shear test specimens as a function of test rate at elevated temperatures ranging from 1100 to 1316 degreesC in air. Shear strength degradation with decreasing test rate was significant for SiC/MAS and C/SiC composites, but insignificant for SiC/SiC and Sylramic SiC/SiC composites. A phenomenological, power-law delayed failure model was proposed to account for and to quantify the rate dependency of shear strength of the composites. Additional stress rupture testing was conducted to validate the proposed model. The model was in good agreement with SiC/MAS and C/SiC composites, but in poor to reasonable agreement with Sylramic SiC/SiC. Constant shear stress-rate testing was proposed as a possible means of life prediction testing methodology for composites in shear when short lifetimes are expected. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Choi, SR (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-186-2 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2005 VL 165 BP 131 EP 145 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BBP73 UT WOS:000226906000012 ER PT S AU Holzmann, GJ AF Holzmann, GJ BE Zelkowitz, MV TI Software model checking with SPIN SO ADVANCES IN COMPUTERS, VOL 65 SE Advances In Computers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 CALTECH, NASA JPL, Jet Prop Lab, Lab Reliable Software, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Holzmann, GJ (reprint author), CALTECH, NASA JPL, Jet Prop Lab, Lab Reliable Software, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM gholzmann@acm.org NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2458 BN 0-12-012165-4 J9 ADV COMPUT JI Adv. Comput. PY 2005 VL 65 BP 77 EP 108 DI 10.1016/S0065-2458(05)65002-4 PG 32 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BDB59 UT WOS:000232368500002 ER PT B AU Silk, EA Kim, J Kiger, K AF Silk, Eric A. Kim, Jungho Kiger, Ken GP ASME TI Impact of cubic pin finned surface structure geometry upon spray cooling heat transfer SO Advances in Electronic Packaging 2005, Pts A-C LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME/Pacific Rim Technical Conference on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems CY JUL 17-22, 2005 CL San Francisco, CA SP ASME, Elect & Photon Packaging Div DE enhancement; spray cooling; finned surfaces; dissolved gas; heat transfer ID TRANSFER MECHANISM; FLUX CORRELATION; ROUGHNESS; FC-72 AB Experiments were conducted to study the effects of enhanced surface structures on heat flux using spray cooling. The surface enhancements consisted of cubic pin fins machined on the top surface of copper heater blocks. The structure height, pitch, and width were parametrically varied. Each copper block had a projected cross-sectional area of 2.0 cm(2). Measurements were also obtained on a heater block with a flat surface for baseline comparison purposes. A 2x2 nozzle array was used with PF-5060 as the working fluid. Thermal performance data was obtained under nominally degassed (chamber pressure of 41.4 kPa) and gassy conditions (chamber with N-2 gas at 101 kPa) with a bulk fluid temperature of 20.5 degrees C. Results for both the degassed and gassy cases show that structure width and separation distance have a dominant effect upon the heat transfer for the size ranges used. Cubic pin fin height had little impact upon heat flux. The highest critical heat flux (CHF) attained for any of the surfaces was 121 W/cm(2), giving an enhancement of 51% relative to the flat surface case under nominally degassed conditions. The highest CHF in the gassy case was 149 W/cm(2), giving an enhancement of 38% relative to the flat surface case. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Thermal Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Silk, EA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Thermal Engn Branch, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4200-2 PY 2005 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1115/IPACK2005-73003 PG 9 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BFI20 UT WOS:000241978200001 ER PT B AU Schatzel, DV Shapiro, AA AF Schatzel, Donald V. Shapiro, Andrew A. GP ASME TI Characterization of electrical failure modes in chip-on-board assemblies for extreme temperature environments SO Advances in Electronic Packaging 2005, Pts A-C LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME/Pacific Rim Technical Conference on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems CY JUL 17-22, 2005 CL San Francisco, CA SP ASME, Elect & Photon Packaging Div AB Future space missions to Mars and the outer planets will have to operate on the planet surface in temperatures that range from -200 degrees C to 400C. These missions will require sensors, instruments and motors to operate for extended periods that exceed the duration of any planetary surface mission to date. Currently the Mars Science Laboratory rovers planned for 2009 will be required to survive a mission life of about 500 Martian sols. The Martian solar day is called a sol and is equal to 24 hours and 39 minutes of an Earth day. This extended mission requirement is beyond the reliability threshold of present electronic materials and interfaces such as those used on the Mars Exploration Rovers. The combination of correct materials, electrical interconnection and packaging design are critical to ensuring long life when the range between minimum and maximum temperatures approach or exceed 200 degrees C. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Schatzel, DV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4200-2 PY 2005 BP 835 EP 844 DI 10.1115/IPACK2005-73036 PG 10 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BFI20 UT WOS:000241978200107 ER PT B AU Toda, R Yang, EHEH AF Toda, Risaku Yang, Eui-Hyeok E. H. GP ASME TI Development of latching type large vertical-travel microactuator SO Advances in Electronic Packaging 2005, Pts A-C LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME/Pacific Rim Technical Conference on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems CY JUL 17-22, 2005 CL San Francisco, CA SP ASME, Elect & Photon Packaging Div AB This paper describes design, fabrication and preliminary characterization of a proof-of-concept vertical-travel microactuator, providing linear motion and high precision positioning in space. The microactuator is capable of providing latching function when it is un-powered to maintain its position. The microactuator consists of two opposing comb drive actuator dies, a slider and bulk PZT actuators sandwiched between the dies. The slider is inserted between clutches. Comb drives are connected to the clutches to engage/disengage clutching. Sequential activation of the comb drives (in-plane motion) and the PZT actuator (out-of-plane motion) provides cumulative linear travel of the slider. The novelty of the slider insertion approach include (1) post-fabrication engagement of comb teeth enabling thick wafer DRIE process for comb drive actuators and (2) stressed tethers enabling zero-power latching. A test device was fabricated and assembled. By applying 100V similar to 300V DC to the electrostatic comb drive, lateral actuation of clutches was observed. Vertical actuation by PZT was also confirmed using WYKO RST plus interferometer. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Toda, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4200-2 PY 2005 BP 1755 EP 1759 DI 10.1115/IPACK2005-73390 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BFI20 UT WOS:000241978202021 ER PT B AU Silk, EA Kim, J Kiger, K AF Silk, Eric A. Kim, Jungho Kiger, Ken GP ASME TI Spray cooling trajectory angle impact upon heat flux using a straight finned enhanced surface SO Advances in Electronic Packaging 2005, Pts A-C LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME/Pacific Rim Technical Conference on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems CY JUL 17-22, 2005 CL San Francisco, CA SP ASME, Elect & Photon Packaging Div DE enhancement; spray cooling; finned surfaces; heat transfer; trajectory spray ID TRANSFER MECHANISM; ROUGHNESS AB Experiments were conducted to study the effects of spray trajectory angles on heat flux for flat and enhanced surface spray cooling. The surface enhancement consisted of straight fins machined on the top surface of a copper heater block. Spray cooling curves were obtained with the straight fin surface aligned both parallel (axial) and perpendicular (transverse) to the spray axis. Measurements were also obtained on a flat surface heater block for comparison purposes. Each copper block had a cross-sectional area of 2.0 cm(2). A 2x2 nozzle array was used with PF-5060 as the working fluid. Thermal performance data was obtained under nominally degassed (chamber pressure of 41.4 kPa) conditions. Results show that the highest CHF in all cases was attained for a trajectory angle of 30 degrees from the surface normal. Also, straight finned surfaces can enhance critical heat flux (CHF) as much as 75% (heat flux value of 140 W/cm(2)) relative to the vertical spray orientation for the analogous flat surface case. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Thermal Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Silk, EA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Thermal Engn Branch, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4200-2 PY 2005 BP 2309 EP 2317 PG 9 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BFI20 UT WOS:000241978202101 ER PT B AU Huang, NE AF Huang, Norden E. BE Chwang, AT Teng, MH Valentine, DT TI A different view on data in a nonlinear and nonstationary world SO Advances in Engineering Mechanics - Reflections and Outlooks: IN HONOR OF THEODORE Y-T WU LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Theodore Y T Wu Symposium on Engineering Mechanics CY JUN 21-22, 2004 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP Ocean Engn Comm Ocean, Fluids Tech Comm, Engn Mech Div ASCE ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; HILBERT SPECTRUM AB The world we live in is neither stationary nor linear. Yet, the traditional view, based on established mathematical paradigm, is decisively linear and stationary. Such a linear view of the reality has impeded our understanding of the true physical processes. To break away from the inadequacy of the traditional approach, we have to adopt a totally new view with a new data analysis method, for data is the only connection we have with reality. The existing methods such as the probability theory and spectral analysis are all based on global properties of the data, and a priori defined basis and the stationary and linear assumptions. For example, spectral analysis is synonymous with the Fourier-based analysis. As Fourier spectra can only give a meaningful interpretation to linear and stationary processes, its application to data from nonlinear and nonstationary processes is problematical. To break away from this limitation, we should let the data speak for itself We should develop adaptive data analysis techniques. The basics of the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and the Hilbert Spectral Analysis (HSA) will be presented. This approach actually offers a different view of the nonlinear and nonstationary world. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Huang, NE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-256-144-7 PY 2005 BP 150 EP 170 DI 10.1142/9789812702128_0012 PG 21 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BEF41 UT WOS:000237084800012 ER PT B AU Long, SR AF Long, Steven R. BE Chwang, AT Teng, MH Valentine, DT TI New concepts in image analysis applied to the study of nonlinear wave interactions SO Advances in Engineering Mechanics - Reflections and Outlooks: IN HONOR OF THEODORE Y-T WU LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Theodore Y T Wu Symposium on Engineering Mechanics CY JUN 21-22, 2004 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP Ocean Engn Comm Ocean, Fluids Tech Comm, Engn Mech Div ASCE ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; HILBERT SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS AB Many earlier methods in image analysis are based on techniques that are best suited to linear and stationary processes. Here an application of the Empirical Mode Decomposition/Hilbert-Huang Transform (EMD/HHT) techniques is presented as applied to water surface image analysis. The images represent nonlinear and non-steady wave interactions obtained by a vertical-looking, high speed, high resolution digital camera. Recent advances in this new and robust technique have been reported by [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], and [7]. This work was originally developed for the analysis of nonlinear and non-stationary data as a function of time. These new methods have been extended here to include the analysis of image data, and have been used just as outlined in the numerous foundation articles listed above and several application articles (such as [7], [8], and [9]). The image data acquired can be expressed in terms of a numerical array of rows and columns, allowing this new concept developed for one-dimensional data (measured values recorded vs. time) to be now applied to these arrays row by row. Each slice of the data image, either row or column-wise, represents local variations of the image being analyzed. Just as much of the data from natural phenomena are either nonlinear or non-stationary, or both, so it is also with the data that form images of natural processes. Because of the nonlinear and non-stationary nature of natural processes, the EMD/HHT approach is especially well-suited for image data, giving frequencies, inverse distances or wave numbers as a function of time or distance, along with the amplitudes or energy values associated with these, as well as a sharp identification of imbedded structures. The various possibilities and products of this new analysis approach are presented, such as joint and marginal distributions which can be viewed as isosurfaces, contour plots, and surfaces that contain information on frequency, inverse wave length, amplitude, energy and location in time, space, or both. Additionally, the concept of component images representing the intrinsic scales and structures imbedded in the data will be described, with examples shown, as well as a technique for obtaining frequency variations of structures within the images. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Long, SR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RI CHEN, Jiangang/A-1549-2011; Long, Steven/D-7248-2012 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-256-144-7 PY 2005 BP 327 EP 351 DI 10.1142/9789812702128_0024 PG 25 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BEF41 UT WOS:000237084800024 ER PT S AU Mattmann, CA Malek, S Beckman, N Mikic-Rakic, M Medvidovic, N Crichton, DJ AF Mattmann, CA Malek, S Beckman, N Mikic-Rakic, M Medvidovic, N Crichton, DJ BE Sloot, PMA Hoekstra, AG Priol, T Reinefeld, A Bubak, M TI GLIDE: A grid-based light-weight infrastructure for data-intensive environments SO ADVANCES IN GRID COMPUTING - EGC 2005 SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Grid Conference CY FEB 14-16, 2005 CL Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS SP Univ Amsterdam, Dutch Sci Fdn NWO, Sect Exact Sci, SciencePark Amsterdam AB The promise of the grid is that it will enable public access and sharing of immense amounts of computational and data resources among dynamic coalitions of individuals and institutions. However, the current grid solutions make several limiting assumptions that curtail their widespread adoption in the emerging decentralized, resource constrained, embedded, autonomic, and mobile (DREAM) environments: they are designed primarily for highly complex scientific problems, and therefore require powerful hardware and reliable network connectivity; additionally, they provide no application design support to grid users (e.g., scientists). To address these limitations, we present GLIDE, a prototype light-weight, data-intensive middleware infrastructure that enables access to the robust data and computational power of the grid on DREAM platforms. We illustrate GLIDE on an example file sharing application. We discuss our early experience with GLIDE and present a set of open research questions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Mattmann, CA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 171-264, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM chris.mattmann@jpl.nasa.gov; malek@usc.edu; nbeckman@usc.edu; marija@usc.edu; neno@usc.edu; dan.crichton@jpl.nasa.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-26918-5 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3470 BP 68 EP 77 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BCR15 UT WOS:000230883700009 ER PT S AU Dynys, FW Sayir, A AF Dynys, F. W. Sayir, A. BE Bansal, NP TI PULSED LASER DEPOSITION OF BaCe(0.85)Y(0.15)O(3) FILMS SO ADVANCES IN SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 23-28, 2005 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc ID BARIUM CERATE; THIN-FILMS; PROTON; CONDUCTIVITY AB Pulsed laser deposition has been used to grow nanostructured BaCe(0.85)Y(0.15)O(3-delta) films. The objective is to enhance protonic conduction by reduction of membrane thickness. Sintered samples and laser targets were prepared by sintering BaCe(0.85)Y(0.15)O(3-delta) powders derived by solid state synthesis. Films 2 to 6 pm thick were deposited by KrF excimer laser on Si and porous Al(2)O(3) substrates. Nanocrystalline films were fabricated at deposition temperatures of 600-800 degrees C at O(2) pressure of 30 mTorr and laser fluence of 1.2 J/cm(2). Films were characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and electrical impedance spectroscopy. Dense single phase BaCe(0.85)Y(0.15)O(3-delta) films with a columnar growth morphology is observed, preferred crystal growth was found to be dependent upon deposition temperature and substrate type. Electrical conductivity of bulk samples produced by solid state sintering and thin film samples were measured over a temperature range of 100 degrees C to 900 degrees C in moist argon. Electrical conduction of the fabricated films was 1 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than the sintered bulk samples. With respect to the film growth direction, activation energy for electrical conduction is 3 times higher in the perpendicular direction than the parallel direction. C1 [Dynys, F. W.] NASA, GRC, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Dynys, FW (reprint author), NASA, GRC, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-1-57498-234-3 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2005 VL 26 IS 4 BP 57 EP 63 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Ceramics SC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA BMU98 UT WOS:000273628400007 ER PT S AU Choi, SR Bansal, NP AF Choi, Sung R. Bansal, Narottam P. BE Bansal, NP TI MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOFC SEAL GLASS COMPOSITES SO ADVANCES IN SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 23-28, 2005 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc ID FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS; STRENGTH AB A barium calcium aluminosilicate (BCAS) glass of composition (mol%) 35BaO-15CaO-5Al(2)O(3)-10B(2)O(3)-35SiO(2) that is being investigated as sealing material for planar solid oxide fuel cells was reinforced with alumina platelets or 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) particulates to improve its strength and fracture toughness. For the same ceramic contents composites containing alumina platelets showed much higher strength and fracture toughness than those with YSZ. For 30 mol% reinforcement, flexure strength of the glass improved by 230% and 130 %, respectively, for alumina and YSZ reinforced composites, while fracture toughness improved by 350 and 120%. The 20 and 30 mol% alumina composites exhibited rising R-curve behavior. The increase in elastic modulus was more predominant for alumina containing composites than for YSZ composites. Addition of alumina did not have much effect on the density but addition of YSZ increased the density linearly. Effect of reinforcement on hardness was greater for alumina containing than for YSZ containing composites. The YSZ reinforced glass composites revealed more enhanced viscous behavior than the alumina counterparts at both 800 and 1000 degrees C. C1 [Choi, Sung R.; Bansal, Narottam P.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Choi, SR (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-1-57498-234-3 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2005 VL 26 IS 4 BP 275 EP 283 PG 9 WC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Ceramics SC Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels; Materials Science GA BMU98 UT WOS:000273628400031 ER PT S AU Martinez, JE Erol, A Bebis, G Boyle, R Twombly, X AF Martinez, JE Erol, A Bebis, G Boyle, R Twombly, X BE Bebis, G Boyle, R Koracin, D Parvin, B TI Rendering optimizations guided by head-pose estimates and their uncertainty SO ADVANCES IN VISUAL COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Visual Computing CY DEC 05-07, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, NV SP UNR, DRI, LBNL, NASA Ames, intel, Digital Persona, Equinox AB In virtual environments, head pose and/or eye-gaze estimation can be employed to improve the visual experience of the user by enabling adaptive level of detail during rendering. In this study, we present a real-time system for rendering complex scenes in an immersive virtual environment based on head pose estimation and perceptual level of detail. In our system, the position and orientation of the head are estimated using stereo vision approach and markers placed on a pair of glasses used to view images projected on a stereo display device. The main innovation of our work is the incorporation of uncertainty estimates to improve the visual experience perceived by the user. The estimated pose and its uncertainty are used to determine the desired level of detail for different parts of the scene based on criteria originating from physiological and psychological aspects of human vision. Subject tests have been performed to evaluate our approach. C1 Univ Nevada, Comp Vis Lab, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NASA Ames Res Ctr, BioVis Lab, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Univ Nevada, Comp Vis Lab, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM javier@cse.unr.edu; aerol@cse.unr.edu; bebis@cse.unr.edu; rboyle@mail.arc.nasa.gov; xtwombly@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-30750-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3804 BP 253 EP 262 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BDP92 UT WOS:000234830800031 ER PT S AU Mulligan, JB AF Mulligan, JB BE Bebis, G Boyle, R Koracin, D Parvin, B TI A tree-structured model of visual appearance applied to gaze tracking SO ADVANCES IN VISUAL COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Visual Computing CY DEC 05-07, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, NV SP UNR, DRI, LBNL, NASA Ames, intel, Digital Persona, Equinox AB In some computer vision applications, we may need to analyze large numbers of similar frames depicting various aspects of an event. In this situation, the appearance may change significantly within the sequence, hampering efforts to track particular features. Active shape models [1] offer one approach to this problem, by "learning" the relationship between appearance and world-state from a small set of hand-labeled training examples. In this paper we propose a method for partitioning the input image set which addresses two problems: first, it provides an automatic method for selecting a set of training images for hand-labeling; second, it results in a partitioning of the image space into regions suitable for local model adaptation. Repeated application of the partitioning procedure results in a tree-structured representation of the image space. The resulting structure can be used to define corresponding neighborhoods in the shape model parameter space; a new image may be processed efficiently by first inserting it into the tree, and then solving for model parameters within the corresponding restricted domain. The ideas are illustrated with examples from an outdoor gaze-tracking application. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Mulligan, JB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-30750-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3804 BP 303 EP 312 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BDP92 UT WOS:000234830800037 ER PT J AU Sheridan, PJ Arnott, WP Ogren, JA Andrews, E Atkinson, DB Covert, DS Moosmuller, H Petzold, A Schmid, B Strawa, AW Varma, R Virkkula, A AF Sheridan, PJ Arnott, WP Ogren, JA Andrews, E Atkinson, DB Covert, DS Moosmuller, H Petzold, A Schmid, B Strawa, AW Varma, R Virkkula, A TI The Reno Aerosol Optics Study: An evaluation of aerosol absorption measurement methods SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-SCATTERING ALBEDO; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; BLACK CARBON; INTEGRATING NEPHELOMETER; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; SULFATE AEROSOLS; INDIAN-OCEAN; PARTICLES; SOOT; EXTINCTION AB The Reno Aerosol Optics Study (RAOS) was designed and conducted to compare the performance of many existing and new instruments for the in situ measurement of aerosol optical properties with a focus on the determination of aerosol light absorption. For this study, simple test aerosols of black and white particles were generated and combined in external mixtures under low relative humidity conditions and delivered to each measurement system. The aerosol mixing and delivery system was constantly monitored using particle counters and nephelometers to ensure that the same aerosol number concentration and amount reached the different instruments. The aerosol light-scattering measurements of four different nephelometers were compared, while the measurements of seven light-absorption instruments (5 filter based, 2 photoacoustic) were evaluated. Four methods for determining the aerosol light-extinction coefficient (3 cavity ring-down instruments and 1 folded-path optical extinction cell) were also included in the comparisons. An emphasis was placed on determining the representativeness of the filter-based light absorption methods, since these are used widely and because major corrections to the raw attenuation measurements are known to be required. The extinction measurement from the optical extinction cell was compared with the scattering measurement from a high-sensitivity integrating nephelometer on fine, nonabsorbing ammonium sulfate aerosols, and the two were found to agree closely (within 1% for blue and green wavelengths and 2% for red). The wavelength dependence of light absorption for small kerosene and diesel soot particles was found to be very near lambda(-1), the theoretical small-particle limit. Larger, irregularly shaped graphite particles showed widely variable wavelength dependencies over several graphite runs. The light-absorption efficiency at a wavelength of 530 nm for pure kerosene soot with a number size distribution peak near 0.3 mum diameter was found to be 7.5 +/- 1.2 m(2) g(-1). The two most fundamental independent absorption methods used in this study were photoacoustic absorption and the difference between suspended-state light extinction and scattering, and these showed excellent agreement ( typically within a few percent) on mixed black/white aerosols, with the photoacoustic measurement generally slightly lower. Excellent agreement was also observed between some filter-based light-absorption measurements and the RAOS reference absorption method. For atmospherically relevant levels of the aerosol light-absorption coefficient (<25 Mm(-1)), the particle soot absorption photometer ( PSAP) absorption measurement at mid-visible wavelengths agreed with the reference absorption measurement to within &SIM;11% for experiment tests on externally mixed kerosene soot and ammonium sulfate. At higher absorption levels ( characterized by lower single-scattering albedo aerosol tests), this agreement worsened considerably, most likely due to an inadequate filter loading correction used for the PSAP. The PSAP manufacturer's filter loading correction appears to do an adequate job of correcting the PSAP absorption measurement at aerosol single-scattering albedos above 0.80-0.85, which represents most atmospheric aerosols, but it does a progressively worse job at lower single-scattering albedos. Anew filter-based light-absorption photometer was also evaluated in RAOS, the multiangle absorption photometer (MAAP), which uses a two-stream radiative transfer model to determine the filter and aerosol scattering effects for a better calculation of the abs The MAAP absorption measurements agreed with the reference absorption measurements closely (linear regression slope of &SIM;0.99) for all experimental tests on externally mixed kerosene soot and ammonium sulfate. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Portland State Univ, Dept Chem, Portland, OR 97207 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, Sonoma, CA USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Finnish Meteorol Inst, Air Qual Res, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. RP Sheridan, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM patrick.sheridan@noaa.gov RI Varma, Ravi/A-9640-2009; Petzold, Andreas/J-2347-2012; Virkkula, Aki/B-8575-2014; Moosmuller, Hans/F-8250-2011; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015; OI Petzold, Andreas/0000-0002-2504-1680; Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583; Moosmuller, Hans/0000-0002-1021-8877 NR 49 TC 116 Z9 117 U1 4 U2 25 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 39 IS 1 BP 1 EP 16 DI 10.1080/027868290901891 PG 16 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 881OS UT WOS:000225877400001 ER PT J AU Scardelletti, MC Dib, N Weller, T Culver, J King, B AF Scardelletti, MC Dib, N Weller, T Culver, J King, B TI Coplanar waveguide-fed slot antennas on cylindrical substrates SO AEU-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE coplanar waveguide; finite difference time domain; antennas; cylindrical substrate AB This paper describes cylindrical coplanar waveguide (CCPW)-fed slot and folded slot antennas encompassing cylindrical substrates. Using a 1.27 cm diameter Teflon substrate, antennas that operate around 7 GHz have been realized with gains of 1.5 dB (slot) and 2.8 dB (folded slot). The antennas have a well-defined pattern null of 8 dB along the side of the CCPW feedline. A 1.6 GHz slot antenna on a 1.27 cm diameter alumina substrate was also fabricated using a novel direct-write technique, and shown to have comparable performance characteristics. The results include measured data and simulated data using a 3D cylindrical finite difference time domain (FDTD) code. (c) 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. C1 Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Irbid, Jordan. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Elect Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Raytheon Syst, St Petersburg, FL USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. RP Dib, N (reprint author), Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Irbid, Jordan. EM nihad@just.edu.jo RI Dib, Nihad/M-4918-2015; OI Dib, Nihad/0000-0002-2263-5512 NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 1434-8411 J9 AEU-INT J ELECTRON C JI AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun. PY 2005 VL 59 IS 1 BP 25 EP 30 DI 10.1016/j.aeue.2004.11.020 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 910AY UT WOS:000227903000004 ER PT J AU Goldstein, ME AF Goldstein, ME TI Ninety-degree acoustic spectrum of a high-speed air jet SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ALTERNATIVE THEORIES; NOISE PREDICTION; MIXING NOISE; TURBULENCE; ANALOGY; MACH-0.9 AB Tam and Auriault successfully predicted the acoustic spectrum at 90 deg to the axis of a high-speed air jet by using an acoustic equation derived from ad hoe kinetic theory-type arguments. It is shown that similar predictions can be obtained by using a rigorous acoustic analogy approach together with actual measurements of the relevant acoustic source correlations. This puts the result on a firmer basis and enables its extension to new situations and to the prediction of sound at other observation angles. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Res & Technol Directorate, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Goldstein, ME (reprint author), NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Res & Technol Directorate, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0001-1452 J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 43 IS 1 BP 96 EP 102 DI 10.2514/1.9060 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 887PK UT WOS:000226317800008 ER PT J AU Meador, WE Smart, MK AF Meador, WE Smart, MK TI Reference enthalpy method developed from solutions of the boundary-layer equations SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WALL AB A simple average of local enthalpy over the velocity profile is proposed as the proper definition of reference enthalpy for the purpose of quasi-one-dimensional treatment of compressible boundary layers. Use of Van Driest's nearly exact solutions of the laminar boundary-layer equations shows that this definition produces Eckert's reference enthalpy formulation for the special case of an adiabatic wall. For surfaces other than adiabatic, either Eckert's form should be replaced by that of Young and Janssen, or the coefficient in Eckert's viscous heating term should be slightly modified. A similar analysis was conducted for turbulent flows using Whitfield and High's simplified solutions of the turbulent boundary-layer equations. Dorrance's derivation of reference quantities is also addressed. This work provides a theoretical basis for the empirical reference enthalpy formulas of Eckert and others and supplies practical expressions for the reference enthalpy of both laminar and turbulent compressible boundary layers. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hyperson Airbreathing Propuls Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Meador, WE (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hyperson Airbreathing Propuls Branch, MS168, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Smart, Michael/C-8823-2013 NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0001-1452 J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 43 IS 1 BP 135 EP 139 DI 10.2514/1.2656 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 887PK UT WOS:000226317800012 ER PT J AU Iwasa, T Jacobson, M Natori, MC AF Iwasa, T Jacobson, M Natori, MC TI Spectrum evaluation method for wrinkled membranes SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 5th Gossamer Spacecraft Forum CY APR 19-22, 2004 CL Palm Springs, CA SP AIAA AB A spectrum evaluation method using the two-dimensional fast Fourier transform is proposed for assessing overall behavior of wrinkled membranes. This method was carried out for a square wrinkled membrane. Wrinkling phenomena of the square membrane, held fixed at three corners and subjected to in-plane shear force at the remaining corner, are investigated. The effects of a varied structural scale, which is related to the ratio of membrane area to membrane thickness, and gravity field on the wrinkled membranes are shown using the proposed spectrum evaluation method. Analysis by this method has been verified by comparing the results of the spectrum evaluation method to that of the traditional methods; which uses cross-sectional deformations and deformation modes for assessing the behavior of the membranes including both wrinkled and slack regions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mem Syst Anal & Simulat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sect Spacecraft Engn, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. EM taka@taurus.eng.isas.jaxa.jp; mcnatori@isas.jaxa.jp NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0001-1452 J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 43 IS 1 BP 194 EP 205 DI 10.2514/1.7509 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 887PK UT WOS:000226317800019 ER PT S AU Elliott, DA Aumann, HH Pagano, TS Overoye, KR Schindler, RA AF Elliott, DA Aumann, HH Pagano, TS Overoye, KR Schindler, RA BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Channel alignment and radiometry in hyperspectral atmospheric infrared sounders SO Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XI CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Univ Central Florida, Coll Opt & Photon, Florida Space Inst, FOI, Swedish Def Res Agcy, Univ Central Florida AB The modern generation of hyperspectral infrared atmospheric sounders features high spectral resolution and very low sensor noise. The improved performance of such instruments places much stiffer requirements on certain aspects of instrument design compared to earlier sounders. In this paper we will concentrate on spatial response issues-in particular, relative boresight alignments of different channels. An overview of the AIRS instrument and pre-flight test program and the pre-launch performance characteristics can be found in the literature (reference 1 and 2). We show that the degree of radiometric error in the difference between two channels is proportional to the amount of misalignment between channels. This paper uses the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on NASA's EOS Aqua spacecraft to demonstrate our point. AIRS had a very stringent specification for boresight alignment. For every possible pair of channels, the spatial responses had to agree to 99% or better. This paper discusses results of the pre-launch spatial alignment tests relative to the requirements. The AIRS design enables quantitative analysis of channel misalignments using on-orbit data. This feature is available on any hyperspectral infrared sounder. There are pairs of channels in which the two detectors are sensitive to the same frequency, or to similar frequencies that have closely matching infrared transmission properties, but have quite different locations on the focal plane. This paper uses such pairs, and a typical scene of the Indian Ocean at night, to perform quantitative analysis of the effect of misalignment on radiometry. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Elliott, DA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5791-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5806 BP 578 EP 586 DI 10.1117/12.604450 PN 1&2 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BCR68 UT WOS:000230952600053 ER PT S AU Susskind, J Atlas, R AF Susskind, J Atlas, R BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Atmospheric soundings from AIRS/AMSU in partial cloud cover SO Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XI CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Univ Central Florida, Coll Opt & Photon, Florida Space Inst, FOI, Swedish Def Res Agcy, Univ Central Florida DE infra-red; microwave; remote sensing; temperature; moisture; high spectral resolution; clouds; forecast; meteorology ID SEA-SURFACE; EMISSIVITY; AIRS AB Simultaneous use of AIRS/AMSU-A observations allow for the determination of accurate atmospheric soundings under partial cloud cover conditions. The methodology involves the determination of the radiances AIRS would have seen if the AIRS fields of view were clear, called clear column radiances, and use of these radiances to infer the atmospheric and surface conditions giving rise to these clear column radiances. Susskind et al.' demonstrate via simulation that accurate temperature soundings and clear column radiances can be derived from AIRS/AMSU-A observations in cases of up to 80% partial cloud cover, with only a small degradation in accuracy compared to that obtained in clear scenes. Susskind and Atlas(2) show that these findings hold for real AIRS/AMSU-A soundings as well. For data assimilation purposes, this small degradation in accuracy is more than offset by a significant increase in spatial coverage (roughly 50% of global cases were accepted, compared to 3.6% of the global cases being diagnosed as clear), and assimilation of AIRS temperature soundings in partially cloudy conditions resulted in a larger improvement in forecast skill than when AIRS soundings were assimilated only under clear conditions. Alternatively, derived AIRS clear column radiances under partial cloud cover could also be used for data assimilation purposes. Further improvements in AIRS sounding methodology have been made since the results shown in Susskind and Atlas(2). A new version of the AIRS/AMSU-A retrieval algorithm, Version 4.0, was delivered to the Goddard DAAC in February 2005 for production of AIRS derived products, including clear column radiances. The major improvement in the Version 4.0 retrieval algorithm is with regard to a more flexible, parameter dependent, quality control. Results are shown of the accuracy and spatial distribution of temperature-moisture profiles and clear column radiances derived from AIRS/AMSU-A as a function of fractional cloud cover using the Version 4.0 algorithm. Use of the Version 4.0 AIRS temperature profiles increased the positive forecast impact arising from AIRS retrievals relative to what was shown in Susskind and Atlas'. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Susskind, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5791-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5806 BP 587 EP 598 DI 10.1117/12.602546 PN 1&2 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BCR68 UT WOS:000230952600054 ER PT S AU Atlas, R AF Atlas, R BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI The impact of AIRS data on weather prediction SO Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XI CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Univ Central Florida, Coll Opt & Photon, Florida Space Inst, FOI, Swedish Def Res Agcy, Univ Central Florida DE AIRS; satellite data; weather prediction AB Observing system simulation experiments (OSSE) conducted prior to the launch of AIRS indicated significant potential for AIRS temperature soundings to improve numerical weather prediction (NWP), provided that cloud effects could be cleared effectively. Since the launch of AIRS aboard the AQUA satellite, a detailed geophysical validation of AIRS data has been performed. This included collocations of AIRS temperatures with in situ observations and model analyses, and observing system experiments (OSEs) to evaluate the actual impact of AIRS data on NWP. At the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, we are evaluating AIRS data in several different forms, and are performing impact studies using multiple data assimilation systems. In general, the results of the OSE confirm the results of the earlier simulation experiments in that a meaningful positive impact of AIRS data is obtained and this impact depends strongly upon the assimilation of partially cloudy AIRS data. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Atlas, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5791-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5806 BP 599 EP 606 DI 10.1117/12.602540 PN 1&2 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BCR68 UT WOS:000230952600055 ER PT S AU Hubona, GS Shirah, GW AF Hubona, GS Shirah, GW BE Cai, Y TI Spatial cues in 3D visualization SO AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE FOR SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY: FOUNDATIONS, THEORIES, AND SYSTEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Ambient Intelligence for Scientific Discovery CY APR 25, 2004 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA SP SIGCHI ID HUNTER-GATHERER THEORY; SEX-DIFFERENCES; MENTAL ROTATION; META-ANALYSIS; STEREOPSIS; MOTION; ABILITY; TASK; PERFORMANCE; GRAPHICS C1 Georgia State Univ, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hubona, GS (reprint author), Georgia State Univ, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. EM ghubona@savannah.cis.gsu.edu; greg.shirah@nasa.gov NR 60 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 8 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-24466-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3345 BP 104 EP 128 PG 25 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; History & Philosophy Of Science SC Computer Science; History & Philosophy of Science GA BCD95 UT WOS:000228798400006 ER PT J AU Holbrook, AL Krosnick, JA AF Holbrook, Allyson L. Krosnick, Jon A. BE Craig, SC Martinez, MD TI Meta-Psychological Versus Operative Measures of Ambivalence Differentiating the Consequences of Perceived Intra-Psychic Conflict and Real Intra-Psychic Conflict SO AMBIVALENCE AND THE STRUCTURE OF POLITICAL OPINION LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Holbrook, Allyson L.] Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. [Krosnick, Jon A.] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Krosnick, Jon A.] NASA, Washington, DC USA. [Krosnick, Jon A.] NOAA, Washington, DC USA. [Krosnick, Jon A.] US Bur Census, Washington, DC USA. [Krosnick, Jon A.] Urban Inst, Washington, DC 20037 USA. RP Holbrook, AL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. NR 0 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU PALGRAVE PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-40397-909-4 PY 2005 BP 73 EP 103 D2 10.1057/9781403979094 PG 31 WC Communication; Political Science SC Communication; Government & Law GA BQG01 UT WOS:000280911300005 ER PT J AU Luttge, A Rye, R Conrad, PG AF Luttge, A Rye, R Conrad, PG TI Quantitative approaches towards biogeochemistry: Processes, scaling, and interfaces - Preface SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77251 USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Luttge, A (reprint author), Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77251 USA. RI Luttge, Andreas/A-2560-2011 OI Luttge, Andreas/0000-0002-5878-4026 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, PO BOX 208109, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PY 2005 VL 305 IS 6-8 SI SI BP IX EP IX PG 1 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 003CP UT WOS:000234659500001 ER PT J AU Douglas, S AF Douglas, S TI Mineralogical footprints of microbial life SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; SINGLE FLUID INCLUSION; SULFIDIC MINE TAILINGS; SUBTILIS CELL-WALLS; DOLOMITE FORMATION; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; SOUTH-AUSTRALIA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; EARLY DIAGENESIS; COORONG REGION AB Earth's geosphere is intimately tied to its biosphere. A major link between the two lies in the microbial realm; microorganisms grow in and upon rocks and minerals, often relying on their substratum for critical compounds needed in order to produce cellular energy. The presence of a metabolizing cell on a mineral substrate has a significant effect on the mineral texture and on the geochemistry of the surrounding microenviromnent. In nature, microorganisms exist in microbial communities as mats or biofilms growing upon a solid substrate. As such they cover a vast surface area both within and below the surface of Earth's land and sea. The following review will provide a glimpse into the latest findings in the field of geomicrobiology and is intended to convey a sense of the profound influence microorganisms can have upon the geological environment they inhabit. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Astrobiol Res Element, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Douglas, S (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, Astrobiol Res Element, MS183-301,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Susanne.Douglas@jpl.nasa.gov NR 116 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 5 U2 17 PU AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, PO BOX 208109, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0002-9599 J9 AM J SCI JI Am. J. Sci. PY 2005 VL 305 IS 6-8 SI SI BP 503 EP 525 DI 10.2475/ajs.305.6-8.503 PG 23 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 003CP UT WOS:000234659500004 ER PT J AU Edwards, HGM Villar, SEJ Parnell, J Cockell, CS Lee, P AF Edwards, HGM Villar, SEJ Parnell, J Cockell, CS Lee, P TI Raman spectroscopic analysis of cyanobacterial gypsum halotrophs and relevance for sulfate deposits on Mars SO ANALYST LA English DT Article ID WATER-STRESS; METEORITES; SOLUTES AB The Raman spectra of cyanobacterial species, Gloecapsa and Nostoc, in clear gypsum crystals from the Haughton Crater, Devon Island, Canadian High Arctic, site of a meteorite impact during the Miocene some 23 Mya, have been recorded using several visible and near-infrared excitation wavelengths. The best spectra were obtained using a green wavelength at 514.5 nm and a confocal microscope with an image footprint of about 2 m in diameter and 2 m theoretical depth. Raman biosignatures for beta-carotene and scytonemin were obtained for one type of colony and parietin and beta-carotene for another; chlorophyll was detected in both types of colony. The different combination of these radiation protectant biomolecules suggests that the two cyanobacterial colonies, namely Nostoc and Gloecapsa, are adopting different survival strategies in the system. Confocal spectroscopic probing of the gypsum crystals exhibited sufficient discrimination for the identification of the biomolecules through the gypsum crystal, in simulation of the detection of extant or extinct halotrophs. This supports the viability of Raman spectroscopic techniques for incorporation as part of the instrumentation suite of a robotic lander for planetary surface exploration for the detection of organisms inside sulfate crystals from previous hydrothermal activity on Mars. C1 Univ Bradford, Sch Pharm, Bradford BD7 1DP, W Yorkshire, England. Univ Burgos, Fac Humanidades & Educ, Area Geodinam Interna, Burgos, Spain. Univ Aberdeen, Dept Geol & Petr Geol, Geofluids Res Grp, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland. Open Univ, Planetary & Space Sci Res Inst, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. SETI Inst, Mars Inst, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Edwards, HGM (reprint author), Univ Bradford, Sch Pharm, Bradford BD7 1DP, W Yorkshire, England. EM h.g.m.edwards@bradford.ac.uk RI Jorge-Villar, Susana/A-8927-2011 OI Jorge-Villar, Susana/0000-0003-1676-4438 NR 28 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 12 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PY 2005 VL 130 IS 6 BP 917 EP 923 DI 10.1039/b503533c PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 928XM UT WOS:000229305200019 PM 15912241 ER PT J AU Amm, O Aksnes, A Stadsnes, J Ostgaard, N Vondrak, RR Germany, GA Lu, G Viljanen, A AF Amm, O Aksnes, A Stadsnes, J Ostgaard, N Vondrak, RR Germany, GA Lu, G Viljanen, A TI Mesoscale ionospheric electrodynamics of omega bands determined from ground-based electromagnetic and satellite optical observations SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; auroral ionosphere; electric fields and currents; magnetospheric physics; current systems ID ELEMENTARY CURRENT SYSTEMS; PARTICLE-PRECIPITATION; ENERGETIC ELECTRONS; AURORAL IONIZATION; MAGNETOMETER ARRAY; PULSATION EVENT; MORNING SECTOR; CURRENTS; CONDUCTIVITY; CONDUCTANCE AB We present ground-based electromagnetic data from the MIRACLE and BEAR networks and satellite optical observations from the UVI and PIXIE instruments on the Polar satellite of an omega band event over Northern Scandinavia on 26 June 1998, which occured close to the morning side edge of a substorm auroral bulge. Our analysis of the data concentrates on one omega band period from 03:1803:27 UT, for which we use the method of characteristics combined with an analysis of the UVI and PIXIE data to derive a time series of instantaneous, solely data-based distributions of the mesoscale ionospheric electrodynamic parameters with a 1-min time resolution. In addition, the AMIE method is used to derive global Hall conductance patterns. Our results show that zonally alternating regions of enhanced ionospheric conductances ("tongues") up to similar to 60 S and low conductance regions are associated with the omega bands. The tongues have a poleward extension of similar to 400 km from their base and a zonal extension of similar to 380 km. While they are moving coherently eastward with a velocity of similar to 770 ms(-1), the structures are not strictly stationary. The current system of the omega band can be described as a superposition of two parts: one consists of anticlockwise rotating Hall currents around the tongues, along with Pedersen currents, with a negative divergence in their centers. The sign of this system is reversing in the low conductance areas. It causes the characteristic ground magnetic signature. The second part consists of zonally aligned current wedges of westward flowing Hall currents and is mostly magnetically invisible below the ionosphere. This system dominates the field-aligned current (FAC) pattern and causes alternating upward and downward FAC at the flanks of the tongues with maximum upward FAC of similar to 25 mu A m(-2). The total FAC of similar to 2 MA are comparable to the ones diverted inside a westward traveling surge. Throughout the event, the overwhelming part of the FAC are associated with gradients of the ionospheric conductances, and 66-84% of the FAC are connected with ionospheric Hall currents. C1 Finnish Meteorol Inst, Geophys Res, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Bergen, Dept Phys & Technol, Bergen, Norway. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. HAO NCAR, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RP Amm, O (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, Geophys Res, POB 503, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. EM olaf.amm@fmi.fi RI Lu, Gang/A-6669-2011 NR 55 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 2 BP 325 EP 342 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 918YX UT WOS:000228586600007 ER PT J AU Aksnes, A Amm, O Stadsnes, J Ostgaard, N Germany, GA Vondrak, RR Sillanpaa, I AF Aksnes, A Amm, O Stadsnes, J Ostgaard, N Germany, GA Vondrak, RR Sillanpaa, I TI Ionospheric conductances derived from satellite measurements of auroral UV and X-ray emissions, and ground-based electromagnetic data: a comparison SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; auroral ionosphere; particle precipitation; instruments and techniques ID E-REGION CONDUCTIVITIES; CURRENT SYSTEMS; PARTICLE-PRECIPITATION; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; EISCAT DATA; COLLISION FREQUENCY; ENERGETIC ELECTRONS; MORNING SECTOR; AE-C; IONIZATION AB Global instantaneous conductance maps can be derived from remote sensing of UV and X-ray emissions by the UVI and PIXIE cameras on board the Polar satellite. Another technique called the I-D method of characteristics provides mesoscale instantaneous conductance profiles from the MIRACLE ground-based network in Northern Scandinavia, using electric field measurements from the STARE coherent scatter radar and ground magnetometer data from the IMAGE network. The method based on UVI and PIXIE data gives conductance maps with a resolution of similar to 800 km in space and similar to 4.5 min in time, while the 1-D method of characteristics establishes conductances every 20s and with a spatial resolution of similar to 50 km. In this study, we examine three periods with substorm activity in 1998 to investigate whether the two techniques converge when the results from the 1-D method of characteristics are averaged over the spatial and temporal resolution of the UVI/PIXIE data. In general, we find that the calculated conductance sets do not correlate. However, a fairly good agreement may be reached when the ionosphere is in a state that does not exhibit strong local turbulence. By defining a certain tolerance level of turbulence, we show that 14 of the 15 calculated conductance pairs during relatively uniform ionospheric conditions differ less than +/- 30%. The same is true for only 4 of the 9 data points derived when the ionosphere is in a highly turbulent state. A correlation coefficient between the two conductance sets of 0.27 is derived when all the measurements are included. By removing the data points from time periods when too much ionospheric turbulence occurs, the correlation coefficient raises to 0.57. Considering the two very different techniques used in this study to derive the conductances, with different assumptions, limitations and scale sizes, our results indicate that simple averaging of mesoscale results allows a continuous transition to large-scale results. Therefore, it is possible to use a combined approach to study ionospheric events with satellite optical and ground-based electrodynamic data of different spatial and temporal resolutions. We must be careful, though, when using these two techniques during disturbed conditions. The two methods will only give results that systematically converge when relatively uniform conditions exist. C1 Univ Bergen, Dept Phys & Technol, Bergen, Norway. Finnish Meteorol Inst, Geophys Res Div, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Aksnes, A (reprint author), Univ Bergen, Dept Phys & Technol, Bergen, Norway. EM arve.aksnes@ift.uib.no RI Sillanpaa, Ilkka/N-5239-2016 OI Sillanpaa, Ilkka/0000-0001-7857-1864 NR 63 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 2 BP 343 EP 358 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 918YX UT WOS:000228586600008 ER PT J AU Huttunen, KEJ Slavin, J Collier, M Koskinen, HEJ Szabo, A Tanskanen, E Balogh, A Lucek, E Reme, HR AF Huttunen, KEJ Slavin, J Collier, M Koskinen, HEJ Szabo, A Tanskanen, E Balogh, A Lucek, E Reme, HR TI Cluster observations of sudden impulses in the magnetotail caused by interplanetary shocks and pressure increases SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE interplanetary physics; interplanetary shocks; magnetospheric physics; magnetotail; solar wind-magnetosphere interaction ID MAGNETIC-FIELD; WIND; MAGNETOSPHERE; PULSE; LOBE; SIZE AB Sudden impulses (SI) in the tail lobe magnetic field associated with solar wind pressure enhancements are investigated using measurements from Cluster. The magnetic field components during the SIs change in a manner consistent with the assumption that an antisunward moving lateral pressure enhancement compresses the magnetotail axisymmetrically. We found that the maximum variance SI unit vectors were nearly aligned with the associated interplanetary shock normals. For two of the tail lobe SI events during which Cluster was located close to the tail boundary, Cluster observed the inward moving magnetopause. During both events, the spacecraft location changed from the lobe to the magnetospheric boundary layer. During the event on 6 November 2001 the magnetopause was compressed past Cluster. We applied the 2-D Cartesian model developed by Collier et al. (1998) in which a vacuum uniform tail lobe magnetic field is compressed by a step-like pressure increase. The model underestimates the compression of the magnetic field, but it fits the magnetic field maximum variance component well. For events for which we could determine the shock normal orientation, the differences between the observed and calculated shock propagation times from the location of WIND/Geotail to the location of Cluster were small. The propagation speeds of the SIs between the Cluster spacecraft were comparable to the solar wind speed. Our results suggest that the observed tail lobe SIs are due to lateral increases in solar wind dynamic pressure outside the magnetotail boundary. C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London, England. Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, Toulouse, France. RP Huttunen, KEJ (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, POB 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. EM emilia.huttunen@heisinki.fi RI Kilpua, Emilia/G-8994-2012; Slavin, James/H-3170-2012; Collier, Michael/I-4864-2013; Koskinen, Hannu/B-4971-2017 OI Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X; Collier, Michael/0000-0001-9658-6605; Koskinen, Hannu/0000-0003-3839-6461 NR 21 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 2 BP 609 EP 624 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 918YX UT WOS:000228586600030 ER PT J AU McWilliams, KA Yeoman, TK Sibeck, DG Milan, SE Sofko, GJ Nagai, T Mukai, T Coleman, IJ Hori, T Rich, FJ AF McWilliams, KA Yeoman, TK Sibeck, DG Milan, SE Sofko, GJ Nagai, T Mukai, T Coleman, IJ Hori, T Rich, FJ TI Simultaneous observations of magnetopause flux transfer events and of their associated signatures at ionospheric altitudes (vol 22, pg 2181, 2004) SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Inst Space & Atmospher Studies, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD USA. Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo, Japan. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 229, Japan. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, England. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA. AFRL, VSBXP, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. RP McWilliams, KA (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Inst Space & Atmospher Studies, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. RI Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012; Yeoman, Timothy/L-9105-2014 OI Yeoman, Timothy/0000-0002-8434-4825 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 2 BP 651 EP 651 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 918YX UT WOS:000228586600033 ER PT J AU Sigsbee, K Slavin, JA Lepping, RP Szabo, A Oieroset, M Kaiser, ML Reiner, MJ Singer, HJ AF Sigsbee, K Slavin, JA Lepping, RP Szabo, A Oieroset, M Kaiser, ML Reiner, MJ Singer, HJ TI Statistical and superposed epoch study of dipolarization events using data from Wind perigee passes SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE magnetospheric physics; storms and substorms; magnetotail; magnetospheric configuration and dynamics ID AURORAL KILOMETRIC RADIATION; SUBSTORM CURRENT WEDGE; BURSTY BULK FLOWS; NEAR-EARTH TAIL; SYNCHRONOUS ALTITUDE; GEOTAIL OBSERVATIONS; PI2 PULSATIONS; PLASMA SHEET; MAGNETOTAIL; SIGNATURES AB From 1995 to 2000, the Wind spacecraft spent over 500 h in the magnetotail, much of it within &SIM;\2 x 104 km of the predicted location of the neutral sheet. Wind passed through the near magnetotail at distances of - 15 R-E< X GSM<-6 RE on 35 occasions. Another 10 passes took place at distances of -30 R-E < X GSM<- 15 R-E - We identified 65 dipolarization events in the Wind magnetic field data set between Y GSM&SIM; - 16 and + 16 R-E based upon our requirements that the magnetic field inclination had to change by more than 15&DEG;, the maximum inclination angle had to be greater than 20&DEG;, and the inclination angle had to increase by a factor of at least 1.5. Most of the dipolarization events occurred in the pre-midnight region of the magnetotail and were accompanied by earthward flows with speeds greater than 100km/s. The properties of the dipolarization events did not depend upon the Y GSM position. However, they did vary with the distance to the neutral sheet. Isolated dipolarization events, defined as occur-ring more than 20 min apart, were characterized by a decrease in B-x GSM and B-TOTAL, and an increase in B-x GSM and the magnetic field inclination. Dipolarizations that occurred as part of a series of small dipolarizations spaced less than 20 min apart were characterized by a transient increase in B-x GSM and the magnetic field inclination, but no significant change in B-x GSM and BTOTAL. The events consisting of a series of small dipolarizations occurred predominantly near midnight. We interpret these results in terms of two different modes of magnetotail convection: 1) a classical substorm pattern featuring storage of magnetic energy in the tail lobes which is explosively released at onset, and 2) a directly driven process. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Colorado Springs, CO 80305 USA. RP Sigsbee, K (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM kms@beta.physics.uiowa.edu RI Slavin, James/H-3170-2012; OI Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X; Sigsbee, Kristine/0000-0001-8727-380X NR 45 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 3 BP 831 EP 851 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 925SG UT WOS:000229073000019 ER PT J AU Pulkkinen, A Engels, M AF Pulkkinen, A Engels, M TI The role of 3-D geomagnetic induction in the determination of the ionospheric currents from the ground geomagnetic data SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE geomagnetism and paleomagnetism; geomagnetic induction ID AURORAL ELECTROJET; FENNOSCANDIAN SHIELD; CURRENT SYSTEMS; CONDUCTIVITY; SURFACE; FIELDS; ARRAY; EARTH; MODEL AB The geomagnetic field variations measured at the surface of the Earth are composed of both internal and external parts. The external field arises from the sources in the magnetosphere and ionosphere, whereas the internal field is generated by the currents induced within the Earth. The internal part may in some situations comprise a notable part of the measured total field and thus a blind usage of geomagnetic field recordings potentially produces significant errors to estimated ionospheric currents. In this paper the role of geomagnetic induction in auroral ionospheric studies is investigated by modeling the induction using simultaneously the realistic ionospheric source and a realistic three-dimensional Earth conductivity structure. The modeling results imply that the effects of the lateral ground conductivity anomalies on ionospheric equivalent current patterns are, though clearly detected, less severe than anticipated for fields varying with periods from 5 to 120 min. However, the amplification of the determined currents caused by induction is significant, leading to an overestimation of up to 30% of the main current flow intensities, with the overestimation increasing sharply when moving away from the region of the main flow. In addition to the 3-D modeling, a simple method is introduced to help estimate the internal contribution to the measured variations of the IL index (local variant of the AL index). A test with the 26 June 1998 substorm event indicates that the method can help to extract the internal contribution from the IL index. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. Fed Inst Geosci & Nat Resources, D-30655 Hannover, Germany. RP Pulkkinen, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 692, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. EM antti.pulkkinen@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 3 BP 909 EP 917 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 925SG UT WOS:000229073000025 ER PT J AU Boralv, E Opgenoorth, HJ Kauristie, K Lester, M Bosqued, JM Dewhurst, JP Owen, CJ Dunlop, M Slavin, JA Fazakerley, A Perry, C AF Boralv, E Opgenoorth, HJ Kauristie, K Lester, M Bosqued, JM Dewhurst, JP Owen, CJ Dunlop, M Slavin, JA Fazakerley, A Perry, C TI Correlation between ground-based observations of substorm signatures and magnetotail dynamics SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE magnetospheric physics; magnetosphereionosphere interactions; magnetotail; storms and substorms ID TRAVELING COMPRESSION REGIONS; POLAR MAGNETIC SUBSTORMS; HIGH-LATITUDE CONVECTION; PLASMA SHEET EXPANSION; GEOTAIL OBSERVATIONS; EARTHS MAGNETOTAIL; DISTANT TAIL; CLUSTER; FIELD; RADAR AB We present a substorm event study using the four Cluster spacecraft in combination with ground-based instruments, in order to perform simultaneous observations in the ionosphere and magnetotail. We show good correlation between substorm signatures on the ground and in the magnetotail, even though data from the northern-ground and southern-tail hemispheres are compared. During this event ground-based magnetometers show a substorm onset over Scandinavia in the pre-midnight sector. Within 1.5 h the onset and three intensifications are apparent in the magnetograms. For all the substorm signatures seen on the ground, corresponding plasma sheet boundary motion is visible at Cluster, located at a downtail distance of 18.5 R-E. As a result of the substorm onset and intensifications, Cluster moves in and out between the southern plasma sheet and lobe. Due to the lack of an apparent solar wind driver and the good correlation between substorm signatures on the ground, we conclude the substorm itself is the driver for these plasma sheet dynamics. We show that in the scales of Cluster interspacecraft distances (similar to 0.5 R-E) the inferred plasma sheet motion is often directed in both Y-gsm- and Z(gsm)-directions, and discuss this finding in the context of previous studies of tail flapping and plasma sheet thickness variations. C1 Finnish Meteorol Inst, Space Res, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Swedish Inst Space Phys, Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, Toulouse, France. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Surrey, England. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London, England. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Dept Space Sci, Didcot, Oxon, England. European Space Agcy, Estec, Noordwijk, Netherlands. RP Finnish Meteorol Inst, Space Res, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. EM kirsti.kauristie@fmi.fi RI Owen, Christopher/C-2999-2008; dunlop, malcolm/F-1347-2010; Slavin, James/H-3170-2012 OI Owen, Christopher/0000-0002-5982-4667; Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X NR 55 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 3 BP 997 EP 1011 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 925SG UT WOS:000229073000031 ER PT J AU Tripathi, SN Dey, S Chandel, A Srivastava, S Singh, RP Holben, BN AF Tripathi, SN Dey, S Chandel, A Srivastava, S Singh, RP Holben, BN TI Comparison of MODIS and AERONET derived aerosol optical depth over the Ganga Basin, India SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE atmospheric composition and structure; pollution-urban and arid region; aerosols and particles; radio science; remote sensing ID TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; GLOBAL VALIDATION; RETRIEVALS; THICKNESS; BUDGET; CLOUD; SMOKE AB The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrora-diometer (MODIS) onboard EOS Terra measures global aerosol optical depth and optical properties since 2000. MODIS aerosol products are freely available and are being used for numerous studies. In this paper, we present a comparison of aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved from MODIS with Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data for the year 2004 over Kanpur, an industrial city lying in the Ganga Basin in the northern part of India. AOD retrieved from MODIS (tau(a MODIS)) at 0.55 mu m wavelength has been compared with the AERONET derived AOD (tau(aAERONET)), within an optimum space-time window. Although the correlation between T alpha(MODIS) and tau a(AERONET) during the post-monsoon and winter seasons (R-2 similar to 0.71) is almost equal to that during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons (R-2 similar to 0.72), MODIS is found to overestimate AOD during the pre-monsoon and monsoon period (characterized by severe dust loading) and underestimate during the post-monsoon and winter seasons. The absolute difference between tau a(MODIS) and tau a(AERONET) is found to be low (0.12 +/- 0.11) during the non-dust loading season and much higher (0.4 +/- 0.2) during dust-loading seasons. The absolute error in tau a(MODIs) is found to be about similar to 25% of the absolute values of tau a(MODIS). Our comparison shows the importance of modifying the existing MODIS algorithm during the dustloading seasons, especially in the Ganga Basin in northern part of India. C1 Indian Inst Technol, Dept Civil Engn, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. George Mason Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Singh, RP (reprint author), Indian Inst Technol, Dept Civil Engn, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. EM rsingh3@gmu.edu RI Singh, Ramesh/G-7240-2012; Tripathi, Sachchida/J-4840-2016 NR 38 TC 103 Z9 104 U1 3 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 4 BP 1093 EP 1101 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 962BH UT WOS:000231705500002 ER PT J AU Huang, FT Mayr, HG Reber, CA AF Huang, FT Mayr, HG Reber, CA TI Intra-seasonal oscillations (ISO) of zonal-mean meridional winds and temperatures as measured by UARS SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE atmospheric composition and structure; middle atmosphere-composition and chemistry; pressure; density and temperature; meteorology and atmospheric dynamics; general ID ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH SATELLITE; RESOLUTION DOPPLER IMAGER; LONG-TERM VARIABILITY; DIURNAL TIDE; STRATOSPHERE; WAVES; SPACE; MODEL; HRDI AB Based on an empirical analysis of measurements with the High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) on the LIARS spacecraft in the upper mesosphere (95 km), persistent and regular intra-seasonal oscillations (ISO) with periods of about 2 to 4 months have recently been reported in the zonal-mean meridional winds. Similar oscillations have also been discussed independently in a modeling study, and they were attributed to wave-mean-flow interactions. The observed and modeled meridional wind ISOs were largely confined to low latitudes. We report here on an analysis of concurrent LIARS temperature measurements, which produces oscillations similar to those seen in the meridional winds. Although the temperature oscillations are observed at lower altitudes (55 km), their phase variations with latitude are qualitatively consistent with the inferred properties seen in the meridional winds and thus provide independent evidence for the existence of ISOs in the mesosphere. C1 Terranet Inc, Mitchellville, MD 20716 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Huang, FT (reprint author), Terranet Inc, Mitchellville, MD 20716 USA. EM fthuang@comcast.net NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 4 BP 1131 EP 1137 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 962BH UT WOS:000231705500005 ER PT J AU Farrugia, CJ Gratton, FT Gnavi, G Matsui, H Torbert, RB Fairfield, DH Ogilvie, KW Lepping, RP Terasawa, T Mukai, T Saito, Y AF Farrugia, CJ Gratton, FT Gnavi, G Matsui, H Torbert, RB Fairfield, DH Ogilvie, KW Lepping, RP Terasawa, T Mukai, T Saito, Y TI Magnetosheath waves under very low solar wind dynamic pressure: Wind/Geotail observations SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; wave-particle interactions; magnetospheric physics; magnetosheath; radio science; waves in plasma ID PLASMA DEPLETION LAYER; ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES; LATITUDE BOUNDARY-LAYER; EARTHS MAGNETOSHEATH; INVERSE CORRELATION; GEOMAGNETIC FIELD; MAGNETOPAUSE; GEOTAIL; MAGNETOSPHERE; TERRESTRIAL AB The expanded bow shock on and around "the day the solar wind almost disappeared" (11 May 1999) allowed the Geotail spacecraft to make a practically uninterrupted 54-h-long magnetosheath pass near dusk (16:30-21:11 magnetic local time) at a radial distance of 24 to 30 RE (Earth radii). During most of this period, interplanetary parameters varied gradually and in such a way as to give rise to two extreme magnetosheath structures, one dominated by magnetohydro-dynamic (MHD) effects and the other by gas dynamic effects. We focus attention on unusual features of electromagnetic ion wave activity in the former magnetosheath state, and compare these features with those in the latter. Magnetic fluctuations in the gas dynamic magnetosheath were dominated by compressional mirror mode waves, and left-and right-hand polarized electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EIC) waves transverse to the background field. In contrast, the MHD magnetosheath, lasting for over one day, was devoid of mirror oscillations and permeated instead by EIC waves of weak intensity. The weak wave intensity is related to the prevailing low solar wind dynamic pressures. Left-hand polarized EIC waves were replaced by bursts of right-hand polarized waves, which remained for many hours the only ion wave activity present. This activity occurred when the magnetosheath proton temperature anisotropy (=T-p,(perpendicular to)/T-p.parallel to-1) became negative. This was because the weakened bow shock exposed the magnetosheath directly to the (negative) temperature anisotropy of the solar wind. Unlike the normal case studied in the literature, these right-hand waves were not by-products of left-hand polarized waves but derived their energy source directly from the magnetosheath temperature anisotropy. Brief entries into the low latitude boundary layer (LLBL) and duskside magnetosphere occurred under such inflated conditions that the magnetospheric magnetic pressure was insufficient to maintain pressure balance. In these crossings, the inner edge of the LLBL was flowing sunward. The study extends our knowledge of magnetosheath ion wave properties to the very low solar wind dynamic pressure regime. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Buenos Aires, Inst Fis Plasma, CONICET, RA-1053 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Univ Buenos Aires, FCEyN, RA-1053 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo, Japan. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 229, Japan. RP Farrugia, CJ (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM charlie.farrugia@unh.edu NR 48 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 4 BP 1317 EP 1333 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 962BH UT WOS:000231705500023 ER PT J AU Janhunen, P Olsson, A Tsyganenko, NA Russell, CT Laakso, H Blomberg, LG AF Janhunen, P Olsson, A Tsyganenko, NA Russell, CT Laakso, H Blomberg, LG TI Statistics of a parallel Poynting vector in the auroral zone as a function of altitude using Polar EFI and MFE data and Astrid-2 EMMA data SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE magnetospheric physics; auroral phenomena; magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions; space plasma physics; wave-particle interactions ID ELECTRIC-FIELDS; FLUX; SATELLITE; FREQUENCY; DE-2 AB We study the wave-related (AC) and static (DC) parallel Poynting vector (Poynting energy flux) as a function of altitude in auroral field lines using Polar EFI and MFE data. The study is statistical and contains 5 years of data in the altitude range 5000-30 000km. We verify the low altitude part of the results by comparison with earlier Astrid-2 EMMA Poynting vector statistics at 1000km altitude. The EMMA data are also used to statistically compensate the Polar results for the missing zonal electric field component. We compare the Poynting vector with previous statistical DMSP satellite data concerning the electron precipitation power. We find that the AC Poynting vector (Alfvenwave related Poynting vector) is statistically not sufficient to power auroral electron precipitation, although it may, for K-P > 2, power 25-50% of it. The statistical AC Poynting vector also has a stepwise transition at R=4 R-E, so that its amplitude increases with increasing altitude. We suggest that this corresponds to Alfven waves being in Landau resonance with electrons, so that wave-induced electron acceleration takes place at this altitude range, which was earlier named the Alfven Resonosphere (ARS). The DC Poynting vector is similar to 3 times larger than electron precipitation and corresponds mainly to ionospheric Joule heating. In the morning sector (02:00-06:00 MLT) we find that the DC Poynting vector has a nontrivial altitude profile such that it decreases by a factor of similar to 2 when moving upward from 3 to 4 RE radial distance. In other nightside MLT sectors the altitude profile is more uniform. The morning sector nontrivial altitude profile may be due to divergence C1 Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Swedish Inst Space Phys, Uppsala, Sweden. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. European Space Agcy, Estec, Dept Space Sci, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. Royal Inst Technol, Alfven Lab, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Janhunen, P (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. EM pekka.janhunen@fmi.fi RI Tsyganenko, Nikolai/J-7377-2012 OI Tsyganenko, Nikolai/0000-0002-5938-1579 NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 5 BP 1797 EP 1806 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 962BQ UT WOS:000231706400027 ER PT J AU Sergeev, VA Kubyshkina, MV Baumjohann, W Nakamura, R Amm, O Pulkkinen, T Angelopoulos, V Mende, SB Klecker, B Nagai, T Sauvaud, JA Slavin, JA Thomsen, MF AF Sergeev, VA Kubyshkina, MV Baumjohann, W Nakamura, R Amm, O Pulkkinen, T Angelopoulos, V Mende, SB Klecker, B Nagai, T Sauvaud, JA Slavin, JA Thomsen, MF TI Transition from substorm growth to substorm expansion phase as observed with a radial configuration of ISTP and Cluster spacecraft SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE magnetospheric physics; auroral phenomena, plasma sheet, storms and substorms ID PLASMA SHEET; SOLAR-WIND; MAGNETOTAIL; MODEL; MAGNETOSPHERE; RECONNECTION; CONTINUATION; ONSETS; EVENT; FLUX AB Transition from the growth phase to the substorm expansion during a well-isolated substorm with a strong growth phase is investigated using a unique radial (THEMIS-like) spacecraft constellation near midnight, including the probing of the tail current at similar to 16 R-E with Cluster, of the transition region at similar to 9 R-E with Geotail and Polar, and of the inner region at 6.6 R-E with two LANL spacecraft. The activity development on both a global scale and near the spacecraft footpoints was monitored with global auroral images (from the IMAGE spacecraft) and the ground network. Magnetospheric models, tuned using in-situ observations, indicated a strong tail stretching and plasma sheet thinning, which included the growth of the near-Earth current (approaching 30 nA/m(2)) and possible formation of a local B minimum in the neutral sheet (similar to 5 nT) at similar to 10-12 R-E near the substorm onset. However, there were no indications that the substorm onset was initiated just in this region. We emphasize the rather weak magnetic and plasma flow perturbations observed outside the thinned plasma sheet at Cluster, which could be interpreted as the effects of localized earthward-contracting newly-reconnected plasma tubes produced by the impulsive reconnection in the midtail plasma sheet. In that case the time delays around the distinct substorm onset are consistent with the activity propagation from the midtail to the inner magnetosphere. A peculiar feature of this substorm was that 12 min prior to this distinct onset, a clear soft plasma injection to the GEO orbit was recorded which has little associated effects both in the ionosphere and in the transition region at similar to 9 R-E. This pseudo-breakup was probably due to either a localized ballooning-type activity or due to the braking of a very narrow BBF whose signatures were also recorded by Cluster. This event manifested the (previously unknown) phenomenon, a strong tail overloading (excessive storage of magnetic energy) contrasted to the modest energy dissipation and plasma acceleration, which are both discussed and interpreted as the consequences of cold/dense and thick pre-substorm plasma sheet which often occurs after the long quiet period. The lessons of using the radial spacecraft configurations in substorm onset studies are also discussed. C1 St Petersburg State Univ, St Petersburg 198504, Russia. Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85741 Garching, Germany. Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1528551, Japan. CESR, F-31028 Toulouse, France. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP St Petersburg State Univ, St Petersburg 198504, Russia. EM victor@geo.phys.spbu.ru RI Baumjohann, Wolfgang/A-1012-2010; Slavin, James/H-3170-2012; Kubyshkina, Marina/G-9436-2013; Nakamura, Rumi/I-7712-2013; Pulkkinen, Tuija/D-8403-2012; Sergeev, Victor/H-1173-2013 OI Baumjohann, Wolfgang/0000-0001-6271-0110; Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X; Kubyshkina, Marina/0000-0001-5897-9547; Nakamura, Rumi/0000-0002-2620-9211; Pulkkinen, Tuija/0000-0002-6317-381X; Sergeev, Victor/0000-0002-4569-9631 NR 35 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 6 BP 2183 EP 2198 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 973YQ UT WOS:000232558900016 ER PT J AU Zheng, Y Le, G Slavin, JA Goldstein, ML Cattell, C Balogh, A Lucek, EA Reme, H Eastwood, JP Wilber, M Parks, G Retino, A Fazakerley, A AF Zheng, Y Le, G Slavin, JA Goldstein, ML Cattell, C Balogh, A Lucek, EA Reme, H Eastwood, JP Wilber, M Parks, G Retino, A Fazakerley, A TI Cluster observation of continuous reconnection at dayside magnetopause in the vicinity of cusp SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE magnetospheric physics; magnetopause, cusp and boundary layers; solar wind-magnetosphere interactions; space plasma physics; magnetic reconnection ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; ACCELERATED FLOW EVENTS; LATITUDE BOUNDARY-LAYER; MOVING AURORAL FORMS; EARTHS MAGNETOPAUSE; SOLAR-WIND; AMPTE/IRM OBSERVATIONS; TAIL MAGNETOPAUSE; ELECTRIC-FIELD; CONVECTION AB In this paper, we present a case study of continuous reconnection at the dayside magnetopause observed by the Cluster spacecraft. On 1 April 2003, the four Cluster spacecraft experienced multiple encounters with the Earth's dayside magnetopause under a fairly stable southwestward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Accelerated plasma flows, whose magnitude and direction are consistent with the predictions of the reconnection theory (the Walen relation), were observed at and around the magnetopause current layer for a prolonged interval of similar to 3 h at two types of magnetopause crossings, one with small magnetic shears and the other one with large magnetic shears. Reversals in the Y component of ion bulk flow between the magnetosheath and magnetopause current layer and acceleration of magnetosheath electrons were also observed. Kinetic signatures using electron and ion velocity distributions corroborate the interpretation of continuous magnetic reconnection. This event provides strong in-situ evidence that magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause can be continuous for many hours. However, the reconnection process appeared to be very dynamic rather than steady, despite the steady nature of the IMF. Detailed analysis using multi-spacecraft magnetic field and plasma measurements shows that the dynamics and structure of the magnetopause current layer/boundary can be very complex. For example, highly variable magnetic and electric fields were observed in the magnetopause current layer. Minimum variance analysis shows that the magnetopause normal deviates from the model normal. Surface waves resulting from the reconnection process may be involved in the oscillation of the magnetopause. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Res Council, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Solar & Space Phys, Earth Sun Explor Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, Dept Space & Atmospher Phys, London, England. CESR, F-31028 Toulouse, France. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Swedish Inst Space Phys, Uppsala Div, Uppsala, Sweden. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dept Phys, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. RP Zheng, Y (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Res Council, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Yihua.Zheng@jhuapl.edu RI Le, Guan/C-9524-2012; Goldstein, Melvyn/B-1724-2008; Zheng, Yihua/D-7368-2012; Slavin, James/H-3170-2012; OI Le, Guan/0000-0002-9504-5214; Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X; Cattell, Cynthia/0000-0002-3805-320X; Retino, Alessandro/0000-0001-5824-2852 NR 54 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 6 BP 2199 EP 2215 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 973YQ UT WOS:000232558900017 ER PT J AU Moretto, T Sibeck, DG Lavraud, B Trattner, KJ Reme, H Balogh, A AF Moretto, T Sibeck, DG Lavraud, B Trattner, KJ Reme, H Balogh, A TI Flux pile-up and plasma depletion at the high latitude dayside magnetopause during southward interplanetary magnetic field: a cluster event study SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE magnetospheric physics; magnetopause, cusp and boundary layers; magnetosheath; solar wind-magnetosphere interactions ID SUBSOLAR MAGNETOSHEATH; LAYER; RECONNECTION; FLOW; BOUNDARY; SHEAR; MODEL; CUSP; IMF AB An event of strong flux pile-up and plasma depletion at the high latitude magnetopause tailward of the cusp has been analyzed based on observations by the suite of Cluster spacecraft. The multi-satellite analysis facilitates the separation of temporal and spatial features and provides a direct estimate for the strength of the plasma depletion layer for this event. A doubling of the magnetic field strength and a forty percent reduction of the density are found. Our analysis shows that roughly half of the total magnetic field increase occurs within 0.6 R-E of the magnetopause and another quarter within a distance of 1.2 R-E. In addition, the plasma depletion signatures exhibit temporal variations which we relate to magnetopause dynamics. C1 Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Solar & Space Phys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Lockheed Martin ATC, Palo Alto, CA USA. CESR, Toulouse, France. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, London, England. RP Moretto, T (reprint author), Natl Sci Fdn, 4201 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. EM tjorgens@nsf.gov RI Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012; Moretto, Therese/B-6846-2013 OI Moretto, Therese/0000-0002-2403-5561 NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 6 BP 2259 EP 2264 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 973YQ UT WOS:000232558900022 ER PT J AU Yamamoto, M Fukao, S Tsunoda, RT Pfaff, R Hayakawa, H AF Yamamoto, M Fukao, S Tsunoda, RT Pfaff, R Hayakawa, H TI SEEK-2 (Sporadic-E Experiment over Kyushu 2) - Project outline, and significance SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE mid-latitude ionosphere; ionospheric irregularities; ionosphere-atmosphere interactions ID FIELD-ALIGNED IRREGULARITIES; E-REGION IRREGULARITIES; PERIODIC RADAR ECHOES; UPPER-ATMOSPHERE RADAR; MU-RADAR; E-LAYERS; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; NONLOCAL THEORY; NEUTRAL-WIND; GRAVITY-WAVE AB SEEK-2 (Sporadic-E Experiment over Kyushu 2) is an observation campaign to study the spatial structure of the field-aligned irregularity (FAI) and sporadic-E(E-s)-layer by means of two sounding rockets and a ground-based observation network with radars and optical instruments. The experiment was successfully conducted on 3 August 2002, with successive launches of two sounding rockets from the Uchinoura Space Center (USC) of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The timing of the experiment was carefully selected, while intense quasi-periodic (QP) echoes were observed with two radars in Tanegashima. The main ES-layer, with its double-layered structure, was observed at altitudes of 103-105 km, the presence of which was well accounted for by the ion accumulation due to neutral-wind shear. Several minor peaks were detected in the electron density profiles at altitudes of up to 130 km. The intensity of the electric field was 5-10 mV/m and showed intense fluctuations below 110km. Wave-like variation of the electric field was seen above 110 km. From radar experiments, we found that QP echoes appeared around 105 km, which agreed well with the main ES-layer height. The QP echoes propagated to the west-northwest, with frontal structures elongated from north-northeast to south-southwest. Radar observations conduced throughout the SEEK-2 period, on the other hand, showed that frontal structures of the QP echoes were most frequently propagated to the southeast. This result was consistent with the direction of gravity-wave propagation observed with the OH imager during the same period. The rocket beacon experiment with the E-s-layers revealed the spatial structure of the plasma densities. On the basis of these results and those from SEEK-1 in 1996, we examined the structures of the nighttime mid-latitude E-region. We concluded that the QP echoes reflect the horizontal structures of the main E-s-layers. The source of the structures was not clearly determined from the experiments, but the candidates are gravity waves and the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. The azimuth-dependent E-s-instability may have contributed to enhance structures of the QP echoes, although this instability may not be a major source of the QP structure in SEEK-2. Polarization electric fields were induced from the E-s-layer with QP echoes, mapped upward along the geomagnetic field, and played an important role in determining the structures of the whole ionospheric E-region. C1 Kyoto Univ, Res Inst Sustainable Humanosphere, Uji, Kyoto, Japan. SRI Int, Ctr Geospace Studies, Menlo Pk, CA USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Aeronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Yamamoto, M (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Res Inst Sustainable Humanosphere, Uji, Kyoto, Japan. RI Pfaff, Robert/F-5703-2012 OI Pfaff, Robert/0000-0002-4881-9715 NR 53 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 7 BP 2295 EP 2305 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 988CL UT WOS:000233568900002 ER PT J AU Pfaff, R Freudenreich, H Yokoyama, T Yamamoto, M Fukao, S Mori, H Ohtsuki, S Iwagami, N AF Pfaff, R Freudenreich, H Yokoyama, T Yamamoto, M Fukao, S Mori, H Ohtsuki, S Iwagami, N TI Electric field measurements of DC and long wavelength structures associated with sporadic-E layers and QP radar echoes SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; mid-latitude ionosphere; electric fields and currents; ionospheric irregularities ID IONOSPHERIC E-REGION; NIGHTTIME MIDLATITUDE IONOSPHERE; INSTABILITY; IRREGULARITIES; MECHANISM; MODULATION; GENERATION; ATMOSPHERE; MOTIONS; DRIVEN AB Electric field and plasma density data gathered on a sounding rocket launched from Uchinoura Space Center. Japan, reveal a complex electrodynamics associated with sporadic-E layers and simultaneous observations of quasi-periodic radar echoes. The electrodynamics are characterized by spatial and temporal variations that differed considerably between the rocket's upleg and downleg traversals of the lower ionosphere. Within the main sporadic-E layer (95110 km) on the upleg, the electric fields were variable, with amplitudes of 2-4 mV/m that changed considerably within altitude intervals of 1-3 km. The identification of polarization electric fields coinciding with plasma density enhancements and/or depletions is not readily apparent. Within this region on the downleg, however, the direction of the electric field revealed a marked change that coincided precisely with the peak of a single, narrow sporadic-E plasma density layer near 102.5 km. This shear was presumably associated with the neutral wind shear responsible for the layer formation. The electric field data above the sporadic-E layer on the upleg. from 110 km to the rocket apogee of 152 km, revealed a continuous train of distinct, large scale, quasi-periodic structures with wavelengths of 10-15 km and wavevectors oriented between the NE-SW quadrants. The electric field structures had typical amplitudes of 3-5 mV/m with one excursion to 9 mV/m, and in a very general sense, were associated with perturbations in the plasma density. The electric field waveforms showed evidence for steepening and/or convergence effects and presumably had mapped upwards along the magnetic field from the sporadic-E region below. Candidate mechanisms to explain the origin of these structures include the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and the E,layer instability. In both cases, the same shear that formed the sporadic-E layer would provide the energy to generate the km-scale structures. Other possibilities include gravity waves or a combination of these processes. The data suggest that these structures were associated with the lower altitude density striations that were the seat of the QP radar echoes observed simultaneously. They also appear to have been associated with the mechanism responsible for a well-defined pattern of "whorls" in the neutral wind data that were revealed in a chemical trail released by a second sounding rocket launched 15 min later. Short scale (< 100m) electric field irregularities were also observed and were strongest in the sporadic-E region below 110 km. The irregularities were organized into 2-3 layers on the upleg, where the plasma density also displayed multiple layers, yet were confined to a single layer on the downleg where the plasma density showed a single, well-defined sporadic-E peak. The linear gradient drift instability involving the DC electric field and the vertical plasma gradient is shown to be incapable of driving the observed waves on the upleg, but may have contributed to the growth of short scale waves on the topside of the narrow unstable density gradient observed on the downleg. The data suggest that other sources of free energy may have been important factors for the growth of the short scale irregularities. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Kyoto Univ, Res Inst Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto, Japan. Natl Inst Informat & Commun, Tokyo, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo, Japan. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM robert.f.pfaff@nasa.gov RI Pfaff, Robert/F-5703-2012; IWAGAMI, NAOMOTO/G-4878-2014 OI Pfaff, Robert/0000-0002-4881-9715; NR 36 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 7 BP 2319 EP 2334 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 988CL UT WOS:000233568900004 ER PT J AU Naud, CM Muller, JP Clothiaux, EE Baum, BA Menzel, WP AF Naud, CM Muller, JP Clothiaux, EE Baum, BA Menzel, WP TI Intercomparison of multiple years of MODIS, MISR and radar cloud-top heights SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE atmospheric composition and structure; instruments and techniques ID IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER MISR; RETRIEVAL; INSTRUMENT; SYSTEM; LIDAR AB Radar cloud-top heights were retrieved at both the Chilbolton Facility for Atmospheric and Radio Research, UK (CFARR) and the ARM Southern Great Plain site, USA (SGP), using millimetre wave cloud radars and identical algorithms. The resulting cloud-top heights were used for comparison with MODIS and MISR retrieved cloud-top heights, from March 2000 to October 2003. Both imaging instruments reside on the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra platform launched in 1999. MODIS and MISR cloud-top products were from the recent collections (4 and 3, respectively) that cover the entire mission. The cloud characteristics are different at each ground site, with clouds generally residing at higher altitudes at SGP, but with a greater occurrence of broken or multilayered clouds at CFARR. A method is presented to automatically eliminate scenes where clouds are of a broken nature, since it is difficult in these conditions to ensure that ground-based and satellite measurements refer to the same cloud deck. The intercomparison between MODIS and radar cloud-top heights reveals that MODIS cloud-top heights agree with radar within about 1 km for mid- and high-level clouds. However, this accuracy is degraded to nearly 3 km for low-level clouds. MISR cloud-top heights are found to agree with radar cloud-top heights to within 0.6 km, which is in line with theoretical expectations. In single-level cloud situations MODIS and MISR cloud-top heights tend to agree within 1 km. This comparison also reveals that the loss of radar sensitivity during 2001 resulted in the CFARR instrument being less accurate for high-level cloud-top height measurements. C1 UCL, Dept Geomat Engn, London WC1E 6BT, England. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Naud, CM (reprint author), Columbia Univ, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA. EM cnaud@giss.nasa.gov RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; Baum, Bryan/B-7670-2011 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; Baum, Bryan/0000-0002-7193-2767 NR 25 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 7 BP 2415 EP 2424 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 988CL UT WOS:000233568900013 ER PT J AU Lepping, RP Wu, CC Berdichevsky, DB AF Lepping, RP Wu, CC Berdichevsky, DB TI Automatic identification of magnetic clouds and cloud-like regions at 1 AU: occurrence rate and other properties SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE interplanetary physics; interplanetary magnetic fields; solar wind plasma; magnetospheric physics; solar wind-magnetosphere interactions ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; SOLAR-WIND STRUCTURES; INNER HELIOSPHERE; FLUX ROPES; FILAMENTS; ORIGIN; FIELDS; STORMS AB A scheme is presented whose purpose is twofold: (1) to enable the automatic identification of an interplanetary magnetic cloud (MC) passing Earth from real-time measurements of solar wind magnetic field and plasma quantities or (2) for on-ground post-data collection MC identification ("detection" mode). In the real-time ("prediction") mode the scheme should be applicable to data from a spacecraft upstream of Earth, such as ACE, or to that of any near real-time field and plasma monitoring platform in the solar wind at/near 1 AU. The initial identification of a candidate MC-complex is carried out by examining proton plasma beta, degree of small-scale smoothness of the magnetic field's directional change, duration of a candidate structure, thermal speed, and field strength. In a final stage, there is a test for large-scale B-field smoothness within the candidate regions that were identified in the first stage. The scheme was applied to WIND data over the period 1995 through mid-August of 2003 (i.e. over 8.6 years), in order to determine its effectiveness in identifying MC passages of any type (i.e. NHS, S double right arrow N, all S. all N, etc. types). (N double right arrow S refers to the B(Z) component of the magnetic field going from north (+) to south (-) in GSE coordinates.) The distribution of these MC types for WIND is provided. The results of the scheme are compared to WIND MCs previously identified by visual inspection (called MFI MCs) with relatively good agreement, in the sense of capturing a large percentage of MFI MCs, but at the expense of finding a large percentage of "false positives." The scheme is shown to be able to find some previously ignored MCs among the false positives. It should be effective in helping to identify in real time most NHS MCs for magnetic storm forecasting. The NHS type of MC is expected to be most prevalent in solar cycle 24, which should start around 2007. The scheme is likely to be applicable to solar wind measurements taken well within 1 AU to well beyond it. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Alabama, CSPAR, Huntsville, AL 35889 USA. L3 Commun EER Syst Inc, Largo, MD 20774 USA. RP Lepping, RP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM ronald.p.lepping@nasa.gov NR 47 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 7 BP 2687 EP 2704 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 988CL UT WOS:000233568900038 ER PT J AU Birn, J Hesse, M AF Birn, J Hesse, M TI Energy release and conversion by reconnection in the magnetotail SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE magnetospheric physics; magnetospheric configuration and dynamics; storms and substorms; space plasma physics; magnetic reconnection ID COLLISIONLESS MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; SIMULATIONS; BRAKING; HYBRID; LINE AB Magnetic reconnection is the crucial process in the release of magnetic energy previously stored in the magnetotail in association with substorms. However, energy transfer and dissipation in the vicinity of the reconnection site is only a minor part of the energy conversion. We discuss the energy release, transport, and conversion based on large-scale resistive MHD simulations of magnetotail dynamics and more localized full particle simulations of reconnection. We address in particular, where the energy is released, how it propagates and where and how it is converted from one form into another. We find that Joule (or ohmic) dissipation plays only a minor role in the overall energy transfer. Bulk kinetic energy, although locally significant in the outflow from the reconnection site, plays a more important role as mediator or catalyst in the transfer between magnetic and thermal energy. Generator regions with potential auroral consequences are located primarily off the equatorial plane in the boundary regions of the plasma sheet. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Birn, J (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. EM jbirn@lanl.gov RI Hesse, Michael/D-2031-2012; NASA MMS, Science Team/J-5393-2013 OI NASA MMS, Science Team/0000-0002-9504-5214 NR 11 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 10 BP 3365 EP 3373 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 002FE UT WOS:000234596100017 ER PT J AU Sibeck, DG Korotova, GI Petrov, V Styazhkin, V Rosenberg, TJ AF Sibeck, DG Korotova, GI Petrov, V Styazhkin, V Rosenberg, TJ TI Flux transfer events on the high-latitude magnetopause: Interball-1 observations SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE magnetospheric physics; magnetopause, cusp and boundary layers; solar wind-magnetosphere interactions ID DAYSIDE MAGNETOPAUSE; FIELD; SPACECRAFT AB We present case and statistical studies of flux transfer events (FTEs) observed by Interball-1 on the highlatitude magnetopause. The case studies provide observations of FTEs in the cusp during periods of southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation and on the magnetopause poleward of the cusp during periods of strongly northward IMF orientation. We interpret the former in terms of reconnection on the equatorial magnetopause and subsequent antisunward motion of FTEs into the cusps. We interpret the latter in terms of bursty antiparallel merging on the high-latitude magnetopause. A statistical survey demonstrates that events observed equatorward of the cusp show a marked tendency to occur for antiparallel (northward) magnetospheric and (southward) magnetosheath magnetic field orientations, whereas events observed poleward of the cusps tend to occur for either strongly parallel or antiparallel configurations. We suggest that this discrepancy implies that events observed poleward of the cusps originate both locally and on the equatorial magnetopause. Finally, we use the sense of the bipolar signature and the prevailing magnetic field orientation to demonstrate that almost all events move antisunward, i.e. that at these latitudes pressure gradients determine the motion of FTEs and not magnetic curvature forces. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. IZMIRAN, Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Sibeck, DG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM david.g.sibeck@nasa.gov RI Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012 NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2005 VL 23 IS 11 BP 3549 EP 3559 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 004KN UT WOS:000234751800014 ER PT S AU Rivera, A Casassa, G Thomas, R Rignot, E Zamora, R Antunez, D Acuna, C Ordenes, F AF Rivera, A. Casassa, G. Thomas, R. Rignot, E. Zamora, R. Antunez, D. Acuna, C. Ordenes, F. BE Hamilton, G TI Glacier wastage on southern Adelaide Island, Antarctica, and its impact on snow runway operations SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 41, 2005 SE Annals of Glaciology-Series LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th Symposium of the Scientific-Committee-on-Antarctic-Research CY JUL 28-29, 2004 CL Bremen, GERMANY SP Sci Comm Antarctic Res ID LARSEN ICE SHELF; WEST ANTARCTICA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; MASS-BALANCE; PENINSULA; COLLAPSE; CREVASSES; RETREAT; RADAR AB The variations and dynamics of the southern edge of Fuchs Ice Piedmont, Adelaide island (67 degrees 45'09'S, 68 degrees 55'04'W), Antarctic Peninsula, are presented. The snow-covered surface of the glacier has been used since the 1960s for landing aeroplanes in support of British, and more recently Chilean, operations at nearby Teniente Carvajal station (formerly known as Adelaide T). In recent years, snow conditions in the runway area have progressively deteriorated, due to increasingly early summer melting. Radio-echo sounding, global positioning system and remotely sensed data have been analyzed for mapping the crevasse and ice velocity fields, as well as the surface and subglacial topography of the area. The results show that the runway area is located on a local ice divide surrounded by crevasses which are appearing on the glacier surface progressively earlier in the summer, presumably due to higher snowmelt and perhaps higher ice velocities, in response to regional atmospheric warming. In the near future, landing operations will be further affected as more crevasses will appear in the runway area if present warming trends persist. This situation affects all coastal areas in the Antarctic Peninsula, hence the need to search for possible new locations of crevasse-free runways at higher elevations. C1 Ctr Estudios Cient, Valdivia, Chile. Univ Chile, Dept Geog, Santiago, Chile. NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, EG&G Serv, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Serv Agr & Ganadero, Punta Arenas, Chile. RP Rivera, A (reprint author), Ctr Estudios Cient, Av Arturo Prat 514,Casilla 1469, Valdivia, Chile. EM arivera@cecs.cl RI Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014 OI Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481 NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 BN 0-946417-36-9 J9 ANN GLACIOL-SER PY 2005 VL 41 BP 57 EP 62 DI 10.3189/172756405781813401 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BEL72 UT WOS:000238029800009 ER PT S AU Steig, EJ Mayewski, PA Dixon, DA Kaspari, SD Frey, MM Schneider, DP Arcone, SA Hamilton, GS Spikes, VB Albert, M Meese, D Gow, AJ Shuman, CA White, JWC Sneed, S Flaherty, J Wumkes, M AF Steig, Eric J. Mayewski, Paul A. Dixon, Daniel A. Kaspari, Susan D. Frey, Markus M. Schneider, David P. Arcone, Steven A. Hamilton, Gordon S. Spikes, V. Blue Albert, Mary Meese, Deb Gow, Anthony J. Shuman, Christopher A. White, James W. C. Sneed, Sharon Flaherty, Joseph Wumkes, Mark BE Hamilton, G TI High-resolution ice cores from USITASE (West Antarctica): development and validation of chronologies and determination of precision and accuracy SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 41 2005 SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th Symposium of the Scientific-Committee on Antarctic Research CY JUL 28-29, 2004 CL Bremen, GERMANY SP Sci Comm Antarct Res ID CLIMATE VARIABILITY; SOUTH-POLE; BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; CENTRAL GREENLAND; AIR-TEMPERATURE; PART I; FIRN; RECORD; ACCUMULATION AB Shallow ice cores were obtained from widely distributed sites across the West Antarctic ice sheet, as part of the United States portion of the International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (US ITASE) program. The US ITASE cores have been dated by annual-layer counting, primarily through the identification of summer peaks in non-sea-salt sulfate (nssSO(4)(2-)) concentration. Absolute dating accuracy of better than 2 years and relative dating accuracy better than 1 year is demonstrated by the identification of multiple volcanic marker horizons in each of the cores, Tambora, Indonesia (1815), being the most prominent. Independent validation is provided by the tracing of isochronal layers from site to site using high-frequency ice-penetrating radar observations, and by the timing of mid-winter warming events in stable-isotope ratios, which demonstrate significantly better than 1 year accuracy in the last 20 years. Dating precision to 1 month is demonstrated by the occurrence of summer nitrate peaks and stable-isotope ratios in phase with nssSO(4)(2-), and winter-time sea-salt peaks out of phase, with phase variation of < 1 month. Dating precision and accuracy are uniform with depth, for at least the last 100 years. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Maine, Climate Change Inst, Bryand Global Sci Ctr 303, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85271 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Apline Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Glacier Data, Fairbanks, AK 99712 USA. RP Steig, EJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM steig@ess.washington.edu RI White, James/A-7845-2009; Hamilton, Gordon/G-1679-2011; Schneider, David/E-2726-2010; Frey, Markus/G-1756-2012; Steig, Eric/G-9088-2015 OI White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684; Frey, Markus/0000-0003-0535-0416; Steig, Eric/0000-0002-8191-5549 NR 53 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 11 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 BN 0-946417-36-9 J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 2005 VL 41 BP 77 EP 84 DI 10.3189/172756405781813311 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BEL72 UT WOS:000238029800012 ER PT S AU Thomas, R Frederick, E Krabill, W Manizade, S Martin, C Mason, A AF Thomas, R. Frederick, E. Krabill, W. Manizade, S. Martin, C. Mason, A. BE Dowdeswell, J Willis, IC TI Elevation changes on the Greenland ice sheet from comparison of aircraft and ICESat laser-altimeter data SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 42, 2005 SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Arctic Glaciology CY AUG 23-27, 2004 CL Geilo, NORWAY SP Int Arct Sci Comm, Norwegian Res Council ID JAKOBSHAVN ISBRAE; GLACIER; BALANCE AB Precise measurements of surface elevation on the Greenland ice sheet have been made almost every year since 1991 by an airborne scanning laser altimeter operated by NASA/Wallops Flight Facility. Results show substantial thinning over large areas near the coast, with a general increase in thinning rates since 1997, in the drainage basins of thinning glaciers, and a recent thickening in the southeast associated with very high snowfall in this region during 2003. Here, we present first results from the comparison of the aircraft data with similar measurements from the laser altimeter aboard NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), which was launched in January 2003. These show very close agreement with results inferred solely from the aircraft measurements, indicating that accuracies are similar for both datasets. Broad spatial coverage by satellite, together with the baseline dataset of aircraft measurements, offers the prospects of routine surveys of ice-sheet elevation changes by ICESat and follow-on missions. C1 NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, EG&G Serv, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Ctr Estudios Cient, Valdivia 1469, Chile. RP Thomas, R (reprint author), NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, EG&G Serv, Bldg N-159, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM thomas@osb.wff.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 2005 VL 42 BP 77 EP 82 DI 10.3189/172756405781813050 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BFB25 UT WOS:000240655300013 ER PT S AU Yi, DH Zwally, HJ Sun, XL AF Yi, Donghui Zwally, H. Jay Sun, Xiaoli BE Dowdeswell, J Willis, IC TI ICESat measurement of Greenland ice sheet surface slope and roughness SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 42, 2005 SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Arctic Glaciology CY AUG 23-27, 2004 CL Geilo, NORWAY SP Int Arct Sci Comm, Norwegian Res Council ID ELEVATION; ALTIMETRY; ERRORS AB The Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) in its 8 day repeat orbit mode provided data not only on the along-track surface slope, but also on the cross-track surface slope from adjacent repeat ground tracks. During the first 36 days of operation, four to five such repeat orbits occurred within I km in the cross-track direction. This provided an opportunity to use ICESat data to measure surface slope in the cross-track direction at 1 km scale. An algorithm was developed to calculate the cross-track surface slope. Combining the slopes in the cross-track and along-track directions gives a three-dimensional surface slope at 1 km scale. The along-track surface slope and surface roughness at 10 km scale are also calculated. A comparison between ICESat surface elevation and a European Remote-sensing Satellite (ERS-1) 5 km digital elevation model shows a difference of 1-2 m in central Greenland where the surface slope is small, and > 20 m at the edge of Greenland where the surface slope is large. The large elevation difference at the edge is most likely due to the slope-induced error in radar altimeter measurement. Accurate surface slope data from ICESat will help to correct the slope-induced error of radar altimeter missions such as Geosat, ERS-1 and ERS-2. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SGT Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Yi, DH (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SGT Inc, Code 6141, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM donghui@icesat2.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Sun, Xiaoli/B-5120-2013 NR 15 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 8 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 2005 VL 42 BP 83 EP 89 DI 10.3189/172756405781812691 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BFB25 UT WOS:000240655300014 ER PT S AU Bamber, JL Krabill, W Raper, V Dowdeswell, JA Oerlemans, J AF Bamber, Jonathan L. Krabill, William Raper, Vivienne Dowdeswell, Julian A. Oerlemans, J. BE Dowdeswell, J Willis, IC TI Elevation changes measured on Svalbard glaciers and ice caps from airborne laser data SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 42, 2005 SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Arctic Glaciology CY AUG 23-27, 2004 CL Geilo, NORWAY SP Int Arct Sci Comm, Norwegian Res Council ID MASS-BALANCE; SHEET AB Precise airborne laser surveys were conducted during spring in 1996 and 2002 on 17 ice caps and glaciers in the Svalbard archipelago covering the islands of Spitsbergen and Nordaustlandet. We present the derived elevation changes. Lower-elevation glaciers in south Spitsbergen show the largest thinning rates of similar to 0.5ma(-1), while some of the higher, more northerly ice caps appear to be close to balance. The pattern of elevation change is complex, however, due to several factors including glacier aspect, microclimatological influences and the high natural annual variability in local accumulation and ablation rates. Anomalous changes were observed on Fridtjovbreen, which started surging in 1996, at the start of the measurement period. On this glacier, thinning (of > 0.6ma(-1)) was observed in the accumulation area, coincident with thickening at lower elevations. Asymmetric thinning was found on two ice caps on Nordaustlandet, with the largest values on the eastern side of Vestfonna but the western slopes of Vegafonna. The mean elevation change for all ice masses was -0.19 ma(-1) w.e., which is 1.6 times the net mass-balance value determined for the last 30 years. Using mass-balance sensitivity estimates for Svalbard suggests that the implied increase in negative balance is linked to warmer air temperatures in the late 1990s. Multiple linear regression suggests that mass balance is most closely correlated with latitude, rather than mean altitude or longitude. C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol Glaciol Ctr, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. NASA, Wallops Fligh Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. Univ Cambridge, Scott Polar Res Inst, Cambridge CB2 1ER, England. Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Bamber, JL (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol Glaciol Ctr, Univ Rd, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. EM j.bamber@bristol.ac.uk RI Oerlemans, Johannes/G-3802-2011; Bamber, Jonathan/C-7608-2011 OI Bamber, Jonathan/0000-0002-2280-2819 NR 17 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 2005 VL 42 BP 202 EP 208 DI 10.3189/172756405781813131 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BFB25 UT WOS:000240655300030 ER PT S AU Raper, V Bamber, J Krabill, W AF Raper, Vivienne Bamber, Jonathan Krabill, William BE Dowdeswell, J Willis, IC TI Interpretation of the anomalous growth of Austfonna, Svalbard, a large Arctic ice cap SO ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY, VOL 42, 2005 SE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Arctic Glaciology CY AUG 23-27, 2004 CL Geilo, NORWAY SP Int Arct Sci Comm, Norwegian Res Council ID MASS-BALANCE; FIRN DENSIFICATION; LASER ALTIMETRY; GREENLAND; SHEET; ELEVATION; GLACIER; SEA; INTERFEROMETRY; NORDAUSTLANDET AB As previously reported, repeat-pass airborne laser altimetry measurements made in May 1996 and May 2002 show a large positive ice-surface elevation change rate over parts of the accumulation area of Austfonna, eastern Svalbard. The maximum growth rate is estimated to be equivalent to a 35-40% increase in snowfall over the area of thickening. Thinning is observed at lower elevations. Here we discuss in detail the possible causes of these elevation changes, including ice-cap dynamics and/or firn density changes, and conclude that sea-ice loss producing a localized increase in precipitation over Austfonna remains the most convincing explanation. This study highlights the problems of interpreting relatively short-term altimetry measurements where auxiliary data are limited in both spatial and temporal extent. C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol Glaciol Ctr, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. NASA, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Raper, V (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol Glaciol Ctr, Univ Rd, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. EM vivienne.raper@bris.ac.uk RI Bamber, Jonathan/C-7608-2011 OI Bamber, Jonathan/0000-0002-2280-2819 NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT GLACIOLOGICAL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0260-3055 J9 ANN GLACIOL PY 2005 VL 42 BP 373 EP 379 DI 10.3189/172756405781812790 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA BFB25 UT WOS:000240655300055 ER PT S AU Zampino, EJ Packard, MH AF Zampino, EJ Packard, MH GP IEEE TI Ideas and possible approaches for ultra-reliability SO ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM, 2005 PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS : ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 51st Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 24-27, 2005 CL Alexandria, VA SP IEEE, IIE, SAE, SLE, Soc Reliabil Engineers, IEST DE complex systems; long duration missions; operational life; reliability; and ultra-reliability AB Ultra-Reliability means assured, dependable operation over the required service life with repeatable success. This will be a vital part of any system developed for the NASA Space Exploration Vision. In order to achieve this goal, equipment must be able to survive the stresses of prolonged operation and there has to be a drastic reduction in manufacturing flaws and the human error rate. There will have to be a dedication to the practice of designing in highly robust electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical components into complex systems and special attention to survival of environmental threats such as radiation and micro-meteors. Complex systems present an exceptional challenge because of the large number of potential failure modes as well as the possibilities for system interactions and failure propagation. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, Event Tree, and Fault Tree Analysis should be applied to the hardware and software as an integrated configuration. In many cases, it will be determined that existing technology has reached its reliability or operating life limit and new technology will be required. Sustained research and development over a period of 20 years or beyond may be needed to develop Ultra-Reliable systems on a mass scale. New technology with greater operating life may be able to support the goal of Ultra-Reliability but that new technology also introduces new reliability problems that will have to be overcome. Resources and established practices for reliability engineering must be strongly maintained as the foundation for achieving Ultra-Reliability. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Zampino, EJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Lewis Field,MS 50-4,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Edward.J.Zampino@nasa.gov; Michael.H.Packard@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 0-7803-8824-0 J9 P REL MAINT S PY 2005 BP 116 EP 120 DI 10.1109/RAMS.2005.1408348 PG 5 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BCA63 UT WOS:000228469800020 ER PT S AU Whittle, D Kline, JG AF Whittle, D Kline, JG GP IEEE TI Recovery of the space shuttle Columbia SO ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM, 2005 PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS : ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 51st Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 24-27, 2005 CL Alexandria, VA SP IEEE, IIE, SAE, SLE, Soc Reliabil Engineers, IEST DE Columbia accident recovery AB The tragic loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia and her gallant crew touched millions of people, both in the United States and world-wide. Out of this sadness came a remarkable dedication to find out what had gone wrong and to safely return the Shuttles to flight. An overwhelming response was received from numerous state, local and federal agencies, all of whom wanted to aid the investigation any way possible. This genuine outpouring of support was no less evident in the private individuals who were only too happy to provide any form of assistance possible. While the recovery proved to be arduous and trying, far more evidence was recovered than expected. This evidence was the key to understanding what had gone wrong and what changes needed to be made to fly safely again. Literally thousands of people participated in the recovery of the Columbia. The Space Shuttle Mishap Investigation Team, though composed of only four members, provided the spark that started the investigation and maintained a unique position of oversight throughout the investigation. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Whittle, D (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Mail Code NA3,2101 NASA Rd 1, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM james.g.kline@usa-spaceops.com; david.w.whittle@nasa.jzov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 0-7803-8824-0 J9 P REL MAINT S PY 2005 BP 278 EP 283 DI 10.1109/RAMS.2005.1408375 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BCA63 UT WOS:000228469800047 ER PT S AU Melis, ME Pereira, M Revilock, D Carney, KS AF Melis, ME Pereira, M Revilock, D Carney, KS GP IEEE TI A summary of the NASA glenn ballistic impact lab contributions to the Columbia accident investigation SO ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM, 2005 PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS : ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 51st Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 24-27, 2005 CL Alexandria, VA SP IEEE, IIE, SAE, SLE, Soc Reliabil Engineers, IEST DE Columbia accident; impact; testing; impact analysis AB On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia broke apart during reentry resulting in the loss of 7 crewmembers and craft. For the next several months an extensive investigation of the accident ensued involving a nationwide team of experts from NASA, industry, and academia, spanning dozens of technical disciplines. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB), a group of experts assembled to conduct an investigation independent of NASA, concluded in August, 2003 that the cause of the loss of Columbia and its crew was a breach in the left wing leading edge Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) thermal protection system initiated by the impact of thermal insulating foam that had separated from the orbiter ' s external fuel tank 81 seconds into that mission's launch. During reentry, this breach allowed superheated air to penetrate behind the leading edge and erode the aluminum structure of left wing which ultimately led to the breakup of the orbiter. Supporting the findings of the CAIB numerous ballistic impact testing programs were conducted to investigate and quantify the physics of External Tank foam impact on the RCC wing leading edge material. These tests ranged from fundamental material characterization tests to full-scale Orbiter wing leading edge tests. Following the accident investigation, NASA turned its focus to returning the Shuttle safely to flight. Supporting this effort are many test programs to evaluate impact threats from various debris sources during ascent that must be completed for certifying the Shuttle system safe for flight. Researchers at the NASA Glenn Ballistic Impact Laboratory have conducted several of the impact test programs supporting the Accident Investigation and Return-to-Flight efforts. This paper summarizes those activities and highlights the significant accomplishments made by this group. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44138 USA. RP Melis, ME (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44138 USA. EM Matthew.E.Melis@nasa.gov; J.M.Pereira@grc.nasa.gov; Duane.M.Revilock@grc.nasa.gov; Kelly.S.Carney@gc.nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 0-7803-8824-0 J9 P REL MAINT S PY 2005 BP 284 EP 290 DI 10.1109/RAMS.2005.1408376 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BCA63 UT WOS:000228469800048 ER PT S AU Reuter, JL Wetmore, RW AF Reuter, JL Wetmore, RW GP IEEE TI Space shuttle external tank (ET) return to flight (RTF) and beyond initiative implementation SO ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM, 2005 PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS : ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 51st Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 24-27, 2005 CL Alexandria, VA SP IEEE, IIE, SAE, SLE, Soc Reliabil Engineers, IEST DE external tank; debris loss; space shuttle return to flight C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Reuter, JL (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, MP31, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM jim.l.reuter@nasa.gov; ronald.w.wetmore@maf.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 0-7803-8824-0 J9 P REL MAINT S PY 2005 BP 291 EP 296 DI 10.1109/RAMS.2005.1408377 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BCA63 UT WOS:000228469800049 ER PT S AU Datta, K Greulich, OR AF Datta, K Greulich, OR GP IEEE TI Risk assessment of wire failures causing uncommanded orbiter RCS firing while docked at the ISS SO ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM, 2005 PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS : ANNUAL RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 51st Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) CY JAN 24-27, 2005 CL Alexandria, VA SP IEEE, IIE, SAE, SLE, Soc Reliabil Engineers, IEST DE wire risk assessment; uncommanded RCS firing; wire failures; wire-to-wire short; RCS; RJD AB NASA is currently implementing a plan to return the Space Shuttle Orbiter to a safe flight status. One 'return to flight' technical issue is the potential hazard of an uncommanded reaction control system (RCS) firing while the Orbiter is docked at the International Space Station (ISS). This paper shows two different quantifications of the probability of an uncommanded RCS firing. The fault tree based methodology is based on known failure modes and from operational considerations that potentially can lead to damage. Quantification based on limited anomaly data and some conservative assumptions results in 1.4E-4 failures per ISS docking mission. An evaluation of the conservative assumptions leads to the conclusion that the number 1.4E-4 envelops the failure probability due to RCS wires. Common cause failures are dominant as they affect multiple wires simultaneously. The results of this study aided in the management of 'return to flight' risk by helping prioritize proposed RCS wiring upgrades with respect to other 'return to flight' safety issues. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Datta, K (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-144X BN 0-7803-8824-0 J9 P REL MAINT S PY 2005 BP 502 EP 507 DI 10.1109/RAMS.2005.1408412 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BCA63 UT WOS:000228469800084 ER PT S AU Atlas, R AF Atlas, R BE Menzel, WP IWasaki, T TI The impact of current and future polar orbiting satellite data on numerical weather prediction at NASA/GSFC SO APPLICATIONS WITH WEATHER SATELLITES II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Applications with Weather Satellites II CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm AB Satellite observations are a critical component of the global atmospheric observing system, and contribute substantially to the current accuracy of numerical weather forecasts. hi this paper, two types of experiments related to the effectiveness of these and other observations are described. These are: Observing System Experiments (OSEs), which are conducted to evaluate the impact of an existing observing system; and Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) which are conducted to evaluate the potential for future observing systems to improve NWP, as well as to evaluate trade-offs in observing system design, and to develop and test improved methods for data assimilation. This paper summarizes the methodology for such experiments and presents selected results from OSEs to evaluate satellite data sets that have recently become available to the global observing system, such as AIRS and SeaWinds, and results from recent OSSEs to determine the potential impact of space-based lidar winds. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Atmospheres, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Atlas, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Atmospheres, Code 910, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5619-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5658 BP 132 EP 143 DI 10.1117/12.578323 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBT11 UT WOS:000227664900014 ER PT S AU Susskind, J AF Susskind, J BE Menzel, WP IWasaki, T TI Weather and climate research with AIRS/AMSU SO APPLICATIONS WITH WEATHER SATELLITES II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Applications with Weather Satellites II CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE infra-red; microwave; remote sensing; temperature; moisture; high spectral resolution; clouds; forecast; meteorology ID AIRS AB AIRS was launched on EOS Aqua on May 4, 2002, together with AMSU A and HSB, to form a next generation polar orbiting infrared and microwave atmospheric sounding system. The primary products of AIRS/AMSU/HSB are twice daily global fields of atmospheric temperature-humidity profiles, ozone profiles, sea/land surface skin temperature, and cloud related parameters including OLR. The sounding goals of AIRS are to produce 1 kin tropospheric layer mean temperatures with an rms error of 1K, and 1 km tropospheric layer precipitable water with an rms error of 20%, in cases with up to 80% effective cloud cover. Pre-launch simulation studies indicated that these results should be achievable. Minor modifications have been made to the pre-launch retrieval algorithm as alluded to in this paper. Sample fields of parameters retrieved from AIRS/AMSU/HSB data are presented and temperature profiles are validated as a function of retrieved effective fractional cloud cover. As in simulation, the degradation of retrieval accuracy with increasing cloud cover is small. Select fields are also compared to those contained in the ECMWF analysis, done without the benefit of AIRS data, to demonstrate information that AIRS can add to that already contained in the ECMWF analysis with regard to daily, monthly mean, and interannual differences of monthly mean fields. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Susskind, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5619-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5658 BP 166 EP 176 DI 10.1117/12.578979 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BBT11 UT WOS:000227664900017 ER PT S AU Stoica, A Zebulum, R Keymeulen, D Daud, T AF Stoica, A Zebulum, R Keymeulen, D Daud, T BE Mira, J Alvarez, JR TI Transistor-level circuit experiments using evolvable hardware SO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS: A BIOINSPIRED APPROACH, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Work-Conference on the Interplay Between Natural and Artificial Computation CY JUN 15-18, 2005 CL Las Palmas, SPAIN SP UNED, Spanish Minist Ciencia & Tecnol AB The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) performs research in fault tolerant, long life, and space survivable electronics for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). With that focus, JPL has been involved in Evolvable Hardware (EHW) technology research for the past several years. We have advanced the technology not only by simulation and evolution experiments, but also by designing, fabricating, and evolving a variety of transistor-based analog and digital circuits at the chip level. EHW refers to self-configuration of electronic hardware by evolutionary/genetic search mechanisms, thereby maintaining existing functionality in the presence of degradations due to aging, temperature, and radiation. In addition, EHW has the capability to reconfigure itself for new functionality when required for mission changes or encountered opportunities. Evolution experiments are performed using a genetic algorithm running on a DSP as the reconfiguration mechanism and controlling the evolvable hardware mounted on a self-contained circuit board. Rapid reconfiguration allows convergence to circuit solutions in the order of seconds. The paper illustrates hardware evolution results of electronic circuits and their ability to perform under 280C temperature as well as radiations of up to 175kRad. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Stoica, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM taher.daud@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-26319-5 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3562 BP 366 EP 375 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BCO20 UT WOS:000230386700038 ER PT B AU Unwin, SC AF Unwin, SC BE Seidelmann, PK Monet, AKB TI Precision astrometry with the Space Interferometry Mission - PlanetQuest SO Astrometry in the Age of the Next Generation of Large Telescopes SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of Astrometry in the Age of the Next Generation of Large Telescopes CY OCT 18-20, 2004 CL Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ HO Lowell Observ ID NARROW-ANGLE ASTROMETRY; MILKY-WAY HALO; MICROLENSING EVENTS; EXTRASOLAR PLANETS; SELECTION; SEARCH; STARS; MASS; ASTROPHYSICS; CANDIDATES AB Optical interferometry in space offers the prospect of microarcsecond precision astrometry of stars, enabling a wide range of problems in Galactic astronomy, stellar astrophysics, and planet detection and characterization to be addressed. The Space Interferometry Mission PlanetQuest (SIM PlanetQuest) will be the first space-based long baseline Michelson interferometer designed for precision astrometry, operating in an Earth-trailing solar orbit for a minimum of 5 years. Launch is currently planned for 2011. SIM PlanetQuest will be a powerful tool for discovering planets around nearby stars, through detection of the stellar reflex motion. The astrometric method complements the radial velocity technique which has already yielded many new planets and has the additional benefit of measuring planetary masses rather than mass lower limits. In a frame defined by nearby reference stars, the single-measurement precision of SIM will be 1 microarcsecond, enabling searches for planets with masses as small as a few Earth masses around the nearest stars. SIM will be able to fully characterize multiple-planet systems which are now known to exist. It will explore the nature and evolution of planetary systems in their full diversity, including age, by including young (0.5-100 Myr) solar-type stars. The mission will also serve as a precursor for future astrophysics missions using interferometers, demonstrating several needed technologies. SIM PlanetQuest will make global astrometric measurements by observing an all-sky grid of reference stars, anchored by observations of distant quasars. Relative to this frame, the mission will deliver positions and parallaxes to 4 microarcsecond accuracy on stars as faint as V = 20. This unprecedented precision will allow stellar masses and luminosities to be measured to accuracies better than 1%, which is currently very hard. By observing samples of stars in the Galactic halo, SIM PlanetQuest will probe the gravitational potential of the Galaxy, and trace its past history of interactions with dwarf companions. Finally, SIM PlanetQuest will probe some of the most powerful objects ill the universe, through astrometry of the structure of the nuclei of active galaxies. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Unwin, SC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Stop 301-486,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 47 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-205-9 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 338 BP 37 EP 45 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDJ24 UT WOS:000233747900004 ER PT B AU Pravdo, SH Shaklan, SB Lloyd, J Benedict, GF AF Pravdo, SH Shaklan, SB Lloyd, J Benedict, GF BE Seidelmann, PK Monet, AKB TI Discovering M-dwarf companions with STEPS SO Astrometry in the Age of the Next Generation of Large Telescopes SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of Astrometry in the Age of the Next Generation of Large Telescopes CY OCT 18-20, 2004 CL Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ HO Lowell Observ ID MASS-LUMINOSITY-RELATION; MAIN-SEQUENCE; STARS; PLANETS; END AB The Stellar Planet Survey (STEPS) is an ongoing astrometric search for giant planets and brown dwarfs around a sample of similar to 30 M-dwarfs. We have discovered several low-mass companions by measuring the motion of our target stars relative to their reference frames. We describe the STEPS method for stellar centroiding that enables our similar to 1 milliarcsecond relative astrometry. We describe one of the astrometrically discovered companions, GJ 121013, which was later confirmed with an imaging observation. GJ 1210 A and B have spectral types M4-5, based on their luminosities, inferred masses, and colors. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pravdo, SH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 306-431, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-205-9 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 338 BP 288 EP 292 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDJ24 UT WOS:000233747900044 ER PT B AU Crane, P AF Crane, P BE Seidelmann, PK Monet, AKB TI NASA programs and astrometric science SO Astrometry in the Age of the Next Generation of Large Telescopes SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of Astrometry in the Age of the Next Generation of Large Telescopes CY OCT 18-20, 2004 CL Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ HO Lowell Observ AB The implications of the new Vision for Space Exploration on the science missions of the Universe Division are discussed. The importance of the science goals of astrometric missions to the science goals of NASA is reviewed. C1 NASA Headquarters, Universe Div, Sci Miss Directorate, Washington, DC USA. RP Crane, P (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, Universe Div, Sci Miss Directorate, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-205-9 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 338 BP 303 EP 306 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDJ24 UT WOS:000233747900049 ER PT B AU Backus, C Velusamy, T Thompson, T Arballo, J AF Backus, C Velusamy, T Thompson, T Arballo, J BE Shopbell, PL Briton, MC Ebert, R TI Hires: Super-resolution for the Spitzer Space Telescope SO Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XIV, Proceedings SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Annual Conference for Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems CY OCT 24-27, 2004 CL Calif Inst Technol, Pasadena, CA HO Calif Inst Technol AB We present a description of Hires, a super-resolution program based upon the Richardson-Lucy algorithm, generalized to the case of redundant coverage, with higher order optical image distortion, implemented for the Spitzer Space Telescope. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Backus, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-215-6 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 347 BP 61 EP 65 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science GA BEE16 UT WOS:000236909500011 ER PT B AU Wagstaff, KL Laidler, VG AF Wagstaff, KL Laidler, VG BE Shopbell, PL Briton, MC Ebert, R TI Making the most of missing values: Object clustering with partial data in astronomy SO ASTRONOMICAL DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS XIV, PROCEEDINGS SE Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Annual Conference for Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems CY OCT 24-27, 2004 CL Calif Inst Technol, Pasadena, CA HO Calif Inst Technol AB Modern classification and clustering techniques analyze collections of objects that are described by a set of useful features or parameters. Clustering methods group the objects in that feature space to identify distinct, well separated subsets of the data set. However, real observational data may contain missing values for sortie features. A "shape" feature may not be well defined for objects close to the detection limit, and objects of extreme color may be unobservable at some wavelengths. The usual methods for handling data with missing values, such as imputation (estimating the missing values) or marginalization (deleting all objects with missing values), rely on the assumption that missing values occur by random chance. While this is a reasonable assumption in other disciplines, the fact that a value is missing in air astronomical catalog may be physically meaningful. We demonstrate a clustering analysis algorithm, KSC, that a) does not impute values and b) does not discard the partially observed objects. KSC uses soft constraints defined by the fully observed objects to assist in the grouping of objects with missing values. We present an analysis of objects taken from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to demonstrate how imputing the values can be misleading and why the KSC approach can produce more appropriate results. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wagstaff, KL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM kiri.wagstaff@jpl.nasa.gov; laidler@stsci.edu NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-215-6 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 347 BP 172 EP 176 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science GA BEE16 UT WOS:000236909500033 ER PT B AU Jacob, JC Katz, DS Miller, CD Walia, H Williams, RD Djorgovski, SG Graham, MJ Mahabal, AA Babu, GJ Berk, DEV Nichol, R AF Jacob, JC Katz, DS Miller, CD Walia, H Williams, RD Djorgovski, SG Graham, MJ Mahabal, AA Babu, GJ Berk, DEV Nichol, R BE Shopbell, PL Briton, MC Ebert, R TI Grist: Grid-based data mining for astronomy SO Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XIV, Proceedings SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Annual Conference for Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems CY OCT 24-27, 2004 CL Calif Inst Technol, Pasadena, CA HO Calif Inst Technol AB The Grist project is developing a grid-technology based system as a research environment for astronomy with massive and complex datasets. This knowledge extraction system will consist of a library of distributed grid services controlled by a workflow system, compliant with standards emerging from the grid computing, web services, and virtual observatory communities. This new technology is being used to find high redshift quasars, study peculiar variable objects, search for transients in real time, and fit SDSS QSO spectra to measure black hole masses. Grist services are also a component of the "hyperatlas" project to serve high-resolution multi-wavelength imagery over the Internet. In support of these science and outreach objectives, the Grist framework will provide the enabling fabric to tie together distributed grid services in the areas of data access, federation, mining, subsetting, source extraction, image mosaicking, statistics, and visualization. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jacob, JC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-215-6 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 347 BP 306 EP 310 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science GA BEE16 UT WOS:000236909500059 ER PT B AU Johnston, MD Knight, R AF Johnston, MD Knight, R BE Shopbell, PL Briton, MC Ebert, R TI Optimizing observing sequence design for periodic and non-periodic phenomena: A Bayesian approach SO Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XIV, Proceedings SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Annual Conference for Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems CY OCT 24-27, 2004 CL Calif Inst Technol, Pasadena, CA HO Calif Inst Technol AB The problem of designing observing sequences to detect and characterize periodic phenomena occurs regularly in astronomical investigations. Examples of current interest include Cepheid variable searches in external galaxies (with Hubble Space Telescope), and future high accuracy astrometric observations of nearby stars with the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) satellite to search for planetary companions. Various sampling strategies have been proposed to obtain good phase coverage over an interesting range of periods. Recently; Loredo and Chernoff have proposed the use of "Bayesian adaptive exploration'", a model-based Bayesian method that exploits observations made to date to determine the best future observation times according to a maximum information criterion. While this method makes the best possible use of any results already obtained, it does not address the "bootstrap" problem of scheduling in advance of any data collection. It also is highly compute-intensive, which is especially problematic when an integrated observing schedule for hundreds of targets is required, taking into account all of the various other constraints and preferences that come into play. In this paper we report on our progress on addressing these issues. We have developed an approximate expression for the uniformity of phase coverage that can be used when scheduling to assess candidate sample times. We describe the results obtained using this estimator, and compare them with detailed simulations. We describe our progress acid plans for integrating optimizing criteria for both periodic and non-periodic observations into a single observation sequence. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Johnston, MD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 126-347, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-215-6 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 347 BP 529 EP 532 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Computer Science GA BEE16 UT WOS:000236909500103 ER PT J AU Ruiz, JR Crenshaw, DM Kraemer, SB Bower, GA Gull, TR Hutchings, JB Kaiser, ME Weistrop, D AF Ruiz, JR Crenshaw, DM Kraemer, SB Bower, GA Gull, TR Hutchings, JB Kaiser, ME Weistrop, D TI Probing the kinematics of the narrow-line region in Seyfert galaxies with slitless spectroscopy: Observational results SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : Seyfert ID HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; INFRARED-SELECTED SAMPLE; NGC 4151; RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY; EMISSION; GAS; NGC-1068; DUSTY AB We present slitless spectra of 10 Seyfert galaxies observed with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The spectra cover the [O III] lambdalambdalambda4959, 5007 emission lines at a spectral resolving power of lambda/Deltalambda approximate to 9000 and a spatial resolution of similar to0."1. We compare the slitless spectra with previous HST narrowband images to determine the velocity shifts and dispersions of the bright emission-line knots in the narrow-line regions (NLRs) of these Seyfert galaxies, which extend out to at least several hundred parsecs from their nuclei. Many knots are spatially resolved with sizes of tenths of arcseconds, corresponding to tens of parsecs, and yet they appear to move coherently with radial velocities between zero and +/- 1200 km s(-1) with respect to the systemic velocities of their host galaxies. The knots also show a broad range in velocity dispersion, ranging from similar to30 km s(-1) (the velocity resolution) to similar to1000 km s(-1) FWHM. Most of the Seyfert galaxies in this sample show an organized flow pattern, with radial velocities near zero at the nucleus ( defined by the optical continuum peak) and increasing to maximum blueshifts and redshifts within similar to1" of the nucleus, followed by a decline to the systemic velocity. However, there are large local variations around this pattern, and in one case (NGC 7212), the radial velocities are nearly chaotic. The emission-line knots also follow a general trend of decreasing velocity dispersion with increasing distance from the nucleus. In the Seyfert 2 galaxies, the presence of blueshifts and redshifts on either side of the nucleus indicates that rotation alone cannot explain the observed radial velocities. The most straightforward interpretation is that radial outflow plays an important role in the NLR kinematics. Each of the Seyfert galaxies in this sample ( with the exception of Mrk 3) shows a bright, compact (FWHM less than or equal to 0."5) [O III] knot at the position of its optical nucleus. These nuclear emission-line knots have radial velocity centroids near zero, but they typically have the highest velocity dispersions. Their similar properties suggest that they may be a common, distinct component of the NLR. C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Georgia State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Comp Sci Corp, Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Dominion Astrophys Observ, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Ruiz, JR (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Washington, DC 20064 USA. EM ruiz@yancey.gsfc.nasa.gov; crenshaw@chara.gsu.edu RI Gull, Theodore/D-2753-2012; OI Gull, Theodore/0000-0002-6851-5380; Weistrop, Donna/0000-0001-8935-0792 NR 38 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 129 IS 1 BP 73 EP 85 DI 10.1086/426372 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 885BK UT WOS:000226130800008 ER PT J AU Kobulnicky, HA Monson, AJ Buckalew, BA Darnel, JM Uzpen, B Meade, MR Babler, BL Indebetouw, R Whitney, BA Watson, C Churchwell, E Wolfire, MG Wolff, MJ Clemens, DP Shah, R Bania, TM Benjamin, RA Cohen, M Dickey, JM Jackson, JM Marston, AP Mathis, JS Mercer, EP Stauffer, JR Stolovy, SR Norris, JP Kutyrev, A Canterna, R Pierce, MJ AF Kobulnicky, HA Monson, AJ Buckalew, BA Darnel, JM Uzpen, B Meade, MR Babler, BL Indebetouw, R Whitney, BA Watson, C Churchwell, E Wolfire, MG Wolff, MJ Clemens, DP Shah, R Bania, TM Benjamin, RA Cohen, M Dickey, JM Jackson, JM Marston, AP Mathis, JS Mercer, EP Stauffer, JR Stolovy, SR Norris, JP Kutyrev, A Canterna, R Pierce, MJ TI Discovery of a new low-latitude Milky Way globular cluster using glimpse SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : structure; Galaxy : stellar content; globular clusters : general; infrared : galaxies ID SPITZER-SPACE-TELESCOPE; INFRARED STAR-CLUSTERS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; MOLECULAR CLOUDS; GALACTIC PLANE; 2MASS; GALAXY; CATALOG; RCW-49; CURVE AB Spitzer Space Telescope imaging from the Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE) reveals a previously unidentified low-latitude rich star cluster near l = 31.degrees3, b = - 0.degrees1. Near-infrared JHK' photometry from the Wyoming Infrared Observatory indicates an extinction of A(V) similar or equal to 15 +/- 3 mag for cluster members. Analysis of (CO)-C-13 features along the same sight line suggests a probable kinematic distance of 3.1-5.2 kpc. The new cluster has an angular diameter of similar to 1 - 2 pc, a total magnitude corrected for extinction of m(K0) = 2: 1, and a luminosity of M-K similar or equal to - 10.3 at 3.1 kpc. In contrast to young massive Galactic clusters with ages less than 100 Myr, the new cluster has no significant radio emission. Comparison with theoretical K-band luminosity functions indicates an age of at least several gigayears and a mass of at least 10(5) M-.. Unlike known old open clusters, this new cluster lies in the inner Galaxy at R-GC similar or equal to 6.1 kpc. We designate this object "GLIMPSE-C01'' and present evidence that it is a Milky Way globular cluster passing through the Galactic disk. We also identify a region of star formation and fan-shaped outflows from young stellar objects in the same field as the cluster. The cluster's passage through the Galactic molecular layer may have triggered this star formation activity. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Phys & Astron, Laramie, WY 82072 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Boston Univ, Inst Astrophys Res, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Whitewater, WI 53190 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Radio Astron Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. European Space Agcy, Estec, SCI SA, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, LHEA, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SSAI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kobulnicky, HA (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 3905, Laramie, WY 82072 USA. RI Dickey, John/C-6156-2013; Bania, Thomas/H-2318-2014; OI Shah, Ronak/0000-0002-2801-6317; Babler, Brian/0000-0002-6984-5752; Dickey, John/0000-0002-6300-7459 NR 33 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 129 IS 1 BP 239 EP 250 DI 10.1086/426337 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 885BK UT WOS:000226130800019 ER PT B AU Allen, JE Penn, MJ AF Allen, J. E., Jr. Penn, M. J. BE Adamson, A Aspin, C Davis, CJ Fujiyoshi, T TI Polarization in Mercury's exosphere SO Astronomical Polarimetry: Current Status and Future Directions SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Astronomical Polarimetry - Current Status and Future Directions CY MAR 15-19, 2004 CL Waikoloa, HI ID ATMOSPHERE AB The linear polarization states of the sodium D-lines in the exosphere of Mercury have been determined from high-resolution spectropolarimetric images acquired with a polarization analysis package coupled to a Fabry-Perot interferometer; the results were subsequently confirmed using an equivalent polarization package with a high-resolution spectrograph. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Allen, JE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astrophys Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-210-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 343 BP 181 EP 182 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BEI32 UT WOS:000237315100037 ER PT B AU Chuss, DT Dowell, CD Hildebrand, RH Novak, G AF Chuss, D. T. Dowell, C. D. Hildebrand, R. H. Novak, G. BE Adamson, A Aspin, C Davis, CJ Fujiyoshi, T TI Submillimeter polarimetry and the galactic center magnetic field SO Astronomical Polarimetry: Current Status and Future Directions SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Astronomical Polarimetry - Current Status and Future Directions CY MAR 15-19, 2004 CL Waikoloa, HI ID CLOUDS AB We summarize recent Galactic center submillimeter polarimetry results from both the Hertz polarimeter operating at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory and the SPARO polarimeter operating on the Viper telescope at the South Pole. Using a 5' beam, SPARO has found the large scale field within the central 200 parsecs to be parallel to the plane of the Galaxy, suggesting a toroidal field. On smaller (20") scales, the Hertz data within the central 50 parsecs show a field that is more complex. In denser regions, the field is generally parallel to the plane, consistent with the field observed by SPARO. In less dense regions, the field is generally perpendicular to the plane, consistent with the field traced by the brightest long, thin synchrotron structures known as the non-thermal filaments. These results support the idea that an initially poloidal field in the Galactic center is sheared by differential rotation into a toroidal configuration in regions where the gravitational energy density is greater than that of the magnetic field. In addition, we present new Hertz data on the Dust Ridge, an arched structure of submillimeter emission extending from the Galactic center Radio Arc to Sagittarius B2. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chuss, DT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 685-0, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Chuss, David/D-8281-2012 NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-210-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 343 BP 311 EP 315 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BEI32 UT WOS:000237315100069 ER PT B AU Chiar, JE Adamson, AJ Kerr, TH Mason, R Wright, GS Whittet, DCB Chrysostomou, A Hough, J Roche, PF AF Chiar, J. E. Adamson, A. J. Kerr, T. H. Mason, R. Wright, G. S. Whittet, D. C. B. Chrysostomou, A. Hough, J. Roche, P. F. BE Adamson, A Aspin, C Davis, CJ Fujiyoshi, T TI Spectropolarimetry of the 3.4 mu m band in the quintuplet SO Astronomical Polarimetry: Current Status and Future Directions SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Astronomical Polarimetry - Current Status and Future Directions CY MAR 15-19, 2004 CL Waikoloa, HI AB We present spectropolarimetry of the 3.4 mu m solid hydrocarbon absorption feature arising in the ISM toward the Quintuplet member GCS3-II, permitting for the first time a comparison of the hydrocarbon and silicate polarizations in the same line of sight. The hydrocarbon band is not measurably polarized, strengthening our previous conclusion that the silicates and carbonaceous grains form distinct populations. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Chiar, JE (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-210-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 343 BP 352 EP 353 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BEI32 UT WOS:000237315100075 ER PT J AU Covey, KR Greene, TP Doppmann, GW Lada, CJ Wilking, BA AF Covey, KR Greene, TP Doppmann, GW Lada, CJ Wilking, BA TI Searching for proto-brown dwarfs: Extending near IR spectroscopy of protostars below the hydrogen burning limit SO ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Ultralow-Mass Star Formation and Evolution Workshop CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 2005 CL La Palma, SPAIN DE stars : formation; stars : low-mass, brown dwarfs; stars : pre-main sequence; stars : rotation ID INITIAL MASS FUNCTION; NEAR-INFRARED SPECTRA; TAURUS-AURIGA; T-TAURI; K-BAND; STARS; LUMINOSITY; ACCRETION; CLUSTER; OBJECTS AB Recent observations of nearby star forming regions have offered evidence that young brown dwarfs undergo a period of mass accretion analogous to the T Tauri phase observed in young stars. Brown dwarf analogs to stellar protostars, however, have yet to be definitively observed. These young, accreting objects would shed light on the nature of the dominant brown dwarf formation process, as well as provide ideal laboratories to investigate the dependence of the accretion mechanism on protostellar mass. Recent near infrared surveys have identified candidate proto-brown dwarfs and characterized low mass protostars in nearby star forming regions. These techniques allow near infrared spectra to diagnose the effective temperature, accretion luminosity, magnetic field strength and rotation velocity of young low mass stars across the stellar/substellar boundary. The lowest mass proto-brown dwarfs (M<40 M-Jup), however, will prove challenging to observe given current near IR observational capabilities. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Assoc Univ Res Astron Inc, So Operat Ctr, Gemini Observ, La Serena, Chile. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. RP Covey, KR (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM covey@astro.washington.edu OI Covey, Kevin/0000-0001-6914-7797 NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0004-6337 J9 ASTRON NACHR JI Astro. Nachr. PY 2005 VL 326 IS 10 BP 886 EP 890 DI 10.1002/asna.200510462 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 000AT UT WOS:000234434000005 ER PT J AU Gu, PG Shkolnik, E Li, SL Liu, XW AF Gu, PG Shkolnik, E Li, SL Liu, XW TI Interactions between hot Jupiters and their host stars SO ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Ultralow-Mass Star Formation and Evolution Workshop CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 2005 CL La Palma, SPAIN DE celestial mechanics; planets : extrasolar ID IN EXTRASOLAR PLANETS; GIANT PLANETS; SOLAR-TYPE; MASS; PERIOD; EVOLUTION; COMPANION; SYSTEM AB A young hot Jupiter might have been tidally inflated beyond its Roche radius when its orbit was being circularized. This scenario has the potential to explain a couple of solid or tentative observations such as a pile-up of hot Jupiters around 0.04-0.05 AU, the mass-period correlation of transiting planets, as well as the existence of hot Neptunes. Other scenarios such as tidal dissipation in a planet-host star as well as the magnetic interaction will be also discussed. C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Univ Hawaii, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Peking Univ, Dept Astron, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. RP Gu, PG (reprint author), Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Taipei 106, Taiwan. EM gu@asiaa.sinica.edu.tw NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0004-6337 J9 ASTRON NACHR JI Astro. Nachr. PY 2005 VL 326 IS 10 BP 909 EP 912 DI 10.1002/asna.200510439 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 000AT UT WOS:000234434000010 ER PT J AU Fortney, JJ Marley, MS Hubickyj, O Bodenheimer, P Lissauer, JJ AF Fortney, JJ Marley, MS Hubickyj, O Bodenheimer, P Lissauer, JJ TI Young Jupiters are faint: new models of the early evolution of giant planets SO ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Ultralow-Mass Star Formation and Evolution Workshop CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 2005 CL La Palma, SPAIN DE planets and satellites : formation; stars : low-mass, brown dwarfs ID MEASURING FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS; LOW-MASS STARS; BROWN DWARFS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; SUBSTELLAR OBJECTS; THERMAL STRUCTURE; PHASE-SEPARATION; GLIESE 229B; CLOUDS; SATURN AB Here we show preliminary calculations of the cooling and contraction of a 2 M-J planet. These calculations, which are being extended to 1-10 M-J, differ from other published "cooling tracks" in that they include a core accretion-gas capture formation scenario, the leading theory for the formation of gas giant planets. We find that the initial post-accretionary intrinsic luminosity of the planet is similar to 3 times less than previously published models which use arbitrary initial conditions. These differences last a few tens of millions of years. Young giant planets are intrinsically fainter than has been previously appreciated. We also discuss how uncertainties in atmospheric chemistry and the duration of the formation time of giant planets lead to challenges in deriving planetary physical properties from comparison with tabulated model values. C1 NASA, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Calif Observ, Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Fortney, JJ (reprint author), NASA, Space Sci & Astrobiol Div, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jfortney@arc.nasa.gov RI Marley, Mark/I-4704-2013; OI Fortney, Jonathan/0000-0002-9843-4354 NR 43 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0004-6337 J9 ASTRON NACHR JI Astro. Nachr. PY 2005 VL 326 IS 10 BP 925 EP 929 DI 10.1002/asna.200510465 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 000AT UT WOS:000234434000013 ER PT J AU Kamitsuji, K Suzuki, H Kimura, Y Sato, T Saito, Y Kaito, C AF Kamitsuji, K Suzuki, H Kimura, Y Sato, T Saito, Y Kaito, C TI Crystalline Mg2SiO4 and amorphous Mg-bearing silicate grain formation by coalescence and growth SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE astrochemistry; methods : laboratory; stars : AGB and post-AGB; circumstellar matter; dust, extinction ID SMOKE PARTICLES; CU SMOKE; DUST AB A novel method for producing MgO and SiO2 smokes was developed. Mg-bearing silicate grain formation using the coalescence and growth of MgO and SiO2 grains was carried out in our laboratory. It becomes evident that single and poly crystalline Mg2SiO4 (forsterite) and amorphous Mg-bearing silicate grains can be produced by the coalescence and growth of MgO and SiO2 grains. This result suggests that the observed crystalline Mg2SiO4 grains and amorphous Mg-bearing silicate particles in Red Super Giant (RSG), Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB), post-AGB and planetary nebula (PNe) could be produced by the coalescence and growth of MgO and SiO2 grains. C1 Ritsumeikan Univ, Dept Nanophys Frontier Projects, Kusatsu, Shiga 5258577, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Kyoto Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Informat Sci, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068585, Japan. RP Kamitsuji, K (reprint author), Ritsumeikan Univ, Dept Nanophys Frontier Projects, Kusatsu, Shiga 5258577, Japan. EM rp007988@se.ritsumei.ac.jp RI Kimura, Yuki/J-9635-2014 OI Kimura, Yuki/0000-0002-9218-7663 NR 15 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 429 IS 1 BP 205 EP 208 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20041365 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 879QQ UT WOS:000225732700024 ER PT J AU Pian, E Foschini, L Beckmann, V Sillanpaa, A Soldi, S Tagliaferri, G Takalo, L Barr, P Ghisellini, G Malaguti, G Maraschi, L Palumbo, GGC Treves, A Courvoisier, TJL Di Cocco, G Gehrels, N Giommi, P Hudec, R Lindfors, E Marcowith, A Nilsson, K Pasanen, M Pursimo, T Raiteri, CM Savolainen, T Sikora, M Tornikoski, M Tosti, G Turler, M Valtaoja, E Villata, M Walter, R AF Pian, E Foschini, L Beckmann, V Sillanpaa, A Soldi, S Tagliaferri, G Takalo, L Barr, P Ghisellini, G Malaguti, G Maraschi, L Palumbo, GGC Treves, A Courvoisier, TJL Di Cocco, G Gehrels, N Giommi, P Hudec, R Lindfors, E Marcowith, A Nilsson, K Pasanen, M Pursimo, T Raiteri, CM Savolainen, T Sikora, M Tornikoski, M Tosti, G Turler, M Valtaoja, E Villata, M Walter, R TI INTEGRAL observations of the field of the BL Lacertae object S5 0716+714 SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; gamma-rays : observations ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; BROAD-BAND SPECTRUM; X-RAY; SEYFERT-GALAXIES; BEPPOSAX OBSERVATION; XMM-NEWTON; AVERAGE SPECTRA; NGC 5548; JEM-X; VARIABILITY AB We have performed observations of the blazar S5 0716+714 with INTEGRAL on 2-6 April 2004. In the first months of 2004, the source had increased steadily in optical brightness and had undergone two outbursts. During the latter outburst, that occurred in March, it reached the extreme level of R = 12.1 mag, which triggered our INTEGRAL program. The target has been detected with IBIS/ISGRI up to 60 keV, with a flux of similar to3 x 10(-11) erg s(-1) cm(-2) in the 30-60 keV interval, a factor of similar to2 higher than observed by the BeppoSAX PDS in October 2000. In the field of S5 0716+714 we have also detected the Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar S5 0836+710 and the two Seyfert galaxies Mkn 3 and Mkn 6. Their IBIS/ISGRI spectra are rather flat, albeit consistent with those measured by BeppoSAX. In the spectrum of Mkn 3 we find some evidence of a break between similar to60 and similar to100 keV, reminiscent of the high energy cut-offs observed in other Seyfert galaxies. This is the first report of INTEGRAL spectra of weak Active Galactic Nuclei. C1 Osserv Astron Trieste, INAF, I-34131 Trieste, Italy. ISAF CNR, Sez Bologna, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Joint Ctr Astrophys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Univ Turku, Tuorla Observ, Piikkio 21500, Finland. INTEGRAL Sci Data Ctr, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland. Osserv Astron Brera, INAF, I-23807 Merate, LC, Italy. European Space Agcy, Estec, RSSD, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. Osserv Astron Brera, INAF, I-20121 Milan, Italy. Univ Bologna, Dept Astron, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. Univ Insubria, Dipartimento Matemat & Fis, I-22100 Como, Italy. Observ Geneva, CH-1290 Sauverny, Switzerland. ASI Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. Astron Inst, Ondrejov 25165, Czech Republic. Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31028 Toulouse, France. Nord Opt Telescope, Santa Cruz de La Palma 38700, Spain. Osserv Astron Torino, INAF, I-10025 Pino Torinese, TO, Italy. Nikolaus Copernicus Astron Ctr, PL-00716 Warsaw, Poland. Metsahovi Radio Observ, Kylmala 02540, Finland. Univ Perugia, Dept Phys, I-06123 Perugia, Italy. RP Pian, E (reprint author), Osserv Astron Trieste, INAF, Via GB Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy. EM pian@ts.astro.it RI Gehrels, Neil/D-2971-2012; Foschini, Luigi/H-3833-2012; Tosti, Gino/E-9976-2013; Hudec, Rene/G-9018-2014; OI Pian, Elena/0000-0001-8646-4858; Tagliaferri, Gianpiero/0000-0003-0121-0723; Foschini, Luigi/0000-0001-8678-0324; Villata, Massimo/0000-0003-1743-6946; Savolainen, Tuomas/0000-0001-6214-1085; Malaguti, Giuseppe/0000-0001-9872-3378; Ghisellini, Gabriele/0000-0002-0037-1974; giommi, paolo/0000-0002-2265-5003; Raiteri, Claudia Maria/0000-0003-1784-2784 NR 40 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 429 IS 2 BP 427 EP 431 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20041871 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 887GS UT WOS:000226294400010 ER PT J AU Barbier, LM Smith, R Murphy, S Christian, ER Farley, R Krizmanic, JF Mitchell, JW Streitmatter, RE Loh, EC Stochaj, S AF Barbier, LM Smith, R Murphy, S Christian, ER Farley, R Krizmanic, JF Mitchell, JW Streitmatter, RE Loh, EC Stochaj, S TI NIGHTGLOW: an instrument to measure the Earth's nighttime ultraviolet glow - results from the first engineering flight SO ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE cosmic-rays; UHECR; EUSO; OWL; Fly's Eye; HiRES; AGASA ID RAY ENERGY-SPECTRUM; ARRAY AB We have designed and built an instrument to measure and monitor the "nightglow" of the Earth's atmosphere in the near ultraviolet (NUV). In this paper we describe the design of this instrument, called NIGHTGLOW. NIGHTGLOW is designed to be flown from a high altitude research balloon, and circumnavigate the globe. NIGHTGLOW is a NASA, University of Utah, and New Mexico State University project. A test flight took place from Palestine, Texas on July 5, 2000, lasting about 8 h. The instrument performed well and landed safely in Stiles, Texas with little damage. The resulting measurements of the NUV nightglow are compared with previous measurements from sounding rockets and balloons. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, HQ, Washington, DC 20546 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Phys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Particle Astrophys Lab, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Barbier, LM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM louis.m.barbier@nasa.gov RI Christian, Eric/D-4974-2012 OI Christian, Eric/0000-0003-2134-3937 NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-6505 J9 ASTROPART PHYS JI Astropart Phys. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 22 IS 5-6 BP 439 EP 449 DI 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.10.002 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 886IJ UT WOS:000226220100010 ER PT J AU Ogle, PM Davis, SW Antonucci, RRJ Colbert, JW Malkan, MA Page, MJ Sasseen, TP Tornikoski, M AF Ogle, PM Davis, SW Antonucci, RRJ Colbert, JW Malkan, MA Page, MJ Sasseen, TP Tornikoski, M TI Multiwavelength observations of radio galaxy 3C 120 with XMM-Newton SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; galaxies : individual (3C 120); X-rays : galaxies ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; X-RAY-EMISSION; FLUX-DENSITY VARIATIONS; ACCRETING BLACK-HOLES; SEYFERT 1 GALAXIES; BROAD-LINE REGION; 3C 120; ALPHA-EMISSION; JET; SPECTRUM AB We present XMM-Newton observations of the radio galaxy 3C 120. Contemporaneous radio, millimeter-wave, and optical data provide additional constraints on the spectral energy distribution and physical state of the active galactic nucleus. The hard X-ray spectrum contains a marginally resolved Fe I Kalpha emission line with FWHM = 9000 +/- 3000 km s(-1) and an equivalent width of 57 +/- 7 eV. The line arises via fluorescence in a broad-line region with covering fraction of 0.4. There is no evidence of relativistically broad Fe Kalpha, contrary to some previous reports. An excess of 0.3-2 keV soft X-ray continuum over an extrapolation of the hard X-ray power law may arise in a disk corona. A break in the X-ray spectrum below 0.6 keV indicates an excess neutral hydrogen column density of N-H = (1.0-1.6); 10(21) cm(-2). However, the neutral absorber must have an oxygen abundance of <1/40 of the solar value to explain the absence of an intrinsic or intervening O I edge. There is no ionized absorption in the soft X-ray spectrum, and we do not detect previously claimed O VIII absorption from the intervening intergalactic medium. Radio observations at 37 GHz show a fast, high-frequency flare beginning near the time of the XMM-Newton observation, which has no obvious effect on the X-ray spectrum. The X-ray spectrum, including the soft excess, became harder as the X-ray flux decreased, with an estimated pivot energy of 40 keV. The UV and soft X-ray fluxes are strongly correlated over the 120 ks duration of the XMM-Newton observation. This is qualitatively consistent with Comptonization of UV photons by a hot corona. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Astron Div, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. Aalto Univ, Metsahovi Radio Observ, Kylmala 02540, Finland. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Mail Code 238-332,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Patrick.M.Ogle@jpl.nasa.gov NR 80 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 1 BP 139 EP 154 DI 10.1086/425894 PN 1 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 883XK UT WOS:000226048800010 ER PT J AU Turner, TJ Kraemer, SB George, IM Reeves, JN Bottorff, MC AF Turner, TJ Kraemer, SB George, IM Reeves, JN Bottorff, MC TI Complex X-ray absorption and the Fe K alpha profile in NGC 3516 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; galaxies : individual (NGC 3516); galaxies : nuclei; galaxies : Seyfert; X-rays : galaxies ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; TELESCOPE IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH; VARIABLE ULTRAVIOLET-ABSORPTION; SEYFERT-1 GALAXY NGC-3516; ACCRETION DISKS; SPACE-TELESCOPE; NGC 3516; ECHELLE OBSERVATIONS; ASCA OBSERVATIONS; WARM ABSORBER AB We present data from simultaneous Chandra, XMM-Newton, and BeppoSAX observations of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3516, taken during 2001 April and November. We have investigated the nature of the very flat observed X-ray spectrum. Chandra grating data show the presence of X-ray absorption lines, revealing two distinct components of the absorbing gas, one that is consistent with our previous model of a UV/X-ray absorber while the other, which is outflowing at a velocity of similar to1100 km s(-1), has a larger column density and is much more highly ionized. The broadband spectral characteristics of the X-ray continuum observed with XMM-Newton during 2001 April reveal the presence of a third layer of absorption consisting of a very large column (approximate to2.5 x 10(23) cm(-2)) of highly ionized gas with a covering fraction similar to50%. This low covering fraction suggests that the absorber lies within a few light days of the X-ray source and/or is filamentary in structure. Interestingly, these absorbers are not in thermal equilibrium with one another. The two new components are too highly ionized to be radiatively accelerated, which we suggest is evidence for a hydromagnetic origin for the outflow. Applying our model to the November data set, we can account for the spectral variability primarily by a drop in the ionization states of the absorbers, as expected by the change in the continuum flux. When this complex absorption is accounted for, we find the underlying continuum to be typical of Seyfert 1 galaxies. The spectral curvature attributed to the high column absorber in turn reduces estimates of the flux and the extent of any broad Fe emission line from the accretion disk. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Joint Ctr Astrophys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Southwestern Univ, Georgetown, TX USA. RP Turner, TJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Joint Ctr Astrophys, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NR 55 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 1 BP 155 EP 166 DI 10.1086/425961 PN 1 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 883XK UT WOS:000226048800011 ER PT J AU Levenson, NA Weaver, KA Heckman, TM Awaki, H Terashima, Y AF Levenson, NA Weaver, KA Heckman, TM Awaki, H Terashima, Y TI Deconstructing NGC 7130 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : individual (NGC 7130); galaxies : Seyfert; X-rays : galaxies ID ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; STAR-FORMATION RATE; X-RAY EMISSION; SEYFERT-STARBURST CONNECTION; 2-10 KEV LUMINOSITY; CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS; NEARBY GALAXIES; ENERGY-DISTRIBUTIONS; IRAS OBSERVATIONS; EVOLUTION AB Observations of the Seyfert 2 and starburst galaxy NGC 7130 with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory illustrate that both of these phenomena contribute significantly to the galaxy's detectable X-ray emission. The active galactic nucleus (AGN) is strongly obscured, buried beneath column density N-H > 10(24) cm(-2), and it is most evident in a prominent Fe Kalpha emission line with equivalent width greater than 1 keV. The AGN accounts for most (60%) of the observed X-rays at energy E > 2 keV, with the remainder due to spatially extended star formation. The soft X-ray emission is strong and predominantly thermal on both small and large scales. We attribute the thermal emission to stellar processes. In total, the AGN is responsible for only one-third of the observed 0.5-10 keV luminosity of 3 x 10(41) ergs s(-1) of this galaxy and less than half of its bolometric luminosity. Starburst/AGN composite galaxies like NGC 7130 are truly common, and similar examples may contribute significantly to the high-energy cosmic X-ray background while remaining hidden at lower energies, especially if they are distant. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Phys & Astron, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Bloomberg Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Ehime Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Matsuyama, Ehime 7908577, Japan. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. RP Univ Kentucky, Dept Phys & Astron, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. EM levenson@pa.uky.edu OI Levenson, Nancy A./0000-0003-4209-639X NR 70 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 1 BP 167 EP 177 DI 10.1086/425913 PN 1 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 883XK UT WOS:000226048800012 ER PT J AU Safi-Harb, S Dubner, G Petre, R Holt, SS Durouchoux, P AF Safi-Harb, S Dubner, G Petre, R Holt, SS Durouchoux, P TI Chandra spatially resolved spectroscopic study and multiwavelength imaging of the supernova remnant 3C 397 (G41.1-0.3) SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : individual (G41.1-0.3, 3C 397); stars : neutron; supernova remnants; X-rays : ISM ID X-RAY-EMISSION; RADIO; OH; BUBBLES AB We present a Chandra observation of the supernova remnant (SNR) 3C 397 (G41.1-0.3) obtained with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS-S). Previous studies of this SNR have shown that the remnant harbors a central X-ray "hot spot'' suggestive of a compact object associated with 3C 397. With the Chandra data, we can rule out the nature of the hot spot as a pulsar or a pulsar wind nebula and put an upper limit on the flux of a hidden compact object of F-X(0.5-10 keV) similar to6 x 10(13) ergs cm(-2) s(-1). We found two point sources in the observed Chandra field. We argue that neither of them is associated with 3C 397 and that the hard source, CXO J190741.2+070650, which is characterized by a heavily absorbed spectrum with a strong Fe line, is a newly discovered active galactic nucleus. The Chandra image reveals arcsecond-scale clumps and knots that are strongly correlated with the radio VLA image, except for the X-ray hot spot. Our Chandra spatially resolved spectroscopic study shows that one-component models are inadequate and that at least two nonequilibrium ionization thermal components are needed to fit the spectra of each selected region. The derived average spectral parameters are consistent with the previous global ASCA fits performed by Safi-Harb and coworkers. However, the hard component requires a high abundance of Fe indicating the presence of hot Fe ejecta. When comparing the eastern with the western lobe, we find that the column density, the brightness, and the ionization timescales are generally higher for the western side. This result, combined with our study of the 3C 397 environs at millimeter wavelengths, indicates a denser medium to the west of the SNR. Our multiwavelength imaging and spectral study favors the scenario in which 3C 397 is a similar to5300 year old SNR expanding in a medium with a marked density gradient and is likely to be encountering a molecular cloud on the western side. We propose that 3C 397 will evolve into a mixed-morphology SNR. C1 Univ Manitoba, Dept Phys & Astron, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. George Washington Univ, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Inst Astron & Space Phys, IAFE, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. FW Olin Coll Engn, Needham, MA 02492 USA. CEN, Serv Astrophys, Saclay, France. RP Safi-Harb, S (reprint author), Univ Manitoba, Dept Phys & Astron, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. EM samar@physics.umanitoba.ca NR 26 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 1 BP 321 EP 338 PN 1 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 883XK UT WOS:000226048800022 ER PT J AU Hamaguchi, K Yamauchi, S Koyama, K AF Hamaguchi, K Yamauchi, S Koyama, K TI X-ray study of Herbig Ae/Be stars SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE radiation mechanisms : thermal; stars : early-type; stars : evolution; stars : magnetic fields; stars : pre-main-sequence; X-rays : stars ID INTERMEDIATE-MASS STARS; MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; GAS IMAGING SPECTROMETER; TAURUS-AURIGA-PERSEUS; YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS; AE STAR; FORMING REGION; DARK CLOUD; TY CRA; SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS AB We present ASCA results of intermediate- masspre-main-sequence (PMS) stars, or Herbig Ae/Be (HAeBe) stars. Among the 35 ASCA pointed sources, we detect 11 plausible X-ray counterparts. X-ray luminosities of the detected sources in the 0.5-10 keV band are in the range of log L-X similar to30-32 ergs s(-1), which is systematically higher than those of low-mass PMS stars. This fact suggests that the contribution of a possible low-mass companion is not large. Most of the bright sources show significant time variation; in particular, two HAeBe stars MWC 297 and TY CrA-exhibit flarelike events with long decay timescales (e-folding time similar to10-60 ks). These flare shapes are similar to those of low-mass PMS stars. The X-ray spectra are successfully reproduced by an absorbed one- or two-temperature thin-thermal plasma model. The temperatures are in the range of kT similar to1 5 keV, significantly higher than those of main-sequence OB stars (kT < 1 keV). These X-ray properties are not explained by wind-driven shocks, but are more likely due to magnetic activity. On the other hand, the plasma temperature rises as absorption column density increases or as HAeBe stars ascend to earlier phases. The X-ray luminosity reduces after stellar age of a few times 10(6) yr. X-ray activity may be related to stellar evolution. The age of the activity decay is apparently near the termination of jet or outflow activity. We thus hypothesize that magnetic activity originates from the interaction of the large-scale magnetic fields coupled to the circumstellar disk. We also discuss differences in X-ray properties between HAeBe stars and main-sequence OB stars. C1 NASA, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Iwate Univ, Fac Humanities & Social Sci, Morioka, Iwate 0208550, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. RP Hamaguchi, K (reprint author), CNR, 500 5th St NW, Washington, DC 20001 USA. EM kenji@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov; yamauchi@iwate-u.ac.jp; koyama@cr.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp NR 106 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 1 BP 360 EP 384 DI 10.1086/423192 PN 1 PG 25 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 883XK UT WOS:000226048800025 ER PT J AU Wahhaj, Z Koerner, DW Backman, DE Werner, MW Serabyn, E Ressler, ME Lis, DC AF Wahhaj, Z Koerner, DW Backman, DE Werner, MW Serabyn, E Ressler, ME Lis, DC TI Radial distribution of dust grains around HR 4796A SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE circumstellar matter; infrared : stars; planetary systems : formation; planetary systems : protoplanetary disks; solar system : formation; stars : individual (HR 4796A) ID BETA-PICTORIS; INFRARED OBSERVATIONS; CIRCUMSTELLAR DISK; SOLAR-SYSTEM; ZODIACAL DUST; PARTICLES; DEBRIS; STARS; BELT; EVOLUTION AB We present high dynamic range images of circumstellar dust around HR 4796A that were obtained with MIRLIN at the Keck II telescope at lambda = 7.9, 10.3, 12.5, and 24.5 mum. We also present a new continuum measurement at 350 mum obtained at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. Emission is resolved in Keck images at 12.5 and 24.5 mum with point-spread function FWHM values of 0".37 and 0".55, respectively, and confirms the presence of an outer ring centered at 70 AU. Unresolved excess infrared emission is also detected at the stellar position and must originate well within 13 AU of the star. A model of dust emission fitted to flux densities at 12.5, 20.8, and 24.5 mum indicates that dust grains are located 4(-2)(+3) AU from the star with effective size 28 +/- 6 mum and an associated temperature of 260 +/- 40 K. We simulate all extant data with a simple model of exozodiacal dust and an outer exo-Kuiper ring. A two-component outer ring is necessary to fit both Keck thermal infrared and Hubble Space Telescope scattered-light images. Bayesian parameter estimates yield a total cross-sectional area of 0.055 AU(2) for grains roughly 4 AU from the star, and an outer-dust disk composed of a narrow large-grain ring embedded within a wider ring of smaller grains. The narrow ring is 14 +/- 1 AU wide with inner radius 66 +/- 1 AU and total cross-sectional area 245 AU2. The outer ring is 80 +/- 15 AU wide with inner radius 45 +/- 5 AU and total cross-sectional area 90 AU2. Dust grains in the narrow ring are about 10 times larger and have lower albedos than those in the wider ring. These properties are consistent with a picture in which radiation pressure dominates the dispersal of an exo-Kuiper belt. C1 Univ Penn, David Rittenhouse Lab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Franklin & Marshall Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Wahhaj, Z (reprint author), Univ Penn, David Rittenhouse Lab, 209 S 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 56 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 1 BP 385 EP 396 DI 10.1086/425858 PN 1 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 883XK UT WOS:000226048800026 ER PT J AU Baltz, EA Hui, L AF Baltz, EA Hui, L TI Microlensing of gamma-ray bursts by stars and machos SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE binaries : general; gamma rays : bursts; gravitational lensing ID MAGNIFICATION BIAS; GRAVITATIONAL LENSES; OPTICAL AFTERGLOW; FORMATION HISTORY; HOST GALAXY; 000301C; ENERGY; IMAGE; PROBABILITY; STATISTICS AB The microlensing interpretation of the optical afterglow of GRB 000301C seems naively surprising, since a simple estimate of the stellar microlensing rate gives less than one in 400 for a flat Omega(Lambda) = 0.7 cosmology, whereas one event was seen in about 30 afterglows. Assuming baryonic MACHOs making up one-half the baryons in the universe, the microlensing probability per burst can be roughly 5% for a gamma-ray burst at redshift z = 2. We explore two effects that may enhance the probability of observing microlensed gamma-ray burst afterglows: binary lenses and double magnification bias. We find that the consideration of binary lenses can increase the rate only at the similar to15% level. On the other hand, because gamma-ray bursts for which afterglow observations exist are typically selected on the basis of fluxes at widely separated wave bands that are not necessarily well correlated (e. g., localization in X-ray, afterglow in optical/infrared), magnification bias can operate at an enhanced level compared to the usual single-bias case. Using a simple model for the selection process in two bands, we compute the enhancement of the microlensing rate due to magnification bias in two cases: perfect correlation and complete independence of the flux in the two bands. We find that existing estimates of the slope of the luminosity function of gamma-ray bursts, while as yet quite uncertain, point to enhancement factors of more than 3 above the simple estimates of the microlensing rate. We find that the probability of observing at least one microlensing event in the sample of 27 measured afterglows can be 3%-4% for stellar lenses, or as much as 25 Ohm(lens) for baryonic MACHOs. We note that the probability of observing at least one event over the available sample of afterglows is significant only if a large fraction of the baryons in the universe are condensed in stellar-mass objects. C1 Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, NASA, Fermilab Astrophys Ctr, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. RP Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, POB 20450,MS 29, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. EM eabaltz@slac.stanford.edu; lhui@fnal.gov NR 44 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X EI 1538-4357 J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 1 BP 403 EP 412 DI 10.1086/425954 PN 1 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 883XK UT WOS:000226048800028 ER PT J AU Burkert, A Lin, DNC Bodenheimer, PH Jones, CA Yorke, HW AF Burkert, A Lin, DNC Bodenheimer, PH Jones, CA Yorke, HW TI On the surface heating of synchronously spinning short-period jovian planets SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE planetary systems; planets and satellites : general ID EXTRASOLAR GIANT PLANETS; B-LIKE PLANETS; TRANSMISSION SPECTRA; TRANSITING PLANET; HD 209458B; TIDES; HD-209458; FRAGMENTATION; APPEARANCE; EVOLUTION AB We consider the atmospheric flow on short-period extrasolar planets through two-dimensional numerical simulations of hydrodynamics with radiation transfer. The observed low eccentricity of these planets indicates that tidal dissipation within them has been effective in circularizing their orbits and synchronizing their spins. Consequently, one side of these planets (the day side) is always exposed to the irradiation from the host star, whereas the other (the night side) is always in shadow. The temperature of the day side is determined by the equilibrium that the planetary atmosphere establishes with the stellar radiation. For planets around solar-type stars with periods less than 7 days, the flux of stellar irradiation exceeds that released from their Kelvin-Helmholtz contraction by several orders of magnitude. A fraction of the thermal energy deposited on the day side is advected to the night side by a current. We show that the radiation transfer and the nightside temperature distribution in a planet's atmosphere are sensitive functions of its opacity. If the atmosphere contains grains with an abundance and size distribution comparable to that of the interstellar medium, only shallow heating occurs on the day side, whereas the heat flux carried by the circulation does not effectively heat the night side, which cools well below the day side. The temperature difference affects the spectroscopic signature of these planets. However, the temperature difference decreases as the abundance of grains in the atmosphere is reduced. This effect occurs because if the grains are depleted, the stellar radiative flux penetrates more deeply into the atmosphere on the day side, and the higher density atmospheric circulation carries a larger flux of heat over to the night side. A simple analytic model of the dissipation of the circulation flow and associated kinetic heating is also considered. This heating effect occurs mostly near the photosphere, not deep enough to significantly affect the size of planets. The depth of the energy deposition increases as the abundance of grains is reduced. Finally, we show that the surface irradiation suppresses convection near the photospheric region on the day side. However, in some cases, depending on the opacity, convection zones are present near the surface on the night side. This structural modification may influence the response and dissipation of tidal disturbances and alter the circularization and synchronization timescales. C1 Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Observ Munich, D-81679 Munich, Germany. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Calif Observ, Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Exeter, Dept Math Sci, Exeter EX4 4QL, Devon, England. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Burkert, A (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Astron, Koenigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. NR 33 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 1 BP 512 EP 523 DI 10.1086/425955 PN 1 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 883XK UT WOS:000226048800039 ER PT J AU Watts, AL Andersson, N Jones, DI AF Watts, AL Andersson, N Jones, DI TI The nature of low T/vertical bar W vertical bar dynamical instabilities in differentially rotating stars SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE gravitational waves; hydrodynamics; instabilities; stars : neutron; stars : rotation ID PERFECT FLUIDS; MODE INSTABILITY; SPHERICAL-SHELLS; NEUTRON-STARS; CORE COLLAPSE; STABILITY; SIMULATIONS; OSCILLATION; EQUATIONS; EVOLUTION AB Recent numerical simulations indicate the presence of dynamical instabilities of the f-mode in differentially rotating stars even at very low values of T/\W\, the ratio of kinetic to potential energy. In this Letter we argue that these may be shear instabilities that occur when the degree of differential rotation exceeds a critical value and when the f-mode develops a corotation point associated with the presence of a continuous spectrum. Our explanation, which is supported by detailed studies of a simple shell model, offers a straightforward way of understanding all of the key features of these instabilities. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Southampton, Sch Math, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. Penn State Univ, Ctr Gravitat Wave Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Watts, AL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Mail Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM anna@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov; na@maths.soton.ac.uk NR 25 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 1 PY 2005 VL 618 IS 1 BP L37 EP L40 DI 10.1086/427653 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 883XL UT WOS:000226048900010 ER PT J AU Marshall, HL Schwartz, DA Lovell, JEJ Murphy, DW Worrall, DM Birkinshaw, M Gelbord, JM Perlman, ES Jauncey, DL AF Marshall, HL Schwartz, DA Lovell, JEJ Murphy, DW Worrall, DM Birkinshaw, M Gelbord, JM Perlman, ES Jauncey, DL TI A Chandra survey of quasar jets: First results SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE galaxies : active; quasars : general ID X-RAY JET; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; SPECTRAL ENERGY-DISTRIBUTIONS; HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; EXTENDED RADIO JETS; VLBA OBSERVATIONS; H-I; EMISSION; SAMPLE; CENTAURUS AB We present results from Chandra X-ray imaging and spectroscopy of a flux-limited sample of flat-spectrum radio-emitting quasars with jetlike extended structure. Twelve of 20 quasar jets are detected in 5 ks ACIS-S exposures. The quasars without X-ray jets are not significantly different from those in the sample with detected jets except that the extended radio emission is generally fainter. New radio maps are combined with the X-ray images in order to elucidate the relation between radio and X-ray emission in spatially resolved structures. We find a variety of morphologies, including long straight jets and bends up to 90degrees. All X-ray jets are one-sided although the radio images used for source selection often show lobes opposite the X-ray jets. The FR II X-ray jets can all be interpreted as inverse Compton scattering of cosmic microwave background photons by electrons in large-scale relativistic jets although deeper observations are required to test this interpretation in detail. Applying this interpretation to the jets as a population, we find that the jets would be aligned to within 30degrees of the line of sight generally, assuming that the bulk Lorentz factor of the jets is 10. C1 MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 2121, Australia. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Bristol, Dept Phys, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Astrophys, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Marshall, HL (reprint author), MIT, Ctr Space Res, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM hermanm@space.mit.edu; das@head-cfa.harvard.edu; jim.lovell@csiro.au; dwm@sgra.jpl.nasa.gov; d.worrall@bristol.ac.uk; mark.birkinshaw@bristol.ac.uk; jonathan@space.mit.edu; perlman@jca.umbc.edu; david.jauncey@csiro.au NR 38 TC 98 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 156 IS 1 BP 13 EP 33 DI 10.1086/425578 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 882VQ UT WOS:000225967800002 ER PT J AU Eckart, ME Laird, ES Stern, D Mao, PH Helfand, DJ Harrison, FA AF Eckart, ME Laird, ES Stern, D Mao, PH Helfand, DJ Harrison, FA TI The Serendipitous Extragalactic X-ray Source Identification (SEXSI) Program. II. Optical imaging SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE catalogs; galaxies : active; surveys; X-rays : galaxies; X-rays : general ID DEEP-FIELD-NORTH; DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; HELLAS2XMM SURVEY; CATALOG; POPULATION; GALAXIES; SPECTRA; SAMPLE; QUASAR; SOUTH AB The Serendipitous Extragalactic X-ray Source Identification (SEXSI) Program is designed to expand significantly the sample of identified extragalactic hard X-ray sources at intermediate fluxes, 10(-13) ergs cm(-2) s(-1)less than or similar toS(2-10 keV)<10(-15) ergs cm(-2) s(-1). SEXSI, which includes sources derived from more than 2 deg(2) of Chandra images, provides the largest hard X-ray-selected sample yet studied, offering an essential complement to the Chandra Deep Fields (total area &SIM;0.2 deg(2)). In this paper we describe R-band optical imaging of the SEXSI fields from the Palomar, MDM, and Keck observatories. We have identified counterparts or derived flux limits for nearly 1000 hard X-ray sources. Using the optical images, we derive accurate source positions. We investigate correlations between optical and X-ray flux, and optical flux and X-ray hardness ratio. We also study the density of optical sources surrounding X-ray counterparts, as well as the properties of optically faint, hard X-ray sources. C1 CALTECH, Space Radiat Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Astrophys Grp, London SW7 2BW, England. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Eckart, ME (reprint author), CALTECH, Space Radiat Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 156 IS 1 BP 35 EP 45 DI 10.1086/425869 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 882VQ UT WOS:000225967800003 ER PT J AU Weidenspointner, G Harris, MJ Sturner, S Teegarden, BJ Ferguson, C AF Weidenspointner, G Harris, MJ Sturner, S Teegarden, BJ Ferguson, C TI MGGPOD: A Monte Carlo suite for modeling instrumental line and continuum backgrounds in gamma-ray astronomy SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE gamma rays : observations; instrumentation : miscellaneous; line : identification; methods : data analysis; methods : numerical ID EARTH ORBIT; HIGH-ENERGY; SPECTROMETER; RADIATION; PROPAGATION; TELESCOPES; COMPTEL; RADIOACTIVITY; DETECTORS; SPECTRUM AB Intense and complex instrumental backgrounds, against which the much smaller signals from celestial sources have to be discerned, are a notorious problem for low- and intermediate-energy gamma-ray astronomy (similar to50 keV-10 MeV). Therefore, a detailed qualitative and quantitative understanding of instrumental line and continuum backgrounds is crucial for most stages of gamma-ray astronomy missions, ranging from the design and development of new instrumentation through performance prediction to data reduction. We have developed MGGPOD, a user-friendly suite of Monte Carlo codes built around the widely used GEANT (ver. 3.21) package, to simulate ab initio the physical processes relevant for the production of instrumental backgrounds. These include the build-up and delayed decay of radioactive isotopes as well as the prompt de-excitation of excited nuclei, both of which give rise to a plethora of instrumental gamma-ray background lines in addition to continuum backgrounds. The MGGPOD package and documentation are publicly available online. We demonstrate the capabilities of the MGGPOD suite by modeling high-resolution gamma-ray spectra recorded by the Transient Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (TGRS) on board Wind during 1995. The TGRS is a Ge spectrometer operating in the 40 keV-8 MeV range. Because of its fine energy resolution, these spectra reveal the complex instrumental background in formidable detail, particularly the many prompt and delayed gamma-ray lines. We evaluate the successes and failures of the MGGPOD package in reproducing TGRS data and provide identifications for the numerous instrumental lines. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Southampton, Dept Phys, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. RP Univ Space Res Assoc, 7501 Forbes Blvd, Seabrook, MD 20706 USA. EM georg.weidenspointner@cesr.fr NR 64 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0067-0049 EI 1538-4365 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 156 IS 1 BP 69 EP 91 DI 10.1086/425577 PG 23 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 882VQ UT WOS:000225967800005 ER PT S AU Moskalenko, IV Strong, AW AF Moskalenko, IV Strong, AW BE Bulik, T Rudak, B Madejski, G TI Diffuse gamma-ray emission: lessons and perspectives SO Astrophysical Sources of High Energy Particles and Radiation SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Astrophysical Sources of High Energy Particles and Radiation CY JUN 20-24, 2005 CL Torun, POLAND SP Polish State Comm Sci Res, Nicolaus Copernicus Astron Ctr, Nicolaus Copernicus Univ ID LOCAL INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; COSMIC-RAY; DARK-MATTER; SUPERNOVA REMNANT; ANTIPROTON SPECTRUM; EGRET OBSERVATIONS; GALACTIC-CENTER; GALAXY; PROPAGATION; ACCELERATION AB The Galactic diffuse emission is potentially able to reveal much about the sources and propagation of cosmic rays (CR), their spectra and intensities in distant locations. It can possibly unveil WIMP dark matter (DM) through its annihilation signatures. The extragalactic background may provide vital information about the early stages of the universe, neutralino annihilation, and unresolved sources (blazars?) and their cosmological evolution. The gamma-ray instrument EGRET on the CGRO contributed much to the exploration of the Galactic diffuse emission. The new NASA Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) is scheduled for launch in 2007; study of the diffuse gamma-ray emission is one of the priority goals. We describe current understanding of the diffuse emission and its potential for future discoveries. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Moskalenko, IV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Lab, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Moskalenko, Igor/A-1301-2007 OI Moskalenko, Igor/0000-0001-6141-458X NR 54 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0290-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2005 VL 801 BP 57 EP 62 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BDP66 UT WOS:000234799200008 ER PT S AU Harding, AK AF Harding, AK BE Bulik, T Rudak, B Madejski, G TI Emission from rotation-powered pulsars and magnetars SO Astrophysical Sources of High Energy Particles and Radiation SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Astrophysical Sources of High Energy Particles and Radiation CY JUN 20-24, 2005 CL Torun, POLAND SP Polish State Comm Sci Res, Nicolaus Copernicus Astron Ctr, Nicolaus Copernicus Univ DE pulsars; neutron stars ID X-RAY-EMISSION; SOFT GAMMA-REPEATERS; RADIATION PAIR FRONTS; POLAR CAPS; SLOT GAPS; PARTICLE-ACCELERATION; OUTER MAGNETOSPHERE; POTENTIAL DROPS; NEUTRON-STARS; SGR 1900+14 AB I will review the latest developments in understanding the high-energy emission of rotation-powered pulsars and magnetically-powered Anomalous X-ray Pulsars (AXPs) and Soft Gamma-Ray Repeaters (SGRs). These fields have been extremely active in the last few years, both observationally and theoretically, driven partly by new X-ray data from Chandra, XMM-Newton and RXTE. At the same time, the Parkes Multibeam Survey has discovered over 700 new radio pulsars, some of them young and coincident with EGRET sources, and others having magnetar-strength magnetic fields. These new observations are raising important questions about neutron star birth and evolution, as well as the properties of their high-energy emission. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Harding, AK (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Harding, Alice/D-3160-2012 NR 57 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0290-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2005 VL 801 BP 241 EP 252 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BDP66 UT WOS:000234799200050 ER PT J AU Thompson, DJ AF Thompson, DJ TI The multiwavelength approach to unidentified gamma-ray sources SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multiwavelength Approach to Unidentified Gamma-Ray Sources CY JUN 01-04, 2004 CL Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA HO Univ Hong Kong DE gamma rays; sources; multiwavelength ID SUPERNOVA-REMNANT; EGRET SOURCES; 3EG; IDENTIFICATION; DISCOVERY; GEMINGA; J1835+5918; EMISSION; CATALOG AB As the highest-energy photons, gamma rays have an inherent interest to astrophysicists and particle physicists studying high-energy, nonthermal processes. Gamma-ray telescopes complement those at other wavelengths, especially radio, optical, and X-ray, providing the broad, mutiwavelength coverage that has become such a powerful aspect of modern astrophysics. Multiwavelength techniques of various types have been developed to help identify and explore unidentified gamma-ray sources. This overview summarizes the ideas behind several of these methods. C1 NASA, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Thompson, DJ (reprint author), NASA, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM djt@egret.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Thompson, David/D-2939-2012 OI Thompson, David/0000-0001-5217-9135 NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 297 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1007/s10509-005-7570-5 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 918ME UT WOS:000228545100002 ER PT J AU Harding, A Muslimov, A AF Harding, A Muslimov, A TI Pulsar slot gaps and unidentified EGRET sources SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multiwavelength Approach to Unidentified Gamma-Ray Sources CY JUN 01-04, 2004 CL Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA HO Univ Hong Kong DE neutron stars; pulsars; acceleration; gamma-rays ID GAMMA-RAY PULSARS; POLAR CAPS; ACCELERATION; RADIATION; EMISSION; DISCOVERY AB A new picture of pulsar high-energy emission is proposed that is different from both the traditional polar cap and outer gap models, but combines elements of each. The slot gap model is based on electron acceleration along the edge of the open field region from the neutron star surface to near the light cylinder and thus could form a physical basis for the two-pole caustic model of Dyks and Rudak (2003). Along the last open field line, the pair formation front rises to very high altitude forming a slot gap, where the accelerating electric field is unscreened by pairs. The resulting radiation features both hollow cones from the lower-altitude pair cascades, seen at small viewing angles, as well as caustic emission on the trailing-edge field lines at high altitude, seen from both poles at large viewing angle. The combination of the small solid angle of slot gap emission (<< 1 sr) with a high probability of viewing the emission predicts that more gamma-ray pulsars could be detected at larger distances. In this picture, many of the positional coincidences of radio pulsars with unidentified EGRET sources become plausible as real associations, as the flux predicted by the slot gap model for many of the pulsars would provide the observed EGRET source flux. The expected probability of seeing radio-quiet gamma-ray pulsars in this model will also be discussed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Harding, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM harding@twinkie.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 297 IS 1-4 BP 63 EP 70 DI 10.1007/s10509-005-7576-z PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 918ME UT WOS:000228545100008 ER PT J AU Gonthier, PL Van Guilder, R Harding, AK Grenier, IA Perrot, CA AF Gonthier, PL Van Guilder, R Harding, AK Grenier, IA Perrot, CA TI Radio-loud and radio-quiet gamma-ray pulsars from the galaxy and the Gould Belt SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multiwavelength Approach to Unidentified Gamma-Ray Sources CY JUN 01-04, 2004 CL Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA HO Univ Hong Kong DE pulsars; pulsar populations; gamma-ray sources; Gould Belt; unidentified gamma-ray sources ID HIGH-ENERGY EMISSION; SLOT GAPS; MODEL; ACCELERATION; POPULATIONS; RADIATION; CASCADES; GEOMETRY AB We present results of a population synthesis study of radio-loud and radio-quiet gamma-ray pulsars from the Galactic plane and the Gould Belt. The simulation includes the Parkes multibeam pulsar survey, realistic beam geometries for radio and gamma-ray emission from neutron stars and the new electron density model of Cordes and Lazio. Normalizing to the number of radio pulsars observed by a set of nine radio surveys, the simulation suggests a neutron star birth rate of 1.4 neutron stars per century in the Galactic plane. In addition, the simulation predicts 19 radio-loud and 7 radio-quiet gamma-ray pulsars from the plane that EGRET should have observed as point sources. Assuming that during the last 5 Myr the Gould Belt produced 100 neutron stars, only 10 of these would be observed as radio pulsars with three radio-loud and four radio-quiet gamma-ray pulsars observed by EGRET. These results are in general agreement with the recent number of about 25 EGRET error boxes that contain Parkes radio pulsars. Since the Gould Belt pulsars are relatively close by, the selection of EGRET radio-quiet gamma-ray pulsars strongly favors large impact angles,, in the viewing geometry where the off-beam emission from curvature radiation provides the gamma-ray flux. Therefore, the simulated EGRET radioquiet gamma-ray pulsars, being young and nearby, most closely reflect the current shape of the Gould Belt suggesting that such sources may significantly contribute to the EGRET unidentified gamma-ray sources correlated with the Gould Belt. C1 Hope Coll, Dept Phys & Engn, Holland, MI 49424 USA. Univ Colorado, Denver, CO 80202 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Paris 07, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. CEA Saclay, Serv Astrophys, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. RP Gonthier, PL (reprint author), Hope Coll, Dept Phys & Engn, Holland, MI 49424 USA. EM gonthier@hope.edu; rvanguilder@usa.net; harding@twinkie.gsfc.nasa.gov; isabelle.grenier@cea.fr; cperrot@stanford.edu RI Harding, Alice/D-3160-2012 NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 297 IS 1-4 BP 71 EP 80 DI 10.1007/s10509-005-7577-y PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 918ME UT WOS:000228545100009 ER PT J AU De Gregorio-Monsalvo, I Chandler, CJ Gomez, JF Kuiper, TBH Torrelles, JM Anglada, G AF De Gregorio-Monsalvo, I Chandler, CJ Gomez, JF Kuiper, TBH Torrelles, JM Anglada, G TI High-resolution observations in B1-IRS: Ammonia, CCS and water masers SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Workshop on Astronomical Molecules CY FEB 18-20, 2004 CL Zwolle, NETHERLANDS DE stars : formation; pre-main sequence; ISM : individual (BI-IRS); jets and outflows; kinematics and dynamics; molecules ID BARNARD-1; OBJECTS AB We present a study of the structure and dynamics of the star-forming region B1-IRS (IRAS 03301 + 3057) using the properties of different molecules at high angular resolution (similar to 4 ''). We have used VLA observations of NH3, CCS, and H2O masers at I cm. CCS emission shows three clumps around the central source, with a velocity gradient from red to blue-shifted velocities towards the protostar, probably due to the interaction with outflowing material. Water maser emission is elongated in the same direction as a reflection nebula detected at 2 mu m by 2MASS, with the maser spots located in a structure of some hundreds of AU from the central source, possibly tracing a jet. We propose a new outflow model to explain all our observations, consisting of a molecular outflow near the plane of the sky. Ammonia emission is extended and anticorrelated with CCS. We have detected for the first time this anticorrelation at small scales (1400 AU) in a star-forming region. C1 INTA, Lab Astrofis Espacial & Fis Fundamental, Madrid, Spain. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. CSIC, Inst Ciencias Espacio, Barcelona, Spain. Inst Estudis Espacials Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. RP De Gregorio-Monsalvo, I (reprint author), INTA, Lab Astrofis Espacial & Fis Fundamental, Madrid, Spain. EM itziar@laeff.esa.es RI Gomez, Jose Francisco/D-8392-2016; OI Gomez, Jose Francisco/0000-0002-7065-542X; Torrelles, Jose Maria/0000-0002-6896-6085 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PY 2005 VL 295 IS 1-2 BP 65 EP 70 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 916MG UT WOS:000228389200008 ER PT J AU Scharwachter, J Eckart, A Pfalzner, S Zuther, J Krips, M Schinnerer, E Staguhn, J AF Scharwachter, J Eckart, A Pfalzner, S Zuther, J Krips, M Schinnerer, E Staguhn, J TI The QSO hosts I Zw 1 and 3C 48: Prototypes of a merger-driven quasar evolution? SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Workshop on Astronomical Molecules CY FEB 18-20, 2004 CL Zwolle, NETHERLANDS DE quasars : individual : I Zw 1; quasars : individual : 3C 48; quasars : evolution; galaxies : interactions ID ULTRALUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES; 3C 48; INTERACTING GALAXIES; IMAGES; GAS; DECOMPOSITION; DYNAMICS AB I Zw 1 and 3C 48 are two neighboring template objects at a later stage of the hypothesized merger-driven evolutionary sequence from ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) to quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). Since galaxy mergers are assumed to trigger the evolution, it is important to confirm the merger properties of transitionary objects. Using multi-wavelength observations and N-body simulations, the merger histories of I Zw 1 and 3C 48 have been investigated in two separate case studies. Here, the results from both studies are compared and their relevance for the evolutionary hypothesis is discussed. C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, D-50937 Cologne, Germany. NRAO, Socorro, NM USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Scharwachter, J (reprint author), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, Zulpicher Str 77, D-50937 Cologne, Germany. EM scharw@ph1.uni-koeln.de NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PY 2005 VL 295 IS 1-2 BP 101 EP 106 DI 10.1007/s10509-005-3667-0 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 916MG UT WOS:000228389200013 ER PT J AU Bertram, T Eckart, A Krips, M Staguhn, J AF Bertram, T Eckart, A Krips, M Staguhn, J TI Molecular gas in the Abell 262 cluster galaxy UGC 1347 SO ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Workshop on Astronomical Molecules CY FEB 18-20, 2004 CL Zwolle, NETHERLANDS DE galaxies : ISM; galaxies : evolution; galaxies : interactions ID NEARBY CLUSTERS; DEFICIENCY AB We present the results of (CO)-C-12(1-0) and (CO)-C-12(2-1) observations on UGC 1347 obtained with BIMA and the IRAM 30 rn telescope. UGC 1347 is a member of the Abell 262 cluster. In Abell 262, a nearby spiral rich cluster, the signs of galaxy interaction and therefore the mechanisms which play an important role in galaxy evolution within clusters can be studied with high spatial resolution. Aside from its bright central region, UGC 1347 features a second prominent source at the southern tip of the bar, which has been identified as region with recent enhanced star formation. The CO observations prove the existence of reservoirs of cold molecular gas at the positions of both bright regions. C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, D-5000 Cologne, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bertram, T (reprint author), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, Zulpicher Str 77, D-5000 Cologne, Germany. EM bertram@phl.uni-koeln.de NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0004-640X J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SCI JI Astrophys. Space Sci. PY 2005 VL 295 IS 1-2 BP 303 EP 308 DI 10.1007/s10509-005-3731-9 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 916MG UT WOS:000228389200037 ER PT B AU Mukai, K AF Mukai, K BE Hameury, JM Lasota, JP TI Recent advances in X-ray observations of cataclysmic variables SO Astrophysics of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Astrophysics of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects CY JUL 11-16, 2004 CL Strasbourg, FRANCE ID XMM-NEWTON OBSERVATIONS; WHITE-DWARF; ACCRETION DISKS; EX-HYDRAE; EMISSION; CHANDRA; POLARS; DENSITY; COMPLEX; ECLIPSE AB A personal selection of noteworthy X-ray results on CVs are presented, with emphasis on XMM-Newton and Chandra observations. Progressing roughly from broad-band view to narrow-band, high spectral resolution studies, I summarize: the energy balance of polars; X-ray confirmation of IPs; eclipses in non-magnetic CVs: search for magnetism in "non-magnetic" CVs; multi-temperature plasma emission from the boundary layer; complex absorption in magnetic CVs: temperature and density diagnostics; and X-ray radial velocity studies. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mukai, K (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-193-1 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 330 BP 147 EP 158 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDC22 UT WOS:000232595600015 ER PT B AU Sandford, SA AF Sandford, SA BE Livio, M Reid, IN Sparks, WB TI Organic synthesis in space SO ASTROPHYSICS OF LIFE SE SPACE TELESCOPE SCIENCE INSTITUTE SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Astrophysics of Life CY MAY 06-09, 2002 CL Baltimore, MD SP Space Telescope Sci Inst ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLES; DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; MURCHISON CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITE; INFRARED-EMISSION BANDS; COMETARY ICE ANALOGS; GRAIN MANTLES; AMINO-ACIDS; ULTRAVIOLET-IRRADIATION; ISOTOPIC-SUBSTITUTION AB It is becoming increasingly clear, based on a combination of observational, theoretical, and laboratory studies, that the interstellar medium (ISM) is not chemically "inert." Instead, it contains a variety of distinct environments in which chemical synthesis and alteration are constantly occurring under the aegis of a number of different processes. The result of these different processes is an interstellar medium rich in chemical diversity. The discussion found here will concentrate on those materials and molecular species built from the elements C, H, O, and N, with particular emphasis on those compounds that may be of prebiotic interest. Furthermore, there is excellent evidence that the products of interstellar chemistry are not restricted solely to the ISM; but that some fraction of these materials survive the transition from interstellar dense clouds to planetary surfaces when new stars and planets form in these clouds. This raises the interesting possibility that molecules created in the interstellar medium may play a role in the origin and evolution of life on planetary surfaces. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Sandford, SA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 99 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 0-521-82490-7 J9 SPACE TEL S PY 2005 VL 16 BP 54 EP 66 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Biology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Geology GA BBV34 UT WOS:000228010900005 ER PT S AU Dey, S Tripathi, SN Singh, RP Holben, BN AF Dey, S Tripathi, SN Singh, RP Holben, BN BE Burrows, JP Eichmann, KU TI Seasonal variability of the aerosol parameters over Kanpur, an urban site in Indo-Gangetic basin SO ATMOSPHERIC REMOTE SENSING: EARTH'S SURFACE, TROPOSPHERE, STRATOSPHERE AND MESOSPHERE - I SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE aerosols; Indo-Gangetic basin; dust; remote sensing; CIMEL ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; CLIMATOLOGY; ABSORPTION; AERONET; DUST AB With the growing antropogenic activities and urbanization, pollution level is found to be increasing in the Indo-Gangetic (IG) basin. This trend of increasing pollution has direct impact on the climatic conditions, especially the increase of haze, fog and cloudy conditions in the region. A ground-based CIMEL radiometer has been deployed on the campus of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, India, as a part of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) program with an objective to characterize the aerosols in the IG basin. The optical properties of the aerosols over Kanpur, which is one of the largest industrial cities in the IG basin, show strong seasonal and inter-annual variations. The fine mode urban/industrial aerosols contribute more than 75% to the observed aerosol optical depth (AOD) during the post-monsoon and winter seasons, whereas the natural dusts contribute similar to 60% to the AOD during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Effective radius (R-eff) and volume weighted mean radius (R-V), the two best representative parameter of the coarse and fine modes of aerosol size distribution show maximum values during winter season. The increase in the RV is attributed to the hygroscopic growth of fine mode particles in presence of high relative humidity and favorable temperature condition; but the increase in r(eff) is due to the association of the fine mode absorbing particles to the coarser dusts. This is also reflected in low values (< 0.8) of single scattering albedo (SSA) at coarse mode during the season. Higher values of SSA at fine mode indicate dominance of water-soluble aerosols scattering in nature. The linear regression equations between AOD (at 0.67 mu m wavelength) and extinction coefficient due to fine and coarse modes also reveal the relative contribution of the fine and coarse mode particles to the observed optical properties during different seasons in Kanpur. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Indian Inst Technol, Dept Civil Engn, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. George Mason Univ, GEOSR, Fairfax, VA 22031 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Singh, RP (reprint author), Indian Inst Technol, Dept Civil Engn, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. EM ramesh@iitk.ac.in RI Singh, Ramesh/G-7240-2012; Tripathi, Sachchida/J-4840-2016 NR 19 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2005 VL 36 IS 5 SI 2005 BP 778 EP 782 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.040 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BDU64 UT WOS:000235478400002 ER PT S AU Wang, DY Stiller, GP von Clarmann, T Fischer, H Glatthor, N Grabowski, U Hopfner, M Kellmann, S Kiefer, M Linden, A Tsidu, GM Milz, M Steck, T Wohnsiedler, S Lopez-Puertas, M Funke, B Gil-Lopez, S Kaufmann, M Koukouli, ML Murtagh, D Lautie, N Jimenez, C Jones, A Eriksson, P Urban, J de La Noe, J Le Flochmoen, E Dupuy, E Ricaud, P Olberg, M Frisk, U Russell, J Remsberg, E AF Wang, DY Stiller, GP von Clarmann, T Fischer, H Glatthor, N Grabowski, U Hopfner, M Kellmann, S Kiefer, M Linden, A Tsidu, GM Milz, M Steck, T Wohnsiedler, S Lopez-Puertas, M Funke, B Gil-Lopez, S Kaufmann, M Koukouli, ML Murtagh, D Lautie, N Jimenez, C Jones, A Eriksson, P Urban, J de La Noe, J Le Flochmoen, E Dupuy, E Ricaud, P Olberg, M Frisk, U Russell, J Remsberg, E BE Burrows, JP Eichmann, KU TI Comparisons of MIPAS/ENVISAT ozone profiles with SMR/ODIN and HALOE/UARS observations SO ATMOSPHERIC REMOTE SENSING: EARTH'S SURFACE, TROPOSPHERE, STRATOSPHERE AND MESOSPHERE - I SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE ozone; MIPAS/ENVISAT; SMR/ODIN; HALOE/UARS ID HALOGEN OCCULTATION EXPERIMENT; TEMPERATURE PROFILES; MIPAS; VALIDATION; RETRIEVAL AB Ozone volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles are measured by the Michelson Interferometer for passive atmospheric sounding (MIPAS) on ENVISAT. The data sets produced by the science data processor at Institut fur Meteorologic und Klimaforschung (IMK), Germany are compared with those obtained by halogen occultation experiment (HALOE) on UARS and by sub-millimetre radiometer (SMR) on ODIN. For the stratospheric measurements taken during September/October 2002, the three instruments show reasonable agreement, with global mean differences within 0.1-0.3 ppmv. The typical zonal mean differences are of 0.4 ppmv for HALOE and 0.6 ppmv for SMR (4-6%) in the ozone VMR peak region at 25-30 km near the equator, though larger differences of 0.8-1 ppmv (8-10%) are also observed in a small latitude-altitude region in the tropic. A positive bias of about 0.2-0.4 ppmv in the MIPAS data in the 35-40 km region has also been found. Further studies are under way to explain these differences. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. Univ Karlsruhe, IMK, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18008 Granada, Spain. Chalmers, Ctr Astrophys & Space Sci, Radio & Space Sci Dept, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. OASU, F-33270 Floirac, France. Onsala Space Observ, Ctr Astrophys & Space Sci, SE-43922 Onsala, Sweden. SSC, SE-17104 Solna, Sweden. Hampton Univ, Dept Phys, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Atmospher Sci Competency, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. EM ding-yi.wang@imk.fzk.de RI Eriksson, Patrick/A-5321-2009; Kiefer, Michael/A-7254-2013; Urban, Jo/F-9172-2010; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/M-8219-2013; Funke, Bernd/C-2162-2008; Murtagh, Donal/F-8694-2011; Milz, Mathias/C-9899-2011; The Odin satellite, aeronomy mission/F-1671-2011; Kaufmann, Martin/A-3905-2013; Hopfner, Michael/A-7255-2013; Stiller, Gabriele/A-7340-2013; von Clarmann, Thomas/A-7287-2013; Glatthor, Norbert/B-2141-2013; OI Eriksson, Patrick/0000-0002-8475-0479; Urban, Jo/0000-0001-7026-793X; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/0000-0003-2941-7734; Funke, Bernd/0000-0003-0462-4702; Murtagh, Donal/0000-0003-1539-3559; Hopfner, Michael/0000-0002-4174-9531; Stiller, Gabriele/0000-0003-2883-6873; von Clarmann, Thomas/0000-0003-2219-3379; Gil-Lopez, Sergio/0000-0001-5584-345X; Gil-Lopez, Sergio/0000-0002-3867-5439; Milz, Mathias/0000-0002-4478-2185 NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2005 VL 36 IS 5 SI 2005 BP 927 EP 931 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.015 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BDU64 UT WOS:000235478400021 ER PT J AU Amitai, E Liao, L Llort, X Meneghini, R AF Amitai, E. Liao, L. Llort, X. Meneghini, R. TI Accuracy verification of spaceborne radar estimates of rain rate SO ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE spaceborne radar; ground-based radar; rainfall intensity; validation; probability distribution; rain type classification; TRMM AB The distribution of rain rate is of great concern for many hydrological applications. Probability distribution functions (pdf) of rain rate can now be obtained from spaceborne radar observations. Effort to evaluate these pdfs using ground observations is described. Copyright. (C) 2005 Royal Meteorological Society C1 [Amitai, E.; Liao, L.; Meneghini, R.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Amitai, E.] George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. [Liao, L.] Caelum Res Corp, Rockville, MD USA. [Llort, X.] GRAHI Univ Politecn Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. RP Amitai, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM eyal@radar.gsfc.nasa.gov FU NASA through the TRMM Satellite Validation Office at Goddard Space Flight Center FX This effort is mainly supported by NASA through the TRMM Satellite Validation Office at Goddard Space Flight Center headed by Richard Lawrence. The authors also wish to thank David Silberstein of the George Mason University for his helpful comments. NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1530-261X J9 ATMOS SCI LETT JI Atmos. Sci. Lett. PD JAN-MAR PY 2005 VL 6 IS 1 SI SI BP 2 EP 6 DI 10.1002/asl.82 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA V19WF UT WOS:000208101800002 ER PT S AU Djuric, N AF Djuric, N BE Kato, T Funaba, H Kato, D TI Recent experimental studies of electron-impact excitation of atomic and molecular ions SO ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR DATA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference of the 4th International Conference on Atomic and Molecular Data and Their Applications (ICAMDATA2004)/14th International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion (ITC 14) CY OCT 05-08, 2004 CL Toki, JAPAN SP Natl Inst Fus Sci, Fus Sci Assoc, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Assoc Super Adv Elect Technol, Hitachi Res Lab, Hitachi Ltd, PEGASUS Software Inc, Inoue Fdn Sci, Nippon Sheet Glass Fdn Mat Sci & Engn ID ABSOLUTE CROSS-SECTIONS; DISSOCIATIVE-RECOMBINATION; BRANCHING RATIOS; SINGLE IONIZATION; P-2 TRANSITION; STORAGE-RING; ENERGY-LOSS; C3+; 2S; FRACTIONS AB This paper reviews the most recent experimental studies of absolute cross sections for electron-impact excitation of atomic and dissociative excitation of molecular ions. Experimental studies of such processes have been carried out for more than 40 years. Much of the discussion is oriented to the work involving the author; however an effort will be made to include other results. In discussing electron impact excitation of atomic ions we will examine primarily transitions in which dielectronic resonaces play a dominant role, and measurements which can be used to benchmark results of theoretical calculations. Of particular interest, partially motivated by fusion efforts and partially by plasma etching and deposition, are investigations of dissociative excitation of light hydrocarbon ions. Methods employing colliding beams of electrons and ions, either in crossed or merged beams configurations are emphasized. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Djuric, N (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 57 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0256-6 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2005 VL 771 BP 162 EP 171 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BCO49 UT WOS:000230415200017 ER PT S AU Lindstrom, G Mehlitz, PC Visser, W AF Lindstrom, G Mehlitz, PC Visser, W BE Peled, DA Tsay, YK TI Model checking real time Java using Java PathFinder SO AUTOMATED TECHNOLOGY FOR VERIFICATION AND ANALYSIS, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis CY OCT 04-07, 2005 CL Taipei, TAIWAN SP Natl Sci Council, Minist Educ, Acad Sinica Taiwan, Natl Taiwan Univ, Ctr Informat & Elect Technologies, Cadence Design Syst AB The Real Time Specification for Java (RTSJ) is an augmentation of Java for real time applications of various degrees of hardness. The central features of RTSJ are real time threads; user defined schedulers, asynchronous events, handlers, and control transfers; a priority inheritance based default scheduler; non-heap memory areas such as immortal and scoped, and non-heap real time threads whose execution is not impeded by garbage collection. The Robust Software Systems group at NASA Ames Research Center has JAvA PATHFINDER (JPF) under development, a Java model checker. JPF at its core is a state exploring JVM which can examine alternative paths in a Java program (e.g., via backtracking) by trying all nondeterministic choices, including thread scheduling order. This paper describes our implementation of an RTSJ profile (subset) in JPF, including requirements, design decisions, and current implementation status. Two examples are analyzed: jobs on a multiprogramming operating system, and a complex resource contention example involving autonomous vehicles crossing an intersection. The utility of JPF in finding logic and timing errors is illustrated, and the remaining challenges in supporting all of RTSJ axe assessed. C1 Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Lindstrom, G (reprint author), Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-29209-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3707 BP 444 EP 456 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BDJ79 UT WOS:000233895300033 ER PT J AU Manduchi, R Castano, A Talukder, A Matthies, L AF Manduchi, R Castano, A Talukder, A Matthies, L TI Obstacle detection and terrain classification for autonomous off-road navigation SO AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS LA English DT Article DE obstacle detection; terrain classification; color classification; ladar classification; autonomous navigation ID COLOR AB Autonomous navigation in cross-country environments presents many new challenges with respect to more traditional, urban environments. The lack of highly structured components in the scene complicates the design of even basic functionalities such as obstacle detection. In addition to the geometric description of the scene, terrain typing is also an important component of the perceptual system. Recognizing the different classes of terrain and obstacles enables the path planner to choose the most efficient route toward the desired goal. This paper presents new sensor processing algorithms that are suitable for cross-country autonomous navigation. We consider two sensor systems that complement each other in an ideal sensor suite: a color stereo camera, and a single axis ladar. We propose an obstacle detection technique, based on stereo range measurements, that does not rely on typical structural assumption on the scene ( such as the presence of a visible ground plane); a color-based classification system to label the detected obstacles according to a set of terrain classes; and an algorithm for the analysis of ladar data that allows one to discriminate between grass and obstacles ( such as tree trunks or rocks), even when such obstacles are partially hidden in the grass. These algorithms have been developed and implemented by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) as part of its involvement in a number of projects sponsored by the US Department of Defense, and have enabled safe autonomous navigation in high-vegetated, off-road terrain. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Manduchi, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM manduchi@soe.uesc.edu NR 44 TC 206 Z9 228 U1 3 U2 25 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-5593 J9 AUTON ROBOT JI Auton. Robot. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 18 IS 1 BP 81 EP 102 DI 10.1023/B:AURO.0000047286.62481.1d PG 22 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Computer Science; Robotics GA 868NJ UT WOS:000224920000005 ER PT J AU Imai, H Morris, M Sahai, R Hachisuka, K Felipe, JRA AF Imai, H Morris, M Sahai, R Hachisuka, K Felipe, JRA TI A measurement of the Galactic rotation in the 4th quadrant SO BALTIC ASTRONOMY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint European and National Astronomical Meeting (JENAM 2003) CY AUG 25-30, 2003 CL Budapest, HUNGARY DE masers; stars : AGB and post-AGB, distances, winds and outflows, individual : (IRAS 19134+2131); Galaxy : kinematics AB Using the VLA and the VLBA we have observed water maser emission in the proto-planetary nebula candidate IRAS 19134+2131, in which the water maser spectrum has double radial-velocity peaks separated by similar to 100 kms(-1). The main purpose of this study is to reveal the 3-D kinematics of the masers in detail, which indicates a fast (similar to 110 kms-1) bipolar flow seen only during <= 100 years at the proto-planetary forming stage. At the same time, we have measured the Galactic rotation of IRAS 19134+2131 and its distance on the basis of differential VLBI technique to precisely measure relative positions of the maser features with respect to the nearby extragalactic reference source J1925+2106. We obtain a secular motion of IRAS 19134+2131 of mu iota = -4.64 +/- 0.7 mas yr(-1) along the Galactic plane toward the Galactic center. This indicates a "far distance" (>= 16 kpc) for IRAS 19134+2131, located in the fourth quadrant in the Galaxy, if the Galactic rotation curve remains flat at 220 km s(-1). C1 VLBI Europe, Joint Inst, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands. Kagoshima Univ, Dept Phys, Kagoshima 8900065, Japan. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Valencia, Dept Astron, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain. Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 Tenerife, Spain. RP Imai, H (reprint author), VLBI Europe, Joint Inst, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST THEORETICAL PHYSICS ASTRONOMY PI MOLETAI PA MOLETAI LT-4150, LITHUANIA SN 1392-0049 J9 BALT ASTRON JI Balt. Astron. PY 2005 VL 14 IS 3 BP 432 EP 435 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 974HM UT WOS:000232582100031 ER PT J AU Lanyi, G Boboltz, D Charlot, P Fey, A Fomalont, E Gordon, D Jacobs, C Ma, C Naudet, C Sovers, O Zhang, L AF Lanyi, G Boboltz, D Charlot, P Fey, A Fomalont, E Gordon, D Jacobs, C Ma, C Naudet, C Sovers, O Zhang, L TI Radio astrometry at 24 and 43 GHz SO BALTIC ASTRONOMY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint European and National Astronomical Meeting (JENAM 2003) CY AUG 25-30, 2003 CL Budapest, HUNGARY DE astrometry; surveys; reference systems AB We describe the goals and initial results of a collaboration formed to survey extragalactic objects at radio frequencies of 24 and 43 GHz. This survey is for extending the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) that is the current coordinate system for astrometry and which is the angular inertial frame of deep space navigation. In principle, the extension should lead to a more stable reference frame. We report upon our initial three 24-hour observing sessions involving about 100 radio sources at the VLBA. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. USN Observ, Washington, DC 20392 USA. Observ Bordeaux, F-33270 Floirac, France. Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Remote Sensing Anal Syst, Altadena, CA 91001 USA. RP Lanyi, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU INST THEORETICAL PHYSICS ASTRONOMY PI MOLETAI PA MOLETAI LT-4150, LITHUANIA SN 1392-0049 J9 BALT ASTRON JI Balt. Astron. PY 2005 VL 14 IS 3 BP 458 EP 461 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 974HM UT WOS:000232582100038 ER PT S AU Morris, RD Smelyanskiy, VN Millonas, M AF Morris, RD Smelyanskiy, VN Millonas, M BE Knuth, KH Abbas, AE Morris, RD Castle, JP TI Parameter and structure inference for nonlinear dynamical systems SO Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering CY AUG 07-12, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP ET Jaynes Fdn, San Jose State Univ, NASA Ames Res Ctr, Int Soc Bayesian Anal, World Year Phys 2005 DE nonlinear dynamical system; BIC; beam search; population dynamics AB A great many systems can be modeled in the nonlinear dynamical systems framework, as (x) over circle = f(x) + xi(t), where f () is the potential function for the system, and 4 is the excitation noise. Modeling the potential using a set of basis functions, we derive the posterior for the basis coefficients. A more challenging problem is to determine the set of basis functions that are required to model a particular system. We use the Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) to rank models, together with the beam search to search the space of models. We show that we can accurately determine the structure of simple nonlinear dynamical system models, and the structure of the coupling between nonlinear dynamical systems where the individual systems are known. This last case has important ecological applications. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Morris, RD (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA, MS 269-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0292-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2005 VL 803 BP 112 EP 120 PG 9 WC Physics, Mathematical; Statistics & Probability SC Physics; Mathematics GA BDP78 UT WOS:000234828300011 ER PT S AU Stutz, JC AF Stutz, JC BE Knuth, KH Abbas, AE Morris, RD Castle, JP TI Experience with Bayesian image based surface modeling SO Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering CY AUG 07-12, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP ET Jaynes Fdn, San Jose State Univ, NASA Ames Res Ctr, Int Soc Bayesian Anal, World Year Phys 2005 DE Bayesian inference; vision; generative modeling; remote sensing; data fusion AB Bayesian surface modeling from images requires modeling both the surface and the image generation process, in order to optimize the models by comparing actual and generated images. Thus it differs greatly, both conceptually and in computational difficulty, from conventional vusual surface recovery techniques. But it offers the possibility of generating a single surface model that fuses all available information, from any number of images, taken under quite different conditions, and by different instruments that provide independent and often complementary information. I describe an implemented system, with a brief introduction to the underlying mathematical models and the compromises made for computational efficiency. I describe successes and failures achieved on actual imagery, where we went wrong and what we did right, and how our approach could be improved. Lastly I discuss how the same approach can be extended to distinct types of instruments, to achieve true sensor fusion(1). C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Stutz, JC (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0292-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2005 VL 803 BP 215 EP 222 PG 8 WC Physics, Mathematical; Statistics & Probability SC Physics; Mathematics GA BDP78 UT WOS:000234828300023 ER PT S AU Kuehnel, FO AF Kuehnel, FO BE Knuth, KH Abbas, AE Morris, RD Castle, JP TI Local frame junction trees in SLAM SO Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering CY AUG 07-12, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP ET Jaynes Fdn, San Jose State Univ, NASA Ames Res Ctr, Int Soc Bayesian Anal, World Year Phys 2005 AB Junction trees (JT) is a general purpose tool for exact inference on graphical models. Many of the existing algorithms for building junction trees require a fixed static graphical model. The construction process is not unique, finding the one with the best computational structure (smallest clique size) is also a hard problem. For large scale inference problems, such as Geo-referencing using triangular geodetic networks or equivalent, the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem in robotics pose some challenges to junction tree applications. Incremental junction tree techniques for dynamic graphical models prescribe heuristic methods for growing the tree structure, and are applicable to large scale graphical models. Of concern are the proliferative widening of the tree, which makes message passing expensive. In the context of SLAM we present a new apporach that exploits the local frame dependence of novel observation variables. C1 USRA, RIACS, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kuehnel, FO (reprint author), USRA, RIACS, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 269-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0292-2 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2005 VL 803 BP 318 EP 329 PG 12 WC Physics, Mathematical; Statistics & Probability SC Physics; Mathematics GA BDP78 UT WOS:000234828300035 ER PT S AU Cohen, T Herren, KA Thompson, MS Lin, J Pakhomov, AV AF Cohen, T Herren, KA Thompson, MS Lin, J Pakhomov, AV BE Pakhomov, AV Myrabo, LN TI Initial demonstration of ablative laser propulsion SO Beamed Energy Propulsion SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Beamed Energy Propulsion CY OCT 11-14, 2004 CL Troy, NY SP Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Univ Alabama Huntsville, NASA George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, USAF Off Sci Res, Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, New York Space Grant Consortium ID IMPULSE; THRUST AB Ablative Laser Propulsion (ALP) is defined by a direct momentum transfer due to mass ablated from a solid target. Studies of this concept have yielded specific impulses (I-sp) and coupling coefficients (Cm) of 1000-5000 s and 2-8 dynes/Watt respectively. These parameters were used to design and test the first ALP-vehicles on the laboratory scale. Two models of the first ALP-vehicles were made from electroplated nickel (mass 35 mg) and Kapton (10 mg). Initial tests in vacuum and in air were attempted using 100-ps wide, 35 mJ laser pulses at 532 rim wavelength. The I-sp and C-m deduced from these tests are in good agreement with previously reported figures. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Cohen, T (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0251-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2005 VL 766 BP 406 EP 413 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BCK86 UT WOS:000229779900035 ER PT S AU Malecha, PW Stone, RP Heifetz, J AF Malecha, PW Stone, RP Heifetz, J BE Barnes, BW Thomas, JP TI Living substrate in Alaska: Distribution, abundance, and species associations SO Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Fishing Activities on Benthic Habitats CY NOV 12-14, 2002 CL Tampa, FL SP Amer Fisheries Soc AB "Living substrate" has been identified as an important marine habitat and is susceptible to impacts from fishing activities. In Alaskan waters of the North Pacific and Bering Sea. little is known about the distribution of deepwater living substrate such as sponges (phylum Porifera), sea anemones (order Actiniaria), sea whips and sea pens (order Permatulacea), ascidians (class Ascidiacea), and bryozoans (phylum Ectoprocta). Based on 26 years of survey data (mostly from catches in bottom trawls collected between 1975 and 2000). we created living substrate distribution maps. In general, the five groups of living substrate were observed in varying densities along the continental shelf and upper continental slope. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) of sponges was greatest along the Aleutian Islands, while CPUEs of ascidians and bryozoans were greatest in the Bering Sea. Large CPUEs of sea anemones. sea pens, and sea whips were observed in both the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. Broad-scale species associations between living substrate and commercially important fishes and crabs were also identified. Flatfish (Bothidae and Pleuronectidae) were most commonly associated with ascidians and bryozoans; gadids (Gadidae; also known as cods) with sea anemones, sea pens, and sea whips; rockfish (Sebastes spp. and shortspine thornyhead Sebastolobus alascanus) and Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius with sponges; crabs (Chionoecetes spp., Paralithodes spp., Lithodes spp., Dungeness crab Cancer magister, and hair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii) with ascidians, and other commercial fish species (sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria, Hexagrammidae, and Rajidae) with sea pens and sea whips. These data should provide resource managers with insight into living Substrate distribution and relationships among benthic community organisms and, ultimately, with future in-depth studies, may aid in determining specific areas for habitat protection and facilitate management practices that minimize fishery impacts to living substrate. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Malecha, PW (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-60-3 J9 AM FISH S S PY 2005 VL 41 BP 289 EP 299 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BCZ76 UT WOS:000232152900024 ER PT S AU Stone, RP Masuda, MM Malecha, PW AF Stone, RP Masuda, MM Malecha, PW BE Barnes, BW Thomas, JP TI Efects of bottom trawling on soft-sediment epibenthic communities in the Gulf of Alaska SO BENTHIC HABITATS AND THE EFFECTS OF FISHING SE American Fisheries Society Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Effects of Fishing Activities on Benthic Habitats CY NOV 12-14, 2002 CL Tampa, FL SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID GRAND-BANKS; BERING SEA; ECOSYSTEM; HABITAT; NEWFOUNDLAND; ATLANTIC; SHELF; DISTRIBUTIONS; DISTURBANCE; PATTERNS AB The goal of this study was to determine if chronic bottom trawling in some of the more heavily trawled areas in the central Gulf of Alaska has altered soft-bottom marine communities. Spatial distribution and abundance of epifauna were examined at two sites that overlapped areas open to trawling and closed areas where bottom trawling had been prohibited for 11-12 years. Video strip transects of the seafloor were collected at each site from a manned submersible. Transects were bisected by the boundary demarcating open and closed areas. The positions of 155,939 megafauna were determined along 89 kin of seafloor. At both sites, we detected general and site-specific differences in epifaunal abundance and species diversity between open and closed areas, which indicate the communities in the open areas had been subjected to increased disturbance. Species richness was lower in open areas. Species dominance was greater in one open area, while the other site had significantly fewer epifauna in open areas. Both sites had decreased abundance of low-mobility taxa and prey taxa in the open areas. Site-specific responses were likely due to site differences in fishing intensity, sediment composition, and near-bottom current patterns. Prey taxa were highly associated with biogenic and biotic structures; biogenic structures were significantly less abundant in open areas. Evidence exists that bottom trawling has produced changes to the seafloor and associated fauna, affecting the availability of prey for economically important groundfish. These changes should serve as a "red flag" to managers since prey taxa are a critical component of essential fish habitat. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Stone, RP (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM bob.stone@noaa.gov; michele.masuda@noaa.gov; pat.malecha@noaa.gov NR 39 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-60-3 J9 AM FISH S S JI Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. PY 2005 VL 41 BP 461 EP 475 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BCZ76 UT WOS:000232152900034 ER PT J AU Hoehler, TM AF Hoehler, Tori M. TI Biogeochemistry of dihydrogen (H-2) SO BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES OF ELEMENTS SE METAL IONS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Review ID ANAEROBIC METHANE OXIDATION; ANOXIC MARINE SEDIMENT; SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA; EARTHS EARLY ATMOSPHERE; CELL-FREE PREPARATIONS; SEA VOLCANIC-ERUPTION; SPRING MICROBIAL MAT; VOLATILE FATTY-ACIDS; DEEP GRANITIC ROCK; BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hoehler, TM (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM tori.m.hoehler@nasa.gov NR 243 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 30 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0161-5149 J9 MET IONS BIOL SYST PY 2005 VL 43 BP 9 EP 48 PG 40 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Biophysics; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics; Chemistry; Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BGE44 UT WOS:000246316300002 PM 16370113 ER PT B AU Venkateswaran, K Matsuyama, A Kern, R AF Venkateswaran, K Matsuyama, A Kern, R BE Tsuji, A Matsurnoto, M Maeda, M Kricka, LJ Stanley, PE TI Applications of bioluminescence-based assay in monitoring microbial burden SO Bioluminescence & Chemiluminescence: Progress and Perspectives LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence CY AUG 02-06, 2004 CL Yokohama, JAPAN C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Biotechnol & Planetary Protect Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Venkateswaran, K (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Biotechnol & Planetary Protect Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-256-118-8 PY 2005 BP 449 EP 452 DI 10.1142/9789812702203_0107 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical; Optics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Optics GA BCM73 UT WOS:000230002300107 ER PT S AU Trejo, LJ Kochavi, R Kubitz, K AF Trejo, LJ Kochavi, R Kubitz, K BE Caldwell, JA Wesensten, NJ TI Measures and models for predicting cognitive fatigue SO Biomonitoring for Physiological and Cognitive Performance during Military Operations SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Biomonitoring for Physiological and Cognitive Performance during Military Operations CY MAR 31-APR 01, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon, Florida Space Inst, FOI, Swedish Defense Res Agcy, Univ Central Florida DE EEG; cognitive; fatigue; estimation; prediction; monitoring ID PERFORMANCE; WORKLOAD AB We measured multichannel EEG spectra during a continuous mental arithmetic task and created statistical learning models of cognitive fatigue for single subjects. Sixteen subjects (4 F, 18-38 y) viewed 4-digit problems on a computer, solved the problems, and pressed keys to respond (inter-trial interval = 1 s). Subjects performed until either they felt exhausted or three hours had elapsed. Pre- and post-task measures of mood (Activation Deactivation Adjective Checklist, Visual Analogue Mood Scale) confirmed that fatigue increased and energy decreased over time. We examined response times (RT); amplitudes of ERP components N1, P2, and P300, readiness potentials; and power of frontal theta and parietal alpha rhythms for change as a function of time. Mean RT rose from 6.7 s to 7.9 s over time. After controlling for or rejecting sources of artifact such as EOG, EMG, motion, bad electrodes, and electrical interference, we found that frontal theta power rose by 29% and alpha power rose by 44% over the course of the task. We used 30-channel EEG frequency spectra to model the effects of time in single subjects using a kernel partial least squares (KPLS) classifier. We classified 13-s long EEG segments as being from the first or last 15 minutes of the task, using random sub-samples of each class. Test set accuracies ranged from 91% to 100% correct. We conclude that a KPLS classifier of multichannel spectral measures provides a highly accurate model of EEG-fatigue relationships and is suitable for on-line applications to neurological monitoring. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Trejo, LJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Rosipal, Roman/B-8060-2008 NR 9 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5782-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5797 BP 105 EP 115 DI 10.1117/12.604286 PG 11 WC Behavioral Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physiology SC Behavioral Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physiology GA BCR90 UT WOS:000230979900013 ER PT S AU Orasanu, J Tada, Y Kraft, N Fischer, U AF Orasanu, J Tada, Y Kraft, N Fischer, U BE Caldwell, JA Wesensten, NJ TI Physiological monitoring of team and task stressors SO Biomonitoring for Physiological and Cognitive Performance during Military Operations SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Biomonitoring for Physiological and Cognitive Performance during Military Operations CY MAR 31-APR 01, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE, Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon, Florida Space Inst, FOI, Swedish Defense Res Agcy, Univ Central Florida DE team stress; physiological measures of stress; team performance; predictive performance models ID PERFORMANCE AB Sending astronauts into space, especially on long-durations missions (e.g. three-year missions to Mars), entails enormous risk. Threats include both physical dangers of radiation, bone loss and other consequences of weightlessness, and also those arising from interpersonal problems associated with extended life in a high-risk isolated and confined environment. Before undertaking long-duration missions, NASA seeks to develop technologies to monitor indicators of potentially debilitating stress at both the individual and team level so that countermeasures can be introduced to prevent further deterioration. Doing so requires a better understanding of indicators of team health and performance. To that end, a study of team problem solving in a simulation environment was undertaken to explore effects of team and task stress. Groups of four males (25-45 yrs) engaged in six dynamic computer-based Antarctic search and rescue missions over four days. Both task and team stressors were manipulated. Physiological responses (ECG, respiration rate and amplitude, SCL, EMG, and PPG); communication (voice and email); individual personality and subjective team dynamics responses were collected and related to task performance. Initial analyses found that physiological measures can be used to identify transient stress, predict performance, and reflect subjective workload. Muscle tension and respiration were the most robust predictors. Not only the level of arousal but its variability during engagement in the task is important to consider. In general, less variability was found to be associated with higher levels of performance. Individuals scoring high on specific personality characteristics responded differently to task stress. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Orasanu, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 262-4, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5782-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5797 BP 182 EP 192 DI 10.1117/12.604424 PG 11 WC Behavioral Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physiology SC Behavioral Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physiology GA BCR90 UT WOS:000230979900020 ER PT J AU Ma, ZY Gerton, JM Wade, LA Quake, SR AF Ma, ZY Gerton, JM Wade, LA Quake, SR TI Fluorescence microscopy of single molecule with 5nm resolution and its application for biology SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 49th Annual Meeting of the Biopysical-Society CY FEB 12-16, 2005 CL Long Beach, CA SP Biopys Soc C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 88 IS 1 SU S BP 156A EP 157A PN 2 PG 2 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 888MM UT WOS:000226378500758 ER PT J AU Brock, MW Gilly, WF AF Brock, MW Gilly, WF TI Unique properties of SNDTT block are conserved among KV1 channels SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 49th Annual Meeting of the Biopysical-Society CY FEB 12-16, 2005 CL Long Beach, CA SP Biopys Soc C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Eloret Corp, Moffett Field, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 88 IS 1 SU S BP 278A EP 279A PN 2 PG 2 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 888MM UT WOS:000226378501359 ER PT J AU Nogal, B DeGuzman, V Akeson, M Vercoutere, W AF Nogal, B DeGuzman, V Akeson, M Vercoutere, W TI UV radiation damage to DNA detected using a biological nanopore SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 49th Annual Meeting of the Biopysical-Society CY FEB 12-16, 2005 CL Long Beach, CA SP Biopys Soc C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 88 IS 1 SU S BP 347A EP 347A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 888MM UT WOS:000226378501689 ER PT J AU Vercoutere, WA Nogal, B Solbrig, A DeGuzman, V Akeson, M Landry, M Winters-Hilt, S AF Vercoutere, WA Nogal, B Solbrig, A DeGuzman, V Akeson, M Landry, M Winters-Hilt, S TI Single molecule resolution of single strand breaks in small DNA molecules caused by oxidative damage SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 49th Annual Meeting of the Biopysical-Society CY FEB 12-16, 2005 CL Long Beach, CA SP Biopys Soc C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NSGF EA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 88 IS 1 SU S BP 352A EP 352A PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 888MM UT WOS:000226378501714 ER PT J AU Vaidya, VS Back, LH Banerjee, RK AF Vaidya, VS Back, LH Banerjee, RK TI Coupled oxygen transport analysis in the avascular wall of a post-angioplasty coronary artery stenosis SO BIORHEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pPrecutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA); oxygen transport; hypoxia; stenosis; coronary artery; angioplasty; computational fluid mechanics (CFD); numerical methods; oxygen consumption; arterial wall; hemodynamics; convective transport; diffusive transport ID BLOOD-FLOW; SIMULATION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ANGIOPLASTY; PULSATILE; TENSIONS; VIVO AB The coupled oxygen transport in the avascular wall of a coronary artery stenosis is studied by numerically solving the convection-diffusion equations. Geometry, replicating residual stenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), is used for the analysis. Important physiological aspects, such as oxygen consumption in the wall, oxygen carried by the hemoglobin, non-Newtonian viscosity of the blood, and supply of oxygen from the vasa vasorum are included. Mean blood flow rate in the lumen is varied from basal to hyperemic conditions. The results show that the P-O2 in the medial region of the arterial wall is similar to 10 mmHg. The oxygen flux to the wall increases in the flow acceleration region, whereas it decreases at the flow reattachment zone. Near the location of flow separation there is a small rise and a sharp fall in the oxygen flux. The minimum P-O2 in the avascular wall, P-O2, min , at the point of flow reattachment reduces to similar to 6 mmHg for a 300 micron wall thickness. For a thinner wall of 200 micron, the P-O2, min at the location of flow reattachment increases to 6 times that of a 300 micron wall. The P-O2, min in the wall decreases by 60% when volumetric oxygen consumption is increased by 30% for the same avascular wall thickness. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Mech Engn, Cincinnati, OH USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Biomed Engn, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Banerjee, RK (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Mech Ind & Nucl Engn, 688 Rhodes Hall,POB 210072, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM Rupak.Banerjee@UC.Edu NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-355X J9 BIORHEOLOGY JI Biorheology PY 2005 VL 42 IS 4 BP 249 EP 269 PG 21 WC Biophysics; Engineering, Biomedical; Hematology SC Biophysics; Engineering; Hematology GA 981MK UT WOS:000233092500001 PM 16227654 ER PT J AU Globus, RK Amblard, D Nishimura, Y Iwaniec, UT Kim, JB Almeida, EAC Damsky, CD Wronski, TJ van der Meulen, MCH AF Globus, RK Amblard, D Nishimura, Y Iwaniec, UT Kim, JB Almeida, EAC Damsky, CD Wronski, TJ van der Meulen, MCH TI Skeletal phenotype of growing transgenic mice that express a function-perturbing form of beta 1 integrin in osteoblasts SO CALCIFIED TISSUE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; BMP-5 DEFICIENT MICE; MECHANICAL STIMULATION; BONE-CELLS; INTEGRIN FUNCTION; BETA(1) INTEGRIN; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNA; BODY SIZE; DIFFERENTIATION AB Skeletal modeling entails the deposition of large amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) to form structures tailored to withstand increasing mechanical loads during rapid growth. Specific ECM molecules bind to integrin receptors on the cell surface, thereby triggering a cascade of signaling events that affect critical cell functions. To evaluate the role of integrins during skeletal growth, transgenic mice were engineered to express a function-perturbing fragment of beta1 integrin consisting of the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail under the control of the osteocalcin promoter (TG mice). Thus, transgene expression was targeted to mature cells of the osteoblast lineage, and herein we show that cultured cells resembling osteocytes from 90-day- old TG mice display impaired adhesion to collagen I, a ligand for b1 integrin. To determine the influence of b1 integrin on bones that are responsible for providing structural support during periods of rapid growth, we examined the phenotype of the appendicular skeleton in TG mice compared to wild type (WT) mice. According to radiographs, bones from mice of both genotypes between 14 and 90 days of age appeared similar in gross structure and density, although proximal tibiae from 35 - 90 days old TG mice were less curved than those of WT mice ( 72 - 92% TG/WT). Although there were only mild and transient differences in absolute bone mass and strength, once normalized to body mass, the tibial dry mass (79.1% TG/WT females), ash mass (78.5% TG/WT females), and femoral strength in torsion (71.6% TG/ WT females) were reduced in TG mice compared to WT mice at 90 days of age. Similar effects of genotype on bone mass and curvature were observed in 1-year-old retired breeders, indicating that these phenotypic differences between TG and WT mice were stable well into adulthood. Effects of genotype on histomorphometric indices of cancellous bone turnover were minimal and evident only transiently during growth, but when present they demonstrated differences in osteoblast rather than osteoclast parameters. Together, these results suggest that integrin signals generated during growth enhance the acquisition of a skeletal mass, structure, and strength to withstand the mechanical loads generated by weight-bearing. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Life Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Stomatol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Physiol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Globus, RK (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Life Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Ruth.K.Globus@NASA.gov RI van der Meulen, Marjolein/D-1549-2010 OI van der Meulen, Marjolein/0000-0001-6637-9808 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P60 DE13058] NR 46 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0171-967X J9 CALCIFIED TISSUE INT JI Calcif. Tissue Int. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 76 IS 1 BP 39 EP 49 DI 10.1007/s00223-004-0309-4 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 891BY UT WOS:000226557500007 PM 15477996 ER PT J AU Gaier, JR Ditmars, NF Dillon, AR AF Gaier, JR Ditmars, NF Dillon, AR TI Aqueous electrochemical intercalation of bromine into graphite fibers SO CARBON LA English DT Article DE carbon fibers; electrochemical treatment; intercalation; electrical properties ID CARBON-FIBERS; COMPOSITES; STABILITY; CHLORIDE AB For the first time, graphite fibers have been electrochemically intercalated with Br- that have the same structure and properties as those intercalated from vapor phase Br-2. This was accomplished by intercalating pitch-based Thornel(R) K-1100 graphite fibers at low temperature (near 0degreesC) and high currents (2A) for long times (6h). The mechanism appears to be that Br- is oxidized to aqueous Br-2 which, when sufficient local concentration builds up, intercalates the fiber. This was confirmed by intercalating K-1100 fiber in a saturated aqueous Br2 solution without passing an electrical current. The applied voltage does apparently lower the activation energy of the reaction as evidenced by the observation that P-120 and P-100 fibers will not intercalate in aqueous Br-2 unless a voltage is applied. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Manchester Coll, N Manchester, IN 46962 USA. RP Gaier, JR (reprint author), NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM james.r.gaier@nasa.gov NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-6223 J9 CARBON JI Carbon PY 2005 VL 43 IS 1 BP 189 EP 193 DI 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.09.005 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 877SW UT WOS:000225591500022 ER PT J AU Sullivan, RM AF Sullivan, RM TI A model for the oxidation of carbon silicon carbide composite structures SO CARBON LA English DT Article DE carbon fibers; oxidation; modeling; diffusion; porosity ID BEHAVIOR; KINETICS; MATRIX; OXYGEN AB A mathematical theory and an accompanying numerical scheme have been developed for predicting the oxidation behavior of carbon silicon carbide (C/SiC) composite structures. The theory is derived from the mechanics of the flow of ideal gases through a porous solid. The result of the theoretical formulation is a set of two coupled non-linear differential equations written in terms of the oxidant and oxide partial pressures. The differential equations are solved simultaneously to obtain the partial vapor pressures of the oxidant and oxides as a function of the spatial location and time. The local rate of carbon oxidation is determined using the map of the local oxidant partial vapor pressure along with the Arrhenius rate equation. The non-linear differential equations are cast into matrix equations by applying the Bubnov-Galerkin weighted residual method, allowing for the solution of the differential equations numerically. The numerical method is demonstrated by utilizing the method to model the carbon oxidation and weight loss behavior of C/SiC specimens during thermogravimetric experiments. The numerical method is used to study the physics of carbon oxidation in carbon silicon carbide composites. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Struct Div, Brookpark, OH 44135 USA. RP Sullivan, RM (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Struct Div, Mail Stop 49-7,21000 Brookpk Rd, Brookpark, OH 44135 USA. EM roy.sullivan@grc.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-6223 J9 CARBON JI Carbon PY 2005 VL 43 IS 2 BP 275 EP 285 DI 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.09.010 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 881IK UT WOS:000225856400007 ER PT S AU Tinker, P Fox, J Green, C Rome, D Casey, K Furmanski, C AF Tinker, P Fox, J Green, C Rome, D Casey, K Furmanski, C BE MunozAvila, H Ricci, F TI Analogical and case-based reasoning for predicting satellite task schedulability SO CASE-BASED REASONING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning CY AUG 23-26, 2005 CL Chicago, IL SP Kaidara Software, Empolis, Naval Res Lab, PricewaterhouseCooper, AAAI AB Satellites represent scarce resources that must be carefully scheduled to maximize their value to service consumers. Near-optimal satellite task scheduling is so computationally difficult that it typically takes several hours to schedule one day's activities for a set of satellites and tasks. Thus, often a requestor will not know if a task will be scheduled until it is too late to accommodate scheduling failures. This paper presents our experiences creating a fast Analogical Reasoning (AR) system and an even faster Case-Based Reasoner (CBR) that can predict, in less than a millisecond, whether a hypothetical task will be scheduled successfully. Requestors can use the system to refine tasks for maximum schedulability. We report on three increasingly narrow approaches that use domain knowledge to constrain the problem space. We show results that indicate the method can achieve > 80% accuracy on the given problem. C1 HRL Labs LLC, Malibu, CA 90265 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Tinker, P (reprint author), HRL Labs LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Rd, Malibu, CA 90265 USA. EM patinker@hrl.com; jrfox@hrl.com; cgreen@mail.arc.nasa.gov; drrome@raytheon.com; klcasey@raytheon.com; chris@furmanski.net NR 4 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-28174-6 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 2005 VL 3620 BP 566 EP 578 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BDF64 UT WOS:000233274900043 ER PT J AU Sieber, H Singh, M AF Sieber, Heino Singh, Mrityunjay BE Scheffler, M Colombo, P TI Microcellular Ceramics from Wood SO CELLULAR CERAMICS: STRUCTURE, MANUFACTURING, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SILICON-CARBIDE CERAMICS; COMPRESSIVE MECHANICAL-BEHAVIOR; BIOMORPHOUS SISIC-CERAMICS; SIC-CERAMICS; CELLULAR CERAMICS; OXIDE CERAMICS; MICROSTRUCTURE; INFILTRATION; COMPOSITES; PREFORMS C1 [Sieber, Heino] Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, QSS Grp, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany. [Singh, Mrityunjay] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Sieber, H (reprint author), Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, QSS Grp, Martensstr 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany. NR 61 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-3-52760-669-6 PY 2005 BP 122 EP 136 DI 10.1002/3527606696.ch2e D2 10.1002/3527606696 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BYF38 UT WOS:000298399900009 ER PT J AU Choi, SR Bansal, NP AF Choi, SR Bansal, NP TI Mechanical behavior of zirconia/alumina composites SO CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE composites; mechanical properties; strength; hardness; Al2O3; ZrO2 ID YTTRIA-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA; TEMPERATURE; STRENGTH; CERAMICS; FRACTURE; ALUMINA; MICROSTRUCTURE; MODULUS AB Zirconia/alumina composites were fabricated by hot pressing 10mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (10-YSZ) reinforced with 0-30mol% alumina particulates or platelets. Flexure strength and fracture toughness of both particulate and platelet composites increased with increasing alumina content. For a given alumina content, strength of particulate composites was greater than that of platelet composites; whereas, difference in fracture toughness between the two composite systems was negligible. No difference in elastic modulus and density was observed for a given alumina content between particulate and platelet composites. Thermal cycling up to 10 cycles between 200 and 1000degreesC did not show any strength degradation of the 30 mol% platelet composites, indicative of negligible influence of coefficient-of-thermal-expansion mismatch between YSZ and alumina grains. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd and Techna S.r.l. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Choi, SR (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM sung.r.choi@grc.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 54 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0272-8842 J9 CERAM INT JI Ceram. Int. PY 2005 VL 31 IS 1 BP 39 EP 46 DI 10.1016/j.ceramint.2004.03.032 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 881IL UT WOS:000225856600007 ER PT J AU Bansal, NP Zhu, DM AF Bansal, NP Zhu, DM TI Thermal conductivity of zirconia-alumina composites SO CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE composites; thermal conductivity; zirconia; alumina ID AL2O3; ZRO2 AB Ten mole percent of yttria-stabilized zirconia (10YSZ)-alumina composites containing 0-30 mol% alumina were fabricated by hot pressing at 1500 degrees C in vacuum. Thermal conductivity of the composites, determined at various temperatures using a steady-state laser heat flux technique, increased with increase in alumina content. Composites containing 0, 5, and 10 mol% alumina did not show any change in thermal conductivity with temperature. However, those containing 20 and 30 mol% alumina showed a decrease in thermal conductivity with increase in temperature. The measured values of thermal conductivity were in good agreement with those calculated from the Maxwell-Eucken model where one phase is uniformly dispersed within a second major continuous phase. Published by Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. USA, Vehicle Technol Directorate, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Bansal, NP (reprint author), NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Narottam.P.Bansal@nasa.gov NR 17 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0272-8842 J9 CERAM INT JI Ceram. Int. PY 2005 VL 31 IS 7 BP 911 EP 916 DI 10.1016/j.ceramint.2004.09.018 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 958RC UT WOS:000231464400003 ER PT J AU Kim, JW Choi, SH Lillehei, PT Chu, SH King, GC Watt, GD AF Kim, JW Choi, SH Lillehei, PT Chu, SH King, GC Watt, GD TI Cobalt oxide hollow nanoparticles derived by bio-templating SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID MODIFIED VINYL ESTERS; PROTEIN CAGE; IRON-OXIDE; CONSTRAINED SYNTHESIS; METAL NANOSTRUCTURES; REPLACEMENT REACTION; BIOMIMETIC SYNTHESIS; HORSE SPLEEN; FERRITIN; SPHERES AB We present here the first fabrication of hollow cobalt oxide nanoparticles produced by a protein-regulated site-specific reconstitution process in aqueous solution and describe the metal growth mechanism in the ferritin interior. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci & Technol Corp, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Adv Mat & Proc Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Kim, JW (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Sci & Technol Corp, 6A W Taylor St, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM fn.j.kim@larc.nasa.gov; sang.h.choi@nasa.gov; t.lillehei@nasa.gov; s.chu@larc.nasa.gov; glen.c.king@nasa.gov; gdwatt@chem.byu.edu RI Kim, Jae-Woo/A-8314-2008; Lillehei, Peter/C-9196-2009 OI Lillehei, Peter/0000-0001-8183-9980 NR 52 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 22 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PY 2005 IS 32 BP 4101 EP 4103 DI 10.1039/b505097a PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 954DC UT WOS:000231133300023 PM 16091813 ER PT J AU Chaban, GM AF Chaban, GM TI Theoretical study of chemical compounds formed by insertion of rare gas atoms into glycine molecule: a step towards bio-rare gas chemistry? SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANHARMONIC VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY; METASTABLE HELIUM COMPOUND; CHARGE-TRANSFER MOLECULES; AB-INITIO; DECOMPOSITION PATHWAYS; SOLID MATRICES; BOUND HELIUM; XENON; PREDICTION; HKROH AB Stability, structural and vibrational properties of compounds where an Rg atom (Xe, Kr, or At) is inserted into different bonds of glycine molecule are investigated using accurate ab initio methods. The most stable configuration is found to correspond to insertion of Rg atoms into the O-H bond of glycine. These NH(2)CH(2)COORgH compounds are metastable, but separated from the Rg + glycine dissociation products by significant potential barriers. Preliminary calculations show that NH(2)CH(2)COOXeH compound may be energetically stable with respect to the three-body dissociation (H + Rg + NH(2)CH(2)CO(2)), while the corresponding Ar compound is energetically unstable in this respect. The compound with the inserted Kr is a borderline case, with the three-body dissociation products close in energy to the NH(2)CH(2)COOKrH minimum. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, TNA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Chaban, GM (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, TNA, Mail Stop T27B-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM chaban@nas.nasa.gov NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 1 PY 2005 VL 401 IS 1-3 BP 318 EP 322 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.11.065 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 885KY UT WOS:000226156700057 ER PT J AU Feng, H Zhang, SN Li, TP AF Feng, H Zhang, SN Li, TP TI Shot timescales in accreting black hole binaries: w spectrum and its application SO CHINESE JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Micorquasar Workshop CY JUN 07-13, 2004 CL Tsinghua Univ, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observ China, Nanjing Univ, Dept Astron, Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Key Lab Particle Astrophys, Tsinghua Univ, Ctr Astrophys HO Tsinghua Univ DE methods : data analysis; X-rays : binaries; accretion, accretion disks; stars : individual (Cygnus X-1) ID X-RAY BINARIES; ADVECTION-DOMINATED ACCRETION; CYGNUS X-1; POWER SPECTRA; NEUTRON-STAR; COMPTONIZATION; STATES AB We proposed a new statistic w spectrum which can detect the shot width distribution sensitively. By applying the w spectrum to X-ray binaries, we can distinguish between neutron stars and black holes from their different shot behaviours at small timescales. The energy dependent analysis for black hole binaries, in particular for Cyg X-1, can help us to reveal dynamical evidence for black hole accretion flows and state transitions. Both narrow and broad iron K alpha lines are presented in the w analysis, affording dynamical evidence for iron lines origin. C1 Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Engn Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Tsing Hua Univ, Ctr Astrophys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Tsing Hua Univ, Ctr Astrophys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Univ Alabama, Dept Phys, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Lab Particle Astrophys, Beijing 100039, Peoples R China. NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Sci Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Feng, H (reprint author), Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Engn Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. EM fenghua01@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1009-9271 J9 CHINESE J ASTRON AST JI Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. PY 2005 VL 5 SU S BP 13 EP 20 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 995XD UT WOS:000234137100004 ER PT J AU Tang, SM Zhang, SN AF Tang, SM Zhang, SN TI QSO-galaxy association and gravitational lensing SO CHINESE JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Micorquasar Workshop CY JUN 07-13, 2004 CL Tsinghua Univ, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observ China, Nanjing Univ, Dept Astron, Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Key Lab Particle Astrophys, Tsinghua Univ, Ctr Astrophys HO Tsinghua Univ DE micro-lensing; QSOs; ULXs; black holes; Dark Matter; galactic halo; NGC 3628 ID NUMBER DENSITY ENHANCEMENT; DARK-MATTER; BLACK-HOLES; FOREGROUND GALAXIES; GALACTIC HALO; NGC 3628; QUASARS; LIMITS; NGC-3628; MASS AB The amplification caused by gravitational light bending by compact objects in a foreground galaxy can affect the apparent number density of background QSOs, as well as their distribution in the fields of galactic halos. In this work we investigate the number enhancement of QSOs in the fields of galactic halos caused by point mass lensing effect and singular isothermal lensing effect, and apply the micro-lensing effect due to dark compact objects in the halo to NGC 3628. NGC 3628 is a well-studied nearby edge-on Sbc peculiar galaxy, where QSOs are shown to be concentrated around the galaxy with a density much higher than background. We show that if present understanding of the luminosity function of QSOs is right, such concentration could not be caused by gravitational lensing. C1 Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Tsing Hua Univ, Ctr Astrophys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Beijing 100039, Peoples R China. Univ Alabama, Dept Phys, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Sci Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Tang, SM (reprint author), Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. EM tangsm99@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1009-9271 J9 CHINESE J ASTRON AST JI Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. PY 2005 VL 5 SU S BP 147 EP 152 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 995XD UT WOS:000234137100023 ER PT J AU Loewenstein, M Angelini, L Mushotzky, RF AF Loewenstein, M Angelini, L Mushotzky, RF TI Black hole X-ray binaries in the elliptical galaxy NGC 1399 SO CHINESE JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Micorquasar Workshop CY JUN 07-13, 2004 CL Tsinghua Univ, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observ China, Nanjing Univ, Dept Astron, Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Key Lab Particle Astrophys, Tsinghua Univ, Ctr Astrophys HO Tsinghua Univ DE galaxies : star clusters; X-rays : binaries; X-rays : galaxies ID GLOBULAR-CLUSTERS AB We present results from analysis and comparison of 2000 and 2003 Chandra X-ray Observatory observations of the population of X-ray binaries in the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 1399. A number of variable low-mass X-ray binaries are identified, including some candidate transient sources. Evidence for the presence of black hole binaries in NGC 1399 is strong, and the case most compelling for the globular cluster sources. The most luminous source declined from 5 x 10(39) erg s(-1) to 2 x 10(39) erg s(-1) while maintaining a soft spectrum. Such behavior is seen in (high state) black hole binaries; however, none of these are found in Milky Way globular clusters. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Loewenstein, M (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM loew@larmes.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1009-9271 J9 CHINESE J ASTRON AST JI Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. PY 2005 VL 5 SU S BP 159 EP 163 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 995XD UT WOS:000234137100025 ER PT J AU Hakkila, J Giblin, TW Young, KC Haglin, DJ Roiger, RJ Norris, JP Bonnell, JD AF Hakkila, J Giblin, TW Young, KC Haglin, DJ Roiger, RJ Norris, JP Bonnell, JD TI Probing GRB jet structure from prompt emission SO CHINESE JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Micorquasar Workshop CY JUN 07-13, 2004 CL Tsinghua Univ, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observ China, Nanjing Univ, Dept Astron, Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Key Lab Particle Astrophys, Tsinghua Univ, Ctr Astrophys HO Tsinghua Univ DE techniques : gamma rays : bursts; supernovae : general; stars : winds, outflows; ISM : jets and outflows ID GAMMA-RAY BURSTS; INTERNAL SHOCKS; RELATIVISTIC SHELLS; EXTERNAL SHOCKS; QUIESCENT TIMES; LIGHT CURVES; PULSE-WIDTH; LUMINOSITY; EVOLUTION; AFTERGLOW AB Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) prompt emission contains information that can be used to infer structure of the relativistic outflow. Spectral lags, the Internal Luminosity Function (ILF), and Color-Color Diagrams are attributes that provide diagnositcs with which jet structure can be studied. These attributes help delineate properties of internal shocks originating in the large Lorentz factor, tightly-beamed central core of the jet and external shocks resulting when the jet slows down by decelerating into the external medium. The external shock signature has a smaller Lorentz factor and a larger beaming angle than the central jet core, yet both components are present in the prompt emission of some GRBs. C1 Coll Charleston, Dept Phys & Astron, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. Minnesota State Univ, Dept Informat & Comp Sci, Mankato, MN 56001 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, USRA, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hakkila, J (reprint author), Coll Charleston, Dept Phys & Astron, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. EM hakkilaj@cofc.edu NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1009-9271 J9 CHINESE J ASTRON AST JI Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. PY 2005 VL 5 SU S BP 171 EP 176 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 995XD UT WOS:000234137100027 ER PT J AU Case, GL Cherry, ML Fannin, C Rodi, J Ling, JC Wheaton, WA AF Case, GL Cherry, ML Fannin, C Rodi, J Ling, JC Wheaton, WA TI Observations of gamma-ray outbursts from galactic microquasars SO CHINESE JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Micorquasar Workshop CY JUN 07-13, 2004 CL Tsinghua Univ, Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observ China, Nanjing Univ, Dept Astron, Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Key Lab Particle Astrophys, Tsinghua Univ, Ctr Astrophys HO Tsinghua Univ DE gamma rays : observations; stars : individual (GRO J1655-40, GRS 1915+105) ID EARTH-OCCULTATION CATALOG; SPECTRAL STATES; BLACK-HOLES; VARIABILITY; TRANSITIONS; CYGNUS-X-1; ACCRETION; BURST AB The BATSE earth-occultation database provides nine years of coverage for 75 gamma-ray sources in the energy range 35-1700 keV. For transient sources, this long time-base dataset makes it possible to study the repeated outbursts from individual objects. We have used the JPL data analysis package EBOP (Enhanced BATSE Occultation Package) to derive the light curves and the time evolution of the spectra for the black hole candidate and microquasar sources GRO J1655-40 and GRS 1915+105. We find that GRO J1655-40, during high-intensity flaring periods, is characterized by a single power-law spectrum up to 500 keV with a spectral index consistent with that observed by OSSE. During one flare observed contemporaneously with OSSE and HEXTE, the GRO J1655-40 spectrum was observed to steepen as the gamma-ray intensity increased. For GRS 1915+105, the spectrum during high intensity flaring periods can be characterized by a broken power law with a time-varying high-energy component. The spectra of these microquasars differ from the black hole candidates Cygnus X-1, GRO J0422+32, and GRO J1719-24, which have thermal contributions to their spectra when in high gamma-ray states. This suggests that there may be two different classes of Galactic black hole candidates. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Case, GL (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM case@phunds.phys.lsu.edu NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1009-9271 J9 CHINESE J ASTRON AST JI Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. PY 2005 VL 5 SU S BP 341 EP 346 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 995XD UT WOS:000234137100056 ER PT S AU Chandrasekhar, P Zay, BJ Ross, D McQueeney, T Birur, GC Swanson, T Kauder, L Douglas, D AF Chandrasekhar, P Zay, BJ Ross, D McQueeney, T Birur, GC Swanson, T Kauder, L Douglas, D BE Jenekhe, SA Kiserow, DJ TI Far-IR-through-visible electrochromics based on conducting polymers for spacecraft thermal control and military uses - Application in NASA's ST5 microsatellite mission and in military camouflage SO CHROMOGENIC PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS: TUNABLE OPTICAL PROPERTIES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Chromogenic Phenomena in Polymers CY APR 07-12, 2002 CL Orlando, FL SP ACS Div Polymer Chem ID INFRARED ELECTROCHROMISM; SIGNATURE CONTROL; SYSTEMS; DEVICES AB The largest known, dynamic infrared signature variation in any material, to our knowledge -- > 50% Reflectance variation in the 2 to 25 mum region and an ernittance variation >.0.5 -- is reported for Conducting Polymer-based electrochromic flat panels which are to be flown on NASA's ST5 microsatellite mission. The very thin (< 0.5 mm), flexible, lightweight, variable area (1 cm(2) to 0.5 m(2)), entirely solid state flat panels show durability in a space environment, switching times < 5 s, and concomitant Visible-region electrochromism. Applications in military camouflage, e.g. against IR-homing missiles, are also briefly described. C1 Ashwin Ushas Corp Inc, Unit 7, Lakewood, NJ 08701 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chandrasekhar, P (reprint author), Ashwin Ushas Corp Inc, Unit 7, 500 James St, Lakewood, NJ 08701 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3830-8 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2005 VL 888 BP 66 EP 79 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Optics; Polymer Science GA BBI63 UT WOS:000225634600005 ER PT S AU Han, YNN Kumar, AN Somers, JT Reschke, MF Leigh, RJ AF Han, YNN Kumar, AN Somers, JT Reschke, MF Leigh, RJ BE Ramat, S Straumann, D TI Effects of retinal image slip on modulation of visual vestibulo-ocular reflex during near viewing SO CLINICAL AND BASIC OCULOMOTOR RESEARCH: IN HONOR OF DAVID S. ZEE SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Clinical and Basic Ocular Motor Research CY JUL 03-05, 2004 CL Siena, ITALY SP Amplifon Italy, Biomed Mangoni, Fdn Ist Neurol C Mondina, Monte Paschi Siena, Univ Degli Studi Siena, Case Western Reserve Univ, John Hopkins Univ, Ludwig Maximilian Univ, Univ Degli Studi Pavia, Univ Zurich DE strobe illumination; visual tracking AB During viewing of a near target, the gain of the visually modulated vestibul-ocular reflex (vVOR) exceeds 1.0. We investigated whether retinal image slip contributes to this gain increase by measuring responses during strobe illumination. Subjects showed greater gain values during normal versus strobe illumination of the near target, even during rotation at frequencies above 1.0 Hz, indicating that retinal image velocity information is used to optimize vVOR. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Neurol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Neurosci Labs, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Wyle Labs, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Leigh, RJ (reprint author), Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Neurol Serv 127W, 10701 E Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. EM rj14@po.cwru.edu RI Somers, Jeffrey/N-4168-2014 OI Somers, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3347-6614 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-565-6 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2005 VL 1039 BP 463 EP 465 DI 10.1196/annals.1325.045 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Ophthalmology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology; Ophthalmology GA BCQ54 UT WOS:000230780400045 PM 15827000 ER PT S AU Wilson, E Sng, K Somers, JT Reschke, MF Leigh, RJ AF Wilson, E Sng, K Somers, JT Reschke, MF Leigh, RJ BE Ramat, S Straumann, D TI Studies of eccentric gaze stability - Effects of pitch head position on horizontal gaze-holding in patients with cerebellar disease SO CLINICAL AND BASIC OCULOMOTOR RESEARCH: IN HONOR OF DAVID S. ZEE SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Clinical and Basic Ocular Motor Research CY JUL 03-05, 2004 CL Siena, ITALY SP Amplifon Italy, Biomed Mangoni, Fdn Ist Neurol C Mondina, Monte Paschi Siena, Univ Degli Studi Siena, Case Western Reserve Univ, John Hopkins Univ, Ludwig Maximilian Univ, Univ Degli Studi Pavia, Univ Zurich DE nystagmus; neural integrator; otoliths; cerebellum AB We studied the effects of change of head position in the pitch plane on the ability to hold horizontal eccentric gaze in five patients with cerebellar disorders. All patient showed a change in the time constant of horizontal centripetal drift when the head was pitched forward or back. This result suggests that otolithic inputs can influence the neural integrator for horizontal eye movements and indicates the value of testing horizontal gaze holding in different head positions. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Neurol Serv 127W, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Neurosci Labs, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Wyle Labs, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Leigh, RJ (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Neurol Serv 127W, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, 10701 E Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. EM rjl4@case.edu RI Somers, Jeffrey/N-4168-2014 OI Somers, Jeffrey/0000-0003-3347-6614 FU NEI NIH HHS [EY06717] NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-565-6 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2005 VL 1039 BP 593 EP 596 DI 10.1196/annals.1325.075 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Ophthalmology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology; Ophthalmology GA BCQ54 UT WOS:000230780400075 PM 15827030 ER PT J AU Winget, M Kincaid, H Lin, P Li, L Kelly, S Thornquist, M AF Winget, M Kincaid, H Lin, P Li, L Kelly, S Thornquist, M TI A web-based system for managing and co-ordinating multiple multisite studies SO CLINICAL TRIALS LA English DT Article ID RESEARCH NETWORK; DATA-COLLECTION; CANCER AB Efficient and secure collection and management of information is essential in any modern biomedical study. Data management and coordination of multisite studies is a complex process. It involves development of systems for data collection, data cleaning with quality assurance checks, and specimen tracking, as well as development of procedures for conducting the study, training clinical sites, and communicating with sites to answer study questions and resolve and track data inquiries and resolutions. We developed a secure web-based system that is designed to automate evaluation of eligibility criteria and data collection, track specimens, serve as a resource for study-specific information, facilitate communication across sites in multisite studies, track data queries and resolutions, and allow administrative management of studies. The system combines a common framework across studies that defines the internal structure for all the web pages, with a study-specific one that defines the content of each page via a relational database. This combination creates a flexible and efficient environment enabling several multisite studies to be simultaneously or consecutively implemented and managed in a timely manner. We describe the development process, the system and its evaluation, current status, lessons learned, and future development plans. C1 Cross Canc Inst, Alberta Canc Board, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Winget, M (reprint author), Cross Canc Inst, Alberta Canc Board, 11560 Univ Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada. EM marcy.winget@cancerboard.ab.ca FU NCI NIH HHS [U01 CA86368] NR 10 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU HODDER ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 1740-7745 J9 CLIN TRIALS JI Clin. Trials PY 2005 VL 2 IS 1 BP 42 EP 49 DI 10.1191/1740774505cn62oa PG 8 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 974WQ UT WOS:000232622500007 PM 16279578 ER PT J AU Kojima, J Ikeda, Y Nakajima, T AF Kojima, J Ikeda, Y Nakajima, T TI Basic aspects of OH(A), CH(A), and C-2(d) chemiluminescence in the reaction zone of laminar methane-air premixed flames SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article DE premixed flame; laminar flame; chemiluminescence; combustion diagnostics ID EQUIVALENCE RATIO; PRESSURE; COMBUSTORS; SENSORS; MIXTURE; ENGINE AB Detailed spatial intensity profiles of OH(A), CH(A), and C-2(d) chemiluminescence in the reaction zone were revealed in "two-dimensional" laminar premixed flames (phi = 0.85-1.5) using spatially resolved emission measurements with a resolution-enhanced Cassegrain-type optical probe. A numerical simulation of one-dimensional laminar premixed flames using the PREMIX code, with GRI-Mech 3.0 incorporating with reaction and quenching kinetics for OH(A), CH(A), and C-2(d), was compared with the experimental result. The measured and simulated profiles showed reasonable agreement in shape, peak location, emission zone thickness, and peak-intensity variation in fuel-lean and stoichiometric flames. We found disagreement between the experimental and numerical results under fuel-rich conditions, which likely resulted from incomplete C-2(d) chemistry used in the present study. Stoichiometry dependence of chemiluminescence peak-intensity ratio, OH(A)/CH(A), observed experimentally was clearly supported by the simulated result. (C) 2004 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. Kobe Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. RP Kojima, J (reprint author), 22800 Cedar Point Rd, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. EM jun.kojima@grc.nasa.gov NR 31 TC 74 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD JAN PY 2005 VL 140 IS 1-2 BP 34 EP 45 DI 10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.10.002 PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 893KC UT WOS:000226716700003 ER PT S AU Mattmann, CA Medvidovic, N Ramirez, PM Jakobac, V AF Mattmann, CA Medvidovic, N Ramirez, PM Jakobac, V BE Heineman, GT Crnkovic, I Schmidt, HW Szyperski, C Stafford, JA Wallnau, K TI Unlocking the grid SO COMPONENT-BASED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Component-Based Softwave Engineering CY MAY 14-15, 2005 CL St Louis, MO AB The grid has emerged as a novel paradigm that supports seamless cooperation of distributed, heterogeneous computing resources in addressing highly complex computing and data management tasks. A number of software technologies have emerged to enable "grid computing". However, their exact nature, underlying principles, requirements, and architecture are still not fully understood and remain under-specified. In this paper, we present the results of a study whose goal was to try to identify the key underlying requirements and shared architectural traits of grid technologies. We then used these requirements and architecture in assessing five existing, representative grid technologies. Our studies show a fair amount of deviation by the individual technologies from the widely cited baseline grid architecture. Our studies also suggest a core set of critical requirements that must be satisfied by grid technologies, and highlight a key distinction between "computational" and "data" grids in terms of the identified requirements. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 171-264, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM chris.mattmann@jpl.nasa.gov; neno@usc.edu; paul.ramirez@jpl.nasa.gov; jakobac@usc.edu NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-25877-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3489 BP 322 EP 336 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BCL06 UT WOS:000229801100022 ER PT J AU Rupnowski, P Gentz, A Sutter, JK Kumosa, M AF Rupnowski, P Gentz, A Sutter, JK Kumosa, M TI An evaluation of the elastic properties and thermal expansion coefficients of medium and high modulus graphite fibers SO COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE thermal properties; elasticity; high modulus graphite fibers ID RAY-DIFFRACTION MEASUREMENTS; IOSIPESCU SHEAR TESTS; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURES; FIBER/POLYIMIDE COMPOSITES; +/-45-DEGREES TENSILE; PIEZOELECTRIC METHOD; ALUMINUM INCLUSIONS; BENDING LOADS; STRESSES; ROOM AB In this work, the elastic properties and coefficients of thermal expansion of T650-35, M40J and M60J graphite fibers were determined from the macroscopic properties of either unidirectional and/or woven composites of these fibers embedded in polyimide resins. The T650-35 fibers were embedded in a PMR-15 matrix, whereas the M40J and M60J fibers were embedded in a PMR-II-50 polyimide. The three-component oscillator resonance method was employed to determine the elastic properties of the unidirectional and woven composites and their neat resins. The macroscopic coefficients of thermal expansion of the composites and the neat resins were measured by length dilatometry. Subsequently, the fiber properties were calculated from the unidirectional composite macro-data using the Eshelby/Mori-Tanaka approach. For the woven composites, a finite element approach based on the concept of a representative volume element was employed to determine the elastic and thermal properties of the fibers. In the case of the T650-35 fibers, both the longitudinal and transverse elastic and thermal properties of the fibers determined from the unidirectional and woven composites agreed very well with each other. However, for the M40J fibers, noticeable differences were observed between the fiber properties determined from the unidirectional and woven system, which was attributed to the lack of transverse isotropy of the unidirectional system. Since the properties of the M60J fibers were evaluated only from the woven system no direct comparison could be made between the properties obtained from the unidirectional and woven composite architectures. Overall, the methodology was shown to be highly applicable for the accurate determination of fiber properties from both unidirectional and woven systems. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Denver, Ctr Adv Mat & Struct, Dept Engn, Denver, CO 80208 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Kumosa, M (reprint author), Univ Denver, Ctr Adv Mat & Struct, Dept Engn, 2390 S York St, Denver, CO 80208 USA. EM mkumosa@du.edu RI Rupnowski, Przemyslaw/B-3520-2008; OI Rupnowski, Przemyslaw/0000-0003-0040-418X NR 36 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-835X J9 COMPOS PART A-APPL S JI Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. PY 2005 VL 36 IS 3 BP 327 EP 338 DI 10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.07.003 PG 12 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 899CZ UT WOS:000227123800002 ER PT J AU Chamis, CC Abumeri, GH AF Chamis, CC Abumeri, GH TI Probabilistic dynamic buckling of composite shell structures SO COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE computational modeling; buckling; finite element analysis; composite mechanics AB A computationally effective method is described to evaluate the probabilistic dynamic buckling of thin composite shells. The method is a judicious combination of available computer codes for finite element, composite mechanics and probabilistic structural analysis. The solution method is an incrementally updated Lagrangian. It is illustrated by applying it to a thin composite cylindrical shell subjected to dynamic loads. Both deterministic and probabilistic buckling loads are evaluated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. A universal plot is obtained for the specific shell that can be used to approximate buckling loads for different loading rates and different probability levels. Results from this plot show that the faster the rate, the higher the buckling load and the shorter the time. The lower the probability, the lower the buckling load for a specific time. Probabilistic sensitivity results show that the ply thickness, the fiber volume ratio, the fiber longitudinal modulus, dynamic load and loading rate are the dominant uncertainties in that order. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Chamis, CC (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM christos.c.chamis@grc.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-835X J9 COMPOS PART A-APPL S JI Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. PY 2005 VL 36 IS 10 BP 1368 EP 1380 DI 10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.11.018 PG 13 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 968YH UT WOS:000232199000007 ER PT S AU Stewart, M AF Stewart, M BE Sunderam, VS VanAlbada, GD Sloot, PMA Dongarra, JJ TI Advancing scientific computation by improving scientific code development: Symbolic execution and semantic analysis SO COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE - ICCS 2005, PT 1, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS 2005) CY MAY 22-25, 2005 CL Atlanta, GA SP Intel Corp, IBM Corp, Microsoft Res, SGI Silicon Graph, Emory Univ, Dpet Math & Comp Sci, Emory Univ, Inst Comparat & Int Studies, Emory Univ, Emory Coll, Emory Univ, Off Provost, Emory Univ, Grad Sch Arts & Sci, Springer AB This paper presents an implementation of a technique for automated, rigorous scientific program comprehension and error detection. The procedure analyzes fundamental semantic concepts during a symbolic execution of a user's code. Since program execution is symbolic, the analysis is general and can replace many test cases. The prototype of this procedure is demonstrated on two test cases including a 5k line of code (LOC) program. Although this technique promises a powerful tool, several challenges remain. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Brookpark, OH 44135 USA. RP Stewart, M (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Brookpark, OH 44135 USA. EM Mark.E.Stewart@grc.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-26032-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3514 BP 1043 EP 1050 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BCO47 UT WOS:000230414400130 ER PT S AU Kincaid, RK Alexandrov, N AF Kincaid, RK Alexandrov, N BE Sunderam, VS VanAlbada, GD Sloot, PMA Dongarra, JJ TI Scale-free networks: A discrete event simulation approach SO COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE - ICCS 2005, PT 1, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS 2005) CY MAY 22-25, 2005 CL Atlanta, GA SP Intel Corp, IBM Corp, Microsoft Res, SGI Silicon Graph, Emory Univ, Dpet Math & Comp Sci, Emory Univ, Inst Comparat & Int Studies, Emory Univ, Emory Coll, Emory Univ, Off Provost, Emory Univ, Grad Sch Arts & Sci, Springer ID COMPLEX NETWORKS AB This work is motivated by the need to reconsider the methods for the analysis and design of air transportation networks in order to meet increasing demands in the face of the current hub-and-spoke network near-saturation. In the late 1990s a number of researchers noticed that networks in biology, sociology, and telecommunications exhibited similar characteristics unlike traditional random networks. Three properties-small-world, power law, and constant clustering coefficient-describe what are now most commonly referred to as scale-free networks. How do scale-free networks form? It is well documented that a network generated by adding nodes and edges preferentially will be scale-free. Are there other mechanisms? Why do networks organize themselves in this way? What causes a scale-free network to degrade? The focus of our research is to understand what drives a collection of nodes to organize as a scale-free network. Furthermore, once a network is scale-free what disrupts this apparently natural structure. To answer these questions we build a discrete-event simulation, nominally of an air transport system. The simulation is written in C. C1 Coll William & Mary, Dept Math, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Kincaid, RK (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Math, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. EM rrkinc@math.wm.edu; n.alexandrov@nasa.gov NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-26032-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3514 BP 1051 EP 1058 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BCO47 UT WOS:000230414400131 ER PT J AU Rehnmark, F Bluethmann, W Mehling, J Ambrose, RO Diftler, M Chu, M Necessary, R AF Rehnmark, F Bluethmann, W Mehling, J Ambrose, RO Diftler, M Chu, M Necessary, R TI Robonaut: The 'short list' of technology hurdles SO COMPUTER LA English DT Article AB T he International Space Station highlights NASA's reliance on extravehicular activity spacewalks to configure external equipment, connect services, and perform maintenance. Conventional EVA operations are planned for two astronauts working an eight-hour day. The recent emergence of highly dexterous space robots could help conserve EVA hours by relieving humans of many routine inspection and maintenance chores and assisting them in more complex tasks. As astronaut surrogates, the robots could take risks unacceptable to humans, respond more quickly to EVA emergencies, and work around the clock on renewable power. NASA plans to someday deploy EVA teams that combine the information-gathering and problem-solving skills of human astronauts with the survivability and physical capabilities of diverse robot archetypes. C1 Lockheed Martin Space Operat, Houston, TX USA. NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Robot Syst Technol Branch, Automat Robot & Simulat Div, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Metr Inc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Rehnmark, F (reprint author), Lockheed Martin Space Operat, Houston, TX USA. EM fredrik.rehnmark@lmco.com; bluetbmann@jsc.nasa.gov; josbua.s.mehling@nasa.gov; robert.ambrose@jsc.nasa.gov; myron.a.diftler@nasa.gov; mars.w.chu1@sc.nasa.gov; ryan.b.necessary1@jsc.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 0018-9162 J9 COMPUTER JI Computer PD JAN PY 2005 VL 38 IS 1 BP 28 EP + DI 10.1109/MC.2005.32 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 885YR UT WOS:000226193800013 ER PT S AU Pasareanu, CS Pelanek, R Visser, W AF Pasareanu, CS Pelanek, R Visser, W BE Etessami, K Rajamani, SK TI Concrete model checking with abstract matching and refinement SO COMPUTER AIDED VERIFICATION< PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification CY JUL 06-10, 2005 CL Edinburgh, SCOTLAND SP IBM, Microsoft, Weizmann Inst, John VonNeumann Minerva Ctr Verificat React Syst, Jasper Design Automat, Synopsys, Cadence Design Syst AB We propose an abstraction-based model checking method which relies on refinement of an under-approximation of the feasible behaviors of the system under analysis. The method preserves errors to safety properties, since all analyzed behaviors are feasible by definition. The method does not require an abstract transition relation to be generated, but instead executes the concrete transitions while storing abstract versions of the concrete states, as specified by a set of abstraction predicates. For each explored transition the method checks, with the help of a theorem prover, whether there is any loss of precision introduced by abstraction. The results of these checks are used to decide termination or to refine the abstraction by generating new abstraction predicates. If the (possibly infinite) concrete system under analysis has a finite bisimulation quotient, then the method is guaranteed to eventually explore an equivalent finite bisimilar structure. We illustrate the application of the approach for checking concurrent programs. We also show how a lightweight variant can be used for efficient software testing. C1 NASA Ames, Kestrel Technol QSS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Masaryk Univ, Brno, Czech Republic. NASA Ames, USRA, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Pasareanu, CS (reprint author), NASA Ames, Kestrel Technol QSS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Pelanek, Radek/J-3231-2013 NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-27231-3 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3576 BP 52 EP 66 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BCQ47 UT WOS:000230755800007 ER PT J AU Johnson, AR Chen, TK AF Johnson, AR Chen, TK TI Approximating thermo-viscoelastic heating of largely strained solid rubber components SO COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Conference on Mathematics of Finite Elements and Applications (MAFELAP 2003) CY JUN 21-24, 2003 CL Brunel Univ, Uxbridge, ENGLAND HO Brunel Univ DE viscoelasticity; hysteretic heating; thermo-mechanical heating ID VISCOELASTICITY PROBLEMS; VOLTERRA-EQUATIONS AB Mechanically induced viscoelastic dissipation is difficult to compute when the constitutive model is defined by history integrals. The computation of the viscous energy dissipated is in the form of a double convolution integral. In this study, we present a method to approximate the dissipation for constitutive models in history integral form that represent Maxwell-like materials. The dissipation is obtained without directly computing the double convolution integral. The approximation requires that the total stress can be separated into elastic and viscous components, and that the relaxation form of the constitutive law is defined with a Prony series. A numerical approach often taken to approximate a history integral involves interpolating the history integral's kernel across a time step. Integration then yields finite difference equations for the evolution of the viscous stresses in time. In the case when the material is modeled with a Prony series, the form of these finite difference equations is similar to the form of the finite difference equations for a Maxwell solid. Since the dissipation rate in a Maxwell solid can be easily computed from knowledge of its viscous stress and the Prony series constants (spring-dashpot constants), we computationally investigated employing a Maxwell solid's dissipation function to couple thermal and large strain history integral based finite element models of solid rubber components. Numerical data is provided to support this analogy and to help understand its limitations. A rubber cylinder with an imbedded steel disk is dynamically loaded, and the non-uniform heating within the cylinder is computed. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Army Res Lab, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Army Res Lab, MS 240, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM arthur.rjohnson@nasa.gov NR 12 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0045-7825 EI 1879-2138 J9 COMPUT METHOD APPL M JI Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. PY 2005 VL 194 IS 2-5 SI SI BP 313 EP 325 DI 10.1016/j.cma.2004.03.014 PG 13 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 881UA UT WOS:000225893700012 ER PT J AU Tessler, A Spangler, JL AF Tessler, A Spangler, JL TI A least-squares variational method for full-field reconstruction of elastic deformations in shear-deformable plates and shells SO COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Conference on Mathematics of Finite Elements and Applications (MAFELAP 2003) CY JUN 21-24, 2003 CL Brunel Univ, Uxbridge, ENGLAND HO Brunel Univ DE inverse problem; least-squares functional; shear-deformation theory; variational principle; plates and shells; structural health monitoring; finite element method ID ERROR ESTIMATION; ELEMENT AB A variational principle is formulated for the inverse problem of full-field reconstruction of three-dimensional plate/shell deformations from experimentally measured surface strains. The formulation is based upon the minimization of a least-squares functional that uses the complete set of strain measures consistent with linear, first-order shear-deformation theory. The formulation, which accommodates for transverse shear-deformation, is applicable for the analysis of thin and moderately thick plate and shell structures. The main benefit of the variational principle is that it is well-suited for C-0-continuous displacement finite element discretizations, thus enabling the development of robust algorithms for application to complex civil and aeronautical structures. The methodology is especially aimed at the next generation of aerospace vehicles for use in real-time structural health monitoring systems. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Lockheed Martin Aeronaut Co, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Tessler, A (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 240, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM alexander.tessler-1@nasa.gov RI Tessler, Alexander/A-4729-2009 NR 20 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0045-7825 EI 1879-2138 J9 COMPUT METHOD APPL M JI Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. PY 2005 VL 194 IS 2-5 SI SI BP 327 EP 339 DI 10.1016/j.cma.2004.03.015 PG 13 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 881UA UT WOS:000225893700013 ER PT J AU Diethelm, K Ford, NJ Freed, AD Luchko, Y AF Diethelm, K Ford, NJ Freed, AD Luchko, Y TI Algorithms for the fractional calculus: A selection of numerical methods SO COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Riemann-Liouville integrals; Caputo derivatives; Caputo differential equations; Mittag-Leffler function ID FINITE-PART INTEGRALS; DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; QUADRATURE-FORMULAS; DISSIPATION AB Many recently developed models in areas like viscoelasticity. electrochemistry. diffusion processes. etc are formulated in terms of derivatives (and integrals) of fractional (non-integer) order. In this paper we present a collection of numerical algorithms for the solution of the various problems arising in this context. We believe that this will give the engineer the necessary tools required to work with fractional models in an efficient way. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Polymers Branch, Div Mat, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Angew Math, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany. Chester Coll Higher Educ, Dept Math, Chester CH1 4BJ, Cheshire, England. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Biomed Engn, Lerner Res Inst, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. European Univ Frankfurt, Dept Business Informat, D-15207 Frankfurt, Germany. RP Freed, AD (reprint author), NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Polymers Branch, Div Mat, MS 49-3,21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM k.diethelm@tu-bs.de; njford@chester.ac.uk; alan.d.freed@nasa.gov; loutchko@euv-frankfurt-o.de OI Freed, Alan/0000-0002-3492-0628 NR 55 TC 250 Z9 265 U1 6 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0045-7825 J9 COMPUT METHOD APPL M JI Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. PY 2005 VL 194 IS 6-8 BP 743 EP 773 DI 10.1016/j.cma.2004.06.006 PG 31 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 882AZ UT WOS:000225912100004 ER PT J AU Das, M Barut, A Madenci, E Ambur, DR AF Das, M Barut, A Madenci, E Ambur, DR TI Complete stress field in sandwich panels with a new triangular finite element of single-layer theory SO COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE sandwich construction; single-layer theory; finite element; hybrid formulation ID HIGHER-ORDER; LAMINATED COMPOSITE; NONLINEAR ANALYSES; VIBRATION ANALYSIS; HYBRID-STRESS; PLATE-THEORY; FORMULATION AB An alternative to conventional three-dimensional solid elements or elements based on the layerwise (zig-zag) theory is an element based on a single-layer plate theory in which the weighted-average field variables capture the panel displacement and stress fields. This study presents a new triangular finite element for modeling thick sandwich panels based on a {3,2}-order single-layer plate theory. It utilizes seven weighted-average field variables arising from the cubic and quadratic representations of the in-plane and transverse displacement fields, respectively. In order to satisfy the C-1 interelement continuity requirement, this triangular sandwich element is developed by utilizing the hybrid energy functional. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mech & Durabil Branch, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Madenci, E (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM mdas@email.arizona.edu; atila@u.arizona.edu; madenci@arizona.edu; d.r.ambur@larc.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0045-7825 J9 COMPUT METHOD APPL M JI Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. PY 2005 VL 194 IS 27-29 BP 2969 EP 3005 DI 10.1016/j.cma.2004.07.033 PG 37 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 930FU UT WOS:000229402000004 ER PT J AU Patnaik, SN Guptill, JD Hopkins, DA AF Patnaik, SN Guptill, JD Hopkins, DA TI Subproblem optimization with regression and neural network approximators SO COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION; OPTIMAL-DESIGN; SYSTEMS AB Design optimization of large systems can be attempted through a subproblem strategy. In this strategy the original problem is divided into a number of smaller problems that are clustered together to obtain a sequence of subproblems. Solution to the large problem is attempted iteratively through repeated solutions to the modest subproblems. This strategy is applicable to structures and to multidisciplinary systems. For structures, clustering the substructures generates the sequence of subproblems. For a multidisciplinary system, individual disciplines, accounting for coupling, can be considered as subproblems. A subproblem, if required, can be further broken down to accommodate subdisciplines. The subproblem strategy is being implemented into the NASA design optimization test bed, referred to as "Comet-Boards". Neural network and regression approximators; are employed for reanalysis and sensitivity analysis calculations at the subproblem level. The strategy has been implemented in sequential as well as parallel computational environments. This strategy, which attempts to alleviate algorithmic and reanalysis deficiencies, has the potential to become a powerful design tool. However, several issues have to be addressed before its full potential can be harnessed. This paper illustrates the strategy and addresses some issues. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B,V. C1 Ohio Aerosp Inst, Brookpark, OH 44142 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Patnaik, SN (reprint author), Ohio Aerosp Inst, Brookpark, OH 44142 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0045-7825 J9 COMPUT METHOD APPL M JI Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. PY 2005 VL 194 IS 30-33 BP 3359 EP 3373 DI 10.1016/j.cma.2004.12.022 PG 15 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 938PH UT WOS:000230014800008 ER PT J AU Feather, MS Cornford, SL Hicks, KA Johnson, KR AF Feather, MS Cornford, SL Hicks, KA Johnson, KR TI Applications of tool support for risk-informed requirements reasoning SO COMPUTER SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE reqirements reasoning; tool support AB Estimating the resources that will be needed to fulfill requirements is an important step. It guides the decision as to whether or not to proceed with development, the selection of which requirements Should he sought in that development, and the planning for the development to follow. This paper reports on experience using a tool-supported process for Such requirements-time feasibility and resource estimation. This experience has been gathered at NASA and JPL during early-lifecycle planning for space missions. The process has proven successful at identifying problematic requirements (those which will he the most difficult to satisfy), at optimizing the allocation of resources so as to maximize requirements satisfaction, at identifying areas where future research should be focused, and at Supporting tradeoff analyses among major alternatives. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Feather, Martin/A-1293-2007 NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU C R L PUBLISHING LTD PI LEICESTER PA 5 WEIR RD, KIBWORTH BEAUCHAMP, LEICESTER LE8 0LQ, ENGLAND SN 0267-6192 J9 COMPUT SYST SCI ENG JI Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 20 IS 1 BP 5 EP 17 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 895BQ UT WOS:000226836300002 ER PT J AU Kassemi, M Deserranno, D Oas, JG AF Kassemi, M Deserranno, D Oas, JG TI Fluid-structural interactions in the inner ear SO COMPUTERS & STRUCTURES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd MIT Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics CY JUN 17-20, 2003 CL MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA SP GM, HP, Compaq, Daimler Chrysler, Hyundai, Ford, MSC Software, Sgi, ESI Grp, Boeing, CINI, Texas Instruments, Fluent Inc, CFX, CFD Soc Canada, SIAM, Michelin, IACMAG, Adinan, Mecalog, Star CD, ALCAN, ANSYS Inc HO MIT DE caloric test; CFD; fluid structural interaction; inner ear; vestibular system ID FINITE-ELEMENT-ANALYSIS AB This paper presents a finite element fluid-structural interaction model for the lateral semicircular canal system of the inner ear. The endolymph is modeled as a slightly compressible Newtonian fluid and the cupula partition is represented by a linearly elastic solid. The fluid-structural interaction problem is treated rigorously with a strong coupling between the fluid flow and the structural displacements. The time evolution of the endolymphatic velocity and pressure fields and cupular displacement and stress fields are closely examined to reveal the intricate dynamics that takes place in the vestibular system during the caloric irrigation test. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Micrograv Res, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Otolaryngol, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. RP Kassemi, M (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Micrograv Res, MS 110-1,2100 Brook Pk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM mohammad.kassemi@grc.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 10 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-7949 J9 COMPUT STRUCT JI Comput. Struct. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 83 IS 2-3 BP 181 EP 189 DI 10.1016/j.compstruc.2004.08.001 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Civil SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 889HH UT WOS:000226433600008 ER PT J AU Oliker, L Canning, A Carter, J Shalf, J Skinner, D Ethier, S Biswas, R Djomehri, J Van der Wijngaart, R AF Oliker, L Canning, A Carter, J Shalf, J Skinner, D Ethier, S Biswas, R Djomehri, J Van der Wijngaart, R TI Performance evaluation of the SX-6 vector architecture for scientific computations SO CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE LA English DT Article DE microbenchmarks; NAS Parallel Benchmarks; scientific applications; vectorization; superscalar performance AB The growing gap between sustained and peak performance for scientific applications is a well-known problem in high-performance computing. The recent development of parallel vector systems offers the potential to reduce this gap for many computational science codes and deliver a substantial increase in computing capabilities. This paper examines the intranode performance of the NEC SX-6 vector processor, and compares it against the cache-based IBM Power3 and Power4 superscalar architectures, across a number of key scientific computing areas. First, we present the performance of a microbenchmark suite that examines many low-level machine characteristics. Next, we study the behavior of the NAS Parallel Benchmarks. Finally, we evaluate the performance of several scientific computing codes. Overall results demonstrate that the SX-6 achieves high performance on a large fraction of our application suite and often significantly outperforms the cache-based architectures. However, certain classes of applications are not easily amenable to vectorization and would require extensive algorithm and implementation reengineering to utilize the SX-6 effectively. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NAS Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, CRD, NERSC, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08453 USA. RP Biswas, R (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NAS Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM rbiswas@nas.nasa.gov NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1532-0626 J9 CONCURR COMP-PRACT E JI Concurr. Comput.-Pract. Exp. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 17 IS 1 BP 69 EP 93 DI 10.1002/cpe.884 PG 25 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 883TG UT WOS:000226038000004 ER PT S AU Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Rouff, CA AF Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Rouff, CA BE Dahlberg, T Oliver, R Sen, A Xue, G TI Towards an automated development methodology for dependable systems with application to sensor networks SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL PERFORMANCE, COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE SE IEEE International Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th IEEE International Performance, Computing and Communications Conference CY APR 07-09, 2005 CL Phoenix, AZ SP IEEE DE validation; verification; formal methods; automatic code generation; sensor networks ID FORMAL METHODS; MYTHS AB A general-purpose method to mechanically transform system requirements into a provably equivalent model has yet to appear. Such a method represents a necessary step toward high-dependability system engineering for numerous possible application domains, including sensor networks and autonomous systems. Currently available tools and methods that start with a formal model of a system and mechanically produce a provably equivalent implementation are valuable but not sufficient. The "gap" unfilled by such tools and methods is that their formal models cannot be proven to be equivalent to the system requirements as originated by the customer For the classes of systems whose behavior can be described as a finite (but significant) set of scenarios, we offer a method for mechanically transforming requirements (expressed in restricted natural language, or in other appropriate graphical notations) into a provably equivalent formal model that can be used as the basis for code generation and other transformations. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM michael.g.hinchey@nasa.gov; james.l.rash@nasa.gov; rouffc@saic.com NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1097-2641 BN 0-7803-8991-3 J9 IEEE IPCCC PY 2005 BP 445 EP 451 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BCE84 UT WOS:000228951600057 ER PT S AU Bailey, SG Wilt, DM Castro, SL Cress, CD Raffaelle, RP AF Bailey, SG Wilt, DM Castro, SL Cress, CD Raffaelle, RP GP IEEE TI Photovoltaic development for alpha voltaic batteries SO Conference Record of the Thirty-First IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 2005 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY JAN 03-07, 2005 CL Lake Buena Vista, FL SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE AB An alpha voltaic battery utilizes a radioactive substance, which emits energetic alpha particles, that is coupled to a semiconductor p/n junction diode. Alpha voltaics have not been technologically successful to date primarily because the alpha particles damage the semiconductor material, thus degrading the electrical output of the solar cell in just a matter of hours. The key to future development resides in the ability to limit this degradation. Several approaches to solving this problem have been investigated. One approach uses photovoltaic devices which have good radiation tolerance such as InGaP. Another involves the use of non-conventional cell designs, such as a lateral junction n-type/intrinsic/p-type/intrinsic cell, which minimizes the effect of radiation damage on the overall cell performance. A third approach uses an intermediate absorber which converts the alpha energy into light which can be converted by the photovoltaic junction. The intermediate absorbers used in this approach are inherently radiation-hard semiconducting quantum dots. The synthesis of both the quantum dots and the InGaP devices are presented. A summary of the various approaches and resulting performance of the alpha voltaic devices is given. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Bailey, SG (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RI Cress, Cory/A-8673-2009; OI Cress, Cory/0000-0001-7563-6693 NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-8707-4 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 2005 BP 106 EP 109 DI 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488080 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Physics GA BCM81 UT WOS:000230047400024 ER PT S AU McNaft, JS Dickman, JE Hepp, AF Kelly, CV Jin, MHC Banger, KK AF McNaft, JS Dickman, JE Hepp, AF Kelly, CV Jin, MHC Banger, KK GP IEEE TI Characterization of deposition parameters in aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition of CuInS2 from a single-source precursor SO Conference Record of the Thirty-First IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 2005 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY JAN 03-07, 2005 CL Lake Buena Vista, FL SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE ID THIN-FILM AB Alloys of Cu(In:Ga)(S:Se)(2) have shown high potential as thin film photovoltaic absorbers due to their high absorption coefficients, near ideal band gaps, and good electrical properties. Efforts have been lead to create easily decomposing organometallic single-source precursors (SSP) to produce films at temperatures below 400 degrees C [1]. Along with that, the SSP (PPh3)(2)CU(SEt)(2)In(SEt)(2) has been shown [2] to deposit CulnS(2) films with good optical, morphological, and electrical properties via aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD). Presented here are studies aimed to understand how certain deposition parameters can be used to optimize the AACVD process. Parameters included in this study are temperature of the deposition zone, substrate location within the reactor, and concentration of the SSP in solution. Deposition control has produced films with four distinct morphologies, varying in density, adhesion, smoothness, and color. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP McNaft, JS (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-8707-4 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 2005 BP 375 EP 377 DI 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488147 PG 3 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Physics GA BCM81 UT WOS:000230047400090 ER PT S AU Wilt, DM Pal, AT Prokop, NF Ringel, SA Andre, CL Smith, MA Scheiman, DA Jenkins, PP Maurer, WF McElroy, B Fitzgerald, EA AF Wilt, DM Pal, AT Prokop, NF Ringel, SA Andre, CL Smith, MA Scheiman, DA Jenkins, PP Maurer, WF McElroy, B Fitzgerald, EA GP IEEE TI Thermal cycle testing of GaAs on Si and metamorphic tandem on Si solar cells SO Conference Record of the Thirty-First IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 2005 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY JAN 03-07, 2005 CL Lake Buena Vista, FL SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE ID LAYERS AB GaAs on Si (GaAs/Si) solar cells grown on Si substrates coated with a step graded buffer of SixGe1-x. alloys graded to 100% Ge have demonstrated AMO efficiencies in excess of 17%. Recently, 4 cm(2) devices were developed in preparation for on-orbit testing aboard Materials International Space Station Experiment number 5 (MISSE5). In preparation for flight, thermal cycling life testing and thermal shock testing have been conducted to examine the stability of these thermal coefficient of expansion mismatched structures. Six thousand (6000) thermal cycles, equivalent to one year in LEO, from -80 degrees C to +80 degrees C have been completed with no discernable degradation in the electrical performance. The use of metamorphic III-V materials, of larger lattice parameter, has demonstrated the ability to dramatically reduce the micro crack density, presumably through strain balancing. Recently, the first demonstration of metamorphic tandem devices (1.6eV InGaP / 1.1eV InGaAs) on Si substrates was accomplished. The devices appeared micro crack free as determined by Nomarski optical microscopic examination and electroluminescence image analysis. Thermal shock testing of GaAs/Si devices showed micro crack formation and device electrical degradation. Thermal cycle testing of metamorphic structures (InGaP/InGaAs/Si) demonstrated a general lack of micro crack formation and improved thermal stability compared to GaAs/Si control devices. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Wilt, DM (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-8707-4 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 2005 BP 571 EP 574 DI 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488195 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Physics GA BCM81 UT WOS:000230047400138 ER PT S AU Stella, PM Ewell, RC Hoskin, JJ AF Stella, PM Ewell, RC Hoskin, JJ GP IEEE TI Design and performance of the MER (Mars Exploration Rovers) solar arrays SO Conference Record of the Thirty-First IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 2005 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY JAN 03-07, 2005 CL Lake Buena Vista, FL SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE AB The Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) program posed a significant engineering and technology challenge. Now that the Rovers have operated beyond their original design life of three months by nearly a factor of four it is clear that the challenge was met and far exceeded. A key to the success of MER has been the enhanced power provided by the cruise and Rover solar arrays. Benefiting from a nearly 50% improvement in cell efficiency compared to the single junction GaAs cells used on Pathfinder, the MER designs were subject to many constraints both in design and in operation. These constraints included limited available panel area, changing illumination levels and temperatures, and variable shadowing, atmospheric conditions and dust accumulation for the rovers. This paper will discuss those constraints and their impact on the design. In addition, flight data will be provided to assess the performance achieved during the mission. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stella, PM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-8707-4 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 2005 BP 626 EP 630 DI 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488209 PG 5 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Physics GA BCM81 UT WOS:000230047400152 ER PT S AU Pal, AT Wilt, DM Clark, EB Smith, MA McElroy, BD AF Pal, AT Wilt, DM Clark, EB Smith, MA McElroy, BD GP IEEE TI Lattice mismatched dual junction tandem cells SO Conference Record of the Thirty-First IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 2005 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY JAN 03-07, 2005 CL Lake Buena Vista, FL SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE AB High performance solar cells with capabilities covering a broad range of mission parameters are of great interest to the space photovoltaic community. Current areas of interest include improving efficiency of multi-junction cells by adjusting bandgaps to more optimum values, adding junctions to existing structures and investigating the effects of various substrate materials. The goal is to merge the highest efficiency, multijunction solar cell with a low cost, lightweight substrate. This paper focuses on developing a multijunction solar cell with optimum bandgaps by relaxing the constraint for lattice matching between the substrate and the epitaxial cell structure. A III-V lattice mismatched dual junction solar cell composed of a 1.6eV InGaP top. cell and a 1.1eV InGaAs bottom cell has been grown with an Air Mass Zero (AMO) efficiency of 16.4% without an antireflective coating (ARC). An AMO efficiency of 23% is anticipated when a dual layer antireflective coating is applied. Both sub-cells are lattice matched to each other but mismatched to the GaAs substrate. Accommodation of the lattice strain was accomplished via an InGaAs buffer structure. Extension of the lattice mismatched approach to three junction devices holds the promise to demonstrate AMO efficiencies in excess of 30%. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Pal, AT (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 302-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-8707-4 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 2005 BP 728 EP 730 DI 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488235 PG 3 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Physics GA BCM81 UT WOS:000230047400178 ER PT S AU Lyons, J Fatemi, N Garnica, R Sharma, S Cao, CD Senft, D Mayberry, C AF Lyons, J Fatemi, N Garnica, R Sharma, S Cao, CD Senft, D Mayberry, C GP IEEE TI Design and development of the space technology 5 (ST5) solar arrays SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE THIRTY-FIRST IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE - 2005 SE IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY JAN 03-07, 2005 CL Lake Buena Vista, FL SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE AB The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Space Technology 5 (ST5) is designed to flight-test the concept of miniaturized "small size" satellites and innovative technologies in Earth's magnetosphere. Three satellites will map the intensity and direction of the magnetic fields within the inner magnetosphere [1]. Due to the small area available for the solar arrays, and to meet the mission power requirements, very high-efficiency multifunction solar cells were selected to power the spacecraft built by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). This was done in partnership with the Air Force Research Lab (AFRL) through the Dual-Use Science and Technology (DUS&T) program. Em core's InGaP/InGaAs/Ge Advanced triple-junction (ATJ) solar cells, exhibiting an average air mass zero (AM0) efficiency of 28.0% (one-sun, 28 degrees C), were used to populate the arrays [2]. Each spacecraft employs 8 identical solar panels (total area of about 0.3 m(2)), with 15 large-area solar cells per panel. The requirement for power is to support on-orbit average load of 13.5 W at 8.4 V, with 5% off pointing. The details of the solar array design, development and qualification considerations, as well as ground electrical performance & shadowing analysis results are presented. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-8707-4 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 2005 BP 802 EP 805 DI 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488254 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Physics GA BCM81 UT WOS:000230047400197 ER PT S AU Piszczor, MF Spence, BR Douglas, MV White, SF AF Piszczor, MF Spence, BR Douglas, MV White, SF GP IEEE TI Evaluation and testing of flexible thin-film photovoltaic (FTFPV) technology based on the ultraflex solar array design SO Conference Record of the Thirty-First IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 2005 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY JAN 03-07, 2005 CL Lake Buena Vista, FL SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE AB ABLE Engineering's UltraFlex solar array platform, optimized specifically for integration of flexible thin-film photovoltaic (FTFPV) technology, represents a near-term, low-risk approach to demonstrating outstanding specific power performance by taking advantage of the inherent FTFPV attributes. ABLE has recently completed a NASA Phase 2 SBIR program to mature and validate FTFPV blanket subassemblies as the electrical subsystem element within this unique structural platform. An overview of the program is presented, including: design, development, analysis, build/test and system level integration of both alpha-Si and CIGS FTFPV within an optimized UltraFlex solar array system. Subsystem and array system level test results are discussed, along with follow-on technology development and flight experiment plans. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Piszczor, MF (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-8707-4 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 2005 BP 814 EP 817 DI 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488257 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Physics GA BCM81 UT WOS:000230047400200 ER PT S AU Landis, GA AF Landis, GA GP IEEE TI Exploring mars with solar-powered rovers SO Conference Record of the Thirty-First IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 2005 SE IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference CY JAN 03-07, 2005 CL Lake Buena Vista, FL SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE ID MARTIAN SURFACE; RADIATION AB The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) project landed two solar-powered rovers, "Spirit" and "Opportunity," on the surface of Mars in January of 2003. This talk reviews the history of solar-powered missions to Mars and looks at the science mission of the MER rovers, focusing on the solar energy and array performance. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Landis, GA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,M-S 302-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0160-8371 BN 0-7803-8707-4 J9 IEEE PHOT SPEC CONF PY 2005 BP 858 EP 861 DI 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488268 PG 4 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Physics GA BCM81 UT WOS:000230047400211 ER PT S AU Lakhina, GS Alex, S Tsurutani, BT Gonzalez, WD AF Lakhina, GS Alex, S Tsurutani, BT Gonzalez, WD BE Dere, K Wang, J Yan, Y TI Research on historical records of geomagnetic storms SO CORONAL AND STELLAR MASS EJECTIONS SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 226th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY SEP 13-17, 2004 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Int Astron Union, Div II, Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observat, Local Org Comm, Int Astron Union, Minist Sci & Technol, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Natl Sci Fdn, NASA, SOHO Project, SOHO/LASCO Project DE Sun : solar-terrestrial relations ID SOLAR-WIND; MAGNETIC STORMS; RING CURRENT; VISCOUS INTERACTION; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; MAGNETOSPHERE; CLOUDS; EFFICIENCY; ENERGY; MOTION AB In recent times, there has been keen interest in understanding Sun-Earth connection events, such as solar flares, CMEs and concomitant magnetic storms. Magnetic storms are the most dramatic and perhaps important component of space weather effects on Earth. Super-intense magnetic storms (defined here as those with Dst < -500 nT, where Dst stands for the disturbance storm time index that measures the strength of the magnetic storm) although relatively rare, have the largest societal and technological relevance. Such storms can cause life-threatening power outages, satellite damage, communication failures and navigational problems. However, the data for such magnetic storms is rather scarce. For example, only one super-intense magnetic storm has been recorded (Dst = -640 nT. March 13, 1989) during the space-age (since 1958), although such storms may have occurred many times in the last 160 years or so when the regular observatory network came into existence. Thus. research on historical geomagnetic storms can help to create a, good data base for intense and super-intense magnetic storms. From the application of knowledge of interplanetary and solar causes of storms gained from the spaceage observations applied to the super-intense storm of September 1-2, 1859, it has been possible to deduce that an exceptionally fast (and intense) magnetic cloud was the interplanetary cause of this geomagnetic storm with a Dst -1760 nT, nearly 3 times as large as that of March 13, 1989 super-intense storm. The talk will focus on super-intense storms of September 1-2. 1859, and also discuss the results in the context of some recent intense storms. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Lakhina, GS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM lakhina@iigs.iigm.res.in; salex@iigs.iigm.res.in; Bruce.T.Tsurutani@jpl.nasa.gov; gonzalez@dge.inpe.br RI Lakhina, Gurbax /C-9295-2012 NR 51 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 0-521-85197-1 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2005 IS 226 BP 3 EP 15 DI 10.1017/S1743921305000074 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDF01 UT WOS:000233166700001 ER PT S AU Sterling, AC AF Sterling, AC BE Dere, K Wang, J Yan, Y TI X-ray and EUV observations of CME eruption onset SO CORONAL AND STELLAR MASS EJECTIONS SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 226th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY SEP 13-17, 2004 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Int Astron Union, Div II, Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observat, Local Org Comm, Int Astron Union, Minist Sci & Technol, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Natl Sci Fdn, NASA, SOHO Project, SOHO/LASCO Project DE Sun : coronal mass ejections (CMEs); Sun : filaments; Sun : flares; Sun : magnetic fields; Sun : UV radiation; Sun : X-rays, gamma rays ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; PROMINENCE ERUPTION; SOLAR ERUPTIONS; RECONNECTION; FILAMENT; FLARES AB Why CMEs erupt is a major outstanding puzzle of solar physics. Signatures observable at the earliest stages of eruption onset may hold precious clues about the onset mechanism. We summarize and discuss observations from SOHO/EIT in EUV and from Yohkoh/SXT in soft Xrays of the pre-eruption and eruption phases of three CME expulsions, along with the eruptions' magnetic setting inferred from SOHO/MDI magnetograms. Our events involve clearly-observable filament eruptions and multiple neutral lines, and we use the magnetic settings and motions of the filaments to help infer the geometry and behavior of the associated erupting magnetic fields. Pre-eruption and early-eruption signatures include a relatively slow filament rise prior to eruption, and intensity dimmings and brightenings, both in the immediate neighborhood of the "core" (location of greatest magnetic shear) of the erupting fields and at locations remote from the core. These signatures and their relative timings place observational constraints on eruption mechanisms; our recent work has focused on implications for the so-called "tether cutting" and "breakout" models, but the same observational constraints are applicable to any model. C1 NASA, MSFC, NSSTC, SD50 Space Sci Depart, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Sterling, AC (reprint author), NASA, MSFC, NSSTC, SD50 Space Sci Depart, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM alphonse.sterling@nasa.gov NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 0-521-85197-1 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2005 IS 226 BP 27 EP 35 DI 10.1017/S1743921305000104 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDF01 UT WOS:000233166700004 ER EF