FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Leamon, RJ AF Leamon, RJ BE Dere, K Wang, J Yan, Y TI The importance of topology and reconnection in active region CMEs SO CORONAL AND STELLAR MASS EJECTIONS SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 226th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY SEP 13-17, 2004 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Int Astron Union, Div II, Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observat, Local Org Comm, Int Astron Union, Minist Sci & Technol, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Natl Sci Fdn, NASA, SOHO Project, SOHO/LASCO Project DE Sun : coronal mass ejections (CMEs); Sun : solar-terrestrial relations ID MAGNETIC CLOUDS; SOLAR; HELICITY AB A distinctive characteristic of interplanetary magnetic clouds is their rope-like magnetic structure, i.e., their smoothly-varying helical field lines whose pitch increases from their core to their boundary. Because this regular structure helps to make MCs particularly geo-effective, it is important to understand how it arises. We discuss recent work which relates the magnetic and topological parameters of MCs to associated solar active regions. This work strongly supports the notion that MCs associated with active region eruptions are formed by magnetic reconnection between these regions and their larger-scale surroundings, rather than simple eruption or entrainment of pre-existing structures in the corona or chromosphere. We discuss our findings in the context of other recent works on both the solar and interplanetary sides, including ion composition and various MHD models of magnetic cloud formation. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leamon, RJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 612-5, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM leamon@grace.nascom.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 0-521-85197-1 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2005 IS 226 BP 302 EP 308 DI 10.1017/S1743921305000761 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDF01 UT WOS:000233166700070 ER PT S AU Gopalswamy, N Yashiro, S Krucker, S Howard, RA AF Gopalswamy, N Yashiro, S Krucker, S Howard, RA BE Dere, K Wang, J Yan, Y TI CME interaction and the intensity of solar energetic particle events SO CORONAL AND STELLAR MASS EJECTIONS SE IAU Symposium Proceedings Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 226th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY SEP 13-17, 2004 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Int Astron Union, Div II, Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observat, Local Org Comm, Int Astron Union, Minist Sci & Technol, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Natl Sci Fdn, NASA, SOHO Project, SOHO/LASCO Project DE shock waves; Sun : coronal mass ejections (CMEs); Sun : flares; Sun : X-rays; gamina rays; Sun : particle emission; solar-terrestrial relations ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; PROTON EVENTS AB Large Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) are closely associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The significant correlation observed between SEP intensity and CME speed has been considered as the evidence for such a close connection. The recent finding that SEP events with preceding wide CMEs are likely to have higher intensities compared to those without was attributed to the interaction of the CME-driven shocks with the preceding CMEs or with their aftermath. It is also possible that the intensity of SEPs may also be affected by the properties of the solar source region. In this study, we found that the active region area has no relation with the SEP intensity and CME speed, thus supporting the importance of CME interaction. However, there is a significant correlation between flare size and the active region area, which probably reflects the spatial scale of the flare phenomenon as compared to that of the CME-driven shock. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gopalswamy, N (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 695-0, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM gopals@fugee.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012 NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1743-9213 BN 0-521-85197-1 J9 IAU SYMP P SERIES JI IAU Symposium Proc. Series PY 2005 IS 226 BP 367 EP 373 DI 10.1017/S1743921305000876 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDF01 UT WOS:000233166700081 ER PT S AU Jiang, JH Eckermann, SD Wu, DL Hocke, K Wang, B Ma, J Zhang, Y AF Jiang, JH Eckermann, SD Wu, DL Hocke, K Wang, B Ma, J Zhang, Y BE Clemesha, B Taylor, M TI Seasonal variation of gravity wave sources from satellite observation SO COUPLING PROCESSES IN THE MLT REGION SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res ID LIMB SOUNDER OBSERVATIONS; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; GPS OCCULTATION; STRATOSPHERE; CLIMATOLOGY AB Recent high-resolution satellite observations of gravity waves in the middle atmosphere have shown correlations with the strength of the stratospheric jet stream, surface topography, and tropical convection. Seasonal variations of wave-induced stratospheric radiance variances are often the manifestations of modulations of these sources and refractive influences. In this paper, we focus on the seasonal climatology of gravity waves observed by the UARS MLS, while also showing some new results from GPS and AMSU instruments. Our analysis is aided by MWFM modeling of mountain waves at high latitudes and CMAP precipitation indices in the subtropics to provide a clearer picture of global gravity wave dynamics. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. USN, Res Lab, EO Hulburt Ctr Space Res, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Jiang, JH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM jonathan@mls.jpl.nasa.gov RI Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012 NR 18 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 11 SI 2005 BP 1925 EP 1932 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.01.099 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDS99 UT WOS:000235190900007 ER PT S AU Wu, DL Jiang, JH AF Wu, DL Jiang, JH BE Clemesha, B Taylor, M TI Interannual and seasonal variations of diurnal tide, gravity wave, ozone, and water vapor as observed by MLS during 1991-1994 SO COUPLING PROCESSES IN THE MLT REGION SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE diurnal tide; gravity wave; water vapor; ozone; microwave satellite observations ID LOWER THERMOSPHERE; MESOSPHERE; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; MODEL AB The diurnal tide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) shows large seasonal and interannual variations. Despite recent modeling investigations, the underlying physical mechanisms for causing these variations remain unclear. This paper provides further observational constraints to tide-sensitive variables (H2O, O-3, and gravity wave variances) used by the models, which are obtained simultaneously by upper atmosphere research satellite microwave limb sounder at altitudes below the MLT region. The strong quasi biannual oscillation and semiannual oscillation variations ill these measurements reveal good correlations between the diurnal tide with other tide-sensitive variables, which should be taken into account for further modeling studies. (c) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Wu, DL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM dwu@mls.jpl.nasa.gonv RI Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012 NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 11 SI 2005 BP 1999 EP 2004 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2004.12.018 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDS99 UT WOS:000235190900019 ER PT B AU Ross, RG AF Ross, RG BE Ross, RG TI A study of the use of 6K ACTDP cryocoolers for the MIRI instrument on JWST SO Cryocoolers 13 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Cryocooler Conference CY MAR 29-APR 01, 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Lockheed Martin AB The Mid Infrared Instrument (MIRI) of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a demanding application for the use of space cryocoolers. During calendar year 2003 an extensive study was carried out examining the application to this mission of hybrid 6K/18K J-T cryocoolers developed by NASA as part of their Advanced Cryocooler Technology Development Program (ACTDP). Among the most challenging requirements of the MIRI application were the requirements to cool down the similar to 90 kg 6 K cooling load in less than 30 days and to restrict the location of the compressors with their heat dissipation and vibration generation to a remote spacecraft position some 12 meters away from the cryogenic load. Because the hybrid 6K/18K J-T cryocoolers have unique load-carrying capability as a function of temperature, the cooldown requirement was the primary consideration in cooler sizing. This paper presents the lessons learned and performance achieved in the MIRI cryocooler application. In the final proposed configuration, all of the MIRI/JWST design considerations were successfully met. Although the cryocooler option was eventually deselected in favor of a solid-hydrogen stored cryogen system, the cryocooler study offered an important opportunity for understanding and refining the performance and integration capabilities of this important new class of low-temperature space cryocoolers. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ross, RG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-23901-4 PY 2005 BP 15 EP 24 DI 10.1007/0-387-27533-9_3 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics SC Thermodynamics GA BBY33 UT WOS:000228319300003 ER PT B AU Kittel, P AF Kittel, P BE Ross, RG TI Enthalpy, entropy, and exergy flows in ideal pulse tube cryocoolers SO Cryocoolers 13 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Cryocooler Conference CY MAR 29-APR 01, 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Lockheed Martin AB Descriptions of how cryocoolers operate frequently take an energy-centric view. Such descriptions concentrate on the first law of thermodynamics, the conservation of energy. This approach can result in a complex description of the cooler in terms of energy and enthalpy flows. An alternative is to take an entropy-centric approach. Closely related to this is the exergy-centric approach. These descriptions concentrate on the second law of thermodynamics, the generation of entropy or the destruction of exergy. Both the energy-centric and exergy/entropy-centric approaches make use of the first two laws of thermodynamics and both approaches give equivalent descriptions of a cryocooler. However, the latter approach can be more useful as it can yield a simpler description, one that emphasis loss mechanisms. This paper reviews the application of these approaches to pulse tube cryocoolers. For each component of ideal pulse tubes the effects of the component on the exergy, entropy, and enthalpy flows are found. The discussion concentrates on orifice type pulse tubes. While most of the discussion is applicable to cryocoolers driven by either Gifford-McMahon or linear compressors; the emphasis is on the latter. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kittel, P (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-23901-4 PY 2005 BP 333 EP 341 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics SC Thermodynamics GA BBY33 UT WOS:000228319300044 ER PT B AU Kittel, P AF Kittel, P BE Ross, RG TI Enthalpy, entropy, and exergy flow losses in pulse tube cryocoolers SO Cryocoolers 13 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Cryocooler Conference CY MAR 29-APR 01, 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Lockheed Martin AB The enthalpy, entropy, and exergy flows in ideal pulse tube cryocoolers have been described previously. This paper will describe how these flows are affected by phenomena in non-ideal cryocoolers. Frequently such descriptions take an energy-centric view. Such descriptions concentrate on the first law of thermodynamics, the conservation of energy. This approach can result in a complex description of the cooler in terms of energy and enthalpy flows. An alternative is to take an entropy-centric approach. Closely related to this is the exergy-centric approach. These descriptions concentrate on the second law of thermodynamics, the generation of entropy or the destruction of exergy. Both the energy-centric and exergy/entropy-centric approaches make use of both the laws of thermodynamics and both approaches give equivalent descriptions of a cryocooler. However, the latter approach can be more useful as it can yield a simpler description, one that emphasis loss mechanisms. This paper applies the second law approach to pulse tube cryocoolers. The effects of a variety of loss mechanisms in the various components on the exergy, entropy, and enthalpy flows are discussed. The discussion applies to basic, orifice, and inertance type pulse tubes. Most of the discussion is applicable to cryocoolers driven by either Gifford-McMahon or linear compressors; the emphasis is on the latter. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Kittel, P (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-23901-4 PY 2005 BP 343 EP 352 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics SC Thermodynamics GA BBY33 UT WOS:000228319300045 ER PT B AU Zhang, B Pearson, D Borders, J Franklin, B Prina, M Hardy, J Crumb, D AF Zhang, B Pearson, D Borders, J Franklin, B Prina, M Hardy, J Crumb, D BE Ross, RG TI Cryogenic testing of Planck sorption cooler test facility SO Cryocoolers 13 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Cryocooler Conference CY MAR 29-APR 01, 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Lockheed Martin AB A test facility has been upgraded in preparation for testing of two hydrogen sorption cryocoolers operating at 18/20 K. These sorption coolers are currently under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for the Planck mission sponsored by the European Space Agency (ESA). The two units share the same process and component design with different plumbing configurations required for spacecraft integration. Previous effort at JPL has led to the successful demonstration of a prototype of the sorption cooler. Each flight unit of the sorption cooler will be tested in a vacuum chamber with simulated background environment for the spacecraft. GM cryocoolers, bulk LN2, and a chiller unit are used to establish nominal temperature stages at 50, 100, and 280 K, respectively, allowing the cold end of the sorption cooler to operate at 18/20 K. This work summarizes the scope of the test facility upgrade, including design for cryogenic cooling power delivery, system thermal management, insulation schemes, and data acquisition techniques. Ground support equipment for the sorption coolers, structural features of the test chamber, and the vacuum system involved for system testing are also described in detail. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zhang, B (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-23901-4 PY 2005 BP 523 EP 531 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics SC Thermodynamics GA BBY33 UT WOS:000228319300066 ER PT B AU Shirron, PJ DiPirro, MJ Tuttle, JG Canavan, ER AF Shirron, PJ DiPirro, MJ Tuttle, JG Canavan, ER BE Ross, RG TI ADR configurations and optimization for cryocooler-based operation SO Cryocoolers 13 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Cryocooler Conference CY MAR 29-APR 01, 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Lockheed Martin AB Because of renewed interest in low temperature refrigeration. for space missions, there has been considerable developmental work on adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators (ADR) over the last decade or so. As a result, they have expanded from single-stage systems requiring relatively low heat sink temperatures to multi-stage systems capable of rejecting heat to 5 K and higher. This capability enables the use of cryocoolers for heat sinking instead of superfluid helium - a critical step in meeting the space community's need for long-life, low temperature coolers. Since there is no intrinsic limit to an ADR's operating range, the interface temperature for a hybrid ADR/cryocooler system can be set to achieve various performance goals, such as maximizing total system efficiency or minimizing mass. In addition, a larger operating range affords greater flexibility in selecting a cryocooler. In this paper we compare the specific power of ADRs and cryocoolers to develop guidelines for optimizing total system performance, and discuss configurations and operating modes for higher temperature ADRs, along with future technology developments needed to implement them. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Shirron, PJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 552, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-23901-4 PY 2005 BP 553 EP 560 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics SC Thermodynamics GA BBY33 UT WOS:000228319300069 ER PT B AU Ross, RG AF Ross, RG BE Ross, RG TI Active versus standby redundancy for improved cryocooler reliability in space SO Cryocoolers 13 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Cryocooler Conference CY MAR 29-APR 01, 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Lockheed Martin AB Long-life space cryocooler applications, such as NASA's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument, require that the cryocooler system possess a very high level of reliability This need for high reliability not only demands that high reliability coolers be used, but often requires that some form of redundancy be incorporated. One common implementation is standby redundancy; however, active redundancy is another equally viable choice. Recently, experience with both types of redundancy has been gained with the AIRS instrument. The AIRS cryocoolers were initially designed and launched as standby redundant units; they were then switched over to active redundancy after six months of in-space operation. This paper examines the performance trade for the two redundancy approaches with explicit treatment of the effect of operational level (off, versus low power, versus high power) on the reliability of the redundant and primary unit. This is accomplished through the derivation and use of a new reliability model that explicitly includes the probability of failure both prior to and after the time of a cooler failure. Also presented, is a discussion of the effect of the two redundancy approaches on the overall space-instrument system including input power level, robustness to transient single-event shutdowns, and robustness to in-space load increases-such as from in-space contamination of cryogenic surfaces. The active redundancy approach is shown to have advantages in terms of improved reliability as well as improved overall system performance. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ross, RG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-23901-4 PY 2005 BP 609 EP 618 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics SC Thermodynamics GA BBY33 UT WOS:000228319300076 ER PT B AU Boyle, R AF Boyle, R BE Ross, RG TI Two year performance of the RHESSI cryocooler SO Cryocoolers 13 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Cryocooler Conference CY MAR 29-APR 01, 2004 CL New Orleans, LA SP Lockheed Martin AB The Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) spacecraft was launched on February 5, 2002. With two years of operation on-orbit, its Sunpower M77 cryocooler is maintaining the array of nine germanium detectors at 86K, at higher temperature and input power than intitial conditions. As commercial coolers similar to this are of some interest for other flight instruments, we offer an update on its status and health, and discuss the prospects for continued operation. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Boyle, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-23901-4 PY 2005 BP 629 EP 631 PG 3 WC Thermodynamics SC Thermodynamics GA BBY33 UT WOS:000228319300078 ER PT S AU Porter, FS Brown, GV Cottam, J AF Porter, FS Brown, GV Cottam, J BE Enss, C TI X-ray astronomy and astrophysics SO CRYOGENIC PARTICLE DETECTION SE Topics in Applied Physics LA English DT Review ID BEAM ION-TRAP; ELECTRON-IMPACT EXCITATION; TRANSMISSION GRATING SPECTROMETER; EMISSION CROSS-SECTIONS; HIGHLY-CHARGED IONS; SOLAR-WIND IONS; RESOLUTION MEASUREMENTS; SOUNDING ROCKET; BACKGROUND FLUX; HIGH-ENERGY AB The most compelling nature of X-ray astronomy is its richness and scale. Almost every observable object in the sky either naturally emits X-ray radiation or can be probed by X-ray absorption. Current X-ray observatories such as Chandra and XMM-Newton have considerably advanced our understanding of many of these systems by using dispersed X-ray spectrometers and imaging CCD cameras. However, it is the combination of these two techniques, a true broad-band, high spectral resolution, imaging spectrometer, that will drive the next revolution in X-ray astronomy. This is where Low Temperature Detectors can play a key role but also where the science will continuously challenge the technology. In this Chapter we will explore the constraints that both the science goals and the space environment place on the implementation of LTDs, and the solutions implemented in current missions such as the XQC and the XRS on Astro-E2. In addition we will see how the NeXT, Constellation-X, and XEUS missions will drive LTD instruments to a much larger scale. Finally, we will address scaling rules in current LTD detectors and where the LTD community needs to proceed to address both the science goals and expectations of the astrophysics community. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Porter, FS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM porter@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Porter, Frederick/D-3501-2012 OI Porter, Frederick/0000-0002-6374-1119 NR 86 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0303-4216 BN 3-540-20113-0 J9 TOP APPL PHYS JI Top. Appl. Phys. PY 2005 VL 99 BP 359 EP 415 PG 57 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BCS17 UT WOS:000231009400008 ER PT J AU Rashkovich, LN Petrova, EV Chernevich, TG Shustin, OA Chernov, AA AF Rashkovich, LN Petrova, EV Chernevich, TG Shustin, OA Chernov, AA TI Non-Kossel crystals: Calcium and magnesium oxalates SO CRYSTALLOGRAPHY REPORTS LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; DISSOLUTION AB The rate of movement of elementary growth layers at faces of CaC2O4 center dot H2O and MgC2O4 center dot 2H(2)O is measured in situ by atomic force microscopy under kinetic growth conditions at a constant supersaturation with a varying excess of cations or anions in the solution. It is shown that, as the deviation of the Ca2+/C2O42- (or Mg2+/C2O42-) ratio from unity increases, the rate of movement of the growth layers decreases abruptly and nonlinearly. A model describing this effect is discussed. (C) 2005 Pleiades Publishing, Inc. C1 Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Phys, Moscow 119992, Russia. NASA, Huntsville, AL USA. RP Rashkovich, LN (reprint author), Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Phys, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia. EM rashk@polly.phys.msu.ru; alex.chernov@msfc.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA PUBL PI MELVILLE PA C/O AMERICAN INST PHYSICS, 2 HUNTINGTON QUANDRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1063-7745 J9 CRYSTALLOGR REP+ JI Crystallogr. Rep. PY 2005 VL 50 SU 1 BP S78 EP S81 DI 10.1134/1.2133977 PG 4 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 995OD UT WOS:000234111100014 ER PT B AU Preston, RA Preston, AL AF Preston, RA Preston, AL BE Fountain, JW Sinclair, RM TI Consistent forms of solstice sunlight interaction with petroglyphs throughout the prehistoric American Southwest SO Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations Across Time and Space LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Meeting on Cultural Aspects of Astronomy CY AUG 03-09, 1996 CL St John Coll, Santa Fe, NM HO St John Coll AB At 46 prehistoric sites (approximate to 900-1300 A.D.) throughout a 600 by 600 kin. region of Arizona, New Mexico and southern Utah, 109 consistent and precise examples of interaction of sunlit images with petroglyphs (rock engravings) on the solstices have been identified. Several lines of evidence indicate that these were intentional calendrical markers, including a statistical study of the distribution of similar interactions throughout the year. Evidence also exists for the marking of the equinoxes by similar techniques. This ancient marking of the yearly cycle once existed at probably thousands of locations spread over the southwestern U.S. and can become an important tool for studying these prehistoric cultures. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAROLINA ACADEMIC PR PI DURHAM PA PO BOX 8795, FOREST HILLS STATION, DURHAM, NC 27707 USA BN 0-89089-771-9 PY 2005 BP 109 EP 119 PG 11 WC Anthropology; Archaeology; History SC Anthropology; Archaeology; History GA BCZ82 UT WOS:000232156700009 ER PT J AU Schmid, M Nanda, I Hoehn, H Schartl, M Haaf, T Buerstedde, JM Arakawa, H Caldwell, RB Weigend, S Burt, DW Smith, J Griffin, DK Masabanda, JS Groenen, MAM Crooijmans, RPMA Vignal, A Fillon, V Morisson, M Pitel, F Vignoles, M Garrigues, A Gellin, J Rodionov, AV Galkina, SA Lukina, NA Ben-Ari, G Blum, S Hillel, J Twito, T Lavi, U David, L Feldman, MW Delany, ME Conley, CA Fowler, VM Hedges, SB Godbout, R Katyal, S Smith, C Hudson, Q Sinclair, A Mizuno, S AF Schmid, M Nanda, I Hoehn, H Schartl, M Haaf, T Buerstedde, JM Arakawa, H Caldwell, RB Weigend, S Burt, DW Smith, J Griffin, DK Masabanda, JS Groenen, MAM Crooijmans, RPMA Vignal, A Fillon, V Morisson, M Pitel, F Vignoles, M Garrigues, A Gellin, J Rodionov, AV Galkina, SA Lukina, NA Ben-Ari, G Blum, S Hillel, J Twito, T Lavi, U David, L Feldman, MW Delany, ME Conley, CA Fowler, VM Hedges, SB Godbout, R Katyal, S Smith, C Hudson, Q Sinclair, A Mizuno, S TI Second report on chicken genes and chromosomes 2005 SO CYTOGENETIC AND GENOME RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS; EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAGS; DT40 CELL-LINE; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; TELOMERASE RNA GENE; 5S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; MHC CLASS-I; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; TRANSLATION INITIATION FACTOR-4A; NUCLEOLAR-SIZE POLYMORPHISMS C1 Univ Wurzburg, Dept Human Genet, D-8700 Wurzburg, Germany. Univ Wurzburg, Dept Physiol Chem 1, Wurzburg, Germany. Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Dept Human Genet, Mainz, Germany. GSF, Dept Mol Radiobiol, Neuherberg, Germany. Roslin Inst, Dept Genet & Genom, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Brunel Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Uxbridge, Middx, England. Wageningen Univ, Anim Breeding & Genet Grp, Wageningen, Netherlands. Ctr INRA Toulouse, INRA, Toulouse, France. VL Komarov Bot Inst, St Petersburg, Russia. St Petersburg State Univ, Inst Biol, St Petersburg, Russia. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Space Life Sci Res Branch, Moffett Field, CA USA. Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Alberta, Cross Canc Inst, Dept Oncol, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Univ Melbourne, Dept Pediat, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Univ Melbourne, Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Nihon Univ, Coll Bioresource Sci, Dept Agr & Biol Chem, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Schmid, M (reprint author), Univ Wurzburg, Dept Human Genet, D-8700 Wurzburg, Germany. EM m.schmid@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de; ijn@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de; Dave.Burt@BBSRC.AC.UK RI Sinclair, Andrew/A-3598-2010; Groenen, Martien/D-8408-2012; Crooijmans, Richard/E-2492-2012; Smith, Jacqueline/C-7719-2013; David, Lior/G-8754-2012; Hudson, Quanah/I-9837-2014; Pitel, Frederique/C-2847-2009; Rodionov, Alexander/J-2492-2013; Godbout, Roseline/I-4639-2016; Galkina, Svetlana/J-2493-2013; OI Schartl, Manfred/0000-0001-9882-5948; Sinclair, Andrew/0000-0003-2741-7992; Groenen, Martien/0000-0003-0484-4545; David, Lior/0000-0002-6555-0594; Hudson, Quanah/0000-0002-3407-4388; Pitel, Frederique/0000-0002-1477-7633; Rodionov, Alexander/0000-0003-1146-1622; Godbout, Roseline/0000-0002-4779-9265; Galkina, Svetlana/0000-0002-7034-2466; Caldwell, Randolph/0000-0003-3933-3243 FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [G19438/2] NR 371 TC 101 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 9 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1424-8581 EI 1424-859X J9 CYTOGENET GENOME RES JI Cytogenet. Genome Res. PY 2005 VL 109 IS 4 BP 415 EP 479 DI 10.1159/000084205 PG 65 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 924RA UT WOS:000228996500002 PM 15905640 ER PT S AU Gherlone, M Mattone, M Surace, C Tassotti, A Tessler, A AF Gherlone, M Mattone, M Surace, C Tassotti, A Tessler, A BE Ostachowicz, WM DulieuBarton, JM Holford, KM Krawczuk, M Zak, A TI Novel vibration-based methods for detecting delamination damage in composite plate and shell laminates SO DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURES VI SE Key Engineering Materials LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures (DAMAS 2005) CY JUL 04-06, 2005 CL Gdansk, POLAND SP Polish Acad Sci, Inst Fluid-Flow Mach, Inst Phys Stress & Vibrat Grp, USAF, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev DE laminated panels; modal curvatures; smoothing element analysis; strain energy; damage index ID GAPPED SMOOTHING METHOD AB The paper describes an on-going research effort aimed at detecting the presence of delamination damage in composite panels based upon their higher-frequency structural response, Two alternative damage indexes are examined that facilitate the identification of the location and extent of delaminations. The damage indexes do not require vibration measurements to be performed on the undamaged structure. Use is made of the bending and twisting curvatures corresponding to the higher-frequency mode shapes that are post-processed via two different smoothing techniques. The modal data are obtained via finite element models based on Mindlin theory and including delaminations. These are introduced using a sub-laminate strategy that permits multiple damages to be modelled through the thickness. Various delamination sizes and locations are examined with a random noise superposed on the data in order to ascertain the degree of sensitivity of the damage index to the noise in the experimental data. C1 Politecn Torino, Dept Aeronaut & Space Engn, I-10129 Turin, Italy. Politecn Torino, Dept Struct Engn, I-10129 Turin, Italy. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Politecn Torino, Dept Aeronaut & Space Engn, Corso Duca Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Turin, Italy. RI Tessler, Alexander/A-4729-2009; OI Gherlone, Marco/0000-0002-5711-0046 NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI DURNTEN-ZURICH PA KREUZSTRASSE 10, 8635 DURNTEN-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-976-8 J9 KEY ENG MATER PY 2005 VL 293-294 BP 289 EP 296 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BCS11 UT WOS:000230988800032 ER PT J AU Reese, DC Miller, TW Brodeur, RD AF Reese, DC Miller, TW Brodeur, RD TI Community structure of near-surface zooplankton in the northern California Current in relation to oceanographic conditions SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID OREGON COAST; PACIFIC; ASSOCIATIONS; ASSEMBLAGES; MOVEMENTS; ECOSYSTEM; PATTERNS; REGION; FISH AB We analyzed how near-surface zooplankton are distributed in the northern California Current, not only in space and time but also with reference to species assemblages, habitat characteristics, and environmental factors. The community structure, spatial distribution patterns, and environmental associations of near-surface zooplankton from June and August 2000 GLOBEC cruises were examined. Crab megalopae, hyperiid amphipods, euphausiids, and chaetognaths dominated the near-surface zooplankton community during both cruises. A geostatistical approach was used to deter-mine that near-surface zooplankton concentrations differed spatially and quantitatively between June and August. Near-surface zooplankton concentration was spatially patchy during June, with the highest levels occurring nearshore in various locations throughout the study region. In August, zooplankton concentration was more uniformly distributed; however, higher concentrations were observed north of Cape Blanco. During June, zooplankton species richness was spatially patchy, whereas in August, species richness was more uniformly distributed throughout the study area. Highest values were observed during June in localized areas along the coast, with lowest values observed further offshore near the shelf break at 200 m. During August, species richness was highest nearshore south of Cape Blanco; yet in the north, higher values extended across the shelf and further offshore. To explore patterns in community structure, we applied cluster analysis, indicator species analysis, and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination to both data sets. Cluster analyses differentiated taxa by inshore and offshore location in the first division and by latitude in the second division. Results from NMS confirmed the cross-shelf zonation of near-surface zooplankton, with seasurface temperature the most consistent environmental parameter explaining the distributions. An offshore assemblage of zooplankton was entrained in an eddy and transported onto the shelf in August. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resource Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Reese, DC (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, 104 Ocean Adm Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM dreese@coas.oregonstate.edu NR 30 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2005 VL 52 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 50 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.09.027 PG 22 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 912QU UT WOS:000228095200003 ER PT J AU Suchman, CL Brodeur, RD AF Suchman, CL Brodeur, RD TI Abundance and distribution of large medusae in surface waters of the northern California Current SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; AURELIA-AURITA SCYPHOZOA; CURRENT SYSTEM; CHRYSAORA-QUINQUECIRRHA; ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY; AEQUOREA-AEQUOREA; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; JUVENILE FISHES; LARGE JELLYFISH; SAANICH INLET AB We used surface trawls to quantify abundance and distribution of four large medusae-Chrysaora fuscescens, Aurelia labiata, Phacellophora camtschatica, and Aequorea sp.-in the northern California Current, a coastal upwelling area, during June and August 2000 and 2002. C. fuscescens was most abundant, with a maximum of 77 per 1000 m(3) (or 64 mg C/m(3)). Densities of A. labiata reached 10 per 1000 m(3) (26 mg C/m(3)). Although medusae were widespread throughout the study region, a large proportion of the total catch of each species tended to be concentrated at relatively few stations. When we analyzed how the variability in distribution of medusae related to a suite of environmental parameters, latitude and either distance from shore or water depth proved important during each cruise. Analysis by species suggested habitat partitioning by C fuscescens and A. labiata: C fuscescens was more likely to be caught in nearshore shelf waters north of Cape Blanco, compared to A. labiata, which was more prevalent in south of Cape Blanco. These biological patterns were likely the result of a combination of physical processes, including advection and aggregation within regions of weak surface flow, coordinated behavior such as vertical migration, and location of benthic polyp stages. Studies such as this one provide important baseline information for ecosystem models and can be used to help evaluate impacts of jellyfish blooms in coastal upwelling regions. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Suchman, CL (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Virginia Grad Marine Sci Consortium, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. EM csuchman@virginia.edu NR 47 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 5 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2005 VL 52 IS 1-2 BP 51 EP 72 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.09.017 PG 22 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 912QU UT WOS:000228095200004 ER PT J AU Ressler, PH Brodeur, RD Peterson, WT Pierce, SD Vance, PM Rostad, A Barth, JA AF Ressler, PH Brodeur, RD Peterson, WT Pierce, SD Vance, PM Rostad, A Barth, JA TI The spatial distribution of euphausiid aggregations in the Northern California Current during August 2000 SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID VANCOUVER-ISLAND; VERTICAL MIGRATION; MERLUCCIUS-PRODUCTUS; CURRENT SYSTEM; WEST-COAST; SCATTERING LAYERS; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SOUND-SCATTERING; ACOUSTIC SURVEYS; PACIFIC HAKE AB The location and size of euphausiid aggregations (patches) were identified using acoustic volume backscattering strength at 38 and 120 kHz and vertically stratified MOCNESS sampling during a US GLOBEC cruise off southern Oregon and northern California in August 2000. Euphausiid patches were clustered inshore of Heceta Bank (44.0 degrees N) and off Cape Blanco (42.8 degrees N), but were not common elsewhere. The distribution of euphausiid patches throughout the study area was correlated with that of near-surface chlorophyll. We suggest that Heceta Bank and Cape Blanco were zones of plankton retention and concentration along the shelf and slope, and also that large offshore meanders in the equatorward upwelling jet carried upwelled water, chlorophyll, and euphausiids offshore. In particular, the complex interaction of mesoscale physical features, shoaling bottom topography, and diel vertical migration created large patches of euphausiids. These euphausiid patches, probably persisting on timescales of days to weeks, could function as relatively large and persistent resources for euphausiid predators. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Sci, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Ressler, PH (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, 2032 SE OSU Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM patrick.ressler@noaa.gov NR 55 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2005 VL 52 IS 1-2 BP 89 EP 108 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.09.032 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 912QU UT WOS:000228095200006 ER PT J AU Gomez-Gutierrez, J Peterson, WT Miller, CB AF Gomez-Gutierrez, J Peterson, WT Miller, CB TI Cross-shelf life-stage segregation and community structure of the euphausiids off central Oregon (1970-1972) SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID BENGUELA UPWELLING SYSTEM; DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION; WARM OCEAN YEARS; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; POPULATION BIOLOGY; VANCOUVER-ISLAND; WEST-COAST; NYCTIPHANES-SIMPLEX; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; EL-NINO AB Community structure and zonal distribution of euphausiids along the Newport Hydrographic line (44 degrees 39.1'N) off central Oregon, USA, were examined from bi-weekly oceanographic surveys (n = 48) carried out from January 1970 through July 1972. We explored the associations among the euphausiid community composition (14 species) and changes in sea-surface temperature (SST), sea-surface salinity (SSS), coastal upwelling index (CUI), sigma-t, day vs. night sampling time, and distance from the coast. This period included the 1970-1971 La Nina and, at low latitudes, the 1972 El Nino events;, this study shows that this El Nino event did not reach the Oregon coast as have most other most recent events. Multivariate analyses were done to identify the cross-shelf environmental gradients that most influence temporal changes in the euphausiid community structure. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) indicated that the euphausiid community separates into coastal and oceanic assemblages, with a species-richness gradient located about 45 km from shore, over the shelf-break. In the inshore zone, positive CUI (upwelling) was associated with Thysanoessa spinifera, while negative CUI (downwelling) was associated with the presence of the oceanic species assemblage during October-November. Indicator species analysis (ISA) showed that two species were good indicators for the oceanic environment: Thysanoessa longipes and Nematoscelis atlantica. Three species (Thysanoessa gregaria, Nematoscelis difficilis, and Tessarabrachion oculatum) were moderate indicators for the oceanic environment because, during fall and winter downwelling events, they may be transported over the continental shelf. High densities of larvae and juveniles of T spinifera were found nearshore (< 18 km from the coast), but older stages were mainly recorded offshore (> 18-108 km from the coast). Euphausia pacifica was relatively homogeneously distributed in shelf and offshore waters, but its larvae were recorded chiefly inshore in mid-summer and offshore during the rest of the year. Our data showed a strong cross-shelf gradient in euphausiid assemblages and life-stage-segregated distributions for T spinifera and E pacifica, suggesting active population maintenance strategies within this upwelling region. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, Dept Plancton & Ecol Marina, La Paz 23000, Baja California, Mexico. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Gomez-Gutierrez, J (reprint author), Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, Dept Plancton & Ecol Marina, AP 592, La Paz 23000, Baja California, Mexico. EM jagomezg@ipn.mx NR 67 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2005 VL 52 IS 1-2 BP 289 EP 315 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.09.023 PG 27 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 912QU UT WOS:000228095200015 ER PT J AU Hirose, N Fukumori, I Kim, CH Yoon, JH AF Hirose, N Fukumori, I Kim, CH Yoon, JH TI Numerical simulation and satellite altimeter data assimilation of the Japan Sea circulation SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; MODEL; LEVEL; WATER AB The time-evolving state of the Japan Sea is estimated by an eddy-permitting ocean general circulation model and an assimilation of TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) and ERS-1/2 altimeter data using an approximate Kalman filter. The simulated sea-level variabilities are interpreted in relation to the Tsushima Warm Current, the Polar Front, and the subpolar gyre. The simulated and assimilated estimates account for about 29% and 49% of the measured sea level variance, respectively, and the difference between the two is mostly attributed to mesoscale variability corrections. The formal error covariance and separate assimilation of the satellite altimeter data reveal the higher efficacy of the ERS data in detecting the mesoscale variability compared to the T/P data. The assimilation impact lasts for a few months, reflecting the long lifetime of the subpolar gyre and the mesoscale eddies. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Kyushu Univ, Appl Mech Res Inst, Dynam Simulat Res Ctr, Kyushu, Japan. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Hirose, N (reprint author), Kyushu Univ, Appl Mech Res Inst, Dynam Simulat Res Ctr, Kyushu, Japan. EM hirose@riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp RI U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; OI Hirose, Naoki/0000-0001-6234-8676 NR 24 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2005 VL 52 IS 11-13 BP 1443 EP 1463 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.09.034 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 967EW UT WOS:000232075300005 ER PT J AU Weingartner, T Aagaard, K Woodgate, R Danielson, S Sasaki, Y Cavalieri, D AF Weingartner, T Aagaard, K Woodgate, R Danielson, S Sasaki, Y Cavalieri, D TI Circulation on the north central Chukchi Sea shelf SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE shelf dynamics; atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction; seasonal and interannual variability; Chukchi Sea; Arctic Ocean ID DENSE WATER FORMATION; BARROW CANYON; BERING STRAIT; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; COASTAL CURRENT; ARCTIC-OCEAN; ICE; TRANSPORT; SLOPE; OUTFLOWS AB Mooring and shipboard data collected between 1992 and 1995 delineate the circulation over the north central Chukchi shelf. Previous studies indicated that Pacific waters crossed the Chukchi shelf through Herald Valley (in the west) and Barrow Canyon (in the east). We find a third branch (through the Central Channel) onto the outer shelf. The Central Channel transport varies seasonally in phase with Bering Strait transport, and is similar to 0.2 Sv on average, although some of this might include water entrained from the outflow through Herald Valley. A portion of the Central Channel outflow moves eastward and converges with the Alaskan Coastal Current at the head of Barrow Canyon. The remainder appears to continue northeastward over the central outer shelf toward the shelfbreak, joined by outflow from Herald Valley. The mean flow opposes the prevailing winds and is primarily forced by the sea-level slope between the Pacific and Arctic oceans. Current variations are mainly wind forced, but baroclinic forcing, associated with upstream dense-water formation in coastal polynyas might occasionally be important. Winter water-mass modification depends crucially on the fall and winter winds, which control seasonal ice development. An extensive fall ice cover delays cooling, limits new ice formation, and results in little salinization. In such years, Bering shelf waters cross the Chukchi shelf with little modification. In contrast, extensive open water in fall leads to early and rapid cooling, and if accompanied by vigorous ice production within coastal polynyas, results in the production of high-salinity (> 33) shelf waters. Such interannual variability likely affects slope processes and the transport of Pacific waters into the Arctic Ocean interior. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Def Acad, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Weingartner, T (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM weingart@ims.uaf.edu NR 46 TC 170 Z9 185 U1 4 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2005 VL 52 IS 24-26 BP 3150 EP 3174 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.015 PG 25 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 006JR UT WOS:000234894300003 ER PT J AU Wang, J Cota, GF Comiso, JC AF Wang, J Cota, GF Comiso, JC TI Phytoplankton in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas: Distribution, dynamics, and environmental forcing SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE phytoplankton; algal blooms; seasonal distribution; temporal distribution; Alaska; Beaufort and Chukchi Seas ID CROSS-SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; ARCTIC-OCEAN; BIOOPTICAL PROPERTIES; SURFACE CHLOROPHYLL; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; BERING STRAIT; IN-SITU; SATELLITE; CIRCULATION; PATTERNS AB Time-series of remotely sensed distributions of phytoplankton, sea ice, surface temperature, albedo, and clouds were examined to evaluate the variability of environmental conditions and physical forcing affecting phytoplankton in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. Large-scale distributions of these parameters were studied for the first time using weekly and monthly composites from April 1998 to September 2002. The basic data set used in this study are phytoplankton pigment concentrations derived from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), ice concentrations obtained from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and surface temperature, cloud cover, and albedo derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Seasonal variation of ice cover was observed to be the dominant environmental factor as the ice-edge blooms followed the retreating marginal ice zones northward. Blooms were most prominent in the southwestern Chukchi Sea, and were especially persistent immediately north of the Bering Strait in nutrient-rich Anadyr Water and in some fronts. Chlorophyll concentrations are shown to increase from a nominal value during the onset of melt in April to a maximum value in mid-spring or summer depending on location. Large interannual variability of ice cover and phytoplankton distributions was observed with the year 1998 being uniquely associated with an early season occurrence of a massive bloom. This is postulated to be caused in part by a rapid response of phytoplankton to an early retreat of the sea-ice cover in the Beaufort Sea region. Correlation analyses showed relatively high negative correlation between chlorophyll and ice concentration with the correlation being highest in May, the correlation coefficient being -0.45. 1998 was also the warmest in the 5 years globally and the sea-ice cover was least extensive in the Beaufort/ Chukchi Sea region, partly because of the 1997-1998 El Nino. Strong correlations were noted between ice extent and surface temperature, the correlation coefficient being highest at -0.79 in April, during the onset of the bloom period. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanog, Norfolk, VA USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher & Biospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wang, J (reprint author), State Univ New Jersey, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM jwang@marine.rutgers.edu NR 47 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2005 VL 52 IS 24-26 BP 3355 EP 3368 DI 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.014 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 006JR UT WOS:000234894300013 ER PT B AU Tumer, IY Barrientos, FA Mehr, AF AF Tumer, Irem Y. Barrientos, Francesca A. Mehr, Ali Farhang GP ASME TI Towards Risk Based Design (RBD) of space exploration missions: A review of RBD practice and research trends at NASA SO DETC 2005: ASME INTERNATIONAL DESIGN ENGINEERING TECHNICAL CONFERENCES AND COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION IN ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, 2005, VOL 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conference/Computers and Information in Engineering Conference CY SEP 24-28, 2005-2006 CL Long Beach, CA SP ASME, Design Engn Div, ASME, Comp & Informat Engn Div ID OPTIMIZATION; AID AB This paper describes the concept of Risk Based Design in the context of NASA's low volume, high cost missions. The issue of accounting for risk in the design lifecycle has been heavily discussed in the literature under several research topics, including: reliability, risk and uncertainty analysis, optimization, decision-based design and robust design. Due to the risky nature of space missions, NASA centers have adopted a variety of techniques-developing tools, procedures, and guidelines to mitigate risk. Most of these techniques, however, require significant amounts of detailed and possibly quantitative information, making them inapplicable to early stages of design, where the requirements and models are vague, decisions are tentative and probabilities are unknown. This survey paper first presents a brief description of a design environment at NASA as well as current risk-based design practices and methods. Then, a summary of the topics from the NASA's Risk Management Conference is presented, followed by current research efforts within NASA to account for risk in early stage design. The purpose of this paper is provide a survey of NASA's capabilities (or lack thereof) in accounting for risk in the early design phase. This work lays the foundation for more effective collaborations between NASA researchers and the academic research community. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Complex Syst Design Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Tumer, IY (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Complex Syst Design Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM itumer@mail.arc.nasa.gov; francesca.a.barrientos@nasa.gov; amehr@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 63 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4741-1 PY 2005 BP 687 EP 695 PG 9 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BFM23 UT WOS:000243032900075 ER PT S AU Nemeth, NN Beheim, GM Jadaan, OM Sharpe, WN Quinn, GD Evans, LJ Trapp, MA AF Nemeth, Noel N. Beheim, Glenn M. Jadaan, Osama M. Sharpe, William N. Quinn, George D. Evans, Laura J. Trapp, Mark A. BE Brito, ME Filip, P Lewinsohn, C Sayir, A Opeka, M Mullins, MW TI FRACTURE STRENGTH SIMULATION OF SiC MICROTENSILE SPECIMENS - ACCOUNTING FOR STOCHASTIC VARIABLES SO DEVELOPMENTS IN ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 23-28, 2005 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc AB This paper summarizes work performed to predict the room-temperature strength of SiC micro-scale tensile specimens with introduced stress concentration using NASA Glenn Research Center's Ceramics Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Structures Life prediction program (CARES/Life). A polycrystalline and a single crystal SiC material were tested. CARES/Life tended to over predict strength of the polycrystalline material but had relatively better success predicting the strength response for the single crystal material. Large columnar grains and rough side-walls for the polycrystalline material likely reduced the applicability of continuum analysis and therefore the accuracy of the CARES/Life analysis. The single crystal material did not have (or had less of) these complications. Significant specimen-to-specimen dimensional variation existed in the specimens. To simulate the additional effect of the dimensional variability on the probabilistic strength response for the single crystal specimens the ANSYS Probabilistic Design System (PDS) was used with CARES/Life. The ANSYS/PDS - CARES/Life simulation was not rigorous. Isotropic material and fracture behavior was assumed in the analysis. However the feasibility of using these programs to account for multiple stochastic variables on the strength response of a structure was demonstrated. C1 [Nemeth, Noel N.; Beheim, Glenn M.; Evans, Laura J.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Nemeth, NN (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-1-57498-261-9 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2005 VL 26 IS 8 BP 223 EP 237 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BMZ43 UT WOS:000273977200025 ER PT S AU Opila, E AF Opila, Elizabeth BE Brito, ME Filip, P Lewinsohn, C Sayir, A Opeka, M Mullins, MW TI CHARACTERIZING THE CHEMICAL STABILITY OF HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIALS FOR APPLICATION IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS SO DEVELOPMENTS IN ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 23-28, 2005 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc ID SIO2 SCALE VOLATILITY; COMBUSTION CONDITIONS; MODEL AB The chemical stability of high temperature materials must be known for use in the extreme environments of combustion applications. ne characterization techniques available at NASA Glenn Research Center vary from fundamental thermodynamic property determination to material durability testing in actual engine environments. In this paper some of the unique techniques and facilities available at NASA Glenn will be reviewed. Multiple cell Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry is used to determine thermodynamic data by sampling gas species formed by reaction or equilibration in a Knudsen cell held in a vacuum. The transpiration technique can also be used to determine thermodynamic data of volatile species but at atmospheric pressures. Thermodynamic data in the Si-O-H(g) system were determined with this technique. Free Jet Sampling Mass Spectrometry can be used to study gas-solid interactions at a pressure of one atmosphere. Volatile Si(OH)(4)(g) was identified by this mass spectrometry technique. A High Pressure Burner Rig is used to expose high temperature materials in hydrocarbon-fueled combustion environments. Silicon carbide (SiC) volatility rates were measured in the burner rig as a function of total pressure, gas velocity and temperature. Finally, the Research Combustion Lab Rocket Test Cell is used to expose high temperature materials in hydrogen/oxygen rocket engine environments to assess material durability. SiC recession due to rocket engine exposures was measured as a function of oxidant/fuel ratio, temperature, and total pressure. The emphasis of the discussion for all techniques will be placed on experimental factors that must be controlled for accurate acquisition of results and reliable prediction of high temperature material chemical stability. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Opila, E (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-1-57498-261-9 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2005 VL 26 IS 8 BP 311 EP 322 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BMZ43 UT WOS:000273977200033 ER PT S AU Hurst, J Hull, D Gorican, D AF Hurst, Janet Hull, David Gorican, Daniel BE Brito, ME Filip, P Lewinsohn, C Sayir, A Opeka, M Mullins, MW TI SYNTHESIS OF BORON NITRIDE NANOTUBES FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS SO DEVELOPMENTS IN ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 23-28, 2005 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc AB Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT) are of significant interest to the scientific and technical communities for many of the same reasons that carbon nanotubes (CNT) have attracted wide attention. Both materials have potentially unique and important properties for structural and electronic applications. However of even more consequence than their similarities may be the complementary differences between carbon and boron nitride nanotubes. While BNNT possess a very high modulus similar to CNT, they also possess superior chemical and thermal stability. Additionally, BNNT have more uniform electronic properties, with a uniform band gap of 5.5 eV while CNT vary from semi-conductive to highly conductive behavior. Boron nitride nanotubes have been synthesized both in the literature and at NASA Glenn Research Center, by a variety of methods such as chemical vapor deposition, arc discharge and reactive milling. Consistent large scale production of a reliable product has proven to be difficult. Progress in the reproducible synthesis of 1-2 gram sized batches of boron nitride nanotubes will be discussed as well as potential uses for this unique material. C1 [Hurst, Janet; Hull, David] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Hurst, J (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-1-57498-261-9 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2005 VL 26 IS 8 BP 355 EP 362 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BMZ43 UT WOS:000273977200038 ER PT S AU Xu, QJ desJardins, M Wagstaff, KL AF Xu, QJ desJardins, M Wagstaff, KL BE Carbonell, JG Motoda, H Hoffmann, A TI Active constrained clustering by examining spectral eigenvectors SO DISCOVERY SCIENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Discovery Science CY OCT 08-11, 2005 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE SP AF Off Sci Res, Asian Off Aerosp Res & Dev, AFOSR, AOARD AB This work focuses on the active selection of pairwise constraints for spectral clustering. We develop and analyze a technique for Active Constrained Clustering by Examining Spectral eigenvectorS (ACCESS) derived from a similarity matrix. The ACCESS method uses an analysis based on the theoretical properties of spectral decomposition to identify data items that are likely to be located on the boundaries of clusters, and for which providing constraints can resolve ambiguity in the cluster descriptions. Empirical results on three synthetic and five real data sets show that ACCESS significantly outperforms constrained spectral clustering using randomly selected constraints. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept CS&EE, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept CS&EE, 100 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. EM qxu1@cs.umbc.edu; mariedj@cs.umbc.edu; kiri.wagstaff@jpl.nasa.gov NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-29230-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3735 BP 294 EP 307 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BDP62 UT WOS:000234794000025 ER PT S AU Brooks, W Aftosmis, M Biegel, B Biswas, R Ciotti, R Freeman, K Henze, C Hinke, T Jin, HQ Thigpen, W AF Brooks, W Aftosmis, M Biegel, B Biswas, R Ciotti, R Freeman, K Henze, C Hinke, T Jin, HQ Thigpen, W BE Pal, A Kshemkalyani, AD Kumar, R Gupta, A TI Impact of the Columbia supercomputer on NASA science and engineering applications SO DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING - IWDC 2005, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Workshop on Distributed Computing (IWDC 2005) CY DEC 27-30, 2005 CL Kharagpur, INDIA AB Columbia is a 10,240-processor supercomputer consisting of 20 Altix nodes with 512 processors each, and currently ranked as one of the fastest in the world. In this paper, we briefly describe the Columbia system and its supporting infrastructure, the underlying Altix architecture, and benchmark performance on up to four nodes interconnected via the Infini Band and NUMAlink4 communication fabrics. Additionally, three science and engineering applications from different disciplines running on multiple Columbia nodes are described and their performance results are presented. Overall, our results show promise for multi-node application scaling, allowing the ability to tackle compute-intensive scientific problems not previously solvable on available supercomputers. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NAS Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Brooks, W (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NAS Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM wbrooks@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-30959-4 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3741 BP 293 EP 305 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BDQ06 UT WOS:000234856100033 ER PT S AU Pilkerton, BM Collier, MR Moore, TE AF Pilkerton, BM Collier, MR Moore, TE BE Fichtner, H TI Correlations between neutral and ionized solar wind SO DYNAMIC HELIOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE solar wind/magnetosphere interactions; neutral atom imaging; space weather ID PLASMA CORRELATIONS; MAGNETIC-FIELD; 1 AU; HELIOSPHERE; FEATURES; ATOMS AB We report results of a statistical study correlating ionized solar wind (ISW) fluxes observed by ACE during late 2000 and throughout 2001 with neutral solar wind (NSW) fluxes observed by IMAGE/LENA over the same period. The average correlation coefficient between the neutral and ionized solar wind is 0.66 with correlations greater than 0.80 occurring about 29% of the time. Correlations appear to be driven by high solar wind flux variability, similar to results obtained by in situ multi-spacecraft correlation studies. In this study, however, IMAGE remains inside the magnetosphere on over 95% of its orbits. As a function of day of year, or equivalently ecliptic longitude, the slope of the relationship between the neutral solar wind flux and the ionized solar wind flux shows an enhancement near the upstream direction, but the symmetry point appears shifted toward higher ecliptic longitudes than the interstellar neutral (ISN) flow direction by about 20 degrees. The estimated peak interstellar neutral upstream density inside of I AU is about 7 x 10(-3) cm(-3). (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Seabrook, MD 20706 USA. RP Collier, MR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Michael.R.Collier@nasa.gov RI Moore, Thomas/D-4675-2012; Collier, Michael/I-4864-2013 OI Moore, Thomas/0000-0002-3150-1137; Collier, Michael/0000-0001-9658-6605 NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 12 SI 2005 BP 2152 EP 2156 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.068 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDT00 UT WOS:000235191000017 ER PT S AU Collier, MR Moore, TE Snowden, SL Kuntz, KD AF Collier, MR Moore, TE Snowden, SL Kuntz, KD BE Fichtner, H TI One-up on L1: Can X-rays provide longer advanced warning of solar wind flux enhancements than upstream monitors? SO DYNAMIC HELIOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE solar wind/magnetosphere interaction; solar wind charge exchange; soft X-rays; space weather; SWCX ID CHARGE-TRANSFER; EMISSION AB Observations of strong solar wind proton flux correlations with ROSAT X-ray rates along with high spectral resolution Chandra observations of X-rays from the dark Moon show that soft X-ray emission mirrors the behavior of the solar wind. In this paper, based on an analysis of an X-ray event observed by XMM-Newton resulting from charge exchange of high charge state solar wind ions and contemporaneous neutral solar wind data, we argue that X-ray observations may be able to provide reliable advance warning, perhaps by as much as half a day, of dramatic increases in solar wind flux at Earth. Like neutral atom imaging, this provides the capability to monitor the solar wind remotely rather than in situ. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Astron, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Collier, MR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 692, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM michael.r.colllier@nasa.gov RI Moore, Thomas/D-4675-2012; Snowden, Steven/D-5292-2012; Collier, Michael/I-4864-2013 OI Moore, Thomas/0000-0002-3150-1137; Collier, Michael/0000-0001-9658-6605 NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 12 SI 2005 BP 2157 EP 2161 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.035 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDT00 UT WOS:000235191000018 ER PT S AU Mierla, M Schwenn, R Teriaca, L Stenborg, G Podlipnik, B AF Mierla, M Schwenn, R Teriaca, L Stenborg, G Podlipnik, B BE Fichtner, H TI Using LASCO-C1 spectroscopy for coronal diagnostics SO DYNAMIC HELIOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE Sun : corona; Sun : Fe xiv; Sun : dynamics of corona; Sun : line width ID SOLAR CORONA; LINES; GREEN AB The LASCO-C1 telescope was designed to perform spectral analysis of coronal structures by means of a tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer acquiring images at different wavelengths. Results from spectral scans of the Fe xiv 5303 angstrom green coronal emission line are presented. Physical quantities like the ion temperature (line widths), and the flow velocity along the line of sight (Doppler shifts) are obtained over the entire corona. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Max Planck Inst Sonnensystemforsch, Solar Phys Dept, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Max Planck Inst Sonnensystemforsch, Solar Phys Dept, Max Planck St 2, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. EM mierla@linmpi.mpg.de NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 12 SI 2005 BP 2199 EP 2203 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.031 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDT00 UT WOS:000235191000026 ER PT J AU Pargett, DA Ardema, MD AF Pargett, DA Ardema, MD TI A new look at aircraft cruise SO DYNAMICS OF CONTINUOUS DISCRETE AND IMPULSIVE SYSTEMS-SERIES B-APPLICATIONS & ALGORITHMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Engineering Applications and Computational Algorithms CY JUL 27-29, 2005 CL Univ Guelph, Guelph, CANADA SP DCDIS HO Univ Guelph AB Past studies of cruise flight optimization have either focused on steady night or flight with variable altitude and speed. Since operational constraints limit the flight of long-haul commercial transports to constant altitudes, or nearly so, we consider night at constant altitude. Thus attention is focused on the interplay between speed and mass. This dynamic model has a singular arc. We derive the equation for the singular arc and conjecture optimal flight paths that include portions along this arc. An example for an existing aircraft (the Boeing 747-400) and an existing engine (the General Electric CF6-80C2) shows that flight using the singular arc results in greater range than the standard cruise at constant speed. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Facil Engn Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. RP Pargett, DA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Facil Engn Branch, Code PFE, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM douglas.m.pargett@nasa.gov; mardema@scu.edu NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WATAM PRESS PI WATERLOO PA C/O DCDIS JOURNAL, 317 KAREN PLACE, WATERLOO, ONTARIO N2L 6K8, CANADA SN 1492-8760 J9 DYNAM CONT DIS SER B JI Dyn. Contin. Discret. Impuls. Syst. Ser. B-Appl. Algorithms PY 2005 VL 2 SI SI BP 530 EP 534 PG 5 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 962FQ UT WOS:000231716800014 ER PT B AU Chesley, SR AF Chesley, Steven R. BE Knezevic, Z Milani, A TI Very short arc orbit determination: the case of asteroid 2004 FU162 SO Dynamics of Populations of Planetary Systems SE IAU COLLOQUIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 197th Colloquium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 2004 CL Belgrade, SERBIA MONTENEG SP Int Astron Union, IAU Div 1 & Div 3, IAU No 7, No 20 & No 22 DE orbit determination; ranging; impacts AB We show the utility of the Systematic Ranging technique by analyzing the orbit determination of asteroid 2004 FU162, which passed approximately 6400 km from the surface of the Earth on March 31, 2004. The limited observations introduce strong nonlinearities that must be accounted for when estimating the actual encounter distance. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chesley, SR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA BN 978-0-521-85203-6 J9 IAU COLLOQ PY 2005 VL 197 BP 255 EP 258 DI 10.1017/S1743921304008737 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGF24 UT WOS:000246406100031 ER PT B AU Chesley, SR Yeomans, DK AF Chesley, Steven R. Yeomans, Donald K. BE Knezevic, Z Milani, A TI Nongravitational accelerations on comets SO Dynamics of Populations of Planetary Systems SE IAU COLLOQUIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 197th Colloquium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 2004 CL Belgrade, SERBIA MONTENEG SP Int Astron Union, IAU Div 1 & Div 3, IAU No 7, No 20 & No 22 DE comets; orbit determination; nongravitational accelerations ID OUTGASSING ASYMMETRY; NUCLEUS; MOTION; MODEL; APPARITIONS; PRECESSION; ENCKE; 67P/CHURYUMOV-GERASIMENKO; EVOLUTION; ROTATION AB The orbital motion of comets is difficult to characterize accurately due to the rocket-like outgassing of material from the cometary nucleus. The resulting nongravitational accelerations often appear to be fundamentally stochastic in nature and thus pose severe modeling challenges in orbit determination, especially when the comet has been observed for many revolutions. Even so, new techniques have arisen in recent years that give new insight, not only into the motion of the comets, but also into their physical characteristics and spin states. These approaches include modeling of spin axis precession over many decades and the consideration of the seasonal variation in the thrust from discrete jets acting on a rotating nucleus. Such advances have been enabled, in part, by the increasing efforts and capabilities of comet observers worldwide as more and more comets with longer and longer observing arcs become available for study. In this review we specifically consider the application of the Rotating Jet Model to several space mission targets, indicating how this model can often be used to infer the orientation of a comet's spin axis. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chesley, SR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA BN 978-0-521-85203-6 J9 IAU COLLOQ PY 2005 VL 197 BP 289 EP 302 DI 10.1017/S1743921304008786 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BGF24 UT WOS:000246406100036 ER PT J AU Hoffman, FM Hargrove, WW Erickson, DJ Oglesby, RJ AF Hoffman, Forrest M. Hargrove, William W., Jr. Erickson, David J., III Oglesby, Robert J. TI Using clustered climate regimes to analyze and compare predictions from fully coupled general circulation models SO EARTH INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE climate; clustering; Parallel Climate Model; PCM; Multivariate Spatio-Temporal Clustering ID SEA-ICE DYNAMICS; SIMULATIONS; CCM3; DELINEATION; ECOREGIONS; REGIONS AB Changes in Earth's climate in response to atmospheric green-house gas buildup impact the heath of terrestrial ecosystems and the hydrologic cycle. The environmental conditions influential to plant and animal life are often mapped as ecoregions, which are land areas having similar combinations of environmental characteristics. This idea is extended to establish regions of similarity with respect to climatic characteristics that evolve through time using a quantitative statistical clustering technique called Multivariate Spatio-Temporal Clustering (MSTC). MSTC was applied to the monthly time series output from a fully coupled general circulation model (GCM) called the Parallel Climate Model (PCM). Results from an ensemble of five 99-yr-Business-As-Usual (BAU) transient simulations from 2000 to 2098 were analyzed. MSTC establishes an exhaustive set of recurring climate regimes that form a "skeleton" through the "observations" ( model output) throughout the occupied portion of the climate phase space formed by the characteristics being considered. MSTC facilitates direct comparison of ensemble members and ensemble and temporal averages since the derived climate regimes provide a basis for comparison. Moreover, by mapping all land cells to discrete climate states, the dynamic behavior of any part of the system can be studied by its time-varying sequence of climate state occupancy. MSTC is a powerful tool for model developers and environmental decision makers who wish to understand long, complex time series predictions of models. Strong predicted interannual trends were revealed in this analysis, including an increase in global desertification; a decrease in the cold, dry high-latitude conditions typical of North American and Asian winters; and significant warming in Antarctica and western Greenland. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Climate & Carbon Res Inst, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Hoffman, FM (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Climate & Carbon Res Inst, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM forrest@climate.ornl.gov RI Hoffman, Forrest/B-8667-2012 OI Hoffman, Forrest/0000-0001-5802-4134 NR 33 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1087-3562 J9 EARTH INTERACT JI Earth Interact. PY 2005 VL 9 AR 10 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 094BG UT WOS:000241213400001 ER PT J AU Morisette, JT Giglio, L Csiszar, I Setzer, A Schroeder, W Morton, D Justice, CO AF Morisette, Jeffrey T. Giglio, Louis Csiszar, Ivan Setzer, Alberto Schroeder, Wilfrid Morton, Douglas Justice, Christopher O. TI Validation of MODIS active fire detection products derived from two algorithms SO EARTH INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE fire monitoring; MODIS; validation; satellite fire detection ID IDENTIFICATION; EMISSIONS; ACCURACY; AMAZONIA; SEASON AB Fire influences global change and tropical ecosystems through its connection to land-cover dynamics, atmospheric composition, and the global carbon cycle. As such, the climate change community, the Brazilian government, and the Large-Scale Biosphere - Atmosphere (LBA) Experiment in Amazonia are interested in the use of satellites to monitor and quantify fire occurrence throughout Brazil. Because multiple satellites and algorithms are being utilized, it is important to quantify the accuracy of the derived products. In this paper the characteristics of two fire detection algorithms are evaluated, both of which are applied to Terra's Moderate Resolution Imagine Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) data and with both operationally producing publicly available fire locations. The two algorithms are NASA's operational Earth Observing System (EOS) MODIS fire detection product and Brazil's Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) algorithm. Both algorithms are compared to fire maps that are derived independently from 30-m spatial resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ( ASTER) imagery. A quantitative comparison is accomplished through logistic regression and error matrices. Results show that the likelihood of MODIS fire detection, for either algorithm, is a function of both the number of ASTER fire pixels within the MODIS pixel as well as the contiguity of those pixels. Both algorithms have similar omission errors and each has a fairly high likelihood of detecting relatively small fires, as observed in the ASTER data. However, INPE's commission error is roughly 3 times more than that of the EOS algorithm. C1 NASA, Terr Informat Syst Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. INPE, Ctr Previsao Tempo & Estudos Climat, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Morisette, JT (reprint author), NASA, Terr Informat Syst Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mail Code 614-5, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM jeff.morisette@nasa.gov RI Csiszar, Ivan/D-2396-2010; Schroeder, Wilfrid/F-6738-2010; Morton, Douglas/D-5044-2012 NR 32 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1087-3562 J9 EARTH INTERACT JI Earth Interact. PY 2005 VL 9 AR 9 PG 25 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 094BE UT WOS:000241213200001 ER PT J AU Potter, C Klooster, S Tan, P Steinbach, M Kumar, V Genovese, V AF Potter, C. Klooster, S. Tan, P. Steinbach, M. Kumar, V. Genovese, V. TI Variability in terrestrial carbon sinks over two decades. Part III: South America, Africa, and Asia SO EARTH INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE carbon; ecosystems; remote sensing; soil ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SATELLITE DATA; GLOBAL SATELLITE; CLIMATE; FORESTS; MODEL; SCALE; EXCHANGE; ECOSYSTEMS; INCREASES AB Seventeen years ( 1982 - 98) of net carbon flux predictions for Southern Hemisphere continents have been analyzed, based on a simulation model using satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover. The NASA Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach ( CASA) model was driven by vegetation-cover properties derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and radiative transfer algorithms that were developed for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS). The terrestrial ecosystem flux for atmospheric CO2 for the Amazon region of South America has been predicted between a biosphere source of - 0.17 Pg C per year ( in 1983) and a biosphere sink of + 0.64 Pg C per year ( in 1989). The areas of highest variability in net ecosystem production (NEP) fluxes across all of South America were detected in the south-central rain forest areas of the Amazon basin and in southeastern Brazil. Similar levels of variability were recorded across central forested portions of Africa and in the southern horn of East Africa, throughout Indonesia, and in eastern Australia. It is hypothesized that periodic droughts and wildfires associated with four major El Nino events during the 1980s and 1990s have held the net ecosystem carbon sink for atmospheric CO2 in an oscillating pattern of a 4-6-yr cycle, despite observations of increasing net plant carbon fixation over the entire 17-yr time period. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Calif Univ Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA USA. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA. RP Potter, C (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 242-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM cpotter@gaia.arc.nasa.gov NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1087-3562 J9 EARTH INTERACT JI Earth Interact. PY 2005 VL 9 AR 29 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 096DY UT WOS:000241358700001 ER PT J AU Rodell, M Chao, BF Au, AY Kimball, JS McDonald, KC AF Rodell, M. Chao, B. F. Au, A. Y. Kimball, J. S. McDonald, K. C. TI Global biomass variation and its geodynamic effects: 1982-98 SO EARTH INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE biogeochemical cycles; earth rotation variations; time-variable gravity; remote sensing ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; TERRESTRIAL WATER STORAGE; GRAVITATIONAL-FIELD; CLIMATE EXPERIMENT; GRAVITY RECOVERY; EARTH SYSTEM; SCALE; GRACE; VARIABILITY; BOREAL AB Redistribution of mass near Earth's surface alters its rotation, gravity field, and geocenter location. Advanced techniques for measuring these geodetic variations now exist, but the ability to attribute the observed modes to individual Earth system processes has been hampered by a shortage of reliable global data on such processes, especially hydrospheric processes. To address one aspect of this deficiency, 17 yr of monthly, global maps of vegetation biomass were produced by applying field-based relationships to satellite-derived vegetation type and leaf area index. The seasonal variability of biomass was estimated to be as large as 5 kg m(-2). Of this amount, approximately 4 kg m(-2) is due to vegetation water storage variations. The time series of maps was used to compute geodetic anomalies, which were then compared with existing geodetic observations as well as the estimated measurement sensitivity of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment ( GRACE). For gravity, the seasonal amplitude of biomass variations may be just within GRACE's limits of detectability, but it is still an order of magnitude smaller than current observation uncertainty using the satellite-laser-ranging technique. The contribution of total biomass variations to seasonal polar motion amplitude is detectable in today's measurement, but it is obscured by contributions from various other sources, some of which are two orders of magnitude larger. The influence on the length of day is below current limits of detectability. Although the nonseasonal geodynamic signals show clear interannual variability, they are too small to be detected. C1 NASA, Hydrol Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Space Geodesy Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Raytheon ITSS, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Montana, Flathead Lake Biol Stn, Polson, MT 59860 USA. NASA, Terr Sci Res Element, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Rodell, M (reprint author), NASA, Hydrol Sci Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Matthew.Rodell@nasa.gov RI Rodell, Matthew/E-4946-2012; Chao, Benjamin Fong/N-6156-2013 OI Rodell, Matthew/0000-0003-0106-7437; NR 44 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1087-3562 J9 EARTH INTERACT JI Earth Interact. PY 2005 VL 9 AR 2 DI 10.1175/EI126.1 PG 19 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 094AQ UT WOS:000241211800001 ER PT J AU Schroeder, W Morisette, JT Csiszar, I Giglio, L Morton, D Justice, CO AF Schroeder, Wilfrid Morisette, Jeffrey T. Csiszar, Ivan Giglio, Louis Morton, Douglas Justice, Christopher O. TI Characterizing vegetation fire dynamics in Brazil through multisatellite data: Common trends and practical issues SO EARTH INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE vegetation fire; fire monitoring; Brazilian Amazon ID FOREST-FIRES; SCAR-B; TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION; SURFACE FIRES; SOUTH-AMERICA; SMOKE; DEFORESTATION; AMAZONIA; MODIS; SEASON AB Correctly characterizing the frequency and distribution of fire occurrence is essential for understanding the environmental impacts of biomass burning. Satellite fire detection is analyzed from two sensors - the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on NOAA-12 and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) on both the Terra and Aqua platforms, for 2001 - 03 - to characterize fire activity in Brazil, giving special emphasis to the Amazon region. In evaluating the daily fire counts, their dependence on variations in satellite viewing geometry, overpass time, atmospheric conditions, and fire characteristics were considered. Fire counts were assessed for major biomes of Brazil, the nine states of the Legal Amazon, and two important road corridors in the Amazon region. All three datasets provide consistent information on the timing of peak fire activity for a given state. Also, ranking by relative fire counts per unit area highlights the importance of fire in smaller biomes such as Complexo do Pantanal. The local analysis of road corridors shows trends for fire detections with the increasing intensity of land use. Although absolute fire counts differ by as much as 1200%, when summarized over space and time, trends in fire counts among the three datasets show clear patterns of fire dynamics. The fire dynamics that are evident in these trend analyses are important foundations for assessing environmental impacts of biomass burning and policy measures to manage fire in Brazil. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Schroeder, W (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM schroeder@hermes.geog.umd.edu RI Csiszar, Ivan/D-2396-2010; Schroeder, Wilfrid/F-6738-2010; Morton, Douglas/D-5044-2012 NR 57 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1087-3562 J9 EARTH INTERACT JI Earth Interact. PY 2005 VL 9 AR 13 PG 26 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 094BK UT WOS:000241213900001 ER PT J AU Shephard, JM AF Shephard, J. Marshall TI A review of current investigations of urban-induced rainfall and recommmendations for the future SO EARTH INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE urban; rainfall; anthropogenic ID TOKYO METROPOLITAN-AREA; HEAT-ISLAND; ST-LOUIS; MESOSCALE MODEL; CLIMATE-CHANGE; AIR-POLLUTION; SEA-BREEZE; PRECIPITATION; HOUSTON; IMPACTS AB Precipitation is a key link in the global water cycle and a proxy for changing climate; therefore, proper assessment of the urban environment's impact on precipitation ( land use, aerosols, thermal properties) will be increasingly important in ongoing climate diagnostics and prediction, Global Water and Energy Cycle (GWEC) analysis and modeling, weather forecasting, freshwater resource management, urban planning - design, and land atmosphere - ocean interface processes. These facts are particularly critical if current projections for global urban growth are accurate. The goal of this paper is to provide a concise review of recent ( 1990 - present) studies related to how the urban environment affects precipitation. In addition to providing a synopsis of current work, recent findings are placed in context with historical investigations such as Metropolitan Meteorological Experiment (METROMEX) studies. Both observational and modeling studies of urban-induced rainfall are discussed. Additionally, a discussion of the relative roles of urban dynamic and microphysical ( e. g., aerosol) processes is presented. The paper closes with a set of recommendations for what observations and capabilities are needed in the future to advance our understanding of the processes. C1 NASA, Earth Sun Explorat Div, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Shephard, JM (reprint author), NASA, Earth Sun Explorat Div, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM marshall.shepard@nasa.gov NR 81 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1087-3562 J9 EARTH INTERACT JI Earth Interact. PY 2005 VL 9 AR 12 PG 27 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 094BJ UT WOS:000241213800001 ER PT B AU Ivins, ER Rignot, E Wu, XP James, TS Casassa, G AF Ivins, ER Rignot, E Wu, XP James, TS Casassa, G BE Reigber, C Luhr, H Schwintzer, P Wickert, J TI Ice mass balance and Antarctic gravity change: Satellite and terrestrial perspectives SO EARTH OBSERVATION WITH CHAMP: RESULTS FROM THREE YEARS ORBIT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd CHAMP Science Meeting CY SEP 01-04, 2003 CL GFZ Potsdam, Potsdam, GERMANY SP BMBF, German Aerosp Ctr HO GFZ Potsdam DE CHAMP; GRACE; sealevel rise; cryosphere ID PENINSULA; GOCE; VARIABILITY; PREDICTIONS; TRACKING; DRIVEN; CHAMP; SHEET; GRACE; EARTH AB Recent advances in the spatial and temporal retrieval of land-based cryospheric change information south of 42.5degrees allow fairly robust, construction of forward model predictions of the time-rate of change in gravity. A map-view prediction is presented for the time-rate of change in geoid. dN/dt, that, might, be retrieved from the currently orbiting gravity space craft.. CHAMP (Challenging Mini-Satellite PayIoad for Geophysical Research and Application) and/or GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment). Complementary computation of the surface gravity change, ddeltag/dt, is also presented. The latter call be recovered from terrestrial absolute gravity measurements. Also, the computed rate of change Stokes coefficients for degree and order l, m 1-12 may be used as reliable estimates of the Southern Hemisphere cryospheric change contribution to the global low-degree harmonic variability recorded in multidecadal satellite laser ranging (SLR) data sets. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ivins, ER (reprint author), Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM eri@fryxell.jpl.nasa.gov RI James, Thomas/D-9301-2013; Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014 OI James, Thomas/0000-0001-7321-047X; Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481 NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-22804-7 PY 2005 BP 3 EP 12 DI 10.1007/3-540-26800-6_1 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBM30 UT WOS:000226132800001 ER PT B AU Kim, HR Gaya-Pique, LR von Frese, RRB Taylor, PT Kim, JW AF Kim, HR Gaya-Pique, LR von Frese, RRB Taylor, PT Kim, JW BE Reigber, C Luhr, H Schwintzer, P Wickert, J TI CHAMP magnetic anomalies of the Antarctic crust SO EARTH OBSERVATION WITH CHAMP: RESULTS FROM THREE YEARS ORBIT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd CHAMP Science Meeting CY SEP 01-04, 2003 CL GFZ Potsdam, Potsdam, GERMANY SP BMBF, German Aerosp Ctr HO GFZ Potsdam DE CHAMP; magnetic anomalies; Antarctica; crustal thickness ID GRAVITY; FIELD; MODEL AB Regional magnetic signals of the crust are strongly masked by the core field and its secular variation components and hence difficult to isolate in the satellite measurements. In particular, the un-modeled effects of the strong auroral external fields and the complicated behavior of the core field near the geomagnetic poles conspire to greatly reduce the crustal magnetic signal-to-noise ratio in the polar regions relative to the rest of the Earth. We can, however, use spectral correlation theory to filter the static lithospheric anomalies and core field component, from the dynamic external field effects. To help isolate regional lithospheric from core field components, the correlations between CHAMP magnetic anomalies and the pseudo-magnetic effects inferred from gravity-derived crustal thickness variations can also be exploited. Employing these procedures, we processed the CHAMP magnetic observations for an improved magnetic anomaly map of the Antarctic crust. Relative to the much higher altitude Orsted and noisier Magsat observations, the CHAMP magnetic anomalies at 400 kill altitude reveal new details on the effects of intracrustal magnetic features and crustal thickness variations of the Antarctic. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, GEST, GSFC, NASA, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Kim, HR (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, GEST, GSFC, NASA, Greenbelt, MD USA. RI Taylor, Patrick/D-4707-2012 OI Taylor, Patrick/0000-0002-1212-9384 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-22804-7 PY 2005 BP 261 EP 266 DI 10.1007/3-540-26800-6_41 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBM30 UT WOS:000226132800041 ER PT B AU Nazarova, KA AF Nazarova, KA BE Reigber, C Luhr, H Schwintzer, P Wickert, J TI Magnetic petrology database for interpretation satellite magnetic anomalies SO EARTH OBSERVATION WITH CHAMP: RESULTS FROM THREE YEARS ORBIT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd CHAMP Science Meeting CY SEP 01-04, 2003 CL GFZ Potsdam, Potsdam, GERMANY SP BMBF, German Aerosp Ctr HO GFZ Potsdam DE database; magnetic petrology; lithospheric AB A Global Magnetic Petrology Database (MPDB) is now being compiled at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and consists of many thousands of records. The prototype database is located at http://core2.gsfc.nasa.gov/research/terr_mag/php/MPDB/frames.html. The purpose of this database is to provide the geomagnetic community with a comprehensive and user-friendly method of accessing magnetic petrology data via Internet for a more realistic interpretation of satellite (as well as aeromagnetic and ground) magnetic anomalies. MPDB is focused on lower crustal and upper mantle rocks and includes data on mantle xenoliths, serpentinized ultramafic rocks, granulites, iron quartzites and rocks from Archean-Proterozoic metamorphic sequences from all around the world. The definition of crustal magnetic anomalies is improving due to the mini-constellation of three satellites - Oersted, Champ, and SAC-C. Recent lithospheric field models (CM4, MF1, MF2) reveal magnetic anomalies with better resolution, for example in the areas of Iceland, Polar Urals Mountains, and Anabar Shield where we have an excellent magnetic petrology records. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Nazarova, KA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon ITSS, Geodynam Branch, Code 921, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-22804-7 PY 2005 BP 267 EP 272 DI 10.1007/3-540-26800-6_42 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBM30 UT WOS:000226132800042 ER PT B AU Nazarova, KA Tsvetkov, Y Heirtzler, J Sabaka, T AF Nazarova, KA Tsvetkov, Y Heirtzler, J Sabaka, T BE Reigber, C Luhr, H Schwintzer, P Wickert, J TI Balloon geomagnetic survey at stratospheric altitudes SO EARTH OBSERVATION WITH CHAMP: RESULTS FROM THREE YEARS ORBIT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd CHAMP Science Meeting CY SEP 01-04, 2003 CL GFZ Potsdam, Potsdam, GERMANY SP BMBF, German Aerosp Ctr HO GFZ Potsdam DE geomagnetism; balloon; lithosphere; stratosphere AB A stratospheric balloon flight at 30 km altitude measured the geomagnetic field intensity along a 6000 km track extending from Kamchatka to near the Ural Mountains. When the CM model was used to remove the main and external fields from the observed data, magnetic anomalies of several 100 nT amplitude and 250 to 750 km wavelength are observed. In the eastern part of the track these anomalies appear to be due to the bodies of up to 5 km depth and magnetizations of 0.12 SI (0.01 cgs). C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geodynam Branch, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Nazarova, KA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geodynam Branch, Raytheon ITSS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Sabaka, Terence/D-5618-2012 NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-22804-7 PY 2005 BP 273 EP 278 DI 10.1007/3-540-26800-6_43 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBM30 UT WOS:000226132800043 ER PT B AU Taylor, PT Kis, KI von Frese, RRB Korhonen, JV Wittmann, G Kim, HR Potts, LV AF Taylor, PT Kis, KI von Frese, RRB Korhonen, JV Wittmann, G Kim, HR Potts, LV BE Reigber, C Luhr, H Schwintzer, P Wickert, J TI Effect of varying crustal thickness on CHAMP geopotential data SO EARTH OBSERVATION WITH CHAMP: RESULTS FROM THREE YEARS ORBIT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd CHAMP Science Meeting CY SEP 01-04, 2003 CL GFZ Potsdam, Potsdam, GERMANY SP BMBF, German Aerosp Ctr HO GFZ Potsdam DE comparing satellite magnetic anomalies; Pannonian Basin and South and Central Finland; crustal magnetization; crustal thickness ID FENNOSCANDIAN SHIELD; PANNONIAN BASIN; ANOMALIES AB To determine the effect of crustal thickness variation on satellite-altitude geopotential anomalies we compared two regions of Europe with vastly different values, South and Central Finland and the Pannonian Basin. Crustal thickness exceeds 44 km in Finland and is less than 26 km in the Pannonian Basin. Heat-flow data indicate that the crust of the Pannonian Basin has a value nearly three times that of the Finnish Svecofennian Province. A positive CHAMP gravity anomaly (similar to 4 mGal) is quasi-coincidental with the CHAMP magnetic anomaly across the Pannonian Basin. CHAMP gravity data indicates a minimum of 3 mGal in southwest Finland. CHAMP magnetic data reveal elongated semicircular negative anomalies for both regions with South-Central Finland having larger amplitude (< -6 nT) than that over the Pannonian Basin, Hungary (< -5 nT). In this latter region subducted oceanic lithosphere has been proposed as the anomalous body. In the former the central part of the negative gravity anomaly covers the northern pan of the Baltic Sea basin and Gulf of Finland and underlying two rapakivi provinces plus it coincides with an area of lower crustal thickness. The magnetic anomaly directly correlates with the crustal thickness and inversely with the heat flow and, hence, may be caused either by variation of concentration of magnetite or by the elevated Curie-isotherm of magnetite in the lower crust-upper mantle region. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Taylor, PT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Taylor, Patrick/D-4707-2012 OI Taylor, Patrick/0000-0002-1212-9384 NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-22804-7 PY 2005 BP 279 EP 286 DI 10.1007/3-540-26800-6_44 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBM30 UT WOS:000226132800044 ER PT B AU Yunck, TP Hajj, GA AF Yunck, TP Hajj, GA BE Reigber, C Luhr, H Schwintzer, P Wickert, J TI Atmospheric and ocean sensing with GNSS SO EARTH OBSERVATION WITH CHAMP: RESULTS FROM THREE YEARS ORBIT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd CHAMP Science Meeting CY SEP 01-04, 2003 CL GFZ Potsdam, Potsdam, GERMANY SP BMBF, German Aerosp Ctr HO GFZ Potsdam DE GPS; GNSS; occultation; limb-sounding; bi-static radar; reflectometry ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; OCCULTATION AB The 1980s and 1990s saw the Global Positioning System (GPS) transform space geodesy from an elite national enterprise to one open to the individual researcher. By adapting the tools from that endeavor we are learning to probe the atmosphere and the ocean surface in novel ways, including around-based sensing of atmospheric moisture; space-based profiling of atmospheric refractivity by active limb sounding; and global ocean altimetry with reflected signals. Ground-based GPS moisture sensing is already being tested for weather prediction. Limb sounding is less mature but offers a variety of attractions. including high accuracy, stability, and resolution; all-weather operation, and low cost. GPS "reflectometry" is least advanced but shows promise for a number of niche applications. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Yunck, TP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-22804-7 PY 2005 BP 421 EP 430 DI 10.1007/3-540-26800-6_67 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBM30 UT WOS:000226132800067 ER PT B AU Jiang, JH Wang, DY Romans, LL Ao, CO Schwartz, MJ Stiller, GP von Clarmann, T Lopez-Puertas, M Funke, B Gil-Lopez, S Glatthor, N Grabowski, U Hopfner, M Kellmann, S Kiefer, M Linden, A Tsidu, GM Milz, M Steck, T Fischer, H AF Jiang, JH Wang, DY Romans, LL Ao, CO Schwartz, MJ Stiller, GP von Clarmann, T Lopez-Puertas, M Funke, B Gil-Lopez, S Glatthor, N Grabowski, U Hopfner, M Kellmann, S Kiefer, M Linden, A Tsidu, GM Milz, M Steck, T Fischer, H BE Reigber, C Luhr, H Schwintzer, P Wickert, J TI Comparison of GPS/SAC-C and MIPAS/ENVISAT temperature profiles and its possible implementation for EOS MLS observations SO EARTH OBSERVATION WITH CHAMP: RESULTS FROM THREE YEARS ORBIT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd CHAMP Science Meeting CY SEP 01-04, 2003 CL GFZ Potsdam, Potsdam, GERMANY SP BMBF, German Aerosp Ctr HO GFZ Potsdam DE GPS/SAC-C; MIPAS; EOS MLS; temperature ID ATMOSPHERE; OCCULTATION; MIPAS AB This analysis presents comparisons of the atmospheric temperatures retrieved from CPS/SAC-C radio occultation observations using the JPL retrieval software, and from MIPAS/ENVISAT infrared spectrum measurements using the IMK data processor. Both individual profiles and zonal means of the atmospheric temperature at different seasons and geo-locations show reasonable agreement. For the temperatures at altitudes between 8-30 km, the mean differences between the correlative measurements are estimated at less than 2 K with rms deviations less than 5 K. A similar cross comparison technique can be used to help validate the observed temperatures from the new EOS MLS instrument, to be launched in 2004. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Jiang, JH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Stiller, Gabriele/A-7340-2013; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/M-8219-2013; Funke, Bernd/C-2162-2008; OI Stiller, Gabriele/0000-0003-2883-6873; Lopez Puertas, Manuel/0000-0003-2941-7734; Funke, Bernd/0000-0003-0462-4702; Gil-Lopez, Sergio/0000-0001-5584-345X; Milz, Mathias/0000-0002-4478-2185 NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-22804-7 PY 2005 BP 573 EP 578 DI 10.1007/3-540-26800-6_91 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BBM30 UT WOS:000226132800091 ER PT J AU Delcourt, DC Malova, HV Zelenyi, LM Sauvaud, JA Moore, TE Fok, MC AF Delcourt, DC Malova, HV Zelenyi, LM Sauvaud, JA Moore, TE Fok, MC TI Energetic particle injections into the outer cusp during compression events SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article DE cusp; magnetospheric configuration and dynamics; charged particle motion and acceleration; trapped energetic particles; numerical modeling ID IONOSPHERIC MASS EJECTION; INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; MAGNETIC-FIELD; MODEL; ACCELERATION; REGIONS; SHOCK; IONS AB We investigate the dynamics of charged particles in the dayside magnetosphere in response to abrupt variations of the solar wind dynamical pressure. Using test particle simulations, we show that the electric field induced by the compression of the frontside magnetosphere may be responsible for prominent energization of plasma sheet ions as well as trapping at high latitudes. We demonstrate that, due to the short-lived character of the magnetic field line reconfiguration (on the time scale of a few minutes), the particle magnetic moment (first adiabatic invariant) may not be conserved during such events. Ions that are initially bouncing from one hemisphere to the other are found to experience nonadiabatic energization up to the hundred of keV range while being injected into the outer cusp. Such injections involve particles from limited portions of the dayside flux tubes. The energetic particles that are produced in the outer cusp during such events subsequently circulate about the field minimum at high latitudes without intercepting the equatorial plane, thus contributing to the high-energy populations that are observed in this region of space. C1 CNRS, CETP, St Maur des Fosses, France. IKI, Space Res Inst, Moscow, Russia. CNRS, CESR, Toulouse, France. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Skobeltsyn Inst Nucl Phys, Moscow, Russia. RP Delcourt, DC (reprint author), CNRS, CETP, St Maur des Fosses, France. EM dominique.delcourt@cetp.ipsl.fr RI Moore, Thomas/D-4675-2012; Fok, Mei-Ching/D-1626-2012 OI Moore, Thomas/0000-0002-3150-1137; NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2005 VL 57 IS 2 BP 125 EP 130 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 915ZX UT WOS:000228351800006 ER PT J AU Kim, HR von Frese, RRB Golynsky, AV Taylor, PT Kim, JW AF Kim, HR von Frese, RRB Golynsky, AV Taylor, PT Kim, JW TI Crustal analysis of maud rise from combined satellite and near-surface magnetic survey data SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 23rd General Assembly of the International-Union-of-Geodesy-and Geophysics CY JUL, 2003 CL Sapporo, JAPAN SP Int Union Geodesy & Geophys DE Maud rise; magnetic anomaly; Antarctic geology; aeromagnetic data; Orsted; tectonic reconstructions ID SOUTHWEST INDIAN-OCEAN; SPHERICAL-EARTH GRAVITY; EAST ANTARCTICA; REMANENT MAGNETIZATION; MAGSAT DATA; AGULHAS PLATEAU; ANOMALIES; FIELD; CONTINENT; POGO AB We produced a crustal magnetization model for the Maud Rise in the southwest Indian Ocean off the coast of East Antarctica using magnetic observations from the Orsted satellite and near-surface surveys complied by the Antarctic Digital Magnetic Anomaly Project (ADMAP). Joint inversion of the two anomaly fields suggests that the magnetic effects due to crustal thickness variations and remanence involving the normal polarity Cretaceous Quiet Zone (KQZ) dominate at satellite altitude (similar to 700 km). The crustal thickness effects were modeled in the Orsted data using crustal thickness variations derived from satellite altitude gravity data. Modeling of the residual Orsted and near-surface magnetic anomalies supports extending the KQZ eastwards to the Astrid Ridge. The remaining near-surface anomalies involve crustal features with relatively high frequency effects that are strongly attenuated at satellite altitudes. The crustal modeling can be extended by the satellite magnetic anomalies across the Indian Ocean Ridge for insight on the crustal properties of the conjugate Agulhas Plateau. The modeling supports the Jurassic reconstruction of Gondwana when the African Limpopo-Zambezi and East Antarctic Princess Astrid coasts were connected as part of a relatively demagnetized crustal block. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. VNII Okeangeol, St Petersburg, Russia. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sejong Univ, Dpt Geoinformat Engn, Seoul, South Korea. RP Kim, HR (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Planetary Geodynam Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA. EM kimhr@core2.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Taylor, Patrick/D-4707-2012 OI Taylor, Patrick/0000-0002-1212-9384 NR 66 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2005 VL 57 IS 8 BP 717 EP 726 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 968ER UT WOS:000232145200005 ER PT J AU Olsen, N Sabaka, TJ Lowes, F AF Olsen, N Sabaka, TJ Lowes, F TI New parameterization of external and induced fields in geomagnetic field modeling, and a candidate model for IGRF 2005 SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article DE geomagnetic reference model; IGRF/DGRF; magnetospheric currents; induction; spherical harmonic analysis ID MAGNETOSPHERIC MAGNETIC-FIELD; ORSTED DATA; EARTH; CONDUCTIVITY; ERRORS AB When deriving spherical harmonic models of the Earth's magnetic field, low-degree external field contributions are traditionally considered by assuming that their expansion coefficient q(1)(0) varies linearly with the D(st)-index, while induced contributions are considered assuming a constant ratio Q(1) of induced to external coefficients. A value of Q(1) = 0.27 was found from Magsat data and has been used by several authors when deriving recent field models from Orsted and CHAMP data. We describe a new approach that considers external and induced field based on a separation of D(st) = E(st) + I(st) into external (E(st)) and induced (I(st)) parts using a 1D model of mantle conductivity. The temporal behavior of q(1)(0) and of the corresponding induced coefficient are parameterized by E(st) and I(st), respectively. In addition, we account for baseline-instabilities of D(st) by estimating a value of q(1)(0) for each of the 67 months of Orsted and CHAMP data that have been used. We discuss the advantage of this new parameterization of external and induced field for geomagnetic field modeling, and describe the derivation of candidate models for IGRF 2005. C1 Danish Natl Space Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. NASA GSFC, Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD USA. Newcastle Univ, Phys Dept, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England. RP Olsen, N (reprint author), Danish Natl Space Ctr, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. EM nio@spacecenter.dk RI Olsen, Nils/H-1822-2011; Sabaka, Terence/D-5618-2012 OI Olsen, Nils/0000-0003-1132-6113; NR 25 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 3 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2005 VL 57 IS 12 BP 1141 EP 1149 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 001ET UT WOS:000234517100003 ER PT J AU Olsen, N Lowes, F Sabaka, TJ AF Olsen, N Lowes, F Sabaka, TJ TI Ionospheric and induced field leakage in geomagnetic field models, and derivation of candidate models for DGRF 1995 and DGRF 2000 SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article DE geomagnetic reference model; IGRF/DGRF; ionospheric currents; induction; spherical harmonic analysis ID MAGNETIC-FIELD; TIDES AB As part of the 9th generation of the IGRF defined by IAGA, we proposed a candidate model for DGRF 1995 and two candidate models for DGRF 2000. These candidate models, the derivation of which is described in the present note, are based on the "Comprehensive Model, Version 4 (CM4)", and on the "Orsted Main and Secular Variation Model (OSVM)"; two parent models that have been published elsewhere (Olsen, 2002; Sabaka et al., 2004; Lowes and Olsen, 2004). However, the main field part of OSVM is contaminated by "leakage" of the ionospheric field and its induced counterpart, which affects mainly the zonal coefficients g(1)(0), g(3)(0),..., by 1-2 nT. We describe the reason for this contamination, and present a method to correct for it. Since not only OSVM but probably all main field models that are derived primarily from data around local midnight suffer from this effect, the presented scheme can also be applied to approximately correct these models. C1 Danish Natl Space Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Phys Dept, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England. NASA GSFC, Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Olsen, N (reprint author), Danish Natl Space Ctr, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. EM nio@spacecenter.dk RI Olsen, Nils/H-1822-2011; Sabaka, Terence/D-5618-2012 OI Olsen, Nils/0000-0003-1132-6113; NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2005 VL 57 IS 12 BP 1191 EP 1196 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 001ET UT WOS:000234517100009 ER PT S AU Righter, K AF Righter, K BE VanDerHilst, RD Bass, JD Matas, J Trampert, J TI Highly siderophile elements: Constraints on Earth accretion and early differentiation SO Earth's Deep Mantle: Structure, Composition, and Evolution SE GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Geophysical and Geochemical Models for the Structure and Composition of Earth's Mantle held at the Joint EGS/EUG/AGU Meeting CY APR 07-11, 2003 CL Nice, FRANCE SP CNRS, INSU, French Minist Res & Technol, US Natl Sci Fdn ID PLATINUM-GROUP ELEMENTS; FE-NI-S; CORE-MANTLE INTERACTION; TERRESTRIAL MAGMA OCEAN; RE-OS SYSTEMATICS; SILICATE MELTS; SULFIDE LIQUID; HIGH-PRESSURE; BASALT MELT; IRON-METEORITES AB Highly siderophile elements (HSE: Re, Au, and the PGEs) prefer FeNi metal and sulfide phases over silicate melts and minerals (olivine, pyroxene, feldspar, etc.). In addition, three HSE-Re, Pt, and Os-are involved in radioactive decay schemes: Re-187 -> Os-187 (beta decay) and Pt-192 -> Os-188 (alpha decay). As a result, they have provided constraints on the conditions during establishment of the primitive upper mantle, and the conditions and timing of later mantle differentiation and evolution. Hypotheses proposed to explain HSE elemental and isotopic compositions in the primitive upper mantle include mantle-core equilibrium, outer core metal addition, inefficient core formation, and late accretion (the late veneer). All of these scenarios have problems or unresolved issues. Here a hybrid model is proposed to explain the HSE concentrations in the primitive mantle, whereby Au, Pd, and Pt concentrations are set by high-pressure and temperature metal-silicate equilibrium, and Re, Ru, Rh, Ir, and Os concentrations are set by late accretion of chondritic material that is added via oxidized vapor following a giant impact (post-core formation). Processes affecting the later HSE evolution of the mantle include (1) layering caused by fractionation and/or flotation of mantle phases such as olivine, chromite, and garnet, (2) addition of metal from the outer core, and (3) recycling of oceanic crust. Uncertainties about differences in composition between the upper and lower mantle make evaluation of processes in the first category uncertain, but both the second and third processes can explain some aspects of mantle Os isotope geochemistry. This is a review of the field over the past decade and reports not only progress in the field but also highlights areas where much work remains. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Righter, K (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Mail Code KT,2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 141 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 0-87590-425-4 J9 GEOPH MONOG SERIES PY 2005 VL 160 BP 201 EP 218 DI 10.1029/160GM13 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BDQ80 UT WOS:000234958400012 ER PT S AU Tang, H Zhao, F AF Tang, H Zhao, F BE RodriguezVera, R MendozaSantoyo, F TI Estimation of cyclic error due to scattering in the internal OPD metrology of the Space Interferometry Mission SO Eighth International Symposium on Laser Metrology: MACRO-, MICRO-, AND NANO-TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED IN SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND INDUSTRY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Laser Metrology CY FEB 14-18, 2005 CL Merida, MEXICO SP SPIE, CLAF, CENAM, Int Commiss Opt, CCADET UNAM, Mexico, Asociac Mexicana Metrol, Inst Nacl Astrofis, Opt & Elect, Gobierno Estado Yucatan, Univ Autonoma Yucatan, CINVESTAV, Ctr Investigaciones Opt AC, IMEKO TC 14 DE metrology; scattering; cyclic error AB A common-path laser heterodyne interferometer capable of measuring the internal OPD with accuracy of the order of 10 pm was demonstrated at JPL. To achieve this accuracy, the relative power received by the detector that is contributed by the scattering of light at the optical surfaces should be less than -97 dB. A method has been developed to estimate the cyclic error caused by the scattering of the optical surfaces. The result of the analysis is presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tang, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 306-288, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5757-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5776 BP 94 EP 101 DI 10.1117/12.611645 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BCE78 UT WOS:000228899900011 ER PT S AU Wang, X AF Wang, X BE RodriguezVera, R MendozaSantoyo, F TI Corner cube model for microarcsec metrology (MAM) testbed in space interferometer mission (SIM) SO Eighth International Symposium on Laser Metrology: MACRO-, MICRO-, AND NANO-TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED IN SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND INDUSTRY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Laser Metrology CY FEB 14-18, 2005 CL Merida, MEXICO SP SPIE, CLAF, CENAM, Int Commiss Opt, CCADET UNAM, Mexico, Asociac Mexicana Metrol, Inst Nacl Astrofis, Opt & Elect, Gobierno Estado Yucatan, Univ Autonoma Yucatan, CINVESTAV, Ctr Investigaciones Opt AC, IMEKO TC 14 DE corner cube; laser metrology; sub-nanometer metrology; and interferometer AB A corner cube model is developed to calculate the SIM internal metrology optical delay bias (with the accuracy of picometer) due to the component imperfections, such as vertex offset, coating index error, dihedral error, and gimbal offset. This physics-based and Matlab-implemented ray-trace model provides useful guidance on the flight system design, integration, and characterization. In this paper, the details of the corner cube model will be described first. Then the sub-nanometer level model validation through the MAM testbed will be presented. Finally several examples of the model application, such as the metrology delay bias minimization, design parameter error budget (or tolerance) allocation, and the metrology beam prints visualization, will be shown. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wang, X (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5757-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5776 BP 215 EP 228 DI 10.1117/12.611625 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BCE78 UT WOS:000228899900027 ER PT J AU Li, J Koehne, JE Cassell, AM Chen, H Ng, HT Ye, Q Fan, W Han, J Meyyappan, M AF Li, J Koehne, JE Cassell, AM Chen, H Ng, HT Ye, Q Fan, W Han, J Meyyappan, M TI Inlaid multi-walled carbon nanotube nanoelectrode arrays for electroanalysis SO ELECTROANALYSIS LA English DT Review DE multi-walled carbon nanotubes; vertically aligned nanoelectrode array; chemical sensors; biosensors; DNA sensors; multiplex array; microchips ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION; IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTRONIC CHIP; DNA DETECTION; FABRICATION; ENSEMBLES; INTEGRATION; BIOSENSORS; SURFACES AB The rapid development in nanomaterials and nanotechnologies has provided many new opportunities for electroanalysis. We review our recent results on the fabrication and electroanalytical applications of nanoelectrode arrays based on vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). A bottom-up approach is demonstrated, which is compatible with Si microfabrication processes. MWCNTs are encapsulated in SiO2 matrix leaving only the very end exposed to form inlaid nanoelectrode arrays. The electrical and electrochemical properties have been characterized, showing well-defined quasireversible nanoelectrode behavior. Ultrasensitive detection of small redox molecules in bulk solutions as well as immobilized at the MWCNT ends is demonstrated. A label-free affinity-based DNA sensor has shown extremely high sensitivity approaching that of fluorescence techniques. This platform can be integrated with microelectronics and microfluidics for fully automated microchips. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jli@mail.arc.nasa.gov RI Li, Jun/H-7771-2013 OI Li, Jun/0000-0002-3689-8946 NR 63 TC 110 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 40 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1040-0397 J9 ELECTROANAL JI Electroanalysis PD JAN PY 2005 VL 17 IS 1 BP 15 EP 27 DI 10.1002/elan.200403114 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA 894KU UT WOS:000226791400002 ER PT J AU Reddy, VP Smart, MC Chin, KB Ratnakumar, BV Surampudi, S Hu, JB Yan, P Prakash, GKS AF Reddy, VP Smart, MC Chin, KB Ratnakumar, BV Surampudi, S Hu, JB Yan, P Prakash, GKS TI C-13 NMR spectroscopic, CV, and conductivity studies of propylene carbonate-based electrolytes containing various lithium salts SO ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LI-ION BATTERIES; POLYMER ELECTROLYTES; LIQUID ELECTROLYTES; ETHYLENE CARBONATE; THERMAL-STABILITY; GEL ELECTROLYTES; DONOR NUMBER; SOLVENT; SOLVATION; GRAPHITE AB The ion-solvent and ion-ion interactions, oxidative electrochemical stabilities, and ionic mobilities of a series of lithium salt electrolytes with commonly used electrolyte solvents, propylene carbonate (PC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), have been studied using C-13 nuclear magnetric resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and ionic conductivity measurements. The coordinating ability of PC toward lithium salts is significantly higher than that of DMC as shown by the relatively large deshielding of the carbonyl carbon of PC over that of DMC. We have also prepared a novel electrolyte, lithium tetrakis (trifluoromethanesulfonato) gallate [LiGa(OTf)(4)], and investigated its relative binding to PC by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The latter salt showed significant deshielding of the carbonyl carbon of PC compared to the other salts studied, including the conventional LiPF6. However, its conductivity is not enhanced to the same extent and is comparable to that of LiBF4. The CVs show their relative stabilities toward oxidation around 4.5 V and reduction close to lithium potentials. All electrolytes studied here have good electrochemical stability from 0.1 to 5.0 V vs. Li+/Li, and are suitable for applications in lithium-ion cells. © 2005 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ So Calif, Loker Hydrocarbon Res Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Reddy, VP (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Rolla, MO 65409 USA. EM preddy@umr.edu NR 52 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 23 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 1099-0062 J9 ELECTROCHEM SOLID ST JI Electrochem. Solid State Lett. PY 2005 VL 8 IS 6 BP A294 EP A298 DI 10.1149/1.1904466 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 925MA UT WOS:000229056000011 ER PT J AU Kang, JF Yu, HY Ren, C Liu, XY Han, RQ Yu, B Kwong, DL AF Kang, JF Yu, HY Ren, C Liu, XY Han, RQ Yu, B Kwong, DL TI An improved pregate cleaning process for high-k gate dielectric fabrication SO ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MOBILITY DEGRADATION; STABILITY; ELECTRODE; SURFACES; SI(100); DEVICES AB A novel NH4F-last pregate clean process is proposed for high-k gate dielectric fabrication. Compared to conventional DHF-last pregate cleaning processes, the use of a novel NH4F-last pregate clean process improved Si interfacial thermal stability with HfO2 and enhanced channel carrier mobility. These improvements in the high-k gate stack could be attributed to the more ideal Si surface produced by the NH4F treatment. (c) 2005 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Peking Univ, Inst Microelect, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. IMEC, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Silicon Nanodevice Lab, Singapore 119260, Singapore. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Kang, JF (reprint author), Peking Univ, Inst Microelect, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. EM kangjf@ime.pku.edu.cn NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 1099-0062 J9 ELECTROCHEM SOLID ST JI Electrochem. Solid State Lett. PY 2005 VL 8 IS 11 BP G314 EP G316 DI 10.1149/1.2056415 PG 3 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 970VQ UT WOS:000232340900033 ER PT J AU Li, J Lu, YJ Ye, Q Delzeit, L Meyyappan, M AF Li, J Lu, YJ Ye, Q Delzeit, L Meyyappan, M TI A gas sensor array using carbon nanotubes and microfabrication technology SO ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ADSORPTION AB A nanosensor technology has been developed using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) combined with silicon-based microfabrication processes. A sensor array containing twelve interdigitated electrode (IDE) pairs with different gap sizes has been designed. The IDE fingers were fabricated using photolithography and thin-film metallization techniques. SWNTs were grown directly on the IDEs for trace amounts of gas detection. This sensor array has been exposed to nitrogen dioxide at various concentrations from 10 ppm to 400 ppb, and ammonia from 50 to 5 ppm. The results show a very reproducible sensor performance from one sensor to the other in the array. (c) 2005 The Electrochemical Society. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ctr Nanotechnol, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jingli@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 1099-0062 J9 ELECTROCHEM SOLID ST JI Electrochem. Solid State Lett. PY 2005 VL 8 IS 11 BP H100 EP H102 DI 10.1149/1.2063289 PG 3 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 970VQ UT WOS:000232340900040 ER PT B AU Weisskopf, MC AF Weisskopf, MC BE Baykal, A Yerli, SK Inam, SC Grebenev, S TI The Chandra X-ray Observatory - Observations of neutron stars SO Electromagnetic Spectrum of Neutron Stars SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, SERIES II: MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th NATO-Advanced-Study-Institute on Electromagnetic Spectrum of Neutron Stars CY JUN 07-18, 2004 CL Marmaris, TURKEY DE X-rays : general; instrumentation : detectors; telescopes; stars : neutron; stars : pulsar; X-rays : stars ID CRAB PULSAR; CROSS-SECTIONS; EMISSION; SPECTROSCOPY; ABSORPTION; ABUNDANCES; DISCOVERY; NEBULA AB We present here an overview of the status of the Chandra X-ray Observatory which has now been operating for five years. The Observatory is running smoothly, and the scientific return continues to be outstanding. We provide some details on the molecular contamination of the ACIS filters and its impact on observations. We review the observations with Chandra of the pulsar in the Crab Nebula and add some general comments as to the analysis of X-ray spectra. We conclude with comments about the future directions for the study of neutron stars with Chandra. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Dept Space Sci, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Weisskopf, MC (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Dept Space Sci, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 1-4020-3859-3 J9 NATO SCI SER II MATH PY 2005 VL 210 BP 345 EP 356 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDS01 UT WOS:000235158900032 ER PT J AU Zolensky, ME AF Zolensky, ME TI Extraterrestrial water SO ELEMENTS LA English DT Article DE water; solar system; carbonaceous chondrites; asteroids; meteorites; comets; moons; planets; aqueous alteration ID COMET HALE-BOPP; CARBONACEOUS-CHONDRITE; THERMAL METAMORPHISM; AQUEOUS ALTERATION; MONAHANS 1998; TAGISH LAKE; LUNAR POLES; KUIPER-BELT; ICE; MINERALOGY AB Abundant water ice was formed in the solar nebula outward of about 4 astronomical units and, during the entire history of the solar system, has been carried into the inner solar system In icy and hydrated bodies. We do not know which sources of water dominated in the inner solar system, but micrometeorites derived from C-class asteroids may have been most important. Today, hydrous materials occur throughout the solar system from Jupiter inwards, at least. Significant quantities of liquid water are, however, probably present only on Earth and some icy moons of Jupiter and possibly Saturn. C1 NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Zolensky, ME (reprint author), NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM michael.e.zolensky@nasa.gov NR 45 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1811-5209 J9 ELEMENTS JI Elements PD JAN PY 2005 VL 1 IS 1 BP 39 EP 44 DI 10.2113/gselements.1.1.39 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 009AJ UT WOS:000235083200007 ER PT S AU Sterritt, R Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Truszkowski, W Rouff, CA Gracanin, D AF Sterritt, R Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Truszkowski, W Rouff, CA Gracanin, D BE Enokido, T Yan, L Xiao, B Kim, D Dai, Y Yang, LT TI Towards formal specification and generation of autonomic policies SO EMBEDDED AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING - EUC 2005 WORKSHOPS, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing CY DEC 06-09, 2005 CL Nagasaki, JAPAN SP Nagasaki Inst Appl Sci, Int Federat Informat Proc AB Autonomic Computing (AC), self-management based on high level guidance from humans, is increasingly gaining momentum as the way forward in designing reliable systems to hide complexity and conquer IT management costs. Effectively, AC may be viewed as Policy-Based Self-Management. In this paper we look at the motivation for utilizing NASA requirements-based programming technologies for mechanically transforming policies (expressed in restricted natural language, or appropriate graphical notations) into a provably equivalent formal model that can be used as the basis for code generation and other transformations, with the goal of self-generation of provable autonomic policies. C1 Univ Ulster, Fac Engn, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Londonderry, North Ireland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Software Engn Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Adv Architectures & Automat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Adv Concepts Business Unit, Mclean, VA 22102 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Comp Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Univ Ulster, Fac Engn, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Londonderry, North Ireland. EM r.sterritt@ulster.ac.uk; Michael.G.Hinchey@nasa.gov; james.l.rash@nasa.gov; Walter.F.Truszkowski@nasa.gov; rouffc@saic.com; gracanin@vt.edu NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-30803-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3823 BP 1245 EP 1254 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BDW22 UT WOS:000235802200126 ER PT B AU Nguyen, TX Koppen, SV Smith, LJ Williams, RA Salud, MT AF Nguyen, TX Koppen, SV Smith, LJ Williams, RA Salud, MT GP IEEE TI Wireless phone threat assessment for aircraft communication and navigation radios SO EMC 2005: IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vols 1-3, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility CY AUG 08-12, 2005 CL Chicago, IL SP IEEE DE aircraft; interference; wireless phone; CDMA2000; GSM; GPRS; reverberation chamber AB Emissions in aircraft communication and navigation bands are measured for the latest generation of wireless phones. The two wireless technologies considered, GSM/GPRS and CDMA2000, are the latest available to general consumers in the U.S. A base-station simulator is used to control the phones. The measurements are conducted using reverberation chambers, and the results are compared against FCC and aircraft installed equipment emission limits. The results are also compared against baseline emissions from laptop computers and personal digital assistant devices that are currently allowed to operate on aircraft. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Nguyen, TX (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9380-5 PY 2005 BP 135 EP 140 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BDD82 UT WOS:000232979200028 ER PT S AU Madsen, SN Hensley, S Wheeler, K Sadowy, G Miller, T Muellerscboen, R Lou, YL Rosen, P AF Madsen, SN Hensley, S Wheeler, K Sadowy, G Miller, T Muellerscboen, R Lou, YL Rosen, P BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI UAV-based L-band SAR with precision flight path control SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE airborne repeat track interferometry; synthetic aperture radar; InSAR; flight control AB NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is currently implementing a reconfigurable polarimetric L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR), specifically designed to acquire airborne repeat track interferometric (RTI) SAR data, also know as differential interferometric measurements. Differential interferometry can provide key displacement measurements, important for the scientific studies of Earthquakes and volcanoes(1).Using precision real-time GPS and a sensor controlled flight management system, the system will be able to fly predefined paths with great precision. The radar will be designed to operate on a UAV (Unmanned Arial Vehicle) but will initially be demonstrated on a minimally piloted vehicle (MPV), such as the Proteus build by Scaled Composites. The application requires control of the flight path to within a 10 in tube to support repeat track and formation flying measurements. The design is fully polarimetric with an 80 MHz bandwidth (2 m range resolution) and 16 km range swath. The antenna is an electronically steered array to assure that the actual antenna pointing can be controlled independent of the wind direction and speed. The system will nominally operate at 45,000 ft. The program started out as a Instrument Incubator Project (IIP) funded by NASA Earth Science and Technology Office (ESTO). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Madsen, SN (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 6 U2 11 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 51 EP 60 DI 10.1117/12.578373 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100005 ER PT S AU Im, E Durden, SL AF Im, E Durden, SL BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI Instrument concepts and technologies for future spaceborne atmospheric radars SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE TRMM; GPM; PR-2; NIS; GEO; LEO; precipitation; rainfall; radar ID MEASURING MISSION TRMM AB In conjunction with the implementation of spaceborne atmospheric radar flight missions, NASA is developing advanced instrument concepts and technologies for future spaceborne atmospheric radars, with the over-arching objectives of making such instruments more capable in supporting future science needs, and more cost effective. Two such examples are the Second-Generation Precipitation Radar (PR-2) and the Nexrad-In-Space (NIS). PR-2 is a 14/35-GHz dual-frequency rain radar with a deployable 5-meter, wide-swath scanned membrane antenna, a dual-polarized/dual-frequency receiver, and a real-time digital signal processor. It is intended for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) operations to provide greatly enhanced rainfall profile retrieval accuracy while using only a fraction of the mass of the current TRMM PR. NIS is designed to be a 35-GHz Geostationary Earth Orbiting (GEO) radar with the intent of providing hourly monitoring of the life cycle of hurricanes and tropical storms. It uses a 35-m, spherical, lightweight membrane antenna and Doppler processing to acquire 3-dimensional information on the intensity and vertical motion of hurricane rainfall. Technologies for NIS are synergistic with those for PR-2. During the last two years, several of the technology items associated with these notional instruments have also been prototyped. This paper will give an overview of these instrument design concepts and their associated technologies. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Im, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 61 EP 72 DI 10.1117/12.579065 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100006 ER PT S AU Mlynczak, MG Johnson, DG Bingham, GE Jucks, KW Traub, WA Gordley, L Yang, P AF Mlynczak, MG Johnson, DG Bingham, GE Jucks, KW Traub, WA Gordley, L Yang, P BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI The far-infrared spectroscopy of the troposphere (FIRST) project SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE far-infrared; FTS; Fourier transforin spectrometer; beamsplitters; climate change ID CIRRUS CLOUDS; SYSTEM AB The far-infrared spectroscopy of the troposphere (FIRST) project is under development by NASA through its Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) administered by the Earth Science Technology Office. The objective of the FIRST project is to develop and demonstrate the technology needed to routinely observe from space the far-infrared spectrum between 15 and 100 micrometers in wavelength. This spectral region contains about half of the outgoing longwave radiation from the Earth and its atmosphere and is responsible for about half of the natural greenhouse effect. Radiative cooling of the free troposphere occurs almost exclusively in the far-infrared. The far-infrared emission is modulated almost entirely by water vapor, the main greenhouse gas. Cirrus clouds exhibit significant climate forcing in the far-infrared. Despite this fundamental science, the far-infrared has remained almost unobserved directly, primarily due to technological limitations. The FIRST project is advancing technology in the areas of high throughput interferometers, broad bandpass beamsplitters, and detector focal planes to enable routine measurement of the far-infrared from space. FIRST will conduct a technology demonstration on a high altitude balloon platform in Spring 2005. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Mlynczak, MG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RI Johnson, David/F-2376-2015 OI Johnson, David/0000-0003-4399-5653 NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 81 EP 87 DI 10.1117/12.579063 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100008 ER PT S AU Diner, DJ Chipman, RA Beaudry, N Cairns, B Food, LD Macenka, SA Cunningham, TJ Seshadri, S Keller, C AF Diner, DJ Chipman, RA Beaudry, N Cairns, B Food, LD Macenka, SA Cunningham, TJ Seshadri, S Keller, C BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI An integrated multiangle, multispectral, and polarimetric imaging concept for aerosol remote sensing from space SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE aerosols; remote sensing; imaging; polarization; multiangle; multispectral; photoelastic modulator ID RESEARCH SCANNING POLARIMETER; SPECTRORADIOMETER MISR; PIEZOELASTIC MODULATOR; OPTICAL DEPTH; RETRIEVAL; OCEAN; LAND; CALIBRATION; SENSOR; POLDER AB Techniques for passive remote sensing of aerosol optical and microphysical properties from space include visible, near- and shortwave-infrared imaging (e.g., from MODIS), multiangle intensity imaging (e.g., ATSR-2, AATSR, MISR), near-ultraviolet mapping (e.g., TOMS/OMI), and polarimetry (e.g., POLDER, APS). Each of these methods has unique strengths. In this paper, we present a concept for integrating these approaches into a unified sensor. Design goals include spectral coverage from the near-UV to the shortwave infrared; intensity and polarimetric imaging simultaneously at multiple view angles; global coverage within a few days; kilometer to sub-kilometer spatial resolution; and measurement of the degree of linear polarization (DOLP) for a subset of the spectral complement with an uncertainty of 0.5% or less. This high polarimetric accuracy is the most challenging aspect of the design, and is specified in order to achieve climate-quality uncertainties in optical depth, refractive index, and other microphysical properties. Based upon MISR heritage, a pushbroom multi-camera architecture is envisioned, using separate line arrays to collect imagery within each camera in the different spectral bands and in different polarization orientations. For the polarimetric data, accurate cross-calibration of the individual line arrays is essential. An electro-optic polarization "scrambler", activated periodically during calibration sequences, is proposed as a means of providing this cross-calibration. The enabling component is a rapid retardance modulator. Candidate technologies include liquid crystals, rotating waveplates, and photoelastic modulators (PEMs). The PEM, which uses a piezoelectric transducer to induce rapid time-varying stress birefringence in a glass bar, appears to be the most suitable approach. An alternative measurement approach, also making use of a PEM. involves synchronous demodulation of the oscillating signal to reconstruct the polarization state. The latter method is potentially more accurate, but requires a significantly more complex detector architecture. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Diner, DJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. OI Cairns, Brian/0000-0002-1980-1022 NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 88 EP 96 DI 10.1117/12.579050 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100009 ER PT S AU Pagano, TS Broberg, SE Aumann, HH Baron, RL AF Pagano, TS Broberg, SE Aumann, HH Baron, RL BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI Performance expectations for future moderate resolution visible and infrared space instruments based on AIRS and MODIS in-flight experience SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE AIRS; MODIS; MIRIS; atmosphere; sounding; infrared; spectrometer ID BANDS CALIBRATION ALGORITHM; ON-ORBIT PERFORMANCE AB Lessons learned from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) projects highlight areas where further technology development is needed to address future land, ocean and atmospheric measurement needs. Although not established as requirements at this time, it is anticipated that scientists will expect improvements in the areas of spatial, spectral, radiometric, polarimetric, temporal and calibration performance for future instruments. This paper addresses each of these performance areas and provides lessons learned from MODIS and AIRS. We also present expectations in performance of a Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Infrared Imaging Spectrometer based on information from the NASA Instrument Incubator Program and industry reports. Tradeoffs are presented vs orbit altitude (LEO, MEO and GEO) and provide a "systems" perspective to future measurement concepts. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pagano, TS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 97 EP 104 DI 10.1117/12.579100 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100010 ER PT S AU Ismail, S Gervin, J Wood, HJ Peri, F AF Ismail, S Gervin, J Wood, HJ Peri, F BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI Remote sensing of tropospheric chemistry using lidars from geostationary orbit SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE DIAL; lidar; tropospheric chemistry; atmospheric chemistry; GEO AB Tropospheric chemistry is considered to be the next frontier of atmospheric chemistry, and understanding and predicting the global influence of natural and human-induced effects on tropospheric chemistry will be the next challenge for atmospheric research over the foreseeable future. A geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) vantage point provides an ideal location for measuring spatially and temporally resolved distributions of trace gas species. One powerful technique for making this measurement is LIght Detection And Ranging (lidar) using solid-state lasers. Presently, NASA has a notional plan for using lidars for tropospheric chemistry measurements, but from low Earth orbit (LEO). While permitting high spatially resolved measurements, LEO measurements, however, lack the temporal resolution required to monitor important atmospheric processes and transport. A GEO instrument will require a more energetic and efficient lidar system in order to permit accurate measurements. In this study, we investigated the capability of a lidar for tropospheric profiling of chemical species and we develop a roadmap for the requisite technologies. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Ismail, S (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 146 EP 156 DI 10.1117/12.578975 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100015 ER PT S AU Amzajerdian, F Meadows, BL Baker, NR Baggott, RS Singh, UN Kavaya, MJ AF Amzajerdian, F Meadows, BL Baker, NR Baggott, RS Singh, UN Kavaya, MJ BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI Advancement of high power quasi-CW laser diode arrays for space-based laser instruments SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE laser diode array; laser diode pump; solid-state laser; lifetime; reliability; space-based laser instruments ID FACET TEMPERATURE AB Space-based laser and lidar instruments play an important role in NASA's plans for meeting its objectives in both Earth Science and Space Exploration areas. Almost all the lidar instrument concepts being considered by NASA scientist utilize moderate to high power diode-pumped solid state lasers as their transmitter source. Perhaps the most critical component of any solid state laser system is its pump laser diode array which essentially dictates instrument efficiency, reliability and lifetime. For this reason, premature failures and rapid degradation of high power laser diode arrays that have been experienced by laser system designers are of major concern to NASA. This work addresses these reliability and lifetime issues by attempting to eliminate the causes of failures and developing methods for screening laser diode arrays and qualifying them for operation in space. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Amzajerdian, F (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 157 EP 162 DI 10.1117/12.582321 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100016 ER PT S AU Cwik, T Boncyk, W Anderson, K AF Cwik, T Boncyk, W Anderson, K BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI Technology challenges for earth observation from higher orbits SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE Earth Science; remote sensing; instruments; antennas; optics; detectors; electronics; higher orbits AB Advances in Earth observing technologies are required to fulfill NASA's long-term vision for Earth system prediction in the years 2010 to 2020. The observing system during these years will include satellites in a variety of orbits including smaller, smarter ones in low Earth orbit, large aperture sensors in medium Earth orbit and geostationary orbit to provide enhanced temporal coverage and perhaps sentinel satellites at Lagrange points L1 and L2 to provide synoptic views of the entire globe. These higher vistas can meet pending science challenges in a variety of areas directly relevant to NASA's plans. They include, among others, meeting high temporal and spatial resolutions to observe rapidly evolving chemical events in the global atmosphere, meeting the requirements of increased spatial and temporal sensing of varying precipitation events over portions of the globe, and the increased temporal coverage necessary to see clear skies over coastal regions for coastal process monitoring. A set of technology tradeoffs and needs that meet the above science challenges can be identified. They include an increase in collecting aperture for passive measurements, increased transmitted power for active measurements, and improved on-board processing coupled with enhanced bandwidth communications as data collection increases. The technologies will involve differentiating filled versus sparse aperture collection systems, developing advanced scanning capabilities and large array detectors, as well as large structure pointing control and metrology. This talk will examine these issues for a range of NASA Earth science measurements. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cwik, T (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 171 EP 184 DI 10.1117/12.579049 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100018 ER PT S AU Lambrigtsen, B Wilson, W Tanner, A Kangaslahti, P AF Lambrigtsen, B Wilson, W Tanner, A Kangaslahti, P BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI GeoSTAR - A synthetic aperture microwave sounder for geostationary missions SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE atmospheric sounding; microwave; GOES; geostationary; aperture synthesis; STAR AB The Geostationary Synthetic Thinned Aperture Radiometer (GeoSTAR) is a new microwave atmospheric sounder under development. It will bring capabilities similar to those now available on low-earth orbiting environmental satellites to geostationary orbit - where such capabilities have not been available. GeoSTAR will synthesize the multi-meter aperture needed to achieve the required spatial resolution, which will overcome the obstacle that has prevented a GEO microwave sounder from being implemented until now. The synthetic aperture approach has until recently not been feasible, due to the high power needed to operate the on-board high-speed massively parallel processing system required for 2D-synthesis, as well as a number of system and calibration obstacles. The development effort under way at JPL, with important contributions from the Goddard Space Flight Center and the University of Michigan, is intended to demonstrate the measurement concept and retire much of the technology risk. To that purpose a small ground based demo version of GeoSTAR is being constructed, which will be used to characterize system performance and test various calibration methods. This prototype development, which is being sponsored by NASA through its Instrument Incubator Program, will be completed in 2005. A GeoSTAR space mission can then be initiated. In parallel with the technology development, mission architecture studies are also under way in collaboration with the NOAA Office of System Development. In particular, the feasibility of incorporating GeoSTAR on the next generation of the geostationary weather satellites, GOES-R, is being closely examined. That would fill a long standing gap in the national weather monitoring capabilities. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lambrigtsen, B (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4900 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 185 EP 194 DI 10.1117/12.578967 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100019 ER PT S AU Edelstein, W Madsen, S Moussessian, A Chen, C AF Edelstein, W Madsen, S Moussessian, A Chen, C BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI Concepts and technologies for synthetic aperture radar from MEO and geosynchronous orbits SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE SAR; InSAR; geosynchronous; MEO; SAR constellation AB The area accessible from a spaceborne imaging radar, e.g. a synthetic aperture radar (SAR), generally increases with the elevation of the satellite while the map coverage rate is a more complicated function of platform velocity and beam agility. The coverage of a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite is basically given by the ground velocity times the relatively narrow swath width. The instantaneously accessible area will be limited to some hundreds of kilometers away from the sub-satellite point. In the other extreme, the sub-satellite point of a SAR in geosynchronous orbit will move relatively slowly, while the area which can be accessed at any given time is very large, reaching thousands of kilometers from the subsatellite point. To effectively use the accessibility provided by a high vantage point, very large antennas with electronically steered beams are required. Interestingly, medium Earth orbits (MEO) will enable powerful observational systems which provide large instantaneous reach and high mapping rates, while pushing technology less than alternative systems at higher altitudes. Using interferometric SAR techniques which can reveal centimeter-level (potentially sub-centimeter) surface displacements, frequent and targeted observations might be key to developing such elusive applications as earthquake forecasting. This paper discusses the basic characteristics of a SAR observational system as a function of the platform altitude and the technologies being developed to make such systems feasible. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Edelstein, W (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 195 EP 203 DI 10.1117/12.578989 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100020 ER PT S AU Spiers, GD AF Spiers, GD BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI The challenge of active optical sensing from extreme orbits SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE lidar; laser radar; laser remote sensing; geo-stationary orbit ID SPACEBORNE LIDAR; OCEAN; 1ST; ICE; MIR AB A review of the history and current state of atmospheric sensing lidar from Earth orbit was conducted and it was found that space based earth remote sensing is still in its infancy with only one limited success extended duration autonomous mission to date. An analysis of the basic requirements for some candidate geo-stationary lidar concepts was completed and it was concluded that significant basic work is required in all areas of lidar development. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Spiers, GD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 204 EP 212 DI 10.1117/12.579072 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100021 ER PT S AU Duda, JL Mulligan, J Valenti, J Wenkel, M AF Duda, JL Mulligan, J Valenti, J Wenkel, M BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI Latency features of SafetyNet (TM) ground systems architecture for the National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm AB A key feature of the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) is the Northrop Grumman Space Technology patent-pending innovative data routing and retrieval architecture called SafetyNet (TM). The SafetyNet (TM) ground system architecture for the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), combined with the Interface Data Processing Segment (IDPS), will together provide low data latency and high data availability to its customers'. The NPOESS will cut the time between observation and delivery by a factor of four when compared with today's space-based weather systems, the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and NOAA's Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES). SafetyNet (TM) will be a key element of the NPOESS architecture, delivering near real-time data over commercial telecommunications networks. Scattered around the globe, the 15 unmanned ground receptors are linked by fiber-optic systems to four central data processing centers in the U. S. known as Weather Centrals. The National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service; Air Force Weather Agency; Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center, and the Naval Oceanographic Office operate the Centrals. In addition, this ground system architecture will have unused capacity attendant with an infrastructure that can accommodate additional users. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Integrated Program Off, Flight Programs & Projects Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Duda, JL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Integrated Program Off, Flight Programs & Projects Directorate, Code 402, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 233 EP 241 DI 10.1117/12.578764 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100024 ER PT S AU Gerber, AJ Tralli, DM Bajpai, SN AF Gerber, AJ Tralli, DM Bajpai, SN BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI Medium Earth orbit (MEO) as an operational observation venue for NOAA's post GOES-R environmental satellites SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE NEO; GEO; LEO; GOES; NPOESS; NOAA. architecture; satellite; instrument; coverage AB Today most operational Earth observing satellites reside in low Earth orbits (LEO) at less than 1,000 kin altitude, and in geostationary Earth orbits (GEO) at similar to 35,800 km altitude. These orbits have been the venues of choice for observations, albeit for very different reasons. LEO provides high spatial resolution with low temporal resolution while GEO provides for low spatial resolution, but high temporal resolution. NOAA utilizes both venues for their environmental satellites. The NOAA Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) reside in LEO Sun synchronous orbits at approximately 830 kin in altitude, as do the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites of the Department of Defense. In the near future the POES and DMSP satellites will be merged into a new satellite system referred to as the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS). The NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) system, as the name specifies, resides at the other preferred observational venue of GEO. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), under contract to NOAA, has been studying the characteristics of medium Earth orbits (MEO), at altitudes between 1000 and 35,800 kin, as an observation venue to answer the question as to whether MEO might capture the attributes of the two traditional venues. This on-going study initially focused on determining the optimal altitude for MEO observations, through numerous trade studies involving attitude, instrument complexity, coverage, radiation environment, data temporality, revisit time, data rates, downlink requirements and other parameters including cost and launch complexity. Once the optimal altitude of 10,400 kin had been determined the study proceeded to explore single through multiple MEO satellite constellation performance capabilities using two instrument types, a visible through infrared (IR) imager and IR sounder as the satellites' payload. The MEO performance capabilities were compared to comparable LEO and GEO satellite constellation capabilities. This portion of the study concluded that indeed for global coverage a constellation of satellites operating in the MEO venue could capture the attributes of those operating in the LEO and GEO venues. Three 8-satellite constellations configurations - Walker, ICO, and Equatorial-Polar (EP) - then were studied to develop more constellation coverage statistics including robustness to individual satellite failure. That study phase concluded that the EP constellation was superior to both the ICO and Walker configurations. The study is presently examining if, and to what extent, the equatorial portion of the EP constellation might provide substantive supplemental data to that collected by the NPOESS and GOES satellite constellations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Civil Space Program Off, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gerber, AJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Civil Space Program Off, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 249-103, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 261 EP 271 DI 10.1117/12.577705 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100027 ER PT S AU MacDowall, RJ Bale, SD Demaio, L Gopalswamy, N Jones, DL Kaiser, ML Kasper, JC Reiner, MJ Weiler, KW AF MacDowall, RJ Bale, SD Demaio, L Gopalswamy, N Jones, DL Kaiser, ML Kasper, JC Reiner, MJ Weiler, KW BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI Solar Imaging Radio Array (SIRA): A multi-spacecraft mission SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE coronal mass ejections; solar radio bursts; radio astronomy; microsatellites; aperture synthesis ID EVENTS AB The Solar Imaging Radio Array (SIRA) is a mission to perform aperture synthesis imagine, of low frequency solar. magnetospheric, and astrophysical radio bursts. The primary science targets are coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which drive shock waves that may produce radio emission. A space-based interferometer is required, because the frequencies of observation (< 15 MHz) are cutoff by the ionosphere. SIRA will require a 12 to 16 microsatellite constellation to establish a sufficient number of baselines with separations on the order of kilometers. The microsats will be located quasi-randomly on a spherical shell, initially of diameter 10 km or less. The baseline microsat, as presented here, is 3-axis stabilized with a body-mounted, earth-directed high gain antenna and an articulated solar array; this design was developed by the Integrated Mission Design Center (IMDC) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). A retrograde orbit at a distance of similar to 500,000 km from Earth was selected as the preferred orbit because the 8 Mbps downlink requirement is easy to meet, while keeping the constellation sufficiently distant from terrestrial radio interference. Also, the retrograde orbit permits imaging of terrestrial magnetospheric radio sources from varied perspectives. The SIRA mission serves as a pathfinder for space-based satellite constellations and for spacecraft interferometry at shorter wavelengths. It will be proposed to the NASA MIDEX proposal opportunity in mid-2005. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP MacDowall, RJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 695, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI MacDowall, Robert/D-2773-2012; Gopalswamy, Nat/D-3659-2012; Kasper, Justin/D-1152-2010; Bale, Stuart/E-7533-2011 OI Kasper, Justin/0000-0002-7077-930X; Bale, Stuart/0000-0002-1989-3596 NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 284 EP 292 DI 10.1117/12.578736 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100029 ER PT S AU Koratkar, A Grosvenor, S Jung, J Geiger, J AF Koratkar, A Grosvenor, S Jung, J Geiger, J BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI Autonomous multi-sensor coordination: The science goal monitor SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE remote sensing; onboard analysis; spacecraft autonomy; sensor webs; optimized observations AB Next-generation science and exploration systems will employ new observation strategies that will use multiple sensors in a dynamic environment to provide high quality monitoring, self-consistent analyses and informed decision making. The Science Goal Monitor (SGM) is a prototype software tool being developed to explore the nature of automation necessary to enable dynamic observing of earth phenomenon. The tools being developed in SGM improve our ability to autonomously monitor multiple independent sensors and coordinate reactions to better observe the dynamic phenomena. The SGM system enables users to specify events of interest and how to react when an event is detected. The system monitors streams of data to identify occurrences of key events previously specified by the scientist/user. When an event occurs, the system autonomously coordinates the execution of the users' desired reactions between different sensors. The information can be used to rapidly respond to a variety of fast temporal events. Investigators will no longer have to rely on after-the-fact data analysis to determine what happened. This paper describes a series of prototype demonstrations that we have developed using SGM and NASA's Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite and Earth Observing Systems' Aqua/Terra spacecrafts' MODIS instrument. Our demonstrations show the promise of coordinating data from different sources, analyzing the data for a relevant event, autonomously updating and rapidly obtaining a follow-on relevant image. SGM is being used to investigate forest fires, floods and volcanic eruptions. We are now identifying new earth science scenarios that will have more complex SGM reasoning. By developing and testing a prototype in an operational environment, we are also establishing and gathering metrics to gauge the success of automating science campaigns. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Koratkar, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 293 EP 300 DI 10.1117/12.578491 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100030 ER PT S AU Mandl, D Frye, S Grosvenor, S Ingram, MA Langley, J Miranda, F Lee, RQ Romanofsky, R Zaman, A Popovic, Z Sherwood, R Chien, S Davies, A AF Mandl, D Frye, S Grosvenor, S Ingram, MA Langley, J Miranda, F Lee, RQ Romanofsky, R Zaman, A Popovic, Z Sherwood, R Chien, S Davies, A BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI Linking satellites via earth "hot spots" and the Internet to form ad hoc constellations SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE smart antennas; adaptive antenna arrays; sensor webs; ad hoc constellations; mission autonomy and collaborative remote sensing AB As more assets are placed in orbit, opportunities emerge to combine various sets of satellites in temporary constellations to perform collaborative image collections. Often, new operations concepts for a satellite or set of satellites emerge after launch. To the degree with which new space assets can be inexpensively and rapidly integrated into temporary or "ad hoc" constellations, will determine whether these new ideas will be implemented or not. On the Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) satellite, a New Millennium Program mission, a number of experiments were conducted and are being conducted to demonstrate various aspects of an architecture that, when taken as a whole, will enable progressive mission autonomy. In particular, the target architecture will use adaptive ground antenna arrays to form, as close as possible, the equivalent of wireless access points for low earth orbiting satellites. Coupled with various ground and flight software and the Internet, the architecture enables progressive mission autonomy. Thus, new collaborative sensing techniques can be implemented post-launch. This paper will outline the overall operations concept and highlight details of both the research effort being conducted in the area of adaptive antenna arrays and some of the related successful autonomy software that has been implemented using EO-1 and other operational satellites. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mandl, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 301 EP 311 DI 10.1117/12.579307 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100031 ER PT S AU Scharf, DP Hadaegh, FY Ploen, SR AF Scharf, DP Hadaegh, FY Ploen, SR BE Komar, GJ Wang, J Kimura, T TI Precision formation delta-v requirments for distributed platforms in Earth orbit SO ENABLING SENSOR AND PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPACEBORNE REMOTE SENSING SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Sensor and Platform Technologies for Spaceborne Remote Sensing CY NOV 09-10, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE, NASA, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Chinese Soc Oceanog, Chinese Meterol Adm DE formation flying; control architectures; Earth orbit ID FORMATION FLYING SPACECRAFT; COORDINATION; DYNAMICS; SYSTEM AB Distributed spacecraft flying in formation can overcome the resolution limitations of monolithic, Earth-sensing systems. However, formation spacecraft must now expend fuel to counteract disturbances and the gravity gradients between spacecraft. We consider three different formation architectures and determine the delta-v required to maintain relative positions at accuracies ranging from 0.1 to 10 m (1 sigma). The three architectures considered are: (i) Leader/Follower, in which individual spacecraft controllers track with respect to a passive, leader spacecraft, (ii) Center of Formation, in which individual spacecraft controllers track with respect to the geometric center of the formation, and (iii) Iterated Virtual Structure, in which a formation template is fit each timestep and individual spacecraft controllers track with respect to the fitted template. We show that in the presence of relative and inertial sensor noise and disturbances (e.g., Earth oblateness and aerodynamic drag) relative positions can be maintained to the 10 m level for 4 mm/s/orbit. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Daniel.P.Scharf@jpl.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5620-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2005 VL 5659 BP 312 EP 323 DI 10.1117/12.579053 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT13 UT WOS:000227667100032 ER PT S AU Holman, GD AF Holman, GD BE Trottet, G Vilmer, N TI Energetic electrons in solar flares as viewed in X-rays SO ENERGY RELEASE AND PARTICLE ACCELERATION AT THE SUN AND IN THE HELIOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE sun; flare; X-rays; electrons; particle acceleration; RHESSI ID MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; FLUX SPECTRA; RHESSI; ACCELERATION; MODEL; TRAP AB Hard X-ray observations provide the most direct diagnostic we have of the suprathermal electrons and the hottest thermal plasma present in solar flares. The Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) is obtaining the most comprehensive observations of individual solar flares ever available in hard X-rays. For the first time, high-resolution spectra are available for a large number of flares that accurately display the spectral shape and its evolution and, in many cases, allow us to identify the transition from the bremsstrahlung X-rays produced by suprathermal electrons to the bremsstrahlung at lower energies emitted by thermal plasma. Also, for the first time, images can be produced in arbitrary energy bands above 3-4 keV, and spectra of distinct imaged components can be obtained. I review what we have learned from RHESSI observations about flare suprathermal electron distributions and their evolution. Next, I present computations of the energy deposited by these suprathermal electrons in individual flares and compare this with the energy contained in the hot thermal plasma. I point out unsolved problems in deducing both suprathermal electron distributions and the energy content of the thermal plasma, and discuss possible solutions. Finally, I present evidence that electron acceleration is associated with magnetic reconnection in the corona. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Holman, GD (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM holman@stars.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Holman, Gordon/C-9548-2012 NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 10 BP 1669 EP 1674 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2004.11.022 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDS76 UT WOS:000235188000001 ER PT S AU Dennis, BR Phillips, KJH Sylwester, J Sylwester, B Schwartz, RA Tolbert, AK AF Dennis, BR Phillips, KJH Sylwester, J Sylwester, B Schwartz, RA Tolbert, AK BE Trottet, G Vilmer, N TI The thermal X-ray spectrum of the 2003 April 26 solar flare SO ENERGY RELEASE AND PARTICLE ACCELERATION AT THE SUN AND IN THE HELIOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE sun; X-ray; spectra ID RHESSI AB Observations and their analysis of the thermal X-ray spectrum of the M2 flare on 2003 April 26 are described. The spectrum observed by the RHESSI mission cover the energy range from similar to 5 to similar to 50 keV. With its similar to 1-keV spectral resolution, intensities and equivalent widths of two line complexes, the Fe line group at 6.7 keV (mostly due to Fe xxv lines and Fe xxIv satellites) and the Fe/Ni line group at 8 keV (mostly due to higher-excitation Fe xxv lines and Ni xxvII lines) were obtained as a function of time through a number of flares. The abundance of Fe can also be determined from RHESSI spectra; it appears to be consistent with a coronal value for at least some times during the flare. Comparisons of RHESSI spectra with those from the RESIK crystal spectrometer on CORONAS-F show very satisfactory agreement, giving much confidence in the intensity calibration of both instruments. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Res Council, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Phillips, KJH (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Natl Res Council, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM phillips@stars.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Dennis, Brian/C-9511-2012 NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 10 BP 1723 EP 1727 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.106 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDS76 UT WOS:000235188000008 ER PT S AU Kramer, LJ Arthur, JJ Bailey, RE Prinzel, LJ AF Kramer, LJ Arthur, JJ Bailey, RE Prinzel, LJ BE Verly, JG TI Flight testing an integrated synthetic vision system SO Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 Conference CY MAR 28, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE synthetic vision systems; enhanced vision systems; pathway; tunnel; terrain awareness AB NASA's Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) project is developing technologies with practical applications to eliminate low visibility conditions as a causal factor to civil aircraft accidents while replicating the operational benefits of clear day flight operations, regardless of the actual outside visibility condition. A major thrust of the SVS project involves the development/demonstration of affordable, certifiable display configurations that provide intuitive out-the-window terrain and obstacle information with advanced pathway guidance for transport aircraft. The SVS concept being developed at NASA encompasses the integration of tactical and strategic Synthetic Vision Display Concepts (SVDC) with Runway Incursion Prevention System (RIPS) alerting and display concepts, real-time terrain database integrity monitoring equipment (DIME), and Enhanced Vision Systems (EVS) and/or improved Weather Radar for real-time object detection and database integrity monitoring. A flight test evaluation was jointly conducted (in July and August 2004) by NASA Langley Research Center and an industry partner team under NASA's Aviation Safety and Security, Synthetic Vision System project. A Gulfstream GV aircraft was flown over a 3-week period in the Reno/Tahoe International Airport (NV) local area and an additional 3-week period in the Wallops Flight Facility (VA) local area to evaluate integrated Synthetic Vision System concepts. The enabling technologies (RIPS, EVS and DIME) were integrated into the larger SVS concept design. This paper presents experimental methods and the high level results of this flight test. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Kramer, LJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 24 W Taylor St, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5787-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5802 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1117/12.601757 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BCS57 UT WOS:000231054000001 ER PT S AU Arthur, JJ Kramer, LJ Bailey, RE AF Arthur, JJ Kramer, LJ Bailey, RE BE Verly, JG TI Flight test comparison between enhanced vision (FLIR) and synthetic vision systems SO Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 Conference CY MAR 28, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE synthetic vision; enhanced vision; hight test; aviation safety; situation awareness AB Limited visibility and reduced situational awareness have been cited as predominant causal factors for both Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CHT) and runway incursion accidents. NASA's Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) project is developing practical application technologies with the goal of eliminating low visibility conditions as a causal factor to civil aircraft accidents while replicating the operational benefits of clear day flight operations, regardless of the actual outside visibility condition. A major thrust of the SVS project involves the development/demonstration of affordable, certifiable display configurations that provide intuitive out-the-window terrain and obstacle information with advanced pathway guidance. A flight test evaluation was conducted in the summer of 2004 by NASA Langley Research Center under NASA's Aviation Safety and Security, Synthetic Vision System - Commercial and Business program. A Gulfstream G-V aircraft, modified and operated under NASA contract by the Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, was flown over a 3-week period at the Reno/Tahoe International Airport and an additional 3-week period at the NASA Wallops flight Facility to evaluate integrated Synthetic Vision System concepts. Flight testing was conducted to evaluate the performance, usability, and acceptance of an integrated synthetic vision concept which included advanced Synthetic Vision display concepts for a transport aircraft flight deck, a Runway Incursion Prevention System, an Enhanced Vision Systems (EVS), and real-time Database Integrity Monitoring Equipment. This paper focuses on comparing qualitative and subjective results between EVS and SVS display concepts. C1 NASA, LaRC, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Arthur, JJ (reprint author), NASA, LaRC, 24 W Taylor St, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5787-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5802 BP 25 EP 36 DI 10.1117/12.604363 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BCS57 UT WOS:000231054000003 ER PT S AU Jones, DR AF Jones, DR BE Verly, JG TI Runway incursion prevention system testing at the Wallops Flight Facility SO Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 Conference CY MAR 28, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE runway incursion prevention; airport surface safety; synthetic vision; airport surface map AB A Runway Incursion Prevention System (RIPS) integrated with a Synthetic Vision System concept (SVS) was tested at the Reno/Tahoe International Airport (RNO) and Wallops Flight Facility (WAL) in the summer of 2004. RIPS provides enhanced surface situational awareness and alerts of runway conflicts in order to prevent runway incidents while also improving operational capability. A series of test runs was conducted using a Gulfstream-V (G-V) aircraft as the test platform and a NASA test aircraft and a NASA test van as incurring traffic. The purpose of the study, from the RIPS perspective, was to evaluate the RIPS airborne incursion detection algorithms and associated alerting and airport surface display concepts, focusing on crossing runway incursion scenarios. This paper gives an overview of the RIPS, WAL flight test activities, and WAL test results. C1 NASA, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Jones, DR (reprint author), NASA, Mail Stop 156A, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5787-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5802 BP 47 EP 58 DI 10.1117/12.602327 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BCS57 UT WOS:000231054000005 ER PT S AU Bartolone, AP Glaab, LJ Hughes, MF Parrish, RV AF Bartolone, AP Glaab, LJ Hughes, MF Parrish, RV BE Verly, JG TI Initial development of a metric to describe the level of safety associated with piloting an aircraft with Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) displays SO Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 Conference CY MAR 28, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE SVS; synthetic vision; equivalent safety; general aviation; head down displays; highway-in-the-sky; HITS AB Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) displays provide pilots with a continuous view of terrain combined with integrated guidance symbology in an effort to increase situation awareness (SA) and decrease workload during operations in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC). It is hypothesized that SVS displays can replicate the safety and operational flexibility of flight in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), regardless of actual out-the-window (OTW) visibility or time of day. Throughout the course of recent SVS research, significant progress has been made towards evolving SVS displays as well as demonstrating their ability to increase SA compared to conventional avionics in a variety of conditions. While a substantial amount of data has been accumulated demonstrating the capabilities of SVS displays, the ability of SVS to replicate the safety and operational flexibility of VMC flight performance in all visibility conditions is unknown to any specific degree. The previous piloted simulations and flight tests have shown better SA and path precision is achievable with SVS displays without causing an increase in workload, however none of the previous SVS research attempted to fully capture the significance of SVS displays in terms of their contribution to safety or operational benefits. In order to more fully quantify the relationship of flight operations in IMC with SVS displays to conventional operations conducted in VMC, a fundamental comparison to current day general aviation (GA) flight instruments was warranted. Such a comparison could begin to establish the extent to which SVS display concepts are capable of maintaining an "equivalent level of safety" with the round dials they could one day replace, for both current and future operations. Such a comparison was the focus of the SVS-ES experiment conducted under the Aviation Safety and Security Program's (AvSSP) GA Element of the SVS Project at NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. A combination of subjective and objective data measures were used in this preliminary research to quantify the relationship between selected components of safety that are associated with flying an approach. Four information display methods ranging from a "round dials" baseline through a fully integrated SVS package that includes terrain, pathway based guidance, and a strategic navigation display, were investigated in this high fidelity simulation experiment. In addition, a broad spectrum of pilots, representative of the GA population, were employed for testing in an attempt to enable greater application of the results and determine if "equivalent levels of safety" are achievable through the incorporation of SVS technology regardless of a pilot's flight experience. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Bartolone, AP (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 24 W Taylor St, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5787-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5802 BP 112 EP 126 DI 10.1117/12.605247 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BCS57 UT WOS:000231054000011 ER PT S AU Hines, GD Rahman, ZU Jobson, DJ Woodell, GA Harrah, SD AF Hines, GD Rahman, ZU Jobson, DJ Woodell, GA Harrah, SD BE Verly, JG TI Real-time enhanced vision system SO Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 Conference CY MAR 28, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE enhanced vision system; sensor fusion; image enhancement; digital signal processing; retinex ID RETINEX AB Flying in poor visibility conditions, such as rain, snow, fog or haze, is inherently dangerous. However these conditions can occur at nearly any location, so inevitably pilots must successfully navigate through them. At NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC), under support of the Aviation Safety and Security Proaram Office and the Systems Engineering Directorate, we are developing an Enhanced Vision System (EVS) that combines image enhancement and synthetic vision elements to assist pilots flying through adverse weather conditions. This system uses a combination of forward-looking infrared and visible sensors for data acquisition. A core function of the system is to enhance and fuse the sensor data in order to increase the information content and quality of the captured imagery. These operations must be performed in real-time for the pilot to use while flying. For image enhancement, we are using the LaRC patented Retinex algorithm since it performs exceptionally well for improving low-contrast range imagery typically seen during poor visibility poor visibility conditions. In general, real-time operation of the Retinex requires specialized hardware. To date, we have successfully implemented a single-sensor real-time version of the Retinex on several different Digital Signal Processor (DSP) platforms. In this paper we give an overview of the EVS and its performance requirements for real-time enhancement and fusion and we discuss our current real-time Retinex implementations on DSPs. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Hines, GD (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5787-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5802 BP 127 EP 134 DI 10.1117/12.603656 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BCS57 UT WOS:000231054000012 ER PT S AU Ganoe, GG Young, SD AF Ganoe, GG Young, SD BE Verly, JG TI Utilization of GPS surface reflected signals to provide aircraft altitude verification for SVS SO Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 Conference CY MAR 28, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE AB The Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of a constellation of Earth orbiting satellites that transmit continuous electromagnetic signals to users on or near the Earth surface. At any moment of time, at least four GPS satellites, and sometimes nine or more, are visible from any point. The electromagnetic signal transmitted from the satellites is reflected to at least some degree from virtually every place on the Earth. When this signal is received by a specially constructed receiver, its characteristics can be used to determine information about the reflected surface. One piece of information collected is the time delay encountered by the reflected signal versus the direct signal. This time delay can be used to determine the altitude (or height) above the local terrain when the terrain in the reflection area is level. However, given the potential of simultaneously using multiple reflections, it should be possible to also determine the elevation above even terrains where the reflecting area is not level. Currently an effort is underway to develop the technology to characterize the reflected signal that is received by the GPS Surface Reflection Experiment (GSRE) instrument. Recent aircraft sorties have been flown to collect data that can be used to refine the technology. This paper provides an update on the status of the instrument development to enable determination of terrain proximity using the GPS Reflected signal. Results found in the data collected to date are also discussed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Ganoe, GG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5787-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5802 BP 135 EP 143 DI 10.1117/12.604887 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BCS57 UT WOS:000231054000013 ER PT S AU Cooper, EG Young, SD AF Cooper, EG Young, SD BE Verly, JG TI Database integrity monitoring for synthetic vision systems using machine vision and SHADE SO Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 Conference CY MAR 28, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE synthetic vision; pattern recognition; geo-spatial database; terrain feature extraction AB In an effort to increase situational awareness, the aviation industry is investigating technologies that allow pilots to visualize what is outside of the aircraft during periods of low-visibility. One of these technologies, referred to as Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS), provides the pilot with real-time computer-generated images of obstacles, terrain features, runways, and other aircraft regardless of weather conditions. To help ensure the integrity of such systems, methods of verifying the accuracy of synthetically-derived display elements using onboard remote sensing technologies are under investigation. One such method is based on a shadow detection and extraction (SHADE) algorithm that transforms computer-generated digital elevation data into a reference domain that enables direct comparison with radar measurements. This paper describes machine vision techniques for making this comparison and discusses preliminary results from application to actual flight data. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Cooper, EG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5787-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5802 BP 185 EP 194 DI 10.1117/12.605706 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BCS57 UT WOS:000231054000018 ER PT S AU Prinzel, LJ Kramer, LJ Arthur, JJ Bailey, RE Sweeters, JL AF Prinzel, LJ Kramer, LJ Arthur, JJ Bailey, RE Sweeters, JL BE Verly, JG TI Development and evaluation of 2-D and 3-D exocentric synthetic vision navigation display concepts for commercial aircraft SO Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005 Conference CY MAR 28, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE synthetic vision; exocentric displays; situation awareness; safety; controlled-flight-into-terrain; workload AB NASA's Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) project is developing technologies with practical applications that will help to eliminate low visibility conditions as a causal factor to civil aircraft accidents while replicating the operational benefits of clear day flight operations, regardless of the actual outside visibility condition. The paper describes experimental evaluation of a multi-mode 3-D exocentric synthetic vision navigation display concept for commercial aircraft. Experimental results evinced the situation awareness benefits of 2-D and 3-D exocentric synthetic vision displays over traditional 2-D co-planar navigation and vertical situation displays. Conclusions and future research directions are discussed. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Prinzel, LJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5787-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5802 BP 207 EP 218 DI 10.1117/12.602931 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BCS57 UT WOS:000231054000020 ER PT S AU Mazzuca, LM Knapen, JH Regan, MW Veilleux, S AF Mazzuca, LM Knapen, JH Regan, MW Veilleux, S BE Huttemeister, S Manthey, E Bomans, D Weis, K TI The distribution of star formation in the central regions of spiral galaxies SO Evolution of Starbursts SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 331st Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Seminar CY AUG 16-20, 2004 CL Bad Honnef, GERMANY SP Wilhelm & Else Heraeus Fdn ID DISK GALAXIES; MASS INFLOW; EVOLUTION AB Nuclear rings are characterized by their high star formation rates, and are believed to be the products of gas inflow towards the inner regions of spiral galaxies. We present first results from a statistical survey of these rings, aimed to provide an insight into their triggering mechanisms and star formation properties. We gathered photometric data for 22 nuclear star-forming rings from a larger Ha survey of nearby spirals, of which we highlight three interesting cases (NGC 1343, NGC 1530, and NGC 5953). The high-quality images reveal that the rings are comprised of several distinct star-forming clusters within a few kiloparsecs of the nucleus. We analyzed each nuclear ring to obtain morphological parameters such as ellipticity, position angle, and size. We then compute the equivalent widths of each H alpha emitting (HII) region forming the nuclear ring. Using modern population synthesis models, we convert the equivalent widths into an estimate of the age of each cluster. In general, ages range from 1 Myr to 10 Myrs throughout the rings. We compare the ages to the positions along each ring to detect possible age-related patterns. Where a bar exists in the host galaxy, we determine the approximate intersection points of the bar to the ring to probe whether the youngest hotspots occur near this intersection. We find that three rings from the sample show age gradients or bisymmetries along the plane of the ring, and in one case the youngest cluster does indeed intersect with one of the bar's interaction points to the ring. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Mazzuca, LM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0270-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2005 VL 783 BP 182 EP 188 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCZ59 UT WOS:000232129800025 ER PT S AU de Mello, D Wadadekar, Y AF de Mello, D Wadadekar, Y CA GOODS Team BE Huttemeister, S Manthey, E Bomans, D Weis, K TI Starbursts at intermediate redshifts SO Evolution of Starbursts SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 331st Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Seminar CY AUG 16-20, 2004 CL Bad Honnef, GERMANY SP Wilhelm & Else Heraeus Fdn ID STAR-FORMING GALAXIES; DEEP FIELD-SOUTH; ELLIPTIC GALAXIES; ULTRAVIOLET AB A key question in galaxy evolution is the physical nature of the intermediate redshift galaxies and their present-day counterparts. It is known that the star formation rate density increases rapidly from z = 0 to z = 1. Therefore, a census of the galaxy population as a function of redshift would be ideal in order to better understand the nature of galaxies at different epochs. In this contribution we analyse the properties of 71 UV bright galaxies at 0.2 < z < 1 using the GOODS/ACS data and the deepest HST U-band images obtained using WFPC2 as part of the parallel observations of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey. Summarizing, most of the objects have (i) spectral types typical of late-type galaxies, (ii) low light concentration and (iii) high asymmetries. However, a few early-type objects are also seen suggesting that strong star formation is found in objects of all types at intermediate redshifts, from early-types with blue cores to strongly asymmetric late-type galaxies. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP de Mello, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0270-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2005 VL 783 BP 367 EP 373 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCZ59 UT WOS:000232129800048 ER PT S AU Zebulum, RS Stoica, A Keymeulen, D Sekanina, L Ramesham, R Guo, X AF Zebulum, RS Stoica, A Keymeulen, D Sekanina, L Ramesham, R Guo, X BE Moreno, JM Madrenas, J Cosp, J TI Evolvable hardware system at extreme low temperatures SO EVOLVABLE SYSTEMS: FROM BIOLOGY TO HARDWARE SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Evolvable Systems CY SEP 12-14, 2005 CL Sitges, SPAIN AB This paper describes circuit evolutionary experiments at extreme low temperatures, including the test of all system components at this extreme environment (EE). In addition to hardening-by-process and hardening-by-design, "hardening-by-reconfiguration", when applicable, could be used to mitigate drifts, degradation, or damage on electronic devices (chips) in EE, by using re-configurable devices and an adaptive self-reconfiguration of their circuit topology. Conventional circuit design exploits device characteristics within a certain temperature/radiation range; when that is exceeded, the circuit function degrades. On a reconfigurable device, although component parameters change in EE, a new circuit design, suitable for new parameter values, may be mapped into the reconfigurable structure to recover the initial circuit function. This paper demonstrates this technique for circuit evolution and recovery at liquid nitrogen temperatures (-196.6 degrees C). In addition, preliminary tests are performed to assess the survivability of the evolutionary processor at extreme low temperatures. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zebulum, RS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ricardo.zebulum@jpl.nasa.gov RI Sekanina, Lukas/E-8394-2014 NR 5 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-28736-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3637 BP 37 EP 45 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BDA25 UT WOS:000232222700004 ER PT S AU Sekanina, L Zebulum, RS AF Sekanina, L Zebulum, RS BE Moreno, JM Madrenas, J Cosp, J TI Intrinsic evolution of controllable oscillators in FPTA-2 SO EVOLVABLE SYSTEMS: FROM BIOLOGY TO HARDWARE SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Evolvable Systems CY SEP 12-14, 2005 CL Sitges, SPAIN ID CIRCUITS AB Simple one- and two-bit controllable oscillators were intrinsically evolved using only four cells of Field Programmable Transistor Array (FPTA-2). These oscillators can produce different oscillations for different setting of control signals. Therefore, they could be used, in principle, to compose complex networks of oscillators that could exhibit rich dynamical behavior in order to perform a computation or to model a desired system. C1 Brno Univ Technol, Fac Informat Technol, Brno 61266, Czech Republic. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Brno Univ Technol, Fac Informat Technol, Bozetechova 2, Brno 61266, Czech Republic. EM sekanina@fit.vutbr.cz; rzebulum@mail2.jp1.nasa.gov RI Sekanina, Lukas/E-8394-2014 NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-28736-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3637 BP 98 EP 107 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BDA25 UT WOS:000232222700010 ER PT S AU Lohn, JD Hornby, GS Linden, DS AF Lohn, JD Hornby, GS Linden, DS BE Moreno, JM Madrenas, J Cosp, J TI Evolution, re-evolution and prototype of an X-band antenna for NASA's Space Technology 5 mission SO EVOLVABLE SYSTEMS: FROM BIOLOGY TO HARDWARE SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Evolvable Systems CY SEP 12-14, 2005 CL Sitges, SPAIN AB One of the challenges in engineering design is responding to a change of design requirements. Previously we presented a four-arm symmetric evolved antenna for NASA's Space Technology 5 mission. However, the mission's orbital vehicle was changed, putting it into a much lower earth orbit, changing the specifications for the mission. With minimal changes to our evolutionary system, mostly in the fitness function, we were able to evolve antennas for the new mission requirements and, within one month of this change, two new antennas were designed and prototyped. Both antennas were tested and both had acceptable performance compared with the new specifications. This rapid response shows that evolutionary design processes are able to accommodate new requirements quickly and with minimal human effort. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. JEM Engn, Laurel, MD 20707 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jlohn@arc.nasa.gov; hornby@email.arc.nasa.gov; dlinden@jemengineering.com NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-28736-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3637 BP 205 EP 214 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BDA25 UT WOS:000232222700020 ER PT S AU Keymeulen, D Ferguson, MI Fink, W Oks, B Peay, C Terrile, R Yen-Cheng Kim, D MacDonald, E Foor, D AF Keymeulen, D Ferguson, MI Fink, W Oks, B Peay, C Terrile, R Yen-Cheng Kim, D MacDonald, E Foor, D BE Moreno, JM Madrenas, J Cosp, J TI Hardware platforms for MEMS gyroscope tuning based on evolutionary computation using open-loop and closed-loop frequency response SO EVOLVABLE SYSTEMS: FROM BIOLOGY TO HARDWARE SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Evolvable Systems CY SEP 12-14, 2005 CL Sitges, SPAIN AB We propose a tuning method for MEMS gyroscopes based on evolutionary computation to efficiently increase the sensitivity of MEMS gyroscopes through tuning. The tuning method was tested for the second generation JPL/Boeing Post-resonator MEMS gyroscope using the measurement of the frequency response of the MEMS device in open-loop operation We also report on the development of a hardware platform for integrated tuning and closed-loop operation of MEMS gyroscopes. The control of this device is implemented through a digital design on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The hardware platform easily transitions to an embedded solution that allows for the miniaturization of the system to a single chip. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Texas, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Kingsville, TX 78363 USA. RP Keymeulen, D (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, MS 303-300,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM didier.keymeulen@jpl.nasa.gov; dongj@seas.ucla.edu; emac@ytep.edu; quatro@ieee.org NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-28736-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3637 BP 215 EP 226 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BDA25 UT WOS:000232222700021 ER PT J AU Clampin, M Lumb, D Sirianni, M Smith, E AF Clampin, Mark Lumb, David Sirianni, Marco Smith, Edward TI Detectors for space science - Future requirements and considerations for flight detectors SO EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Scientific Detectors for Astronony Workshop 2005 CY JUN 19-25, 2005 CL Taormina, ITALY DE detectors; space science ID CHARGE-COUPLED-DEVICES; ARRAY CAMERA; MISSION; TELESCOPE; SPECTROMETER; SPECTROGRAPH; PERFORMANCE; XEUS; INSTRUMENTATION; DESIGN AB The design of detector systems for flight applications requires the consideration of a number of issues unique to space instrumentation. Flight detectors must endure hostile radiation environments and thermal extremes. Paramount importance is given to reliability since inflight replacement is at best difficult and usually impossible. Flight detectors are also significant cost and design drivers since they often determine key requirements for flight instruments such as volume, mass, power consumption, heat dissipation and communications budgets. In this paper we describe the primary concerns in developing flight detector systems, and review the challenges posed by future NASA and ESA space science missions for detector development. C1 NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. ESA, ESTEC, F-75738 Paris 15, France. ESA, STScI, F-75738 Paris 15, France. NASA, HQ, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Clampin, M (reprint author), NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Clampin, mark/D-2738-2012 NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0922-6435 EI 1572-9508 J9 EXP ASTRON JI Exp. Astron. PY 2005 VL 19 IS 1-3 BP 45 EP 67 DI 10.1007/s10686-005-9010-5 PG 23 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 073RY UT WOS:000239761500004 ER PT J AU Rauscher, BJ Ressler, ME AF Rauscher, Bernard J. Ressler, Michael E. TI The James Webb Space Telescope and its infrared detectors SO EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Scientific Detectors for Astronony Workshop 2005 CY JUN 19-25, 2005 CL Taormina, ITALY DE detector; infrared; James Webb Space Telescope AB The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was conceived as the scientific successor to the Hubble Space Telescope (HSI) and Spitzer Space Telescope. The instrument suite provides broad wavelength coverage and capabilities aimed at four key science themes: 1) The end of the dark ages: first light and reionization, 2) The assembly of galaxies, 3) The birth of stars and protoplanetary systems, and 4) Planetary systems and the origins of life. To accomplish these ambitious goals, JWST's detectors provide state-of-the-art performance spanning the lambda = 0.6-28 mu m wavelength range. In this paper, we describe JWST with an emphasis on its infrared detectors. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Rauscher, BJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0922-6435 EI 1572-9508 J9 EXP ASTRON JI Exp. Astron. PY 2005 VL 19 IS 1-3 BP 149 EP 162 DI 10.1007/s10686-005-9015-0 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 073RY UT WOS:000239761500009 ER PT J AU Tou, JCL Arnaud, SB Grindeland, R Wade, C AF Tou, JCL Arnaud, SB Grindeland, R Wade, C TI The effect of purified compared with nonpurified diet on bone changes induced by hindlimb suspension of female rats SO EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE ambulatory; space flight; calcium; corticosterone; estradiol ID ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR-BETA; SIMULATED WEIGHTLESSNESS; SKELETAL RESPONSE; SPACE-FLIGHT; MODEL; SPACEFLIGHT; PHYTOESTROGENS; METABOLISM; AIN-76A; CALCIUM AB The purpose of this study was to compare the bone changes induced by unloading in rats fed different diets, because space flight studies use a semipurified diet, whereas space flight simulation studies typically use nonpurified diets. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a purified American Institute of Nutrition (AIN) 93G diet or a standard nonpurified diet and kept ambulatory or subjected to unloading by hindlimb suspension (HLS) for 38 days. Bone mineral content (BMC), mechanical strength, and factors related to the diet that affect bone (i.e., urinary calcium excretion, estradiol, and corticosterone) were measured. Average food intakes (grams per day) differed for diets, but caloric intake (kilocalories per day) and the final body masses of treatment groups were similar. The HLS-induced decrease in femoral BMC was not statistically different for rats fed a nonpurified diet (-8.6%) compared with a purified AIN-93G diet (-11.4%). The HLS-induced decrease in femoral mechanical strength was not statistically different for rats fed a nonpurified diet (-24%) compared with a purified AIN-93G diet (-31%). However, bone lengths were decreased (P < 0.05) in rats fed a nonpurified diet compared with a purified diet. Plasma estradiol levels were lower (P < 0.05) in the HLS/AIN-93G group but similar in the HLS and ambulatory rats fed a nonpurified diet. Plasma estradiol was related to femoral BMC (r= 0.85, P < 0.01). Urinary calcium excretion was higher (P < 0.05) in rats fed a nonpurified diet than those fed a purified AIN-93G diet, which is consistent with the higher level of calcium in the nonpurified diet. Urinary corticosterone levels were higher (P < 0.05) in rats fed a nonpurified diet than rats fed the AIN-93G diet. Although the osteopenia induced by unloading was similar in both diet groups, there were differences in longitudinal bone growth, calcium excretion, plasma estradiol levels, and urinary corticosterone levels. Results indicate that the type of standard diet used is an important factor to consider when measuring bone end points. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Life Sci, Wyle Labs, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. USA, Inst Surg Res, Ft Sam Houston, TX 78234 USA. RP Tou, JCL (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Life Sci, Wyle Labs, MS 239-11, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM jtou@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 34 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY MEDICINE PI MAYWOOD PA 195 WEST SPRING VALLEY AVE, MAYWOOD, NJ 07607-1727 USA SN 1535-3702 J9 EXP BIOL MED JI Exp. Biol. Med. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 230 IS 1 BP 31 EP 39 PG 9 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 883FB UT WOS:000225994800004 PM 15618123 ER PT J AU Ingham, T Sander, SP Friedl, RR AF Ingham, T Sander, SP Friedl, RR TI Kinetics and product studies of the reaction of Br, Cl, and NO with ClOOCl using discharge-flow mass spectrometry SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Article ID CHLORINE PEROXIDE; OZONE DEPLETION; SELF-REACTION; CL2O2; SPECTRA; MECHANISM; ENERGY; CIO AB The kinetics of the reactions Cl + ClOOCl --> products (5), Br + ClOOCl --> products (7), and NO + ClOOCl --> products (8) have been studied as a function of temperature at I Torr total pressure using a discharge-flow mass spectrometric technique. The measured rate coefficients, expressed in Arrhenius form, are k(5) = (7.60 +/- 0.56) x 10(-11) exp((65.4 +/- 17.9)/T) cm(3) s(-1) for 217 K < T < 298 K, and k(7) = (5.88 +/- 0.50) x 10(-12) exp(-173 +/- 20/T) cm(3) s(-1) for 223 K < T< 298 K. The observed temperature dependencies of these rate coefficients indicate a common direct halogen atom abstraction mechanism. Mass spectral product studies indicate that BrCl is the only major Br-containing product from reaction (7). Extensive product studies were used to estimate that the peroxide form of the ClO-dimer is formed in >90% yield from the ClO self-reaction. No evidence for the formation of ClOClO and ClClO2 was observed. No reaction between NO and ClOOCl was observed and an upper limit of k(8) < 1 X 10(-15) cm(3) s(-1) for 220 K < T< 298 K was determined. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sander, SP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ssander@jpl.nasa.gov NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1364-5498 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 2005 VL 130 BP 89 EP 110 DI 10.1039/b500179j PG 22 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 963KV UT WOS:000231804100006 PM 16161780 ER PT J AU Tuck, AF Hovde, SJ Richard, EC Gao, RS Bui, TP Swartz, WH Lloyd, SA AF Tuck, AF Hovde, SJ Richard, EC Gao, RS Bui, TP Swartz, WH Lloyd, SA TI Molecular velocity distributions and generalized scale invariance in the turbulent atmosphere SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE COLUMN MODEL; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; CHLORINE CHEMISTRY; ABSORPTION; PHOTOLYSIS; DYNAMICS; POLARIS; CLOUDS; REGION; VORTEX AB Airborne observations of ozone, temperature and the spectral actinic photon flux for ozone in the Arctic lower stratosphere April-September 1997 and January-March 2000 allow a connection to be made between the rate of production of translationally hot atoms and molecules via ozone photodissociation and the intermittency of temperature. Seen in the context of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics literature results from molecular dynamics simulations, the observed correlation between the molecular scale production of translationally hot atoms and molecules and the macroscopic fluid mechanical intermittency of temperature may imply a departure from Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions of molecular velocities, with consequences for chemistry, radiative line shapes and turbulence in the atmosphere, arising from overpopulated high velocity tails of the probability distribution functions (PDFs). C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RP Tuck, AF (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; Swartz, William/A-1965-2010; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; Swartz, William/0000-0002-9172-7189; NR 52 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1364-5498 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 2005 VL 130 BP 181 EP 193 DI 10.1039/b410551f PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 963KV UT WOS:000231804100011 PM 16161784 ER PT B AU Gull, TR Nielsen, K Vieira, G AF Gull, TR Nielsen, K Vieira, G CA HST Eta Carinae Treasury Team BE Humphreys, RM Stanek, KZ TI Eta Carinae: How do we separate wind from ejecta? SO Fate of the Most Massive Stars, Proceedings SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Fate of the Most Massive Stars CY MAY 23-28, 2004 CL Grand Teton Natl Pk, WY SP Natl Sci Fdn, Astron Div C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gull, TR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Gull, Theodore/D-2753-2012 OI Gull, Theodore/0000-0002-6851-5380 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-195-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 332 BP 161 EP 161 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDG86 UT WOS:000233430500025 ER PT B AU Nielsen, KE Vieira, G Gull, TR AF Nielsen, KE Vieira, G Gull, TR BE Humphreys, RM Stanek, KZ TI The absorption spectrum of the eta Car ejecta SO Fate of the Most Massive Stars, Proceedings SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Fate of the Most Massive Stars CY MAY 23-28, 2004 CL Grand Teton Natl Pk, WY SP Natl Sci Fdn, Astron Div C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Nielsen, KE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Gull, Theodore/D-2753-2012 OI Gull, Theodore/0000-0002-6851-5380 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-195-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 332 BP 162 EP 162 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDG86 UT WOS:000233430500026 ER PT B AU Gull, TR AF Gull, TR BE Humphreys, RM Stanek, KZ TI Eta Carinae: The "nearby" ejecta SO Fate of the Most Massive Stars, Proceedings SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Fate of the Most Massive Stars CY MAY 23-28, 2004 CL Grand Teton Natl Pk, WY SP Natl Sci Fdn, Astron Div AB Within the Homunculus lie very complex nebular structures that are not easily resolved by ground-based instruments. The high spatial resolution of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) combined with appropriate spectral resolutions of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) are well matched to separating the spectrum of eta Car from the surrounding complex ejection nebulosities. HST/STIS has also allowed us to resolve the nebulosities into structures associable with known historical events. Spectral analysis and modeling are leading to characterization of the ejecta physical conditions, estimates of relative elemental abundances. Multiple studies of the ejecta around 71 Car have determined that nitrogen is overabundant. Optical properties of the dust around eta Car are known to be peculiar. Ongoing studies of these ejecta may lead to insight of the enrichment of primordial galaxies by the early, very massive stars. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gull, TR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Gull, Theodore/D-2753-2012 OI Gull, Theodore/0000-0002-6851-5380 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-195-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 332 BP 277 EP 282 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDG86 UT WOS:000233430500048 ER PT S AU Forth, SC Herman, DJ James, MA Johnston, WM AF Forth, SC Herman, DJ James, MA Johnston, WM BE Daniewicz, SR Newman, JC Schwalbe, KH TI Fatigue crack growth rate and stress-intensity factor corrections for out-of-plane crack growth SO Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics, 34th Volume SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International ASTM/ESIS Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics CY NOV 19-21, 2003 CL Tampa, FL SP ASTM, European Struct Integr Soc DE fatigue crack growth; mixed-mode; stress-intensity factor; aluminum; out-of-plane ID CLOSURE AB Fatigue crack growth rate testing is performed using automated data collection systems that assume straight crack growth in the plane of symmetry and that use standard polynomial solutions to compute crack length and stress-intensity factors from compliance or potential drop measurements. Visual measurements used to correct the collected data typically include only the horizontal crack length, which underestimates the crack growth rates for cracks that propagate out-of-plane. The authors have devised an approach for correcting both the crack growth rates and stress-intensity factors based on two-dimensional mixed mode-I/II finite element analysis (FEA). The approach is used to correct out-of-plane data for 7050-T7451 and 2025-T6 aluminum alloys. Results indicate the correction process works well for high Delta K levels, but it fails to capture the mixed-mode effects at Delta K levels approaching threshold (da/dN similar to 10(-10) meter/cycle). Based on the results presented in this paper, the authors propose modifications to ASTM E 647: to be more restrictive on the limits for out-of-plane cracking (15 degrees); to add a requirement for a minimum of two visual measurements (one at test start and one at test completion); and to include a note on crack twisting angles, with a limit of 10 degrees being acceptable. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Forth, SC (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 188E,2 W Reid St, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3487-8 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2005 IS 1461 BP 124 EP 137 DI 10.1520/STP11490S PG 14 WC Mechanics; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Mechanics; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BDL70 UT WOS:000234141900008 ER PT S AU Forth, SC Newman, JC Forman, RG AF Forth, SC Newman, JC Forman, RG BE Daniewicz, SR Newman, JC Schwalbe, KH TI Evaluation of fatigue crack thresholds using various experimental methods SO Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics, 34th Volume SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International ASTM/ESIS Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics CY NOV 19-21, 2003 CL Tampa, FL SP ASTM, European Struct Integr Soc DE fatigue; threshold; crack growth; test methods; plasticity induced crack closure ID GROOVED COMPACT SPECIMENS; GROWTH-BEHAVIOR AB The accurate representation of fatigue crack threshold, the region defining crack growth as either very slow or nonexistent, is extremely important. If the experimentally measured threshold is unconservatively high, a structural component designed with this data may fail long before the fatigue analysis predicts. The fatigue crack growth threshold is experimentally defined using ASTM standard E 647, which has been shown to exhibit anomalies. Alternate test methods have been proposed, such as the constant K-max test procedure, to define the threshold regime without ambiguity. However, only the current test method defined by ASTM is designed to produce the range of fatigue crack thresholds (e.g., low and high R) needed to characterize an aerospace loading environment. It is the scope of this paper to determine the fatigue crack growth threshold of a well characterized aerospace alloy, 7075-T7351 aluminum, using different methods, to compare the results, and to draw conclusions. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Forth, SC (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, 2 W Reid St,Mail Stop 188E, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3487-8 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2005 IS 1461 BP 203 EP 218 DI 10.1520/STP11495S PG 16 WC Mechanics; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Mechanics; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BDL70 UT WOS:000234141900013 ER PT J AU Kleinhenz, J Ferkul, P Pettegrew, R Sacksteder, KR T'ien, JS AF Kleinhenz, J Ferkul, P Pettegrew, R Sacksteder, KR T'ien, JS TI One-sided flame spread phenomena of a thermally thin composite cotton/fiberglass fabric SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE flame spread; one-side flame; composite fabric; fiberglass matrix AB As an experimental necessity. past flame spread studies have relied on fast burning cellulosic papers.. For the longer duration tests planned for the International Space Station a 50% fiberglass. 50% cotton composite fabric is better suited for the novel fuel feeding system in the compact hardware design of a Current microgravity combustion experiment. The fabric's combustion characteristics in normal gravity include unexpected cases where a flame can be sustained on one side of the fuel. One-sided flames are smaller in size than their two-sided counterparts, and propagate at half the speed. Surface temperatur distributions were measured using infrared imaging and indicated a high temperature region caused by the non-flammable fiberglass. Breaching the fiberglass matrix made it possible for the flame to transfer to the other side of the fuel. suggesting that the fiberglass matrix acts as a flame arrester. Copyright paired right arrows 2004 John Wiley, Sons, Ltd. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Natl Ctr Micrograv Res, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Kleinhenz, J (reprint author), 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS 77-5, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Julie.Kleinhenz@grc.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 29 IS 1 BP 27 EP 37 DI 10.1002/fam.870 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 893RB UT WOS:000226735800003 ER PT J AU DeMartini, EE McCracken, ML Moffitt, RB Wetherall, JA AF DeMartini, EE McCracken, ML Moffitt, RB Wetherall, JA TI Relative pleopod length as an indicator of size at sexual maturity in slipper (Scyllarides squammosus) and spiny Hawaiian (Panulirus marginatus) lobsters SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID HOMARUS-AMERICANUS; REPRODUCTIVE-CYCLE; JAPONICUS DECAPODA; ROCK LOBSTER; 1ST MATURITY; EGG SIZE; RED-SEA; PALINURIDAE; FECUNDITY; PENICILLATUS AB -Body size at gonadal maturity is described for females of the slipper lobster (Scyllarides squaininosus) (Scyllaridae) and the endemic Hawaiian spiny lobster (Panulirus marginatus) (Palinur dae) based on microscopic examination a of histological preparations of ovaries. These data are used to validate several morphological metrics (relative exopodite length, ovigerous condition) of functional sexual maturity. Relative exopodite(! length ("pleopod length") produced consistent estimates of size at maturity when evaluated with a newly derived, statistical application for estimating size at the morphometric maturation point (MMP) for the population, identified as the midpoint of a sigmoid function panning the estimated boundaries of overlap between the largest immature and smallest adult animals. Estimates of the MMP were related to matched (same-year) characterizations of sexual maturity based on ovigerous condition -a more conventional measure of functional maturity previously used to characterize maturity for the two lobster species. Both measures of functional maturity were similar for the respective species and were within 5% and 2% of one another for slipper and spiny lobster, respectively. The precision observed for two shipboard collection series of pleopod-length data indicated that the method is reliable and not dependent on specialized expertise. Precision of maturity estimates for S. squammosus with the pleopod-length metric was similar to that for P. marginatus with any of the other measures (including conventional evidence of ovigerous condition) and greatly exceeded the precision of estimates for S. squammosus based on ovigeious condition alone. The two measured of functional maturity averaged with in 8% of the estimated size at gonadal maturity for the respective species. Appendage-to-body size proportions, such as the pleopod length metric, hold great promise, particularly for species of slipper lobsters like S. squammosus for which there exist no other reliable conventional morphological measures of sexual maturity. Morphometric proportions also should be included among the factors evaluated when assessing size at sexual maturity in spiny lobster stocks; previously these proportions have been obtained routinely only for brachyuran crabs within the Crustacea. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP DeMartini, EE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM edward.demartini@nooa.gov NR 31 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 103 IS 1 BP 23 EP 33 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 894NO UT WOS:000226798800003 ER PT J AU Parker, DM Cooke, WJ Balazs, GH AF Parker, DM Cooke, WJ Balazs, GH TI Diet of oceanic loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the central North Pacific SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PLEURONCODES-PLANIPES; SATELLITE TELEMETRY; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; FEEDING ECOLOGY; MIGRATION; GROWTH; MEXICO; HABITAT; GULF AB Diet analysis of 52 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) collected as byeatch from 1990 to 1992 in the high-seas driftnet fishery operating between lat. 29.5degreesN and 43degreesN and between long. 150degreesE and 154degreesW demonstrated that these turtles fed predominately at the surface; few deeper water prey items were present in their stomachs. The turtles ranged in size from 13.5 to 74.0 cm curved carapace length. Whole turtles (n=10) and excised stomachs (n=42) were frozen and transported to a laboratory for analysis of major faunal components. Neustonic species accounted for four of the five most common pney taxa. The most common prey items were Janthina spp. (Gastropoda); Carinaria cithara Benson 1835 (Heteropoda); a chondrophore, Velella velella (Hydrodia); Lepas spp. (Cirripedia), Planes spp. (Decapoda: Grapsidae), and pyrosomas (Pyrosorna spp.). C1 Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. AECOS Inc, Kailua, HI 96734 USA. Honolulu Lab, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Parker, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM Denise.Parker@noaa.gov NR 68 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 8 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 103 IS 1 BP 142 EP 152 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 894NO UT WOS:000226798800012 ER PT J AU Able, KW Neuman, MJ Wennhage, H AF Able, Kenneth W. Neuman, Melissa J. Wennhage, Hakan BE Gibson, RN TI Ecology of juvenile and adult stages of flatfishes: distribution and dynamics of habitat associations SO FLATFISHES: BIOLOGY AND EXPLOITATION LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; FLOUNDER PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; OF-THE-YEAR; SCOPHTHALMUS-MAXIMUS L; SWEDISH WEST-COAST; SOLE SOLEA-SOLEA; ATLANTIC BLUEFIN TUNA; HUDSON RIVER ESTUARY; PLATICHTHYS-FLESUS L; SOUTHERN NEW-JERSEY C1 [Able, Kenneth W.] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. [Neuman, Melissa J.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SWR Protected Resources Div, Long Beach, CA 90802 USA. [Wennhage, Hakan] Gothenburg Univ, Kristineberg Marine Res Stn, Dept Marine Ecol, S-45034 Fiskebackskil, Sweden. RP Able, KW (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, 800 C-O 132 Great Bay Blvd, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. EM able@imcs.rutgers.edu; Melissa.Neuman@noaa.gov; hakan.wennhage@kmf.gu NR 149 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-470-99525-9 PY 2005 BP 164 EP 184 DI 10.1002/9780470995259.ch8 D2 10.1002/9780470995259 PG 21 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BYB49 UT WOS:000297818000010 ER PT S AU Bohner, SA George, B Gracanin, D Hinchey, MG AF Bohner, SA George, B Gracanin, D Hinchey, MG BE Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Truszkowski, WF Rouff, CA TI Formalism challenges of the Cougaar Model Driven Architecture SO FORMAL APPROACHES TO AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Formal Approaches to Agent-Based Systems (FAABS 2004) CY APR 26-27, 2004 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, IEEE Comp Soc TCCC AB The Cognitive Agent Architecture (Cougaar) is one of the most sophisticated distributed agent architectures developed today. As part of its research and evolution, Cougaar is being studied for application to large, logistics-based applications for the Department of Defense (DoD). Anticipating future complex applications of Cougaar, we are investigating the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) approach to understand how effective it would be for increasing productivity in Cougar-based development efforts. Recognizing the sophistication of the Cougaar development environment and the limitations of transformation technologies for agents, we have systematically developed an approach that combines component assembly in the large and transformation in the small. This paper describes some of the key elements that went into the Cougaar Model Driven Architecture approach and the characteristics that drove the approach. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bohner, SA (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM sbohner@vt.edu; boby@vt.edu; gracanin@vt.edu; Michael.G.Hinchey@nasa.gov; Michael.G.Hinchey@nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-24422-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3228 BP 57 EP 71 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BCA04 UT WOS:000228446400005 ER PT S AU Gracanin, D Singh, HL Bohner, SA Hinchey, MG AF Gracanin, D Singh, HL Bohner, SA Hinchey, MG BE Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Truszkowski, WF Rouff, CA TI Model-Driven Architecture for agent-based systems SO FORMAL APPROACHES TO AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Formal Approaches to Agent-Based Systems (FAABS 2004) CY APR 26-27, 2004 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, IEEE Comp Soc TCCC AB The Model Driven Architecture (MDA) approach uses a platform-independent model to define system functionality, or requirements, using some specification language. The requirements are then translated to a platform-specific model for implementation. An agent architecture based on the human cognitive model of planning, the Cognitive Agent Architecture (Cougaar) is selected for the implementation platform. The resulting Cougaar MDA prescribes certain kinds of models to be used, how those models may be prepared and the relationships of the different kinds of models. Using the existing Cougaar architecture, the level of application composition is elevated from individual components to domain level model specifications in order to generate software artifacts. The software artifacts generation is based on a metamodel. Each component maps to a UML structured component which is then converted into multiple artifacts: Cougaar/Java code, documentation, and test cases. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gracanin, D (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM gracanin@vt.edu; lally@vt.edu; sbohner@vt.edu; Michael.G.Hinchey@nasa.gov; Michael.G.Hinchey@nasa.gov NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-24422-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3228 BP 249 EP 261 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BCA04 UT WOS:000228446400017 ER PT S AU Sterritt, R Hinchey, M AF Sterritt, R Hinchey, M BE Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Truszkowski, WF Rouff, CA TI Apoptosis and self-destruct: A contribution to autonomic agents? SO FORMAL APPROACHES TO AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Formal Approaches to Agent-Based Systems (FAABS 2004) CY APR 26-27, 2004 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, IEEE Comp Soc TCCC ID DEATH AB Autonomic Computing (AC), a self-managing systems initiative based on the biological metaphor of the autonomic nervous system, is increasingly gaining momentum as the way forward in designing reliable systems. Agent technologies have been identified as a key enabler for engineering autonomicity in systems, both in terms of retrofitting autonomicity into legacy systems and designing new systems. The AC initiative provides an opportunity to consider other biological systems and principles in seeking new design strategies. This paper reports on one such investigation; utilizing the apoptosis metaphor of biological systems to provide a dynamic health indicator signal between autonomic agents. C1 Univ Ulster, Sch Comp & Math, Jordanstown BT37 0QB, North Ireland. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Software Engn Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Univ Ulster, Sch Comp & Math, Jordanstown BT37 0QB, North Ireland. EM r.sterritt@ulster.ac.uk; michael.g.hinchey@nasa.gov NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-24422-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3228 BP 262 EP 270 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BCA04 UT WOS:000228446400018 ER PT S AU Smid, J Obitko, M Fisher, D Truszkowski, W AF Smid, J Obitko, M Fisher, D Truszkowski, W BE Hinchey, MG Rash, JL Truszkowski, WF Rouff, CA TI Interaction and communication of agents in networks and language complexity estimates SO FORMAL APPROACHES TO AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Formal Approaches to Agent-Based Systems (FAABS 2004) CY APR 26-27, 2004 CL Greenbelt, MD SP NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, IEEE Comp Soc TCCC C1 Morgan State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. Czech Tech Univ, Dept Cybernet, Prague, Czech Republic. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Inst Software Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Smid, J (reprint author), Morgan State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Baltimore, MD 21239 USA. EM jsmid@jewel.morgan.edu; obitko@labe.felk.cvut.cz; dfisher@sei.cmu.edu; walt.truszkowski@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-24422-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3228 BP 287 EP 289 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BCA04 UT WOS:000228446400022 ER PT S AU Maille, N Statler, IC Chaudron, L AF Maille, N Statler, IC Chaudron, L BE Ganter, B Godin, R TI An application of FCA to the analysis of aeronautical incidents SO FORMAL CONCEPT ANALYSIS, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Formal Concept Analysis (ICFCA 2005) CY FEB 14-18, 2005 CL Lens, FRANCE SP Ctr Rech Informat Lens, Inst Univ Technol Lens, Univ Artois, Ville Lens, Commun Aupole Lens Lievin, Conseil Gen Pas Calais, Chambre commerce Ind Lens, Caisse Epargne Pas Calais, Banque Populaire AB This paper illustrates how a new clustering process dedicated to the analysis of anecdotal reports of aviation incidents has been designed and tested thanks to an FCA tool called Kontex. Special attention has been given to the necessary transcription of the data from the initial relational database to an FCA context. The graphical interface for Kontex, which has been specially implemented for this study, is also presented. The study presented in this paper validates the process adopted and highlights the use of FCA to help the expert to mine the database without previous knowledge of the searched concepts. The work brought original ideas to the aviation safety community by the development; of an incident model and the notion of scenario. For the FCA community, one interesting aspect of this work lies on the use of a first-order context (given by a relational database) and its translation into a classical context. C1 Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, Ctr Salan Provence, ONESRA, F-133661 Solan Air, France. NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, Ctr Toulouse, F-31400 Toulouse, France. RP Maille, N (reprint author), Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, Ctr Salan Provence, ONESRA, F-133661 Solan Air, France. EM maille@onera.fr; Irving.C.Statler@nasa.gov; chaudron@onera.fr NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-24525-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3403 BP 145 EP 161 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA BCA11 UT WOS:000228447100010 ER PT B AU Prinzel, LJ Kramer, LJ Bailey, RE Arthur, JJ Williams, SP McNabb, J AF Prinzel, LJ Kramer, LJ Bailey, RE Arthur, JJ Williams, SP McNabb, J BE Schmorrow, DD TI Augmentation of cognition and perception through advanced synthetic vision technology SO Foundations of Augmented Cognition, Vol 11 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Augmented Cognition held in Conjunction with the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction CY JUL 22-27, 2005 CL Las Vegas, NV AB Synthetic Vision System technology augments reality and creates a virtual visual meteorological condition that extends a pilot's cognitive and perceptual capabilities during flight operations when outside visibility is restricted. The paper describes the NASA Synthetic Vision System for commercial aviation with an emphasis on how the technology achieves Augmented Cognition objectives. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC PUBL PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430 USA BN 0-8058-5806-7 PY 2005 BP 120 EP 129 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Ergonomics; Psychology, Experimental SC Computer Science; Engineering; Psychology GA BDJ67 UT WOS:000233848700016 ER PT B AU Pope, AT Prinzel, LJ AF Pope, AT Prinzel, LJ BE Schmorrow, DD TI Recreation embedded state tuning for optimal readiness and effectiveness (RESTORE) SO Foundations of Augmented Cognition, Vol 11 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Augmented Cognition held in Conjunction with the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction CY JUL 22-27, 2005 CL Las Vegas, NV AB Physiological self-regulation training is a behavioral medicine intervention that has demonstrated capability to improve psychophysiological coping responses to stressful experiences and to foster optimal behavioral and cognitive performance. Once developed, these psychophysiological skills require regular practice for maintenance. A concomitant benefit of these physiologically monitored practice sessions is the opportunity to track crew psychophysiological responses to the challenges of the practice task in order to detect shifts in adaptability that may foretell performance degradation. Long-duration missions will include crew recreation periods that will afford physiological self-regulation training opportunities. However, to promote adherence to the regimen, the practice experience that occupies their recreation time must be perceived by the crew as engaging and entertaining throughout repeated reinforcement sessions on long-duration missions. NASA biocybernetic technologies and publications have developed a closed-loop concept that involves adjusting or modulating (cybernetic, for governing) a person's task environment based upon a comparison of that person's physiological responses (bio-) with a training or performance criterion. This approach affords the opportunity to deliver physiological self-regulation training in an entertaining and motivating fashion and can also be employed to create a conditioned association between effective performance state and task execution behaviors, while enabling tracking of individuals' psychophysiological status over time in the context of an interactive task challenge. This paper describes the aerospace spin-off technologies in this training application area as well as the current spin-back application of the technologies to long-duration missions - the Recreation Embedded State Tuning for Optimal Readiness and Effectiveness (RESTORE) concept, The RESTORE technology is designed to provide a physiological self-regulation training countermeasure for maintaining and reinforcing cognitive readiness, resilience under psychological stress, and effective mood states in long-duration crews. The technology consists of a system for delivering physiological self-regulation training and for tracking crew central and autonomic nervous system function; the system interface is designed to be experienced as engaging and entertaining throughout repeated training sessions on long-duration missions. Consequently, this self-management technology has threefold capability for recreation, behavioral health problem prophylaxis and remediation, and psychophysiological assay. The RESTORE concept aims to reduce the risk of future manned exploration missions by enhancing the capability of individual crewmembers to self-regulate cognitive states through recreation-embedded training protocols to effectively deal with the psychological toll of long-duration space flight. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Res & Technol Directorate, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC PUBL PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430 USA BN 0-8058-5806-7 PY 2005 BP 974 EP 983 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Ergonomics; Psychology, Experimental SC Computer Science; Engineering; Psychology GA BDJ67 UT WOS:000233848700126 ER PT B AU Gilliam, DP AF Gilliam, DP GP IEEE Computer Society TI WETICE 2005 - Tenth Securities Technologies (ST) Workshop Report (Formerly Enterprise Security (ES)) SO Fourteenth IEEE International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th IEEE International Workshop on Enabling Technologies - Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE 2005) CY JUN 13-15, 2005 CL Linkoping, SWEDEN SP IEEE Comp Soc, TC Data Eng, W VA Univ, Concurrent Eng Res Ctr C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Gilliam, DP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2362-5 PY 2005 BP 135 EP 137 DI 10.1109/WETICE.2005.68 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BDI83 UT WOS:000233636900020 ER PT B AU Gilliam, DP Powell, JD Bishop, M AF Gilliam, DP Powell, JD Bishop, M GP IEEE Computer Society TI Application of lightweight formal methods to software security SO FOURTEENTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOPS ON ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES: INFRASTRUCTURE FOR COLLABORATIVE ENTERPRISES, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th IEEE International Workshop on Enabling Technologies - Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE 2005) CY JUN 13-15, 2005 CL Linkoping, SWEDEN SP IEEE Comp Soc, TC Data Eng, W VA Univ, Concurrent Eng Res Ctr AB Formal specification and verification of security has proven a challenging task. There is no single method that has proven feasible. Instead, an integrated approach which combines several formal techniques can increase the confidence in the verification of software security properties. Such an approach which specifies security properties in a library that can be re-used by 2 instruments and their methodologies developed for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) are described herein The Flexible Modeling Framework (FMF) is a model based verification instrument that uses Promela and the SPIN model checker. The Property Based Tester (PBT) uses TASPEC and a Test Execution Monitor (TEM). They are used to reduce vulnerabilities and unwanted exposures in software during the development and maintenance life cycles. These instruments are currently being piloted with a COTS Server-Agent Application. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM dpg@jpl.nasa.gov; john.d.powell@jpl.nasa.gov; bishop@cs.ucdavis.edu NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2362-5 PY 2005 BP 160 EP 165 DI 10.1109/WETICE.2005.19 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BDI83 UT WOS:000233636900026 ER PT S AU Quinn, GD Sharpe, WN Beheim, GM Nemeth, NN Jadaan, O AF Quinn, GD Sharpe, WN Beheim, GM Nemeth, NN Jadaan, O BE Dusza, J Danzer, R Morrell, R TI Fracture origins in miniature silicon carbide structures SO FRACTOGRAPHY OF ADVANCED CERAMICS II SE KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Fractography of Advanced Ceramics CY OCT 03-06, 2004 CL Stara Lesna, SLOVAKIA DE fractography; tension strength; CVD; silicon carbide; flaws ID STRENGTH; DEPOSITION AB Direct tension strength tests were conducted on chemical vapor deposited silicon carbide microspecimens. Three types of specimens were used: straight gage section, tapered gage section, and notched gage section. The average strengths and standards deviations were: 0.42 GPa +/- 0.13 GPa; 0.41 GPa +/- 0.16 GPa; and 0.68 GPa +/- 0.19 GPa, respectively. The fracture origins were identified by fractographic analysis and were cracks in large grains next to surface grooves from the deep reactive ion etch (DRIE) process used to fabricate the specimens. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NASA, Glenn Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Coll Engn Math & Sci, Platteville, WI 53818 USA. RP Quinn, GD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM george.quinn@nist.gov; w.sharpe@jhu.edu; g.beheim@grc.nasa.gov; n.n.nemeth@grc.nasa.gov; o.jadaan@uwplatt.edu NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-973-3 J9 KEY ENG MAT PY 2005 VL 290 BP 62 EP 69 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BCN87 UT WOS:000230339300008 ER PT S AU Baudin, C Sayir, A Berger, MH AF Baudin, C Sayir, A Berger, MH BE Dusza, J Danzer, R Morrell, R TI Failure mechanisms in directionally solidified alumina-titania composites SO FRACTOGRAPHY OF ADVANCED CERAMICS II SE KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Fractography of Advanced Ceramics CY OCT 03-06, 2004 CL Stara Lesna, SLOVAKIA DE Al2O3; Al2TiO5; composite; directional solidification; fracture; fractography; eutectic AB The mechanical properties of directionally solidified two-phase eutectics can be superior to that of either constituent alone due to the strong constraining effects of the interlocking microstructure. The present work focuses on the failure mechanisms that occur in Al2O3-Al2TiO5 composites fabricated by directional solidification. Two compositions rich in alumina have been considered. The constituents were the same in both materials, primary Al2O3 dendrites surrounded by a TiO2-containing phase, with different morphological and size characteristics. The dendrites in the material containing the smallest amount of Al2O3 were short and highly interpenetrated by the secondary phase whereas those of the material with the highest Al2O3 content were long and much less interpenetrated. The mechanical behaviour in bending was determined by these microstructural differences because the load bearing phase in these directionally solidified materials in the system Al2O3-Al2TiO5 are the Al2O3 dendrites. C1 CSIC, Inst Ceram & Vidrio, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. NASA, CRC CWRU, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Ecole Mines Paris, F-97003 Evry, France. RP Baudin, C (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Ceram & Vidrio, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. EM cbaudin@icv.csic.es; Ali.Sayir@grc.nasa.gov; marie-helene.berger@mat.ensmp.fr RI Berger, Marie-Helene/B-9785-2013 NR 5 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-973-3 J9 KEY ENG MAT PY 2005 VL 290 BP 199 EP 202 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BCN87 UT WOS:000230339300025 ER PT S AU Biswas, A Piazzolla, S Quirk, K Ortiz, GG Lee, S Srinivasan, M Chen, CC AF Biswas, A Piazzolla, S Quirk, K Ortiz, GG Lee, S Srinivasan, M Chen, CC BE Mecherle, GS TI Approach for acquiring and tracking downlink from Mars using the Hale telescope SO Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII CY JAN 25-26, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE AB NASA's upcoming Mars Laser Communication Demonstration (MLCD) scheduled for the 2010-2011 time-frame is planning to use the Hale telescope at Palomar Mountain, California to receive the downlink. The optical links will be demonstrated in the presence of daytime sky backgrounds with the characteristic faint laser signal associated with transmission from deep space. A system level description for acquiring and tracking the laser downlink signal in order to achieve the desired communications performance is presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Biswas, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5686-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5712 BP 60 EP 71 DI 10.1117/12.600833 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BCI00 UT WOS:000229386200007 ER PT S AU Biswas, A Wright, MW Kovalik, J Piazzolla, S AF Biswas, A Wright, MW Kovalik, J Piazzolla, S BE Mecherle, GS TI Uplink beacon laser for mars laser communication demonstration (MLCD) SO Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII CY JAN 25-26, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE AB The requirements and design concepts for a ground-based laser assembly for transmitting an uplink beacon to a Mars bound spacecraft, carrying a laser communi cations terminal, are reported. The effects of the atmosphere are analyzed and drive the multi-beam design. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Biswas, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5686-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5712 BP 93 EP 100 DI 10.1117/12.600832 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BCI00 UT WOS:000229386200010 ER PT S AU Cheng, M Nakashima, M Hamkins, J Moision, B Barsoum, M AF Cheng, M Nakashima, M Hamkins, J Moision, B Barsoum, M BE Mecherle, GS TI A decoder architecture for high-speed free-space laser communications SO Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII CY JAN 25-26, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE laser communication; error correction code; turbo codes; MAP decoding; FPGA implementation ID TURBO-CODES; INTERLEAVERS AB We present a decoding architecture for high-speed free-space laser communications. This system will be used by NASA's Mars Laser Communication Demonstration (MLCD) project, the first use of high-speed laser communication from deep space. The Error Correction Code (ECC) and modulation techniques for this project have been motivated by an analysis of capacity, and existing designs have been shown to operate within 0.9 dB of the Shannon limit on the nominal operating point. In this paper, we give the algorithmic description and FPGA implementation details that led to the development of a 50 Mbps hardware decoder. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Barsoum, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5686-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5712 BP 174 EP 185 DI 10.1117/12.591043 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BCI00 UT WOS:000229386200018 ER PT S AU Hemmati, H AF Hemmati, H BE Mecherle, GS TI Large diameter refractive Fresnel lenses as low-cost optical communication ground receiver aperture SO Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII CY JAN 25-26, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE Fresnel lenses; optical communications; optical receiver; receiver terminal AB Feasibility of utilizing large diameter custom designed and fabricated Fresnel lenses as the front optical aperture for Earth-based reception of optical communication signals from remote spacecraft is investigated. This includes preliminary optical designs, investigation of stray-light effects for a particular optical design, effect of temperature variations and mechanical sag on the performance of the photon bucket, and effect of temporal dispersion on the link performance. Experimental results for several commercial off-the-shelf Fresnel lenses with diameters exceeding 1-meter are presented as well as plans for custom diamond turning fabrication of two-meter diameter Fresnel lenses. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hemmati, H (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5686-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5712 BP 186 EP 192 DI 10.1117/12.600838 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BCI00 UT WOS:000229386200019 ER PT S AU Vilnrotter, LA Lau, CW AF Vilnrotter, LA Lau, CW BE Mecherle, GS TI Optical vector receiver operating near the quantum limit SO Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII CY JAN 25-26, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE AB An optical receiver concept for binary signals with performance approaching the quantum limit at low average signal energies is developed and analyzed. A conditionally nulling receiver that reaches the quantum limit in the absence of background photons has been devised by Dolinar, however this receiver requires ideal optical combining and complicated real-time shaping of the local. field, hence tends to be difficult to implement at high data rates. A simpler milling receiver that approaches the quantum limit without complex optical processing, suitable for high-rate operation has been suggested earlier by Kennedy. Here we formulate a vector receiver concept that incorporates the Kennedy receiver together with a physical beamsplitter, but also utilizes the reflected signal component to improve signal detection. It is found that augmenting the Kennedy receiver with classical coherent detection at the auxiliary beamsplitter output, and optimally processing the vector observations, always improves on the performance of the Kennedy receiver alone, significantly so at low average photon rates. This is precisely the region of operation where modern codes approach channel capacity. It is also shown that the addition of background radiation has little effect on the performance of the coherent receiver component, suggesting a viable approach for near quantum-limited performance in high background environments. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Vilnrotter, LA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5686-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5712 BP 193 EP 204 DI 10.1117/12.591228 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BCI00 UT WOS:000229386200020 ER PT S AU Biswas, A Page, N Neal, J Zhu, D Wright, M Ortiz, GG Farr, WH Hemmati, H AF Biswas, A Page, N Neal, J Zhu, D Wright, M Ortiz, GG Farr, WH Hemmati, H BE Mecherle, GS TI Airborne optical communications demonstrator design and preflight test results SO Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII CY JAN 25-26, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE free-space; optical communications; lasercom; airborne terminal AB A second generation optical communications demonstrator (OCD-2) intended for airborne applications like air-to-ground and air-to-air optical links is under development at JPL. This development provides the capability for unidirectional high data rate (2.5-Gbps) transmission at 1550-nm, with the ability to receive an 810-nm beacon to aid acquisition, pointing and tracking. The transmitted beam width is nominally 200-mu rad. A 3x3 degree coarse field-of-view (FOV) acquisition sensor with a much smaller similar to 3-mrad FOV tracking sensor is incorporated. The OCD-2 optical head will be integrated to a high performance gimbal turret assembly capable of providing pointing stability of 5-microradians from an airborne platform. Other parts of OCD-2 include a cable harness, connecting the optical head in the gimbal turret assembly to a rugged electronics box. The electronics box will house: command and control processors, laser transmitter, data-generation-electronics, power conversion/distribution hardware and state-of-health monitors. The entire assembly will be integrated and laboratory tested prior to a planned flight demonstration. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Biswas, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5686-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5712 BP 205 EP 216 DI 10.1117/12.600834 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BCI00 UT WOS:000229386200021 ER PT S AU Vilnrotter, V Lau, CW Andrews, K Srinivasan, M AF Vilnrotter, V Lau, CW Andrews, K Srinivasan, M BE Mecherle, GS TI Two-element optical array receiver concept demonstration SO Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII CY JAN 25-26, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE optical array receiver; communication through turbulence AB The conceptual design, theoretical performance, and experimental verification of a two-telescope optical array receiver currently under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is described in this paper. A brief summary of optical communications theory for array reception of pulsed laser signals is developed, and the impact of coding discussed. The development of the optical detection, array processing, and data-acquisition assemblies required for experimental demonstration is described, and preliminary results obtained in a field environment are presented and evaluated. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Vilnrotter, V (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5686-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5712 BP 225 EP 239 DI 10.1117/12.591945 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BCI00 UT WOS:000229386200023 ER PT S AU Kovalik, JM Farr, WH Esproles, C Hemmati, H AF Kovalik, JM Farr, WH Esproles, C Hemmati, H BE Mecherle, GS TI Sub-millimeter laser ranging results using a pseudo-random code modulation SO Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII CY JAN 25-26, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE pseudo random bit stream; laser ranging; modulated retro reflector; cross correlation; formation flying AB A laser beam with a pseudo random bit stream pattern amplitude modulation is retro reflected off a target to produce a real time ranging signal using a cross correlation technique. The measured resolution of the system was 0.2 mm with an absolute accuracy of +/- 2 mm over 2 m. The use of a modulated retro reflector allows a communications signal to be added to the ranging capability. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kovalik, JM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5686-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5712 BP 251 EP 254 DI 10.1117/12.600831 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BCI00 UT WOS:000229386200025 ER PT S AU Lee, S Ortiz, GG Alexander, JW AF Lee, S Ortiz, GG Alexander, JW BE Mecherle, GS TI Pointing knowledge accuracy of the star tracker based ATP system SO Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVII CY JAN 25-26, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE star tracker; optical communications; acquisition; tracking; pointing; inertial sensors AB The pointing knowledge for the deep space optical communications should be accurate and the estimate update rate needs to be sufficiently higher to compensate the spacecraft vibration. Our objective is to meet these two requirements, high accuracy and update rate, using the combinations of star trackers and inertial sensors. Star trackers are very accurate and provide absolute pointing knowledge with low update rate depending on the star magnitude. On the other hand, inertial sensors provide relative pointing knowledge with high update rates. In this paper, we describe how the star tracker and inertial sensor measurements are combined to reduce the pointing knowledge jitter. This method is based on the 'iterative averaging' of the star tracker and gyro measurements. Angle sensor measurements are to fill in between the two gyro measurements for higher update rate and the total RMS error (or jitter) increases in RSS (Root-Sum-Squared) sense. The estimated pointing jitter is on the order of 150 nrad which is well below the typical requirements of the deep space optical communications. This 150 nrad jitter can be achieved with 8 cm diameter of telescope aperture. Additional expectations include 1/25 pixel accuracy per star, SIRTF class gyros (ARW = 0.0001 deg/root-hr), 5 Hz star trackers with similar to 5.0 degree FOV, detector of 1000 by 1000 pixels, and stars of roughly 9 to 9.5 magnitudes. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5686-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5712 BP 255 EP 264 DI 10.1117/12.612037 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BCI00 UT WOS:000229386200026 ER PT B AU Rivellini, TP AF Rivellini, TP GP NAE TI The challenges of landing on Mars SO Frontiers of Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering CY SEP 09-11, 2004 CL Natl Acad, Beckman Ctr, Irvine, CA SP Natl Acad Engn HO Natl Acad, Beckman Ctr C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rivellini, TP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL ACADEMIES PRESS PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA BN 0-309-09547-6 PY 2005 BP 23 EP 31 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BCX98 UT WOS:000231823200003 ER PT B AU Joosten, BK AF Joosten, BK GP NAE TI Accessing the lunar poles for human exploration missions SO Frontiers of Engineering LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering CY SEP 09-11, 2004 CL Natl Acad, Beckman Ctr, Irvine, CA SP Natl Acad Engn HO Natl Acad, Beckman Ctr C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Joosten, BK (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACADEMIES PRESS PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA BN 0-309-09547-6 PY 2005 BP 33 EP 36 PG 4 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BCX98 UT WOS:000231823200004 ER PT B AU Barnes, NP AF Barnes, NP BE DiBartolo, B Forte, O TI Lanthanide series spectroscopy under extreme condition SO Frontiers of Optical Spectroscopy: Investigating Extreme Physical Conditions with Advanced Optical Techniques SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, SERIES II: MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO-Advanced-Study-Institute on Frontiers of Optical Spectroscopy CY MAY 16-JUN 01, 2003 CL Erice, ITALY ID SENSITIZED HO LUMINESCENCE; ENERGY-TRANSFER; ND-YAG; MANIFOLDS; LASERS AB Lasers evolved based on spectroscopic work that preceded them. In turn advanced spectroscopic techniques evolved because of the availability of lasers. Lasers can serve as both pump sources and spectroscopic probe beams while improvements in crystal growth needed for emerging laser technology enable high concentrations of lanthanide series elements. These technology advances can produce extreme effects in laser materials under consideration. Extreme effects include absorption saturation, amplified spontaneous emission, energy transfer, self-quenching, up conversion, and excited state absorption. These effects will be described along with methods of analyzing the data. C1 NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Barnes, NP (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-2749-4 J9 NATO SCI SER II MATH PY 2005 VL 168 BP 521 EP 538 PG 18 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA BCJ04 UT WOS:000229611600014 ER PT B AU Barnes, J AF Barnes, J BE DiBartolo, B Forte, O TI Advances in solid state lasers at NASA langley research center SO Frontiers of Optical Spectroscopy: Investigating Extreme Physical Conditions with Advanced Optical Techniques SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, SERIES II: MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO-Advanced-Study-Institute on Frontiers of Optical Spectroscopy CY MAY 16-JUN 01, 2003 CL Erice, ITALY C1 NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Barnes, J (reprint author), NASA Langley Res Ctr, MS 430, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-2749-4 J9 NATO SCI SER II MATH PY 2005 VL 168 BP 687 EP 687 PG 1 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA BCJ04 UT WOS:000229611600021 ER PT S AU Valdivia, JA Rogan, J Munoz, V Gomberoff, L Klimas, A Vassiliadis, D Uritsky, V Sharma, S Toledo, B Wastavino, L AF Valdivia, JA Rogan, J Munoz, V Gomberoff, L Klimas, A Vassiliadis, D Uritsky, V Sharma, S Toledo, B Wastavino, L BE JatencoPereira, V Chian, ACL ValdesGalicia, JF Shea, MA TI The magnetosphere as a complex system SO FUNDAMENTALS OF SPACE ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Latin-American Advanced School on Space Environment CY MAR 22-27, 2004 CL Natl Inst Space Res, Sao Jose dos Campos, BRAZIL SP INPE, MCT, IAG, USP, CAPES, CNPq, FAPESP, FINEP HO Natl Inst Space Res DE self-organization; space plasmas; substorms; magnetosphere; intermittency ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; SPORADIC LOCALIZED RECONNECTIONS; MAGNETOTAIL CURRENT SHEET; PLASMA SHEET; SOLAR-WIND; MAGNETIC-FIELD; INTERMITTENT TURBULENCE; GEOTAIL OBSERVATIONS; EARTHS MAGNETOTAIL; IONOSPHERE SYSTEM AB The magnetosphere is a complex system, with multi-scale spatio-temporal behavior. Self-organization is a possible solution to two seemingly contradicting observations: (a) the repeatable and coherent substorm phenomena, and, (b) the underlying self-similar turbulent behavior in the plasma sheet. Such states, are seen to emerge naturally in a plasma physics model with sporadic dissipation, through spatio-temporal chaos. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Chile, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, Santiago, Chile. Univ Los Andes, Dept Fis, Bogota 4976, Colombia. Univ Space Res Assoc, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. RP Valdivia, JA (reprint author), Univ Chile, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, Palmeras 3425,Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile. EM alejo@fisica.ciencias.uchile.cl RI Toledo, Benjamin/A-1136-2008; Munoz, Victor/A-2255-2008; Valdivia, Juan/A-3631-2008; Rogan, Jose/B-8819-2008; Gomberoff, Luis/F-3637-2010 OI Toledo, Benjamin/0000-0001-5928-2290; Valdivia, Juan/0000-0003-3381-9904; NR 72 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 5 BP 961 EP 971 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.144 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BCY73 UT WOS:000231877300020 ER PT B AU Horiuchi, S Fomalont, EB Moellenbrock, GA Scott, MA Taylor, AR Lovell, JEJ Dodson, R Murata, Y Hirabayashi, H Edwards, PG Fujisawa, K AF Horiuchi, S Fomalont, EB Moellenbrock, GA Scott, MA Taylor, AR Lovell, JEJ Dodson, R Murata, Y Hirabayashi, H Edwards, PG Fujisawa, K BE Romney, JD Reid, MJ TI The VSOP survey: The angular size/brightness temperature distribution SO Future Directions in High Resolution Astronomy: The 10th Anniversary of the VLBA SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Anniversary of the VLBA CY JUN 08-12, 2003 CL Socorro, NM SP NRAO, NMT AB The VSOP mission is a Japanese-led project to image radio sources with sub-mas resolution using an orbiting 8-m telescope, HALCA, with a global array of telescopes. About 25% of the observing time was devoted to a survey at 5 GHz of the brightest, compact AGN. Using a complete sample of AGN's with delta > -44 degrees which overlapped VLBA observations, we determined the statistical properties of the angular size and brightness temperature distribution by analyzing the observed correlated amplitude versus projected radio spacing. We find that 80% of the radio cores have an angular size in the range 0.03 < 0.8 mas and that 10 +/- 5% of the cores have a brightness temperature > 10(13) K. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Horiuchi, S (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-207-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 340 BP 95 EP 97 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDV12 UT WOS:000235590900020 ER PT B AU Arzoumanian, Z AF Arzoumanian, Z BE Romney, JD Reid, MJ TI Resolving pulsar binaries SO Future Directions in High Resolution Astronomy: The 10th Anniversary of the VLBA SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Anniversary of the VLBA CY JUN 08-12, 2003 CL Socorro, NM SP NRAO, NMT AB Prospects for resolving the orbital motions of several binary pulsars with future < 100 mu as astrometric capabilities are excellent. I discuss the motivation, assess candidate targets, and derive requirements for future observations. Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), and especially the proposed low-frequency space-VLBI mission RADIOASTRON, can provide new insights into binary evolution and relativistic gravity by complementing high-precision pulse dining experiments. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, USRA, LHEA, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Arzoumanian, Z (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, USRA, LHEA, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-207-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 340 BP 303 EP 305 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDV12 UT WOS:000235590900069 ER PT B AU MacMillan, DS AF MacMillan, DS BE Romney, JD Reid, MJ TI Quasar apparent proper motion observed by geodetic VLBI networks SO Future Directions in High Resolution Astronomy: The 10th Anniversary of the VLBA SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Anniversary of the VLBA CY JUN 08-12, 2003 CL Socorro, NM SP NRAO, NMT ID BASE-LINE INTERFEROMETRY AB In our standard geodetic VLBI solutions. we estimate the positions of quasars assuming that their positions do not vary in time. However, in solutions estimating proper motion, a significant number of quasars show apparent proper motion greater than 50 mu as/yr. For individual quasars, there are source structure effects that cause apparent proper motion. To examine how coherent the pattern of apparent proper motion is over the sky, we have estimated the vector spherical harmonic components of the observed proper motion using VLBI data from 1980 to 2002. We discuss the physical interpretation of the estimated harmonic components. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NVI Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP MacMillan, DS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NVI Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-207-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 340 BP 477 EP 481 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDV12 UT WOS:000235590900105 ER PT B AU Petrov, L AF Petrov, L BE Romney, JD Reid, MJ TI Contribution of the VLBA network to geodynamics SO Future Directions in High Resolution Astronomy: The 10th Anniversary of the VLBA SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Anniversary of the VLBA CY JUN 08-12, 2003 CL Socorro, NM SP NRAO, NMT AB A decade of observations in geodetic mode with the VLBA network gave valuable results. Approximately 1/5 of all geodetic observations are recorded in VLBA mode and processed at the Socorro correlator. Ten years of observations allowed us to reliablv measure slow intra-plate motion of the VLBA stations located on the North-American plate. It also helped us to achieve scientific objectives of geodetic programs: verify models of baxinonic and anharmonic site position variations caused by various loadings, improve models of core-mantle boundary, investigate mantle rheology and solve other tasks. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NVI Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Petrov, L (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NVI Inc, Code 926, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-207-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 340 BP 501 EP 505 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDV12 UT WOS:000235590900109 ER PT B AU Jacobs, CS Lanyi, GE Naudet, CJ Sovers, OJ Zhang, LD Charlot, P Gordon, D Ma, C AF Jacobs, CS Lanyi, GE Naudet, CJ Sovers, OJ Zhang, LD Charlot, P Gordon, D Ma, C CA KQ VLBI Survey Collaboration BE Romney, JD Reid, MJ TI Extending the ICRF to higher radio frequencies: Astrometry at 24 and 43 GHz SO Future Directions in High Resolution Astronomy: The 10th Anniversary of the VLBA SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Anniversary of the VLBA CY JUN 08-12, 2003 CL Socorro, NM SP NRAO, NMT AB A program of survey observations using the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at K-band (24 GHz) and Q-band (43 GHz) was begun in 2002 as a first step toward the goal of extending the ICRF to frequencies above 8.4 GHz. Each session covers the full range of right ascension and declinations down to approximate to -30 deg. Analysis of the first three sessions has produced a full sky catalog of 108 sources with median K-band formal position uncertainties of 210 and 280 pas in alpha cos(delta) and delta, respectively. For Q-band the corresponding results are 292 and 404 mu as. Group delay residuals were excellent at approximate to 20 ps weighted RMS. An external comparison of the K-band frame to the S/X-band ICRF shows systematic errors it about 2 times larger than the formal precision. These systematic differences include a zonal trend vs. declination. We suspect that these errors are due in part to the North-South geometric weakness of the array. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Jacobs, CS (reprint author), Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-207-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 340 BP 523 EP 525 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDV12 UT WOS:000235590900115 ER PT B AU Petrov, L Gordon, D Beasley, A Fomalont, E AF Petrov, L Gordon, D Beasley, A Fomalont, E BE Romney, JD Reid, MJ TI VLBA calibrator survey: Astrometric and image results SO Future Directions in High Resolution Astronomy: The 10th Anniversary of the VLBA SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Anniversary of the VLBA CY JUN 08-12, 2003 CL Socorro, NM SP NRAO, NMT AB Positions and maps of 1608 new compact sources were obtained in twelve sessions observed during 1994-2002 at the VLBA network at 8.4/2.3 GHz. These sources are recommended for use as calibrators for phase reference imaging and as geodetic sources for astrometric/geodetic VLBI applications. C1 NVI Inc, NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Petrov, L (reprint author), NVI Inc, NASA, GSFC, Code 926, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-207-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 340 BP 535 EP 537 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDV12 UT WOS:000235590900119 ER PT B AU Horiuchi, S Murphy, DW Ishitsuka, JK Ishitsuka, M AF Horiuchi, S Murphy, DW Ishitsuka, JK Ishitsuka, M BE Romney, JD Reid, MJ TI Potential improvements to VLBA UV-coverages by the addition of a 32-m Peruvian antenna SO Future Directions in High Resolution Astronomy: The 10th Anniversary of the VLBA SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Anniversary of the VLBA CY JUN 08-12, 2003 CL Socorro, NM SP NRAO, NMT AB A plan is being currently developed to convert a 32-m telecomunications antenna in the Peruvian Andes into a radio astronomy facility. Significant improvements to stand-alone VLBA UV-coverages can be obtained with the addition of this southern hemisphere telescope to VLBA observations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Horiuchi, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-207-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 340 BP 572 EP 574 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDV12 UT WOS:000235590900127 ER PT B AU Murphy, D Preston, R Fomalont, E Romney, J Ulvestad, J Greenhill, L Reid, M AF Murphy, D Preston, R Fomalont, E Romney, J Ulvestad, J Greenhill, L Reid, M BE Romney, JD Reid, MJ TI iARISE: A next-generation two-spacecraft space VLBI mission concept SO Future Directions in High Resolution Astronomy: The 10th Anniversary of the VLBA SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Anniversary of the VLBA CY JUN 08-12, 2003 CL Socorro, NM SP NRAO, NMT AB We present a brief overview of the two-spacecraft iARISE Space VLBI mission concept. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Murphy, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-207-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 340 BP 575 EP 577 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDV12 UT WOS:000235590900128 ER PT B AU Arzoumanian, Z Gendreau, KC Queen, SZ AF Arzoumanian, Z Gendreau, KC Queen, SZ BE Romney, JD Reid, MJ TI An X-ray interferometer at NASA Goddard SO Future Directions in High Resolution Astronomy: The 10th Anniversary of the VLBA SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Anniversary of the VLBA CY JUN 08-12, 2003 CL Socorro, NM SP NRAO, NMT ID MISSION; MAXIM AB We have built a broadband X-ray interferometry. testbed within the Laboratory for High-Energy Astrophysics at NASA Goddard. We describe here our apparatus and recent results, culminating in the detection of fringes at the shortest wavelength to date, the Al K alpha line at 8.35 angstrom. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, LHEA, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Arzoumanian, Z (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, LHEA, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-207-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 340 BP 639 EP 641 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDV12 UT WOS:000235590900140 ER PT B AU Berenji, H Wang, Y Saxena, A AF Berenji, H Wang, Y Saxena, A BE Krishnapuram, R Pal, N TI Dynamic case based reasoning in fault diagnosis and prognosis SO FUZZ-IEEE 2005: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems: BIGGEST LITTLE CONFERENCE IN THE WORLD SE IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems CY MAY 22-25, 2005 CL Reno, NV SP IEEE, IEEE Neural Networks Soc AB Dynamic Case Based Reasoning (DCBR) is a powerful technique for Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis. DCBR allows the accumulation of experience from inclusion of the new cases and therefore accommodates learning. In this paper, we discuss DCBR and develop a methodology for using it in a dynamic model of a chiller system. C1 NASA, Intelligent Inference Syst Corp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Berenji, H (reprint author), NASA, Intelligent Inference Syst Corp, MS 566-109,Res Pk, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9158-6 J9 IEEE INT CONF FUZZY PY 2005 BP 845 EP 850 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BCR92 UT WOS:000230981000146 ER PT B AU Tumer, K Agogino, A AF Tumer, Kagan Agogino, Adrian BE Beyer, HG TI Coordinating multi-rover systems: Evaluation functions for dynamic and noisy environments SO GECCO 2005: GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference CY JUN 25-29, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP ACM SIGEVO DE multiagent systems; genetic algorithms; neural networks AB This paper addresses the evolution of control strategies for a collective: a set of entities that collectively strives to maximize a global evaluation function that rates the performance of the full system. Directly addressing such problems by having a population of collectives and applying the evolutionary algorithm to that population is appealing, but the search space is prohibitively large in most cases. Instead, we focus on evolving control policies for each member of the collective. The main difficulty with this approach is creating an evaluation function for each member of the collective that is both aligned with the global evaluation function and sensitive to the fitness changes of the member. We show how to construct evaluation functions in dynamic, noisy and communication-limited collective environments. On a rover coordination problem, a control policy evolved using aligned and member-sensitive evaluations outperforms global evaluation methods by up to 400%. More notably, in the presence of a larger number of rovers or rovers with noisy and communication limited sensors, the improvements due to the proposed method become significantly more pronounced. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Tumer, K (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mailstop 269-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM ktumer@mail.arc.nasa.gov; adrian@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 1-59593-010-8 PY 2005 BP 591 EP 598 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFI62 UT WOS:000242040700089 ER PT B AU Keymeulen, D Fink, W Ferguson, MI Peay, C Oks, B Terrile, R Yee, K AF Keymeulen, Didier Fink, Wolfgang Ferguson, Michael I. Peay, Chris Oks, Boris Terrile, Richard Yee, Karl BE Beyer, HG TI Evolutionary computation applied to the tuning of MEMS gyroscopes SO GECCO 2005: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference CY JUN 25-29, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP ACM SIGEVO DE algorithms; genetic algorithms; simulated annealing; dynamic hill climbing; evolvable hardware; gyroscope; MEMS AB We propose a tuning method for MEMS gyroscopes based on evolutionary computation to efficiently increase the sensitivity of MEMS gyroscopes through tuning and, furthermore, to find the optimally tuned configuration for this state of increased sensitivity. The tuning method was tested for the second generation JPL/Boeing Post-resonator MEMS gyroscope using the measurement of the frequency response of the MEMS device in open-loop operation. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Keymeulen, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 1-59593-010-8 PY 2005 BP 927 EP 932 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFI62 UT WOS:000242040700139 ER PT B AU Hunt, R Hornby, GS Lohn, JD AF Hunt, Rusty Hornby, Gregory S. Lohn, Jason D. BE Beyer, HG TI Toward evolved flight SO GECCO 2005: GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference CY JUN 25-29, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP ACM SIGEVO DE algorithms; performance; design; experimentation; theory; ornithopter; flapping flight; evolutionary algorithm; evolvable hardware; hardware-in-the-loop evolution AB We present the first hardware-in-the-loop evolutionary optimization on an ornithopter. Our experiments demonstrate the feasibility of evolving flight through genetic algorithms and adaptable hardware, without the requirement for a thorough knowledge of the aerodynamics of flapping flight. In this research we successfully optimized forward velocity and basic efficiency on an actual hardware ornithopter. The ornithopter was flown integrated to a "whirling-arm" test apparatus, allowing lengthy experimental flights without the risk of crashing, Flapping rate and tail position were controlled by an evolutionary algorithm with feedback of forward velocity and motor power. The system evolved an unexpected optimal configuration. This paper discusses the development of the test apparatus and experimental results from the initial phase of research. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hunt, R (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Rusty.Hunt@nasa.gov; hornby@email.arc.nasa.gov; Jason.D.Lohn@nasa.gov NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 1-59593-010-8 PY 2005 BP 957 EP 964 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFI62 UT WOS:000242040700143 ER PT B AU Agogino, A Tumer, K Mikkulainen, R AF Agogino, Adrian Tumer, Kagan Mikkulainen, Risto BE Beyer, HG TI Efficient credit assignment through evaluation function decomposition SO GECCO 2005: GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference CY JUN 25-29, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP ACM SIGEVO DE multiagent systems; genetic algorithms; neural networks AB Evolutionary methods are powerful tools in discovering solutions for difficult continuous tasks.. When such a solution is encoded over multiple genes, a genetic algorithm faces the difficult credit assignment problem of evaluating how a single gene in a chromosome contributes to the full solution. Typically a single evaluation function is used for the entire chromosome, implicitly giving each gene in the chromosome the same evaluation. This method is inefficient because a gene will get credit for the contribution of all the other genes as well. Accurately measuring the fitness of individual genes in such a large search space requires many trials. This paper instead proposes turning this single complex search problem into a multi-agent search problem, where each agent has the simpler task of discovering a suitable gene. Gene-specific evaluation functions can then be created that have better theoretical properties than a single evaluation function over all genes. This method is tested in the difficult double-pole balancing problem, showing that agents using gene-specific evaluation functions can create a successful control policy in 20% fewer trials than the best existing genetic algorithms. The method is extended to more distributed problems, achieving 95% performance gains over tradition methods in the multi-rover domain. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Agogino, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mailstop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM adrian@email.arc.nasa.gov; ktumer@mail.arc.nasa.gov; risto@cs.utexas.edu NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 1-59593-010-8 PY 2005 BP 1309 EP 1316 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFI62 UT WOS:000242040700187 ER PT B AU Hornby, GS AF Hornby, Gregory S. BE Beyer, HG TI Measuring, enabling and comparing modularity, regularity and hierarchy in evolutionary design SO GECCO 2005: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference CY JUN 25-29, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP ACM SIGEVO DE algorithms; design; representation; computer-automated design; design; evolutionary algorithms; evolutionary design; open-ended design AB For computer-automated design systems to scale to complex designs they must be able to produce designs that exhibit the characteristics of modularity, regularity and hierarchy characteristics that are found both in man-made and natural designs. Here we claim that these characteristics are enabled by implementing the attributes of combination, control-flow and abstraction in the representation. To support this claim we use an evolutionary algorithm to evolve solutions to different sizes of a table design problem using five different representations, each with different combinations of modularity, regularity and hierarchy enabled and show that the best performance happens when all three of these attributes are enabled. We also define metrics for modularity, regularity and hierarchy in design encodings and demonstrate that high fitness values are achieved with high values of modularity, regularity and hierarchy and that there is a positive correlation between increases in fitness and increases in the measured values of modularity, regularity and hierarchy. C1 QSS Grp Inc, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Hornby, GS (reprint author), QSS Grp Inc, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mailstop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 1-59593-010-8 PY 2005 BP 1729 EP 1736 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFI62 UT WOS:000242040700261 ER PT S AU Denney, E Fischer, B AF Denney, E Fischer, B BE Gluck, R Lowry, M TI Certifiable program generation SO GENERATIVE PROGRAMMING AND COMPONENT ENGINEERING, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Generative Programming and Component Engineering CY SEP 29-OCT 01, 2005 CL Utrecht Univ, Tallinn, ESTONIA SP ACM SIGPLAN, ACM SIGSOFT HO Utrecht Univ ID SYSTEM AB Code generators based on template expansion techniques are easier to build than purely deductive systems but do not guarantee the same level of assurance: instead of providing "coffectness-by-construction", the correctness of the generated code depends on the correctness of the generator itself. We present an alternative assurance approach, in which the generator is extended to enable Hoare-style safety proofs for each individual generated program. The proofs ensure that the generated code does not "go wrong", i.e., does not violate certain conditions during its execution. The crucial step in this approach is to extend the generator in such way that it produces all required annotations (i.e., pre-/postconditions and loop invariants) without compromising the assurance provided by the subsequent verification phase. This is achieved by embedding annotation templates into the code templates, which are then instantiated in parallel by the generator. This is feasible because the structure of the generated code and the possible safety properties are known when the generator is developed. It does not compromise the provided assurance because the annotations only serve as auxiliary lemmas and errors in the annotation templates ultimately lead to unprovable safety obligations. We have implemented this approach and integrated it into the AUTOBAYES and AUToFILTER program generators. We have then used it to, fully automatically prove that code generated by the two systems satisfies both language-specific properties such as array-bounds safety or proper variable initialization-before-use and domain-specific properties such as vector normalization, matrix symmetry, or correct sensor input usage. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, USRA, RIACS, Moffett Field, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM edenney@email.arc.nasa.gov; fisch@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-29138-5 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3676 BP 17 EP 28 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BDH00 UT WOS:000233551600003 ER PT B AU Lohn, JD Hornby, GS Linden, DS AF Lohn, JD Hornby, GS Linden, DS BE OReilly, UM Yu, T Riolo, R Worzel, B TI An evolved antenna for deployment on NASA'S space technology 5 mission SO GENETIC PROGRAMMING THEORY AND PRACTICE II SE GENETIC PROGRAMMING SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Workshop on Genetic Programming, Theory and Practice CY MAY 13-15, 2004 CL Ann Arbor, MI SP Univ Michigan, Ctr Study Complex Syst DE design; computational design; antenna; wire antenna; spacecraft; genetic programming; evolutionary computation ID GENETIC ALGORITHMS; DESIGN AB We present an evolved X-band antenna design and flight prototype currently on schedule to be deployed on NASA's Space Technology 5 (ST5) spacecraft. Current methods of designing and optimizing antennas by hand are time and labor intensive, limit complexity, and require significant expertise and experience. Evolutionary design techniques can overcome these limitations by searching the design space and automatically finding effective solutions that would ordinarily not be found. The ST5 antenna was evolved to meet a challenging set of mission requirements, most notably the combination of wide beamwidth for a circularly-polarized wave and wide bandwidth. Two evolutionary algorithms were used: one used a genetic algorithm style representation that did not allow branching in the antenna arms; the second used a genetic programming style tree-structured representation that allowed branching in the antenna arms. The highest performance antennas from both algorithms were fabricated and tested, and both yielded very similar performance. Both antennas were comparable in performance to a hand-designed antenna produced by the antenna contractor for the mission, and so we consider them examples of human-competitive performance by evolutionary algorithms. As of this writing, one of our evolved antenna prototypes is undergoing flight qualification testing. If successful, the resulting antenna would represent the first evolved hardware in space, and the first deployed evolved antenna.. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Lohn, JD (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-23253-2 J9 GENET PROGR SER PY 2005 VL 8 BP 301 EP 315 DI 10.1007/0-387-23254-0_18 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BBJ35 UT WOS:000225783400018 ER PT J AU Li, L Wang, XF Xia, M Stolc, V Su, N Peng, ZY Li, SG Wang, J Wang, XP Deng, XW AF Li, L Wang, XF Xia, M Stolc, V Su, N Peng, ZY Li, SG Wang, J Wang, XP Deng, XW TI Tiling microarray analysis of rice chromosome 10 to identify the transcriptome and relate its expression to chromosomal architecture SO GENOME BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLANT TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; ASYMMETRIC INTERLACED PCR; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; CHROMATIN-STRUCTURE; GENOME EXPRESSION; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; DRAFT SEQUENCE; GENE; ANNOTATION; HETEROCHROMATIN AB Background: Sequencing and annotation of the genome of rice ( Oryza sativa) have generated gene models in numbers that top all other fully sequenced species, with many lacking recognizable sequence homology to known genes. Experimental evaluation of these gene models and identification of new models will facilitate rice genome annotation and the application of this knowledge to other more complex cereal genomes. Results: We report here an analysis of the chromosome 10 transcriptome of the two major rice subspecies, japonica and indica, using oligonucleotide tiling microarrays. This analysis detected expression of approximately three- quarters of the gene models without previous experimental evidence in both subspecies. Cloning and sequence analysis of the previously unsupported models suggests that the predicted gene structure of nearly half of those models needs improvement. Coupled with comparative gene model mapping, the tiling microarray analysis identified 549 new models for the japonica chromosome, representing an 18% increase in the annotated protein- coding capacity. Furthermore, an asymmetric distribution of genome elements along the chromosome was found that coincides with the cytological definition of the heterochromatin and euchromatin domains. The heterochromatin domain appears to associate with distinct chromosome level transcriptional activities under normal and stress conditions. Conclusion: These results demonstrated the utility of genome tiling microarrays in evaluating annotated rice gene models and in identifying novel transcriptional units. The tiling microarray analysis further revealed a chromosome-wide transcription pattern that suggests a role for transposable element- enriched heterochromatin in shaping global transcription in response to environmental changes in rice. C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Natl Inst Biol Sci, Beijing 102206, Peoples R China. Peking Univ, Coll Life Sci, Peking Yale Joint Res Ctr Plant Mol Genet & Agrob, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing Inst Genom, Beijing 101300, Peoples R China. China Bioway Biotech Grp Co Ltd, Natl Ctr Crop Design, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. NASA, Genome Res Facil, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Deng, XW (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM xingwang.deng@yale.edu RI Wang, Jun/C-8434-2016 OI Wang, Jun/0000-0002-8540-8931 NR 62 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1474-7596 J9 GENOME BIOL JI Genome Biol. PY 2005 VL 6 IS 6 AR R52 DI 10.1186/gb-2005-6-6-r52 PG 17 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 941IP UT WOS:000230208800011 PM 15960804 ER PT J AU Li, L Wang, XF Xia, M Stolc, V Su, N Peng, ZY Tongprasit, W Li, SG Wang, J Wang, XP Deng, XW AF Li, L Wang, XF Xia, M Stolc, V Su, N Peng, ZY Tongprasit, W Li, SG Wang, J Wang, XP Deng, XW TI Tiling microarray analysis of rice chromosome 10 to identify the transcriptome and relate its expression to chromosomal architecture (vol 6, pg R52, 2005) SO GENOME BIOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Natl Inst Biol Sci, Beijing 102206, Peoples R China. Peking Univ, Coll Life Sci, Peking Yale Joint Res Ctr Plant Mol Genet & Agrob, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing Inst Genom, Beijing 101300, Peoples R China. China Bioway Biotech Grp Co LTD, Natl Ctr Crop Design, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Genome Res Facil, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Eloret Corp, Sunnyvale, CA 94087 USA. RP Deng, XW (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. EM xingwang.deng@yale.edu RI Wang, Jun/C-8434-2016 OI Wang, Jun/0000-0002-8540-8931 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND SN 1474-7596 J9 GENOME BIOL JI Genome Biol. PY 2005 VL 6 IS 8 AR 403 DI 10.1186/gb-205-6-8-403 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 964HT UT WOS:000231870800015 ER PT J AU Dehler, CM Elrick, M Bloch, JD Crossey, LJ Karlstrom, KE Des Marais, DJ AF Dehler, CM Elrick, M Bloch, JD Crossey, LJ Karlstrom, KE Des Marais, DJ TI High-resolution delta C-13 stratigraphy of the Chuar Group (ca. 770-742 Ma), Grand Canyon: Implications for mid-Neoproterozoic climate change SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Neoproterozoic; Grand Canyon; C-isotope record; Chuar Group; lithostratigraphy; shale geochemistry; climate change ID MULTICOMPONENT CARBONATE SYSTEM; UPPER PROTEROZOIC SUCCESSIONS; LOW-LATITUDE GLACIATION; ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY; NORTHWESTERN CANADA; CHEMICAL DIAGENESIS; ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN; EAST GREENLAND; UINTA MOUNTAIN; ICE AGES AB A high-resolution C-isotope record based on delta(13)C(org) from organic-rich shales and delta(13)C(carb) from dolomites in the ca. 770-742 Ma Chuar Group provides important new data for evaluating the significance of large-magnitude C-isotope anomalies in Neoproterozoic climate change. Three successive, large-magnitude isotopic excursions (8-15parts per thousand) are interpreted to represent primary seawater values based on a series of diagenetic tests, and they are not associated with evidence of significant long-term (10(6)-10(7) m.y.) sea-level change nor glaciomarine deposits. Intrabasinal correlation of delta(13)C(org) values suggests that most Chuar shales record primary values and is consistent with previously reported H/C ratios of >0.49 indicating that Chuar shales experienced minimal thermal alteration. Although some Chuar dolomites reveal early diagenetic alteration, their delta(13)C(dol) values typically fall near those of coeval "least-altered" dolomites or organic-rich shales (relative to dolomite values). The Chuar carbon record is interpreted to reflect predominantly primary organic carbon delta(13)C values and contains sufficient primary carbonate delta(13)C data to use for calculating Deltadelta(13)C values and for comparison with other mid-Neoproterozoic successions. The Chuar delta(13)C shifts are in phase with dolomite-poor/dolomite-rich lithostratigraphic sequences and with shale petrologic and mineralogical trends. These data sets collectively indicate long-term (m.y.-scale) wetter-to-drier climate change and concomitant low-amplitude sea-level change. The Chuar basin may be a proxy for mid-Neoproterozoic low-latitude basins that accommodated significant organic carbon burial during this time. Models for other Neoproterozoic long-term delta(13)C anomalies may not require significant continental (and) or low-latitude glaciation as a mechanism for generating large-magnitude C-isotope shifts. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Geol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Utah State Univ, Dept Geol, 4505 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA. EM chuaria@cc.usu.edu RI Crossey, Laura/C-2033-2008 OI Crossey, Laura/0000-0001-6237-8023 NR 76 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 5 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER, INC PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301-9140 USA SN 0016-7606 EI 1943-2674 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 117 IS 1-2 BP 32 EP 45 DI 10.1130/B25471.1 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 888AG UT WOS:000226346000003 ER PT J AU Rind, D AF Rind, D TI Priceless: on knowing the price of everything and the value of nothing SO GEORGETOWN LAW JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; UNITED-STATES; IMPACTS; RESPONSES; DISEASES; DROUGHT; PLANTS; CO2; US C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Rind, D (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 54 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGETOWN LAW JOURNAL ASSN PI WASHINGTON PA 600 NEW JERSEY AVE N W, WASHINGTON, DC 20001 USA SN 0016-8092 J9 GEORGETOWN LAW J JI Georget. Law J. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 93 IS 2 BP 717 EP 732 PG 16 WC Law SC Government & Law GA 925OK UT WOS:000229062200008 ER PT B AU Hlavka, CA Dungan, JL AF Hlavka, CA Dungan, JL BE Leuangthong, O Deutsch, VC TI Application of geostatistical simulation to enhance satellite image products SO Geostatistics Banff 2004, Vols 1 and 2 SE QUANTITATIVE GEOLOGY AND GEOSTATISTICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Geostatistics Congress CY SEP 26-OCT 01, 2004 CL Banff, CANADA SP DeBeers Canada, Earth Decis Sci, Maptek Chile Ltda, Mira Geosci, Nexen Inc, Petro Canada, Placer Dome Inc, Statios LLC, Total ID SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; LAND-COVER; MODIS; AREA AB With the deployment of Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites that provide daily global imagery, there is increasing interest in defining the limitations of the data and derived products due to their coarse spatial resolution. Much of the detail, i.e. small fragments and notches in boundaries, is lost with coarse resolution imagery, provided by systems such as the EOS MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Higher spatial resolution data such as the EOS Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), Landsat Thematic Mapper and airborne sensor imagery provide more detailed information but are less frequently available. There is, however, both theoretical and analytical evidence that burn scars and other fragmented types of land covers form self-similar or self-affine patterns, that is, patterns that look similar when viewed at widely differing spatial scales. Therefore small features of the patterns should be predictable, at least in a statistical sense, with knowledge about the large features. Recent developments in fractal modeling for characterizing the spatial distribution of undiscovered petroleum deposits are thus applicable to generating simulations of finer resolution satellite image products. We present example EOS products, an analysis to investigate self-similarity, and a discussion of simulation approaches. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ecosyst Sci & Technol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hlavka, CA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Ecosyst Sci & Technol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Dungan, Jennifer/G-9921-2016 OI Dungan, Jennifer/0000-0002-4863-1616 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-3515-2 J9 QUANT GEO G PY 2005 VL 14 BP 913 EP 919 PN 1-2 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Statistics & Probability SC Geology; Mathematics GA BDQ82 UT WOS:000234961400095 ER PT B AU Japzon, A Anderson, N AF Japzon, A Anderson, N BE Farace, DJ TI Wallops Island Balloon technology: Can't see the repository for the documents SO GL6: Work on Grey in Progress, Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Grey Literature (GL6) CY DEC 06-07, 2004 CL New York, NY SP New York Acad Med, INIST CNRS, Endeavor Informat Syst Inc AB Since the Wallop's Balloon Technology documents repository began approximately 9 years ago, the Goddard Library has become increasingly involved in developing digital archiving capabilities. The Library developed the Digital Archiving System (DAS) which is a prototype infrastructure for creating a combined metadata repository that allows metadata for heterogeneous digital objects to be searched with a single search mechanism and presented in a single results page. With this, the opportunity has been presented to expand the usability of the print repository. The Balloon Technology documents relate only to the specific subject of construction of scientific balloons and at the current time number over 4,300. The documents exist primarily in paper format and are organized according to the accession number. The project is currently at a crossroads where decisions will have to be made regarding the reorganization of the database from many different perspectives. An assessment of the project was conducted to determine future direction. An assessment survey was created using the Knowledge Management Assessment Tool (KMAT) from the American Productivity & Quality Center and from the recommendations that The Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) put forth in "The Case for Institutional Repositories: A SPARC Position Paper. Survey participants agreed to move forward with project by scanning the documents, mapping existing database records to the current metaclata elements, seeking copyright permissions, and forming a joint committee of balloon scientists and librarians. All have agreed on the importance of digitizing this collection to the balloon science community. Further, it was agreed that once complete, the addition of the balloon documents to the DAS (an institutional repository) could serve as a model for other NASA and/or government projects trying to organize, collect and preserve specialized knowledge that manifests largely in grey literature. C1 Informat Int Associates Inc, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU TEXTRELEASE PI AMSTERDAM PA GL6 PROGRAM & CONFERENCE BUREAU, BEYSTERVELD 251, AMSTERDAM, 1083 KE, NETHERLANDS BN 90-77484-04-3 PY 2005 BP 24 EP 29 PG 6 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA BCO80 UT WOS:000230446900004 ER PT S AU Divsalar, D Jones, C Dolinar, S Thorpe, J AF Divsalar, D Jones, C Dolinar, S Thorpe, J GP IEEE TI Protograph based LDPC codes with minimum distance linearly growing with block size SO GLOBECOM '05: IEEE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6: DISCOVERY PAST AND FUTURE SE IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Globecom) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 05) CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 2005 CL St Louis, MO SP IEEE ID PARITY-CHECK CODES; CAPACITY; GRAPHS AB We propose several LDPC code constructions that simultaneously achieve good threshold and error floor performance. Minimum distance is shown to grow linearly with block size (similar to regular codes of variable degree at least 3) by considering ensemble average weight enumerators. Our constructions are based on projected graph, or protograph, structures that support high-speed decoder implementations. As with irregular ensembles, our constructions are sensitive to the proportion of degree-2 variable nodes. A code with too few such nodes tends to have an iterative decoding threshold that is far from the capacity threshold. A code with too many such nodes tends to not exhibit a minimum distance that grows linearly in block length. In this paper we also show that precoding can be used to lower the threshold of regular LDPC codes. The decoding thresholds of the proposed codes, which have linearly increasing minimum distance in block size, outperform that of regular LDPC codes. Furthermore, a family of low to high rate codes, with thresholds that adhere closely to their respective channel capacity thresholds, is presented. Simulation results for a few example codes show that the proposed codes have low error floors as well as good threshold SNR performance. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Dariush.Divsalar@jpl.nasa.gov; christop@jpl.nasa.gov; sam@shannon.jpl.nasa.gov; thorpe@its.caltech.edu NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-529X BN 0-7803-9414-3 J9 GLOB TELECOMM CONF PY 2005 BP 1152 EP 1156 PG 5 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BDQ99 UT WOS:000234989602005 ER PT B AU Simon, M Dolinar, S AF Simon, M Dolinar, S GP IEEE TI Improving SNR estimation for autonomous radio receivers SO GLOBECOM '05: IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, Vols 1-6: DISCOVERY PAST AND FUTURE SE IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Globecom) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 05) CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 2005 CL St Louis, MO SP IEEE C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Simon, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9414-3 J9 GLOB TELECOMM CONF PY 2005 BP 1598 EP 1603 PG 6 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BDQ99 UT WOS:000234989602090 ER PT S AU Bering, EA Benbrook, JR Holzworth, RH Byrne, GJ Gupta, SP AF Bering, EA Benbrook, JR Holzworth, RH Byrne, GJ Gupta, SP BE Chakrabarty, DK Gupta, SP TI Latitude gradients in the natural variance in stratospheric conductivity - Implications for studies of long-term changes SO GREENHOUSE GASES, OZONE, AND ELECTRODYNAMICS; THEIR CHANGES IN THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE AND LOWER THERMOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE balloon; stratosphere; conductivity; spatial structure; time variations; solar cycle variations; latitude gradient of variance ID VERTICAL ELECTRIC-FIELD; BALLOON-BORNE MEASUREMENTS; ION MOBILITY; ATMOSPHERE; THUNDERSTORM; VARIABILITY; RADIATION; ALTITUDES; WEATHER; MODEL AB Stratospheric electrical conductivity measurements have been made from high altitude research balloons at various locations around the world for more than 40 years. In the stratosphere, conductivity changes may indicate changes in aerosol or water vapor content. In this paper, we will compare the short term variation amplitude in data taken at several latitudes from equatorial to polar cap. Short term variations that occur on time scales of weeks to months (10(5) - 10(7) s) can be attributed to Forbush decreases, geomagnetic storms, aerosol injections by volcanos and forest fires, etc. Variations with time scales of minutes to days (10(3) - 10(5) s) can have amplitudes of a factor of similar to 2 or more at high magnetic latitude. The variance at equatorial latitude is much smaller. The sources of these fluctuations and the latitude gradient remain unknown. Variations of all origins completely obscure any long-term climatic trend in the data taken in the previous four decades at both mid and high latitude. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Houston, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Phys Res Lab, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India. RP Bering, EA (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Phys, 617 Sci & Res 1, Houston, TX 77204 USA. EM ebering@mail.uh.edu NR 44 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 8 BP 1385 EP 1397 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.017 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDA60 UT WOS:000232300900005 ER PT S AU Stoneking, E Hosler, J AF Stoneking, E Hosler, J BE Frazier, W Culp, RD TI Path planning algorithms for the Adaptive Sensor Fleet SO Guidance and Control 2005 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2005 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc, Rocky Mt Chapter AB The Adaptive Sensor Fleet (ASF) is a general purpose fleet management and planning system being developed by NASA in coordination with NOAA. The current mission of ASF is to provide the capability for autonomous cooperative survey and sampling of dynamic oceanographic phenomena such as current systems and algae blooms. Each ASF vessel is a software model that represents a real world platform that carries a variety of sensors. The OASIS platform will provide the first physical vessel, outfitted with the systems and payloads necessary to execute the oceanographic observations described in this paper. The ASF architecture is being designed for extensibility to accommodate heterogenous fleet elements, and is not limited to using the OASIS platform to acquire data. This paper describes the path planning algorithms developed for the acquisition phase of a typical ASF task. Given a polygonal target region to be surveyed, the region is subdivided according to the number of vessels in the fleet. The subdivision algorithm seeks a solution in which all subregions have equal area and minimum mean radius. Once the subregions are defined, a dynamic programming method is used to find a minimum-time path for each vessel from its initial position to its assigned region. This path plan includes the effects of water currents as well as avoidance of known obstacles. A fleet-level planning algorithm then shuffles the individual vessel assignments to find the overall solution which puts all vessels in their assigned regions in the minimum time. This "shuffle" algorithm may be described as a process of elimination on the sorted list of permutations of a cost matrix. All these path planning algorithms are facilitated by discretizing the region of interest onto a hexagonal tiling. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stoneking, E (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-522-9 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2005 VL 121 BP 207 EP 217 PG 11 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BCX61 UT WOS:000231775000013 ER PT S AU Bradley, AT Miller, SA Creary, GA Miller, NA Begley, MD Misch, NJ AF Bradley, AT Miller, SA Creary, GA Miller, NA Begley, MD Misch, NJ BE Frazier, W Culp, RD TI Mobius, an omnidirectional robot utilizing mecanum wheels and fuzzy logic control SO Guidance and Control 2005 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2005 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc, Rocky Mt Chapter ID KINEMATICS; VEHICLES AB In this paper, we present the results of an unmanned ground vehicle robot development effort completed at NASA LaRC's Robotics and Intelligent Machines Lab. The low-cost robot, named Mobius, was developed as part of an investigation into novel omnidirectional locomotion technologies. The vehicle is equipped with lightweight Mecanum (a.k.a. Swedish) wheels. Operator input is provided using a commercial joystick and wireless link. Directional commands are converted to a 45-degree rotated coordinate system, leading to a simple and intuitive mathematical solution for teleoperable Mecanum-wheel-based platforms. A high-level processor running Linux serves to input user commands, output sensor data, and perform translation on incoming direction values. Sensors include dual pan-and-tilt color cameras providing real-time mono and stereoscopic video feedback. At the microcontroller level, a simple fuzzy logic algorithm has been implemented for wheel speed control. The robot platform is capable of performing complete 360-degree translation, bidirectional rotation, and simultaneous translation with rotation. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Bradley, AT (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-522-9 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2005 VL 121 BP 251 EP 266 PG 16 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BCX61 UT WOS:000231775000016 ER PT S AU Broome, JM Prince, JL AF Broome, JM Prince, JL BE Frazier, W Culp, RD TI Potential entry guidance modifications to improve landing accuracy for the 2007 Phoenix Mars Mission SO Guidance and Control 2005 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2005 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc, Rocky Mt Chapter AB The robotic Mars Mission slated for 2007, known as Phoenix, will demonstrate the use of guidance to control range during entry. The current Phoenix guidance design has heritage to the 2001 Precision Lander guidance and gets its origins from the Apollo Program. The Phoenix entry guidance is essentially the same design as that used for the final phase guidance during Apollo Earth re-entry. Modifications to the final phase guidance scheme have been introduced since the Apollo and Precision Lander programs that further improve the landing accuracy that can be achieved. Those modifications include the use of smart parachute logic that allows the guidance to determine when the parachute should be deployed, within parachute constraints. By allowing the guidance to determine when to deploy the parachute, this logic essentially performs as a downrange controller. The other addition is the use of an azimuth or heading controller near the end of the trajectory. This software switches primary control of the lift vector from downrange to crossrange control, eliminating any existing crossrange error. This paper reports the landing accuracy improvement that can be achieved by applying the smart parachute and azimuth controller guidance modifications to the Phoenix Mission. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Aerosci & Flight Mech Div, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Broome, JM (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Aerosci & Flight Mech Div, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-522-9 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2005 VL 121 BP 269 EP 277 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BCX61 UT WOS:000231775000017 ER PT S AU Graves, CA Westhelle, CH Madsen, C Powell, RW Cheatwood, FN Player, CJ Cruz, JR Cianciolo, AD Brown, G AF Graves, CA Westhelle, CH Madsen, C Powell, RW Cheatwood, FN Player, CJ Cruz, JR Cianciolo, AD Brown, G BE Frazier, W Culp, RD TI Inflatable aeroshells as an alternative aerodynamic decelerator SO Guidance and Control 2005 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2005 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc, Rocky Mt Chapter AB Blunt body, rigid aeroshells are efficient, reliable aeroshells that have been used successfully for atmospheric flight in the earth, Mars, and other planetary environments. However, the size of blunt, rigid body aeroshells is limited by launch vehicle payload size and volume constraints, which limits the mass and volume such aeroshells can accommodate. Aeroshells that can be enlarged after release from the launch vehicle would overcome these size constraints. Solving this problem is particularly important for entry, descent, and landing (EDL) on the Mars surface because of the very low Mars atmospheric density, especially for the very large masses and volumes required for human Mars missions. Also, return of cargo from the International Space Station (ISS) could be enhanced by use of spacecraft that minimize the mass and volume necessary to launch such vehicles to the ISS. Other potential applications are returning cargo from the moon, earth aerocapture of translunar injections stages for servicing and later reuse, and as deployable devices for aerodynamically stabilizing the Crew Exploration Vehicle following launch abort. This paper discusses inflatable aeroshell flight experiences, assessment of inflatable aeroshell concepts for several aeroassist applications, and planned flight demonstrations of inflatable aeroshells. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Graves, CA (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-522-9 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2005 VL 121 BP 279 EP 291 PG 13 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BCX61 UT WOS:000231775000018 ER PT S AU Kia, T Reh, K AF Kia, T Reh, K BE Frazier, W Culp, RD TI Control and data systems challenges in design of the Jupiter icy moons orbiter spacecraft SO Guidance and Control 2005 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2005 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc, Rocky Mt Chapter AB To meet the power demands of deep space missions to the outer reaches of the solar system and beyond, where solar energy is limited; designers have been searching for alternative means of power generation for space systems. Adequate power is needed for new investigations utilizing high capability instruments, concurrent scientific observation using multiple instruments, high-rate transmission of science data to Earth, and spacecraft propulsion. To address this issue, beginning 2002, NASA conducted a study to investigate the feasibility of using nuclear energy to power spacecraft. It was determined that a nuclear reactor based power plant could provide 100s of kilowatts of electrical energy that could then be used to meet the science and propulsion needs listed above. The conceptual spacecraft design consists of a nuclear reactor separated from the bus and instruments by a long boom to support large thermal radiator arrays and to provide attenuation of the reactor-generated radiation environment. During the cruise and the transition into and out of the orbit of each Icy moon, the electric power generated by the nuclear power plant will drive ion-based Electric Propulsion (EP) thrusters, located on two gimbaled pods, to propel the spacecraft. Additional electrical thrusters, Hall Thrusters, located on the pods or on the spacecraft bus will enable attitude maneuvering. Due to the nuclear reactor operating environment however, none of the thrusters are placed at the reactor end of the spacecraft. This geometry, and the fact that the spacecraft is very large and flexible, provides special challenges to the attitude control system engineers. Thrust Vectoring Control (TVC) will maintain the spacecraft attitude during the continuous low thrust period, but the interaction between the control system, navigation, and the structure has the potential to introduce undesired disturbances. This problem could be further exacerbated by the three body dynamics of the Jupiter moon environment. Analysis has shown that most scientifically interesting orbits are unstable and therefore require frequent orbit adjustment. Coupling between the ACS and navigation functions will complicate this problem and therefore would offer new challenges to both subsystems. Command and Data handling (C&DH) is another subsystem with unique issues and problems. One of the biggest challenges facing this subsystem is the unprecedented radiation environment in the Jovian system, particularly around Europa. The total ionizing dose (TID) behind 10 mil of aluminum accumulated over 113 days in orbit around Europa is predicted to be about 22 MRad. A second C&DH challenge would be accommodation of large data storage and transfer in a high radiation operating environment. The objective of this paper is to introduce the readers to some of the challenges facing the Attitude Control and Command and Data Handling subsystems, and give an overview of approaches being considered to deal with these challenges. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Kia, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-522-9 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2005 VL 121 BP 305 EP 324 PG 20 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BCX61 UT WOS:000231775000020 ER PT S AU Mattingly, RL AF Mattingly, RL BE Frazier, W Culp, RD TI The many faces of the Mars sample return mission architecture SO Guidance and Control 2005 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2005 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc, Rocky Mt Chapter AB As far back as the 1960's, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has studied the idea of sending a robotic mission to Mars for the purpose of retrieving and bringing back to Earth samples of the Martian environment. The purpose of such a mission would be to take advantage of the capability to study Mars to the level of detail only possible in Earth laboratories. With the most recent discoveries by a small fleet of robotic spacecraft currently exploring the red planet in-situ, this idea of a Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission is once again at the forefront of NASA's Mars Exploration Program. With an earliest launch date set for late 2013, current MSR studies still face a long list of mission architecture options and technology challenges. This paper will attempt to summarize some of the Guidance and Control challenges, even if it succeeds in only scratching the surface. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Mattingly, RL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-522-9 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2005 VL 121 BP 325 EP 338 PG 14 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BCX61 UT WOS:000231775000021 ER PT S AU Marshall, P Marshall, C Polidan, E Wacyznski, A Johnson, S AF Marshall, P Marshall, C Polidan, E Wacyznski, A Johnson, S BE Frazier, W Culp, RD TI Single particle damage events in candidate star camera sensors SO Guidance and Control 2005 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2005 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc, Rocky Mt Chapter ID SILICON DEVICES; CCDS AB Si charge coupled devices (CCDs) are currently the preeminent detector in star cameras as well as in the near ultraviolet (UV) to visible wavelength region for astronomical observations in space and in earth-observing space missions. Unfortunately, the performance of CCDs is permanently degraded by total ionizing dose (TID) and displacement damage effects. TID produces threshold voltage shifts on the CCD gates and displacement damage reduces the charge transfer efficiency (CTE), increases the dark current, produces dark current nonuniformities and creates random telegraph noise in individual pixels. In addition to these long term effects, cosmic ray and trapped proton transients also interfere with device operation on orbit. In the present paper, we investigate the dark current behavior of CCDs - in particular the formation and annealing of hot pixels. Such pixels degrade the ability of a CCD to perform science and also can present problems to the performance of star camera functions (especially if their numbers are not correctly anticipated). To date, most dark current radiation studies have been performed by irradiating the CCDs at room temperature but this can result in a significantly optimistic picture of the hot pixel count. We know from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) that high dark current pixels (so-called hot pixels or hot spikes) accumulate as a function of time on orbit [1,2]. For example, the HST Advanced Camera for Surveys/Wide Field Camera instrument performs monthly anneals despite the loss of observational time, in order to partially anneal the hot pixels. Note that the fact that significant reduction in hot pixel populations occurs for room temperature anneals is not presently understood since none of the commonly expected defects in Si (e.g. divacancy, E center, and A-center) anneal at such a low temperature. A HST Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) CCD manufactured by E2V was irradiated while operating at -83 degrees C and the dark current studied as a function of temperature while the CCD was warmed to a sequence of temperatures up to a maximum of +30 degrees C. The device was then cooled back down to -83 degrees and re-measured. Hot pixel populations were tracked during the warm-up and cool-down. Hot pixel annealing began below -40 degrees C and the anneal process was largely completed before the detector reached +30 degrees C. There was no apparent sharp temperature dependence in the annealing. Although a large fraction of the hot pixels fell below the threshold to be counted as a hot pixel, they nevertheless remained warmer than the remaining population. The details of the mechanism for the formation and annealing of hot pixels is not presently understood, but it appears likely that hot pixels are associated with displacement damage occurring in high electric field regions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Marshall, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-522-9 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2005 VL 121 BP 371 EP 380 PG 10 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BCX61 UT WOS:000231775000024 ER PT S AU San Martin, AM Bailey, ES AF San Martin, AM Bailey, ES BE Frazier, W Culp, RD TI The Mars Exploration Rover Transverse Impulse Rocket System: An active system to compensate for Martian high winds during landing SO Guidance and Control 2005 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual AAS Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference CY FEB 05-09, 2005 CL Breckenridge, CO SP Amer Astronaut Soc, Rocky Mt Chapter AB On January 2004, the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) project landed successfully two rovers on two different sites on the surface of Mars. The terminal landing approach used in this mission was based on the successful Mars Pathfinder airbag system. This system consists of a parachute to bring the system to a terminal velocity of about 70 m/sec, a radar altimeter and retro-rockets to reduce the vertical impact velocity of the lander to below 12 m (.) s(-1), and an airbag system that protects the rovers upon landing on the surface at such speed. Unfortunately, this simple semi-passive landing system has an Achilles heel: the Martian winds. During the last few seconds of the landing sequence, wind gust can make the retrorockets fire in a direction away from the vertical, thus imparting on the landing system a large horizontal velocity that could exceed the maximum the airbags can handle. This vulnerability was well known during Mars Pathfinder project but the risk was assessed to be consistent with the project risk posture and nothing was done to mitigate it. For the MER project, however, two factors made this vulnerability unacceptable: 1) the landed weight of the system increased significantly from Pathfinder, thus making the airbags more vulnerable to large impact velocities, and 2) the risk posture of MER was much more risk adverse due to recent failures in the exploration of Mars since Pathfinder. Therefore, the MER project decided that the Pathfinder heritage landing system needed to be augmented to make it more insensitive to the Martian winds, The result was the addition of the Transverse Impulse Rockets System (TIRS). This paper will describe the problem that led to this addition, the proposed solution and its theoretical performance, and its actual flight performance on Mars. C1 NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP San Martin, AM (reprint author), NASA, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S T1723, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-87703-522-9 J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2005 VL 121 BP 519 EP 539 PG 21 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BCX61 UT WOS:000231775000033 ER PT J AU Clancy, D Kuipers, B AF Clancy, Dan Kuipers, Benjamin BE Fisher, M Gabbay, D Vila, L TI Time in Qualitative Simulation SO HANDBOOK OF TEMPORAL REASONING IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SE Foundations of Artificial Intelligence LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 [Clancy, Dan] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. [Kuipers, Benjamin] Univ Texas Austin, Dept Comp Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Clancy, D (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM clancy@ptolemy.arc.nasa.gov; kuipers@cs.utexas.edu NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 978-0-08-053336-0 J9 FOUND ARTIF INTELL PY 2005 VL 1 BP 655 EP 664 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BCW82 UT WOS:000311795900021 ER PT S AU Harding, AK AF Harding, AK BE Aharonian, FA Volk, HJ Horns, D TI High-energy gamma-ray emission from pulsars, pulsar winds and plerions SO High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy CY JUL 26-30, 2004 CL Heidelberg, GERMANY SP Max-Planck Soc, German Fed Minist Educ Res, Deutsch Forsch Gemeinsch ID RAPIDLY SPINNING PULSARS; OUTER GAP ACCELERATOR; CRAB-NEBULA; X-RAY; MILLISECOND PULSARS; SLOT GAPS; RADIATION; SPECTRUM; MAGNETOSPHERES; MECHANISMS AB Rotation -powered pulsars and the interaction with their environments are expected to provide Sources of high-energy gamma-ray emission. I will discuss the latest developments in models for pulsed emission, including the slot gap extension of the polar cap model and outer gap models. and the predicted emission at GeV-TeV energies. Millisecond pulsars appear to be especially promising sources at energies around 50- 100 GeV. Magnetically-powered pulsars (magnetars) have recently been discovered to have hard, non-thermal components in their Pulsed spectra, and may be a Source of high-energy gamma-rays as well. There have also been a number of new pulsars and their nebulae discovered in the X-ray band over the last few years by Chandra and XMM. I will review the prospects for exploring the physics of the shocked and Unshocked winds of pulsar wind nebulae at gamma-ray energies. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Harding, AK (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Harding, Alice/D-3160-2012 NR 55 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0229-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2005 VL 745 BP 105 EP 116 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BCA30 UT WOS:000228449000010 ER PT S AU Oliker, L Biswas, R Borrill, J Canning, A Carter, J Djomehri, MJ Shan, HZ Skinner, D AF Oliker, L Biswas, R Borrill, J Canning, A Carter, J Djomehri, MJ Shan, HZ Skinner, D BE Dayde, M Dongarra, JJ Hernandez, V Palma, JML TI A performance evaluation of the Cray X1 for scientific applications SO HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING FOR COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE - VECPAR 2004 SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on High Performance Computing for Computational Science (VECPAR 2005) CY JUN 28-30, 2004 CL Valencia, SPAIN SP Univ Porto, Univ Politecn Valencia, FEUP, GVA AB The last decade has witnessed a rapid proliferation of superscalar cache-based microprocessors to build high-end capability and capacity computers primarily because of their generality, scalability, and cost effectiveness. However, the recent development of massively parallel vector systems is having a significant effect on the supercomputing landscape. In this paper, we compare the performance of the recently-released Cray X1 vector system with that of the cacheless NEC SX-6 vector machine, and the superscalar cache-based IBM Power3 and Power4 architectures for scientific applications. Overall results demonstrate that the XI is quite promising, but performance improvements are expected as the hardware, systems software, and numerical libraries mature. Code reengineering to effectively utilize the complex architecture may also lead to significant efficiency enhancements. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, NERSC, CRD, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, NAS Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Oliker, L (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, NERSC, CRD, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM loliker@lbl.gov; rbiswas@nas.nasa.gov; jdborril@lbl.gov; acanning@lbl.gov; jtcarter@lbl.gov; djomehri@nas.nasa.gov; hshan@lbl.gov; deskinner@lbl.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-25424-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3402 BP 51 EP 65 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BCO60 UT WOS:000230426000005 ER PT S AU Pan, L Lai, MK Dillencourt, MB Bic, LF AF Pan, L Lai, MK Dillencourt, MB Bic, LF BE Bader, DA Parashar, M Sridhar, V Prasanna, VK TI Mobile pipelines: Parallelizing left-looking algorithms using navigational programming SO HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING - HIPC 2005, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on High Performance Computing (HiPC 2005) CY DEC 18-21, 2005 CL Goa, INDIA ID CODE AB We consider the class of "left-looking" sequential matrix algorithms: consumer-driven algorithms that are characterized by "lazy" propagation of data. Left-looking algorithms are difficult to parallelize using the message-passing or distributed shared memory models because they only possess pipeline parallelism. We show that these algorithms can be directly parallelized using mobile pipelines provided by the Navigational Programming methodology. We present performance data demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Donald Bren Sch Informat & Comp Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Lei.Pan@jpl.nasa.gov; mingl@ics.uci.edu; dillenco@ics.uci.edu; bic@ics.uci.edu NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-30936-5 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3769 BP 201 EP 212 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BDW21 UT WOS:000235801700024 ER PT B AU DiCarlo, JA AF DiCarlo, JA BE Singh, M Kerans, RJ LaraCurzio, E Naslain, R TI Microstructural optimization of high temperature SiC/SiC composites SO HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Models - Third Dimension of Science CY SEP 16, 2003 CL Munich, GERMANY ID STABILITY AB Advanced materials and process approaches are described that have allowed NASA to develop five state-of-the-art silicon carbide (SiC) fiber-reinforced hybrid-SiC matrix composite systems that can operate under mechanical loading and oxidizing conditions for hundreds of hours at upper use temperatures from 1200 to 1450 degrees C. Key data are presented that demonstrate the ability of these materials to meet the first-level property requirements for hot-section 14 components in advanced gas turbine engines. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP DiCarlo, JA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA BN 1-57498-219-2 PY 2005 BP 187 EP 192 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BBR96 UT WOS:000227494006030 ER PT B AU Bhatt, RT Choi, SR Cosgriff, LM Fox, DS Lee, KN AF Bhatt, RT Choi, SR Cosgriff, LM Fox, DS Lee, KN BE Singh, M Kerans, RJ LaraCurzio, E Naslain, R TI Foreign object damage resistance of uncoated SiC/SiC composites SO HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Models - Third Dimension of Science CY SEP 16, 2003 CL Munich, GERMANY ID ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIER COATINGS; SIO2 SCALE VOLATILITY; COMBUSTION CONDITIONS; MODEL AB 2-D woven SiC/SiC composites fabricated by melt infiltration method were impact tested at room temperature and at 1316 degrees C in air using 1.59 mm steel-ball projectiles at projectile velocities ranging from 110 m/s to 400 m/s. The extent of substrate damage with increasing projectile velocity was imaged and analyzed using optical microscopy and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods. The impacted specimens were flexure and tensile tested at room temperature to determine their residual mechanical properties. Results indicate that as the projectile velocity increases, internal damage in the target material also increases and the mechanical properties degrade. At velocities > 300m/s, the projectile penetrates through the target material, but it still retains similar to 50% ultimate strength of the as-fabricated composites and exhibits non-brittle failure. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Bhatt, RT (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA BN 1-57498-219-2 PY 2005 BP 199 EP 204 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BBR96 UT WOS:000227494006032 ER PT B AU Kalluri, S Calomino, AM Brewer, DN AF Kalluri, S Calomino, AM Brewer, DN BE Singh, M Kerans, RJ LaraCurzio, E Naslain, R TI Computation of variability in the average thermal and mechanical properties of a melt-infiltrated SiC/SiC composite SO HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Models - Third Dimension of Science CY SEP 16, 2003 CL Munich, GERMANY AB Thermal conductivity and tensile properties (elastic modulus, proportional limit strength, in-plane tensile strength, and strain to failure) of a SiC/SiC composite were experimentally determined at 816 and 1204 degrees C. Tests were performed at room temperature on the same material to obtain interlaminar shear and tensile strengths. For each thermal and mechanical property 24 tests were conducted to capture the variation. A random sampling method was used to quantify the variability exhibited by the mean values of the thermal and mechanical properties. The minimum number of tests required to characterize the mean value of each thermal or mechanical property for the composite was determined by varying the group size of the random sample. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Kalluri, S (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd M-S 49-7, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA BN 1-57498-219-2 PY 2005 BP 279 EP 284 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BBR96 UT WOS:000227494006045 ER PT B AU Min, JB Shi, Y AF Min, JB Shi, Y BE Singh, M Kerans, RJ LaraCurzio, E Naslain, R TI Analytical micromechanics modeling technique for ceramic matrix composites analysis SO HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Models - Third Dimension of Science CY SEP 16, 2003 CL Munich, GERMANY AB An efficient micromechanics modeling computer program for textile composites analysis was developed to provide a user-friendly tool for the structural analysis of a wide variety of multilayered, oriented, fabric reinforced woven and braided composites and laminated composites. This computer program calculates overall three-dimensional thermal and mechanical properties along with engineering estimates of damage progression and strength. For the failure analysis, the textile composite failure was defined as the loss of loading capability within the textile repeating unit cell, which depends on the stiffness reduction due to material slice failure and nonlinear material properties. A fatigue analysis modeling capability was also incorporated based on overall stiffness reduction and material (matrix and yarn) strengths decreasing with cyclic loads for the fatigue analysis in this computer program. Although the technique is applicable to any kind of composite materials, it is particularly focused on ceramic matrix composites in this paper. The methodologies and capabilities of the computer program will be presented through sample problems with comparisons to experimental data. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Min, JB (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA BN 1-57498-219-2 PY 2005 BP 291 EP 296 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BBR96 UT WOS:000227494006047 ER PT B AU Levine, SR AF Levine, SR BE Singh, M Kerans, RJ LaraCurzio, E Naslain, R TI Stressed oxidation life prediction for C/SiC composites SO HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Models - Third Dimension of Science CY SEP 16, 2003 CL Munich, GERMANY ID KINETICS; MECHANISMS; MATRIX AB The residual strength and life of C/SiC is dominated by carbon interface and fiber oxidation if seal coat and matrix cracks are open to allow oxygen ingress. Crack opening is determined by the combination of thermal, mechanical and thermal expansion mismatch induced stresses. When cracks are open, life can be predicted by simple oxidation based models with reaction controlled kinetics at low temperature, and by gas phase diffusion controlled kinetics at high temperature. Key life governing variables in these models include temperature, stress, initial strength, oxygen partial pressure, and total pressure. These models are described in this paper. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Levine, SR (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS106-5, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA BN 1-57498-219-2 PY 2005 BP 297 EP 302 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BBR96 UT WOS:000227494006048 ER PT B AU Singh, M Shpargel, TP Morscher, G Asthana, R AF Singh, M Shpargel, TP Morscher, G Asthana, R BE Singh, M Kerans, RJ LaraCurzio, E Naslain, R TI Active metal brazing of carbon-carbon composites to titanium SO HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Models - Third Dimension of Science CY SEP 16, 2003 CL Munich, GERMANY ID ALUMINA; ALLOYS AB The Ti-metal/C-C composite joints were formed by reactive brazing with three commercial brazes, namely, Cu-ABA, TiCuNi, and TiCuSil. The joint microstructures were examined using optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results of the microstructure analysis indicate solute redistribution across the joint which led to good wetting, spreading, and metallurgical bond formation via interdiffusion. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Singh, M (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, QSS Grp Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA BN 1-57498-219-2 PY 2005 BP 457 EP 462 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BBR96 UT WOS:000227494006074 ER PT B AU Verrilli, M Calomino, A Robinson, RC Thomas, DJ AF Verrilli, M Calomino, A Robinson, RC Thomas, DJ BE Singh, M Kerans, RJ LaraCurzio, E Naslain, R TI Characterization of ceramic matrix composite vane subelements subjected to rig testing in a gas turbine environment SO HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Models - Third Dimension of Science CY SEP 16, 2003 CL Munich, GERMANY AB Vane subelements were fabricated from a silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide matrix (SiC/SiC) composite. A cross-sectional slice of an aircraft engine metal vane was the basis of the vane subelement geometry. To fabricate the small radius of the vane's trailing edge using stiff Sylramic SiC fibers, a unique SiC fiber architecture was developed. A test configuration for the vanes in a high pressure gas turbine environment was designed and fabricated. Testing was conducted using a pressure of 6 atm and combustion flow rate of 0.5 kg/scc, and consisted of fifty hours of steady state operation followed by 102 2-minute thermal cycles. A surface temperature of 1320 degrees C was obtained for the EBC-coated SiC/SiC vane subelement. This paper will briefly discuss the vane fabrication, test configuration, and results of the vane testing. The emphasis of the paper is on characterization of the post-test condition of the vanes. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Verrilli, M (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA BN 1-57498-219-2 PY 2005 BP 499 EP 505 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BBR96 UT WOS:000227494006080 ER PT B AU Yun, HM DiCarlo, JA Fox, DS AF Yun, HM DiCarlo, JA Fox, DS BE Singh, M Kerans, RJ LaraCurzio, E Naslain, R TI Issues on fabrication and evaluation of SiC/SiC tubes with various fiber architectures SO HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Models - Third Dimension of Science CY SEP 16, 2003 CL Munich, GERMANY AB In order to evaluate potential scale-up issues associated with the fabrication of high-performance complex-shaped SiC/SiC engine components, high-modulus Sylramic-iBN SiC fiber tows were used to form nine different tubular architectural preforms with 13 mm (0.5") inner diameter and lengths of similar to 75 and 230 nm (similar to 3 and similar to 9"). The thin-walled preforms were then coated with a BN interphase and densified with a hybrid SiC matrix using nearly the same process steps previously established for slurry-cast melt-infiltrated Sylmmic-iBN/BN/SiC flat panels. The as-fabricated CMC tubes were microstructurally evaluated and tested for tensile hoop and flexural behavior, and some of the tubes were also tested in a low-pressure burner rig test with a high thru-thickness thermal gradient. To date, four general tube scale-up issues have been identified: (1) greater CVI deposits on outer wall than inner wall, (2) increased ply thickness and reduced fiber fraction, (3) poor test standards for accurately determining the hoop strength of a small-diameter tube, and (4) poor hoop strength for architectures with seams or ply ends. The underlying mechanisms and possible methods for their minimization are discussed. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Yun, HM (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA BN 1-57498-219-2 PY 2005 BP 537 EP 542 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BBR96 UT WOS:000227494006086 ER PT S AU Sprague, AL Warell, J Emery, J Long, A Rayner, J Cushing, M AF Sprague, Ann L. Warell, Johan Emery, Joshua Long, Angela Rayner, John Cushing, Mike BE Engvold, O TI SpeX spectroscopy of Mercury: 0.8-5.2 mu m SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union ID SOIL AB Spectra of Mercury were obtained at the Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea, HI using SpeX. There is no indication of any absorption feature associated with FeO in Mercury's regolith. There is a 5 mu m excess in thermal flux similar to that observed from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) using HIFOGS. Spectra from varying locations do exhibit different slopes and flux indicating different surface temperatures at different locations. C1 Univ Arizona, LPL, Tucson, AZ USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Susquehanna Univ, Selinsgrove, PA USA. Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Sprague, AL (reprint author), Univ Arizona, LPL, Tucson, AZ USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 53 EP 55 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700012 ER PT S AU Keller, CU Harvey, JW Henney, CJ Jones, HP AF Keller, Christoph U. Harvey, John W. Henney, Carl J. Jones, Harrison P. BE Engvold, O TI Helicity and the SOLIS vector-spectromagnetograph SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union AB The SOLIS Vector-Spectromagnetograph (VSM) is a compact, highly efficient vector-polarimeter that measures the magnetic field vector over the full solar disk within 12 minutes. Helicity-related quantities will be derived from the observed vector field. C1 Natl Solar Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Keller, CU (reprint author), Natl Solar Observ, 950 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 126 EP 126 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700036 ER PT S AU Pevtsov, AA Hagyard, MJ Blehm, Z Smith, JE Canfield, RC Sakurai, T Hagino, M AF Pevtsov, A. A. Hagyard, M. J. Blehm, Z. Smith, J. E. Canfield, R. C. Sakurai, T. Hagino, M. BE Engvold, O TI On a cyclic variation of the hemispheric helicity rule. SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union C1 Natl Solar Observ, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Dept Space Sci, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Meisei Univ, Tokyo 1988655, Japan. RP Pevtsov, AA (reprint author), Natl Solar Observ, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA. OI Pevtsov, Alexei/0000-0003-0489-0920 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 140 EP 140 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700047 ER PT S AU Lancon, A Mouhcine, M Chane, E Smith, LJ Gallagher, JS Schreiber, NF Vacca, W de Grijs, R O'Connell, RW AF Lancon, A. Mouhcine, M. Chane, E. Smith, L. J. Gallagher, J. S. Schreiber, N. Forster Vacca, W. de Grijs, R. O'Connell, R. W. BE Engvold, O TI The spectra of bright near-IR clusters in M82 SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union AB Based on new spectra spanning wavelengths from 0.8 to 2.4 mu m, we study the properties of bright near-IR clusters in M82. We focus on age and extinction, which are critical parameters when one uses dynamical masses to constrain the stellar IMF. The modelling of red supergiant evolution by various authors leads to very significant differences in synthetic cluster spectra. Near-IR fluxes alone therefore do not rule out a normal IMF for cluster F, previously found to be deficient in low mass stars. Combined optical and near-IR studies are being undertaken. C1 Observ Strasbourg, UMR 7550, Strasbourg, France. UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England. Univ Madison, Madison, WI USA. Leiden Univ, Leiden, Netherlands. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. Univ Sheffield, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Lancon, A (reprint author), Observ Strasbourg, UMR 7550, Strasbourg, France. OI de Grijs, Richard/0000-0002-7203-5996 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 203 EP 203 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700076 ER PT S AU Poletto, G Suess, ST AF Poletto, Giannina Suess, Steven T. BE Engvold, O TI JD 7: The Sun and the heliosphere as an integrated system SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union ID ULTRAVIOLET CORONAGRAPH SPECTROMETER; SOLAR-WIND; REGION; EVENT; MODEL; HOLES; FRACTIONATION; TOMOGRAPHY; ABUNDANCE; LATITUDE AB We summarize here the oral contributions given at the Joint Discussion (JD) 7 The Sun and the Heliosphere as an Integrated System, held on July 17, 2003, in Sydney, as part of IAU XXV and give a list of posters presented at the JD. C1 INAF Arcetri Astrophys Observat, I-50125 Florence, Italy. NASA MSFC, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Poletto, G (reprint author), INAF Arcetri Astrophys Observat, Largo Fermi 5, I-50125 Florence, Italy. NR 55 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 213 EP 241 PG 29 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700084 ER PT S AU Wooden, DH AF Wooden, Diane H. BE Engvold, O TI Cometary silicates: Interstellar and nebular materials SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union ID CRYSTALLINE SILICATES; DUST; EVOLUTION; GRAINS AB Evidence for interstellar material in comets is deduced from IR spectra, in situ measurements of Comet Halley, and chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles (CP IDPs). IR spectra of comets reveal the spectrally active minerals: amorphous carbon, amorphous silicates, and (in some comets) crystalline silicates. Evidence suggests amorphous silicates are of interstellar origin while crystalline silicates are of nebular origin. 10 mu m spectra of comets and sub-micron amorphous silicate spherules in CP IDPs have shapes similar to absorption spectra through lines-of-sight in the ISM. Thermal emission models of cometary IR spectra require Fe-bearing amorphous silicates. Fe-bearing amorphous silicates may be Fe-bearing crystalline silicates formed in AGB outflows that are amorphized through He(+) ion bombardment in supernova shocks in the ISM. Crystalline silicates in comets, as revealed by IR spectra, and their apparent absence in the ISM, argues for their nebular origin. The high temperatures (> 1000 K) at which crystals form or are annealed occur in the inner nebula or in nebular shocks in the 5 - 10 AU region. Oxygen isotope studies of CP IDPs show only 1% by mass of the silicate crystals are of AGB origin. Together this suggests crystalline silicates in comets are probably primitive grains from the early solar nebula. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Wooden, DH (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 495 EP 497 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700147 ER PT S AU Charnley, SB Rodgers, SD AF Charnley, S. B. Rodgers, S. D. BE Engvold, O TI Chemistry of collapse and disk accretion SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union ID PROTOSTELLAR DISKS; MOLECULES; CLOUDS; SHOCKS AB Recent results relevant for the survival and chemical alteration of interstellar material at the nebular accretion shock are summarised. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Charnley, SB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Charnley, Steven/C-9538-2012 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 511 EP 514 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700153 ER PT S AU Markwick, AJ Charnley, SB AF Markwick, A. J. Charnley, S. B. BE Engvold, O TI Disk chemistry and cometary composition SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union AB We describe a theoretical study of protoplanetary disk chemistry. By considering physical conditions similar to that of the protosolar nebula, we attempt to assess the contribution made by material from the cooler nebular regions to cometesimal composition. Calculations are presented which determine the spatial and temporal chemistry of the gas and dust within the 5-40 AU comet-forming region of the nebula. We show that there is little radial variation in the solid-state distribution of some molecules which could potentially be parents of the carbon-chain species observed in comets. We conclude that the apparent variation in abundance of C(2) and C(3) between long- and short-period cornets is the result of chemical processing during their lifetimes and not differences in composition at the time of formation. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Markwick, AJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Charnley, Steven/C-9538-2012 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 518 EP 521 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700155 ER PT S AU Beiersdorfer, P Chen, H Boyce, KR Brown, GV Kelley, RL Porter, FS Stahle, CK Lepson, JK Jernigan, JG Wargelin, BJ Kahn, SM AF Beiersdorfer, P. Chen, H. Boyce, K. R. Brown, G. V. Kelley, R. L. Porter, F. S. Stahle, C. K. Lepson, J. K. Jernigan, J. G. Wargelin, B. J. Kahn, S. M. BE Engvold, O TI New results in laboratory X-ray astrophysics SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union ID HIGH-RESOLUTION MEASUREMENTS; BEAM ION-TRAP; FE-XXV; HELIUM-LIKE; CROSS-SECTIONS; LINE EMISSION; ELECTRON-BEAM; RELATIVE INTENSITY; TRANSITIONS; SPECTRUM AB A multi-faceted, multi-institutional laboratory astrophysics program is carried out at the Livermore electron beam ion trap facility, which is a mature spectroscopic source with unsurpassed controls and capabilities, and an unparalleled assortment of spectroscopic equipment, including a full complement of grating and crystal spectrometers and a 6x6 micro-calorimeter array. Recent results range from the calibration of x-ray diagnostics, including the Fe XVII and Fe XXV emission lines, extensive lists of L-shell ions, the first laboratory simulation and fit of a cometary x-ray emission spectrum, and the discovery of new spectral diagnostics for measuring magnetic field strengths. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Beiersdorfer, P (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, POB 5508, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RI Porter, Frederick/D-3501-2012; Kelley, Richard/K-4474-2012 OI Porter, Frederick/0000-0002-6374-1119; NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 633 EP 639 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700177 ER PT S AU Palmeri, P Mendoza, C AF Palmeri, P. Mendoza, C. BE Engvold, O TI TIPTOPbase SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union ID R-MATRIX METHOD; ATOMIC DATA; OPACITY CALCULATIONS; ELECTRON-SCATTERING; GENERAL PROGRAM; IRON PROJECT AB An overview of the online atomic database referred to as TIP-TOPbase is given, in particular its opacity server (OPserver) and current developments regarding online atomic structure calculations. Efforts to include atomic data for X-ray line modeling and to integrate TIPTOPbase within the International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA) are also mentioned. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Fis, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. RP Palmeri, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 662 EP 665 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700184 ER PT S AU Hasan, H AF Hasan, Hashima BE Engvold, O TI Future NASA programs and funding support SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union AB The future of Astronomy and Physics programs in the Office of Space Science is presented in the context of the overall NASA Strategic Plan. The highlights of the new road maps for the Origins and Structure and Evolution of the Universe science themes are given. A new initiative, Beyond Einstein, is discussed. New opportunities for technology development, building small missions, and conducting basic research and analysis to support NASA's strategic goals are outlined. The status of NASA's archives for data from its astronomy missions is presented. C1 NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Hasan, H (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 674 EP 677 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700188 ER PT S AU Johnson, T AF Johnson, Torrence BE Engvold, O TI Galileo's exploration of small bodies SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Johnson, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 722 EP 722 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700197 ER PT S AU Nelson, RM AF Nelson, Robert M. BE Engvold, O TI The Deep Space 1 encounter with comet 19P/Borrelly SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Nelson, RM (reprint author), Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 725 EP 725 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700200 ER PT S AU Gull, TR AF Gull, Theodore R. CA Eta Carinae HST Treasury Team BE Engvold, O TI High spatial/spectral resolution studies of Eta Carinae SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union AB We have used the high spatial and high spectral resolution of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) to study Eta Carinae and the Homunculus. Since the last minimum in 1998.0, CCD spectral modes have followed changes in the Eta Carinae, and large-scale changes in the Homunculus. Since 2001.7, MAMA echelle-mode observations have followed changes in the Eta Carinae and the very nearby ejecta through the 2003.5 minimum. Very significant changes in the star and nebular occur as the X-Ray drop occurs in the minimum. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Gull, TR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 799 EP 801 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700223 ER PT S AU Davidson, JA Erickson, EF AF Davidson, J. A. Erickson, E. F. BE Engvold, O TI High-resolution infrared Far-IR spectroscopy from SOFIA, 2005-2025 SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union AB NASA and the DLR are developing SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy: a 2.5 m telescope in a Boeing 747SP aircraft. By flying in the lower stratosphere, SOFIA will allow astronomical measurements covering the wavelength range from 0.6 mu m to 1.6 mm, with an emphasis on the spectral regions inaccessible from the ground, particularly the 6-8 mu m and 30-300 mu m regions. SOFIA will see "first light" in 2004: the science program will start in 2005. An operational lifetime of 20 years is planned. SOFIA will support a diverse and evolving complement of state-of-the-art science instruments. Its spectrometers will have resolutions ranging from similar to 10(8) down to similar to 100, as needed to measure absorption and emission from astrophysically significant atoms, ions, molecules, aerosols, and solids. This paper describes the spectrometers being developed to fly on SOFIA soon after first light, and summarizes some of the high-spectral resolution investigations expected. C1 USRA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Davidson, JA (reprint author), USRA, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 818 EP 821 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700230 ER PT S AU Ehrenfreund, P Cox, N Cami, J Foing, BH Kaper, L d'Hendecourt, L Maier, JP Salama, F Sarre, P Snow, T Sonnentrucker, P AF Ehrenfreund, P. Cox, N. Cami, J. Foing, B. H. Kaper, L. d'Hendecourt, L. Maier, J. P. Salama, F. Sarre, P. Snow, T. Sonnentrucker, P. BE Engvold, O TI Magellanic diffuse interstellar bands and carbon chemistry SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union ID CLOUDS AB With the Ultraviolet Visual Echelle Spectrograph mounted at the Very Large Telescope, we have observed at unprecedented spectral resolution the absorption spectrum toward reddened stars in the Magellanic Clouds over the wavelength range of 3500-10500 angstrom. This range covers the strong transitions associated with neutral and charged large carbon molecules of varying sizes and structures. We report the first detection of diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) at 5780 and 5797 angstrom in the Small Magellanic Cloud and the variation of those DlBs towaxd several targets in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The variation of DIBs in the Magellanic Clouds compared with Galactic targets may be governed by a combination of the different chemical processes prevailing in low-metallicity regions and the local environmental conditions. The analysis of high-resolution absorption spectra allows us to reveal the global effects in the chemistry and recycling of cosmic dust in the Magellanic Clouds which are relevant for the chemical pathways forming large organic molecules in external galaxies. C1 Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. European Space Agcy, Res Support Div, SCI SR, Estec, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France. Univ Basel, Inst Phys Chem, CH-4053 Basel, Switzerland. Univ Nottingham, Sch Chem, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Ehrenfreund, P (reprint author), Leiden Observ, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. RI Appourchaux, Thierry/F-4692-2010; Salama, Farid/A-8787-2009 OI Salama, Farid/0000-0002-6064-4401 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 864 EP 866 PG 3 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700241 ER PT S AU Young, RE Owen, T AF Young, Richard E. Owen, Tobias BE Engvold, O TI Jupiter after the Galileo probe SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Young, RE (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 887 EP 888 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700247 ER PT S AU Davies, AG AF Davies, Ashley Gerard BE Engvold, O TI Volcanism on Io: The post-Galileo view, and a comparison with Earth SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union AB At the end of the Galileo mission in September 2003, and approximately three years after the Cassini Jovian flyby, it is an appropriate time to reflect on the recent advances made in Io science. Data have been analyzed and volcanic processes have begun to be quantified. This paper reviews these advances from a purely volcano-logical perspective, looking at particular volcanos of interest, and comparing styles of ionian activity with those seen on Earth. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Davies, AG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 889 EP 890 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700248 ER PT S AU Cruikshank, DP AF Cruikshank, D. P. BE Engvold, O TI Complex organic solid matter in the outer solar system SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cruikshank, DP (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 902 EP 903 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700255 ER PT S AU Matson, DL Lebreton, JP Spilker, L AF Matson, Dennis L. Lebreton, Jean-Pierre Spilker, Linda BE Engvold, O TI Cassini/Huygens mission to Saturn: Results and prospects SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. European Space Agcy, Res & Sci Support Dept, Estec, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. RP Matson, DL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM dmatson@jpl.nasa.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 904 EP 904 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700256 ER PT S AU Lebreton, JP Matson, DL AF Lebreton, J. -P. Matson, D. -L. BE Engvold, O TI The Huygens mission to Titan: Overview and status SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union C1 European Space Agcy, Res & Sci Support Dept, Estec, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lebreton, JP (reprint author), European Space Agcy, Res & Sci Support Dept, Estec, POB 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 905 EP 905 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700257 ER PT S AU Chan, KL Mayr, HG AF Chan, Kwing L. Mayr, Hans G. BE Engvold, O TI Numerical simulation of the Jovian wind band as a convective phenomenon SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union C1 Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Chan, KL (reprint author), Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 915 EP 915 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700263 ER PT S AU Swain, MR AF Swain, Mark R. BE Engvold, O TI The Antarctic Planet Interferometer SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union ID SOUTH-POLE; PLATEAU AB The Antarctic Planet Interferometer (API) is a concept for an infrared interferometer located at the best accessible site on Earth. Infrared interferometry is strongly effected by both the strength and vertical distribution of thermal and water vapor turbulence. The combination of low temperature, low wind speed, low elevation turbulence, and low precipitable water vapor make the Concordia base at Antarctic Dome C the best accessible site on Earth for infrared interferometry. the improvements in interferometer sensitivity with respect to other terrestrial sites are dramatic; an interferometer with two meter class telescopes could make unique infrared measurements of extra solar planets that might otherwise only be possible with a space-based interferometer. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Swain, MR (reprint author), Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 962 EP 963 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700286 ER PT S AU Silverberg, RF Cheng, ES Cottingham, DA Fixsen, DJ Knox, L Meyer, SS Timbie, PT Wilson, GW AF Silverberg, R. F. Cheng, E. S. Cottingham, D. A. Fixsen, D. J. Knox, L. Meyer, S. S. Timbie, P. T. Wilson, G. W. BE Engvold, O TI The Explorer of Diffuse Galactic Emission (EDGE) SO HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY, VOL 13 SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 13-26, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astronom Union C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Conceptual Analyt, Glenn Dale, MD 20769 USA. Global Sci & Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SSAI, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Silverberg, RF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-189-3 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 VL 13 BP 971 EP 971 PG 1 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFB49 UT WOS:000240768700294 ER PT B AU Huang, NE AF Huang, Norden E. BE Huang, NE Shen, SSP TI Introduction to the Hilbert-Huang transform and its related mathematical problems SO HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the Society-for-Industrial-and-Applied-Mathematics/Canadian-Applied-and-Indu strial-Mathematics-Society CY JUN, 2003 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Soc Ind & Appl Math, Canadian Appl & Ind Math Soc ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; SPECTRUM AB The Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) is an empirically based data-analysis method. Its basis of expansion is adaptive, so that it can produce physically meaningful representations of data from nonlinear and non-stationary processes. The advantage of being adaptive has a price: the difficulty of laying a firm theoretical foundation. This chapter is an introduction to the basic method, which is followed by brief descriptions of the recent developments relating to the normalized Hilbert transform, a confidence limit for the Hilbert spectrum, and a statistical significance test for the intrinsic mode function (IMF). The mathematical problems associated with the HHT are then discussed. These problems include (i) the general method of adaptive data-analysis, (ii) the identification methods of nonlinear systems, (iii) the prediction problems in nonstationary processes, which is intimately related to the end effects in the empirical mode decomposition (EMD), (iv) the spline problems, which center on finding the best spline implementation for the HHT, the convergence of EMD, and two-dimensional EMD, (v) the optimization problem or the best IMF selection and the uniqueness of the EMD decomposition, (vi) the approximation problems involving the fidelity of the Hilbert transform and the true quadrature of the data, and (vii) a list of miscellaneous mathematical questions concerning the HHT. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Inst Data Anal, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Huang, NE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Inst Data Anal, Code 614-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM norden.e.huang@nasa.gov; norden.e.huang@nasa.gov NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-256-376-8 J9 INTERD MATH SCI PY 2005 VL 5 BP 1 EP 26 PG 26 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA BER92 UT WOS:000239182400001 ER PT J AU Huang, NE AF Huang, Norden E. BE Huang, NE Shen, SSP TI INTRODUCTION TO THE HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS RELATED MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS SO HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; SPECTRUM AB The Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) is an empirically based data-analysis method. Its basis of expansion is adaptive, so that it can produce physically meaningful representations of data from nonlinear and non-stationary processes. The advantage of being adaptive has a price: the difficulty of laying a firm theoretical foundation. This chapter is an introduction to the basic method, which is followed by brief descriptions of the recent developments relating to the normalized Hilbert transform, a confidence limit for the Hilbert spectrum, and a statistical significance test for the intrinsic mode function (IMF). The mathematical problems associated with the HHT are then discussed. These problems include (i) the general method of adaptive data-analysis, (ii) the identification methods of nonlinear systems, (iii) the prediction problems in nonstationary processes, which is intimately related to the end effects in the empirical mode decomposition (EMD), (iv) the spline problems, which center on finding the best spline implementation for the HHT, the convergence of EMD, and two-dimensional EMD, (v) the optimization problem or the best IMF selection and the uniqueness of the EMD decomposition, (vi) the approximation problems involving the fidelity of the Hilbert transform and the true quadrature of the data, and (vii) a list of miscellaneous mathematical questions concerning the HHT. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Inst Data Anal, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Huang, NE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Inst Data Anal, Code 614-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM norden.e.huang@nasa.gov; norden.e.huang@nasa.gov NR 30 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 978-9-81270-334-7 J9 INTERD MATH SCI PY 2005 VL 5 BP 1 EP 26 D2 10.1142/9789812703347 PG 26 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Mathematics GA BZA93 UT WOS:000300954800002 ER PT J AU Riemenschneider, S Liu, B Xu, YS Huang, NE AF Riemenschneider, Sherman Liu, Bao Xu, Yuesheng Huang, Norden E. BE Huang, NE Shen, SSP TI B-SPLINE BASED EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION SO HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID TIME-FREQUENCY REPRESENTATION; HILBERT SPECTRUM; SIGNALS; KERNELS AB This paper discusses some mathematical issues related to empirical mode decomposition (EMD). A B-spline EMD algorithm is introduced and developed for the convenience of mathematical studies. The numerical analysis using both simulated and practical signals and application examples from vibration analysis indicate that the B-spline algorithm has a comparable performance to that of the original EMD algorithm. It is also demonstrated that for white noise, the B-spline algorithm acts as a dyadic filter bank. Our mathematical results on EMD include Euler splines as intrinsic mode functions, the Hilbert transform of B-splines, and the necessary and sufficient conditions which ensure the validity of the Bedrosian identity of the Hilbert transform of product functions. C1 [Riemenschneider, Sherman; Liu, Bao] W Virginia Univ, Dept Math, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. [Xu, Yuesheng] Syracuse Univ, Dept Math, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. [Huang, Norden E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Inst Data Anal, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Riemenschneider, S (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Math, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. EM sherm@math.wvu.edu; bliu@math.wvu.edu; yxu06@syr.edu; norden.e.huang@nasa.gov; norden.e.huang@nasa.gov NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 978-9-81270-334-7 J9 INTERD MATH SCI PY 2005 VL 5 BP 27 EP 55 D2 10.1142/9789812703347 PG 29 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Mathematics GA BZA93 UT WOS:000300954800003 ER PT J AU Wu, ZH Huang, NE AF Wu, Zhaohua Huang, Norden E. BE Huang, NE Shen, SSP TI STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE TEST OF INTRINSIC MODE FUNCTIONS SO HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; HILBERT SPECTRUM; DECOMPOSITION; EXTENSION; TEMPERATURE; PRESSURE; NOISE AB One of the preliminary tasks when analyzing a dataset is to determine whether it or its components contain useful information. The task is essentially a binary hypothesis testing problem in which a null hypothesis of pure noise is often preproposed. To test against the null hypothesis, the characteristics of noise need to be understood first, and often, these characteristics pertain to the analysis method used. In this paper, the characteristics of Gaussian white noise are studied by using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. Statistical testing methods for Gaussian white noise for the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) are designed based on the characteristics of Gaussian white noise by using EMD. These methods are applied to well-studied geophysical datasets to demonstrate the method's validity and effectiveness. C1 [Wu, Zhaohua] Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD 20705 USA. [Huang, Norden E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Inst Data Anal, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wu, ZH (reprint author), Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, 4041 Powder Mill Rd,Suite 302, Calverton, MD 20705 USA. EM zhwu@cola.iges.org; norden.e.huang@nasa.gov; norden.e.huang@nasa.gov NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 978-9-81270-334-7 J9 INTERD MATH SCI PY 2005 VL 5 BP 107 EP 127 D2 10.1142/9789812703347 PG 21 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Mathematics GA BZA93 UT WOS:000300954800006 ER PT B AU Duffy, DG AF Duffy, Dean G. BE Huang, NE Shen, SSP TI The application of Hilbert-Huang transforms to meteorological datasets SO HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the Society-for-Industrial-and-Applied-Mathematics/Canadian-Applied-and-Indu strial-Mathematics-Society CY JUN, 2003 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Soc Ind & Appl Math, Canadian Appl & Ind Math Soc ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; TIME FOURIER-ANALYSIS; SERIES ANALYSIS; VARIABILITY; PRESSURE AB Recently a new spectral technique has been developed for the analysis of aperiodic signals from nonlinear systems - the Hilbert-Huang transform. It is shown how this transform can be used to discover synoptic and climatic features: For sea level data, the transforms capture the oceanic tides as well as variations in precipitation patterns. In the case of solar radiation, variations in the diurnal and seasonal cycles are observed. Finally, from barographic data, the Hilbert-Huang transform reveals the passage of extratropical cyclones, fronts, and troughs. Thus, this technique can detect signals on synoptic to interannual time scales. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Duffy, DG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM dean.g.duffy@nasa.gov NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-256-376-8 J9 INTERD MATH SCI PY 2005 VL 5 BP 129 EP 147 PG 19 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA BER92 UT WOS:000239182400006 ER PT J AU Duffy, DG AF Duffy, Dean G. BE Huang, NE Shen, SSP TI THE APPLICATION OF HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORMS TO METEOROLOGICAL DATASETS SO HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; TIME FOURIER-ANALYSIS; VARIABILITY; PRESSURE; SERIES AB Recently a new spectral technique has been developed for the analysis of aperiodic signals from nonlinear systems - the Hilbert-Huang transform. It is shown how this transform can be used to discover synoptic and climatic features: For sea level data, the transforms capture the oceanic tides as well as variations in precipitation patterns. In the case of solar radiation, variations in the diurnal and seasonal cycles are observed. Finally, from barographic data, the Hilbert-Huang transform reveals the passage of extratropical cyclones, fronts, and troughs. Thus, this technique can detect signals on synoptic to interannual time scales. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Duffy, DG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 613-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM dean.g.duffy@nasa.gov NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 978-9-81270-334-7 J9 INTERD MATH SCI PY 2005 VL 5 BP 129 EP 147 D2 10.1142/9789812703347 PG 19 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Mathematics GA BZA93 UT WOS:000300954800007 ER PT B AU Pinzon, JE Brown, ME Tucker, CJ AF Pinzon, Jorge E. Brown, Molly E. Tucker, Compton J. BE Huang, NE Shen, SSP TI EMD correction of orbital drift artifacts in satellite data stream SO HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the Society-for-Industrial-and-Applied-Mathematics/Canadian-Applied-and-Indu strial-Mathematics-Society CY JUN, 2003 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Soc Ind & Appl Math, Canadian Appl & Ind Math Soc ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; SINGULAR-VALUE DECOMPOSITION; DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NDVI DATA SET; AVHRR DATA; HILBERT SPECTRUM; TIME-SERIES; LAND; REFLECTANCE AB Orbital drift results in late equatorial crossing times for the afternoon National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar satellites and in changes of illumination that affect measurements made by the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR). Processing and correcting for calibration vaxiation(s) and atmospheric effects have improved, but one of the standard AVHRR products, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), may still contain variations due to orbital drift or changes in sun-target-sensor geometry. In this study, the solar zenith angle (SZA) trends associated with orbital drift are identified and analyzed with respect to their effects on the NDVI. The adaptive empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method is used to identify and remove the induced artifacts from the NDVI time series. The EMD is based on the local characteristic time scale of the data and is used to identify embedded nonlinear and nonstationary variation. Trend artifacts associated with drift were uncoupled from the surface signal, and their contributions were quantified at all latitudes. The approach was tested on 1 degree and 8-km NDVI global datasets, and showed that it is very suitable for addressing the long-standing issues of orbital shifting or the inconsistencies of the AVHRR data among sensors. The results showed that the interference of satellite drift artifacts with the surface signal was (i) large in a tropical forest, (ii) moderate in the tropics for less-densely vegetated areas, and (iii) lowest at higher northern and lower southern latitudes. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Pinzon, JE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Biospher Sci Branch, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Jorge_Pinzon@ssaihq.com; mebrown@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov; compton@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Brown, Molly/E-2724-2010; Brown, Molly/M-5146-2013 OI Brown, Molly/0000-0001-7384-3314; Brown, Molly/0000-0001-7384-3314 NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 11 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-256-376-8 J9 INTERD MATH SCI PY 2005 VL 5 BP 167 EP 186 PG 20 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA BER92 UT WOS:000239182400008 ER PT J AU Pinzon, JE Brown, ME Tucker, CJ AF Pinzon, Jorge E. Brown, Molly E. Tucker, Compton J. BE Huang, NE Shen, SSP TI EMD CORRECTION OF ORBITAL DRIFT ARTIFACTS IN SATELLITE DATA STREAM SO HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; SINGULAR-VALUE DECOMPOSITION; DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NDVI DATA SET; AVHRR DATA; HILBERT SPECTRUM; TIME-SERIES; LAND; REFLECTANCE AB Orbital drift results in late equatorial crossing times for the afternoon National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar satellites and in changes of illumination that affect measurements made by the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR). Processing and correcting for calibration variation(s) and atmospheric effects have improved, but one of the standard AVHRR products, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), may still contain variations due to orbital drift or changes in sun-target-sensor geometry. In this study, the solar zenith angle (SZA) trends associated with orbital drift are identified and analyzed with respect to their effects on the NDVI. The adaptive empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method is used to identify and remove the induced artifacts from the NDVI time series. The EMD is based on the local characteristic time scale of the data and is used to identify embedded nonlinear and nonstationary variation. Trend artifacts associated with drift were uncoupled from the surface signal, and their contributions were quantified at all latitudes. The approach was tested on 1 degree and 8-km NDVI global datasets, and showed that it is very suitable for addressing the long-standing issues of orbital shifting or the inconsistencies of the AVHRR data among sensors. The results showed that the interference of satellite drift artifacts with the surface signal was (i) large in a tropical forest, (ii) moderate in the tropics for less-densely vegetated areas, and (iii) lowest at higher northern and lower southern latitudes. C1 [Pinzon, Jorge E.; Brown, Molly E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Pinzon, JE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Biospher Sci Branch, Code 614-4, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Jorge-Pinzon@ssaihq.com; mebrown@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov; compton@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 35 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 978-9-81270-334-7 J9 INTERD MATH SCI PY 2005 VL 5 BP 167 EP 186 D2 10.1142/9789812703347 PG 20 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Mathematics GA BZA93 UT WOS:000300954800009 ER PT J AU Shen, SSP Shu, TT Huang, NE Wu, ZH North, GR Karl, TR Easterling, DR AF Shen, Samuel S. P. Shu, Tingting Huang, Norden E. Wu, Zhaohua North, Gerald R. Karl, Thomas R. Easterling, David R. BE Huang, NE Shen, SSP TI HHT ANALYSIS OF THE NONLINEAR AND NON-STATIONARY ANNUAL CYCLE OF DAILY SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE DATA SO HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; HILBERT SPECTRUM; SIGNAL AB The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method is used to analyze the nonlinear and non-stationary annual cycle (NAC) in climate data. The NAC is defined as an intrinsic mode function generated in the EMD process and has a mean period equal to a year. Both Hilbert and Fourier spectra of the NAC are examined to validate the power density at the frequency of one cycle per year. The NAC differs from the strictly periodic thirty-year-mean annual cycle (TAC), which is now commonly used in climate anomaly analysis. It is shown that the NAC has a stronger signal of the annual cycle than that of the TAC. Thus, the anomalies derived from the NAC have less spectral power at the frequency of one cycle per year than those from the TAC. The marginal Hilbert spectra of the maximum daily surface air temperature of ten North America stations demonstrate the expected characteristics of an annual cycle: the NAC's strength is proportional to the latitude of the station location and inversely proportional to the heat capacity of the Earth's surface materials around a station. The NAC of the Nino3.4 sea surface temperature analysis indicates that El Nino events correspond to a weaker annual cycle, as suggested by wavelet analysis. C1 [Shen, Samuel S. P.; Shu, Tingting] Univ Alberta, Dept Math & Stat Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G1, Canada. [Huang, Norden E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Inst Data Anal, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Wu, Zhaohua] Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD 20705 USA. [North, Gerald R.] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Karl, Thomas R.; Easterling, David R.] NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Shen, SSP (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Math & Stat Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G1, Canada. EM shen@ualberta.ca; ttshu@ualberta.ca; norden.e.huang@nasa.gov; zhwu@cola.iges.org; north@csrp.tamu.edu; tkarl@ncdc.noaa.gov; deasterl@ncdc.noaa.gov; norden.e.huang@nasa.gov; shen@ualberta.ca NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 978-9-81270-334-7 J9 INTERD MATH SCI PY 2005 VL 5 BP 187 EP 209 D2 10.1142/9789812703347 PG 23 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Mathematics GA BZA93 UT WOS:000300954800010 ER PT J AU Hwang, PA Huang, NE Wang, DW Kaihatu, JM AF Hwang, Paul A. Huang, Norden E. Wang, David W. Kaihatu, James M. BE Huang, NE Shen, SSP TI HILBERT SPECTRA OF NONLINEAR OCEAN WAVES SO HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID SEA WAVES; WIND AB The Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) analysis interprets wave nonlinearity in terms of frequency modulation instead of harmonic generation. The resulting spectrum contains much higher spectral energy at low frequency and sharper drop off at high frequency in comparison with the spectra derived from Fourier-based analysis methods. The high energy level in the low-frequency components of the Hilbert spectrum seems to be consistent with the rich group structure apparent in typical ocean-wave records. For wind-generated waves, the spectral level of the Fourier spectrum is about two orders of magnitude smaller than that of the Hilbert spectrum at the first subharmonic of the peak frequency. The mean frequency of the Fourier spectrm is 20% higher than that of the Hilbert spectrum. Furthermore, the frequency of the wave groups is also more likely to be properly identified in the Hilbert spectrum than in the Fourier spectrum. The implications for ocean engineering and air-sea interaction are discussed. C1 [Hwang, Paul A.; Wang, David W.; Kaihatu, James M.] USN, Div Oceanog, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. [Huang, Norden E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Inst Data Anal, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hwang, PA (reprint author), USN, Div Oceanog, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. EM paul.hwang@nrlssc.navy.mil; norden.e.huang@nasa.gov; david.wang@nrlssc.navy.mil; james.kaihatu@nrlssc.navy.mil; norden.e.huang@nasa.gov NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 978-9-81270-334-7 J9 INTERD MATH SCI PY 2005 VL 5 BP 211 EP 225 D2 10.1142/9789812703347 PG 15 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Mathematics GA BZA93 UT WOS:000300954800011 ER PT B AU Huang, NE Huang, K Chiang, WL AF Huang, Norden E. Huang, Kang Chiang, Wei-Ling BE Huang, NE Shen, SSP TI HHT-based bridge structural health-monitoring method SO HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the Society-for-Industrial-and-Applied-Mathematics/Canadian-Applied-and-Indu strial-Mathematics-Society CY JUN, 2003 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Soc Ind & Appl Math, Canadian Appl & Ind Math Soc ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; HUANG SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; DAMAGE-DETECTION; NEURAL-NETWORKS; HILBERT TRANSFORM; MAINTAINING RELIABILITY; SYSTEM-IDENTIFICATION; CONCRETE STRUCTURES; WAVELET TRANSFORM; INSPECTION REPAIR AB A new Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT)-based method for nondestructive instrument structure health monitoring is developed. When applied to bridges, this new method depends on a transient test load and simple data collection. The essense of the method is the newly developed HHT for nonstationary and nonlinear time series analysis, which consists of the empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert spectral analysis. The final decision on the health of the bridge structure is based on two criteria. The first criterion detects the nonlinear characteristic of the intra-wave frequency modulations of the bridge response, which usually appears during comparisons of light with heavy loads. The second criterion detects the frequency downshift as an indication of structural yield. This new method enjoys many advantages: no a priori data required, simple data collection, minimum traffic disruption, and precise and nuance quantitative answers. The result of a case study is presented, which establishes the feasibility of this new approach for structural health monitoring. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Huang, NE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM norden.e.huang@nasa.gov; KangHuang@sbcglobal.net; chiang@cc.ncu.edu.tw RI CHEN, Jiangang/A-1549-2011 NR 72 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-256-376-8 J9 INTERD MATH SCI PY 2005 VL 5 BP 263 EP 287 PG 25 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA BER92 UT WOS:000239182400012 ER PT J AU Huang, NE Huang, K Chiang, WL AF Huang, Norden E. Huang, Kang Chiang, Wei-Ling BE Huang, NE Shen, SSP TI HHT-BASED BRIDGE STRUCTURAL HEALTH-MONITORING METHOD SO HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; HUANG SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; DAMAGE-DETECTION; HILBERT TRANSFORM; NEURAL-NETWORKS; MAINTAINING RELIABILITY; SYSTEM-IDENTIFICATION; CONCRETE STRUCTURES; INSPECTION REPAIR; FREQUENCY AB A new Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT)-based method for nondestructive instrument structure health monitoring is developed. When applied to bridges, this new method depends on a transient test load and simple data collection. The essense of the method is the newly developed HHT for nonstationary and nonlinear time series analysis, which consists of the empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert spectral analysis. The final decision on the health of the bridge structure is based on two criteria. The first criterion detects the nonlinear characteristic of the intra-wave frequency modulations of the bridge response, which usually appears during comparisons of light with heavy loads. The second criterion detects the frequency downshift as an indication of structural yield. This new method enjoys many advantages: no a priori data required, simple data collection, minimum traffic disruption, and precise and nuance quantitative answers. The result of a case study is presented, which establishes the feasibility of this new approach for structural health monitoring. C1 [Huang, Norden E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Huang, Kang] DART, Dallas, TX 75202 USA. [Chiang, Wei-Ling] Natl Cent Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Bridge Res Ctr, Chuang Li, Taiwan. RP Huang, NE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM norden.e.huang@nasa.gov; KangHuang@sbcglobal.net; chiang@cc.ncu.edu.tw; norden.e.huang@nasa.gov NR 74 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 978-9-81270-334-7 J9 INTERD MATH SCI PY 2005 VL 5 BP 263 EP 287 D2 10.1142/9789812703347 PG 25 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Mathematics GA BZA93 UT WOS:000300954800013 ER PT B AU Long, SR AF Long, Steven R. BE Huang, NE Shen, SSP TI Applications of HHT in image analysis SO HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the Society-for-Industrial-and-Applied-Mathematics/Canadian-Applied-and-Indu strial-Mathematics-Society CY JUN, 2003 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Soc Ind & Appl Math, Canadian Appl & Ind Math Soc ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; HILBERT SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS; WAVES AB The recently developed empirical mode decomposition/Hilbert-Huang transform (EMD/HHT) for the analysis of nonlinear and non-stationary data has been extended to include the analysis of image data. Because image data can be expressed in terms of an array of rows and columns, this robust concept is applied to these arrays row by row. Each slice of the data image, either row or column-wise, represents local variations of the image being analyzed. Just as much of the data from natural phenomena are either nonlinear or non-stationary, or both, so are the data that form images of natural processes. Thus, the EMD/HHT approach (or HHT in abbreviated form) is especially well-suited for image data, giving frequencies, inverse distances or wavenumbers as a function of time or distance, along with the amplitudes or energy values associated with these, as well as a sharp identification of embedded structures. The varied products of this new analysis approach are joint and marginal distributions to be viewed as isosurfaces, contour plots, and surfaces that contain information on frequency, inverse wavelength, amplitude, energy and location in time, space, or both. Additionally, component images representing the intrinsic scales and structures embedded in the data will be described, as well as a technique for obtaining frequency variations. C1 NASA, GSFC, WFF, Ocean Sci Branch, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Long, SR (reprint author), NASA, GSFC, WFF, Ocean Sci Branch, Code 614-2, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM Steven.R.Long@nasa.gov RI Long, Steven/D-7248-2012 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-256-376-8 J9 INTERD MATH SCI PY 2005 VL 5 BP 289 EP 305 PG 17 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA BER92 UT WOS:000239182400013 ER PT J AU Long, SR AF Long, Steven R. BE Huang, NE Shen, SSP TI APPLICATIONS OF HHT IN IMAGE ANALYSIS SO HILBERT-HUANG TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS SE Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION; HILBERT SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS; WAVES AB The recently developed empirical mode decomposition/Hilbert-Huang transform (EMD/HHT) for the analysis of nonlinear and non-stationary data has been extended to include the analysis of image data. Because image data can be expressed in terms of an array of rows and columns, this robust concept is applied to these arrays row by row. Each slice of the data image, either row or column-wise, represents local variations of the image being analyzed. Just as much of the data from natural phenomena are either nonlinear or non-stationary, or both, so are the data that form images of natural processes. Thus, the EMD/HHT approach (or HHT in abbreviated form) is especially well-suited for image data, giving frequencies, inverse distances or wavenumbers as a function of time or distance, along with the amplitudes or energy values associated with these, as well as a sharp identification of embedded structures. The varied products of this new analysis approach are joint and marginal distributions to be viewed as isosurfaces, contour plots, and surfaces that contain information on frequency, inverse wavelength, amplitude, energy and location in time, space, or both. Additionally, component images representing the intrinsic scales and structures embedded in the data will be described, as well as a technique for obtaining frequency variations. C1 NASA, GSFC, WFF, Ocean Sci Branch, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Long, SR (reprint author), NASA, GSFC, WFF, Ocean Sci Branch, Code 614-2, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. EM Steven.R.Long@nasa.gov NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 978-9-81270-334-7 J9 INTERD MATH SCI PY 2005 VL 5 BP 289 EP 305 D2 10.1142/9789812703347 PG 17 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Mathematics GA BZA93 UT WOS:000300954800014 ER PT B AU Mingo, N Broido, DA AF Mingo, N. Broido, D. A. GP ASME TI Upper bounds to carbon nanotube thermal conduction and entropy flow SO HT2005: Proceedings of the ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference 2005, Vol 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME Heat Transfer Summer Conference CY JUL 15-22, 2005 CL San Francisco, CA SP ASME AB Quantum upper bounds to thermal conductance are computed for zigzag single walled carbon nanotubes of different diameters. Upper bounds to energy and entropy flow are also computed. The results impose a stringent limit on the maximum values that any experiment or simulation could obtain. Some previous theoretical simulations have violated the theoretical maxima. C1 NASA, Ames Ctr Nanotechnol, Ames, IA USA. RP Mingo, N (reprint author), NASA, Ames Ctr Nanotechnol, Ames, IA USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4731-4 PY 2005 BP 459 EP 461 DI 10.1115/HT2005-72580 PG 3 WC Thermodynamics SC Thermodynamics GA BFN92 UT WOS:000243378100058 ER PT B AU Golliher, EL Zivich, CP Yao, SC AF Golliher, Eric L. Zivich, Chad P. Yao, S. C. GP ASME TI Exploration of unsteady spray cooling for high power electronics at microgravity using NASA Glenn's drop tower SO HT2005: Proceedings of the ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference 2005, Vol 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME Heat Transfer Summer Conference CY JUL 15-22, 2005 CL San Francisco, CA SP ASME AB At present, there is little understanding of the application of spray cooling to electronics in the microgravity environment. Typically in closed cycle terrestrial spray cooling systems, since not all of the liquid impinging on a hot substrate is evaporated, some residual liquid is separated from its vapor component by gravity and returned to the pump. This technique of phase separation is not available to spacecraft designers. Methods to predict spray cooling performance for ground systems do exist, but they are absent for the space environment. Particularly for NASA spacecraft, there is a need to design spacecraft that use high power laser systems and other systems that use evaporative spray cooling in microgravity. Such knowledge is very important for the performance and life of the device. Reliable analytical methods of predicting thermal response of a spray cooled substrate when considering a transient heat load, such as that found during start up and shut down of a space-based laser or other high heat flux electronics, do not exist. Our goal was to use NASA Glenn's 2.2 second drop tower to investigate unsteady heat transfer at low Bond numbers and residual fluid behavior in spray cooling. The work contrasts other experiments aboard the NASA Glenn KC-135 low gravity aircraft [1]. Our future plans are to continue the experimental work and include the use of the NASA Glenn 5 second drop tower. This paper will report on some preliminary results of an interesting experimental study performed at NASA Glenn in the summer of 2004. The high speed camera and specially-designed "S.L.O.B." drop rig provided video and data to assess the fluid management problems that arise in a microgravity spray environment, for both heated and unheated cases. The data show unexpected residual fluid management issues, such as the development of multiple spherical liquid globs, with apparent ordered and repeatable geometry, at the point of impact. The results of these experiments provide direction for further investigation in the future. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Golliher, EL (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 5 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4732-2 PY 2005 BP 609 EP 612 DI 10.1115/HT2005-72123 PG 4 WC Thermodynamics SC Thermodynamics GA BFN94 UT WOS:000243379100071 ER PT B AU Silk, EA Kim, J Kiger, K AF Silk, Eric A. Kim, Jungho Kiger, Ken GP ASME TI Spray cooling trajectory angle impact upon heat flux using a straight finned enhanced surface SO HT2005: Proceedings of the ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference 2005, Vol 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME Heat Transfer Summer Conference CY JUL 15-22, 2005 CL San Francisco, CA SP ASME DE enhancement; spray cooling; finned surfaces; heat transfer; trajectory spray ID TRANSFER MECHANISM; ROUGHNESS AB Experiments were conducted to study the effects of spray trajectory angles on heat flux for flat and enhanced surface spray cooling. The surface enhancement consisted of straight fins machined on the top surface of a copper heater block. Spray cooling curves were obtained with the straight fin surface aligned both parallel (axial) and perpendicular (transverse) to the spray axis. Measurements were also obtained on a flat surface heater block for comparison purposes. Each copper block had a cross-sectional area of 2.0 cm(2). A 2x2 nozzle array was used with PF-5060 as the working fluid. Thermal performance data was obtained under nominally degassed (chamber pressure of 41.4 kPa) conditions. Results show that the highest CHF in all cases was attained for a trajectory angle of 300 from the surface normal. Also, straight finned surfaces can enhance critical heat flux (CHF) as much as 75% (heat flux value of 140 W/cm(2)) relative to the vertical spray orientation for the analogous flat surface case. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Thermal Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Silk, EA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Thermal Engn Branch, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4734-9 PY 2005 BP 743 EP 751 DI 10.1115/HT2005-72634 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics SC Thermodynamics GA BFN98 UT WOS:000243380100090 ER PT J AU Vera, AH John, BE Remington, R Matessa, M Freed, MA AF Vera, AH John, BE Remington, R Matessa, M Freed, MA TI Automating human-performance modeling at the millisecond level SO HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION; GOMS; BEHAVIOR; TIME; TASK AB A priori prediction of skilled human performance has the potential to be of great practical value but is difficult to carry out. This article reports on an approach that facilitates modeling of human behavior at the level of cognitive, perceptual, and motor operations, following the CPM-GOMS method (John, 1990). CPM-GOMS is a powerful modeling method that has remained underused because of the expertise and labor required. We describe a process for automatically generating CPM-GOMS models from a hierarchical task decomposition expressed in a computational modeling tool, taking advantage of reusable behavior templates and their efficacy for generating zero-parameter a priori predictions of complex human behavior. To demonstrate the process, we present a model of automated teller machine interaction. The model shows that it is possible to string together existing behavioral templates that compose basic HCI tasks, (e.g., mousing to a button and clicking on it) to generate powerful human performance predictions. Because interleaving of templates is now automated, it becomes possible to construct arbitrarily long sequences of behavior. In addition, the manipulation and adaptation of complete models has the potential of becoming dramatically easier. Thus, the tool described here provides an engine for CPM-GOMS that may facilitate computational modeling of human performance at the millisecond level. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94024 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Human Comp Interact Inst, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ W Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA. RP Vera, AH (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94024 USA. NR 62 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 0737-0024 J9 HUM-COMPUT INTERACT JI Hum.-Comput. Interact. PY 2005 VL 20 IS 3 BP 225 EP 265 DI 10.1207/s15327051hci2003_1 PG 41 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 981YW UT WOS:000233124900001 ER PT S AU Watson, AB AF Watson, AB BE Rogowitz, BE Pappas, TN Daly, SJ TI A spatial standard observer for visual technology SO HUMAN VISION AND ELECTRONIC IMAGING X SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging X CY JAN 17-20, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol DE fovea; vision; contrast; detection; visibility; acuity; discrimination; model; modelfest; standard observer ID MODELS AB The Spatial Standard Observer (SSO) was developed in response to a need for a simple, practical tool for measurement of visibility and discriminability of spatial patterns. The SSO is a highly simplified model of human spatial vision, based on data collected in a large cooperative multi-lab project known as ModelFest. It incorporates only a few essential components, such as a local contrast transformation, contrast sensitivity function, local masking, and local pooling. The SSO may be useful in a wide variety of applications, such as evaluating vision from unmanned aerial vehicles, measuring visibility of damage to aircraft and to the shuttle orbiter, predicting outcomes of corrective laser eye surgery, inspection of displays during the manufacturing process, estimation of the quality of compressed digital video, evaluation of legibility of text, and predicting discriminability of icons or symbols in a graphical user interface. In this talk I will describe the development of the SSO, and will discuss in detail a number of these potential applications. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Andrew..b.watson@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5639-X J9 PROC SPIE PY 2005 VL 5666 BP 1 EP 3 DI 10.1117/12.601935 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BCC92 UT WOS:000228665800001 ER PT S AU Mulligan, JB Brolly, XLC AF Mulligan, JB Brolly, XLC BE Rogowitz, BE Pappas, TN Daly, SJ TI Pilot behavior and course deviations during precision flight SO Human Vision and Electronic Imaging X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging X CY JAN 17-20, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol DE eye movements; navigation; GPS; rotorcraft AB In the fall of 2003, a series of flight tests were performed in the Tullahoma, Tennessee area to assess the ability of non-instrument rated helicopter pilots to fly precision routes with the aid of a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. The navigation performance of pilot subjects was assessed from GPS recordings of the flight trajectory, while pilot behavior was recorded using four video cameras, two of which were attached to a goggle frame worn by the pilot. This paper describes the processing methods developed for these data, and presents some preliminary results. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Mulligan, JB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 262-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5639-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5666 BP 362 EP 373 DI 10.1117/12.610848 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BCC92 UT WOS:000228665800037 ER PT J AU Gouweleeuw, BT Thielen, J Franchello, G De Roo, APJ Buizza, R AF Gouweleeuw, BT Thielen, J Franchello, G De Roo, APJ Buizza, R TI Flood forecasting using medium-range probabilistic weather prediction SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Advances in Flood Forecasting in Europe CY MAR 03-05, 2003 CL Rotterdam, NETHERLANDS DE probabilistic weather prediction; flood forecasting; ensemble based stream flow prediction ID HYDROLOGIC UNCERTAINTY PROCESSOR; MODEL; SYSTEM AB Following the developments in short- and medium-range weather forecasting over the last decade, operational flood forecasting also appears to show a shift from a so-called single solution or 'best guess' deterministic approach towards a probabilistic approach based on ensemble techniques. While this probabilistic approach is now more or less common practice and well established in the meteorological community, operational flood forecasters have only started to look for ways to interpret and mitigate for end-users the prediction products obtained by combining so-called Ensemble Prediction Systems (EPS) of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models with rainfall-runoff models. This paper presents initial results obtained by combining deterministic and EPS hindcasts of the global NWP model of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) with the large-scale hydrological model LISFLOOD for two historic flood events: the river Meuse flood in January 1995 and the river Odra flood in July 1997. In addition, a possible way to interpret the obtained ensemble based stream flow prediction is proposed. C1 NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. RP Gouweleeuw, BT (reprint author), NASA, GSFC, Mail Code 614-3, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. EM bingo@hsb.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Gouweleeuw, Ben/A-8200-2012 NR 27 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 7 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2005 VL 9 IS 4 SI SI BP 365 EP 380 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 976UQ UT WOS:000232759300009 ER PT J AU Pappenberger, F Beven, KJ Hunter, NM Bates, PD Gouweleeuw, BT Thielen, J de Roo, APJ AF Pappenberger, F Beven, KJ Hunter, NM Bates, PD Gouweleeuw, BT Thielen, J de Roo, APJ TI Cascading model uncertainty from medium range weather forecasts (10 days) through a rainfall-runoff model to flood inundation predictions within the European Flood Forecasting System (EFFS) SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Advances in Flood Forecasting in Europe CY MAR 03-05, 2003 CL Rotterdam, NETHERLANDS DE uncertainty; flood forecasting; model coupling; calibration; GLUE; Lisflood ID PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; DEPENDENCIES; PROPAGATION; HYDROLOGY; IMPACT; FUTURE; BASIN AB The political pressure on the scientific community to provide medium to long term flood forecasts has increased in the light of recent flooding events in Europe. Such demands can be met by a system consisting of three different model components (weather forecast, rainfall runoff forecast and flood inundation forecast) which are all liable to considerable uncertainty in the input, output and model parameters. Thus, an understanding of cascaded uncertainties is a necessary requirement to provide robust predictions. In this paper, 10-day ahead rainfall forecasts, consisting of one deterministic, one control and 50 ensemble forecasts, are fed into a rainfall-runoff model (LisFlood) for which parameter uncertainty is represented by six different parameter sets identified through a Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) analysis and functional hydrograph classification. The runoff of these 52 * 6 realisations form the input to a flood inundation model (LisFlood-FP) which acknowledges uncertainty by utilising ten different sets of roughness coefficients identified using the same GLUE methodology. Likelihood measures for each parameter set computed on historical data are used to give uncertain predictions of flow hydrographs as well as spatial inundation extent. This analysis demonstrates that a full uncertainty analysis of such an integrated system is limited mainly by Computer power as well as by how well the rainfall predictions represent potential future conditions. However, these restrictions may be overcome or lessened in the future and this paper establishes a computationally feasible methodological approach to the uncertainty cascade problem. C1 Univ Lancaster, Inst Environm Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England. NASA, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RP Pappenberger, F (reprint author), Univ Lancaster, Inst Environm Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England. EM f.pappenberger@lancaster.ac.uk RI Beven, Keith/F-8707-2011; Gouweleeuw, Ben/A-8200-2012; Bates, Paul/C-8026-2012; Pappenberger, Florian/A-2839-2009 OI Bates, Paul/0000-0001-9192-9963; Pappenberger, Florian/0000-0003-1766-2898 NR 43 TC 136 Z9 139 U1 3 U2 29 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2005 VL 9 IS 4 SI SI BP 381 EP 393 PG 13 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 976UQ UT WOS:000232759300010 ER PT J AU Domingue, DL Nelson, RM AF Domingue, DL Nelson, RM TI Solar System remote sensing SO ICARUS LA English DT Editorial Material ID POWDERS; WIND C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Domingue, DL (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd 11100, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM deborah.domingue@jhuapl.edu NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2005 VL 173 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.001 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 892EE UT WOS:000226631900001 ER PT J AU Hendrix, AR Domingue, DL King, K AF Hendrix, AR Domingue, DL King, K TI The icy Galilean satellites: ultraviolet phase curve analysis SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solar System Remote Sensing CY SEP 20-22, 2002 CL Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA SP NASA, Planetary Geol & Geophys Program, Lunar & Planetary Inst HO Univ Pittsburgh DE ultraviolet; spectroscopy; icy satellites; photometry ID BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MAGNETOSPHERIC ION-BOMBARDMENT; COHERENT BACKSCATTER; PHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS; EUROPAS SURFACE; GANYMEDE; SPECTROMETER; SCATTERING; CALLISTO; IRRADIATION AB Ultraviolet disk-integrated solar phase curves of the icy galilean satellites Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto are presented, using combined data sets from the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and the Galileo Ultraviolet Spectrometer. Global, disk-integrated solar phase curves for all three satellites, in addition to disk-integrated solar phase curves for Europa's leading, trailing, jovian, and anti-jovian hemispheres, are modeled using Hapke's equations for 7 broadband UV wavelengths between 260 and 320 nm. The sparse coverage in solar phase angle, particularly for Ganymede and Callisto, and the noise in the data sets poorly constrain some of the photometric parameter values in the model. However, the results are sufficient for forming a preliminary relationship between the effects of particle bombardment on icy surfaces and photometric scattering properties at ultraviolet wavelengths. Callisto exhibits a large UV opposition surge and a surface comprised of relatively low-backward scattering particles. Europa's surface displays a dichotomy between the jovian and anti-jovian hemispheres (the anti-jovian hemisphere is more backward scattering), while a less pronounced hemispherical variation was detected between the leading and trailing hemispheres. Europa's surface, with the exception of the trailing hemisphere region, appears to have become less backscattering between the late-1970s-early-1980s and the mid-1990s. These results are commensurate with the bombardment history of these surfaces by magnetospheric charged particles. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RP Hendrix, AR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 230-250, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM hendrix@jpl.nasa.gov NR 56 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2005 VL 173 IS 1 BP 29 EP 49 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.017 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 892EE UT WOS:000226631900004 ER PT J AU Domingue, D Hendrix, A AF Domingue, D Hendrix, A TI A search for temporal variability in the surface chemistry of the icy Galilean satellites SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solar System Remote Sensing CY SEP 20-22, 2002 CL Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA SP NASA, Planetary Geol & Geophys Program, Lunar & Planetary Inst HO Univ Pittsburgh DE spectroscopy; Europa; Ganymede; Callisto; surfaces, satellite ID ENERGETIC PARTICLE OBSERVATIONS; JOVIAN MAGNETOTAIL; MAGNETIC-FIELD; ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETER; SUBSURFACE OCEANS; ABSORPTION-BAND; JUPITERS INNER; SULFURIC-ACID; WATER ICE; EUROPA AB The purpose of this study was to determine if any temporal variability in the broadband UV spectral properties of the icy Galilean satellites exists, and if so, to characterize its spatial distribution as a function of longitude in order to attempt to correlate any temporal changes with satellite surface interactions with the space environment. The temporal time period examined is between 1978-1984 (referred to as the 1980s data) and those from 1995-1996 (referred to as the 1990s data). The plausible temporal characteristics detected appear to vary from one satellite to the next. For Europa possible temporal variations are concentrated on the leading, anti-jovian quadrant. Example broadband UV spectra show Europa's spectral slope decreases (and darkens) with time on the leading and anti-jovian hemispheres, but remains essentially constant with time on the trailing hemisphere. The data quality does not support any definitive temporal changes for Ganymede. Possible temporal changes seen in the Callisto data set are concentrated on the jovian hemisphere. Example broadband UV spectra for Callisto show no definitive change in slope with time. The hypothesis is that these temporal differences in UV spectral properties are caused by variations in the surface ice chemistry due to temporal variability in the space environment. It is postulated that the UV spectral changes suggested for Europa may be linked to changes in H2O2 concentrations, whereas the changes on Callisto may be linked to variability in SO2 concentration. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Domingue, D (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd 1100, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM deborah.domingue@jhuapl.edu NR 61 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2005 VL 173 IS 1 BP 50 EP 65 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.005 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 892EE UT WOS:000226631900005 ER PT J AU Pravec, P Harris, AW Scheirich, P Kusnirak, P Sarounova, L Hergenrother, CW Mottola, S Hicks, MD Masi, G Krugly, YN Shevchenko, VG Nolan, MC Howell, ES Kaasalainen, M Galad, A Brown, P DeGraff, DR Lambert, JV Cooney, WR Foglia, S AF Pravec, P Harris, AW Scheirich, P Kusnirak, P Sarounova, L Hergenrother, CW Mottola, S Hicks, MD Masi, G Krugly, YN Shevchenko, VG Nolan, MC Howell, ES Kaasalainen, M Galad, A Brown, P DeGraff, DR Lambert, JV Cooney, WR Foglia, S TI Tumbling asteroids SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solar System Remote Sensing CY SEP 20-22, 2002 CL Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA SP NASA, Planetary Geol & Geophys Program, Lunar & Planetary Inst HO Univ Pittsburgh DE asteroids; excited rotation; photometry ID NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS; FAST-ROTATING ASTEROIDS; 4179 TOUTATIS; LIGHTCURVE OBSERVATIONS; SPECTRAL PROPERTIES; COMPLEX ROTATION; CCD PHOTOMETRY; SLOW ROTATION; SPIN-STATE; MODEL AB We present both a review of earlier data and new results on non-principal axis rotators (tumblers) among asteroids. Among new tumblers found, the best data we have are for 2002 TD60, 2000 WL107, and (54789) 2001 MZ(7)-each of them shows a lightcurve with two frequencies (full terms with linear combinations of the two frequencies are present in the lightcurve). For 2002 TD60, we have constructed a physical model of the NPA rotation. Other recent objects which have been found to be likely tumblers based on their lightcurves that do not fit with a single periodicity are 2002 NY40, (16067) 1999 RH27, and (5645) 1990 SP. We have done a statistical analysis of the present sample of the population of NPA rotators. It appears that most asteroids larger than similar to 0.4 km with estimated damping timescales (Harris, 1994, Icarus 107, 209) of 4.5 byr and longer are NPA rotators. The statistic of two short-period tumblers (D = 0.04 and 0.4 km) with non-zero tensile strength suggests that for them the quantity muQ/T, where mu is the mechanical rigidity, Q is the elastic dissipation factor, and T is a spin excitation age (i.e., a time elapsed since the last significant spin excitation event), is greater by two to four orders of magnitude than the larger, likely rubble-pile tumblers. Among observational conditions and selection effects affecting detections of NPA rotations, there is a bias against detection of low-amplitude (small elongation) tumblers. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Astron Inst, CZ-25165 Ondrejov, Czech Republic. Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. DLR, Inst Space Sensor Technol & Planetary Explorat, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Phys, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Campo Cantino Observ, I-03016 Guarcino, Italy. Kharkiv Natl Univ, Astron Inst, UA-61022 Kharkov, Ukraine. Natl Astron & Ionosphere Ctr, Arecibo Observ, Arecibo, PR 00612 USA. Univ Helsinki, Rolf Nevantina Inst, Dept Math, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Comenius Univ, FMFI, Modra Observ, Astron Inst, Bratislava, Slovakia. Univ Western Ontario, Dept Phys & Astron, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada. Alfred Univ, Alfred, NY 14802 USA. USAF, Maui Opt Supercomp Facil, Kihei, HI 96753 USA. Blackberry Observ, Port Allen, LA 70767 USA. Serafino Zani Observ, I-25065 Lumezzane, Italy. RP Pravec, P (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Astron Inst, Fricova 1, CZ-25165 Ondrejov, Czech Republic. EM ppravec@asu.cas.cz RI Nolan, Michael/H-4980-2012; Pravec, Petr/G-9037-2014; Scheirich, Peter/H-4331-2014; Galad, Adrian/G-9011-2014; Kaasalainen, Mikko/G-4236-2014; Shevchenko, Vasilij/H-1366-2011 OI Nolan, Michael/0000-0001-8316-0680; Scheirich, Peter/0000-0001-8518-9532; Shevchenko, Vasilij/0000-0003-1000-223X NR 51 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2005 VL 173 IS 1 BP 108 EP 131 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.021 PG 24 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 892EE UT WOS:000226631900009 ER PT J AU Lederer, SM Domingue, DL Vilas, F Abe, M Farnham, TL Jarvis, KS Lowry, SC Ohba, Y Weissman, PR French, LM Fukai, H Hasegawa, S Ishiguro, M Larson, SM Takagi, Y AF Lederer, SM Domingue, DL Vilas, F Abe, M Farnham, TL Jarvis, KS Lowry, SC Ohba, Y Weissman, PR French, LM Fukai, H Hasegawa, S Ishiguro, M Larson, SM Takagi, Y TI Physical characteristics of Hayabusa target Asteroid 25143 Itokawa SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solar System Remote Sensing CY SEP 20-22, 2002 CL Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA SP NASA, Planetary Geol & Geophys Program, Lunar & Planetary Inst HO Univ Pittsburgh DE surfaces, asteroids; asteroids; photometry; regoliths; asteroids, composition ID BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS; C MISSION TARGET; 25143 1998 SF36; GALILEO PHOTOMETRY; LIGHT-SCATTERING; CCD PHOTOMETRY AB In March 2001, the Hayabusa spacecraft target, Asteroid 25143 Itokawa, made its final close approach to Earth prior to the spacecraft's launch. We carried out an extensive observing campaign from January to September 2001 to better characterize this near-Earth asteroid. Global physical properties of the surface of Itokawa were characterized by analyzing its photometric properties and behavior. Results included here capitalize on analysis of broadband photometric observations taken with a number of telescopes, instruments, and observers. We employed a Hapke model to estimate the surface roughness, single particle scattering albedo, single particle scattering characteristics, phase integral, and geometric and bond albedo. We find that this asteroid has a higher geometric albedo than average main belt S-class asteroids; this is consistent with results from other observers. The broadband colors of Itokawa further support evidence that this is an atypical S-class asteroid. Broadband colors show spectral characteristics more typically found on large-diameter main-belt asteroids believed to be space-weathered, suggesting the surface of this small diameter, near-Earth asteroid could likewise be space-weathered. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Planetary Astron Grp, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Japanese Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Lockheed Martin Space Operat, Houston, TX 77058 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Div Earth & Space Sci, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Illinois Wesleyan Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IL 61701 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Tohoku Gakuin Univ, Meito Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4658515, Japan. RP Lederer, SM (reprint author), Calif State Univ San Bernardino, Dept Phys, 5500 Univ Pkwy, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA. EM slederer@csusb.edu NR 37 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2005 VL 173 IS 1 BP 153 EP 165 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.022 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 892EE UT WOS:000226631900011 ER PT J AU Vokrouhlicky, D Capek, D Chesley, SR Ostro, SJ AF Vokrouhlicky, D Capek, D Chesley, SR Ostro, SJ TI Yarkovsky detection opportunities. I. Solitary asteroids SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solar System Remote Sensing CY SEP 20-22, 2002 CL Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA SP NASA, Planetary Geol & Geophys Program, Lunar & Planetary Inst HO Univ Pittsburgh DE asteroids; Yarkovsky effect; orbit determination ID NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS; PLANET 4179 TOUTATIS; 2100 RA-SHALOM; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; PHYSICAL MODEL; 1998 SF36; ALBEDO; 1620-GEOGRAPHOS; DIAMETER; ROTATION AB We show that, over the next two decades, the current radar and optical astrometric technology is adequate to allow detection of the Yarkovsky effect acting on at least two dozen NEAs from a variety of orbital regimes and with effective diameters ranging from about ten meters up to several kilometers. The Yarkovsky effect will likely be detected for objects of rarer spectral types X, C, and E, as well as the more common S and Q. The next predicted detection of the Yarkovsky effect is for 4179 Toutatis in October 2004, which would be also the first multi-kilometer case. The Asteroid 25143 Itokawa, with a likely detection at the end of 2005, could offer an important test due to the independent "ground-truth" measurements of the asteroid mass and surface thermal inertia expected from the Hayabusa spacecraft. Earth co-orbital asteroids (e.g., 2000 PH5 or 2003 YN107) are the best placed for rapid determination of the Yarkovsky effect, and the timespan between discovery of the object and detection of the Yarkovsky effect may be as short as 3 years. By 2012, the motion of potential Earth impactor (29075) 1950 DA will likely reveal the magnitude of the Yarkovsky effect, which in turn will identify which of two possible pole orientations is correct. Vis-a-vis the 2880 impact, this new information will allow a substantial improvement in the quality of long term predictions. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Charles Univ, Astron Inst, CZ-18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Vokrouhlicky, D (reprint author), Charles Univ, Astron Inst, V Holesovickach 2, CZ-18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic. EM vokrouhl@mbox.cesnet.cz RI Capek, David/G-9005-2014 NR 78 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2005 VL 173 IS 1 BP 166 EP 184 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.08.002 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 892EE UT WOS:000226631900012 ER PT J AU Young, LA Yelle, RV Young, R Seiff, A Kirk, DB AF Young, LA Yelle, RV Young, R Seiff, A Kirk, DB TI Gravity waves in Jupiter's stratosphere, as measured by the Galileo ASI experiment SO ICARUS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Solar System Remote Sensing CY SEP 20-22, 2002 CL Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA SP NASA, Planetary Geol & Geophys Program, Lunar & Planetary Inst HO Univ Pittsburgh DE atmospheres, dynamics; Jupiter, atmosphere ID STELLAR OCCULTATION OBSERVATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY; UNIVERSAL SPECTRUM; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; SATURATION; THERMOSPHERE; MESOSPHERE; TURBULENCE; TEMPERATURE; PROFILES AB The temperatures in Jupiter's stratosphere, as measured by the Galileo Atmosphere Structure Instrument (ASI), show fluctuations that have been interpreted as gravity waves. We present a detailed description of these fluctuations, showing that they are not likely to be due to either measurement error or isotropic turbulence. These fluctuations share features with gravity waves observed in the terrestrial middle atmosphere, including the shape and amplitude of the power spectrum of temperature with respect to vertical wavenumber. Under the gravity wave interpretation, we find that wave heating or cooling is likely to be important in Jupiter's upper stratosphere and unimportant in the lower stratosphere. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Young, LA (reprint author), SW Res Inst, 1050 Walnut St Suite 400, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. EM layoung@boulder.swri.edu NR 47 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0019-1035 J9 ICARUS JI Icarus PD JAN PY 2005 VL 173 IS 1 BP 185 EP 199 DI 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.020 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 892EE UT WOS:000226631900013 ER PT S AU Divsalar, D Dolinar, S Thorpe, J Jones, C AF Divsalar, D Dolinar, S Thorpe, J Jones, C GP IEEE TI Constructing LDPC codes from simple loop-free encoding modules SO ICC 2005: IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE International Conference on Communications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2005) CY MAY 16-20, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE Commun Soc, IEEE Comp Soc, TCPP, KT, SAMSUNG, LG Elect, SK Telecom, Cisco ID PARITY-CHECK CODES; SHANNON LIMIT; DESIGN; PERFORMANCE; CAPACITY; GRAPHS AB Inspired by, recently proposed Accumulate-Repeat-Accumulate (ARA) codes, in this paper we propose a construction method-for LDPC codes using simple loop-free encoding modules. Such codes can be viewed. as serial/parallel concatenations, of simple modules such as accumulators, repetition codes, differentiators, and punctured single parity check codes. Examples are Accumulate-Repeat-Accumulate (ARA) codes, Accumulate-Repeat-Accumulate-Accumulate (ARAA) codes and Accumulate-Repeat-Check-Accumulate codes, and other variations. These codes constitute a subclass of LDPC codes with very fast encoder structure. They also have a projected graph or protograph representation that allows,for high-speed decoder implementation, Based on density evolution, we show through some examples that low iterative decoding thresholds, close to the channel capacity limits can be achieved with low maximum variable node degrees, as the,block size goes to infinity. The decoding threshold in many examples outperforms that of the best known unstructured irregular LDPC codes constrained to have the same maximum node degree. Furthermore, by puncturing the accumulator modules, any desired higher rate codes can be obtained with thresholds that stay close to their respective channel capacity thresholds uniformly. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Dariush.Divsalar@jpl.nasa.gov; sam@shannon.jpl.nasa.gov; thorpe@its.caltech.edu; christop@jpl.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1550-3607 BN 0-7803-8938-7 J9 IEEE ICC PY 2005 BP 658 EP 662 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BCX29 UT WOS:000231726400124 ER PT B AU Rash, JL Hinchey, MG Rouff, CA AF Rash, JL Hinchey, MG Rouff, CA GP IEEE Comp Soc TI Formal requirements-based programming for complex systems SO ICECCS 2005: 10TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING OF COMPLEX COMPUTER SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Engineering Complex Computer Systems-ICECCS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th IEEE International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems CY JUN 16-20, 2005 CL Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA SP IEEE Comp Soc Tech Comm Complex Comp, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE DE validation; verification; formal methods AB Computer science as a field has not yet produced a general method to mechanically transform complex computer system requirements into a provably equivalent implementation. Such a method would be one major step towards dealing with complexity in computing, yet it remains the elusive "holy grail" of system development. Currently available tools and methods that start with a formal model of a system and mechanically produce a provably equivalent implementation are valuable but not sufficient. The "gap" that such tools and methods leave unfilled is that the formal models cannot be proven to be equivalent to the system requirements as originated by the customer. For the classes of complex systems whose behavior can be described as a finite (but significant) set of scenarios, we offer a method for mechanically transforming requirements (expressed in restricted natural language, or appropriate graphical notations) into a provably equivalent formal model that can be used as the basis for code generation and other transformations. While other techniques are available, this method is unique in offering full mathematical tractability while using notations and techniques that are well known and well trusted. We illustrate the application of the method to an example procedure from the Hubble Robotic Servicing Mission currently under study and preliminary formulation at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Syst Div, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM james.l.rash@nasa.gov; michael.g.hinchey@nasa.gov; rouffc@saic.com NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2284-X J9 IEEE INT C ENG COMP PY 2005 BP 116 EP 125 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BCQ75 UT WOS:000230787600024 ER PT B AU Bell, JH Sellers, ME AF Bell, JH Sellers, ME GP IEEE TI Pressure sensitive paint measurements on a space shuttle model with the luminescence lifetime technique SO ICIASF '05 Record: 21st International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 21st International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities CY AUG 29-SEP 01, 2005 CL Sendai, JAPAN SP Tohoku Univ, JAXA, STCB, IEEE, USAF Off Sci Res, Asian Off Aerosp Res & Dev, AIAA, Japan Soc Aeronaut & Space Sci AB The luminescence lifetime technique was used to make pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) measurements on a 3% Space Shuttle model in the NASA Ames 9x7ft Supersonic Wind Tunnel. This work was done in support of the Space Shuttle "return to flight" activity. In order to reduce the risk of foam shedding from the Space Shuttle External Tank (ET) and striking the Orbiter, design changes were made to the area surrounding the forward Orbiter attachment point (referred to as the Bi-Pod). PSP was used to investigate the pressure field on the modified ET, both to verify that pressures did not exceed safe limits and to validate CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) calculations. PSP data were obtained on the top forward portion of the ET and the Orbiter forward fuselage. Data were taken for several model attitudes of interest at Mach numbers between 1.55 and 2.5. Image data were mapped onto a three-dimensional surface grid both for comparison with CFD and for integration of pressures to determine forces on individual components of the ET. Luminescence lifetime measurements were made using strobed LED (light-emitting diode) lamps to illuminate the PSP and fast-framing interline transfer cameras to acquire the PSP emission. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA 94035 USA. RP Bell, JH (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mountain View, CA 94035 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9096-2 PY 2005 BP 202 EP 213 DI 10.1109/ICIASF.2005.1569924 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BDY49 UT WOS:000236172500028 ER PT B AU Beaver, JM Schiavone, GA Berrios, JS AF Beaver, JM Schiavone, GA Berrios, JS BE Wani, MA Milanova, M Kurgan, L Reformat, M Hafeez, K TI Predicting software suitability using a Bayesian belief network SO ICMLA 2005: FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MACHINE LEARNING AND APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications CY DEC 15-17, 2005 CL Los Angeles, CA SP Calif State Univ, Bakersfield & Assoc Machine Learning & Applicat, IEEE SMC ID QUALITY; METRICS; MODELS AB The ability to reliably predict the end quality of software under development presents a significant advantage for a development team. It provides an opportunity to address high risk components earlier in the development life cycle, when their impact Is minimized. This research proposes a model that captures the evolution of the quality of a software product, and provides reliable forecasts of the end quality of the software being developed in terms of product suitability. Development team skill, software process maturity, and software problem complexity are hypothesized as driving factors of software product quality. The cause-effect relationships between these factors and the elements of software suitability are modeled using Bayesian Belief Networks, a machine learning method. This research presents a Bayesian Network for software quality, and the techniques used to quantify the factors that influence and represent software quality. The developed model is found to be effective in predicting the end product quality of small-scale software development efforts. C1 NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL USA. RP NASA, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL USA. EM Justin.M.Beaver@nasa.gov; Guy@cs.ucf.edu; JBerrios@mail.ucf.edu NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2495-8 PY 2005 BP 82 EP 88 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BDU59 UT WOS:000235473200013 ER PT J AU DeJean, G Bairavasubramanian, R Thompson, D Ponchak, GE Tentzeris, MM Papapolymerou, J AF DeJean, G Bairavasubramanian, R Thompson, D Ponchak, GE Tentzeris, MM Papapolymerou, J TI Liquid crystal polymer (LCP): A new organic material for the development of multilayer dual-frequency/dual-polarization flexible antenna arrays SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS LA English DT Article DE dual frequency/dual polarization; liquid crystal polymer; microstrip antenna array; multilayer fabrication AB The development of dual-frequency (14 and 35 GHz), dual-polarization microstrip antenna arrays is presented for the first time on liquid crystal polymer (LCP) multilayer technology. Some of the properties of LCP, such as multilayer (three-dimensional) vertical integration capability, good electrical and mechanical properties, and near-hermetic nature, make this substrate a practical choice for the design of low-cost antenna arrays that can be integrated with remote sensing applications operating in the Ku and millimeter-wave frequency bands. This work illustrates the potential of LCP as a low-cost, "all-package" solution for developing compact, flexible, antenna arrays that can be used in future communication and remote sensing systems. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30318 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP DeJean, G (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30318 USA. EM gdejean@ece.gatech.edu; gtg237c@prism.gatech.edu NR 17 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1536-1225 J9 IEEE ANTENN WIREL PR JI IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. PY 2005 VL 4 BP 22 EP 26 DI 10.1109/LAWP.2004.841626 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 023KD UT WOS:000236124700007 ER PT J AU Pogorzelski, RJ AF Pogorzelski, RJ TI Improved efficient field computation via fast Fourier transforms SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS LA English DT Article DE computational electromagnetics; electromagnetic scattering; fast Fourier transform (FFT) AB It is shown that in computing at a set of points regularly distributed over a planar surface the electromagnetic fields radiated by sources similarly distributed over a second plane via the fast Fourier transform (FFT), one need not require that the field and source planes be parallel. This significantly increases the flexibility of such FFT-based algorithms for computational electromagnetics. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Pogorzelski, RJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1536-1225 J9 IEEE ANTENN WIREL PR JI IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. PY 2005 VL 4 BP 27 EP 30 DI 10.1109/LAWP.2005.844116 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 023KD UT WOS:000236124700008 ER PT J AU Rengarajan, SR AF Rengarajan, SR TI Choice of basis functions for accurate characterization of infinite array of microstrip reflectarray elements SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS LA English DT Article DE basis functions; infinite arrays; method of moments; microstrip; reflectarrays AB The integral equation of an infinite array of microstrip elements in the form of patches or crossed dipoles excited by a uniform plane wave is solved by the method of moments. Efficient choices of entire domain basis functions that yield accurate results are investigated. C1 Calif State Univ Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Rengarajan, SR (reprint author), Calif State Univ Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330 USA. NR 5 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1536-1225 J9 IEEE ANTENN WIREL PR JI IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. PY 2005 VL 4 BP 47 EP 50 DI 10.1109/LAWP.2005.844127 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 023KD UT WOS:000236124700013 ER PT J AU Filman, RE AF Filman, RE TI Postmodern software development SO IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Filman, RE (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, RIACS, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM filman@computer.org NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1089-7801 J9 IEEE INTERNET COMPUT JI IEEE Internet Comput. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 9 IS 1 BP 4 EP 6 DI 10.1109/MIC.2005.125 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 886VF UT WOS:000226260200001 ER PT J AU Korsmeyer, D Thompson, CW AF Korsmeyer, D Thompson, CW TI Internet access to scientific data SO IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Korsmeyer, D (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1089-7801 J9 IEEE INTERNET COMPUT JI IEEE Internet Comput. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 9 IS 1 BP 17 EP 19 DI 10.1109/MIC.2005.15 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 886VF UT WOS:000226260200003 ER PT J AU Mak, R Walton, J AF Mak, R Walton, J TI The collaborative information portal and NASA's Mars Rover mission SO IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Mak, R (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM ron@apropos-logic.com; jdwalton@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1089-7801 J9 IEEE INTERNET COMPUT JI IEEE Internet Comput. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 9 IS 1 BP 20 EP 26 DI 10.1109/MIC.2005.24 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 886VF UT WOS:000226260200004 ER PT J AU Bruhn, FC Carsey, FD Kohler, J Mowlem, M German, CR Behar, AE AF Bruhn, FC Carsey, FD Kohler, J Mowlem, M German, CR Behar, AE TI MEMS enablement and analysis of the miniature autonomous submersible explorer SO IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV); micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS); microrobot; optical fiber AB The miniature autonomous submersible explorer (MASE) was designed as a vehicle for astrobiology science by Behar et al. [1]. This paper focuses on the MASE concept and extrapolates a future design based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), multifunctional microsystems (MMS), and three-dimensional multichip modules (3-D-MCM). Miniaturization of the electronics increases the payload volumes and power capabilities significantly and this is the main rationale for pursuing extreme miniaturization. The original MASE vehicle accommodated 1-2 instruments while the MEMS enhanced miniature autonomous submersible explorer (MEMSEMASE) accommodates up to six instruments. It is shown that the occupied area of the electronics components is reduced eight times, and the volume 25 times. The vehicle is shaped as a tube with 5 cm in diameter and 20 cm in length and can support 8 W continuously over 5 h. The maximum range is 25 km while the typical onboard instrumentation is conductivity, temperature, depth (CTD), and a high resolution camera. An optical fiber is used for bidirectional communication with the vessel. The goal of this enriched concept is to present an extremely miniaturized submersible design. The vehicle volume is defined to fit inside host vehicles with the goal of future deployment on Europa, oceans on Earth, and bore holes. The paper will focus on showing how electronics can be densely packed into micromachined silicon modules and how these can be designed and interconnected theoretically. C1 Uppsala Univ, ASTC, Dept Engn Sci, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. NASA, Jet Prop Lab, CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England. RP Bruhn, FC (reprint author), Uppsala Univ, ASTC, Dept Engn Sci, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. EM fredrik.bruhn@angstrom.uu.se; frank.d.carsey@jpl.nasa.gov; johan.kohler@angstrom.uu.se; matm@soc.soton.ac.uk; cge@soc.soton.ac.uk; alberto.e.behar@jpl.nisa.gov NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0364-9059 J9 IEEE J OCEANIC ENG JI IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 30 IS 1 BP 165 EP 178 DI 10.1109/JOE.2004.836420 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 930LM UT WOS:000229417400016 ER PT J AU El-Sharkawi, MA Upadhye, A Lu, S Kirkham, H Howe, BM McGinnis, T Lancaster, P AF El-Sharkawi, MA Upadhye, A Lu, S Kirkham, H Howe, BM McGinnis, T Lancaster, P TI North East Pacific Time-Integrated Undersea Networked Experiments (NEPTUNE): Cable switching and protection SO IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE circuit breakers; fault diagnosis; power electronics; transient analysis; underwater cables AB The objective of the North East Pacific Time-Integrated Undersea Networked Experiments (NEPTUNE) is to establish a permanent, subsea observatory surrounding the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate. To achieve this objective, a special power distribution system is designed to provide continuous power to science equipment, vehicles, and laboratories located as deep as 5 km below the water surface. The NEPTUNE power system is significantly different from terrestrial power systems in many aspects and it requires different switching, protection, and control strategies. In this paper, we address the design of system switching and fault isolation equipment. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Alcatel Submarine Network, London SE10 0AG, England. RP El-Sharkawi, MA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM elsharkawi@ee.washington.edu RI Howe, Bruce/J-2807-2012; OI Howe, Bruce/0000-0001-5711-5253; Kirkham, Harold/0000-0003-2893-7586 NR 7 TC 9 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0364-9059 J9 IEEE J OCEANIC ENG JI IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 30 IS 1 BP 232 EP 240 DI 10.1109/JOE.2004.839938 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 930LM UT WOS:000229417400023 ER PT J AU Savchenkov, AA Ilchenko, VS Matsko, AB Maleki, L AF Savchenkov, AA Ilchenko, VS Matsko, AB Maleki, L TI High-order tunable filters based on a chain of coupled crystalline whispering gallery-mode resonators SO IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE high-order optical filters; nonlinear optics; optical filters; optical resonators; Q factor; tunable filters; whispering gallery-mode (WGM) resonators ID MICRORING RESONATORS; MICROSPHERE RESONATORS; RING-RESONATOR; SWITCHES AB We demonstrate experimentally a tunable third-order optical filter fabricated from the three voltage-controlled lithium niobate whispering gallery-mode resonators. The filter operates at 1550 nm with 30-MHz bandwidth and can be electrooptically tuned by 12 GHz in the linear regime with approximately 80-MHz/V tuning rate. With this filter, we have demonstrated 6-dB fiber-to-fiber insertion loss and 30-ns tuning speed, limited by the resonator buildup time. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Savchenkov, AA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Andrey.Matsko@jpl.nasa.gov RI Matsko, Andrey/A-1272-2007 NR 21 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1041-1135 J9 IEEE PHOTONIC TECH L JI IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 17 IS 1 BP 136 EP 138 DI 10.1109/LPT.2004.836906 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 884DB UT WOS:000226063700045 ER PT J AU Li, LF Divsalar, D Dolinar, S AF Li, LF Divsalar, D Dolinar, S TI Iterative demodulation, demapping, and decoding of coded non-square QAM SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2003) CY OCT 13-16, 2003 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE Commun Soc DE bit-error rate (BER); iterative decoding; iterative demapping; quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) ID SERIAL CONCATENATION; PERFORMANCE; ERROR AB It is shown that a non-square (NS) 2(2n+1)-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) can be decomposed into a single parity-check (SPC) block encoder and a memoryless modulator in such a way that the inherent block encoder has a recursive nature. When concatenated with a forward-error-correcting (FEC) code, iterative demodulation, demapping, and decoding of the FEC code and the inherent SPC code of NS-2(2n+1)-QAM is then possible. Simulation results show that coded NS-8QAM performs nearly 2 dB better than standard 8QAM and star-8QAM, and nearly 1 dB better than 8-ary phase-shift keying when the FEC code is a rate-1/2, 16-state convolutional code, while coded NS-32QAM performs 0.75 dB better than standard 32QAM. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Li, LF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0090-6778 J9 IEEE T COMMUN JI IEEE Trans. Commun. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 53 IS 1 BP 16 EP 19 DI 10.1109/TCOMM.2004.840633 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 894SZ UT WOS:000226813200004 ER PT J AU Long, DG Spencer, MW Njoku, EG AF Long, DG Spencer, MW Njoku, EG TI Spatial resolution and processing trade offs for HYDROS: Application of reconstruction and resolution enhancement techniques SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Hydrospheric State (HYDROS); reconstruction; resolution enhancement ID PENCIL-BEAM SCATTEROMETER; PASSIVE-MICROWAVE AB Recent developments in reconstruction and resolution enhancement for microwave instruments suggest a possible tradeoff between computation, resolution, and downlink data rate based on postcollection reconstruction/resolution enhancement processing. The Hydrospheric State mission is designed to measure global soil moisture and freeze/thaw state in support of weather and climate prediction, water, energy, and carbon cycle studies, and natural hazards monitoring. It will use an active and passive L-band microwave system that optimizes measurement accuracy, spatial resolution, and coverage. The active channels use synthetic aperture radar-type processing to achieve line spatial resolution, requiring a relatively high downlink data rate and ground processor complexity. To support real-time applications and processing, an optional postcollection reconstruction and resolution enhancement method is investigated. With this option, much lower rate real-aperture radar data are used along with ground-based postprocessing algorithms to enhance the resolution of the observations to achieve the desired 10-km resolution. Several approaches are investigated in this paper. It is determined that a reconstruction/resolution enhancement technique combining both forward- and aft-looking measurements enables estimation of 10-km resolution or better backscatter values at acceptable accuracy. Key tradeoffs to achieve this goal are considered. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Provo, UT 84602 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Long, DG (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Provo, UT 84602 USA. EM long@ee.byu.edu; eni.g.njoku@jpl.nasa.gov RI Long, David/K-4908-2015 OI Long, David/0000-0002-1852-3972 NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2005 VL 43 IS 1 BP 3 EP 12 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.838385 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 887HC UT WOS:000226295500001 ER PT J AU Lee, ZP Rhea, WJ Arnone, R Goode, W AF Lee, ZP Rhea, WJ Arnone, R Goode, W TI Absorption coefficients of marine waters: Expanding multiband information to hyperspectral data SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE absorption coefficient; hyperspectral; multispectral; remote sensing ID OCEANIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION; ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; NATURAL-WATERS; COLOR; ALGORITHMS; LIGHT; MODEL; SEA AB For many oceanographic studies and applications, it is desirable to know the spectrum of the attenuation coefficient. For water of the vast ocean, an effective way to get information about this property is through satellite measurements of ocean color. Past and present satellite sensors designed for ocean-color measurements, however, can only provide data in a few spectral bands. A tool is needed to expand these multiband measurements to hyperspectral information. The major contributors to the attenuation coefficient are absorption And backscatteriing coefficients. The spectral backscattering coefficient can generally be well described with a couple of parameters, but not so for the spectral absorption coefficient. In this paper, based on available hyperspectral absorption data, spectral-transfer coefficients are developed to expand multiband absorption coefficients to hyperspectral (400-700 nm with a 16-nm step) absorption spectrum. The derived transfer coefficients are further applied to data from field measurements to test their performance, and it is found that modeled absorption matches measured absorption very well (-5% error). These results indicate that when absorption and backscattering coefficients are available at multiple bands, a hyperspectral attenuation-coefficient spectrum can now be well constructed. C1 USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Lee, ZP (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. EM zplee@nrlssc.navy.mil NR 41 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2005 VL 43 IS 1 BP 118 EP 124 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.839815 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 887HC UT WOS:000226295500015 ER PT J AU Moody, EG King, MD Platnick, S Schaaf, CB Gao, F AF Moody, EG King, MD Platnick, S Schaaf, CB Gao, F TI Spatially complete global spectral surface albedos: Value-added datasets derived from terra MODIS land products SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE ecosystem; modeling; Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS); radiative transfer; remote sensing; satellite applications; spectral surface albedo; Terra; vegetation phenology ID COMMUNITY CLIMATE MODEL; SEMI-ARID REGIONS; PARAMETERIZATION SIB2; AEROSOL PROPERTIES; ATMOSPHERIC GCMS; UNITED-STATES; PHENOLOGY; CIRCULATION; DEFORESTATION; REFLECTANCE AB Recent production of land surface anisotropy, diffuse bihemispherical (white-sky) albedo, and direct-beam directional hemispherical (black-sky) albedo from observations acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradionneter (MODIS) instruments aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Terra and Aqua satellite platforms have provided researchers with unprecedented spatial, spectral, and temporal information on the land surface's radiative characteristics. Cloud cover, which curtails retrievals, and the presence of ephemeral and seasonal snow limit the snow-free data to approximately half the global land surfaces on an annual equal-angle basis. This precludes the MOD43B3 albedo products from being used in some remote sensing and ground-based applications, climate models, and global change research projects. An ecosystem-dependent temporal interpolation technique is described that has been developed to fill missing or seasonally snow-covered data in the official MOD43B3 albedo product. The method imposes pixel-level and local regional ecosystem-dependent phenological behavior onto retrieved pixel temporal data in such a way as to maintain pixel-level spatial and spectral detail and integrity. The phenological curves are derived from statistics based on the MODIS MOD12Q1 IGBP land cover classification product geolocated with the MOD43B3 data. The resulting snow-free value-added products provide the scientific community with spatially and temporally complete global white and black-sky surface albedo maps and statistics. These products are stored on 1-min and coarser resolution equal-angle grids and are computed for the first seven MODIS wavelengths, ranging from 0.47-2.1 mum and for three broadband wavelengths 0.3-0.7, 0.3-5.0, and 0.7-5.0 mum. C1 L3 Commun Govt Serv Inc, Vienna, VA 22180 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Earth Sci Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Ctr Remote Sensing, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Moody, EG (reprint author), L3 Commun Govt Serv Inc, Vienna, VA 22180 USA. EM moody@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Gao, Feng/F-3944-2010; King, Michael/C-7153-2011; Platnick, Steven/J-9982-2014 OI King, Michael/0000-0003-2645-7298; Platnick, Steven/0000-0003-3964-3567 NR 51 TC 158 Z9 176 U1 2 U2 28 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2005 VL 43 IS 1 BP 144 EP 158 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2004.838359 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 887HC UT WOS:000226295500018 ER PT J AU Kahler, GR Della Torre, E Patel, UD AF Kahler, GR Della Torre, E Patel, UD TI Properties of vector Preisach models SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE Preisach modeling; reduced model; rotational accommodation; rotational anisotropy; rotational orientation AB In this paper, we discuss rotational anisotropy and rotational accommodation of magnetic-particle tape; phenomena that affect performance during reading and writing in the recording process. We introduce the reduced vector Preisach model (RVPM) to simplify the selection rules and eliminate the rotational correction of the simplified vector Preisach model (SVPM). In order to make the model agree with our measurements, we introduce the RVPM, which eliminates the need for a rotational correction in the SVPM. Using this new model as a basis to characterize the medium, we have measured and computed the angle of magnetization for a magnetic-particle tape rotated in an applied field. Because rotational models must accurately compute the anisotropic characteristics of ellipsoidally magnetizable media, we use an ellipticity factor that accurately computes the two-dimensional magnetization trajectories for small applied fields, and that corrects the orientation error for both isotropic and anisotropic media. We report rotational magnetization measurements that demonstrate vector accommodation for ellipsoidally magnetizable media. The magnetization trajectories show that accommodation is achieved. C1 George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA. Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kahler, GR (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA. EM grkahler@aol.com; edt@gwu.edu; upatel@pop500.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 41 IS 1 BP 8 EP 16 DI 10.1109/TMAG.2004.839732 PN 1 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 887YU UT WOS:000226342200002 ER PT J AU Simon, MK Vilnrotter, VA AF Simon, MK Vilnrotter, VA TI Alamouti-type space-time coding for free-space optical communication with direct detection SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE direct detection; optical communications; space-time coding AB A modification of the Alamouti code originally proposed for RF wireless applications is described that allows it to be applied in scenarios such as free-space optical communication with direct detection where unipolar modulations like pulse-position modulation and ON-OFF keying are traditionally used to convey the information. The modification of the code and associated decision metric is such as to maintain all of the desirable properties of the original scheme. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Simon, MK (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM marvin.k.simon@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 103 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 9 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1536-1276 J9 IEEE T WIREL COMMUN JI IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 4 IS 1 BP 35 EP 39 DI 10.1109/TWC.2004.840216 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 888AW UT WOS:000226347600007 ER PT B AU Flaming, GM AF Flaming, GM GP IEEE TI Global precipitation measurement update SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international cooperative program whose objectives are to (a) increase understanding of rainfall processes, and (b) make frequent rainfall measurements on a global basis. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Japanese Aviation Exploration Agency have entered into a cooperative effort for the formulation and development of GPM. This effort represents a continuation of the partnership that developed the highly successful Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Several activities discussed within this paper reflect the maturity of the Project Formulation activities that have been completed, and forms a basis for the anticipated receipt of approval to begin Project Implementation during the forthcoming year. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Flaming, GM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 420-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 79 EP 82 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237600021 ER PT B AU Bidwell, SW Flaming, GM Durning, JF Smith, EA AF Bidwell, SW Flaming, GM Durning, JF Smith, EA GP IEEE TI The global precipitation measurement (GPM) microwave imager (GMI) instrument: Role, performance, and status SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) instrument is a multi-channel, conical-scanning, microwave radiometer serving an essential role in the near-global-coverage and frequent-revisit-time requirements of GPM. As a part of its contribution to GPM, NASA will provide a GMI instrument and a spacecraft for the Core observatory and is considering the acquisition of a second GMI instrument for placement aboard a constellation spacecraft with a payload and orbit to be defined. In March 2005, NASA chose Ball Aerospace & Technology Corporation to provide the GMI instrument(s). This paper describes the GNU instrument, the technical performance requirements, its role within the combined passive and active microwave measurements on the Core observatory, and the timeline for GMI development and acquisition. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bidwell, SW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 83 EP 86 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237600022 ER PT B AU Duda, JL Barth, SC AF Duda, JL Barth, SC GP IEEE TI Algorithm science to operations for the national polar-orbiting operational environmental satellite system (NPOESS) visible/infrared imager/radiometer suite (VIIRS) SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB The VIIRS sensor provides measurements for 22 Environmental Data Records (EDRs) addressing the atmosphere, ocean surface temperature, ocean color, land parameters, aerosols, imaging for clouds and ice, and more. That is, the VIIRS collects visible and infrared radiometric data of the Earth's atmosphere, ocean, and land surfaces. Data types include atmospheric, clouds, Earth radiation budget, land/water and sea surface temperature, ocean color, and low light imagery. This wide scope of measurements calls for the preparation of a multiplicity of Algorithm Theoretical Basis Documents (ATBDs), and, additionally, for intermediate products such as cloud mask, et al. Furthermore, the VIIRS interacts with three or more other sensors. This paper addresses selected and crucial elements of the process being used to convert and test an immense volume of a maturing and changing science code to the initial operational source code in preparation for launch of NPP. The integrity of the original science code is maintained and enhanced via baseline comparisons when re-hosted, in addition to multiple planned code performance reviews. C1 NASA, NPOESS Integrated Off, GSFC, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Duda, JL (reprint author), NASA, NPOESS Integrated Off, GSFC, Code 402, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 95 EP 98 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237600025 ER PT B AU Le Vine, DM Abraham, S Wentz, F Lagerloef, GSE AF Le Vine, DM Abraham, S Wentz, F Lagerloef, GSE GP IEEE TI Impact of the sun on remote sensing of sea surface salinity from space SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun DE ocean salinity; microwave radiometry; remote sensing AB The sun is a sufficiently strong source of radiation at L-band to be an important source of interference for radiometers on future satellite missions such as SMOS, Aquarius, and Hydros designed to monitor soil moisture and sea surface salinity. Radiation from the sun can impact passive remote sensing systems in several ways, including line-of-sight radiation that comes directly from the sun and enters through antenna side lobes and radiation that is reflected from the surface to the radiometer. Examples are presented in the case of Aquarius, a pushbroom radiometer with three beams designed to monitor sea surface salinity. Near solar minimum, solar contamination is not a problem unless the sun enters near the main beam. But near solar maximum, contamination from the sun equivalent to a change of salinity on the order of 0.1 psu can occur even when the signal enters in sidelobes far from the main beam. C1 Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Le Vine, DM (reprint author), Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 288 EP 291 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237600075 ER PT B AU Morris, R Williams, J Dungan, J Carlson, J Edgington, W Bruno, C Wood, T AF Morris, R Williams, J Dungan, J Carlson, J Edgington, W Bruno, C Wood, T GP IEEE TI Coordinated science campaign scheduling for sensor webs SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB In the past decade, the number of Earth observation satellites has burgeoned. Present and future Earth observing missions will continue to study different aspects and interacting pieces of Earth's hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Scientists are designing increasingly complex, interdisciplinary campaigns to exploit the diverse capabilities of multiple Earth sensing assets. Currently, the scheduling of scientific observations for satellites in low Earth orbit is conducted independently by every mission operations center. There is a lack of information infrastructure to enable the scheduling of coordinated observations involving multiple sensors. This paper proposes a software architecture and describes a prototype system called DESOPS (Distributed Earth Science Observation Planning and Scheduling) to address this deficiency. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Morris, R (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM morris@email.arc.nasa.gov OI /0000-0002-4863-1616 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 470 EP 473 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237600123 ER PT B AU Leptoukh, G Kempler, S Gerasimov, I Ahmad, S Johnson, J AF Leptoukh, G Kempler, S Gerasimov, I Ahmad, S Johnson, J GP IEEE TI Goddard Atmospheric Composition Data Center: Aura data and services in one place SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun DE atmospheric composition; Aura; data center; data services; TOMS; UARS; MODIS; AIRS; OMI; MLS; HIRDLS AB The Goddard Atmospheric Composition Data and Information Services Center (AC-DISC) is a portal to the Atmospheric Composition specific, user driven, multi-sensor, on-line, easy access archive and distribution system employing data analysis and visualization, data mining, and other user requested techniques for the better science data usage. It provides convenient access to Atmospheric Composition data and information from various remote-sensing missions, from TOMS, LIARS, MODIS, and AIRS, to the most recent data from Aura OMI, MLS, HIRDLS (once these datasets are released to the public), as well as Atmospheric Composition datasets residing at other remote archive site. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Earth Sci Data & Informat Serv Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Leptoukh, G (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Earth Sci Data & Informat Serv Ctr, Code 610-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 474 EP 477 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237600124 ER PT B AU Nwaneri, S Tadasse, W AF Nwaneri, S Tadasse, W GP IEEE TI Polarization of electromagnetic radiation a resource for predicting soil moisture SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB This paper discusses the prediction model of soil moisture content (SMC). The purpose is to model SMC with respect to use segregation (useg), temperature, and the intensity of local solar radiation that causes polarization of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The objectives include using basic laws of radiation to assess how radiation intimately interacts with matter. The methodolology consists of four method spaces dealing with: polarization of dielectric medium; hysteresis accounting for the rhythms of polarization and relaxation time: validation of temperature effects on polarization and medium susceptibility; and the nesting of the medium complex dielectric permittivity to its void capacity (n epsilon v) or the Boolean Space (BS). Solar radiation impinging, on the soil-it dielectric medium, is a form of EMIR that generates mechanisms of charge displacement (polarizations). The study found that BS approach can adequately he a predictor resource under the ideal temperature. C1 Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, NASA, Ctr Hydrol Soil Climatol & Remote Sensing, Normal, AL 35762 USA. RP Nwaneri, S (reprint author), Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, NASA, Ctr Hydrol Soil Climatol & Remote Sensing, POB 1208, Normal, AL 35762 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 1139 EP 1141 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237601117 ER PT B AU Chu, AH van Zyl, J Kim, Y Lou, YL Imel, D AF Chu, AH van Zyl, J Kim, Y Lou, YL Imel, D GP IEEE TI AIRSAR automated web-based data processing and distribution system SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB In this paper, ive present an integrated, end-to-end synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing system that accepts data processing requests, submits processing jobs, performs quality analysis, delivers and archives processed data. This fully automated SAR processing system utilizes database and internet/intranet\web technologies to allow external users to browse and submit data processing requests and receive processed data. It is a cost-effective way to manage it robust SAR processing and archival system. The integration of these functions has reduced operator errors and increased processor throughput dramatically. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chu, AH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 1218 EP 1220 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237601137 ER PT B AU Kobayashi, S Tanelli, S Im, E Oguchi, T AF Kobayashi, S Tanelli, S Im, E Oguchi, T GP IEEE TI Backscattering enhancement for Marshall-Palmer distributed rains for a W-band nadir-pointing radar with a finite beam width SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun ID SCATTERING AB A finite beam theory of the multiple scattering associated with backscattering enhancement was derived in a previous study by the authors for a layer of spherical raindrops. Although the previous theory clarified the reflectivity of multiple scattering for a finite beam width, it can he applied only to a distribution of spherical raindrops of uniform size. In this paper, we expand the previous theory to be applied to a generic drop size distribution with spheroidal raindrops including spherical rain drops. In this paper, we expand the previous theory to be applied to a generic drop size distribution with spheroidal raindrops including spherical raindrops. Results will be used to discuss the multiple scattering effects on the backscatter measurements acquired by a W-band (95-GRz) nadir-pointing radar. Our findings will have direct applications to spaceborne cloud radar remote sensing, including NASA's CloudSat Mission, which is scheduled for launch in the summer of 2005. In general, change of raindrop shape from sphere to spheroid brings about spatial anisotropy not only in the scattering matrix but also in the propagation wave constants. This spatial anisotropy causes no effect on the first order scattering at nadir, while its effect on second order scattering must be carefully treated. For nadir operation, it has been demonstrated that the change in the spatial anisotropy brought by the non-spherical water particles gives negligible difference from our spherical particle approximation for the second order copolarized reflectivity, while for the cross polarized intensity, a small difference of less than 10 % appears. As an illustration, for nadir operation of a 95 GHz radar, both the sphere and spheroid approximations give the total increment in copolarized reflectivity of 1 dB for 10 mm/hr rain of a layer thickness of 100 m along with the Marshall-Palmer distribution. This increment must be subtracted from measured copolarized intensity in order to retrieve the correct amount of precipitation. Since our primary concern is to correct the total copolarized reflectivity, this result seems to legitimate to use spherical particles for estimating the effect of multiple scattering as a first approximation. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kobayashi, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr MS 300-243, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 2026 EP 2029 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237602136 ER PT B AU Jackson, GS Holthaus, E Albers, C AF Jackson, GS Holthaus, E Albers, C GP IEEE TI Passive millimeter-wave signatures of ice particles in Hurricane Erin SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun DE ice clouds; precipitation; millimeter-wave; retrievals AB Observations of Hurricane Erin (2001) taken during the Fourth Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-4) are used to elucidate relationships between measurements and models. Measurements include active and passive microwave sensors, and dropsondes. Models used in the analysis include radiative transfer (RT) models, mesoscale models (MM5), and particle parameterizations. Various combinations of the models and observational constraints are used in the RT model to provide calculated brightness temperatures to compare to the passive observations. In order to match the wide frequency range 10 to 183 +/- 10 GHz, model modifications were needed. The 55.5 GHz channel provided insight to the tropospheric temperature profile, while the 10 GHz channel provided knowledge of (near) ocean surface conditions. The channels less than similar to 90 GHz are mostly responsive to liquid in the cloud, while higher frequencies respond to ice particles in the cloud. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Instrumentat Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jackson, GS (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Instrumentat Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 2050 EP 2053 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237602142 ER PT B AU Chu, AH Kim, YJ van Zyl, J Lou, YL Chapman, B AF Chu, AH Kim, YJ van Zyl, J Lou, YL Chapman, B GP IEEE TI The interferometric data calibration for the AIRSAR PacRim II mission SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB This paper focuses on the crosstrack interferometric data calibration results and height accuracy analysis. We also present the key elements of the calibration technique for cross-track interferometric SAR data processed with the AIRSAR Integrated Processor. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chu, AH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 2098 EP 2100 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237602154 ER PT B AU Xiong, X Salomonson, VV Kuyper, J Tan, L Chiang, K Sun, J Barnes, WL AF Xiong, X Salomonson, VV Kuyper, J Tan, L Chiang, K Sun, J Barnes, WL GP IEEE TI Status of the MODIS level 1B algorithms and calibration tables SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun ID RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER; PERFORMANCE; PRODUCTS; EOS-AM1 AB The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) makes observations using 36 spectral bands with wavelengths from 0.41 to 14.4 mu m and nadir spatial resolutions of 0.25km, 0.5km, and 1km. It is currently operating onboard the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra and Aqua satellites, launched in December 1999 and May 2002, respectively. The MODIS Level 1B\ (L1B) program converts the sensor's on-orbit responses in digital numbers to radiometrically calibrated and geo-located data products for the duration of each mission. Its primary data products are top of the atmosphere (TOA) reflectance factors for the sensor's reflective solar bands (RSB) and TOA spectral radiances for the thermal emissive bands (TEB). The L1B algorithms perform the TEB calibration on a scan-by-scan basis using the sensor's response to the on-board blackbody (BB) and other parameters which are stored in Lookup Tables (LUTs). The RSB calibration coefficients are processed offline and regularly updated through LUTs. In this paper we provide a brief description of the MODIS L1B calibration algorithms and associated LUTs with emphasis on their recent improvements and updates developed for the MODIS collection 5 processing. We will also discuss sensor on-orbit calibration and performance issues that are critical to maintaining LIB data product quality, such as changes in the sensor's response versus scan-angle. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, X (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Explorat Directorate, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 2231 EP 2234 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237602188 ER PT B AU Kim, MJ Wang, JR Meneghini, R Johnson, B Tanelli, S Roman-Nieves, JI Sekelsky, SM Skofronick-Jackson, G AF Kim, MJ Wang, JR Meneghini, R Johnson, B Tanelli, S Roman-Nieves, JI Sekelsky, SM Skofronick-Jackson, G GP IEEE TI Microwave remote sensing of falling snow SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kim, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 975, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 2645 EP 2648 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237603107 ER PT B AU Zuffada, C Hajj, G Mannucci, T Chao, Y Ao, C Zumberge, J AF Zuffada, C Hajj, G Mannucci, T Chao, Y Ao, C Zumberge, J GP IEEE TI An interdisciplinary approach at studying the Earth-Sun system with GPS/GNSS and GPS-like signals SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun ID ALTIMETRY; OCEAN AB The value of the Global Positioning System (CPS) measurements to atmospheric science, space physics, and ocean science, is now emerging or showing a potential to play a major role in the evolving programs of NASA, NSF and NOAA. T objective of this communication is to identify and articulate they scientific questions that are optimally, or perhaps uniquely, addressed by CPS Or GPS-like observations, and discuss their relevance to existing or planned national Earth-science research programs. The GPS-based ocean reflection experiments performed to date have demonstrated the precision and spatial resolution suitable to altimetric applications that require higher spatial resolution and more frequent repeat than the current radar altimeter satellites. CPS radio occultation is promising as a climate monitoring tool because Of its benchmark properties: its raw observable is based on extremely accurate timing measurements. CPS-derived temperature profiles can provide meaningful climate trend information over decadal time scales without the need for overlapping missions or mission-to-mission calibrations. By acquiring data as CPS satellites occult behind the Earth's limb, CPS also provides high vertical resolution information on the vertical structure of electron density with global coverage. New experimental techniques will create more comprehensive TEC maps by using signals reflected from the oceans and received in orbit. This communication will discuss a potential future GNSS Earth Observing System project which would deploy a constellation of satellites using CPS and GPS-like measurements, to obtain a) ocean topography measurements based on GPS reflections with an accuracy and horizontal resolution suitable for eddy monitoring, and b) climate-records quality atmospheric temperature profiles. The constellation would also provide for measurements of ionospheric electron density. This is a good example of an interdisciplinary mission Concept, with broad science objectives of high societal relevance, all resting on common cost-effective technology. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zuffada, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 2729 EP 2732 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237603129 ER PT B AU Ao, CO Hajj, GA Iijima, BA Mannucci, AJ Meehan, TK Juarez, MDT AF Ao, CO Hajj, GA Iijima, BA Mannucci, AJ Meehan, TK Juarez, MDT GP IEEE TI Recent progress on the active limb sounding of the Earth with GPS signals SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun ID RADIO OCCULTATION SIGNALS; LOWER TROPOSPHERE; ATMOSPHERE; TEMPERATURE; WATER; ORBIT AB CPS radio occultation is a relatively new remote sensing technique that uses coherent GPS signal measurements to provide active limb sounding of the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere with high vertical resolution. Data from the proof-of-concept GPS/MET mission in 1995-1997 as well as the nearly continuously available CHAMP and SAC-C measurements since mid-2001 have provided fertile grounds for scientific investigations and strong impetus for algorithm improvements. More exciting developments lie ahead in the near future, especially with the upcoming launch of COSMIC, a six-satellite constellation primed to make a strong impact on weather prediction and climate studies. In this contribution, we give an overview of GPS occultation retrieval technique, with a focus on the data processing system implemented at JPL. Recent progress as well as ongoing challenges pertaining to lower troposphere sensing will be highlighted. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ao, CO (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 2733 EP 2736 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237603130 ER PT B AU O'Neill, P Njoku, E Shi, J Wood, E AF O'Neill, P Njoku, E Shi, J Wood, E GP IEEE TI Development of soil moisture retrieval algorithms for the hydros microwave radiometer SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun DE soil moisture; Hydros; retrieval algorithms; microwave radiometry; ATBD AB The objective of the Hydros Earth System Science Pathfinder mission is to collect global scale measurements of the Earth's soil moisture and land surface freeze/thaw conditions, using a combined L band radiometer and radar system operating at 1.41 and 1.26 GHz, respectively. Brightness temperature data from the Hydros radiometer will have a nominal resolution of similar to 40 km and an incidence angle of similar to 40 degrees. Along with the inclusion of needed static and dynamic ancillary data, the Hydros calibrated T-B will be used to generate an Earth-gridded derived soil moisture product. Members of the Hydros team are currently in the process of evaluating possible candidate soil moisture retrieval algorithms in order to select a baseline algorithm by mid-2006, although the algorithm test and evaluation process will likely, continue through the Hydros launch in 2010. The accuracy of the various ancillary data parameters, as is-ell as their temporal and spatial resolution, time Iag, and ease of availability, will be an important factor in driving the overall error budget for the Hydros soil moisture products. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP O'Neill, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Code 614-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI O'Neill, Peggy/D-2904-2013; OI Wood, Eric/0000-0001-7037-9675 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 2744 EP 2747 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237603133 ER PT B AU Kim, Y van Zyl, J AF Kim, Y van Zyl, J GP IEEE TI Overview of Hydros radar soil moisture algorithm SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun ID MODEL AB In this paper. we will describe the Hydros algorithms to derive soil moisture from L-band polarimetric radar measurements. The baseline Hydros radar algorithm to estimate soil moisture is composed of three steps: land classification. preliminary soil moisture estimation. and final time-series improvement. Before soil moisture is estimated using Hydros radar data. each pixel will be classified in order to apply a suitable soil moisture algorithm. Land cover types for this classification include bare surfaces. low vegetation areas. medium vegetation areas. forests. urban areas. water bodies. and mountain areas. We will also include a RFI (RF Interference) indicator to identify RFI contaminated areas. Then. a polarimetric soil moisture algorithm is applied to estimate preliminary Soil Moisture with the constraint imposed by Hydros radiometer data at lower resolution. Using time-series data. the preliminary soil Moisture information will be improved for the final science product. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kim, Y (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 2756 EP 2758 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237603136 ER PT B AU van Zyl, JJ Kim, YJ AF van Zyl, JJ Kim, YJ GP IEEE TI Estimating soil moisture for vegetated terrain: A discussion of possible approaches relevant to the HYDROS mission SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun DE HYDROS; soil moisture; discrete scatterer; radar cross-section ID SURFACE-ROUGHNESS; RADAR SCATTERING; AREAS AB In this paper, we examine the scattering, from vegetated terrains using an extension of the discrete scattering models we published in the past. Using these models, we show that the observed linear relationship between the observed radar cross-section and the soil moisture is well predicted by these models. In addition, the slope of the linear relationship is a function of the amount of vegetation. In fact, depending on the vegetation parameters, this linear relationship exists even if the scattering, from the underlying soil is no longer the dominant scattering mechanism. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP van Zyl, JJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 2763 EP 2766 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237603138 ER PT B AU Houser, P Jasinski, M Habib, S Engman, T AF Houser, P Jasinski, M Habib, S Engman, T GP IEEE TI Use of data assimilation products for water resources management SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Houser, P (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 974, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013 OI Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 2775 EP 2778 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237603141 ER PT B AU Frank, J Kurklu, E AF Frank, J Kurklu, E GP IEEE TI High and dry: Trading water vapor, fuel and observing time for airborne infrared astronmomy SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB Scheduling astronomy observations for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) requires assessing tradeoffs between the percentage of scheduled observations, the Line Of Sight Water Vapor (LOS-WV) achieved on those observations, and fuel consumption. This trade space is complex, depending on time of year and specific mixes of observations, and cannot be effectively analyzed by hand. We demonstrate the complexity of these tradeoffs and show that an Automated Flight Planner (AFP) is a crucial part of trade space analysis during flight planning. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Frank, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop N269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 3290 EP 3293 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237604068 ER PT S AU Liao, L Meneghini, R AF Liao, L Meneghini, R GP IEEE TI Spaceborne dual-wavelength radar techniques for retrieval of hydrometeor profiles SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun ID SURFACE REFERENCE TECHNIQUE AB Dual-wavelength radar has shown promise to improve the accuracy for estimates of microphysical properties of hydrometeors if one or both wavelengths operate in the non-Rayleigh region. A spaceborne radar operating at Ku (133.8 GHz) and Ka (35 GHz) bands has been proposed as one of the core instruments for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Satellite [1] and will serve as a calibrator for other instruments aboard the GPM satellite in mapping precipitation globally. However. the radar returns stiffer from attenuation while propagating through the rain cloud and mixed-phase precipitation. This attenuation not only complicates the radar retrieval of rain but also affects the accuracy of the algorithms if the attenuation is not properly corrected. In this study. we focus on dual-wavelength air/space-borne radar techniques and their application to the radar measurements for the estimation of characteristic parameters of hydrometeors. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Caelum, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Caelum, Code 614-6, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 3396 EP 3399 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237604095 ER PT B AU Xiong, X Salomonson, VV Barnes, WL AF Xiong, X Salomonson, VV Barnes, WL GP IEEE TI Overview of the EOS/MODIS on-orbit calibration and performance SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB The MODIS is one of the key instruments of NASA's EOS mission and is currently operating on both the Terra and Aqua satellites. It has 20 reflective solar bands (RSB) with wavelengths from 0.41 to 2.2 mu m and 16 thermal emissive bands (TEB) from 3.7 to 14.4 mu m and makes observations at three nadir spatial resolutions: 0.2-55km, 0.5km,,and 1km. The sensor's on-orbit calibration and characterization are performed using its oil-board calibrators (OBCs) that include a solar diffuser (SD), a solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM), a blackbody (BB),,and a spectro-radiometric calibration assembly (SRCA). This paper provides an overview of MODIS on-orbit calibration and characterization methodologies, operational activities, and instrument performance. For both the Terra,and Aqua MODIS, SD degradation results derived from the SDSM data show similar wavelength dependencies when operated under the same conditions, with annual reflectance decreases of 3% at 0.41 mu m, 1.6% at 0.47 mu m, and 0.7% at 0.53 mu m. The blackbody used for the thermal emissive bsans calibrations has been extremely stable with an average temperature drift of less than 0.005K per year. Its short-term (or scan-to-scan) temperature variation is within +/- 0.03K. The SRCA overall performance has been satisfactory, providing useful information for the sensor's on-orbit spectral and spatial characterization. Other calibration issues such as sensor's response stability, noise characterization, and scan mirror degradation, are also discussed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Explorat Directorate, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Xiong, X (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Explorat Directorate, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack)/J-9869-2012 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 3424 EP 3427 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237604102 ER PT B AU Coughlan, JC AF Coughlan, JC GP IEEE TI Intelligent systems - Terrestrial observation and prediction using remote sensing data SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun DE component; intelligent systems; remote sensing; prediction; model; NASA AB NASA has made science and technology investments to better utilize its large space-borne remote sensing data holdings of the Earth. With the launch of Terra, NASA created a data-rich environment where the challenge is to fully utilize the data collected from EOS however, despite unprecedented amounts of observed data, there is a need for increasing the frequency, resolution, and diversity of observations. Current terrestrial models that use remote sensing data were constructed in a relatively data and compute limited era and do not take full advantage of on-line learning methods and assimilation techniques that can exploit these data. NASA has invested in visualization, data mining and knowledge discovery methods which have facilitated data exploitation, but these methods are insufficient for improving Earth science models that have extensive background knowledge nor do these methods refine understanding of complex processes. Investing in interdisciplinary teams that include computational scientists can lead to new models and systems for online operation and analysis of data that can autonomously improve in prediction skill over time. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Coughlan, JC (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Mail Stop 269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 3481 EP 3483 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237604118 ER PT B AU Kim, SB AF Kim, SB GP IEEE TI Detection of water boundaries using point distribution criteria in scattered data interpolation SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB Interpolation of scattered data is an essential procedure to produce a map, especially a digital elevation model (DEM) generation from stereo-matched scattered data. However, the interpolation intrinsically produces extrapolation off the bound aries of the scattered data, and in the case of a DEM, into water areas. We present novel schemes to detect the extrapolation and thereby water boundaries. As,I first step, we devise point distribution criteria, namely COG (Center of Gravity) and ECI (Empty Center Index). The criteria exploit th e characteristics of extrapolation, that scattered points are di stributed unevenly or on the edge of a search disc of interp olation. Next, the hole-fill segmentation counterbalances exces sive elimination by the COG and ECI elimination. Finally, t he noise-remove classification compensates for incomplete per formance of the COG and ECI elimination. The elimination schemes are verified using four DEMs derived from SPOT s tereo-pairs. The qualitative and quantitative assessments of t he DEM's water boundaries after removing the extrapolation re veal that the water boundaries are restored successfully. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Kim, SB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 3679 EP 3681 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237604170 ER PT B AU Schwaller, MR AF Schwaller, MR GP IEEE TI NASA's global precipitation mission Ground Validation Segment SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB NASA is designing a Ground Validation Segment (GVS) as one of its contributions to the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The GPM GVS provides an independent means for evaluation, diagnosis, and ultimately improvement of the GPM spaceborne measurements and precipitation products. NASA's GPM GVS concept calls for at combination of direct observations executed within at Multidimensional Observing Volume (MOV) and model-based analyses executed by a Satellite Simulator Model (SSM). The MOV consists of ground-based instruments that measure local surface and atmospheric properties required for GPM validation. The SSM utilizes MOV measurements in a forward numerical model. The goal of the SSM forward modeling is calculation of the following properties: top-of-atmosphere microwave radiative quantities to within sensor noise of those measured by the GPM Core Satellite, precipitation quantities identical to those generated by the standard GPM precipitation retrieval algorithms, and quantitative/objective error estimates of both sets of quantities. At present, the GVS is in the early design stage and various scenarios have been generated to assess how it will be used in the GPM era. The GPM GVS will he operational in the year prior to the launch of the GPM core satellite, which has a launch date scheduled for December 2010. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Schwaller, MR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 4120 EP 4123 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237605101 ER PT B AU Liu, WT Xie, XS Tang, WQ AF Liu, WT Xie, XS Tang, WQ GP IEEE TI Oceanic influence on global hydrologic cycle observed from space SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB The divergence of moisture transport integrated over the depth of the atmosphere over global oceans show similar geographic distribution as the surface fresh water flux (evaporation-precipitation). The temporal variations of the two terms also agree, from intraseasonal to interannual time scales, at selected locations. These two forcing terms were found to lead ocean surface salinity changes by 90 degrees as expected. The interannual anomalies of the hydrologic parameters in the high latitude regions of North American and Eurasia are found the be opposite in phase, and their differences are found to have significant correlation with the moisture transport in the North Atlantic. suggesting N. Atlantic Moisture transport is a bridge to the opposing hydrologic phases of the two continents. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Liu, WT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 4134 EP 4137 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237605105 ER PT B AU Liu, WT Xie, X AF Liu, WT Xie, X GP IEEE TI Potential scientific applications of SeaWinds and its follow-on SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB An example of combined use of spacebased scatterometer, microwave radiometer, and ocean color sensor in the study of extratropical ocean-atmosphere coupling is demonstrated. A new concept that combines both active and passive microwave measurements into a single sensor sharing a large antenna to provide high resolution measure merits that will close the hydrologic balances is proposed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Liu, WT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 4208 EP 4210 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237605125 ER PT B AU Ullman, RE Enloe, Y AF Ullman, RE Enloe, Y GP IEEE TI NASA's earth science data systems standards endorsement process SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun DE component; best practices; standards AB Starting in January 2004, NASA instituted a set of internal working groups to develop ongoing recommendations for the continuing road evolution of Earth Science Data Systems development and management within NASA. One of these Data Systems Working Groups is called the Standards Process Group (SPG). This group's goal is to facilitate broader use of standards that have proven implementation and operational benefit to NASA Earth science. The process is fundamentally different from past standards strategies in several ways. The focus on communities of practice to propose and comment is a key component. So too, is the emphasis on endorsement of demonstrated practices as an additional source of common practices apart from the traditional standards making bodies. Only after practices have been judged to have useful implementation and beneficial operation will they be endorsed. The Standards Process Group has already conducted a community review of the DAP 2.0 as a data transport mechanism and has served as a facilitator for the initiation of science content discussions in several fields. This paper will describe NASA's Earth science data systems standards process and the experience to date. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ullman, RE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 4232 EP 4235 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237605131 ER PT B AU Hilliard, LM Phelps, NL Riley, JT Markus, TM Bland, GL Ruf, C Lawrence, RW Reising, SC Pichel, T AF Hilliard, LM Phelps, NL Riley, JT Markus, TM Bland, GL Ruf, C Lawrence, RW Reising, SC Pichel, T GP IEEE TI Prototype cryospheric experimental synthetic aperture radiometer (CESAR) SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB Present satellite microwave radiometers typically have a coarse spatial resolution of several kilometers or more. This is only adequate only over homogenous areas. Significantly enhanced spatial resolution is critically important to reduce the uncertainty of estimated cryospheric parameters in heterogeneous and climatically-sensitive areas. Examples include: (1) dynamic sea ice areas with frequent lead and polynya developments and variable ice thicknesses, (2) mountainous areas that require improved retrieval of snow water equivalent, and (3) melting outlet glacier or ice shelf areas along the coast of Greenland and Antarctica. For these situations and many others, an Earth surface spot size of no more than 100 m is necessary to retrieve the information needed for significant new scientific progress, including the synthesis of field observations with satellite observations with high confidence. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Instrument Technol Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Hilliard, LM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Instrument Technol Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Markus, Thorsten/D-5365-2012; Ruf, Christopher/I-9463-2012 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 4925 EP 4928 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237606106 ER PT B AU Kim, SB AF Kim, SB GP IEEE TI Estimation of the ocean current velocities from radar altimetry and applications to the North Pacific Ocean SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun ID SEA-SURFACE HEIGHT; CAPE-COD; BERMUDA AB Time-mean and absolute geostrophic velocities of the Kuroshio current south of Japan are derived from TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data using a Gaussian jet model. When compared with simultaneous measurements from a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) at two intersection points between the altimeter and the ADCP tracks, the time-mean velocity is accurate to 1 cm s(-1) to 5 cm s(-1). The errors in the absolute and the mean velocities are similar to those reported previously for other currents. The comparable performance suggests the Gaussian jet model is a promising methodology for determining absolute geostrophic velocities, noting that in this region the Kuroshio does not meander sufficiently, which provides unfavorable environment for the performance of the Gaussian jet model. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Kim, SB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 5416 EP 5419 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237607027 ER PT B AU Oza, NC Srivastava, AN Stroeve, J AF Oza, NC Srivastava, AN Stroeve, J GP IEEE TI Improvements in virtual sensors: Using spatial information to estimate remote sensing spectra SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB Various instruments are used to create images of the Earth and other objects in the universe in a diverse set of wavelength bands with the aim of understanding natural phenomena. Sometimes these instruments are built in a phased approach, with additional measurement capabilities added in later phases. In other cases, technology may mature to the point that the instrument offers new measurement capabilities that were not planned in the original design of the instrument. In still other cases, high resolution spectral measurements may be too costly to perform on a large sample and therefore lower resolution spectral instruments are used to take the majority of measurements. Many applied science questions that are relevant to the earth science remote sensing community require analysis of enormous amounts of data that were generated by instruments with disparate measurement capabilities. In past work [1], we addressed this problem using Virtual Sensors: a method that uses models trained on spectrally rich (high spectral resolution) data to "fill in" unmeasured spectral channels in spectrally poor (low spectral resolution) data. We demonstrated this method by using models trained on the high spectral resolution Terra MODIS instrument to estimate what the equivalent of the MODIS 1.6 micron channel would be for the NOAA AVHRR/2 instrument. The scientific motivation for the simulation of the 1.6 micron channel is to improve the ability of the AVHRR/2 sensor to detect clouds over snow and ice. This work contains preliminary experiments demonstrating that the use of spatial information can improve our ability to estimate these spectra. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Oza, NC (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI Stroeve, Julienne/D-1525-2010 NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 5606 EP 5609 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237607078 ER PT B AU Shiffman, S Nemani, R AF Shiffman, S Nemani, R GP IEEE TI Evaluation of decision trees for cloud detection from AVHRR data SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun ID CLASSIFICATION AB mated cloud detection and tracking is an important step in assessing changes in radiation budgets associated with global climate change via remote sensing. Data products based on satellite imagery are available to the scientific community for studying trends in the Earth's atmosphere. The data products include pixel-based cloud masks that assign cloud-cover classifications to pixels. Mani, cloud-mask algorithms have the form of decision trees. The decision trees employ sequential tests that scientists designed based on empirical astrophysics studies and simulations. Limitations of existing cloud masks restrict our ability to accurately track changes in cloud patterns over time. In a previous study we compared automatically learned decision trees to cloud masks included in Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data products from the year 2000. In this paper we report the replication of the study for five-year data, and for a gold standard based on surface observations performed by scientists at weather stations in the British Islands. For our sample data, the accuracy of automatically learned decision trees was greater than the accuracy of the cloud masks p < 0.001. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Shiffman, S (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Computat Sci Div, MS269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 5610 EP 5613 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237607079 ER PT B AU Ramapriyan, H Isaac, D Yang, WL Morse, S AF Ramapriyan, H Isaac, D Yang, WL Morse, S GP IEEE TI Large scale data mining to improve usability of data - an intelligent archive testbed SO IGARSS 2005: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1-8, Proceedings SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 25th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2005) CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Seoul, SOUTH KOREA SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN Off Res, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Natl Polar orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Int Union Radio Sci, Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Tourism Org, Korea Telecommun AB Research in certain scientific disciplines-including Earth science, particle physics, and astrophysics-continually faces the challenge that the volume of data needed to perform valid scientific research can at times overwhelm even a sizable research community. The desire to improve utilization of this data gave rise to the Intelligent Archives project, which seeks to make data archives active participants in a knowledge building system capable of discovering events or patterns that represent new information or knowledge. Data mining can automatically discover patterns and events, but it is generally viewed as unsuited for large-scale use in disciplines like Earth science that routinely involve very high data volumes. Dozens of research projects have shown promising uses of data mining in Earth science, but all of these are based on experiments with data subsets of a few gigabytes or less, rather than the terabytes or petabytes typically encountered in operational systems. To bridge this gap, the Intelligent Archives project is establishing a testbed with the goal of demonstrating the use of data mining techniques in an operationally-relevant environment. This paper discusses the goals of the testbed and the design choices surrounding critical issues that arose during testbed implementation. C1 NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Ramapriyan, H (reprint author), NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9050-4 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2005 BP 5618 EP 5621 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BEG75 UT WOS:000237237607081 ER PT J AU Bryson, S Kurganov, A Levy, D Petrova, G AF Bryson, S Kurganov, A Levy, D Petrova, G TI Semi-discrete central-upwind schemes with reduced dissipation for Hamilton-Jacobi equations SO IMA JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE Hamilton-Jacobi equations; central-upwind schemes; semi-discrete methods ID ESSENTIALLY NONOSCILLATORY SCHEMES; HYPERBOLIC CONSERVATION-LAWS; WEIGHTED ENO SCHEMES AB We introduce a new family of Godunov-type semi-discrete central schemes for multidimensional Hamilton-Jacobi equations. These schemes are a less dissipative generalization of the central-upwind schemes that have been recently proposed in Kurganov, Noelle and Petrova (2001, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 23, pp. 707-740). We provide the details of the new family of methods in one, two, and three space dimensions, and then verify their expected low-dissipative property in a variety of examples. C1 Stanford Univ, Programme Sci Comp Computat Math, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Adv Supercomp Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Tulane Univ, Dept Math, New Orleans, LA 70115 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Math, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Math, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Stanford Univ, Programme Sci Comp Computat Math, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM bryson@nas.nasa.gov; kurganov@math.tulane.edu; dlevy@math.stanford.edu; gpetrova@math.tamu.edu RI Kurganov, Alexander/H-8789-2013 OI Kurganov, Alexander/0000-0003-0231-986X NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0272-4979 EI 1464-3642 J9 IMA J NUMER ANAL JI IMA J. Numer. Anal. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 25 IS 1 BP 113 EP 138 DI 10.1093/imanum/drh015 PG 26 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 890NA UT WOS:000226516900006 ER PT S AU Sherwood, R Chien, S Davies, A Mandl, D Frye, S AF Sherwood, R Chien, S Davies, A Mandl, D Frye, S BE Yasuoka, Y Ungar, SG TI Realtime decision making on EO-1 using onboard science analysis SO IMAGE PROCESSING AND PATTERN RECOGNITION IN REMOTE SENSING II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Image Processing and Pattern Recognition in Remote Sensing II CY NOV 08-09, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE spacecraft autonomy; planning; autonomous science; and artificial intelligence AB Recent autonomy experiments conducted on Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) using the Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment (ASE) flight software has been used to classify key features in hyperspectral images captured by EO-1 . Furthermore, analysis is performed by this software onboard EO-1 and then used to modify the operational plan without interaction from the ground. This paper will outline the overall operations concept and provide some details and examples of the onboard science processing, science analysis, and replanning. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Sherwood, R (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5618-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5657 BP 47 EP 55 DI 10.1117/12.588740 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BBT04 UT WOS:000227661700006 ER PT S AU Jackman, CH DeLand, MT Labow, GJ Fleming, EL Weisenstein, DK Ko, MKW Sinnhuber, M Anderson, J Russell, JM AF Jackman, CH DeLand, MT Labow, GJ Fleming, EL Weisenstein, DK Ko, MKW Sinnhuber, M Anderson, J Russell, JM BE Lastovicka, J TI The influence of the several very large solar proton events in years 2000-2003 on the neutral middle atmosphere SO INFLUENCE OF THE SUN'S RADIATION AND PARTICLES ON THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE solar particle events; odd nitrogen; ozone; middle atmosphere ID 2-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; ODD NITROGEN; NITRIC-OXIDE; OZONE; MESOSPHERE; STRATOSPHERE; CHEMISTRY; OXYGEN; IMPACT AB Solar proton events (SPEs) are known to have caused changes in constituents in the Earth's polar neutral middle atmosphere. The past four years, 2000-2003, have been replete with SPEs. Huge fluxes of high energy protons entered the Earth's atmosphere in periods lasting 2-3 days in July and November 2000, September and November 2001 and October 2003. The highly energetic protons produce ionizations, excitations, dissociations and dissociative ionizations of the background constituents, which lead to the production of HOx (H, OH, HO2) and NOY (N, NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, HNO3, HO2NO2, ClONO2, BrONO2). The HOx increases lead to short-lived ozone decreases in the polar mesosphere and upper stratosphere due to the short lifetimes of the HOx constituents. Large mesospheric ozone depletions (> 70%) due to the HOx enhancements were observed and modeled as a result of the very large July 2000 SPE. The NOY increases lead to long-lived stratospheric ozone changes because of the long lifetime of the NOY family in this region. Polar total ozone depletions > 1% were simulated in both hemispheres for extended periods of time (several months) as a result of the NOY enhancements due to the very large SPEs. (c) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Appl Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, Bremen, Germany. Hampton Univ, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. RP Jackman, CH (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Code 961, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Charles.H.Jackman@nasa.gov RI Sinnhuber, Miriam/A-7252-2013; Jackman, Charles/D-4699-2012; Ko, Malcolm/D-5898-2015 NR 23 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 3 BP 445 EP 450 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2004.09.006 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BCV39 UT WOS:000231413400021 ER PT S AU Werner, MW AF Werner, MW BE Wesselius, PR Encrenaz, T TI The Spitzer space telescope mission SO INFRARED/SUBMM ASTRONOMY FROM SPACE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE infrared; space astronomy; spitzer space telescope AB The Spitzer Space Telescope, NASA's Great Observatory for infrared astronomy, was launched 2003 August 25 and is returning excellent scientific data from its Earth-trailing solar orbit. Spitzer combines the intrinsic sensitivity achievable with a cryogenic telescope in space with the great imaging and spectroscopic power of modern detector arrays to provide the user community with huge gains in capability for exploration of the cosmos in the infrared. The observatory systems are largely performing as expected, and the projected cryogenic lifetime is about five years. Spitzer is thus both a scientific and a technical precursor to the infrared astronomy missions of the future. This very brief paper refers interested readers to several sets of recent publications which describe both the scientific and the technical features of Spitzer in detail. Note that, until 2003 December, Spitzer was known as the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF). (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Werner, MW (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mwerner@sirtfweb.jpl.nasa.gov NR 2 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 4 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 36 IS 6 SI 2005 BP 1048 EP 1049 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.012 PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDT08 UT WOS:000235191800003 ER PT S AU Polenta, G Ade, PAR Balbi, A Bock, JJ Bond, JR Borrill, J Boscaleri, A Cabella, P Contaldi, CR Crill, BP de Bernardis, P De Gasperis, G de Oliveira-Costa, A De Troia, G di Stefano, G Ganga, K Hivon, E Hristov, VV Iacoangeli, A Jaffe, AH Kisner, TS Jones, WC Lange, AE MacTavish, C Bettolo, CM Masi, S Mauskopf, PD Melchiorri, A Montroy, T Nati, F Natoli, P Netterfield, CB Pascale, E Piacentini, F Pogosyan, D Prunet, S Ricciardi, S Romeo, G Ruhl, JE Torbet, E Tegmark, M Vittorio, N AF Polenta, G Ade, PAR Balbi, A Bock, JJ Bond, JR Borrill, J Boscaleri, A Cabella, P Contaldi, CR Crill, BP de Bernardis, P De Gasperis, G de Oliveira-Costa, A De Troia, G di Stefano, G Ganga, K Hivon, E Hristov, VV Iacoangeli, A Jaffe, AH Kisner, TS Jones, WC Lange, AE MacTavish, C Bettolo, CM Masi, S Mauskopf, PD Melchiorri, A Montroy, T Nati, F Natoli, P Netterfield, CB Pascale, E Piacentini, F Pogosyan, D Prunet, S Ricciardi, S Romeo, G Ruhl, JE Torbet, E Tegmark, M Vittorio, N BE Wesselius, PR Encrenaz, T TI BOOMERanG results SO INFRARED/SUBMM ASTRONOMY FROM SPACE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE cosmology; microwave background; telescope; stratospheric balloon ID ANGULAR POWER SPECTRUM; MICROWAVE BACKGROUND ANISOTROPY; PROBE WMAP OBSERVATIONS; TEMPERATURE ANISOTROPY; MULTIPLE PEAKS; MAPS; POLARIZATION; INSTRUMENT; RADIATION; RECEIVER AB The BOOMERanG experiment has mapped the mm/sub-mm sky during two long duration balloon flights from Antarctica, in 1998 and 2003. The first flight observed about 4% of the sky, measuring its brightness at 90, 150, 240 and 4 10 GHz with resolution of 12'. The faint structure of the Cosmic Microwave Background at horizon and sub-horizon scales is evident in these maps, and the wide frequency coverage allows for a careful estimate of the Galactic foreground. In the second flight a polarization-sensitive version of the instrument has been flown, to measure the linear polarization of the microwave sky at 145, 245 and 345 GHz. In this paper we review the main results from the first flight and report preliminary results obtained in the second flight. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Univ Cardiff Wales, Dept Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3YB, Wales. Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento Fis, I-00133 Rome, Italy. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, IPAC, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada. LBNL, Natl Energy Res Sci Comp Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94729 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. CNR, IFAC, I-50127 Florence, Italy. Univ Penn, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Ist Nazl Geofis, I-00143 Rome, Italy. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Astrophys Grp, London SW7 2BZ, England. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada. Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada. CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France. RP de Bernardis, P (reprint author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, Ple A Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy. EM debernardis@roma1.infn.it RI Jaffe, Andrew/D-3526-2009; de Gasperis, Giancarlo/C-8534-2012; Nati, Federico/I-4469-2016; Piacentini, Francesco/E-7234-2010; OI de Gasperis, Giancarlo/0000-0003-2899-2171; Nati, Federico/0000-0002-8307-5088; Piacentini, Francesco/0000-0002-5444-9327; Ricciardi, Sara/0000-0002-3807-4043; Polenta, Gianluca/0000-0003-4067-9196; Masi, Silvia/0000-0001-5105-1439; de Bernardis, Paolo/0000-0001-6547-6446; ROMEO, Giovanni/0000-0002-5535-7803; Hivon, Eric/0000-0003-1880-2733 NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 36 IS 6 SI 2005 BP 1064 EP 1069 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.080 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDT08 UT WOS:000235191800006 ER PT S AU Cruikshank, DP AF Cruikshank, DP BE Wesselius, PR Encrenaz, T TI Solar system observations with Spitzer Space Telescope: Preliminary results SO INFRARED/SUBMM ASTRONOMY FROM SPACE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE IR spectroscopy; Kuiper Belt objects; centaurs; asteroids; comets; Spitzer Space Telescope ID TROJAN ASTEROIDS; CONSTRAINTS AB The programs of observations of Solar System bodies conducted in the first year of the operation of the Spitzer Space Telescope as part of the Guaranteed Observing Time allocations are described. Initial results include the determination of the geometric albedos of a number of Kuiper Belt objects and Centaurs from observations of their flux densities at 24 and 70 mu m, and the detection of emission bands in the spectra of several distant asteroids (Trojans) around 10 and 25 mu m. The 10 Kuiper Belt objects observed to date have geometric albedos in the range 0.08-0.15, significantly higher than the earlier estimated 0.04. An additional KBO [(55565) 2002 AW(197)] has a geometric albedo of 0.17 +/- 0.03. The emission bands in the asteroid spectra are indicative of silicates, but specific minerals have not yet been identified. The Centaur/comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 has a nucleus surface geometric albedo of 0.025 +/- 0.01 and its dust production rate was calculated from the properties of the coma. Several other investigations are in progress as the incoming data are processed and analyzed. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Astrophys Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Cruikshank, DP (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Astrophys Branch, Mail Stop 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Dale.P.Cruikshank@nasa.gov NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 36 IS 6 SI 2005 BP 1070 EP 1073 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.108 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDT08 UT WOS:000235191800007 ER PT S AU Becklin, EE AF Becklin, EE BE Wesselius, PR Encrenaz, T TI Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) SO INFRARED/SUBMM ASTRONOMY FROM SPACE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE submillimeter; infrared; airborne astronomy AB The joint US and German SOFIA project to develop and operate a 2.5 m infrared airborne telescope in a Boeing 747-SP is now in the final stages of development. First science flights will begin in 2007. The observatory is expected to operate for over 20 years. The sensitivity, characteristics, science instrument complement, and examples of first light science are discussed. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Becklin, EE (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Astron, 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM becklin@astro.ucla.edu NR 5 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 36 IS 6 SI 2005 BP 1087 EP 1090 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.027 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BDT08 UT WOS:000235191800009 ER PT S AU Bandara, SV Gunapala, SD Ting, DZ Liu, JK Hill, CJ Mumolo, JM Liu, JN AF Bandara, SV Gunapala, SD Ting, DZ Liu, JK Hill, CJ Mumolo, JM Liu, JN BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF TI Monolithically integrated near-infrared and mid-infrared detector array SO Infrared Technology and Applications XXXI, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXXI CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE infrared imaging; quantum well; multicolor; spectrometer ID FOCAL-PLANE ARRAY; PHOTODETECTORS AB Quantum-well infrared photodetector (QWIP) technology has shown remarkable success by realizing large-format focal plane arrays in both broadband and in multiband. The spectral response of these detectors based on the III-V material system is tailorable within the mid- and long-wavelength infrared bands (similar to 3-50 mu m). Recently, we have extended this wavelength limit by monolithically integrating a near-infrared (1-1.5 mu m) p-i-n photodiode with a mid-infrared (3-5 mu m) QWIP. This multiband detector involves both intersubband and interband transitions in III-V semiconductor layer structures. Each detector stack absorbs photons within the specified wavelength band while allowing the transmission of photons in other spectral bands, thus efficiently permitting multiband detection. Monolithically grown material characterization data and individual detector test results ensure the high quality of material suitable for nearinfrared/QWIP dual-band focal plane array. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bandara, SV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5768-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5783 BP 39 EP 46 DI 10.1117/12.611352 PN 1-2 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BCR50 UT WOS:000230925900005 ER PT S AU Hill, CJ Keo, SS Mumolo, JM Gunapala, SD AF Hill, CJ Keo, SS Mumolo, JM Gunapala, SD BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF TI Passivation of MBE grown GaInSb/InAs superlattice photodiodes SO Infrared Technology and Applications XXXI, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXXI CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE molecular beam epitaxy; superlattices; infrared detectors; infrared photodiodes; chemical passivation ID INFRARED DETECTORS AB We have performed wet chemical passivation tests on GaInSb/InAs superlattice photodiode structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The details of the devices growth and characterization as well as the results of chemical passivation involving RuCl3 and H2SO4 With SiO2 dielectric depositions are presented. C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hill, CJ (reprint author), Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5768-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5783 BP 106 EP 111 DI 10.1117/12.606941 PN 1-2 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BCR50 UT WOS:000230925900012 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Hill, CJ Rafol, SB Mumolo, JM Trinh, JT Tidrow, MZ LeVan, PD AF Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Liu, JK Hill, CJ Rafol, SB Mumolo, JM Trinh, JT Tidrow, MZ LeVan, PD BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF TI 1024x1024 pixel MWIR and LWIR QWIP focal plane arrays and 320x256 MWIR : LWIR pixel colocated simultaneous dualband QWIP focal plane arrays SO Infrared Technology and Applications XXXI, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXXI CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2005 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE infrared detectors; quantum wells; QWIP; dualband; two-color; multi-band; infrared imaging; focal plane arrays ID WELL INFRARED DETECTORS; NARROW-BAND; BROAD-BAND; CAMERA AB Mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) 1024x1024 pixel quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal planes have been demonstrated with excellent imaging performance. The MWIR QWIP detector array has demonstrated a noise equivalent differential temperature (NE Delta T) of 17 mK at a 95K operating temperature with f/2.5 optics at 300K background and the LWIR detector array has demonstrated a NE Delta T of 13 mK at a 70K operating temperature with the same optical and background conditions as the MWIR detector array after the subtraction of system noise. Both MWIR and LWIR focal planes have shown background limited performance (BLIP) at 90K and 70K operating temperatures respectively, with similar optical and background conditions. In addition, we are in the process of developing MWIR and LWIR pixel collocated simultaneously readable dualband QWIP focal plane arrays. In this paper, we will discuss the performance in terms of quantum efficiency, NE Delta T, uniformity, operability, and modulation transfer functions of the 1024x1024 pixel arrays and the progress of dualband QWIP focal plane array development work. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5768-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5783 BP 789 EP 803 DI 10.1117/12.601519 PN 1-2 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BCR50 UT WOS:000230925900084 ER PT B AU Hollenbach, D Parravano, A McKee, CF AF Hollenbach, D Parravano, A McKee, CF BE Corbelli, E Palla, F Zinnecker, H TI An effective initial mass function for galactic disks SO Initial Mass Function 50 years Later SE ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Initial Mass Function 50 Years Later CY MAY 16-20, 2004 CL Siena, ITALY SP Osservator Astrofis Arcetri ID LUMINOSITY FUNCTION; STAR-FORMATION; SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD; STELLAR; CLUSTER; DWARFS; MODELS; IV AB We propose a simple analytic form for the effective galactic initial mass function (IMF), psi(m), which represents the IMF averaged over the age of the galactic disk. The shape of psi(m) is determined by only three parameters set by observational constraints: the slope gamma of the IMF at low mass, the slope -Gamma of the IMF at high mass, and a characteristic mass m(ch), where the IMF turns over. We assume that the star formation rate in a galaxy can be expressed as the product of (m) and a time and space dependent rate zeta(*T) We determine (zeta(*T) ), the time-averaged value of the star formation rate, from the observed surface density of M dwarfs. We determine zeta(*T), the current rate, from the current high-mass star formation rate, which is inferred from the rate of galactic ionizing photon production. From the effective IMF and the star formation rates we derive a number of interesting parameters at the solar circle, such as the fractional number of brown dwarfs and high-mass stars, the average mass of a star, the mass of stars formed per high-mass star, the fraction of the initial stellar mass that is returned to the ISM during the age of the Galaxy, and the ratio of current star formation rate to the rate averaged over the life of the Galaxy. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hollenbach, D (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-3406-7 J9 ASTROPHYS SPACE SC L PY 2005 VL 327 BP 417 EP 424 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDD78 UT WOS:000232952300077 ER PT S AU Fraser, BJ Singer, HJ Adrian, ML Gallagher, DL Thomsen, MF AF Fraser, B. J. Singer, H. J. Adrian, M. L. Gallagher, D. L. Thomsen, M. F. BE Burch, J Schulz, M Spence, H TI The Relationship Between Plasma Density Structure and EMIC Waves at Geosynchronous Orbit SO INNER MAGNETOSPHERE INTERACTIONS: NEW PERSPECTIVES FROM IMAGING SE Geophysical Monograph Book Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES; MAGNETIC PULSATIONS; SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT; MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA; SOURCE REGION; RING CURRENT; AMPLIFICATION; GENERATION; RESONANCE; CRRES AB Recent IMAGE satellite EUV helium density observations of plasmaspheric plumes extending beyond the plasmapause into the plasma trough region of the magnetosphere have been associated with sub-auroral proton arcs observed by the IMAGE FUV instrument. Also proton precipitation has been associated with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves seen on the ground as Pcl-2 ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves. This evidence suggests a relationship between plasma plumes, proton precipitation and EMIC waves, and supports the EMIC wave-particle interaction with ring current ions as a possible ring current loss mechanism. Using high-resolution (0.5 s) fluxgate magnetometer data from the GOES-8 and GOES-10 geosynchronous satellites we show two case studies on 9-10 and 26-27 June 2001, where EMIC waves in the 0.1-0.8Hz frequency range are observed within plasma plumes extending to geosynchronous orbit. These plumes are also seen in LANL geosynchronous satellite MPA data. The results suggest that EMIC waves may be preferentially generated in enhanced plasma density created by the plasma plume. The EMIC waves are unstructured and have the properties of the well-known intervals of pulsations with diminishing period (IPDP) seen on the ground and in space in the afternoon sector. They are classical EMIC transverse waves showing left-hand circular and elliptical polarization below the helium cyclotron frequency. The observation of a slot in the wave spectrum suggests the presence of He+ ions with relative concentrations in the range 6-16%, in a predominantly H+ plasma. This is consistent with the IMAGE-EUV He+ observations of plasma plumes. C1 [Fraser, B. J.] Univ Newcastle, CRC Satellite Syst, Sch Math & Phys Sci, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. [Singer, H. J.] NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. [Adrian, M. L.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Interplanetary Phys Branch, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Gallagher, D. L.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Sci Directorate, NSSTC SDSO, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Thomsen, M. F.] Los Alamos Natl Labs, NIS 1, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Fraser, BJ (reprint author), Univ Newcastle, CRC Satellite Syst, Sch Math & Phys Sci, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. EM brian.fraser@newcastle.edu.au; howard.singer@noaa.gov; mark.l.adrian@nasa.gov; dennis.l.gallagher@nasa.gov; mthomsen@lanl.gov NR 38 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-424-5 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2005 VL 159 BP 55 EP 70 DI 10.1029/159GM04 D2 10.1029/GM159 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA BSJ68 UT WOS:000284726400003 ER PT S AU Green, JL Fung, SF Boardsen, S Christian, HJ AF Green, James L. Fung, Shing F. Boardsen, Scott Christian, Hugh J. BE Burch, J Schulz, M Spence, H TI Distribution and Origin of Plasmaspheric Plasma Waves SO INNER MAGNETOSPHERE INTERACTIONS: NEW PERSPECTIVES FROM IMAGING SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID INDUCED ELECTRON-PRECIPITATION; MAGNETOSPHERICALLY REFLECTING WHISTLERS; EARTHS INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; PITCH-ANGLE DIFFUSION; HISS GENERATION; SCATTERING LOSS; BELT ELECTRONS; ELF NOISE; SATELLITE; FREQUENCY AB Recent analysis of electric and magnetic field wave data showing the distribution of plasmaspheric waves is reviewed. These studies find that equatorial electromagnetic (EM) emissions (similar to 30-330 Hz), plasmaspheric hiss (similar to 330 Hz - 3.3 kHz), chorus (similar to 2 kHz - 6 kHz), and VLF transmitters (similar to 10-50 kHz) are the main types of trapped waves within the plasmasphere. Observations of the equatorial EM emissions show that the most intense region is on or near the magnetic equator in the afternoon sector and that during times of negative B-z (interplanetary magnetic field), the maximum intensity moves from L values of 3 to less than 2. These observations are consistent with the origin of this emission being particle-wave interactions in or near the magnetic equator in the outer plasmasphere. Plasmaspheric hiss shows high intensities at high latitudes and low altitudes over L values from 2 to 3 in the early afternoon sector. Plasmaspheric hiss, through particle-wave interactions, maintains the slot region in the radiation belts. The longitudinal distribution of the plasmaspheric hiss intensity is similar to the distribution of lightning: stronger over continents than over the ocean, stronger in the summer than winter, and stronger on the dayside than nightside. A lightning origin for plasmaspheric hiss is also supported by the similarities in the latitudinal distribution of hiss with that of ground transmitters and the quiet-time electron slot region located at slightly higher L (similar to 3) during solar maximum than at solar minimum (L similar to 2.5). C1 [Green, James L.; Fung, Shing F.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Boardsen, Scott] Govt Serv Inc, L3 Commun, Largo, MD 20774 USA. [Christian, Hugh J.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Green, JL (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 605, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM James.Green@NASA.gov NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-424-5 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2005 VL 159 BP 113 EP 126 DI 10.1029/159GM08 D2 10.1029/GM159 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA BSJ68 UT WOS:000284726400007 ER PT S AU Moore, TE Fok, MC Christon, SP Chen, SH Chandler, MO Delcourt, DC Fedder, J Slinker, S Liemohn, M AF Moore, T. E. Fok, M-C Christon, S. P. Chen, S-H Chandler, M. O. Delcourt, D. C. Fedder, J. Slinker, S. Liemohn, M. BE Burch, J Schulz, M Spence, H TI Solar and Ionospheric Plasmas in the Ring Current Region SO INNER MAGNETOSPHERE INTERACTIONS: NEW PERSPECTIVES FROM IMAGING SE Geophysical Monograph Book Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; ENERGETIC ION COMPOSITION; EARTHS MAGNETOSPHERE; GEOMAGNETIC STORM; SHEET; MODEL; CIRCULATION; MAGNETOTAIL; CONVECTION; DIRECTION AB We consider formation of ring current-like plasmas in the inner magnetosphere and explore the degree to which they derive from heating and outflow of ionospheric plasmas. Recent observations show ring current proton injection into the ring current is relatively smooth and continuous, while O+ injection is episodic in close association with substorms. We use collisionless test particle motions in magnetospheric fields from a magnetohydrodynamic simulation. The simulation is used to generate bulk properties and detailed velocity distributions at key locations, for comparison with observations. Particles are initiated in regions representative of the solar wind proton source upstream of the bow shock, the polar wind proton source, and the auroral zone enhanced outflows of O+, which we term "auroral wind". Results reflect steady growth phase conditions after 45 minutes of southward interplanetary field. Solar wind protons enter the ring current principally via the dawn flank, bypassing the midnight plasma sheet, while polar wind protons and auroral wind O+ enter the ring current through the midnight plasma sheet. Thus, solar wind and ionospheric plasmas take very different transport paths to the ring current region. Accordingly, they are expected to respond differently to substorm dynamics of the magnetotail, as observed recently by remote neutral atom imaging from the IMAGE mission. Polar wind protons make a minor contribution to ring current pressure under steady conditions, but auroral wind O+ has the potential to dominate the ring current, when outflow is strongly enhanced during periods of enhanced solar wind dynamic pressure fluctuations. C1 [Moore, T. E.; Fok, M-C; Christon, S. P.; Chen, S-H] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Chandler, M. O.] NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. [Delcourt, D. C.] CETP, F-94107 St Maur, France. [Fedder, J.] LET Inc, Washington, DC USA. [Slinker, S.] USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Liemohn, M.] Univ Michigan, SPRL, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Moore, TE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, LSSP Code 612-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Liemohn, Michael/H-8703-2012; OI Liemohn, Michael/0000-0002-7039-2631; Christon, Stephen/0000-0003-1770-2458 NR 46 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-424-5 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2005 VL 159 BP 179 EP 194 DI 10.1029/159GM14 D2 10.1029/GM159 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA BSJ68 UT WOS:000284726400013 ER PT S AU Fok, MC Ebihara, Y Moore, TE Ober, DM Keller, KA AF Fok, M-C Ebihara, Y. Moore, T. E. Ober, D. M. Keller, K. A. BE Burch, J Schulz, M Spence, H TI Geospace Storm Processes Coupling the Ring Current, Radiation Belt and Plasmasphere SO INNER MAGNETOSPHERE INTERACTIONS: NEW PERSPECTIVES FROM IMAGING SE Geophysical Monograph Book Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID ION-CYCLOTRON WAVES; INNER MAGNETOSPHERE; MAGNETIC STORM; RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; MODEL; FIELD; SIMULATIONS; POTENTIALS; DIFFUSION; SUBSTORM AB The plasmasphere/ring-current/radiation-belt are interacting systems. The magnetic field generated by the ring current changes the drift paths of energetic particles. Pressure gradients in the ring current produce the region 2 field aligned currents, which close in the ionosphere and create an electric field that acts to shield the lower-latitude region from the full force of convection. In turn, this shielding field alters the transport of the ring current and plasmaspheric plasmas. Furthermore, the anisotropy in the ring current plasmas excites waves that cause pitch-angle and energy diffusion of radiation belt and ring current particles. On the other hand, the precipitation of energetic electrons modifies the ionospheric conductances, and thus the electric field configuration in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system. A number of models of the plasmasphere, ring current and the radiation belt have been developed to study the behaviors of the inner magnetosphere during geospace storms. However, the majority of these models are designed to study a particular plasma population, without the consideration of interactions from others. In this paper, we briefly describe state-of-the-art models of the plasmasphere, ring current, and radiation belt, and present results from a preliminary coupling effort. The coupled models are shown to produce certain observed features of the inner magnetosphere: the post-midnight peak of storm main phase ring current ion flux; the plasmaspheric disturbance produced by impulsive substorm plasma injections, and the slow ramp-up of geosynchronous fluxes associated with energy diffusion. We conclude by presenting a framework on coupling these models together interactively to make significant progress toward a realistic plasmasphere/ring-current/radiation-belt interaction model. C1 [Fok, M-C; Keller, K. A.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SP Syst, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. [Ebihara, Y.] Natl Inst Polar Res, Itabashi Ku, Tokyo 1738515, Japan. [Ober, D. M.] Mission Res Corp, Nashua, NH 03062 USA. RP Fok, MC (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SP Syst, Code 612-2, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Ebihara, Yusuke/D-1638-2013 OI Ebihara, Yusuke/0000-0002-2293-1557 NR 61 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-424-5 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2005 VL 159 BP 207 EP 220 DI 10.1029/159GM16 D2 10.1029/GM159 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA BSJ68 UT WOS:000284726400015 ER PT S AU Mannucci, AJ Tsurutani, BT Iijima, B Komjathy, A Wilson, B Pi, XQ Sparks, L Hajj, G Mandrake, L Gonzalez, WD Kozyra, J Yumoto, K Swisdak, M Huba, JD Skoug, R AF Mannucci, A. J. Tsurutani, Bruce T. Iijima, Byron Komjathy, Attila Wilson, Brian Pi, Xiaoqing Sparks, Lawrence Hajj, George Mandrake, Lukas Gonzalez, Walter D. Kozyra, Janet Yumoto, K. Swisdak, M. Huba, J. D. Skoug, R. BE Burch, J Schulz, M Spence, H TI Hemispheric Daytime Ionospheric Response To Intense Solar Wind Forcing SO INNER MAGNETOSPHERE INTERACTIONS: NEW PERSPECTIVES FROM IMAGING SE Geophysical Monograph Series LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID LOW-LATITUDE IONOSPHERE; EQUATORIAL F-REGION; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; MAGNETIC STORMS; DISTURBANCE DYNAMO; MAGNETOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES; PENETRATION; DEPENDENCE; BEHAVIOR; PERIODS AB We investigate the ionospheric response to events where the z-component of the interplanetary magnetic field, B-Z, becomes large and negative for several hours, associated with the largest geomagnetic storms over the prior solar maximum period (2000-2004). We compute the average vertical total electron content (TEC) in the broad region covering 1200-1600 local time and +/- 40 degrees geomagnetic latitude (dipole), using data from the global network of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. In several cases, we find approximately a two-fold increase in total electron content within 2-3 hours of the time when the southward-B-Z solar wind impinged on the magnetopause. We also analyze daytime super-satellite TEC data from the GPS receiver on the CHAMP satellite orbiting at approximately 400 km altitude, and find that for the October 30,2003 storm at mid-latitudes the TEC increase is nearly one order of magnitude relative to the TEC just prior to the B-Z southward onset. The geomagnetic storm-time phenomenon of prompt penetration electric fields into the ionosphere from enhanced magnetospheric convection is the most likely cause of these TEC increases, at least for certain of the events, resulting in eastward directed electric fields at the equator. The resulting dayside vertical Ex B drift of plasma to higher altitudes, while solar photons create more plasma at lower altitudes, results in a "daytime super-fountain" effect that rapidly changes the plasma structure of the entire dayside ionosphere. This phenomenon has major practical space weather implications. C1 [Mannucci, A. J.; Tsurutani, Bruce T.; Iijima, Byron; Komjathy, Attila; Wilson, Brian; Pi, Xiaoqing; Sparks, Lawrence; Hajj, George; Mandrake, Lukas] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Gonzalez, Walter D.] Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12245970 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Kozyra, Janet] Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Yumoto, K.] Kyushu Univ, Space Environm Res Ctr, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. [Swisdak, M.] Icarus Res Inc, Bethesda, MD 20824 USA. [Huba, J. D.] USN, Res Lab, Div Plasma Phys, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Skoug, R.] Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Mannucci, AJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 138-308, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 37 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 978-0-87590-424-5 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2005 VL 159 BP 261 EP 275 DI 10.1029/159GM20 D2 10.1029/GM159 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA BSJ68 UT WOS:000284726400019 ER PT S AU Stern, DR AF Stern, DR BE Pulkkinen, TI Tsyganenko, NA Friedel, RHW TI A historical introduction to the ring current SO INNER MAGNETOSPHERE: PHYSICS AND MODELING SE Geophysical Monograph Book Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Chapman Conference on Physics and Modeling of the Inner Magnetosphere CY AUG 25-29, 2003 CL Helsinki, FINLAND SP Natl Sci Fdn, NASA Living Star Program, Acad Finland ID FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENTS; GEOMAGNETIC STORM; ELECTRIC-FIELD; RADIATION BELT; MAGNETIC-FIELD; LARGE-SCALE; MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS; INTERPLANETARY ORIGIN; ENERGY; PLASMA AB The first global observations of magnetic storms in the mid-1800s suggested that at such times a huge electric current circled the Earth, later named the ring current. Only in the satellite era was its nature established: carried mainly by ions around 20-200 keV which are trapped on field lines with L = 2-7, it is present at all times but is greatly reinforced during magnetic storms. Initially all ions were assumed to come from the solar wind, but after 1972 when trapped O+ ions were also detected, it was gradually realized that ions drawn from the ionosphere and accelerated were major contributors. Attention has now returned to the magnetic storm, source of practically all the ring current, and to the electric fields which energize its ions. This short review traces the history of ring current research, and cites reviews and research articles where further details can be found. C1 Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Extraterrestrial Phys, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP 31 Lakeside Dr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. NR 87 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2005 VL 155 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1029/155GM01 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BCY12 UT WOS:000231841500001 ER PT S AU Green, JL Fung, SF AF Green, JL Fung, SF BE Pulkkinen, TI Tsyganenko, NA Friedel, RHW TI Advances in inner magnetosphere passive and active wave research SO INNER MAGNETOSPHERE: PHYSICS AND MODELING SE Geophysical Monograph Book Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Chapman Conference on Physics and Modeling of the Inner Magnetosphere CY AUG 25-29, 2003 CL Helsinki, FINLAND SP Natl Sci Fdn, NASA Living Star Program, Acad Finland ID AURORAL KILOMETRIC RADIATION; RADIO PLASMA IMAGER; TERRESTRIAL CONTINUUM RADIATION; DURATION GYROHARMONIC RESONANCES; ELECTRON-DENSITY PROFILES; NONTHERMAL CONTINUUM; PLASMASPHERIC HISS; RELAXATION SOUNDER; TOPSIDE SOUNDERS; IO TORUS AB This review identifies a number of the principal research advancements that have occurred over the last five years in the study of electromagnetic (EM) waves in the Earth's inner magnetosphere. The observations used in this study are from the plasma wave instruments and radio sounders on Cluster, IMAGE, Getotail, Wind, Polar, Interball, and others. The data from passive plasma wave instruments have led to a number of advances such as: determining the origin and importance of whistler mode waves in the plasmasphere, discovery of the source of kilometric continuum radiation, mapping AKR source regions with "pinpoint" accuracy, and correlating the AKR source location with dipole tilt angle. Active magnetospheric wave experiments have shown that long range ducted and direct echoes can be used to obtain the density distribution of electrons in the polar cap and along plasmaspheric field lines, providing key information on plasmaspheric filling rates and polar cap outflows. C1 Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Sci Data Operat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Green, JL (reprint author), Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Sci Data Operat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM james.green@nasa.gov RI Fung, Shing/F-5647-2012 NR 116 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 J9 GEOPHYS MONOGR SER PY 2005 VL 155 BP 181 EP 202 DI 10.1029/155GM21 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BCY12 UT WOS:000231841500021 ER PT S AU Shao, X Fung, SF Tan, LC Papadopoulos, K Wiltberger, M Fok, MC AF Shao, X Fung, SF Tan, LC Papadopoulos, K Wiltberger, M Fok, MC BE Pulkkinen, TI Tsyganenko, NA Friedel, RHW TI Investigation of 3D energetic particle transport inside quiet-time magnetosphere using particle tracing in global MHD model SO Inner Magnetosphere: Physics and Modeling SE GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Chapman Conference on Physics and Modeling of the Inner Magnetosphere CY AUG 25-29, 2003 CL Helsinki, FINLAND SP Natl Sci Fdn, NASA Living Star Program, Acad Finland ID CUSP; SIMULATIONS; FIELD AB Due to the presence of a magnetic field minimum in the outer cusp region, energetic particles drifting toward dayside may experience large scale transport toward high latitude. Some particle maybe trapped at high latitude and then be scattered back. These particle orbits are termed as Shabansky orbits [Shabansky, 1971]. Particle trajectories inside the magnetosphere can be grouped into three classes: bouncing around the equator (trapped), going through Shabansky orbit or being elevated at dayside, and lost. Characterizing these three types of particle trajectory and their dependence on solar wind conditions can help understand the trapping and loss of energetic particles in the radiation belt. We developed 3D test-particle tracing codes to investigate particle transport in global MHD model magnetosphere. In the code, protons are traced with full-motion and electrons are traced with guiding-center approximation. In this paper, we lay out the framework of studying the trapping and lost regions systematically and effects of the enhancement of the solar wind velocity on these regions. We derived the so-called Shabansky Orbit Accessibility Map (SOAM) for both electrons and protons to visualize the three orbital characteristic regions as a function of the particle's initial position and pitch angle inside quiet-time magnetosphere. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SPDF, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Shao, X (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SPDF, Code 632, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Fung, Shing/F-5647-2012 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 J9 GEOPH MONOG SERIES PY 2005 VL 155 BP 307 EP 318 DI 10.1029/155GM33 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA BCY12 UT WOS:000231841500033 ER PT J AU Scargle, JD AF Scargle, JD TI Bayesian blocks: Wavelets and beyond SO INTEGRATED COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS; NONPARAMETRIC-ESTIMATION; HAAR WAVELETS; SHRINKAGE AB Bayesian Blocks is a technique for detecting and characterizing signals in noisy time series. This time-domain method establishes a representation with some features of wavelet expansions, but at the same time relaxing some of their restrictions. With Bayesian Blocks all details of the representation are flexible and determined by the data through optimization of a piecewise constant model. As with wavelets, Bayesian Blocks can effect denoising without explicit smoothing and the concomitant loss of information through degraded resolution. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Scargle, JD (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Jeffrey.D.Scargle@nasa.gov NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1069-2509 J9 INTEGR COMPUT-AID E JI Integr. Comput.-Aided Eng. PY 2005 VL 12 IS 1 BP 119 EP 127 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 920GL UT WOS:000228677300011 ER PT J AU Van Keuls, FW Varaljay, NC Mueller, CH Alterovitz, SA Miranda, FA Romanofsky, RR AF Van Keuls, FW Varaljay, NC Mueller, CH Alterovitz, SA Miranda, FA Romanofsky, RR TI A large scale production test of thin film BaxSr1-xTiO3 microwave phase shifters fabricated on LaAlO3 substrates SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article DE ferroelectric; BST; microwave; tunable; phase shifter ID PERFORMANCE AB Many individual tunable ferroelectric-based microwave components have demonstrated excellent performance. However data on the production of many identical devices has been lacking. This paper will present data from NASA Glenn Research Center's fabrication of 822 phase shifters using commercially obtained pulsed laser deposited BaxSr1-x TiO3 (BST) thin films. These phase shifters of identical design were fabricated on 31 BST-coated LaAlO3 wafers. Issues of phase shifter performance, repeatability, yield, and long term stability will be addressed. Phase shifter tunability and insertion losses will be compared with BST microstructural film characteristics and also with manufacturing induced physical variations in the electrodes. C1 Ohio Aerosp Inst, Brookpark, OH 44142 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Analex Inc, Brookpark, OH 44142 USA. RP Van Keuls, FW (reprint author), Ohio Aerosp Inst, Brookpark, OH 44142 USA. EM vankeuls@grc.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2005 VL 77 BP 51 EP 62 DI 10.1080/10584580500414069 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 999JR UT WOS:000234386100008 ER PT J AU Katiyar, RS Jain, M Karan, NK Bhalla, AS Miranda, FA Van Keuls, FW AF Katiyar, RS Jain, M Karan, NK Bhalla, AS Miranda, FA Van Keuls, FW TI Comparative studies of ferroelectric thin films for high frequency phase shifter applications SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Materials Research Congress (IMRC) CY AUG 22-26, 2004 CL Cancun, MEXICO SP Conacyt, Benemerita Univ Autonoma Puebla, Centro Univ Vinculac, Sectetaria Educ Publica, Vicerrectoria Investigac & Estudios Posgrado, Univ Autonoma Metropolitana, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Mexicano Petroleo, Intercovamex, CEISA Protecc Ambiental, Consejo Estatal Ciencia & Tecnol, Centro Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, Inst Investigac Mat, DOE Off Basic Energy Sci, Centro Investigac & Estudios Avanzados IPN, Off Naval Res Global, JEOL, PONEA SA, CV, Amer Ceram Soc, FEI Co, Biomat Network, SPECTRAMEX, SA DE CV DE BST; PST; dielectric constant; phase shifter; microwave; figure of merit ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; STRONTIUM-TITANATE; COMPOSITES AB We have synthesized Pb0.3Sr0.7TiO3 (PST30) thin films on platinum and lanthanum aluminate substrates using chemical solution deposition technique. The films on platinum substrate were polycrystalline, whereas the film on LAO substrate was highly (100) oriented. These films were characterized for their structure, surface morphology, and dielectric properties. Dielectric measurements of the films on Pt were carried out using metal-insulator-metal(MIM) structure and that on LAO, using 50 finger inter-digitated electrodes. For high frequency (Ku band) measurements, eight element coupled phase shifters were deposited on the PST film on LAO and the characteristics were evaluated in terms of their phase shift and insertion losses. The figure of merit was found to be similar to 49 degrees/dB at 15.75 GHz, which is better than the one obtained for pure BST50 film (similar to 33 degrees/dB). C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, San Juan, PR 00931 USA. Penn State Univ, Inst Mat Res, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44142 USA. RP Katiyar, RS (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, San Juan, PR 00931 USA. EM rkatiyar@.upracd.upr.clu.edu OI Jain, Menka/0000-0002-2264-6895 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2005 VL 71 BP 11 EP 19 DI 10.1080/10584580590965014 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 954IQ UT WOS:000231149200003 ER PT J AU Mossi, K Bryant, R Mane, P AF Mossi, K Bryant, R Mane, P TI Piezoelectric composites as bender actuators SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Materials Research Congress (IMRC) CY AUG 22-26, 2004 CL Cancun, MEXICO SP Conacyt, Benemerita Univ Autonoma Puebla, Centro Univ Vinculac, Sectetaria Educ Publica, Vicerrectoria Investigac & Estudios Posgrado, Univ Autonoma Metropolitana, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Mexicano Petroleo, Intercovamex, CEISA Protecc Ambiental, Consejo Estatal Ciencia & Tecnol, Centro Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, Inst Investigac Mat, DOE Off Basic Energy Sci, Centro Investigac & Estudios Avanzados IPN, Off Naval Res Global, JEOL, PONEA SA, CV, Amer Ceram Soc, FEI Co, Biomat Network, SPECTRAMEX, SA DE CV DE Thunder; Lipca; piezoelectric actuators; piezoelectric devices ID PRESTRESSED CURVED ACTUATORS; THUNDER ACTUATORS; BEHAVIOR; LOADS AB Lead Zirconate Titanate, PZT, layered into a composite with different materials, produces pre-stressed, curved, devices capable of enhanced displacement. This study focuses on Thunder and Lipca which are built using different combinations of constituent materials. Thunder devices consist of layers of aluminum, PZT, and stainless steel bonded with a hot-melt adhesive. Lipca devices consist of carbon and fiberglass layers with a PZT layer sandwiched in between them. Measuring out-of-plane displacement under load as a function of temperature is used to evaluate field-dependent stiffness. Results show that Lipca devices have higher stiffness than Thunder at 24 degrees C, but lower at other temperatures. C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA 23294 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Mossi, K (reprint author), Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA 23294 USA. EM kmmossi@vcu.edu NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2005 VL 71 BP 221 EP 232 DI 10.1080/10584580590964673 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 954IQ UT WOS:000231149200019 ER PT J AU Mossi, K Castro, ND Bryant, R Mane, P AF Mossi, K Castro, ND Bryant, R Mane, P TI Boundary condition effects on piezo-synthetic jets SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Materials Research Congress (IMRC) CY AUG 22-26, 2004 CL Cancun, MEXICO SP Conacyt, Benemerita Univ Autonoma Puebla, Centro Univ Vinculac, Sectetaria Educ Publica, Vicerrectoria Investigac & Estudios Posgrado, Univ Autonoma Metropolitana, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Mexicano Petroleo, Intercovamex, CEISA Protecc Ambiental, Consejo Estatal Ciencia & Tecnol, Centro Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, Inst Investigac Mat, DOE Off Basic Energy Sci, Centro Investigac & Estudios Avanzados IPN, Off Naval Res Global, JEOL, PONEA SA, CV, Amer Ceram Soc, FEI Co, Biomat Network, SPECTRAMEX, SA DE CV DE Bimorph; Thunder; radial field diaphragms; displacement AB Three circular piezoelectric actuators: Bimorph, Thunder, and Radial Field Diaphragm (RFD) function as oscillating diaphragms within a cavity to produce a zero net mass flux air jet. To characterize each diaphragm, displacement response and vibrational characteristics with varying mechanical and electrical boundary conditions were investigated using a saw tooth waveform at 5 Hz. Clamping pressure around the perimeter of each actuator and gain dampening feedback of the amplifier were varied to statistically evaluate their significance on displacement. The results showed that displacement variations due to clamping pressure for all actuators are significant, with those for RFD at the highest levels, 17-18%. C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Mossi, K (reprint author), Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. EM kmmossi@vcu.edu NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2005 VL 71 BP 257 EP 266 DI 10.1080/10584580590965681 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 954IQ UT WOS:000231149200023 ER PT J AU Bryant, RG Mossi, KM Robbins, JA Bathel, BF AF Bryant, RG Mossi, KM Robbins, JA Bathel, BF TI The correlation of electrical properties of prestressed unimorphs as a function of mechanical strain and displacement SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Materials Research Congress (IMRC) CY AUG 22-26, 2004 CL Cancun, MEXICO SP Conacyt, Benemerita Univ Autonoma Puebla, Centro Univ Vinculac, Sectetaria Educ Publica, Vicerrectoria Investigac & Estudios Posgrado, Univ Autonoma Metropolitana, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Mexicano Petroleo, Intercovamex, CEISA Protecc Ambiental, Consejo Estatal Ciencia & Tecnol, Centro Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, Inst Investigac Mat, DOE Off Basic Energy Sci, Centro Investigac & Estudios Avanzados IPN, Off Naval Res Global, JEOL, PONEA SA, CV, Amer Ceram Soc, FEI Co, Biomat Network, SPECTRAMEX, SA DE CV DE piezoelectric actuators; PZT strain; THUNDER; NASA actuators ID STRESS-BIASED ACTUATORS; THUNDER ACTUATORS; MODELS; LOADS AB Prestressed Unimorph-type actuators are being adapted for industrial applications previously not envisioned for piezoelectric based technology. These include electronically controlled diesel valve injectors, non-resonance fluidic pumps and low-stroke linear motors. To expand the range of applications and refine the design of these actuators for additional technologies, the effects of load placement, force distribution and mounting must be investigated in order to retrofit existing devices and systems. This research uses several sets of multi-strain gauged THUNDER actuators mounted in a fully compliant test fixture equipped with an LVDT and weight system and to characterize the room temperature strain and displacement as a function of mechanical loading. The results will be used to refine computational models that aid in the design of these actuators for future applications. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Engn, Richmond, VA 23294 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Mech Engn, NASA LaRC USRP, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Bryant, RG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 226, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM robert.g.bryant@nasa.gov NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2005 VL 71 BP 267 EP 287 DI 10.1080/10584580590965726 PG 21 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 954IQ UT WOS:000231149200024 ER PT S AU Frank, J Kurklu, E AF Frank, J Kurklu, E BE Bartak, R Milano, M TI Mixed discrete and continuous algorithms for scheduling airborne astronomy observations SO INTEGRATION OF AI AND OR TECHNIQUES IN CONSTRAINT PROGRAMMING FOR COMBINATORIAL OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International on Integration of AI and OR Techniques in Constraint Programming for Combinatorial Optimization Problems CY MAY 30-JUN 01, 2005 CL Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC SP Charles Univ, Fac Math & Phys, Act M Agcy, ARTIST, Carmen Syst, CoLogNet, Intelligent Informat Syst Inst, ILOG SA, SICS AB We describe the problem of scheduling astronomy observations for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, an airborne telescope. The problem requires maximizing the number of requested observations scheduled subject to a mixture of discrete and continuous constraints relating the feasibility of an astronomical observation to the position and time at which the observation begins, telescope elevation limits, Special Use Airspace limitations, and available fuel. Solving the problem requires making discrete choices (e.g. selection and sequencing of observations) and continuous ones (e.g. takeoff time and setup actions for observations by repositioning the aircraft). Previously, we developed an incomplete algorithm called ForwardPlanner using a combination of Al and OR techniques including progression planning, lookahead heuristics, stochastic sampling and numerical optimization, to solve a simplified version of this problem. While initial results were promising, ForwardPlanner fails to scale when accounting for all relevant constraints. We describe a novel combination of Squeaky Wheel Optimization (SWO), an incomplete algorithm designed to solve scheduling problems, with previously devised numerical optimization methods and stochastic sampling approaches, as well as heuristics based on reformulations of the SFPP to traditional OR scheduling problems. We show that this new algorithm finds as good or better flight plans as the previous approaches, often with less computation time. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Frank, J (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop N269-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM frank@email.arc.nasa.gov; ekurklu@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-26152-4 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2005 VL 3524 BP 183 EP 200 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Operations Research & Management Science SC Computer Science; Operations Research & Management Science GA BCO12 UT WOS:000230377700015 ER PT S AU Handschuh, R Kilmain, C AF Handschuh, R Kilmain, C GP VDI-Berichte GmbH TI Experimental study of the influence of speed and load on thermal behavior of high-speed helical gear trains SO International Conference on Gears, Pts 1 and 2: EUROPE INVITES THE WORLD SE VDI BERICHTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Gears CY SEP 14-16, 2005 CL Garching, GERMANY AB An experimental effort has been conducted on an aerospace-quality helical gear train to investigate the thermal behavior of the gear system as speed, load, and lubricant flow rate were varied. Temperature test data from a helical gear train at varying speeds and loads (to 5000 hp and 15000 rpm) was collected using thermocouple rakes and axial arrays. The instrumentation was able to capture the radial and axial expelled lubricant-air environment (fling-off lubricant) that is expelled during the gear meshing process. Effects of operational characteristics are presented. C1 USA, Res Lab, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Handschuh, R (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU V D I-V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI DUSSELDORF PA PO BOX 10 11 39, W-40002 DUSSELDORF, GERMANY SN 0083-5560 BN 3-18-091904-3 J9 VDI BERICHT PY 2005 VL 1904 BP 1395 EP 1411 PN 1&2 PG 17 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BDK36 UT WOS:000233988800084 ER PT S AU Moskalenko, IV Strong, AW Mashnik, SG AF Moskalenko, IV Strong, AW Mashnik, SG BE Haight, RC Chadwick, MB Kawano, T Talou, P TI Propagation of cosmic rays: Nuclear physics in cosmic-ray studies SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUCLEAR DATA FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology CY SEP 26-OCT 01, 2004 CL Santa Fe, NM SP OECD Nucl Energy Agcy, Int Atom Energy Agcy, US DOE, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Acqiris Corp, Amer Inst Phys, Canberra Ind Inc, Eljen Technologies, Goodfellow Corp, Inst Phys, St Gobain, Bicron, Scionix USA, Struck, Techsource, Thermoelectron, Wiener, Natl Nucl Data Ctr ID SUPERSYMMETRIC DARK-MATTER; PARTIAL CROSS-SECTIONS; CONTINUUM GAMMA-RAYS; ANTIPROTON SPECTRUM; INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; MAGELLANIC CLOUD; GALACTIC-CENTER; EGRET DATA; GALAXY; ELECTRONS AB The nuclei fraction in cosmic rays (CR) far exceeds the fraction of other CR species, such as antiprotons, electrons, and positrons. Thus the majority of information obtained from CR studies is based on interpretation of isotopic abundances using CR propagation models where the nuclear data and isotopic production cross sections in p- and alpha-induced reactions are the key elements. This paper presents an introduction to the astrophysics of CR and diffuse gamma-rays and discusses some of the puzzles that have emerged recently due to more precise data and improved propagation models. Merging with cosmology and particle physics, astrophysics of CR has become a very dynamic field with a large potential of breakthrough and discoveries in the near future. Exploiting the data collected by the CR experiments to the fullest requires accurate nuclear cross sections. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Moskalenko, Igor/A-1301-2007 OI Moskalenko, Igor/0000-0001-6141-458X NR 59 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0254-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2005 VL 769 BP 1612 EP 1617 PN 1-2 PG 6 WC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Applied; Physics, Nuclear SC Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA BCP35 UT WOS:000230511801122 ER PT S AU Reeves, GE Snyder, JF AF Reeves, GE Snyder, JF GP IEEE TI An overview of the Mars Exploration Rovers' Flight Software SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE Mars; software; flight; rovers; autonomy AB The Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) Flight Software (FSW) is possibly the most complex software implementation to be deployed on another planet. The requirements dictated a software system that addressed four distinct mission phases (cruise, landing, egress, and surface) and the mission demanded a system with significant autonomy. The structure of the MER flight software reflects its object-oriented beginnings and the overall function reflects the requirements of the MER mission and spacecraft. This paper provides an overview of the function and structure of the MER flight software. The MER mission and spacecraft are briefly discussed to provide context for the flight software decomposition and the discussion of the software execution model. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Reeves, GE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Glenn.E.Reeves@jpl.nasa.gov; Joseph.F.Snyder@jpl.nasa.gov NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800001 ER PT S AU Greco, ME Snyder, JF AF Greco, ME Snyder, JF GP IEEE TI Operational modification of the Mars Exploration Rovers' Flight Software SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE flight software; modification; load; patch; operations; operational procedure AB The Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) Flight Software (FSW) was designed from the outset to be modified during operations. Two principal methods were envisioned: modifying (Patch) the existing image, or entirely replacing (Load) the existing image with a new version. In fact, both methods have been successfully used since the Rovers landed in January of 2004. This paper discusses the content of the uplink products that are sent to the Rover, the planning of the Patch and Load activities, the testing of the products and procedures, and the actual operations themselves. Lessons Learned and application to future missions are also discussed. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Greco, ME (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Martin.E.Greco@jpl.nasa.gov; Joseph.F.Snyder@jpl.nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 8 EP 13 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800002 ER PT S AU Neilson, T AF Neilson, T GP IEEE TI Mars Exploration Rovers surface fault protection SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE System Fault Protection; Mars Exploration Rovers; robotics; spacecraft surface operations AB The Mars Exploration Rovers surface fault protection design was influenced by the need for the solar powered rovers to recharge their batteries during the day to survive the night. The rovers were required to autonomously maintain thermal stability, and initiate reliable communication with orbiting assets or directly to Earth, while maintaining their energy balance. This paper will describe the system fault protection design for the surface phase of the mission, including hardware descriptions and software algorithms. Additionally, a few in-flight experiences are described, including the Spirit FLASH memory anomaly and the Opportunity "stuck-on" heater failure. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Neilson, T (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM tracy.a.neilson@jpl.nasa.aov NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 14 EP 19 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800003 ER PT S AU Ali, KS Vanelli, CA Biesiadecki, JJ Maimone, MW Cheng, Y San Martin, AM Alexander, JW AF Ali, KS Vanelli, CA Biesiadecki, JJ Maimone, MW Cheng, Y San Martin, AM Alexander, JW GP IEEE TI Attitude and position estimation on the Mars Exploration Rovers SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE attitude estimation; position estimation AB NASA/JPL's Mars Exploration Rovers acquire their attitude upon command and autonomously propagate their attitude and position. The rovers use accelerometers and images of the sun to acquire attitude, autonomously searching the sky for the sun with an articulated camera. To propagate the attitude and position the rovers use either accelerometer and gyro readings or gyro readings and wheel odometry, depending on the nature of the movement Earth-based operators have commanded. Where necessary, visual odometry is performed on images to fine tune the position updates, particularly in high slip environments. The capability also exists for visual odometry attitude updates. This paper describes the techniques used by the rovers to acquire and maintain attitude and position knowledge, the accuracy which is obtainable, and lessons learned after more than one year in operation. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ali, KS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Khaled.Ali@jpl.nasa.gov; C.Vanelli@jpl.nasa.gov; Jeffrey.Biesiadecki@jpl.nasa.gov; Mark.Maimone@jpl.nasa.gov; Yang.Cheng@jpl.nasa.gov; A.SanMartin@jpl.nasa.gov; James.Alexander@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 20 EP 27 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800004 ER PT S AU Vanelli, CA Ali, KS AF Vanelli, CA Ali, KS GP IEEE TI High gain antenna pointing on the Mars Exploration Rovers SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE inverse kinematics; hazard avoidance; attitude motion planning; tracking AB This paper describes the algorithm used to point the high gain antennae on NASA/JPL's Mars Exploration Rovers. Each rover's gimballed antenna must track the Earth as it moves across the Martian sky during communication sessions. The pointing algorithm accounts for obstacles to the line-of-sight posed by (1) features on the rover and in the surrounding environment, (2) gimbal range limitations, and (3) kinematic singularities in the gimbal mechanism. The algorithm treats all obstacles with a generalized approach that computes the intercept-times to each obstacle. Where possible, the algorithm takes advantage of pairs of joint-space solutions arising from the mechanism design. The algorithm chooses the solution that provides the longest obstruction-free tracking time. Upon encountering an obstacle, the algorithm automatically switches to the other solution if it is not also obstructed. This algorithm has successfully provided obstruction-free pointing for both rovers throughout the mission. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Vanelli, CA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM vanelli@jpl.nasa.gov; khaled.s.ali@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 28 EP 33 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800005 ER PT S AU Alexandrov, NM Lewis, RM AF Alexandrov, NM Lewis, RM GP IEEE TI Synthesis of distributed design problems SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE distributed design; systems of systems; complex system design; multidisciplinary design optimization; nonlinear programming AB Integrating autonomous disciplines into a complex system design problem amenable to solution presents a major challenge in realistic multidisciplinary design. We propose a linguistic approach to problem description, formulation, and solution we call reconfigurable multidisciplinary synthesis (REMS). REMS comprises an abstract language and a collection of processes that provide a means for dynamic reasoning about complex design problems in a range of contexts, spanning tasks from error checking and derivative computation to formulation and reformulation of multidisciplinary design problem statements. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Multidisciplinary Tools & Methods Branch, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Alexandrov, NM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Multidisciplinary Tools & Methods Branch, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM n.alexandrov@larc.nasa.gov; buckaroo@math.wm.edu NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 72 EP 77 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800012 ER PT S AU Guo, TH Chen, P Huang, Y AF Guo, TH Chen, P Huang, Y GP IEEE TI Remaining engine life estimation for a sensor-based aircraft engine SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc AB It is generally known that an engine component will accumulate damage (life usage) during its lifetime of use in a harsh operating environment. The commonly used cycle count for engine component usage monitoring has an inherent range of uncertainty that can be overly costly or potentially less safe from an operational standpoint. This paper describes an approach to quantify the effects of engine operating parameter uncertainties on the thermornechanical fatigue (TMF) life of a selected engine part. A closed-loop engine simulation with a TMF life model is used to calculate the life consumption of different mission cycles. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to generate the statistical life usage profile for different operating assumptions. The probabilities of failure of different operating conditions are compared to illustrate the importance of the engine component life calculation using sensor information. The results of this study clearly show that a sensor-based life cycle calculation can greatly reduce the risk of component failure as well as extend on-wing component life by avoiding unnecessary maintenance actions. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Guo, TH (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 387 EP 392 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800065 ER PT S AU Homaifar, A Hawari, H Bou-Saba, CW Esterline, A Iran-Nejad, A Tunstel, E AF Homaifar, A Hawari, H Bou-Saba, CW Esterline, A Iran-Nejad, A Tunstel, E GP IEEE TI Soft computing for agent-based decision making using the biofunctional theory of knowledge SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE learning; biofunctionality; X classifier systems; genetic algorithms; fuzzy logic controllers AB This paper applies the biofunctional model of human learning to the implementation of a learning machine that is effective in navigating complex environments. The target model is rule-based and is highly flexible in establishing the relation between any state-action pair. The learning machine is designed using X classifier systems and a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). A learning machine is built in simulation that closely approximates the learning characteristics of the human brain as described by the theory of biofunctional cognition. The methodology is tested with experiments using both single and multiple agents. We also investigated the effectiveness of biofunctionality using competitive and cooperative modes. Furthermore, we studied the robustness of our approach. Our results show that the integration of a FLC and an X classifier system, realizing a biofunctional model, provides a methodology for constructing very effective learning machines. C1 NASA, ACIT, Elect & Comp Eng Dept, Greensboro, NC USA. RP Homaifar, A (reprint author), NASA, ACIT, Elect & Comp Eng Dept, Greensboro, NC USA. EM Homaifar@ncat.edu; cbousaba@ncat.edu; Esterlin@ncat.edu; airannej@bamaed.ua.edu; Edward.W.Tunstel@jpl.nasa.go NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 423 EP 429 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800071 ER PT S AU Litwin, TE AF Litwin, TE GP IEEE TI General 3D acquisition and tracking of dot targets on a mars rover prototype SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE robotics; vision; acquisition; tracking; 3D; dot targets; mars rover; clutter; occlusion; triangulation; least squares; camera models AB In June and July 2003 two Mars Exploration Rovers were launched to the Red Planet. Back on Earth, engineering-model rovers were driven on a mock Mars landscape in a large indoor sandbox. Characterizing their complete 6-DOF motion was accomplished by automatically acquiring dot targets mounted on their cluttered, upper surfaces from any position and orientation within the sandbox using a system of 12 ceiling-mounted cameras. A least-squares, n-camera, triangulation technique was used to attain typical 3D accuracies of 1-2cm within the 22m x 9m test area. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Litwin, TE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Todd.E.Litwin@jpl.nasa.gov NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 443 EP 449 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800074 ER PT S AU Welch, RV Cox, ZN AF Welch, RV Cox, ZN GP IEEE TI Verification and validation of Mars exploration rover surface capabilities SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE mars; rovers; verification; validation; testing; mobile robots; robotics AB This paper will discuss the system level verification and validation test program for the surface capability of the Mars Exploration Rovers (AMR). The Mars Exploration Rover project was implemented on an extremely challenging schedule of going from concept to launch in just three years. Although the cruise and entry, descent and landing (EDL) systems were based on the successful Mars Pathfinder mission of 1997, the AHR rovers and their sophisticated science payload were a new development and the expectations for the surface capability were very high. The rover hardware and software were developed to allow certain functions to work in parallel to maximize the science that could be done each day on Mars. However this lead to complex behavioral interactions which had to be tested and verified before they could be used An incremental test program was developed that first exercised and verified individual functions and then validated system capabilities in mission-like scenarios. The plans, execution and results of these mission-like surface system tests will be presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Welch, RV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM rick.welch@jpl.nasa.gov NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 456 EP 461 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800076 ER PT S AU Yen, J Cooper, B Hartman, F Maxwell, S Wright, J Leger, C AF Yen, J Cooper, B Hartman, F Maxwell, S Wright, J Leger, C GP IEEE TI Physical-based simulation for Mars exploration rover tactical sequencing SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE simulation; configuration kinematics; multibody system; interactive visualization AB The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission has returned tremendous scientific information on a daily basis, owing to the efficient sequencing capability of the ground system tools. For planning the mobility and Instrument Deployment Device (IDD) sequences, physical-based simulation is applied to achieve fast and effective sequencing of complex rover and IDD maneuvers. The sequence rehearsal tool of the Rover Sequencing and Visualization Program (RSVP) is based on modeling and simulation of the multi-body mechanical systems. Using Configuration Kinematics (CK) and 3D terrain models, a methodology was developed to support a real-time, interactive graphics mode for the visualization tool. The sequence simulation is carried out using the on-board flight software modules for realistic rover behavior. This enables the scientists and rover planners to effectively develop the command sequences to maximize the science return of the MER mission while maintaining rover safety. This paper describes the innovative numerical algorithms and the command sequence simulation used by the MER mission for planning surface operations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Yen, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 198-235,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Jeng.Yen@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 462 EP 467 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800077 ER PT S AU Hsu, F Musicki, Z AF Hsu, F Musicki, Z GP IEEE TI Issues and insights of PRA methodology in nuclear and space applications SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE probabilistic risk assessment; Space Shuttle & nuclear plant safety AB This paper presents some important issues and technical insights on the scope, conceptual framework, and essential elements of nuclear power plant Probabilistic Risk Assessments (PRAs) and that of the PRAs in general applications of the aerospace industry, such as the Space Shuttle PRA being conducted by NASA. Discussions are focused on various lessons learned in nuclear power plant PRA applications and their potential applicability to the PRAs in the aerospace and launch vehicle systems. Based on insights gained from PRA projects for nuclear power plants and from the current Space Shuttle PRA effort, the paper explores the commonalities and the differences between the conduct of the different PRAs and the key issues and risk insights derived from extensive modeling practices in both industries of nuclear and space. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, SAIC, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Hsu, F (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, SAIC, NC 62, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM Feng.Hsu@JSC.NASA.GOV NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 510 EP 517 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800085 ER PT S AU Huemer, VA Matessa, MP McCann, RS AF Huemer, VA Matessa, MP McCann, RS GP IEEE TI Fault management during dynamic spacecraft flight: Effects of cockpit display format and workload SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE errors; omissions; commissions; information processing model; spacecraft; space shuttle; MEDS; CAU ID ERROR AB A proposed redesign of the shuttle cockpit display formats improves the correspondence between system summary displays and crewmembers' mental models of systems architecture and functional mode. We report the results of a part-task simulation that assessed the impact of the redesigned displays on participants' ability to perform various steps in the process of diagnosing and recovering from systems malfunctions. Participants were airline pilots who received a modest amount of training on the tasks required of shuttle crews during nominal and off nominal ascents. With respect to fault management performance, both errors of omission and commission were reduced with the redesigned displays. Fault management errors were further categorized within a cognitive-stage information processing framework. Error rates increased steadily from early to late stages of processing, but more so for the current displays than for the redesigned displays. We conclude that classifying and analyzing errors made by participants with relatively low levels of training provides a useful methodology for assessing and evaluating human centered design modifications to spacecraft displays. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, San Jose State Univ Fdn, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Huemer, VA (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, San Jose State Univ Fdn, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Valerie.A.Huemer@nasa.gov; Michael.P.Matessa@nasa.gov; Robert.S.McCann@nasa.gov NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 746 EP 753 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800124 ER PT S AU Assad, C Trujillo, S Dastoor, S Xu, L AF Assad, C Trujillo, S Dastoor, S Xu, L GP IEEE TI Cerebellar dynamic state estimation for a biomorphic robot arm SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE cerebellum; biomorphic robotics; dynamic state estimation; McKibben actuators; state space methods ID OVERARM THROWS; LOCOMOTION; WALKING; SYSTEM AB The cerebellum has been called the brain's "engine of agility". This paper presents a cerebellum-inspired neural network that performs dynamic state estimation and predictive control. The model combines two types of learning within a radial basis function network. Its performance was demonstrated on a 2-link robot arm built with antagonistic pairs of McKibben air muscles. The arm has a gripper end effector to hold and throw a tennis ball. Trajectory data was collected during multiple throwing trials and used to train the model offline. The data were projected onto 2-dimensional state space maps, from which the network learns to estimate state variables and decision boundaries. It successfully learned to trigger the grip release at the proper state for the ball to hit a target. This algorithm should generalize to benefit a wide variety of biomorphic robots. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Assad, C (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM chris.assad@jpl.nasa.gov; sjtrujil@stanford.edu; sanjayd@berkeley.edu; lingx@andrew.cmu.edu NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 877 EP 882 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800145 ER PT S AU Litwin, TE Maki, JN AF Litwin, TE Maki, JN GP IEEE TI Imaging services flight software on the Mars exploration rovers SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE software; robotics; image processing; Mars rovers; cameras; camera models AB The Imaging Services module of the Mars Exploration Rovers' on-board flight software is responsible for providing image data to the rest of the system. It acquires images from a suite of cameras, performs on-board image processing, labels the results with metadata, and delivers the final products to a diverse set of consumers, both on board and on the ground. The demands for flexibility and speed led to a design involving multiple tasks and a large set of parameters controlling the acquisition of the images, the on-board processing, and the method of product delivery. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Litwin, TE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Todd.E.Litwin@jpl.nasa.gov; Justin.N.Maki@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 895 EP 902 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800148 ER PT S AU Cheng, Y Maimone, M Matthies, L AF Cheng, Y Maimone, M Matthies, L GP IEEE TI Visual odometry on the mars exploration rovers SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE MER; mars exploration rover; visual odometry; motion estimation; egomotion AB NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) were designed to traverse in Viking Lander-I style terrains: mostly flat, with many small non-obstacle rocks and occasional obstacles. During actual operations in such terrains, onboard position estimates derived solely from the onboard Inertial Measurement Unit and wheel encoder-based odometry achieved well within the design goal of at most 10% error However MER vehicles were also driven along slippery slopes tilted as high as 31 degrees. In such conditions an additional capability was employed to maintain a sufficiently accurate onboard position estimate: Visual Odometry. The MER Visual Odometry system comprises onboard software for comparing stereo pairs taken by the pointable mast-mounted 45 degree FOV Navigation cameras (NAV-CAMs). The system computes an update to the 6-DOF rover pose (x, y, z, roll, pitch, yaw) by tracking the motion of autonomously-selected "interesting" terrain features between two pairs of stereo images, in both 2D pixel and 3D world coordinates. A maximum likelihood estimator is applied to the computed 3D offsets to produce a final, corrected estimate of vehicle motion between the two pairs. In this paper we describe the Visual Odometry algorithm used on the Mars Exploration Rovers, and summarize its results from the first year of operations on Mars. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Maimone, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM mark.maimone@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 903 EP 910 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800149 ER PT S AU Deen, RG Lorre, JJ AF Deen, RG Lorre, JJ GP IEEE TI Seeing in three dimensions: Correlation and triangulation of mars exploration rover imagery SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE stereo; computer vision; correlation; feature matching; triangulation; terrain; teleoperation AB The Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) use a man-in-the-loop system for control in most cases. While capable of some autonomous driving, all arm operations and most drives are planned on the ground. Planning these operations requires a precise knowledge of the terrain surrounding the rover: where are the rocks, the sand, the hazards. This terrain is derived from images taken by stereoscopic cameras. This paper describes in detail the middle parts of the ground-based terrain derivation process: correlation, which finds matching points in the stereo pair, and triangulation, which converts those points to XYZ coordinates. The algorithms and free parameters are described, followed by a discussion of the results obtained, the problems encountered, and possible avenues for future development. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Deen, RG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Bob.Deen@jpl.nasa.gov; Jean.Lorre@jpl.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 911 EP 916 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800150 ER PT S AU Leger, PC Deen, RG Bonitz, RG AF Leger, PC Deen, RG Bonitz, RG GP IEEE TI Remote image analysis for Mars exploratdon rover mobility and manipulation operations SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE image understanding; teleoperation; Mars; rovers; MER; Spirit; Opportunity AB NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers are two six-wheeled, 175-kg robotic vehicles which have operated on Mars for over a year as of March 2005. Each rover is controlled by a team who must understand the rover's surroundings and develop command sequences on a daily basis. The tight tactical planning timeline and ever-changing environment call for tools that allow quick assessment of potential manipulator targets and traverse goals, since command sequences must be developed in a matter of hours after receipt of new data from the rovers. Reachability maps give a visual indication of which targets are reachable by each rover's manipulator, while slope and solar energy maps show the rover operator which terrain areas are safe and unsafe from different standpoints. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Leger, PC (reprint author), Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Chris.Leger@jpl.nasa.gov; Bob.Deen@jpl.nasa.gov; Robert.G.Bonitz@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 917 EP 922 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800151 ER PT S AU Alexander, D Zamani, P Deen, R Andres, P Mortensen, H AF Alexander, D Zamani, P Deen, R Andres, P Mortensen, H GP IEEE TI Automated generation of image products for mars exploration rover mission tactical operations SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE MER; JPL; MIPL; Mars; rover; image; product; data; pipeline; process; work flow AB During the period of development prior to the January, 2004 landing of the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) project's twin robotic vehicles on Mars, mission operations personnel recognized the need for timely generation and delivery of camera image products for rover traverse planning purposes. The task was assigned to the Multimission Image Processing Laboratory (MIPL), an element of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). This paper will report on the ensuing design that involved sequentially transporting, or "pipelining", telemetered MER camera image data between disparate computer processes executed in parallel across multiple machine resources. Discussion will touch on the fundamental aspects of the system's event-driven processing strategy that provided autonomy in its operation. Overviews of the interconnecting process streams will be provided. In the end, it will be apparent to the reader that MIPL designed a system of image product generating systems built with robustness to meet rover planning requirements and with sufficient versatility to meet expanding operations needs in short order. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Alexander, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Douglass.A.Alexander@jpl.nasa.gov; Payam.Zamani@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 923 EP 929 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800152 ER PT S AU Maki, JN AF Maki, JN GP IEEE TI Operation and performance of the Mars exploration rover imaging system on the Martian surface SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE imaging system; cameras; rovers; Mars; operations AB The Imaging System on the Mars Exploration Rovers has successfully operated on the surface of Mars for over one Earth year. The acquisition of hundreds of panoramas and tens of thousands of stereo pairs has enabled the rovers to explore Mars at a level of detail unprecedented in the history of space exploration. In addition to providing scientific value, the images also play a key role in the daily tactical operation of the rovers. The mobile nature of the MER surface mission requires extensive use of the imaging system for traverse planning, rover localization, remote sensing instrument targeting, and robotic arm placement. Each of these activity types requires a different set of data compression rates, surface coverage, and image acquisition strategies. An overview of the surface imaging activities is provided, along with a summary of the image data acquired to date. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Justin.N.Maki@jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 930 EP 936 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210800153 ER PT S AU Norris, JS Powell, MW Fox, JM Rabe, KJ Shu, IH AF Norris, JS Powell, MW Fox, JM Rabe, KJ Shu, IH GP IEEE TI Science operations interfaces for Mars surface exploration SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE science activity planning; spatial databases; distributed operations; virtual field testing; agile development AB The Science Activity Planner (SAP) is the science planning tool used for the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission. This paper begins with an overview of the software developed for MER and how it was used for science downlink analysis and activity planning. The overview of SAP is then followed by a report on a number of new development efforts that aim to improve on the capabilities of SAP for future missions. The selected areas discussed herein include the application of geographical information systems in tactical downlink analysis, new strategies for distributed data access and planning support, a virtual field test capability to support "what if?" scenarios for new technologies and mission concepts, and the use of agile development methods to improve the development of Mars surface mission support software as a whole. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Norris, JS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Jeff.Norris@jpl.nasa.gov; Mark.Powell@jpl.nasa.gov; Kenrieth.Rabe@jpl.nasa.gov; I-Hsiang.Shu@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1365 EP 1371 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801062 ER PT S AU Wright, J Trebi-Ollennu, A Hartman, F Cooper, B Maxwell, S Yen, J Morrison, J AF Wright, J Trebi-Ollennu, A Hartman, F Cooper, B Maxwell, S Yen, J Morrison, J GP IEEE TI Terrain modelling for in-situ activity planning and rehearsal for the Mass Exploration Rovers SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE immersive environments; MER; terrain; modelling; visualization; Mars AB Immersive environments are being used to support mission operations at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This technology contributed to the Mars Pathfinder Mission in planning sorties for the Sojourner rover and is being used for the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) missions. The stereo imagery captured by the rovers is used to create 3D terrain models, which can be viewed from any angle, to provide a powerful and information rich immersive visualization experience. These technologies contributed heavily to both the mission success and the phenomenal level of public outreach achieved by Mars Pathfinder and MER. This paper will review the utilization of terrain modelling for immersive environments in support of MER.. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wright, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, MS 264-522,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1372 EP 1377 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801063 ER PT S AU Hartman, FR Cooper, B Leger, C Maxwell, S Wright, J Yen, J AF Hartman, FR Cooper, B Leger, C Maxwell, S Wright, J Yen, J GP IEEE TI Data visualization for effective Rover Sequencing SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE spacecraft commanding; surface operations; planetary rover; sequence visualization; data fusion; augmented reality AB The Rover Sequencing and Visualization Program is a suite Of tools for the commanding Of planetary rovers which are subject to significant light time delay and thus are unsuitable for tele-operation. The two main components of the program are the Rover Sequence Editor and HyperDrive. This paper will focus on HyperDrive, the immersive visualization component of the system. HyperDrive fuses multiple data types returned from the vehicle in order to facilitate an operator understanding of the current environment and past rover performance, so that safe effective command sequences for successful future rover activities may be generated on a tight tactical timeline. Multiple display and task specific interaction modalities are provided to most efficiently present relevant spatial and time series data to the sequence builder. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Hartman, FR (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Frank.Hartman@jpl.nasa.gov; Brian.Cooper@jpl.nasa.gov; Chris.Leger@jpl.nasa.gov; Scott.Maxwell@jpl.nasa.gov; John.Wright@jpl.nasa.gov; Jeng.Yen@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1378 EP 1383 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801064 ER PT S AU Maxwell, S Cooper, B Hartman, F Leger, C Wright, J Yen, J AF Maxwell, S Cooper, B Hartman, F Leger, C Wright, J Yen, J GP IEEE TI The best of both worlds: Integrating textual and visual command interfaces for Mars rover operations SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE Mars Exploration Rovers; RSVP AB A Mars rover is a complex system, and driving one is a complex endeavor. Rover drivers must be intimately familiar with the hardware and software of the mobility system and of the robotic arm. They must rapidly assess threats in the terrain, then creatively combine their knowledge of the vehicle and its environment to achieve each day's science and engineering objectives. To help the Mars Exploration Rover project's rover drivers meet their goals, the software we developed to drive the rovers -- the Rover Sequencing and Visualization Program, or RSVP -- combines two representations of command sequences, one textual and one using three-dimensional graphics. Changes to one representation are instantly reflected in the other, and the combination's advantages exceed the mere sum of the parts: the different representations offer different levels of abstraction, engage different areas of the driver's brain, and complement each other's strengths. This combination plays a crucial role in simplifying a complex feat of interplanetary exploration. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Maxwell, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM scott.maxwell@jpl.nasa.gov; brian.copper@jpl.nasa.gov; frank.hartman@jpl.nasa.gov; chris.leger@jpl.nasa.gov; jon.wright@jpl.nasa.gov; jeng.ten@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1384 EP 1388 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801065 ER PT S AU Edwards, L Sims, M Kunz, C Lees, D Bowman, J AF Edwards, L Sims, M Kunz, C Lees, D Bowman, J GP IEEE TI Photo-realistic terrain modeling and visualization for Mars Exploration Rover Science Operations SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE visualization; virtual reality; software architectures; simulation; stereo correlation; computer vision; surface reconstruction AB Modern NASA planetary exploration missions employ complex systems of hardware and software managed by large teams of engineers and scientists in order to study remote environments. The most complex and successful of these recent projects is the Mars Exploration Rover mission. The Computational Sciences Division at NASA Ames Research Center delivered a 3D visualization program, Viz, to the AHR mission that provides an immersive, interactive environment for science analysis of the remote planetary surface. In addition, Ames provided the Athena Science Team with high-quality terrain reconstructions generated with the Ames Stereo-pipeline. The on-site support team for these software systems responded to unanticipated opportunities to generate 3D terrain models during the primary AHR mission. This paper describes Viz, the Stereo-pipeline, and the experiences of the on-site team supporting the scientists at JPL during the primary AHR mission. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Edwards, L (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Laurence.J.Edwards@nasa.gov; Michael.H.Sims@nasa.gov; ckunz@arc.nasa.gov; lees@arc.nasa.gov; jdbowman@mit.edu NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1389 EP 1395 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801066 ER PT S AU Kim, WS Ansar, AI Steele, RD Steinke, RC AF Kim, WS Ansar, AI Steele, RD Steinke, RC GP IEEE TI Performance analysis and validation of a stereo vision system SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE stereo vision; stereo localization error; stereo correlation; subpixel interpolation; foreshortening AB This paper presents an in-depth performance analysis and validation of a correlation based stereo vision system being used as part of the ongoing 2003 Mars Exploration Rover flight mission. Our analysis includes the effects of correlation window size, pyramidal image down-sampling, vertical misalignment, focus, maximum disparity, stereo baseline, and range ripples. A key element of validation is to determine the stereo localization error both analytically and experimentally. We study both downrange and cross-range error and verify that while camera calibration inaccuracy contributes to both, stereo correlation error affects only the former. Error contributions of subpixel interpolation, vertical misalignment, and foreshortening on stereo correlation are examined carefully. A novel method using bricks with reflective metrology targets and a mast-mounted stereo camera system enabled experimental measurements of the stereo disparity error. The standard deviation of the downrange disparity error was measured at sigma=0.32 pixel for high-resolution 1024 x 768 camera images. The result is critical in evaluating accurate rover navigation and instrument placement within given error budgets. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Kim, WS (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Won.S.Kim@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1409 EP 1416 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801069 ER PT S AU Lee, PU AF Lee, PU GP IEEE TI Understanding human-human collaboration to guide human-computer interaction design in air traffic control SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE collaboration; automation; air traffic control; interaction design; human-computer interaction AB With increasing sophistication of automation in recent years, interaction between humans and automated systems has shifted from humans using automated tools to humans and automated systems "collaborating" with each other. In designing human-computer interactions in complex systems, researchers have drawn analogies between human-computer interaction and human-human collaboration. Although "collaboration" seemingly implies achieving shared goals between equitable partners, collaboration often involves partners who have different levels of authority and responsibility. One such environment is air traffic control (ATC) operations, in which controllers manage air traffic safely and efficiently with cooperation from pilots. This paper examines the nature of collaboration between controllers and pilots in current and future ATC operations. Key factors that drive human-human collaboration style in ATC are discussed. These factors are applicable to the design of automation and decision support tools future ATC operations. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SJSU, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Lee, PU (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, SJSU, Mail Stop 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM plee@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1598 EP 1603 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801101 ER PT S AU Gore, BF Jarvis, P AF Gore, BF Jarvis, P GP IEEE TI Modeling the complexities of human performance SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE human performance modeling; MIDAS; performance influencing factors; fatigue modeling; error modeling ID FATIGUE AB The Man-machine Integrated Design and,Analysis System (MIDAS) is an integrated human performance modeling software tool that symbolically represents a human's perceptual, cognitive and motor systems in an integrated fashion to produce emergent, high level behavioral predictions characteristic of actual human performance. MIDAS has been augmented in a number of significant ways to simulate even more realistic simulations of human behavior in various aerospace operational contexts. The effort undertaken in the current project culminated in an agent-based sub model (e.g. slots) that can be used by a variety of models to predict and recreate short- and long-term effects of stressors (fatigue, stress, time pressure, inadequate situation awareness, etc.) on performance in aerospace accidents/incidents causation. A computational simulation demonstrated performance influences brought to task performance by fatigue (as characterized by the Yerkes-Dodson theoretical threshold model) that is incurred while undertaking activities required to complete a goal behavior, and the impact of performance-influencing factors (PIFs) on human performance output by combining this with a primitive based action error vulnerability. This paper discusses the computational development effort undertaken in creating the conceptual relationship and PIF implementation in MIDAS. C1 San Jose State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Gore, BF (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 262-12, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM bgore@mail.arc.nasa.gov; pjarvis@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1604 EP 1609 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801102 ER PT S AU Matessa, M Remington, R AF Matessa, M Remington, R GP IEEE TI Reusable templates of human performance in space shuttle procedures SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE composable modeling; templates; GOMS AB One way to model human behavior easily and accurately is to decompose a complex task into a set of primitive operations to which performance parameters may be assigned. This allows reuse of models at the task level by means of behavioral templates. Performance predictions generated from reusable templates were tested against data from an experiment on space shuttle procedures. The experiment used different participant populations (novice pilots vs. expert astronauts) in different workload conditions (single vs. multiple malfunctions). A phrase-reading template was found to predict performance for the different groups in the different conditions, and a screen-touching template was found to predict performance for astronauts, but there was not enough data to evaluate cross-group and crosscondition predictions. Templates appear to be a useful tool for making predictions of human performance. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Human Factors Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Matessa, M (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Human Factors Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM mmatessa@arc.nasa.gov; rremington@arc.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1610 EP 1614 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801103 ER PT S AU Hayashi, M Beutter, B McCann, R AF Hayashi, M Beutter, B McCann, R GP IEEE TI Hidden Markov Model analysis for Space Shuttle crewmembers' scanning behavior SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE automation; eye movements; Hidden Markov Model (HMM); saccades; scan pattems; Space Shuttle cockpit displays; supervisory monitoring; visual search AB The paper describes the application of a novel analysis technique employing Hidden Markov Models (HWs) to analyze complex sequences of visual fixations and understand the supervisory monitoring strategies of Space Shuttle cockpit crewmembers. While HMM analysis has been shown to be useful for understanding the scanning behavior of aircraft pilots engaging in manual flight control, it has not yet been applied to the supervisory monitoring context. The paper presents a proof-of-concept demonstration by applying HMM analysis to the eye-movement data of a veteran Commander astronaut performing simulated ascent-phase operations. The paper also demonstrates how the resulting HMM parameters can be used to detect deviations from regular scan patterns. C1 San Jose State Univ Fdn, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Hayashi, M (reprint author), San Jose State Univ Fdn, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM mhayashi@mail.arc.nasa.gov; Brent.R.Beutter@nasa.gov; Robert.S.McCann@nasa.gov NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1615 EP 1622 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801104 ER PT S AU Watson, AB Ahumada, AJ AF Watson, AB Ahumada, AJ GP IEEE TI Spatial standard observer for visual technology SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE fovea; vision; contrast; detection; visibility; acuity; discrimination; model; modelfest; standard observer ID MODELS AB The Spatial Standard Observer (SSO) was developed in response to a need for a simple, practical tool for measurement of visibility and discriminability of spatial patterns. The SSO is a highly simplified model of human spatial vision, based on data collected in a large cooperative multi-lab project known as ModelFest. It incorporates only a few essential components, such as a local contrast transformation, contrast sensitivity function, local masking, and local pooling. The SSO may be useful in a wide variety of applications, such as evaluating vision from unmanned aerial vehicles, measuring visibility of damage to aircraft and to the shuttle orbiter, predicting outcomes of corrective laser eye surgery, inspection of displays during the manufacturing process, estimation of the quality of compressed digital video, evaluation of legibility of text, and predicting discriminability of icons or symbols in a graphical user interface. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Watson, AB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM Andrew.b.watson@nasa.gov; Al.Ahumada@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1623 EP 1627 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801105 ER PT S AU Ravinder, U Remington, RW Lee, SM AF Ravinder, U Remington, RW Lee, SM GP IEEE TI A reactive computational model of En-Route controller SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE computational models; human performance modeling; task analysis; templates; air traffic control; radar screen and En-Route controller AB Although computational modeling of human performance provides significant value in complex domains, its use has been mostly confined to simple human computer interaction (HCI) tasks due to difficulty in constructing models in such domains. The aim of this paper is to present the construction of a reactive human performance model from detailed cognitive task analysis in the Apex Cognitive Architecture [1]. We show the construction of a sequence of predicted human behavior from elementary human performance templates and further validate the templates by comparing the task completion times to the human-in-the-loop simulation data obtained from the Federal Aviation Administration. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ravinder, U (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Mail Stop 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM uravinder@mail.arc.nasa.gov; rremington@mail.arc.nasa.gov; smlee@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1628 EP 1633 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801106 ER PT S AU Krajewski, J Burke, K Lewicki, C Limonadi, D Trebi-Ollennu, A Voorhees, C AF Krajewski, J Burke, K Lewicki, C Limonadi, D Trebi-Ollennu, A Voorhees, C GP IEEE TI MER: From landing to six wheels on Mars... Twice SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE MER; ITE; Rover deployments; airbags; standup; egress; surface operations; spacecraft mechanisms AB Application of the Pathfinder landing system design to enclose the much larger Mars Exploration Rover required a variety of Rover deployments to achieve the surface driving configuration. The project schedule demanded that software design, engineering model test, and flight hardware build be accomplished in parallel. This challenge was met through (a) bounding unknown environments against which to design and test, (b) early mechanical prototype testing, (c) constraining the scope of on-board autonomy to survival-critical deployments, (d) executing a balance of nominal and off-nominal test cases, (e) developing off-nominal event mitigation techniques before landing, 69 flexible replanning in response to surprises during operations. Here is discussed several specific events encountered during initial MER surface operations. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Krajewski, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Joel.A.Krajewski@jpl.nasa.gov; Kevin.A.Burke@jpl.nasa.gov; Christopher.A.Lewicki@jpl.nasa.gov; Daniel.Limonadi@jpl.nasa.gov; Ashitey.Trebi-Ollennu@jpl.nasa.gov; Christopher.J.Voorhees@jpl.nasa.gov NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1791 EP 1798 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801133 ER PT S AU Trebi-Ollennu, A Baumgartner, ET Leger, PC Bonitz, RG AF Trebi-Ollennu, A Baumgartner, ET Leger, PC Bonitz, RG GP IEEE TI Robotic arm in-situ operations for the Mars Exploration Rovers surface mission SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE manipulation; in situ robotics; command sequencing; Mars Exploration; surface operations; planetary robotics ID GUSEV CRATER; SPECTROMETER; ROCKS; SOILS AB This paper describes the operations of the 5 degree-of-freedom Instrument Deployment Device (IDD), a dexterous robotic manipulator on the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity. The unprecedented flawless operations of the IDD enabled precise and reliable placement of at least 3 in situ instruments in sequential order on a designated target position on Martian rock/soil any time during the Martian diurnal cycle (day or night). These placements demonstrated a repeatability of similar to 1 mm in position and similar to 1 degree in orientation. This operations breakthrough is under-appreciated, but it alone enabled the scientist to characterize a wide range of rocks and soils in a timely manner in the hunt for geological clues that revealed that the planet was once rich in water. In this paper we describe the IDD planning and command sequence generation process used to place and hold in situ instruments directly against rock and soil targets of interest within the IDD work volume. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Ashitey.Trebi-Oliennu@jpl.nasa.gov; Eric.T.Baumgartner@jpl.nasa.gov; Chris.Leger@jpl.nasa.gov; Robert.G.Bonitz@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1799 EP 1806 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801134 ER PT S AU Tunstel, E Maimone, M Trebi-Ollennu, A Yen, J Petras, R Willson, R AF Tunstel, E Maimone, M Trebi-Ollennu, A Yen, J Petras, R Willson, R GP IEEE TI Mars exploration rover mobility and robotic arm operational performance SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE Mars Exploration Rovers; space robotics; human-robot systems; mobility; performance assessment AB Increased attention has been focused in recent years on human-machine systems, how they are architected, and how they should operate. The purpose of this paper is to describe an actual instance of a practical human-robot system used on a NASA Mars rover mission that has been underway since January 2004 involving daily interaction between humans on Earth and mobile robots on Mars. The emphasis is on the human-robot collaborative arrangement and the performance enabled by mobility and robotic arm software functionality during the first 90 days of the mission. Mobile traverse distance, accuracy, and rate as well as robotic arm operational accuracy achieved by the system is presented. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Tunstel, E (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM tunstel@robotics.jpl.nasa.gov NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1807 EP 1814 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801135 ER PT S AU Leger, PC Trebi-Ollennu, A Wright, JR Maxwell, SA Bonitz, RG Biesiadecki, JJ Hartman, FR Cooper, BK Baumgartner, ET Maimone, MW AF Leger, PC Trebi-Ollennu, A Wright, JR Maxwell, SA Bonitz, RG Biesiadecki, JJ Hartman, FR Cooper, BK Baumgartner, ET Maimone, MW GP IEEE TI Mars Exploration Rover surface operations: Driving Spirit at Gusev Crater SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE planetary robotics; mobility; MER; Mars; rovers AB Spirit is one of two rovers that landed on Mars in January 2004 as part of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover mission. As of July 2005, Spirit has traveled over 4.5 kilometers across the Martian surface while investigating rocks and soils, digging trenches to examine subsurface materials, and climbing hills to reach outcrops of bedrock. Originally designed to last 90 sols (Martian days), Spirit has survived over 500 sols of operation and continues to explore. During the mission, we achieved increases in efficiency, accuracy, and traverse capability through increasingly complex command sequences, growing experience, and updates to the on-board and ground-based software. Safe and precise mobility on slopes and in the presence of obstacles has been a primary factor in development of new software and techniques. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Leger, PC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM chris.leger@jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1815 EP 1822 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801136 ER PT S AU Biesiadecki, JJ Baumgartner, ET Bonitz, RG Cooper, BK Hartman, FR Leger, PC Maimone, MW Maxwell, SA Trebi-Ollenu, A Tunstel, EW Wright, JR AF Biesiadecki, JJ Baumgartner, ET Bonitz, RG Cooper, BK Hartman, FR Leger, PC Maimone, MW Maxwell, SA Trebi-Ollenu, A Tunstel, EW Wright, JR GP IEEE TI Mars Exploration Rover surface operations: Driving opportunity at Meridiani Planum SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc AB On January 24, 2004, the Mars Exploration Rover named Opportunity successfully landed in the region of Mars known as Meridiani Planum, a vast plain dotted with craters where orbiting spacecraft had detected the signatures of minerals believed to have formed in liquid water. The first pictures back from Opportunity revealed that the rover had landed in a crater roughly 20 meters in diameter - the only sizeable crater within hundreds of meters which became known as Eagle Crater. And in the walls of this crater just meters away was the bedrock MER scientists had been hoping to find, which would ultimately prove that this region of Mars did indeed have a watery past. Opportunity explored Eagle Crater for almost two months, then drove more than 700 meters in one month to its next destination, the much larger Endurance Crater After surveying the outside of Endurance Crater Opportunity drove into the crater and meticulously studied it for six months. Then it went to examine the heat shield that had protected Opportunity during its descent through the Martian atmosphere. More than a year since landing, Opportunity is still going strong and is currently en route to Victoria Crater - more than six kilometers from Endurance Crater Opportunity has driven more than four kilometers, examined more than eighty patches of rock and soil with instruments on the robotic arm, excavated four trenches for subsurface sampling, and sent back well over thirty thousand images of Mars - ranging from grand panoramas to up close microscopic views. This paper will detail the experience of driving Opportunity through this alien landscape from the point of view of the Rover Planners, the people who tell the rover where to drive and how to use its robotic arm. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Biesiadecki, JJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM Jeffrey.J.Biesiadecki@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 1823 EP 1830 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210801137 ER PT S AU Barrett, A AF Barrett, A GP IEEE TI Distributing a model-based executive for robot teams SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE systems modeling & control; multi-agent systems; distributed AI AB This paper presents a way to command a system of systems robustly as a single entity. Instead of modeling each component system in isolation and then manually crafting interaction protocols, this approach starts with a model of the collective population as a single system. By compiling the model into separate elements for each component system and utilizing a teamwork model for coordination, it circumvents the complexities of manually crafting robust interaction protocols. The resulting system is both globally responsive by virtue of a team oriented interaction model and locally responsive by virtue of a distributed approach to model-based fault detection, isolation, and recovery. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Barrett, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Anthony.Barrett@jpl.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 2305 EP 2310 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210802051 ER PT S AU Oza, NC AF Oza, NC GP IEEE TI Online bagging and boosting SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE bagging; boosting; ensemble learning; online learning AB Bagging and boosting are two of the most well-known ensemble learning methods due to their theoretical performance guarantees and strong experimental results. However, these algorithms have been used mainly in batch mode, i.e., they require the entire training set to be available at once and, in some cases, require random access to the data. In this paper, we present online versions of bagging and boosting that require only one pass through the training data. We build on previously presented work by describing some theoretical results. We also compare the online and batch algorithms experimentally in terms of accuracy and running time. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Oza, NC (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Mail Stop 369-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM oza@email.arc.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 2340 EP 2345 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210802057 ER PT S AU Srivastava, AN Schumann, J Fischer, B AF Srivastava, AN Schumann, J Fischer, B GP IEEE TI An ensemble approach to building mercer kernels with prior information SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc AB This paper presents a new methodology for automatic knowledge driven data mining based on the theory of Mercer Kernels, which are highly nonlinear symmetric positive definite mappings from the original image space to a very high, possibly infinite dimensional feature space. We describe a new method called Mixture Density Mercer Kernels (MDMK) to learn kernel function directly from data, rather than using pre-defined kernels. These data adaptive kernels can encode prior knowledge in the kernel using a Bayesian formulation, thus allowing for physical information to be encoded in the model. Specifically, we demonstrate the use of the algorithm in situations with extremely small samples of data. We compare the results with existing algorithms on data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and demonstrate the method's superior performance against standard methods. The results show that the Mixture Density Mercer Kernel described here outperforms tree-based classification in distinguishing high-redshift galaxies from low-redshift galaxies by approximately 16% on test data, bagged trees by approximately 7%, and bagged trees built on a much larger sample of data by approximately 2%. The code for these experiments has been generated with the AutoBayes tool, which automatically generates efficient and documented C/C++ code from abstract statistical model specifications. The core of the system is a schema library which contains templates for learning and knowledge discovery algorithms like different versions of EM, or numeric optimization methods like conjugate gradient methods. The template instantiation is supported by symbolic-algebraic computations, which allows AutoBayes to find closed-form solutions and, where possible, to integrate them into the code. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA 94043 USA. RP Srivastava, AN (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Moffett Field, CA 94043 USA. EM ashok@email.arc.nasa.gov; schumann@riacs.edu; fisch@riacs.edu NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 2352 EP 2359 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210802059 ER PT S AU Wheeler, R Chang, M Volk, S AF Wheeler, R Chang, M Volk, S GP IEEE TI Improving work process information flows: A case study SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE concurrent engineering; rapid prototyping; user centered design; real time design; work process support systems; case study AB The lessons learned from a grass roots effort involving information systems developers and engineers in the design and development of a customized work process support system, named Fredrik, are discussed. The information system developed is a dynamic, web-based work process system to support the end-to-end scheduling, planning, design and documentation activities of an "extreme collaboration "design team. The system is used to help schedule and manage multiple pre-design session meetings, to track and store information gathered and generated before, during and after a real time design session, and to facilitate document and design information retrieval for later re-use. While the close partnering between the users and developers solved some long standing trust issues, and resulted in a system more optimized to the engineering team's needs, the participatory design process inadvertenly produced a less stable and sexy system potentially affecting future sources of funding for upgrading the system. C1 Jet Propuls Lab, Syst & Software Div, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wheeler, R (reprint author), Jet Propuls Lab, Syst & Software Div, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Rebecca.wheeler@jpl.nasa.gov; Melody.Chang@jpl.nasa.gov; Susan.Volk@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 2402 EP 2407 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210802067 ER PT S AU Meshkat, L Feather, MS AF Meshkat, L Feather, MS GP IEEE TI Decision & risk based design structures: Decision support needs for conceptual, concurrent design SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE concurrent design; decision support systems; risk; and design rationale AB In this paper, we elaborate on the decision support needs during conceptual, concurrent design. For this purpose, we consider the type of decision aids that might be helpful to the designers during design, and the information needed by the applications of the products of the design that could be captured and structured by these decision aid tools and processes. We explain our current thoughts and recommendations with respect to the research challenges in this area based on our experience with conceptual, concurrent design teams, as wen as our synthesis of the first NASA sponsored workshop on "Decision Based Design Structures" that was held on October 6, 7, & 8(th) 2004 to address some of the same issues. The design context under consideration is Space Missions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Meshkat, L (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. EM leila.meshkat@jpl.nasa.gov; martin.feather@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 2408 EP 2412 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210802068 ER PT S AU Barrientos, FA Pedersen, ER Tumer, IY AF Barrientos, FA Pedersen, ER Tumer, IY GP IEEE TI Towards failure-based decision-making during design: user-centered design meets design methods research SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE user-centered design; decision support; engineering design methods AB The Function Failure Design Method was introduced to enable failure-based decision-making during the early stages of conceptual design. In ongoing work, design researchers are validating this design method on NASA mission design data. To facilitate the adoption of this method by practicing design engineers, a usercentered design approach is applied to the development of the design method tools. This paper describes the multi-disciplinary approach used in this development effort which brings together user-centered design and design methodology research. The preliminary findings include descriptions of user work practice that should be supported by the decision-support tools. The goal of this work is to develop user interface prototype technologies to the level where they can be deployed in usability studies. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Complex Syst Design Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Intelligent Syst Div, Complex Syst Design Grp, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM francesca.a.barientos@nasa.gov; elin@kraka.com; irem.y.tumer@nasa.gov NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 2413 EP 2419 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210802069 ER PT S AU Callantine, TJ AF Callantine, TJ GP IEEE TI Computational modeling of air traffic control: Terminal area case study SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE air traffic control; agents; control strategy; coordination; flight management system AB This paper presents an air traffic control modeling case study in which agent performance on a simulated terminal-area air traffic control task was compared with human air traffic controller performance. The paper first provides background on the simulation with human air traffic controllers, and on prior air traffic control modeling research. It then presents an agent model that enables various air traffic control strategies to be evaluated. Results for four different control strategy models show that agent performance compares more favorably to human performance when clearance alternatives and resultant aircraft behaviors are more constrained. Ae paper discusses these results and describes proposed fiaure enhancements. The research was conducted with support from the NASA Aviation Safety Program. C1 San Jose State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Callantine, TJ (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. EM tcallantine@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 2449 EP 2454 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210802075 ER PT S AU Stoica, A Keymeulen, D Csaszar, A Gan, Q Hidalgo, T Moore, J Newton, J Sandoval, S Xu, JJ AF Stoica, A Keymeulen, D Csaszar, A Gan, Q Hidalgo, T Moore, J Newton, J Sandoval, S Xu, JJ GP IEEE TI Humanoids for lunar and planetary surface operations SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE tracking; filtering; estimation; information fusion; resource management AB This paper presents a vision of humanoid robots as human's key partners in future space exploration, in particular for construction, maintenance/repair and operation of lunar/planetary habitats, bases and settlements. It integrates this vision with the recent plans for human and robotic exploration, aligning a set of milestones for operational capability of humanoids with the schedule for the next decades and development spirals in the Project Constellation. These milestones relate to a set of incremental challenges, for the solving of which new humanoid technologies are needed. 4 system of systems integrative approach that would lead to readiness of cooperating humanoid crews is sketched. Robot fostering, training/education techniques, and improved cognitive/sensory/motor development techniques are considered essential elements for achieving intelligent humanoids. A pilot project in this direction is outlined. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Stoica, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM adrian.stoica@jpl.nasa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 2649 EP 2654 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210802108 ER PT S AU Lee, SM Remington, RW Ravinder, U AF Lee, SM Remington, RW Ravinder, U GP IEEE TI A framework for Modeling and simulating human behavior in complex systems SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE agent-based modeling and simulation; complex systems; emergent behavior; human performance model AB Agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) is of increasing interest for the analysis of complex systems consisting of a large number of subsystems interacting with each other in complex ways to accomplish their goals. The overall dynamic behavior of such a complex system typically emerges from the interactions among subsystems of the system. This paper describes a framework for modeling and simulating such complex systems. Of particular interest is developing a computational agent model of human operators interacting with other technical systems in a complex system. We present an example of developing and incorporating a human agent modeling system into an agent-based simulation system to support the design and evaluation of advanced air transportation concepts. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Lee, SM (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM smlee@mail.arc.nasa.gov; rremington@mail.arc.nasa.gov; uravinder@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 3161 EP 3166 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210803028 ER PT S AU Huntsberger, T Stroupe, A Kennedy, B AF Huntsberger, T Stroupe, A Kennedy, B GP IEEE TI System of systems for space construction SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE system of systems; multi-robot; degree of autonomy; information fusion; resource management ID MULTIROBOT SYSTEMS; ARCHITECTURE; DESIGN AB The U.S. National Vision for Space Exploration callsfor a sustained and affordable human and robotic program to explore the solar system, starting with a human return to the Moon by 2020. Key to this vision is the development of robotic systems for site preparation, habitat construction, deploying infrastructure, and repair in space and on Lunar and planetary surfaces. This paper discusses a system of systems approach to the development of these capabilities, and includes some preliminary experimental studies of multi-robot surface construction operations with the JPL Robotic Construction Crew (RCC). C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM terry.huntsberger@jpl.nasa.gov; ashley.stroupe@jpl.nasa.gov; brett.kennedy@jpl.nasa.gov NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 3173 EP 3178 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210803030 ER PT S AU Dvorak, DL Indictor, MB Ingham, MD Rasmussen, RD Stringfellow, MV AF Dvorak, DL Indictor, MB Ingham, MD Rasmussen, RD Stringfellow, MV GP IEEE TI A unifying framework for systems modeling, control systems design, and system operation SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE systems modeling; control architecture; software design; human/machine systems AB Current engineering practice in the analysis and design of large-scale multi-disciplinary control systems is typified by some form of decomposition-whether functional or physical or discipline-based-that enables multiple teams to work in parallel and in relative isolation. Too often, the resulting system after integration is an awkward marriage of different control and data mechanisms with poor end-to-end accountability. System of systems engineering, which faces this problem on a large scale, cries out for a unifying framework to guide analysis, design, and operation. This paper describes such a framework for semi-autonomous control systems that guides analysis and modeling, shapes control system software design, and directly specifies operational intent. This paper illustrates the key concepts in the context of a large-scale, concurrent, globally distributed system of systems: NASA's proposed array-based Deep Space Network. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Syst & Software Div, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Dvorak, DL (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Syst & Software Div, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM daniel.l.dvorak@jpl.nasa.gov; mark.b.indictor@jpl.nasa.gov; michel.d.ingham@jpl.nasa.gov; robert.d.rasmussen@jpl.nasa.gov; margaret.v.stringfellow@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 3648 EP 3653 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210803109 ER PT S AU Wagner, DA AF Wagner, DA GP IEEE TI Data management in the mission data system SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE data management; data accountability; resource management; mission data system; MDS AB As spacecraft systems evolve from simple embedded devices to become more sophisticated computing platforms with complex behaviors it is increasingly necessary to model and manage the flow of data, and to provide uniform models for managing data that promote adaptability, yet pay heed to the physical limitations of the embedded and space environments. The Mission Data System (MDS) defines a software architecture in which both control theory and end-to-end data management provide the primary guiding principles. This paper describes how the MDS architecture facilitates data accountability and storage resource management. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Wagner, DA (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,M-S 301-270, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM david.a.wagner@jpl.nasa.gov NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 3788 EP 3792 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210803131 ER PT S AU Chien, S Sherwood, R Tran, D Cichy, B Rabideau, G Castano, R Davies, A Frye, S Trout, B D'Agostino, J Shulman, S Mandl, D Boyer, D AF Chien, S Sherwood, R Tran, D Cichy, B Rabideau, G Castano, R Davies, A Frye, S Trout, B D'Agostino, J Shulman, S Mandl, D Boyer, D GP IEEE TI The autonomous sciencecraft embedded systems architecture SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE autonomy; agents; three layer architectures AB An Autonomous Science Agent has been flying onboard the Earth Observing One Spacecraft since 2003. This software enables the spacecraft to autonomously detect and responds to science events occurring on the Earth such as volcanoes, flooding, and snow melt. This agent includes artificial intelligence software systems that perform science data analysis, deliberative planning, and run-time robust execution. This software is in routine use to fly the EO-1 mission. In this paper we discuss the architecture used to integrate these systems and lessons learned from its multi-year flight on EO-1. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Chien, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 3927 EP 3932 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210803154 ER PT S AU Prevot, T AF Prevot, T GP IEEE TI On the design of integrated air/ground automation SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE human automation interaction; air traffic management; air ground integration AB This paper addresses the design of automation for the primary operators in the air transportation system. air traffic controllers and flight crews. The modernization of the airspace system requires the implementation of extensive integrated automation support in air traffic control facilities and on flight decks. Research in the human factors division at NASA Ames Research Center over the past seven years has focused on prototyping and evaluating both air and ground aspects of envisioned future air traffic management concepts. This paper presents an example of automating an air traffic control task. It expresses lessons learned and views on the process of designing automation for the very complex and distributed air traffic system. C1 San Jose State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Prevot, T (reprint author), San Jose State Univ, NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM tprevot@mail.arc.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 3933 EP 3938 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210803155 ER PT S AU Behar, A Raymond, C Matthews, J Means, E AF Behar, A Raymond, C Matthews, J Means, E GP IEEE TI The JPL PAUSE aerobot SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE aerobot; mars missions; magnetometer AB The PAUSE (Picosat and Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Systems Engineering) project, currently under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California and the University of California at Los Angeles, is a high-altitude balloon-based aerobot which carries a gondola outfitted with various instruments. An aerobot is a robot designed to fly in the atmosphere of planets and moons, providing extensive regional access while gathering high resolution data. Aerobots have a multitude of applications such as mapping a terrestrial surface, ground surveillance, and in-situ atmospheric composition surveying. The latest version of PAUSE was deployed from Oregon where it successfully relayed live GPS, temperature, altitude, velocity, battery status, images, and magnetometer data to multiple ground stations. The goals of PAUSE are to demonstrate that existing technologies can be used for Aero-Robotic exploration and to develop new technology where existing options prove unsatisfactory. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Behar, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Alberto.Behar@jpl.nasa.gov; Carol.A.Raymond@jpl.nasa.gov; Jaret.B.Matthews@jpl.nasa.gov; Erin.K.Means@jpl.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 3939 EP 3943 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210803156 ER PT S AU Chien, S Cichy, B Davies, A Tran, D Rabideau, G Castano, R Sherwood, R Nghiem, S Mandl, D Frye, S Shulman, S Ungar, S Brakke, T Descloitres, J Jones, J Grosvenor, S Greeley, R Doggett, T Baker, V Dohm, J Ip, F AF Chien, S Cichy, B Davies, A Tran, D Rabideau, G Castano, R Sherwood, R Nghiem, S Mandl, D Frye, S Shulman, S Ungar, S Brakke, T Descloitres, J Jones, J Grosvenor, S Greeley, R Doggett, T Baker, V Dohm, J Ip, F GP IEEE TI An automous earth observing sensorweb SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE remote sensing; spacecraft autonomy; artificial intelligence ID MODIS AB We describe a network of sensors linked by software and the internet to an autonomous satellite observation response capability. This system of systems is designed with a flexible, modular, architecture to facilitate expansion in sensors, customization of trigger conditions, and customization of responses. This system has been used to implement a global surveillance program of science phenomena including volcanoes, flooding, cryosphere events, and atmosphere phenomena. In this paper we describe the importance of the earth observing sensorweb application as well as overall architecture for the system of systems. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Chien, S (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM chien@aig.jpl.nasa.gov RI Dohm, James/A-3831-2014 NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 3944 EP 3951 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210803157 ER PT S AU Zheng, WH Marzwell, NI Chau, SN AF Zheng, WH Marzwell, NI Chau, SN GP IEEE TI In-system partial run-time reconfiguration for fault recovery applications on spacecrafts SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN AND CYBERNETICS, VOL 1-4, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 10-12, 2005 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc DE RTR; partial run-time reconfiguration; Xilinx; FPGA AB This paper presents a methodology for partially reconfiguring a Field Programmable Gate array (FPGA) device using only limited onboard resources. This paper also seeks to provide a roadmap to developing necessary tools and technologies to help design self-sufficient Partial Run-Time Reconfigurable systems for spacecraft avionic systems. To provide a vision for the technology, this paper recommends a few possible applications in spacecraft avionic systems, in fault tolerance and space-saving hardware. In addition, some previous work done on the research for reconfigurable, modular avionics are also presented at the end as an example of applications. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Div Autonomous Syst 34, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zheng, WH (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Div Autonomous Syst 34, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Hua.Zheng@jpl.nasa.gov; Neville.I.Marzwell@jpl.nasa.gov; Savio.N.Chau@jpl.nasa.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 0-7803-9298-1 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2005 BP 3952 EP 3957 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Computer Science GA BDT16 UT WOS:000235210803158 ER PT J AU Cowings, PS Toscano, WB Timbers, A Casey, C Hufnagel, J AF Cowings, PS Toscano, WB Timbers, A Casey, C Hufnagel, J TI Autogenic feedback training exercise: A treatment for airsickness in military pilots SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOTION SICKNESS; PERFORMANCE; RESPONSES; STRESS; PROMETHAZINE; BIOFEEDBACK; MANAGEMENT AB In this article, we present physiological data from 2 male pilots who completed a 6-hr training program for control of motion sickness at National Aeronautic and Space Administration Ames Research Center. The program consisted of an Autogenic Feedback Training Exercise in which research participants learn through operant conditioning techniques to regulate several physiological responses to suppress their symptoms. We evaluated training progress during rotating-chair motion sickness tests. We assessed motion sickness tolerance by calculating the number of cumulative rotations that research participants were able to achieve in the rotating chair prior to reaching their major malaise endpoint. We rated motion sickness symptoms using a standard diagnostic scale. We obtained physiological data from one pilot during a training flight in an F-18 aircraft after completion of his training. Results demonstrate a significant increase in tolerance to laboratory-induced motion sickness tests and a reduction in autonomic nervous system response levels following training. During subsequent flight qualification tests on F-18 and T-38 aircraft, both pilots were successful at controlling their airsickness and were returned to active flight status. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA Ames Res Ctr, Educ Assoc Program, Moffett Field, CA USA. RP Cowings, PS (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, TH 262-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM patricia.s.cowings@nasa.gov NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 7 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2005 VL 15 IS 4 BP 395 EP 412 DI 10.1207/s15327108ijap1504_6 PG 18 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 979KP UT WOS:000232941200006 ER PT J AU Jackson, KE Fasanella, EL AF Jackson, KE Fasanella, EL TI Crash simulation of a vertical drop test of a commuter-class aircraft SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRASHWORTHINESS LA English DT Article DE aircraft crash testing and simulation; nonlinear explicit; transient dynamic finite element simulation; test-analysis correlation; LS-DYNA; crashworthiness AB A finite element model of an ATR42-300 commuter-class aircraft was developed and a crash simulation was executed. Analytical predictions were correlated with data obtained from a 30 ft/s (9.14 m/s) vertical drop test of the aircraft. The purpose of the test was to evaluate the structural response of the aircraft when subjected to a severe, but survivable, impact. The aircraft was configured with seats, dummies, luggage, and other ballast. The wings were filled with 8,700 lb. (3,946 kg) of water to represent the fuel. The finite element model, which consisted of 57,643 nodes and 62,979 elements, was developed from direct measurements of the airframe geometry. The seats, dummies, luggage, fuel, and other ballast were represented using concentrated masses. The model was executed in LS-DYNA, a commercial code for performing explicit transient dynamic simulations. Predictions of structural deformation and selected time-history responses were generated. The simulation was successfully validated through extensive test-analysis correlation. C1 USA, Res Lab, Vehicle Technol Directorate, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Jackson, KE (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Vehicle Technol Directorate, NASA Langley Res Ctr, MS495, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM karen.e.iackson-1@nasa.gov NR 15 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU WOODHEAD PUBL LIMITED PI LETCHWORTH PA BLACKHORSE RD, LETCHWORTH SG6 1HN, HERTS, ENGLAND SN 1358-8265 J9 INT J CRASHWORTHINES JI Int. J. Crashworthiness PY 2005 VL 10 IS 2 BP 173 EP 182 DI 10.1533/ijcr.2005.0336 PG 10 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 910BU UT WOS:000227905200005 ER PT J AU Amador, JJ Green, RW AF Amador, JJ Green, RW TI Symmetric-key block cipher for image and text cryptography SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMAGING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cryptography; symmetric-key; block cipher; cryptanalysis ID ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM; ATTACK; COLOR AB Public-key cryptography has been widely accepted as the method in which data is encrypted, using algorithms such as the widely known and popularly used RSA algorithm. However, management of the public-key and its storage is an on-going issue. To avoid these problems the symmetric-key approach can be taken, where there is only one key and it must be kept secret. Presented in this paper is a new cipher based on symmetric-key cryptography, called the NASA/Kennedy Cipher (N/KC), and further designed as a block cipher using 128-bit blocks. The minimum key size is set at 128 bits with a maximum allowable of 2048 bits, modulus 2. The main focus of this work is encryption of image data for the purpose of protecting intellectual properties. However, empirical results are presented on N/KC's ability of encrypting and decrypting text data in the form of vectors and documents as well. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NASA, John F Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. RP NASA, John F Kennedy Space Ctr, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL 32899 USA. EM Jose.J.Amador@nasa.gov NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0899-9457 EI 1098-1098 J9 INT J IMAG SYST TECH JI Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol. PY 2005 VL 15 IS 3 BP 178 EP 188 DI 10.1002/ima.20050 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 979VE UT WOS:000232972300004 ER PT J AU Li, K Li, BQ Handa, J de Groh, HC AF Li, K Li, BQ Handa, J de Groh, HC TI Three-dimensional numerical simulation of g-jitter induced convection and solute transport in magnetic fields SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL METHODS FOR HEAT & FLUID FLOW LA English DT Article DE simulation; crystal growth; fluid flow; cheat transfer; magnetic fields ID SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTAL-GROWTH; G-SENSITIVITY; MICROGRAVITY AB Purpose - The quality of crystals grown in space can be diversely affected by the melt flows induced by g-jitter associated with a space vehicle. This paper presents a full three-dimensional (3D) transient finite element analysis of the complex fluid flow and heat and mass transfer phenomena in a simplified Bridgman crystal growth configuration under the influence of g-jitter perturbations and magnetic fields. Design/methodology/approach - The model development is based on the Galerkin finite element solution of the magnetohydrodynamic governing equations describing the thermal convection and heat and mass transfer in the melt. A physics-based re-numbering algorithm is used to make the formidable 3D simulations computationally feasible. Simulations are made using steady microgravity, synthetic and real g-jitter data taken during a space flight. Findings - Numerical results show that g-jitter drives a complex, 3D, time dependent thermal convection and that velocity spikes in response to real g-jitter disturbances in space flights, resulting in irregular solute concentration distributions. An applied magnetic field provides an effective means to suppress the deleterious convection effects caused by g-jitter. Based on the simulations with applied magnetic fields of various strengths and orientations, the magnetic field aligned with the thermal gradient provides an optimal damping effect, and the stronger magnetic field is more effective in suppressing the g-jitter induced convection. While the convective flows and solute transport are complex and truly 3D, those in the symmetry plane parallel to the direction of g-jitter are essentially two-dimensional (2D), which may be approximated well by the widely used 2D models. Originality/value - The physics-based re-numbering algorithm has made possible the large scale finite element computations for 3D g-jitter flows in a magnetic field. The results indicate that an applied magnetic field can be effective in suppressing the g-jitter driven flows and thus enhance the quality of crystals grown in space. C1 Washington State Univ, Sch Mech & Mat Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. RP Li, K (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Sch Mech & Mat Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LIMITED PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0961-5539 J9 INT J NUMER METHOD H JI Int. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow PY 2005 VL 15 IS 8 BP 872 EP 893 DI 10.1108/09615530510625138 PG 22 WC Thermodynamics; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mathematics; Mechanics GA 991YF UT WOS:000233850100006 ER PT J AU Pindera, MJ Aboudi, J Arnold, SM AF Pindera, MJ Aboudi, J Arnold, SM TI Analysis of the spallation mechanism suppression in plasma-sprayed TBCs through the use of heterogeneous bond coat architectures SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLASTICITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Plasticity CY JUL 07-10, 2003 CL Quebec City, CANADA ID THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS; FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS; HIGHER-ORDER THEORY; COMPOSITES; OXIDATION; EVOLUTION; STRESSES; BEHAVIOR; FRACTURE AB This paper critically examines the use of heterogeneous bond coats to increase the durability of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings under spatially-uniform cyclic thermal loading. A major failure mechanism in these types of coatings involves spallation of the top coat caused by the top/bond coat thermal expansion mismatch concomitant with deposition-induced top/ bond coat interfacial roughness, oxide film growth and creep-induced normal stress reversal at the rough interface's peaks. The reduction of the top/bond coat thermal expansion mismatch aimed at increasing coating durability can be achieved by embedding alumina particles in the bond coat. Herein, we analyze the evolution of local stress and inelastic strain fields in the vicinity of the rough top/bond coat interface during thermal cycling, and how these fields are influenced by the presence of spatially uniform and non-uniform (graded) distributions of alumina particles in the metallic bond coat. The analysis is conducted using the higher-order theory for functionally graded materials which accounts for the high-temperature creep/relaxation effects within the individual TBC constituents. In the presence of two-phase bond coat microstructures, both the actual and homogenized bond coat properties are employed in the analysis in order to highlight the limitations of the prevalent homogenization-based approach applied to graded materials. The results reveal that the use of heterogeneous, two-phase bond coats, with spatially uniform or graded microstructures, while slightly suppressing the normal stress component evolution in the interfacial peak region, increases the magnitude of the shear stress component as well as the inelastic strain evolution in this region, thereby potentially promoting delamination initiation. The analysis based on homogenized bond coat microstructure produces misleading results relative to how the bond coat heterogeneity affects the magnitude of the normal and shear stress, and inelastic strain, components. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Civil Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Univ Virginia, Appl Mech Grp, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Pindera, MJ (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Civil Engn, Thornton Hall,POB 400742, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM mp3g@virginia.edu NR 34 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0749-6419 J9 INT J PLASTICITY JI Int. J. Plast. PY 2005 VL 21 IS 6 BP 1061 EP 1096 DI 10.1016/j.ijplas.2004.02.004 PG 36 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 899JP UT WOS:000227141000002 ER PT J AU Pikuta, EV Marsic, D Bej, A Tang, J Krader, P Hoover, RB AF Pikuta, EV Marsic, D Bej, A Tang, J Krader, P Hoover, RB TI Carnobacterium pleistocenium sp nov., a novel psychrotolerant, facultative anaerobe isolated from permafrost of the Fox Tunnel in Alaska SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LACTOBACILLUS-MALTAROMICUS; RENATURATION RATES; MONO LAKE; PISCICOLA; CALIFORNIA; BACTERIA; WEIGHT; DNA AB A novel, psychrotolerant, facultative anaerobe, strain FTR1(T), was isolated from Pleistocene ice from the permafrost tunnel in Fox, Alaska. Gram-positive, motile, rod-shaped cells were observed with sizes 0(.)6-0(.)7 x 0(.)9-1(.)5 mum. Growth occurred within the pH range 6(.)5-9(.)5 with optimum growth at pH 7(.)3-7(.)5. The temperature range for growth of the novel isolate was 0-28 degreesC and optimum growth occurred at 24 degreesC. The novel isolate does not require NaCl; growth was observed between 0 and 5% NaCl with optimum growth at 0(.)5% (w/v). The novel isolate was a catalase-negative chemoorganoheterotroph that used as substrates sugars and some products of proteolysis. The metabolic end products were acetate, ethanol and CO2. Strain FTR1(T) was sensitive to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, kanamycin and gentamicin. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed 99(.)8% similarity between strain FTR1T and Carnobacterium alterfunditum, but DNA-DNA hybridization between them demonstrated 39 +/- 1(.)5% relatedness. On the basis of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, it is proposed that strain FTR1(T) (= ATCC BAA-754(T) = JCM 12174(T) = CIP 108033(T)) be assigned to the novel species Carnobacterium pleistocenium sp. nov. C1 NASA, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. Univ Alabama, Struct Biol Lab, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Biol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Amer Type Culture Collect, Manassas, VA 20110 USA. RP Pikuta, EV (reprint author), NASA, NSSTC, XD12,320 Sparkman Dr,Room 4247, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM elena.pikuta@msfc.nasa.gov RI Marsic, Damien/A-1087-2009 OI Marsic, Damien/0000-0003-0847-8095 NR 24 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 55 BP 473 EP 478 DI 10.1099/ijs.0.63384-0 PN 1 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 892DD UT WOS:000226629100076 PM 15653921 ER PT B AU Yeomans, DK Chodas, P Chesley, S AF Yeomans, DK Chodas, P Chesley, S BE Ragaini, R TI Recent close approaches of asteroids to the earth SO International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies - 32nd Session SE SCIENCE AND CULTURE SERIES: NUCLEAR STRATEGY AND PEACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 32nd International Seminar on Nuclear Ware and Planetary Emergencies CY AUG 19-24, 2004 CL Erice, ITALY AB On March 18, 2004, a 20 meter sized asteroid designated 2004 FH passed a record close 3.4 Earth diameters from the surface of the Earth. Had this object actually hit the Earth's atmosphere, the energy released would have had the power of 0.25 million tons of TNT (0.25 MT), about the size of a nuclear weapon. Because they are infrequently noticed, very close Earth approaches normally cause some media attention. However, there are thought to be 10 million (largely undiscovered) objects of this size in near-Earth space and one of them would be expected to pass within 3.4 Earth diameters of the Earth's surface every eleven months. Objects of this size pass within one lunar distance every 5 days. This example underscore the fact that while we are making great strides in discovering the large near-Earth objects (larger than I km) that can cause global damage, we have not yet focused discovery efforts upon the vastly more numerous objects that could cause local damage. Since the close approach rate for active short and long period comets, of any size, is at least two orders of magnitude below that for near-Earth asteroids, current and planned telescopic surveys to discover near-Earth objects should focus their attention upon close approaching asteroids, not comets. There have been a number of well publicized close Earth approaches recently and this paper makes an effort to call out the lessons learned from these events and note the processes that have been put into place to make the future predictions of Earth approaches more of a scientific exercise and less of a media event. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-256-385-7 J9 SCI CULT NUCL STRAT PY 2005 BP 162 EP 176 DI 10.1142/9789812701787_0019 PG 15 WC Environmental Studies; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Social Issues SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Social Issues GA BDC14 UT WOS:000232581200019 ER PT J AU Zwart, SR Smith, SM AF Zwart, SR Smith, SM TI The impact of space flight on the human skeletal system and potential nutritional countermeasures SO INTERNATIONAL SPORTMED JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE space flight; weightlessness; bone; nutrition; diet ID BONE-MINERAL DENSITY; RENAL STONE FORMATION; WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION; SODIUM-CHLORIDE INTAKE; PROLONGED BED REST; SPINAL-CORD-INJURY; LONG-TERM DISUSE; DIETARY-PROTEIN; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; CALCIUM-ABSORPTION AB Bone loss is a critical health issue during space missions. Much in-flight and ground-based effort has been expended to understand and counteract this phenomenon. Although the more obvious countermeasures have been tested, with exercise and pharmaceutical therapies at the forefront, nutrition and dietary management has been largely untested. Some of the recent findings on exercise and pharmacotherapies, as well as ground-based data highlighting a few areas where nutrition has a clear effect on bone health, are reported in this review. One area highlighted here is the role of protein in acid-base balance and how this many affect bone during space flight. Finding a countermeasure for space flight-induced bone loss will benefit space travellers as well as help scientists better understand bone physiology in general, for the benefit of individuals with bone diseases and immobilised individuals. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Zwart, SR (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Human Adaptat & Countermeasures Off, Mail Code SK3,2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM sara.zwart1@jsc.nasa.gov NR 150 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SPORTS MEDICINE PI NEWLANDS PA UCT/MRC RES UNIT EXERC SCI SPORTS MED, U CAPETOWN, BOUNDARY ROAD, NEWLANDS, 7700, SOUTH AFRICA SN 1528-3356 J9 INT SPORTMED J JI Int. Sportmed. J. PY 2005 VL 6 IS 4 BP 199 EP 214 PG 16 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 019LR UT WOS:000235838000002 ER PT J AU Lau, WKM Waliser, DE AF Lau, William K. M. Waliser, Duane E. BA Lau, WKM Waliser, DE BF Lau, WKM Waliser, DE TI Intraseasonal Variability in the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System Preface SO INTRASEASONAL VARIABILITY IN THE ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN CLIMATE SYSTEM SE Springer-Praxis Books in Environmental Sciences LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Lau, William K. M.; Waliser, Duane E.] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RP Lau, WKM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA. RI Lau, William /E-1510-2012 OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691 NR 1 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 978-3-540-27250-2 J9 S-P B ENVIRON SCI PY 2005 BP xi EP xiii D2 10.1007/b138817 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA BLL57 UT WOS:000270452000001 ER PT J AU Simpanya, MF Ansari, RR Leverenz, VR King, JF Giblin, FJ AF Simpanya, MF Ansari, RR Leverenz, VR King, JF Giblin, FJ TI Oxygen-induced aggregation of lens proteins in a guinea pig model for nuclear cataract, detected in vivo with dynamic light scattering and in vitro with HPLC SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology (ARVO 2005) CY MAY 01-05, 2005 CL Ft Lauderdale, FL SP Assoc Res Vision Ophthalmol C1 Oakland Univ, Eye Res Inst, Rochester, MI USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PY 2005 VL 46 SU S MA 3881 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 911CZ UT WOS:000227980404174 ER PT S AU Turner, MB Holbrey, JD Spear, SK Pusey, ML Rogers, RD AF Turner, MB Holbrey, JD Spear, SK Pusey, ML Rogers, RD BE Rogers, RD Seddon, KR TI Effect of oxygen-containing functional groups on protein stability in ionic liquid solutions SO IONIC LIQUIDS IIIB: FUNDAMENTALS, PROGRESS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES: TRANSFORMATIONS AND PROCESSES SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ionic Liquids - Fundamentals, Progress, Challenges and Opportunities held at the 226th American-Chemical-Society National Meeting CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL New York, NY SP Amer Chem Soc ID SERUM-ALBUMIN; CATALYTIC REACTIONS; TRICHODERMA-REESEI; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; FATTY-ACIDS; TEMPERATURE; REPLACEMENTS AB The ability of functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) to provide an environment of increased stability for biomolecules has been studied. Serum albumin is an inexpensive, widely available protein that contributes to the overall colloid osmotic blood pressure within the vascular system ( 1). A lbumin is used in the present study as a marker of biomolecular stability in the presence of various ILs in a range of concentrations. The incorporation of hydroxyl functionality into the methylimidazolium-based cation leads to increased protein stability detected by fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroic (CD) spectrometry. C1 Univ Alabama, Ctr Green Mfg, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Chem, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Turner, MB (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Ctr Green Mfg, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. RI Rogers, Robin/C-8265-2013; OI Rogers, Robin/0000-0001-9843-7494; Holbrey, John/0000-0002-3084-8438 NR 36 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3893-6 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2005 VL 902 BP 233 EP 243 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BCI16 UT WOS:000229432300018 ER PT B AU Manohara, HM Bronikowski, MJ Hunt, BD Siegel, PH Dean, KA Tisinger, LH Johnson, SV AF Manohara, HM Bronikowski, MJ Hunt, BD Siegel, PH Dean, KA Tisinger, LH Johnson, SV GP IEEE TI Carbon nanotube bundle-based cold cathodes for THz tube sources SO IRMMW-THz2005: The Joint 30th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and 13th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint 30th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves/13th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics CY SEP 19-23, 2005 CL Williamsburg, VA SP IEEE, Jefferson Lab, Naval Res Lab ID FIELD-EMISSION; ARRAYS AB We have developed high-current density field emission sources using arrays of multi-walled carbon nanotube bundles as electron sources required for THz vacuum tube sources. We have found that the arrays of 1-mu m and 2-mu m diameter nanotube bundles spaced 5 mu m apart (edge-to-edge spacing) form the most optimum combination, routinely producing 1.5 to 1.8 A/cm(2) at low electric fields of approximately 4 V/mu m, rising to > 6 A/cm(2) at 20 V/mu m over a similar to 100-mu m-diameter area. We have found that the field emission performance depends strongly on the bundle diameter and interbundle spacing and such arrays perform significantly better in field emission than other arrangements of nanotubes previously reported in literature. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Manohara, HM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9348-1 PY 2005 BP 91 EP 92 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter; Spectroscopy SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BEF94 UT WOS:000237170000047 ER PT B AU Manohara, HM Wong, EW Schlecht, E Hunt, BD Siegel, PH AF Manohara, HM Wong, EW Schlecht, E Hunt, BD Siegel, PH GP IEEE TI Carbon nanotube Schottky diodes for high frequency applications SO IRMMW-THz2005: The Joint 30th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and 13th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint 30th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves/13th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics CY SEP 19-23, 2005 CL Williamsburg, VA SP IEEE, Jefferson Lab, Naval Res Lab ID TRANSISTOR AB We have developed Schottky diodes using semiconducting nanotubes with titanium Schottky and platinum Ohmic contacts. At low biases these diodes showed ideality factors in the range of 1.5 to 1.9. The performance prediction as room-temperature detectors at 2.5 THz resulted in NEP potentially comparable to that of the state-of-the-art gallium arsenide sold-state Schottky diodes in the range of 10(-13) W/root Hz. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Manohara, HM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9348-1 PY 2005 BP 285 EP 286 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter; Spectroscopy SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BEF94 UT WOS:000237170000145 ER PT B AU Chattopadhyay, G AF Chattopadhyay, G GP IEEE TI Future of heterodyne receivers at submillimeter wavelengths SO IRMMW-THz2005: The Joint 30th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and 13th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint 30th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves/13th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics CY SEP 19-23, 2005 CL Williamsburg, VA SP IEEE, Jefferson Lab, Naval Res Lab ID MILLIMETER AB The astrophysics community is currently reflecting on the role heterodyne receivers at submillimeter wavelengths will play in the next generation NASA missions. Even though they offer very high spectral resolution, they are intrinsically handicapped by quantum noise. With the proposed cold telescopes for the future NASA missions such as the SAFIR, the direct detector instruments will no longer be background noise limited, and will outperform the heterodyne instruments in the sensitivity arena. In this review paper we examine these issues very carefully and describe the novel receivers being designed to make heterodyne instruments more competitive. It will be shown that the heterodyne instruments will still have significant roles to play in the near future. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Chattopadhyay, G (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 168-314,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9348-1 PY 2005 BP 461 EP 462 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter; Spectroscopy SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BEF94 UT WOS:000237170000233 ER PT B AU Focardi, P McGrath, WR AF Focardi, P McGrath, WR GP IEEE TI Design guidelines for terahertz mixers and detectors SO IRMMW-THz2005: The Joint 30th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and 13th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint 30th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves/13th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics CY SEP 19-23, 2005 CL Williamsburg, VA SP IEEE, Jefferson Lab, Naval Res Lab AB Twin-slot antennas and coplanar waveguide (CPW) are a popular choice for coupling signals to state of the art mixers and detectors at terahertz (THz) frequencies. Although these sensors show promising performance in terms of noise temperature, they usually also show a considerable downward shift in the centre frequency of their spectral response, especially when compared with calculations obtained with commonly used simplified models. In this paper we describe an accurate and complete electromagnetic model of these detectors which represents a significant improvement over other published approaches. We present the procedure used to obtain a very good agreement between measurements and calculations at THz frequencies both in terms of centre frequency and bandwidth. The wide variety of measured and calculated data also demonstrates the effectiveness and reliability of the electromagnetic model in all the investigated frequency bands. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Focardi, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9348-1 PY 2005 BP 624 EP 625 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter; Spectroscopy SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BEF94 UT WOS:000237170000317 ER PT J AU O'Neilll, NT Smirnov, A Eck, TF McElroy, CT McArthur, LJB Holben, BN AF O'Neilll, NT Smirnov, A Eck, TF McElroy, CT McArthur, LJB Holben, BN TI Comment on the paper "Determination of NO2 column amounts from AERONET data" by A.N Rublev et al SO IZVESTIYA ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; CROSS-SECTIONS; ABSORPTION; EXTINCTION C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. Univ Sherbrooke, CARTEL, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada. Meteorol Serv Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. RP O'Neilll, NT (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 923, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RI Smirnov, Alexander/C-2121-2009; ECK, THOMAS/D-7407-2012 OI Smirnov, Alexander/0000-0002-8208-1304; NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTERPERIODICA PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 1831, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35201-1831 USA SN 0001-4338 J9 IZV ATMOS OCEAN PHY+ JI Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 41 IS 1 BP 117 EP 119 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 901CC UT WOS:000227259600013 ER PT J AU Zibrov, AS Matsko, AB AF Zibrov, AS Matsko, AB TI Induced absorption resonance on the open F-g=1 -> F-e=2 transition of the D-1 line of the Rb-87 atom SO JETP LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED ABSORPTION; ZEEMAN SUBLEVELS; HYPERFINE STATES; RB; LASER AB Induced absorption resonance on the open F-g = 1 -> F-e = 2 transition of the D-1 line of the Rb-87 atom has been observed. The effect of atomic motion on the formation of the resonance has been revealed. The numerical calculations are in good agreement with experiment. (C) 2005 Pleiades Publishing, Inc. C1 Russian Acad Sci, PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 117924, Russia. Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zibrov, AS (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Leninskii Pr 53, Moscow 117924, Russia. EM azibrov@cfa.harvard.edu RI Matsko, Andrey/A-1272-2007; Zibrov, Alexander/G-7419-2014 NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-3640 J9 JETP LETT+ JI Jetp Lett. PY 2005 VL 82 IS 8 BP 472 EP 476 DI 10.1134/1.2150864 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 996JX UT WOS:000234171300003 ER PT J AU Roberts, GD Pereira, JM Revilock, DM Binienda, WK Xie, M Braley, M AF Roberts, GD Pereira, JM Revilock, DM Binienda, WK Xie, M Braley, M TI Ballistic impact of braided composites with a soft projectile SO JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC 44th Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference CY APR 07-10, 2003 CL Norfolk, VA SP AIAA, ASME, ASCE, AHS, ASC DE composite materials; composite structures; impact tests; aerospace engineering; projectiles AB Impact tests using a soft gelatin projectile were performed to identify failure modes that occur at high strain energy density during impact loading. Failure modes were identified for aluminum plates and for composites plates and half-rings made from triaxial carbon fiber braid having a 0/+/-60degrees architecture. For aluminum plates, a large hole formed as a result of crack propagation from the initiation site at the center of the plate. For composite plates, fiber tensile failure occurred in the back ply at the center of the plate. Cracks then propagated from this site along the +/-60degrees fiber directions until triangular flaps opened to form a hole. For composite half-rings fabricated with 0degrees fibers aligned circumferentially, fiber tensile failure also occurred in the back ply. Cracks first propagated from this site perpendicular the 0degrees fibers. The cracks then turned to follow the 60degrees fibers and 0degrees fibers until rectangular flaps opened to form a hole. Damage in the composites was localized near the impact site, while cracks in the aluminum extended to the boundaries. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Univ Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Gen Elect Aircraft Engines, Cincinnati, OH 45215 USA. A&P Technol, Cincinnati, OH 45245 USA. RP Roberts, GD (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Gary.D.Roberts@nasa.gov; J.M.Pereira@nasa.gov; Duane.M.Revilock@nasa.gov; wbinienda@uakron.edu; Ming.Xie@ae.ge.com; mbraley@braider.com NR 1 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0893-1321 J9 J AEROSPACE ENG JI J. Aerosp. Eng. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 18 IS 1 BP 3 EP 7 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0893-1321(2005)18:1(03) PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA 892TL UT WOS:000226672800002 ER PT J AU Goldberg, RK Roberts, GD Gilat, A AF Goldberg, RK Roberts, GD Gilat, A TI Implementation of an associative flow rule including hydrostatic stress effects into the high strain rate deformation analysis of polymer matrix composites SO JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC 44th Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference CY APR 07-10, 2003 CL Norfolk, VA SP AIAA, ASME, ASCE, AHS, ASC DE composite materials; constitutive equations; polymers; strain rate; hydrostatic pressure; deformation analysis ID RATE-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR; CRACK-TIP FIELDS AB A previously developed analytical formulation has been modified in order to more accurately account for the effects of hydrostatic stresses on the nonlinear, strain rate dependent deformation of polymer matrix composites. State variable constitutive equations originally developed for metals have been modified in order to model the nonlinear, strain rate dependent deformation of polymeric materials. To account for the effects of hydrostatic stresses, which are significant in polymers, the classical J(2) plasticity theory definitions of effective stress and effective inelastic strain, along with the equations used to compute the components of the inelastic strain rate tensor, are appropriately modified. To verify the revised formulation, the shear and tensile deformation of a representative polymer are computed across a wide range of strain rates. Results computed using the developed constitutive equations correlate well with experimental data. The polymer constitutive equations are implemented within a strength of materials based micromechanics method to predict the nonlinear, strain rate dependent deformation of polymer matrix composites. The composite mechanics are verified by analyzing the deformation of a representative polymer matrix composite for several fiber orientation angles across a variety of strain rates. The computed values compare well to experimentally obtained results. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 22 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 5 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0893-1321 EI 1943-5525 J9 J AEROSPACE ENG JI J. Aerosp. Eng. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 18 IS 1 BP 18 EP 27 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0893-1321(2005)18:1(18) PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA 892TL UT WOS:000226672800004 ER PT J AU Morelli, EA Klein, V AF Morelli, EA Klein, V TI Application of system identification to aircraft at NASA Langley Research Center SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Review ID FLIGHT TEST DATA; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; AERODYNAMIC PARAMETERS; AIRPLANE; ATTACK AB The past, present, and future of system identification applied to aircraft at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) in Hampton, Virginia, are discussed. Significant research advances generated at NASA LaRC in the past are summarized, including some perspective on the role these developments played in the practice of system identification applied to aircraft. Selected recent research efforts are described, to give an idea of the type of activities currently being pursued at NASA LaRC. These efforts include real-time parameter estimation, identifying flying qualities models, advanced experiment design and modeling techniques for static wind-tunnel database development, and indicial function identification for unsteady aerodynamic modeling. Projected future developments in the area are outlined. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. George Washington Univ, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Morelli, EA (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 159 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 42 IS 1 BP 12 EP 25 DI 10.2514/1.3648 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 896TT UT WOS:000226957300003 ER PT J AU Banerjee, S Prosser, W Mal, A AF Banerjee, S Prosser, W Mal, A TI Calculation of the response of a composite plate to localized dynamic surface loads using a new wave number integral method SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article AB This study is motivated by the need for an efficient and accurate tool to analyze the wave field produced by localized dynamic sources on the surface or the interior of isotropic plates and anisotropic composite laminates. A semi-analytical method based on the wave number integral representation of the elastodynamic field is described that reduces the overall computational effort significantly over other available methods. This method is used to calculate the guided wave field produced in a thin unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite laminate by a dynamic surface point load. The results are compared with those obtained from a finite element analysis, showing excellent agreement, except for minor differences at higher frequencies. A recently discovered feature of the calculated surface motion, namely, a spatially periodic "phase reversal " of the main pulse with propagation distance, is observed in both cases. The present work is expected to be helpful in developing impact damage monitoring systems in defect-critical structural components through real time analysis of acoustic emission wave forms. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Nondestruct Evaluat Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Mal, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM sauvik@ucla.edu; w.h.prosser@larc.nasa.gov; ajit@ucla.edu NR 19 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0021-8936 J9 J APPL MECH-T ASME JI J. Appl. Mech.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2005 VL 72 IS 1 BP 18 EP 24 DI 10.1115/1.1828064 PG 7 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 898TC UT WOS:000227098100003 ER PT J AU Short, DA Merceret, FJ AF Short, DA Merceret, FJ TI On the positive bias of peak horizontal velocity from an idealized Doppler profiler SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BROAD-BAND ADCP; TIDAL CHANNEL AB In the presence of 3D turbulence, peak horizontal velocity estimates from an idealized Doppler profiler are found to be positively biased due to an incomplete specification of the vertical velocity field. The magnitude of the bias was estimated by assuming that the vertical and horizontal velocities can be separated into average and perturbation values and that the vertical and horizontal velocity perturbations are normally distributed. Under these assumptions, properties of the type-I extreme value distribution for maxima, known as the Gumbel distribution, can be used to obtain an analytical solution of the bias. The bias depends on geometric properties of the profiler configuration, the variance in the horizontal velocity, and the unresolved variance in the vertical velocity. When these variances are normalized by the average horizontal velocity, the bias can be mapped as a simple function of the normalized variances. C1 ENSCO Inc, Cocoa Beach, FL 32931 USA. NASA, Appl Meteorol Unit, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL USA. RP Short, DA (reprint author), ENSCO Inc, 1980 N Atlantic Ave,Suite 230, Cocoa Beach, FL 32931 USA. EM short.david@ensco.com NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 22 IS 1 BP 98 EP 104 DI 10.1175/JTECH-1692.1 PG 7 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 897LY UT WOS:000227006800008 ER PT J AU Schwenke, DW AF Schwenke, DW TI The extrapolation of one-electron basis sets in electronic structure calculations: How it should work and how it can be made to work SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; CORRELATED MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS; WAVE-FUNCTIONS; ENERGIES; CONVERGENCE; LIMIT; ORBITALS; HYDROGEN; ATOMS; BORON AB We consider the extrapolation of the one-electron basis to the basis set limit in the context of coupled cluster calculations. We produce extrapolation coefficients that produce much more accurate results than previous extrapolation forms. These are determined by fitting to accurate benchmark results. For coupled cluster singles doubles energies, we take our benchmark results from the work of Klopper that explicitly includes the interelectronic distance. For the perturbative triples energies, our benchmark results are obtained from large even-tempered basis set calculations. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Schwenke, DW (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS T27B, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RI schwenke, david/I-3564-2013 NR 19 TC 141 Z9 140 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2005 VL 122 IS 1 AR 014107 DI 10.1063/1.1824880 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 893DC UT WOS:000226698500009 PM 15638642 ER PT J AU Stewart, A Carman, G Richards, L AF Stewart, A Carman, G Richards, L TI Health monitoring technique for composite materials utilizing embedded thermal fiber optic sensors SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE health monitoring; thermography; composite; fiber optic sensor; nondestructive evaluation AB A thermal health monitoring technique is investigated based on thermography that uses optical fiber thermal sensors to detect damage within a laminated graphite epoxy composite specimen. Composite samples manufactured for testing have fiber optic sensors embedded between the layers while thermocouples are attached to the exteriors for verification. Teflon inserts are used to simulate delaminations and the sensitivity range of the embedded sensors is determined. A numerical model is developed to confirm the experimental findings and establish optimum sensor placement. Results indicate that this technique can detect down to a 20-mm delamination, possibly smaller. In addition, the sensors can typically locate a delamination up to 17 mm away. The purpose of this research is to advance standard thermography techniques for damage detection by utilizing fiber optic sensor technologies. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. RP Stewart, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, 32-135 Eng IV,420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM astewart@nextgenaero.com NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2005 VL 39 IS 3 BP 199 EP 213 DI 10.1177/0021998305046440 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 899CU UT WOS:000227123300002 ER PT J AU Davila, CG Camanho, PP Rose, CA AF Davila, CG Camanho, PP Rose, CA TI Failure criteria for FRP laminates SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE polymer-matrix composites (PMCs); matrix cracking; crack; failure criterion ID SUPERPOSED HYDROSTATIC-PRESSURE; PROGRESSIVE MATRIX CRACKING; COMPRESSIVE FAILURE; PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS; PREDICTIVE CAPABILITIES; FIBER COMPOSITES; STRENGTH; GLASS; GRAPHITE; EXERCISE AB A new set of six phenomenological failure criteria for fiber-reinforced polymer laminates denoted LaRC03 is described. These criteria can predict matrix and fiber failure accurately, without the curve-fitting parameters. For matrix failure under transverse compression, the angle of the fracture plane is solved by maximizing the Mohr-Coulomb effective stresses. A criterion for fiber kinking is obtained by calculating the fiber misalignment under load and applying the matrix failure criterion in the coordinate frame of the misalignment. Fracture mechanics models of matrix cracks are used to develop a criterion for matrix failure in tension and to calculate the associated in situ strengths. The LaRC03 criteria are applied to a few examples to predict failure load envelopes and to predict the failure mode for each region of the envelope. The analysis results are compared to the predictions using other available failure criteria and with experimental results. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. DEMEGI, Fac Engn, P-4200465 Oporto, Portugal. RP Davila, CG (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MS 240, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. EM c.g.davila@larc.nasa.gov RI Davila, Carlos/D-8559-2011; OI Camanho, Pedro/0000-0003-0363-5207 NR 39 TC 149 Z9 156 U1 6 U2 43 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2005 VL 39 IS 4 BP 323 EP 345 DI 10.1177/0021998305046452 PG 23 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 899OX UT WOS:000227155300003 ER PT J AU Fried, NM Murray, KE AF Fried, NM Murray, KE TI New technologies in endourology - High-power thulium fiber laser ablation of urinary tissues at 1.94 mu m SO JOURNAL OF ENDOUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA; HIGH-PEAK-POWER; VAPORIZATION PROSTATECTOMY; SOFT-TISSUE; RESECTION; CANINES AB Purpose: This paper describes the preliminary testing of a new laser, the thulium fiber laser, as a potential replacement for the holmium:YAG laser for multiple applications in urology. Materials and Methods: A 40 W thulium fiber laser operating at a wavelength of 1.94 mu m delivered radiation in a continuous-wave or pulsed mode (10 msec) through either 300-mu m- or 600-mu m-core low-OH silica fibers for vaporization of canine prostate and incision of animal ureter and bladder-neck tissues. Results: The thulium fiber laser vaporized prostate tissue at a rate of 0.21 +/- 0.02 g/min. The thermal-coagulation zone measured 500 to 2000 mu m, demonstrating the potential for hemostasis. Laser incisions were also made in bladder tissue and ureter, with coagulation zones of 400 to 600 mu m. Conclusions: The thulium fiber laser has several potential advantages over the holmium laser, including smaller size, more efficient operation, more precise incision of tissues, and operation in either the pulsed or the continuous-wave mode. However, before clinical use will be possible, development of higher-power thulium fiber lasers and shorter pulse lengths will be necessary for rapid vaporization of the prostate and more precise incision of urethral/bladder-neck strictures, respectively. C1 Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Dept Urol, Baltimore, MD USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Laser & Electroopt Branch, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Fried, NM (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Bayview Med Ctr, Dept Urol, 4940 Eastern Ave,Bldg A,Room 347C, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. EM nfried@jhmi.edu NR 14 TC 136 Z9 164 U1 2 U2 13 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 0892-7790 J9 J ENDOUROL JI J. Endourol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 19 IS 1 BP 25 EP 31 DI 10.1089/end.2005.19.25 PG 7 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 906SX UT WOS:000227664500006 PM 15735378 ER PT J AU Davis, MW AF Davis, MW TI Behaviour impairment in captured and released sablefish: ecological consequences and possible substitute measures for delayed discard mortality SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE condition; delayed mortality; discard; infection; physiology; predation ID WALLEYE POLLOCK; PREDATOR AVOIDANCE; PACIFIC HALIBUT; COHO SALMON; COD-END; FISH; STRESS; TEMPERATURE; NET; SURVIVAL AB Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria aged 1+ and 2+ years were towed for 4 11 in it net. transferred to air for either 15 or 30 min, and then held in tanks for up to 35 days for observation of physical injury, immediate mortality. behaviour impairment, delayed mortality and total mortality. Behaviour was impaired for at least 3 It and returned to normal levels by 24 It after stress induction. Behaviour impairment was correlated with delayed mortality in 2+ year fish but not in 1+ year fish which showed greater variation in stress responses. The results of this Study and a review of past discard and escapee studies showed that substitute measures for delayed mortality in the field should include physical in jury and behaviour impairment. These two measures integrate the effects of capture-related stressors which can produce and magnify physical and physiological injury, resulting in changes in fish condition and delayed mortality. (C) 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles (No claim to original US government works). C1 Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Davis, MW (reprint author), Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM michael.w.davis@noaa.gov NR 42 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 18 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 66 IS 1 BP 254 EP 265 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00602.x PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 893RR UT WOS:000226737400018 ER PT J AU Craven, M Carsey, F Behar, A Matthews, J Brand, R Elcheikh, A Hall, S Treverrow, A AF Craven, M Carsey, F Behar, A Matthews, J Brand, R Elcheikh, A Hall, S Treverrow, A TI Borehole imagery of meteoric and marine ice layers in the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-OCEAN; SEA-ICE; BENEATH; COLLAPSE; DRILL; BASE AB A real-time video camera probe was deployed in a hot-water drilled borehole through the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, where a total ice thickness of 480 m included at least 200 m of basal marine ice. Down-looking and side-looking digital video footage showed a striking transition from white bubbly meteoric ice above to dark marine ice below, but the transition was neither microscopically sharp nor flat, indicating the uneven nature (at centimetre scale) of the ice-shelf base upstream where the marine ice first started to accrete. Marine ice features were imaged including platelet structures, cell inclusions, entrained particles, and the interface with sea water at the base. The cells are assumed to be entrained sea water, and were present throughout the lower 100-150m of the marine ice column, becoming larger and more prevalent as the lower surface was approached until, near the base, they became channels large enough that the camera field of view could not contain them. Platelets in the marine ice at depth appeared to be as large as 1-2 cm in diameter. Particles were visible in the borehole meltwater; probably marine and mineral particles liberated by the drill, but their distribution varied with depth. C1 Australian Antarctic Div, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Antartic Climate & Ecosyst CRC, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. IASOS, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. RP Craven, M (reprint author), Australian Antarctic Div, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. EM m.craven@utas.edu.au RI Treverrow, Adam/J-7450-2014 OI Treverrow, Adam/0000-0003-4666-0488 NR 36 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2005 VL 51 IS 172 BP 75 EP 84 DI 10.3189/172756505781829511 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 985RY UT WOS:000233397200007 ER PT J AU Bindschadler, R Vornberger, P AF Bindschadler, R Vornberger, P TI Guiding the South Pole Traverse with ASTER imagery SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SAIC, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bindschadler, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 914, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2005 VL 51 IS 172 BP 179 EP 180 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 985RY UT WOS:000233397200019 ER PT J AU Raymond, C Neumann, TA Rignot, E Echelmeyer, K Rivera, A Casassa, G AF Raymond, C Neumann, TA Rignot, E Echelmeyer, K Rivera, A Casassa, G TI Retreat of Glaciar Tyndall, Patagonia, over the last half-century SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL; SOUTHERN PATAGONIA; MASS-BALANCE; ICE; ICEFIELD; AMERICA; UPSALA AB We report measurements of ice surface elevation, ice thickness and surface area for Glaciar Tyndall, Patagonia, made in 1999-2002. The measurements, together with previously published observations, show acceleration over the last few decades of the rates of thinning and retreat of the main calving front. The acceleration of shrinkage appears to be driven by a combination of climate and feedback processes, the dominant feedback being increased melting associated with lowering of the glacier surface (elevation feedback). The melting capacity in the main terminus lake is now too small to be a major factor accelerating the retreat. The glacier bed has low slope and remains below the elevation of the lake spillway for > 14 km upstream from the 2000 calving front, indicating the potential for extensive retreat under the influence of strong elevation feedback and increasing interaction with the lake as it enlarges. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Vermont, Dept Geol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Ctr Estudios Cientif Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile. Univ Chile, Dept Geog, Santiago, Chile. RP Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM charlie@ess.washington.edu RI Neumann, Thomas/D-5264-2012; Rignot, Eric/A-4560-2014 OI Rignot, Eric/0000-0002-3366-0481 NR 38 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 6 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 EI 1727-5652 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2005 VL 51 IS 173 BP 239 EP 247 DI 10.3189/172756505781829476 PG 9 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 994HD UT WOS:000234020900006 ER PT J AU Zwally, HJ Giovinetto, MB Li, J Cornejo, HG Beckley, MA Brenner, AC Saba, JL Yi, DH AF Zwally, H. Jay Giovinetto, Mario B. Li, Jun Cornejo, Helen G. Beckley, Matthew A. Brenner, Anita C. Saba, Jack L. Yi, Donghui TI Mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise: 1992-2002 SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SNOW ACCUMULATION; SURFACE ELEVATION; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; TEMPERATURE-CHANGES; FIRN DENSIFICATION; JAKOBSHAVN ISBRAE; WEST ANTARCTICA; ALTIMETER DATA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; POLAR ICE AB Changes in ice mass are estimated from elevation changes derived from 10.5 years (Greenland) and 9 years (Antarctica) of satellite radar altimetry data from the European Remote-sensing Satellites ERS-1 and -2. For the first time, the dH/dt values are adjusted for changes in surface elevation resulting from temperature-driven variations in the rate of firn compaction. The Greenland ice sheet is thinning at the margins (-42 +/- 2 Gt a(-1) below the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA)) and growing inland (+53 +/- 2 Gt a(-1) above the ELA) with a small overall mass gain (+11 +/- 3 Gt a(-1); -0.03 mm a(-1) SLE (sea-level equivalent)). The ice sheet in West Antarctica (WA) is losing mass (-47 +/- 4 Gt a(-1)) and the ice sheet in East Antarctica (EA) shows a small mass gain (+16 +/- 11 Gt a(-1)) for a combined net change of -31 +/- 12 Gt a(-1) (+0.08 mm a(-1) SLE). The contribution of the three ice sheets to sea level is +0.05 +/- 0.03 mm a(-1). The Antarctic ice shelves show corresponding mass changes of -95 +/- 11 Gt a(-1) in WA and +142 +/- 10 Gt a(-1) in EA. Thinning at the margins of the Greenland ice sheet and growth at higher elevations is an expected response to increasing temperatures and precipitation in a warming climate. The marked thinnings in the Pine Island and Thwaites Glacier basins of WA and the Totten Glacier basin in EA are probably ice-dynamic responses to long-term climate change and perhaps past removal of their adjacent ice shelves. The ice growth in the southern Antarctic Peninsula and parts of EA may be due to increasing precipitation during the last century. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryspher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SGT Inc, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Zwally, HJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Cryspher Sci Branch, Code 614-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM zwally@icesat2.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 63 TC 280 Z9 294 U1 8 U2 105 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2005 VL 51 IS 175 BP 509 EP 527 DI 10.3189/172756505781829007 PG 19 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 085MS UT WOS:000240608800001 ER PT J AU Bindschadler, R Vornberger, P Gray, L AF Bindschadler, Robert Vornberger, Patricia Gray, Laurence TI Changes in the ice plain of Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NET MASS-BALANCE; BENEATH; STAGNATION; DYNAMICS; REVEAL; MARGIN; RADAR; MOUTH; SHELF; RISE AB Data from the mouth of the decelerating Whillans Ice Stream (WIS), West Antarctica, spanning 42 years are reviewed. Deceleration has continued, with local areas of both thinning and thickening occurring. The mean thinning rate is 0.48 +/- 0.77 m a(-1). No consistent overall pattern is observed. ice thickens immediately upstream of Crary Ice Rise where deceleration and divergence are strongest, suggesting expanded upstream influence of the ice rise. Thinning is prevalent on the Ross Ice Shelf. Grounding-line advance at a rate of 0.3 km a(-1) is detected in a few locations. Basal stresses vary across an ice-stream transect with a zone of enhanced flow at the margin. Marginal shear is felt at the ice-stream center. Mass-balance values are less negative, but larger errors of earlier measurements mask any possible temporal pattern. Comparisons of the recent flow field with flow stripes suggest WIS contributes less ice to the deep subglacial channel carved by Mercer Ice Stream and now flows straighter. The general lack of geometric changes suggests that the regional velocity decrease is due to changing basal conditions. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SAIC, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Canada Ctr Remote Sensing, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y7, Canada. RP Bindschadler, R (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 614, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM robert.a.bindschadler@nasa.gov NR 44 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2005 VL 51 IS 175 BP 620 EP 636 DI 10.3189/172756505781829070 PG 17 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 085MS UT WOS:000240608800012 ER PT J AU Cretaux, JF Kouraev, AV Papa, F Berge-Nguyen, M Cazenave, A Aladin, N Plotnikov, IS AF Cretaux, JF Kouraev, AV Papa, F Berge-Nguyen, M Cazenave, A Aladin, N Plotnikov, IS TI Evolution of sea level of the big Aral Sea from satellite altimetry and its implications for water balance SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Aral Sea; water balance; radar altimetry; underground water ID VARIABILITY; DESICCATION; COVER AB The Aral Sea was one of the biggest lakes in the world before it started to shrink in the 1960s due to water withdrawal for land irrigation. Sea level decreases led to the separation of the Aral Sea into two basins-the Small Aral in the north and the Big Aral in the south. For several decades there were no continuous observations of Aral Sea level, and the few data that exist are fragmentary or unavailable. We present observations of the Big Aral Sea level estimated from the TOPEX/Poseidon (TIP) altimetry with high temporal resolution over the last decade (1993-2004). Since sea volume is one of the key parameters for the studies of water balance, we use the TIP-derived time series of sea level and a dedicated digital bathymetry model (DBM) to reconstruct temporal changes in the Aral Sea surface and volume. We introduce variations of the sea volume as the new constraint for the water budget of the Big Aral Sea. This is an important step toward estimating detailed seasonal and interannual changes of the water budget. We assess various existing components of the water budget of the Aral Sea and discuss the quality of the existing data and their applicability for establishing detailed water balance. In particular, large uncertainties in estimating the evaporation and underground water supply are addressed. Desiccation of the Aral Sea resulted in dramatic changes in the salinity regime and, consequently, affected its aquatic ecosystems. We also discuss changes in the aquatic fauna and their possible evolution under continuing desiccation of the Big Aral Sea. Combining satellite altimetry with other parameters of the water budget offers a promising potential for assessing temporal changes in the water budget of and or semi-ard regions, even those with a poor ground monitoring network. C1 LEGOS, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France. State Oceanog Inst, St Petersburg Branch, St Petersburg 199026, Russia. Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Lab Brackish Water Biol, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. RP Cretaux, JF (reprint author), LEGOS, 18 Av Ed Belin, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France. EM Jean-Francois.Cretaux@cnes.fr RI Papa, Fabrice/D-3695-2009; Kouraev, Alexei/A-4493-2014 OI Papa, Fabrice/0000-0001-6305-6253; Kouraev, Alexei/0000-0003-2013-1908 NR 28 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 19 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2005 VL 31 IS 4 BP 520 EP 534 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 000VT UT WOS:000234491200013 ER PT J AU Marzocca, P Librescu, L Silva, WA AF Marzocca, P Librescu, L Silva, WA TI Time-delay effects on linear/nonlinear feedback control of simple aeroelastic systems SO JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE CONTROL AND DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID FLUTTER SUPPRESSION; CHAOTIC MOTIONS; WING SECTION; STABILITY; DESIGN; SERIES AB A study of the effects of time delay on the linear/nonlinear feedback control of two-dimensional lifting surfaces in an incompressible flowfield is presented. Specifically, the case of a one-degree-of-freedom system is considered in detail, and in that context, both the structural and the unsteady aerodynamics models are assumed to be linear. The study of the stability/instability behavior of nonlinear feedback time-delay closed-loop aeroelastic systems is carried out via Pontryagin's approach in conjunction with Stepan's theorems and the associated aeroelastic Volterra kernels. Results are presented, and conclusions on the implication of the time delay on feedback control are highlighted. C1 Clarkson Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Aeroelastic Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Marzocca, P (reprint author), Clarkson Univ, Dept Engn Sci & Mech, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. NR 40 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0731-5090 J9 J GUID CONTROL DYNAM JI J. Guid. Control Dyn. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 28 IS 1 BP 53 EP 62 DI 10.2514/1.4335 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 887WJ UT WOS:000226335900006 ER PT J AU Smith, RS Hadaegh, FY AF Smith, RS Hadaegh, FY TI Control of deep-space formation-flying spacecraft; Relative sensing and switched information SO JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE CONTROL AND DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID INTERFEROMETER AB Spacecraft formations in deep space can be specified in terms of the relative spacecraft positions and absolute spacecraft orientations. Accurate absolute position measurements are not available, and a formation control design approach, based on relative position information, is presented. This approach exploits the redundancy inherent in a relative position specification to develop a family of equivalent control topologies for optimal formation control. Switching between topologies provides redundancy and allows combinations of measured relative positions and communicated estimates to be used in the implementation of the optimal formation control. Redundancy can also exist in the actuation specification, and this can be exploited to control the formation centroid, or to implement the minimum fuel control. Information and control switching can be implemented asynchronously without requiring supervisory control. A four-spacecraft, two-dimensional simulation example is used to illustrate the concepts. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Smith, RS (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM roy@ece.ucsb.edu RI Smith, Roy/C-7340-2009 OI Smith, Roy/0000-0002-8139-4683 NR 33 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0731-5090 J9 J GUID CONTROL DYNAM JI J. Guid. Control Dyn. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 28 IS 1 BP 106 EP 114 DI 10.2514/1.6165 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 887WJ UT WOS:000226335900012 ER PT J AU Crassidis, JL Lai, KL Harman, RR AF Crassidis, JL Lai, KL Harman, RR TI Real-time attitude-independent three-axis magnetometer calibration SO JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE CONTROL AND DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID BIAS DETERMINATION AB New real-time approaches for three-axis magnetometer sensor calibration are derived. These approaches rely on a conversion of the magnetometer-body and geomagnetic-reference vectors into an attitude-independent observation by using scalar checking. The goal of the full calibration problem involves the determination of the magnetometer bias vector, scale factors, and nonorthogonality corrections. Although the actual solution to this full calibration problem involves the minimization of a quartic loss function, the problem can be converted into a quadratic loss function by a centering approximation. This leads to a simple batch linear least-squares solution, which is easily converted into a sequential algorithm that can be executed in real time. Alternative real-time algorithms are also developed based on both the extended Kalman filter and Unscented filter. With these real-time algorithms, a full magnetometer calibration can now be performed on-orbit during typical spacecraft mission-mode operations. The algorithms are tested using both simulated data of an Earth-pointing spacecraft and actual data from the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Flight Dynam Anal Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Crassidis, JL (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. EM johnc@eng.buffalo.edu; klai2@eng.buffalo.edu; richard.r.harman@nasa.gov NR 19 TC 84 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0731-5090 J9 J GUID CONTROL DYNAM JI J. Guid. Control Dyn. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 28 IS 1 BP 115 EP 120 DI 10.2514/1.6278 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 887WJ UT WOS:000226335900013 ER PT J AU Shortt, BJ Darrach, MR Holland, PM Chutjian, A AF Shortt, BJ Darrach, MR Holland, PM Chutjian, A TI Miniaturized system of a gas chromatograph coupled with a Paul ion trap mass spectrometer SO JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE gas chromatography; Paul trap; quadrupole ion trap; miniaturization; preconcentration; environmental monitoring ID HIGH-RESOLUTION; RATIOS; ARRAY AB Miniature gas chromatography (GC) and miniature mass spectrometry (MS) instrumentation has been developed to identify and quantify the chemical compounds present in complex mixtures of gases. The design approach utilizes micro-GC components coupled with a Paul quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometer. Inherent to the system are high sensitivity, good dynamic range, good QIT resolution, low GC flow-rates to minimize vacuum requirements and the need for consumables; and the use of a modular approach to adapt to volatile organic compounds dissolved in water or present in sediment. Measurements are reported on system response to gaseous species at concentrations varying over four orders of magnitude. The ability of the system to deal with complicated mixtures is demonstrated, and future improvements are discussed. The GC/QIT system described herein has a mass, volume and power that are, conservatively, one-twentieth of those of commercial off-the-shelf systems. Potential applications are to spacecraft cabin-air monitoring, robotic planetary exploration and trace-species detection for residual gas analysis and environmental monitoring. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Atom & Mol Collis Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Thorleaf Res Inc, Santa Barbara, CA 93111 USA. RP Chutjian, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Atom & Mol Collis Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ara.chutjian@jpl.nasa.gov NR 12 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 15 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1076-5174 J9 J MASS SPECTROM JI J. Mass Spectrom. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 40 IS 1 BP 36 EP 42 DI 10.1002/jms.768 PG 7 WC Biophysics; Chemistry, Organic; Spectroscopy SC Biophysics; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 895OK UT WOS:000226872500005 PM 15619267 ER PT J AU Rabbitt, RD Boyle, R Holstein, GR Highstein, SM AF Rabbitt, RD Boyle, R Holstein, GR Highstein, SM TI Hair-cell versus afferent adaptation in the semicircular canals SO JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TURTLE POSTERIOR CRISTA; COMPARATIVE TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS; PERIPHERAL INNERVATION PATTERNS; VESTIBULAR NERVE AFFERENTS; RESPONSE DYNAMICS; OPSANUS-TAU; MECHANOELECTRICAL TRANSDUCTION; SQUIRREL-MONKEY; BULLFROGS SACCULUS; POTASSIUM CURRENTS AB The time course and extent of adaptation in semicircular canal hair cells was compared to adaptation in primary afferent neurons for physiological stimuli in vivo to study the origins of the neural code transmitted to the brain. The oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, was used as the experimental model. Afferent firing-rate adaptation followed a double-exponential time course in response to step cupula displacements. The dominant adaptation time constant varied considerably among afferent fibers and spanned six orders of magnitude for the population ( similar to 1 ms to > 1,000 s). For sinusoidal stimuli (0.1 - 20 Hz), the rapidly adapting afferents exhibited a 90degrees phase lead and frequency-dependent gain, whereas slowly adapting afferents exhibited a flat gain and no phase lead. Hair-cell voltage and current modulations were similar to the slowly adapting afferents and exhibited a relatively flat gain with very little phase lead over the physiological bandwidth and dynamic range tested. Semicircular canal microphonics also showed responses consistent with the slowly adapting subset of afferents and with hair cells. The relatively broad diversity of afferent adaptation time constants and frequency-dependent discharge modulations relative to hair-cell voltage implicate a subsequent site of adaptation that plays a major role in further shaping the temporal characteristics of semicircular canal afferent neural signals. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Bioengn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NASA, Ames BioVIS Technol Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10029 USA. CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Ctr Anat & Funct Morphol, New York, NY 10029 USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Otolaryngol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Rabbitt, RD (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Bioengn, 20 South,2030 East,Room 506 BPRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM r.rabbitt@utah.edu FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R55-DC-006685, P01 DC001837, P01-DC-01837, R01 DC006685, R01 DC006685-02, R55 DC006685] NR 84 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3077 J9 J NEUROPHYSIOL JI J. Neurophysiol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 93 IS 1 BP 424 EP 436 DI 10.1152/jn.00426.2004 PG 13 WC Neurosciences; Physiology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology GA 880GV UT WOS:000225777900037 PM 15306633 ER PT J AU Stein, TP Schluter, MD Galante, AT Soteropoulos, P Ramirez, M Bigbee, A Grindeland, RE Wade, CE AF Stein, TP Schluter, MD Galante, AT Soteropoulos, P Ramirez, M Bigbee, A Grindeland, RE Wade, CE TI Effect of hind limb muscle unloading on liver metabolism of rats SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hind limb unloading; muscle disuse; atrophy; gluconeogenesis ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE; SPACE-FLIGHT; SUBSTRATE METABOLISM; GLUCOSE-METABOLISM; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; GENE-EXPRESSION; SOLEUS MUSCLE; BED-REST; SUSPENSION; GLUCONEOGENESIS AB In response to decreased use, skeletal muscle undergoes an adaptive reductive remodeling. There is a shift in fiber types from slow twitch to fast twitch fiber types. Associated with muscle unloading is an increased reliance on carbohydrate metabolism for energy. The hind limb suspended (HLS) rat model was used as the experimental model to determine whether skeletal muscle unloading had any impact on the liver. We used a combination of actual enzyme assays and microarray mRNA expression to address this question. The GenMAPP program was used to identify altered metabolic pathways. We found that the major changes in the liver with HLS were increases in the expression of genes involved in the generation of energy fuels for export, specifically gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. The expression of mRNA was increased (P<0.05) for three of the four enzymes involved in the regulation of gluconeogenesis pathway (pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase). Actual assay of enzymatic activity, in mumol . min(-1) . mg protein(-1) showed G-6-Pase (0.14+0.01 vs 0.17+0.01 P<0.05), fructose 1,6, bisphophosphatase (0.048+0.002 vs 0.054+0.002, P<0.07), and PEPCK (0.031+0.002 vs 0.038+0.012 (P<0.05) to be increased. We conclude that 1) atrophied muscle is not the only tissue to be affected by HLS, as there is also a response by the liver; and 2) the major changes in liver substrate metabolism induced by HLS appear to be limited to glucose and triglyceride production. The increase in glycolytic capacity in disused muscle is paralleled by an increase in glucogenic capacity by the liver. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, SOM, Stratford, NJ 08084 USA. Publ Hlth Res Inst, Ctr Appl Genomics, Newark, NJ USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, NJMS, Dept Microbiol, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Physiol, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Stein, TP (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, SOM, 2 Med Ctr Dr, Stratford, NJ 08084 USA. EM tpstein@umdnj.edu NR 58 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 16 IS 1 BP 9 EP 16 DI 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.07.003 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 895PK UT WOS:000226875200002 PM 15629235 ER PT J AU Domonkos, MT Foster, JE Soulas, GC AF Domonkos, MT Foster, JE Soulas, GC TI Wear testing and analysis of ion engine discharge cathode keeper SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 39th Joint Propulsion Conference CY JUL 20, 2003 CL Huntsville, AL SP AIAA, ASME, SAE, ASEE ID SPUTTERING YIELDS; HOLLOW CATHODES AB Experimental and analytical investigations were conducted to predict the wear of the discharge cathode keeper orifice in the NASA Evolutionary Xenon Thruster. The ion current to the keeper was found to be highly dependent on the beam current, and the average keeper ion current density was nearly identical to that of the NASA Solar Electric Propulsion Technology and Applications Readiness (NSTAR) thruster for comparable beam current density. The ion current distribution was highly peaked toward the keeper orifice. The wear assessment predicted keeper orifice erosion to the same diameter as the cathode tube after processing 250 or 460 kg of xenon, depending on whether warm or cold ions, respectively, were assumed. Although the presented simple wear analysis does not predict failure, comparison with the NSTAR extended life test results suggests that the discharge cathode assembly will continue to operate beyond the qualification goal of processing 405 kg of propellant. Probabilistic wear analysis showed that the ion energy at the keeper surface and the sputter yield contributed most to the uncertainty in the wear assessment. It is recommended that fundamental experimental and modeling efforts focus on accurately describing the plasma potential, ion temperature, and the sputtering yield. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Domonkos, MT (reprint author), NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 21 IS 1 BP 102 EP 110 DI 10.2514/1.4441 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 887TM UT WOS:000226328400011 ER PT J AU Mikellides, IG Katz, I Kuharski, RA Mandell, MJ AF Mikellides, IG Katz, I Kuharski, RA Mandell, MJ TI Elastic scattering of ions in electrostatic thruster plumes SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 37th Joint Propulsion Conference CY JUL 08-11, 2001 CL Salt Lake City, UT SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, ASME, SAE, ASEE ID SPACECRAFT AB It is postulated that the ion population and energy in most ion and Hall-Effect thruster plumes, at angles beyond the main beam divergence, is largely determined by the elastic scattering of high-energy ions by neutral atoms. A theoretical model of the scattered ion density and energy is presented. The model accounts for the presence of a main ion beam emanating from the thruster and neutral atoms from the ambient and thruster-induced environment. The treatment of elastic scattering incorporates angle-dependent differential cross sections that are computed classically. Results from the model are compared with ion flux and energy measurements taken by a retarding potential analyzer as a function of angle from the thruster's axis of symmetry. The good agreement between model results and measurements for ion energy and flux suggests that the determination of the differential cross section using classical formulations is adequate for the high-energy ions associated with electrostatic propulsion plumes. But the comparisons also emphasize the importance of accurate models of the neutral particle densities in these plumes. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. RP Mikellides, IG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 21 IS 1 BP 111 EP 118 DI 10.2514/1.5046 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 887TM UT WOS:000226328400012 ER PT J AU Foster, JE Patterson, MJ AF Foster, JE Patterson, MJ TI Downstream ion energy distributions in a hollow cathode ring cusp discharge SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 39th Joint Propulsion Conference CY JUL 20, 2003 CL Huntsville, AL SP AIAA, ASME, SAE, ASEE ID SCATTERING; SURFACE AB The presence of energetic ions produced by a hollow cathodes operating at high-emission currents (>10 A) has been documented in the literature. As part of an ongoing effort to uncover the underlying physics of the formation of these ions, ion efflux from a high-current hollow cathode operating in an ion thruster discharge chamber was investigated. With use of a spherical sector electrostatic energy analyzer located downstream of the discharge cathode, the ion energy distribution over a 0-60-eV energy range was measured. The sensitivity of the ion energy distribution function to zenith angle was also assessed at three different positions: 0, 15, and 25 deg. The measurements suggest that the majority of the ion current at the measuring point falls into the analyzer with an energy approximately equal to the discharge voltage. The ion distribution, however, was found to be quite broad. The high-energy tail of the distribution function tended to grow with increasing discharge current. Sensitivity of the profiles to flow rate at fixed discharge current was also investigated. A simple model is presented that provides a potential mechanism for the production of ions with energies above the discharge voltage. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Foster, JE (reprint author), NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 EI 1533-3876 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 21 IS 1 BP 144 EP 151 DI 10.2514/1.4771 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 887TM UT WOS:000226328400016 ER PT J AU Barrett, MJ AF Barrett, MJ TI Expectations of closed-Brayton-cycle heat exchangers in nuclear space power systems SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference CY AUG 17-21, 2003 CL Portsmouth, VA AB Performance expectations of closed-Brayton-cycle heat exchangers to be used in 100-kWe nuclear space power systems were forecast. Proposed cycle state points for a system supporting a mission to three of Jupiter's moons required effectiveness values for the heat-source exchanger, recuperator, and rejection exchanger (gas cooler) of 0.98,0.95, and 0.97, respectively. Performance parameters such as number of thermal units Ntu, equivalent thermal conductance UA, and entropy generation numbers Ns varied from 11 to 19, 23 to 39 kW/K, and 0.019 to 0.023 for some standard heat exchanger configurations. Pressure-loss contributions to entropy generation were significant; the largest frictional contribution was 114% of the heat-transfer irreversibility. Using conventional recuperator designs, the 0.95 effectiveness proved difficult to achieve without exceeding other performance targets; a metallic, plate-fin counterflow solution called for 15 % more mass and 33 % higher pressure loss than the target values. Two types of gas coolers showed promise. Single-pass counterflow and multipass cross-counterflow arrangements both met the 0.97 effectiveness requirement. Potential reliability-related advantages of the cross-counterflow design were noted. Cycle modifications, enhanced heat-transfer techniques, and incorporation of advanced materials were suggested options to reduce system development risk. Carbon-carbon sheeting or foam proved an attractive option to improve overall performance. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Michael.J.Barrett@nasa.gov NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 EI 1533-3876 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 21 IS 1 BP 152 EP 157 DI 10.2514/1.5749 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 887TM UT WOS:000226328400017 ER PT J AU Abdel-Hady, F Baaklini, G Gowayed, Y Creighton, R Lee, D Trudell, J AF Abdel-Hady, F Baaklini, G Gowayed, Y Creighton, R Lee, D Trudell, J TI Manufacture and NDE of multi-direction composite flywheel rims SO JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE flywheels; composite manufacture; filament winding; nondestructive evaluation (NDE); multi-direction composite (MDC); thermal imaging; X-ray ID DESIGN AB A universal winding machine is designed and constructed to manufacture a Multi-direction Composite (MDC) flywheel. The machine has three translation axes (XYZ) for the main carriage, three rotation axes around XYZ and an axis of mandrel rotation. Radial rings comprising fibers in the radial direction and hoop rings with fibers in the hoop direction are manufactured using this machine. Multiple hoop and radial rings are assembled in a special assembly mold to form an MDC rim. Manufacturing details and results of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) using X-ray and thermal techniques conducted of radial and hoop rings are presented. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Text Engn, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Gowayed, Y (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Text Engn, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0731-6844 J9 J REINF PLAST COMP JI J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. PY 2005 VL 24 IS 4 BP 413 EP 421 DI 10.1177/0731684405044897 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 898YH UT WOS:000227111600006 ER PT J AU Nikora, AP Munson, JC AF Nikora, AP Munson, JC TI An approach to the measurement of software evolution SO JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE AND EVOLUTION-RESEARCH AND PRACTICE LA English DT Article DE software measurement; software evolution; software fault AB Our current work involves developing methods of measuring changes to evolving software systems. We study a system's change characteristics over a large number of builds using the distinct sources of variation in the software metries used to measure the system. We have been collaborating with a flight software technology development effort at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and have progressed in resolving the limitations of our earlier work in two distinct steps. First, we have developed a repeatable and consistent fault enumeration methodology, allowing them to be precisely and accurately measured. Second, we have developed a practical framework for automating fault measurement, which we applied to the JPL software system during its development. Every change to the system was measured and every identified fault was tracked to a specific code module. Our analysis indicates that measures of the evolving system's structure are strongly related to the number of faults inserted during its development, and that some types of change are more likely to result in the insertion of faults than others. The fault enumeration methodology ensures that the resulting fault model has greater predictive validity; it also provides a higher quality model than other popular definitions of a fault. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Cylant Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 125-233, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM allen.p.nikora@jpl.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1532-060X EI 2047-7481 J9 J SOFTW MAINT EVOL-R JI J. Softw. Maint. Evol.-Res. Pract. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 17 IS 1 BP 65 EP 91 DI 10.1002/smr.303 PG 27 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 898KN UT WOS:000227075800004 ER PT J AU Chen, F Kissel, DE West, LT Rickman, D Luvall, JC Adkins, W AF Chen, F Kissel, DE West, LT Rickman, D Luvall, JC Adkins, W TI Mapping surface soil organic carbon for crop fields with remote sensing SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE field variation; global positioning systems; image filtering; mapping; remote sensing; soil organic carbon AB The soil organic carbon (C) concentration of surface soil can be used in agricultural fields to vary crop production inputs. Soil organic C is often highly spatially variable, so that maps of soil organic carbon can be used to vary crop production inputs using precision farming technology. The objective of this research was to demonstrate the feasibility of mapping soil organic carbon on three fields, using remotely sensed images of the fields with a bare surface. Soil samples covering the range in soil organic carbon were taken from each field to develop a satisfactory relationship between soil organic carbon content and image reflectance values. The regression equations differed between fields, but gave highly significant relationships with R-2 values of 0.93, 0.95, and 0.89 for the three fields. Two classifications, arbitrarily classification and a minimum distance clustering, were applied in mapping soil organic carbon. A comparison of mapped soil organic carbon with an independent set of 21 soil samples taken on one of the fields gave highly satisfactory results for the two methods with r(2) = 0.81 and 087. C1 Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NASA, Global Hydrol & Climate Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA. RP Chen, F (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. OI Rickman, Doug/0000-0003-3409-2882 NR 13 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 60 IS 1 BP 51 EP 57 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 896WW UT WOS:000226966100012 ER PT J AU Whorton, M AF Whorton, M TI Robust control for microgravity vibration isolation SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference CY AUG 11-14, 2003 CL Austin, TX SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut ID ISOLATION SYSTEMS; DESIGN AB Many microgravity science experiments need an active isolation system to provide a sufficiently quiescent acceleration environment. The glovebox integrated microgravity isolation technology (g-LIMIT) vibration isolation system will provide isolation for microgravity science glovebox experiments in the International Space Station. Although standard control system technologies have been demonstrated for these applications, modern control methods have the potential for meeting performance requirements while providing robust stability in the presence of parametric uncertainties that are characteristic of microgravity vibration isolation systems such as g-LIMIT. Whereas H-2 and H-infinity methods are well established, neither provides the levels of attenuation performance and robust stability in a compensator with low order. Mixed H-2/mu controllers provide a means for maximizing robust stability for a given level of mean-square nominal performance while directly optimizing for controller order constraints. The benefit of mixed norm design is demonstrated from the perspective of robustness to parametric uncertainties and controller order for microgravity vibration isolation. A nominal performance metric analogous to the mu measure for robust stability assessment is also introduced to define an acceptable trade space from which different control methodologies can be compared. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Transportat Directorate, Guidance Navigat & Control Syst Grp, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Space Transportat Directorate, Guidance Navigat & Control Syst Grp, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. EM mark.whorton@nasa.gov NR 19 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 EI 1533-6794 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 42 IS 1 BP 152 EP 160 DI 10.2514/1.4066 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 897IG UT WOS:000226996700018 ER PT J AU Delleur, AM Kerslake, TW AF Delleur, AM Kerslake, TW TI Electrical performance from bifacial illumination international space station photovoltaic array SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article AB With the first U.S. photovoltaic array activated on the International Space Station in December 2000, on-orbit data can be compared to analytical predictions. Because of space station operational constraints, it is not always possible to point the front side of the arrays at the sun. Thus, in many cases, sunlight directly illuminates the backside of the array as well as albedo illumination on either the front or the back. During this time, appreciable power is produced because the solar cells are mounted on a thin, solar transparent substrate. It is important to present accurate predictions for both front and backside power generation for mission planning, certification of flight readiness, and on-orbit mission support. To provide a more detailed assessment of the power production capability, the authors developed a photovoltaic array electrical performance model applicable to generalized bifacial illumination conditions. We describe the space station photovoltaic array performance model and the methods used to reduce orbital performance data. Analyses were performed using SPACE, a NASA Glenn Research Center-developed computer code for the space station. Results showed an excellent comparison of on-orbit performance data and analytical results. C1 NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Power & Prop Off, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Delleur, AM (reprint author), NASA, John H Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Power & Prop Off, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM ann.delleur@grc.nasa.gov; Thomas.w.kerslake@grc.nasa.gov NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 42 IS 1 BP 171 EP 176 DI 10.2514/1.5660 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 897IG UT WOS:000226996700020 ER PT J AU Albyn, K Edwards, D Alred, J AF Albyn, K Edwards, D Alred, J TI Changes in the optical properties of simulated shuttle wastewater deposits: Urine darkening SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article AB Manned spacecraft have historically dumped the crew-generated wastewater overboard, into the environment in which the spacecraft operates, sometimes depositing the wastewater on the external spacecraft surfaces. The change in optical properties of wastewater deposited on spacecraft external surfaces, from exposure to space environmental effects, is not well understood. Nonvolatile residue (NVR) from human urine is used to simulate wastewater deposits and document the changes in. the optical properties of the NVR deposits after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. There are 20 NVR samples, from 0 to 1000 Angstrom/cm(2), and one sample contaminated with 1-2 mg/cm(2), exposed to UV radiation over the course of approximately 6151 equivalent sun hours. Random changes in sample mass, NVR, solar absorbance, and infrared emission were observed during the study. Significant changes in the UV transmittance were observed for the sample contaminated at the milligram per square centimeter level. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Environm Effects Grp, Engn Directorate, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. Boeing Space Stn, Program Off, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Albyn, K (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Environm Effects Grp, Engn Directorate, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 42 IS 1 BP 177 EP 181 DI 10.2514/1.2430 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 897IG UT WOS:000226996700021 ER PT J AU Morscher, GN Yun, HM DiCarlo, JA AF Morscher, GN Yun, HM DiCarlo, JA TI Matrix cracking in 3D orthogonal melt-infiltrated SiC/SiC composites with various Z-fiber types SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DAMAGE ACCUMULATION; WOVEN; INTERPHASE; BEHAVIOR AB The occurrence of matrix cracks in melt-infiltrated SiC/SiC composites with a three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal architecture was determined at room temperature for specimens tested in tension parallel to the Y-direction (perpendicular to Z-bundle weave direction). The fiber types were Sylramic and Sylramic-iBN in the X- and Y-directions and lower modulus ZMI, T300, and rayon in the Z-direction. Acoustic emission (AE) was used to monitor the matrix-cracking activity. For Y-direction composites, the AE data were used to determine the location (+/- 0.25 mm) where matrix cracks occurred in the 3D orthogonal architecture. This enabled the determination of the stress-dependent matrix crack distributions for small but repeatable matrix-rich "unidirectional" and the matrix-poor "cross-ply" regions within the architecture. Matrix cracking initiated at very low stresses (similar to40 MPa) in the "unidirectional" regions for the largest Z-direction fiber tow composites. Decreasing the size of the Z-fiber bundle increased the stress for matrix cracking in the "unidirectional" regions. Matrix cracking was analyzed on the basis that the source for through-thickness matrix cracks (TTMC) originated in the 90degrees or Z-fiber tows. It was found that matrix cracking in the "cross-ply" regions was very similar to two-dimensional cross-woven composites. However, in the "unidirectional" regions, matrix cracking followed a Griffith-type relationship, where the stress-distribution for TTMC was inversely proportional to the square root of the height of the Z-fiber tows. C1 Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Cleveland State Univ, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Morscher, GN (reprint author), Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM gmorscher@grc.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 88 IS 1 BP 146 EP 153 DI 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00029.x PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 899PY UT WOS:000227158100024 ER PT J AU Kirkpatrick, AW Campbell, MR Jones, JA Broderick, TJ Ball, CG McBeth, PB McSwain, NE Hamilton, DR Holcomb, JB AF Kirkpatrick, AW Campbell, MR Jones, JA Broderick, TJ Ball, CG McBeth, PB McSwain, NE Hamilton, DR Holcomb, JB TI Extraterrestrial hemorrhage control: Terrestrial developments in technique, technology, and philosophy with applicability to traumatic hemorrhage control in long-duration spaceflight SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS LA English DT Review ID HIGH-INTENSITY ULTRASOUND; V LIVER-INJURIES; HYPOTHERMIC COAGULOPATHIC SWINE; DAMAGE CONTROL LAPAROTOMY; FIBRIN SEALANT DRESSINGS; CYCLE-SPECIFIC INCREASES; END-EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; CRITICALLY-ILL PATIENTS; BLUNT SPLENIC INJURY; DECREASES BLOOD-LOSS C1 Foothills Med Ctr, Dept Crit Care Med, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada. Foothills Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada. Foothills Med Ctr, Calgary Brain Inst, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada. Wyle Life Sci, Houston, TX USA. NASA, Houston, TX USA. Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA. Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. USA, Inst Surg Res, Ft Sam Houston, TX 78234 USA. RP Kirkpatrick, AW (reprint author), Foothills Med Ctr, Dept Crit Care Med, 1403 29 St NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada. EM andrew.kirkpatrick@calgaryhealthregion.ca NR 180 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1072-7515 J9 J AM COLL SURGEONS JI J. Am. Coll. Surg. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 200 IS 1 BP 64 EP 76 DI 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.08.028 PG 13 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA 886LK UT WOS:000226228600011 PM 15631922 ER PT J AU Hassan, AA Straub, FK Noonan, KW AF Hassan, AA Straub, FK Noonan, KW TI Experimental/numerical evaluation of integral trailing edge flaps for helicopter rotor applications SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HELICOPTER SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Forum of the American-Helicopter-Society CY MAY 02-04, 2000 CL VIRGINIA BEACH, VA SP Amer Helicopter Soc AB Two-dimensional wind tunnel tests were conducted in the NASA Langley 0.3-m Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel (TCT) to identify a suitable trailing edge flap geometry for helicopter rotor aerodynamic/dynamic applications. Two pressure-instrumented airfoils (9.5% thick, 12% thick) having 25% chord integral trailing edge flaps were tested. Airfoil and flap "inserts" were used interchangeably to yield flap "overhang" nose balance values of 35%, 40%, and 45%. Specific objectives of the tests were: (a) to investigate the effects of flap overhang nose balance on the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil/flap at moderate to high subsonic Mach numbers and, (b) to establish a comprehensive aerodynamic database for lifting-line simulations of flapped rotors. Pre-test analyses were conducted using a two-dimensional Navier-Stokes flow solver to evaluate the aerodynamic characteristics of a number of candidate flap geometries. Results from the wind tunnel tests/analyses affirmed the important effect of the flap percentage overhang on the hinge moments. At transonic speeds, prediction of secondary supersonic flow pockets on the shoulder of the flap was corroborated using the measured pressure data. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER HELICOPTER SOC INC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 217 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0002-8711 J9 J AM HELICOPTER SOC JI J. Am. Helicopter Soc. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 50 IS 1 BP 3 EP 17 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 897KT UT WOS:000227003500001 ER PT J AU Sullivan, BM Edwards, BD Brentner, KS Booth, ER AF Sullivan, BM Edwards, BD Brentner, KS Booth, ER TI A subjective test of modulated blade spacing for helicopter main rotors SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HELICOPTER SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 58th Annual Forum of the American-Helicopter-Society CY JUN 11-13, 2002 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Amer Helicopter Soc AB A previous analytical study has found that uneven (modulated) spacing of main rotor blades led to reduced helicopter noise. The present study was performed to see if these reductions transferred to improvements in subjective response. Using a predictive computer code, sounds produced by six main rotor configurations were predicted: 4 blades evenly spaced, 5 blades evenly spaced and four configurations with 5 blades with modulated spacing of varying amounts. These predictions were converted to audible sounds corresponding to the level flyover, takeoff and approach flight conditions. Subjects who heard the simulations were asked to assess the overflight sounds in terms of noisiness on a scale of 0 to 10. The evenly spaced configurations were found less noisy than the modulated spacings, possibly because the uneven spacings produced a perceptible pulsating sound due to the very low fundamental frequency. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Bell Helicopter Textron, Ft Worth, TX USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sullivan, BM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HELICOPTER SOC INC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 217 N WASHINGTON ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0002-8711 J9 J AM HELICOPTER SOC JI J. Am. Helicopter Soc. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 50 IS 1 BP 26 EP 32 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 897KT UT WOS:000227003500003 ER PT J AU Park, SY Mazanek, DD AF Park, SY Mazanek, DD TI Deflection of earth-crossing asteroids/comets using rendezvous spacecraft and laser ablation SO JOURNAL OF THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Planetary Defense Conference - Protecting Earth from Asteroids CY FEB 23-26, 2004 CL Orange County, CA SP AIAA ID MITIGATION AB Space missions are presented to deflect four fictitious Earth impacting objects by using an advanced magnetoplasma spacecraft designed to deliver a laser ablation payload. The laser energy required to provide sufficient change in velocity is estimated for one long-period comet and three asteroids, and an optimal rendezvous trajectory is provided for each threat scenario. The end-to-end simulations provide an overall concept for solving the deflection problem. These analyses illustrate that the optimal deflection strategy is highly dependent on the size and the orbital elements of the impacting object, as well as the amount of warning time. A rendezvous spacecraft with a multi-megawatt laser ablation payload could be available by the year 2050. This approach could provide a capable and robust orbit modification approach for altering the orbits of Earth-crossing objects with relatively small size or long warning time. Significant technological advances, multiple spacecraft, or alternative deflection techniques are required for a feasible scenario to protect Earth from an impacting celestial body with large size and short warning time. C1 Yonsei Univ, Dept Astron & Space Sci, Ctr Astrodynam & Space Technol, Seoul 120749, South Korea. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Spacecraft & Sensors Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Park, SY (reprint author), Yonsei Univ, Dept Astron & Space Sci, Ctr Astrodynam & Space Technol, Seoul 120749, South Korea. EM spark@galaxy.yonsei.ac.kr; d.d.mazanek@larc.nasa.gov RI Park, Sang-Young/F-5989-2013 NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASTRONAUTICAL SOC PI SPRINGFIELD PA 6352 ROLLING MILL PLACE SUITE 102, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22152 USA SN 0021-9142 J9 J ASTRONAUT SCI JI J. Astronaut. Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 2005 VL 53 IS 1 BP 21 EP 37 PG 17 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 993KG UT WOS:000233952400002 ER PT J AU Heymsfield, AJ Miloshevich, LM Schmitt, C Bansemer, A Twohy, C Poellot, MR Fridlind, A Gerber, H AF Heymsfield, AJ Miloshevich, LM Schmitt, C Bansemer, A Twohy, C Poellot, MR Fridlind, A Gerber, H TI Homogeneous ice nucleation in subtropical and tropical convection and its influence on cirrus anvil microphysics SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SUPERCOOLED LIQUID WATER; CLOUDS; AIRCRAFT; ENTRAINMENT; DROPLETS AB This study uses a unique set of microphysical measurements obtained in a vigorous, convective updraft core at temperatures between -33degrees and -36degreesC, together with a microphysical model, to investigate the role of homogeneous ice nucleation in deep tropical convection and how it influences the microphysical properties of the associated cirrus anvils. The core and anvil formed along a sea-breeze front during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers-Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE). The updraft core contained two distinct regions as traversed horizontally: the upwind portion of the core contained droplets of diameter 10-20 mum in concentrations of around 100 cm(-3) with updraft speeds of 5-10 m s(-1); the downwind portion of the core was glaciated with high concentrations of small ice particles and stronger updrafts of 10-20 m s(-1). Throughout the core, rimed particles up to 0.6-cm diameter were observed. The anvil contained high concentrations of both small particles and large aggregates. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that the air sampled in the updraft core was mixed with air from higher altitudes that descended along the upwind edge of the cloud in an evaporatively driven downdraft, introducing free-tropospheric cloud condensation nuclei into the updraft below the aircraft sampling height. Farther downwind in the glaciated portion of the core, the entrained air contained high concentrations of ice particles that inhibit droplet formation and homogeneous nucleation. Calculations of droplet and ice particle growth and homogeneous ice nucleation are used to investigate the influence of large ice particles lofted in updrafts from lower levels in this and previously studied tropical ice clouds on the homogeneous nucleation process. The preexisting large ice particles act to suppress homogeneous nucleation through competition via diffusional and accretional growth, mainly when the updrafts are < 5 m s(-1). In deep convective updrafts > 5-10 m s(-1), the anvil is the depository for the small, radiatively important ice particles (homogeneously nucleated) and the large ice particles from below (heterogeneously or secondarily produced, or recycled). C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR USA. Univ N Dakota, Dept Atmospher Sci, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Gerber Sci Inc, Reston, VA USA. RP Heymsfield, AJ (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM heyms1@ncar.ucar.edu RI Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011; Fridlind, Ann/E-1495-2012; Schmitt, Carl/P-5490-2015; OI Schmitt, Carl/0000-0003-3829-6970 NR 27 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 62 IS 1 BP 41 EP 64 DI 10.1175/JAS-3360.1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 895CN UT WOS:000226838600003 ER PT J AU Alamgir, FM Strauss, E denBoer, M Greenbaum, S Whitacre, JF Kao, CC Neih, S AF Alamgir, FM Strauss, E denBoer, M Greenbaum, S Whitacre, JF Kao, CC Neih, S TI LiCoO2 thin-film batteries structural changes and charge compensation SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FINE-STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; LITHIUM INTERCALATION; SECONDARY BATTERIES; SPECTROSCOPY; LIXCOO2 AB In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy of a thin-film LiCoO2-based secondary battery is reported. Batteries made with thin-film LiCoO2 cathodes annealed at 500 degrees C were found to be electrochemically very similar to their counterparts using bulk cathodes. Complementary information from the near-edge and extended structure from the Co K-edge revealed the electronic and atomic structure, respectively, around Co as a function of Li content. The electronic and atomic structure of Li(1-x)CoO2 indicates that upon Li removal, charge compensation occurs both by formation of O as well as Co holes until x reaches 0.25, after which it occurs only by formation of Co d-holes. (c) 2005 The Electrochemical Society. C1 CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, New York, NY 10021 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Front Edge Technol, Baldwin Pk, CA 91706 USA. RP Alamgir, FM (reprint author), CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, New York, NY 10021 USA. EM steve.greenbaum@hunter.cuny.edu OI Alamgir, Faisal/0000-0002-0894-8096 NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2005 VL 152 IS 5 BP A845 EP A849 DI 10.1149/1.1872672 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 918EA UT WOS:000228521400001 ER PT J AU Ratnakumar, BV Smart, MC Whitcanack, LD Davies, ED Chin, KB Deligiannis, F Surampudi, S AF Ratnakumar, BV Smart, MC Whitcanack, LD Davies, ED Chin, KB Deligiannis, F Surampudi, S TI Behavior of Li-ion cells in high-intensity radiation environments II. Sony/AEA/ComDEV cells SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LOW-TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE; BATTERIES; ELECTROLYTES; INTERCALATION; ELECTRODES; IMPEDANCE; GRAPHITE AB Batteries with good tolerance to high gamma-radiation environments are critical to NASA's future exploration missions to the outer planets, particularly Jupiter and its neighbors. Lithium-ion cells are generally expected to be less tolerant to radiation, due to their organic electrolyte solutions, polymer binders, and separators. Our earlier studies on aerospace lithium-ion prototype cells reveal a fairly good tolerance of the lithium-ion chemistry. A more detailed experimental evaluation has been carried out here on Sony/AEA/ComDev's 18650 cells to determine the effects of exposure to various levels of cumulative radiation levels, up to about 18 Mrad, and at different levels of intensities, on the performance of lithium-ion cells. The discharge performance, at ambient temperatures and at 0degreesC, and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) responses at ambient temperature were determined after each exposure. The ISIS data were analyzed for the electrochemical rate parameters and their changes upon irradiation, In addition, such measurements were made on control cells that went through the same degree of storage and/or cycling as the irradiated cells, without being subjected to radiation. Thus, these studies serve to quantify the performance loss sustained by lithium-ion cells subjected to gamma-radiation, in contrast to the previous studies, in which there are no control cells. Postradiation cycling tests were also carried out on these cells to assess their cyclability subsequent to radiation exposure. (C) 2005 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Electrochem Technol Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Ratnakumar, BV (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Electrochem Technol Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM ratnakumar.v.bugga@jpl.nasa.gov NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2005 VL 152 IS 2 BP A357 EP A363 DI 10.1149/1.1848212 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 899KD UT WOS:000227142400014 ER PT J AU Smart, MC Ratnakumar, BV Whitacre, JF Whitcanack, LD Chin, KB Rodriguez, MD Zhao, D Greenbaum, SG Surampudi, S AF Smart, MC Ratnakumar, BV Whitacre, JF Whitcanack, LD Chin, KB Rodriguez, MD Zhao, D Greenbaum, SG Surampudi, S TI Effect of electrolyte type upon the high-temperature resilience of lithium-ion cells SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ACCELERATING RATE CALORIMETRY; NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; THERMAL-STABILITY; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE; SELF-DISCHARGE; BATTERY ELECTROLYTES; CARBON ELECTRODES; GRAPHITE; PERFORMANCE; REACTIVITY AB The effect of electrolyte type upon the resilience of lithium-ion cells to high-temperature storage has been investigated in experimental mesocarbon microbead carbon-LixNiyCo1-yO2 three-electrode cells. Specifically, electrolytes have been studied where the solvent mixtures have been varied, with the intention of determining the impact of ethylene carbonate (EC) content upon performance. In addition to determining the reversible and irreversible capacity losses sustained as a result of high-temperature storage (55 to 70&DEG; C), a number of electrochemical measurements (ac impedance, Tafel polarization, and linear polarization) have been performed to determine the impact of the high-temperature exposure upon the electrode kinetics and the nature of the electrode surface films. It was observed that cells containing electrolytes with high EC content (i.e., 70% EC by volume) displayed superior resilience to high-temperature storage, in contrast to cells containing low EC content electrolytes (i.e., 30% EC by volume), which displayed much larger irreversible capacity losses and poorer lithium intercalation/deintercalation kinetics after exposure to high temperatures. Solid-state Li-7 nuclear magnetic resonance measurements were used to determine quantitatively the fraction of Li in the irreversible solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) as compared to Li in the active electrode (both anode and cathode) material. In addition, the electrodes were characterized using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer to examine the film morphology and composition. The results indicate that the nature of the SEI formed on the anode in low EC content cells correlates with the poor electrochemical performance observed after being subjected to high temperatures. © 2005 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Smart, MC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Marshall.C.Smart@jpl.nasa.gov NR 45 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 21 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2005 VL 152 IS 6 BP A1096 EP A1104 DI 10.1149/1.1901023 PG 9 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 931HB UT WOS:000229475300010 ER PT J AU West, WC Whitacre, JF AF West, WC Whitacre, JF TI Long cycle life elevated temperature thin-film batteries incorporating MoO3 cathodes SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES AB MoO3 thin films were examined as cathodes for elevated temperature Li thin-film batteries. All solid-state cells incorporating MoO3 cathodes were found to have superior cycle life and specific capacity compared with state-of-art LiCoO2- based Li thin-film cells. At 150 degrees C, the MoO3 cells could be cycled at deep charge and discharge voltages from 3.5 to 1 V over thousands of cycles with no apparent long-term capacity fade, in contrast to LiCoO2 cells which experienced severe capacity fade over a few hundred cycles at this temperature. The practical specific capacity of the MoO3 cathodes, approximately 298 mAh/g, was about twice that of state-of-art LiCoO2 cells cycled from 4.2 to 2.5 V. (c) 2005 The Electrochemical Society. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Electrochem Technol Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP West, WC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Electrochem Technol Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM william.c.west@jpl.nasa.gov NR 15 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2005 VL 152 IS 5 BP A966 EP A969 DI 10.1149/1.1887147 PG 4 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 918EA UT WOS:000228521400017 ER PT J AU Whitacre, JF Valdez, T Narayanan, SR AF Whitacre, JF Valdez, T Narayanan, SR TI Investigation of direct methanol fuel cell electrocatalysts using a robust combinatorial technique SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PT-RU ALLOYS; SPUTTER-DEPOSITION; ACID-SOLUTION; OXIDATION; CATALYST; ELECTROOXIDATION; DESIGN; STRATEGIES; ELECTRODE; FIELD AB A combinatorial approach to batch fabricating and evaluating fuel cell catalyst surfaces is described. The well-known binary Pt/Ru alloy and two compositional regimes of a novel quaternary Ni/Zr/Pt/Ru system were examined in detail. Catalyst films no thicker than 10 nm were deposited onto an array of 36 gold electrodes 0.5 cm(2) in area that were microfabricated on a 12.5 x 12.5 cm glass substrate. The catalyst films had identical bulk and surface compositions, a result of the atom-level mixing that occurred during the room-temperature cosputtering method used. A multichannel pseudopotentiostat was implemented for electrochemical screening. Compositions with promising and/or contrasting catalytic activities were also studied using X-ray diffraction, X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A low-Pt-content Ni(31)Zr(13)Pt(33)Ru(23) film was found to exhibit nominally the same activity (at 0.45 V vs a normal hydrogen electrode in 1 M H(2)SO(4), 1 M CH(3)OH) as the best PtRu alloys studied. This material had a fundamentally different crystal and electronic structure than that observed in the Pt/Ru films and exhibited a significantly higher degree of Pt site utilization. These results were consistent with the existence of a catalytic reaction pathway different than that reported for Pt/Ru. (c) 2005 The Electrochemical Society. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Whitacre, JF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Jay.F.Whitacre@jpl.nasa.gov NR 28 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PY 2005 VL 152 IS 9 BP A1780 EP A1789 DI 10.1149/1.1990129 PG 10 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 953HD UT WOS:000231066300014 ER PT J AU Sayir, A AF Sayir, A TI Directionally Solidified Eutectic Ceramics - Papers Presented at the Meeting Paris, France, May 5-7 2003 - Editorial SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Sayir, A (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. European Ceram. Soc. PY 2005 VL 25 IS 8 BP V EP V DI 10.1016/S0955-2219(05)00402-4 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 931YY UT WOS:000229522600001 ER PT J AU Cheng, QM Interrante, LV Lienhard, M Shen, QH Wu, ZZ AF Cheng, QM Interrante, LV Lienhard, M Shen, QH Wu, ZZ TI Methylene-bridged carbosilanes and polycarbosilanes as precursors to silicon carbide-from ceramic composites to SiC nanomaterials SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on States of Consciousness-Releyant for Anaesthesia, Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine CY NOV 22, 2003 CL Regensburg, GERMANY DE organosilicon chemistry; polycarbosilane; oligomeric components ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; HIGH-TEMPERATURE STABILITY; CARBON NANOTUBES; EMISSION PROPERTIES; TEMPLATE SYNTHESIS; NANORODS; NANOWIRES; GROWTH; POLY(SILYLENEMETHYLENE); MICROSTRUCTURE AB Polymeric and oligomeric carbosilanes having Si atoms linked by methylene (-CH2-) groups were used to prepare nano-sized tubules and bamboo-like SiC structures by both CVD and liquid precursor infiltration and pyrolysis inside of nanoporous alumina filter disks, followed by dissolution of the alumina template in HF(aq). These initially amorphous SiC structures were characterized by SEM, EMPA, TEM, and XRD. Typical outer diameters of the SiC nanotubes (NTs) were 200-300 nm with 20-40 nm wall thicknesses and lengths up to the thickness of the original alumina templates, ca. 60 mum. In the case of the CVD-derived SiC NTs, annealing these structures up to 1600degreesC in an Ar atmosphere yielded a nanocrystalline beta-SiC or beta-SiC/C composite in the shape of the original NTs, while in the case of the liquid precursor-derived nanostructures, conversion to a collection of single crystal SiC nanofibers and other small particles was observed. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Chem, Troy, NY 12180 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Starfire Syst Inc, Malta, NY 12020 USA. RP Interrante, LV (reprint author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Chem, Troy, NY 12180 USA. EM interl@rpi.edu NR 62 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 5 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. PY 2005 VL 25 IS 2-3 BP 233 EP 241 DI 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2004.08.005 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 875JE UT WOS:000225415500021 ER PT J AU Yi, J Argon, AS Sayir, A AF Yi, J Argon, AS Sayir, A TI Creep resistance of the directionally solidified ceramic eutectic of Al2O3/c-ZrO2(Y2O3): experiments and models SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Directionally Solidified Eutectic Ceramics CY MAY 05-07, 2003 CL Paris, FRANCE SP USAF Sci Res, NASA Glenn Res Ctr, EOARD, AOARD, Ceram Soc Japan, Amer Ceram Soc, Total Corp, Ecole Mines Paris, UBE Ind Ltd, ONERA, JUTEM, Adv Inst Mat Sci, Japan Inst Met DE AlO3/c-ZrO2 eutectics ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; DIFFUSIONAL CREEP; DISLOCATION CLIMB; DEFORMATION; COMPOSITES; ALUMINA; OXIDE AB The creep resistance of the directionally solidified ceramic eutectic of Al2O3/c-ZrO2(Y2O3) was studied in the temperature range of 1200-1520 &DEG; C both exprimentally and by mechanistic dislocation models. The topologically continuous majority phase of Al2O3, has a nearly perfect growth texture in the [0 0 0 1] direction and encapsulates the minority c-ZrO2(Y2O3) phase in a variety of morphologies. This encapsulated minority phase too has a close to (1 1 2) growth texture, regardless of morphology. The two phases are separated by close to coherent and well structured interfaces. The creep of the eutectic in its growth direction exhibits an initial transient that is attributed to stress relaxation in the c-ZrO2(Y2O3) phase, but otherwise in steady state shows many of the same characteristics of creep in sapphire single crystals with c-axis orientation. The creep strain rate of the eutectic has stress exponents in the range of 4.5-5.0 and a temperature dependence Suggesting a rate mechanism governed by oxygen ion diffusion in the Al2O3 While required TEM evidence is still incomplete, finite element analysis of stress distribution in the two phases and a detailed dislocation model of the creep rate indicate that Much of the nano-scale encapsulated c-ZrO2(Y2O3) is too small to deform by creep so that the major contribution to the recorded creep strain is derived from the diffusion-control led climb of pyramidal edge dislocations in the Al2O3 phase. The evidence suggests that the climbing dislocations in Al2O3 must repeatly circumvent the c-ZrO2(Y2O3) domains acting as dispersoids resulting in the stress exponents larger than 3. The creep model is in very good agreement with the experiments. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NASA, John Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Argon, AS (reprint author), MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM argon@mit.edu NR 25 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. European Ceram. Soc. PY 2005 VL 25 IS 8 BP 1201 EP 1214 DI 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.01.018 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 931YY UT WOS:000229522600003 ER PT J AU Dynys, FW Sayir, A AF Dynys, FW Sayir, A TI Self assemble silicide architectures by directional solidification SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Directionally Solidified Eutectic Ceramics CY MAY 05-07, 2003 CL Paris, FRANCE SP USAF Sci Res, NASA Glenn Res Ctr, EOARD, AOARD, Ceram Soc Japan, Amer Ceram Soc, Total Corp, Ecole Mines Paris, UBE Ind Ltd, ONERA, JUTEM, Adv Inst Mat Sci, Japan Inst Met DE silicides; composite; microstructure-final ID EUTECTIC COMPOSITES AB Directional solidification of eutectics has self assembly characteristics that can fabricate two dimensional periodic arrays of two or more phases. The ordering of the phases can be utilized as a "lithographic technique" to produce porous structures for fabrication of miniature devices. Directional solidification by the Bridgman technique was applied to the eutectic systems Si-TiSi2 and Si-YSi2. Patterned growth of TiSi2 rods occur in the silicon matrix during solidification. Micro-channel structure of pillar arrays of TiSi2 was produced by silicon dissolution by KOH. Average TiSi2 rod diameter was 2.5 μ m with 99% of the population falling in the 2-3 μ m range. Colony formation could not be suppressed in the Si-TiSi2 system. Patterned growth is not observed in Si-YSi2 system. Eutectic and hyper-eutectic Si-YSi2 compositions formed anomalous eutectic microstructure. Microstructure shows dependence upon the solidification rate. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Dynys, FW (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. European Ceram. Soc. PY 2005 VL 25 IS 8 BP 1293 EP 1299 DI 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.01.033 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 931YY UT WOS:000229522600012 ER PT J AU Paderno, YB Filipov, VB Paderno, VN Sayir, A AF Paderno, YB Filipov, VB Paderno, VN Sayir, A TI Submicron size single crystal (MeB2)-B-IV (Me =Ti, Zr, Hf) fibers SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Directionally Solidified Eutectic Ceramics CY MAY 05-07, 2003 CL Paris, FRANCE SP USAF Sci Res, NASA Glenn Res Ctr, EOARD, AOARD, Ceram Soc Japan, Amer Ceram Soc, Total Corp, Ecole Mines Paris, UBE Ind Ltd, ONERA, JUTEM, Adv Inst Mat Sci, Japan Inst Met DE grain growth fibres; permeability; borides; refractories ID D-TRANSITION; GROWTH; PECULIARITIES; CHEMISTRY; BORIDES AB Submicron diameter ZrB2 TiB2 and HfB2 fibers were produced in single crystal form. Directional solidification of diboride eutectics followed by matrix phase removal was utilized to fabricate single crystal fibers. LaB6 was utilized as the matrix phase for crystal growth. Fiber diameter ranged from 0.4 to 0.8 μ m for all compositions investigated. The length-to diameter aspect ratio exceeded 500 for all compositions. Fibers were uniform and had smooth surfaces along the entire length. Transmission electron microscopy characterization showed that the fibers were single crystals with a high degree of perfection and preferential growth direction along the {1 1 1} orientation of the diboride lattice. Porous structures were formed by pressing the diboride fibers and sintering at temperatures LIP to 2200 K in vacuum. The level of porosity, average pore size distribution, and specific Surface area could be controlled to some extent by mechanical pressing. The diborides in small fiber form may have technical applications in structural components and functional devices, i.e., industrial filters, thermal protection systems, and possibly for reinforcement. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASU, I Frantsevich Inst Problems Mat Sci Acad Sci, UA-03142 Kiev, Ukraine. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Paderno, YB (reprint author), NASU, I Frantsevich Inst Problems Mat Sci Acad Sci, 3 Krzhyzhanovsky Str, UA-03142 Kiev, Ukraine. EM paderno@ipms.kiev.ua NR 16 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. European Ceram. Soc. PY 2005 VL 25 IS 8 BP 1301 EP 1305 DI 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.01.027 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 931YY UT WOS:000229522600013 ER PT J AU Lee, KN Fox, DS Bansal, NP AF Lee, KN Fox, DS Bansal, NP TI Rare earth silicate environmental barrier coatings for SiC/SiC composites and Si3N4 ceramics SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Corrosion of Ceramic Matrix Composites CY MAY 16-21, 2004 CL Les Embiez, FRANCE DE SiC; Si3N4; environmental barrier coating ID MULLITE AB Rare earth silicates have been investigated to evaluate their potential as an advanced environmental barrier coating (EBC) having higher temperature capability than current EBCs. Volatility data in high steam environments indicate that rare earth monosilicates (RE2SiO5; RE: rare earth element) have lower volatility than the current barium strontium aluminum silicate (BSAS) EBC top coat in combustion environments. Rare earth silicates also exhibit superior chemical compatibility compared to BSAS. The superior chemical compatibility and low volatility are key attributes to achieve higher temperature capability. The chemical compatibility is especially critical for EBCs on Si3N4 because of the high chemical reactivity of some of the oxide additives in Si3N4. In simulated combustion environments, EBCs with a rare earth monosilicate top coat exhibit superior temperature capability and durability compared to the current state-of-the art EBCs with a BSAS top coat. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Lee, KN (reprint author), Cleveland State Univ, Cleveland, OH 44115 USA. EM Kang.N.Lee@grc.nasa.gov NR 24 TC 184 Z9 196 U1 15 U2 106 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. European Ceram. Soc. PY 2005 VL 25 IS 10 BP 1705 EP 1715 DI 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2004.12.013 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 938YT UT WOS:000230040000003 ER PT J AU Strekalov, D Matsko, AB Maleki, L AF Strekalov, D Matsko, AB Maleki, L TI Nonlinear properties of electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium vapor SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COHERENCE AB Nonlinear properties of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with respect to a weak probe light are studied. We observe EIT in a rubidium vapor, measure the slow light group velocity and the EIT resonance width, and find that those parameters show a strong dependence on the probe power. We theoretically study the influence of the EIT probe dependence on the performance of the EIT-based optical delay lines and magnetometers. (C) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Strekalov, D (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Matsko, Andrey/A-1272-2007 NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 22 IS 1 BP 65 EP 71 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.22.000065 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 886JP UT WOS:000226223600008 ER PT J AU Wright, MJ Bose, D Olejniczak, J AF Wright, MJ Bose, D Olejniczak, J TI Impact of flowfield-radiation coupling on aeroheating for titan aerocapture SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 42nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 05-08, 2004 CL Reno, NV SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut ID NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS; LINE RELAXATION; COMPUTATION; ENVIRONMENT; ENTRY; FLOW AB A methodology is developed that enables fully coupled computation of three-dimensional flow fields including radiation, assuming an optically thin shock layer. The method can easily be incorporated into existing computational fluid dynamics codes and does not appreciably increase the cost or affect the robustness of the resulting simulations. Further improvements in the accuracy of radiative heating predictions in an optically thin gas; be achieved by using a view-factor method rather than the standard tangent slab approach. These techniques are applied to the Titan aerocapture aeroheating problem, which is dominated by strong radiative heating. For this application, neglecting the nonadiabatic effects caused by radiation coupling results in an overprediction of radiative heating levels by about a factor of 2. Radiative coupling effects also significantly lower predicted convective heating by reducing boundary-layer edge temperatures. In addition, it is shown that the tangent slab approximation overpredicts radiative heating levels by a minimum of 20% in the stagnation region for this application. Over an entire design trajectory, correctly modeling radiative heat transfer results in a more than a factor of 2 reduction in total stagnation-region heat load over an uncoupled analysis. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Wright, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, MS 230-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 43 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 2005 VL 19 IS 1 BP 17 EP 27 DI 10.2514/1.10304 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 887RS UT WOS:000226323800002 ER PT J AU Wright, MJ Levin, E AF Wright, MJ Levin, E TI Collision integrals for ion-neutral interactions of air and argon SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT-COEFFICIENTS; NITROGEN; MODEL; POLARIZABILITY; OXYGEN C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Wright, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Reacting Flow Environm Branch, Mail Stop 230-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 2005 VL 19 IS 1 BP 127 EP 128 DI 10.2514/1.12384 PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 887RS UT WOS:000226323800016 ER PT J AU Sargsyan, AE Hamilton, DR Jones, JA Melton, S Whitson, PA Kirkpatrick, AW Martin, D Dulchavsky, SA AF Sargsyan, AE Hamilton, DR Jones, JA Melton, S Whitson, PA Kirkpatrick, AW Martin, D Dulchavsky, SA TI FAST at MACH 20: Clinical ultrasound aboard the International Space Station SO JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE LA English DT Article DE ultrasound; FAST; aerospace; NASA ID THORACIC ULTRASOUND; FOCUSED ASSESSMENT; TRAUMA FAST; PNEUMOTHORAX; SONOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSIS AB Background: Focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) examination has been proved accurate for diagnosing trauma when performed by nonradiologist physicians. Recent reports have suggested that nonphysicians also may be able to perform the FAST examination reliably. A multipurpose ultrasound system is installed on the International Space Station as a component of the Human Research Facility. Nonphysician crew members aboard the International Space Station receive modest training in hardware operation, sonographic techniques, and remotely guided scanning. This report documents the first FAST examination conducted in space, as part of the sustained effort to maintain the highest possible level of available medical care during long-duration space flight. Methods: An International Space Station crew member with minimal sonography training was remotely guided through a FAST examination by an ultrasound imaging expert from Mission Control Center using private real-time two-way audio and a private space-to-ground video downlink (7.5 frames/second). There was a 2-second satellite delay for both video and audio. To facilitate the real-time telemedical ultrasound examination, identical reference cards showing topologic reference points and hardware controls were available to both the crew member and the ground-based expert. Results: A FAST examination, including four standard abdominal windows, was completed in approximately 5.5 minutes. Following commands from the Mission Control Center-based expert, the crew member acquired all target images without difficulty. The anatomic content and fidelity of the ultrasound video were excellent and would allow clinical decision making. Conclusion: It is possible to conduct a remotely guided FAST examination with excellent clinical results and speed, even with a significantly reduced video frame rate and a 2-second communication latency. A wider application of trauma ultrasound applications for remote medicine on earth appears to be possible and warranted. C1 Henry Ford Hosp, Dept Surg, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. Wyle Labs, Houston, TX USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Foothills Med Ctr, Calgary, AB, Canada. RP Dulchavsky, SA (reprint author), Henry Ford Hosp, Dept Surg, 4299 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. NR 23 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 10 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0022-5282 J9 J TRAUMA JI J. Trauma-Injury Infect. Crit. Care PD JAN PY 2005 VL 58 IS 1 BP 35 EP 39 DI 10.1097/01.TA.0000145083.47032.78 PG 5 WC Critical Care Medicine; Surgery SC General & Internal Medicine; Surgery GA 894HS UT WOS:000226782300007 PM 15674147 ER PT J AU Merchant, A Kerrebrock, JL Adamczyk, JJ Braunscheidel, E AF Merchant, A Kerrebrock, JL Adamczyk, JJ Braunscheidel, E TI Experimental investigation of a high pressure ratio aspirated fan stage SO JOURNAL OF TURBOMACHINERY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition CY JUN 13-17, 2004 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA AB The experimental investigation of an aspirated fan stage designed to achieve a pressure ratio of 3.4:1 at 1500 ft/s is presented in this paper. The low-energy viscous flow is aspirated from diffusion-limiting locations on the blades and flowpath surfaces of the stage, enabling a very high pressure ratio to be achieved in a single stage. The fan stage performance was mapped at various operating speeds from choke to stall in a compressor facility at fully simulated engine conditions. The experimentally determined stage performance, in terms of pressure ratio and corresponding inlet mass flow rate, was found to be in good agreement with the 3D viscous computational prediction, and in turn close to the design intent. Stage pressure ratios exceeding 3:1 were achieved at design speed, with an aspiration flow fraction of 3.5% of the stage inlet mass flow. The experimental performance of the stage at various operating conditions, including detailed flowfield measurements, are presented and discussed in the context of the computational analyses. The stage performance and operability, at reduced aspiration flow rates at design and off-design conditions are also discussed. C1 MIT, Gas Turbine Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Merchant, A (reprint author), MIT, Gas Turbine Lab, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NR 9 TC 31 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 10 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0889-504X J9 J TURBOMACH JI J. Turbomach.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2005 VL 127 IS 1 BP 43 EP 51 DI 10.1115/1.812323 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 901FA UT WOS:000227267200007 ER PT J AU Skoch, GJ AF Skoch, GJ TI Experimental investigation of diffuser hub injection to improve centrifugal compressor stability SO JOURNAL OF TURBOMACHINERY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition CY JUN 13-17, 2004 CL Vienna, AUSTRIA AB Results from a series of experiments to investigate whether centrifugal compressor stability could be improved by injecting air through the diffuser hub surface are reported. The research was conducted in a 4:1 pressure ratio centrifugal compressor configured with a vane-island diffuser. Injector nozzles were located just upstream of the leading edge of the diffuser vanes. Nozzle orientations were set to produce injected streams angled at -8, 0, and +8 degrees relative to the vane mean camber line. Several injection flow rates were tested using both an external air supply and recirculation from the diffuser exit. Compressor flow range did not improve at any injection flow rate that was tested, and generally diminished as injection rate increased. Compressor flow range did improve slightly at zero injection due to the flow resistance created by injector openings on the hub surface. Resistance and flow range both increased as the injector orientation was turned toward radial. Leading edge loading and semivaneless space diffusion showed trends that are similar to those reported earlier from shroud surface experiments that did improve compressor range. Opposite trends are seen for hub injection cases where compressor flow range decreased. The hub injection data further explain the range improvement provided by shroud-side injection and suggest that stability factors cited in the discussion of shroud surface techniques are valid. The results also suggest that a different application of hub-side techniques may produce a range improvement in centrifugal compressors. C1 USA, Res Lab, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Skoch, GJ (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 4 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0889-504X J9 J TURBOMACH JI J. Turbomach.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2005 VL 127 IS 1 BP 107 EP 117 DI 10.1115/1.1812779 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 901FA UT WOS:000227267200013 ER PT J AU Jacobitz, FG Rogers, MM Ferziger, JH AF Jacobitz, FG Rogers, MM Ferziger, JH TI Waves in stably stratified turbulent flow SO JOURNAL OF TURBULENCE LA English DT Article ID SHEAR-FLOW; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; EVOLUTION; FLUID; DECAY AB Two approaches for the identification of internal gravity waves in sheared and unsheared homogeneous stably stratified turbulence are investigated. First, the phase angle between the vertical velocity and density fluctuations is considered. It is found, however, that a continuous distribution of the phase angle is present in both weakly and strongly stratified flows. Second, a projection onto the solution of the linearized inviscid equations of motion of unsheared stratified flow is investigated. Solutions of the fully nonlinear viscous Navier-Stokes equations are thus decomposed into vertical wave modes and horizontal vortical modes. However, this decomposition includes some 'turbulent' motions in the 'wave' field when the Froude number is non-zero. In fact, for Fr > 5 the flow kinetic energy is nearly equally split between the turbulent and wave fields for all wave numbers, as for unstratified flows. This calls into question the adequacy of this decomposition, at least for weak or moderate stratification. C1 Univ San Diego, Mech Engn Program, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Jacobitz, FG (reprint author), Univ San Diego, Mech Engn Program, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. EM jacobitz@sandiego.edu NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1468-5248 J9 J TURBUL JI J. Turbul. PY 2005 VL 6 IS 32 DI 10.1080/14685240500462069 PG 12 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 001EX UT WOS:000234517500001 ER PT J AU Manohara, HM Bronikowski, MJ Hoenk, M Hunt, BD Siegel, PH AF Manohara, HM Bronikowski, MJ Hoenk, M Hunt, BD Siegel, PH TI High-current-density field emitters based on arrays of carbon nanotube bundles SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-EMISSION; NANOFIBERS AB We have developed high-current density field emission sources using arrays of multiwalled carbon nanotube bundles. The field emission behavior of a variety of lithographically patterned array geometries was investigated and the arrays of 1-mum and 2-mum-diameter nanotube bundles spaced 5 Am apart (edge-to-edge spacing) were identified as the most optimum combination, routinely producing 1.5-1.8 A/cm(2) at low electric fields of approximately 4 V/mum, rising to >6A/cm(2) at 20 V/mum over a similar to100-mum-diameter area. We have found that the field emission performance depends strongly on the bundle diameter and interbundle spacing and such arrays perform significantly better in field emission than ordered arrays of isolated nanotubes or dense, continuous mats of nanotubes previously reported in literature. (C) 2005 American Vacuum Society. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Manohara, HM (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Michael.J.Bronikowski@jpl.nasa.gov NR 20 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 6 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 23 IS 1 BP 157 EP 161 DI 10.1116/1.1850103 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 901RZ UT WOS:000227300900030 ER PT J AU Ross, MD Varelas, J AF Ross, MD Varelas, J TI Synaptic ribbon plasticity, ribbon size and potential regulatory mechanisms in utricular and saccular maculae SO JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION LA English DT Article DE saccular macula; utricular macula; ribbon synapses; synaptic plasticity; synaptic scaling; mitochondrial complexes ID ANTEROVENTRAL COCHLEAR NUCLEUS; INNERVATING OTOLITH ORGANS; HAIR-CELLS; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; PYRAMIDAL NEURONS; RECIPROCAL SYNAPSES; VESTIBULAR SYSTEM; SQUIRREL-MONKEY; DENDRITES AB The mean number of synaptic ribbons in type II hair cells of the rat utricular macula increased significantly in weightlessness. In contrast, ribbon synapses of saccular type I hair cells displayed a significant decline early inflight and postflight, and a late numerical overshoot. Further study indicated that the saccular macula had less ultrastructural complexly than the utricular. Additionally, synaptic ribbons were statistically larger in type II hair cells of both maculae, apparently a locus-related scaling effect. A major new finding is that mitochondria in calyces and collateral terminals were linked to vesicles, tubules of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and cell membranes by filaments, forming mitochondrial complexes (MCs). MCs predominated basally in the calyx where calyceal/type I hair cell borders were bound by filaments; at calyceal invaginations of type I hair cells; in calyces and collaterals near synaptic ribbon sites; and in collaterals near reciprocal synapses. MCs may participate in feedback mechanisms at these locations to help regulate synaptic ribbon activity and plasticity in altered gravitational environments. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Neurociencias, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, BioVIS Technol Ctr, Wyle Labs Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Ross, MD (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Neurociencias, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM mross@salud.unm.edu FU NINDS NIH HHS [5U01NS33448] NR 73 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4271 J9 J VESTIBUL RES-EQUIL JI J. Vestib. Res.-Equilib. Orientat. PY 2005 VL 15 IS 1 BP 17 EP 30 PG 14 WC Neurosciences; Otorhinolaryngology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Otorhinolaryngology GA 921GY UT WOS:000228753400003 PM 15908737 ER PT J AU Kassemi, M Oas, JG Deserranno, D AF Kassemi, M Oas, JG Deserranno, D TI Fluid-structural dynamics of ground-based and microgravity caloric tests SO JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION LA English DT Article DE fluid structural interaction; inner ear; vestibular system; CFD; caloric test; microgravity ID SEMICIRCULAR CANALS; MECHANICAL MODEL; VESTIBULAR TEST; STIMULATION; NYSTAGMUS; PRESSURE; AMPULLA; CUPULA; SPACE AB Microgravity caloric tests aboard the 1983 SpaceLab I mission produced nystagmus results with an intensity comparable to those elicited during post- and pre- flight tests, thus contradicting the basic premise of Barany's convection hypothesis for caloric stimulation. In this work, we present a dynamic fluid structural analysis of the caloric stimulation of the lateral semicircular canal based on two simultaneous driving forces for the endolymphatic flow: natural convection driven by the temperature-dependent density variation in the bulk fluid and expansive convection caused by direct volumetric displacement of the endolymph during the thermal irrigation. Direct numerical simulations indicate that on earth, the natural convection mechanism is dominant. But in the microgravity environment of orbiting spacecraft, where buoyancy effects are mitigated, expansive convection becomes the sole mechanism for producing cupular displacement. A series of transient I g and microgravity case studies are presented to delineate the differences between the dynamics of the I g and microgravity endolymphatic flows. The impact of these different flow dynamics on the endolymph-cupula fluid- structural interactions is also analyzed based on the time evolutions of cupular displacement and velocity and the transcupular pressure differences. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Micrograv Res, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Otolaryngol, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Kassemi, M (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Natl Ctr Micrograv Res, 21000 Brookpk Rd,MS110-3, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Mohammad.Kassemi@grc.nasa.gov RI Oas, John/E-3772-2011 NR 45 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4271 J9 J VESTIBUL RES-EQUIL JI J. Vestib. Res.-Equilib. Orientat. PY 2005 VL 15 IS 2 BP 93 EP 107 PG 15 WC Neurosciences; Otorhinolaryngology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Otorhinolaryngology GA 959LX UT WOS:000231520300005 PM 15951623 ER PT J AU Kaufman, G Weng, TX Ruttley, T AF Kaufman, G Weng, TX Ruttley, T TI A rodent model for artificial gravity: VOR adaptation and Fos expression SO JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION LA English DT Article DE Coriolis; cross-coupling; vestibular; video-oculography; centripetal hypergravity; eye movements; oculomotor; space; asymmetry ID INFERIOR OLIVE; TOPOGRAPHICAL ORGANIZATION; OLIVOCEREBELLAR PROJECTION; CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION; VESTIBULAR COMPENSATION; MOTION SICKNESS; SPACE-FLIGHT; BRAIN-STEM; RAT; CAT AB Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) adaptation and brainstem Fos expression as a result of short radius cross-coupling stimuli were investigated to find neural correlates of the inherent Coriolis force asymmetry from an artificial gravity (AG) environment. Head-fixed gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus, N = 79) were exposed, in the dark, to 60-90 minutes of cross-coupled rotations, combinations of pitch (or roll) and yaw rotation, while binocular horizontal, vertical, and torsional eye position were determined using infrared video-oculography. Centripetal acceleration in combination with angular cross-coupling was also studied. Simultaneous sinusoidal rotations in two planes (yaw with roll or pitch) provided a net symmetrical stimulus for the right and left labyrinths. In contrast, a constant velocity yaw rotation during sinusoidal roll or pitch provided the asymmetric stimulus model for AG. We found orthogonally oriented half-cycle VOR gain changes. The results depended on the direction of horizontal rotation during asymmetrical cross-coupling, and other aspects of the stimulus, including the phase relationship between the two rotational inputs, the symmetry of the stimulus, and training. Fos expression also revealed laterality differences in the prepositus and inferior olivary C subnucleus. In contrast the inferior olivary beta and ventrolateral outgrowth were labeled bilaterally. Additional cross-coupling dependent labeling was found in the flocculus, hippocampus, and several cortical regions, including the perirhinal and temporal association cortices. Analyses showed significant differences across the brain regions for several factors (symmetry, rotation velocity and direction, the presence of centripetal acceleration or a visual surround, and training). Finally, animals compensating from a unilateral surgical labyrinthectomy who received multiple cross-coupling training sessions had improved half-cycle VOR gain in the ipsilateral eye with head rotation toward the intact side. We hypothesize that cross-coupling vestibular training can benefit aspects of motor recovery or performance. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. NASA, JSC, Houston, TX USA. RP Kaufman, G (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, 7-102 Med Res Bldg,301 Univ Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. EM gdkaufma@utmb.edu RI Ruttley, Tara/D-8696-2016 OI Ruttley, Tara/0000-0001-7184-6749 FU NIDCD NIH HHS [DC04170] NR 47 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4271 J9 J VESTIBUL RES-EQUIL JI J. Vestib. Res.-Equilib. Orientat. PY 2005 VL 15 IS 3 BP 131 EP 147 PG 17 WC Neurosciences; Otorhinolaryngology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Otorhinolaryngology GA 980EQ UT WOS:000232997400002 PM 16179762 ER PT J AU Mulavara, AP Houser, J Miller, C Bloomberg, JJ AF Mulavara, AP Houser, J Miller, C Bloomberg, JJ TI Full-body gaze control mechanisms elicited during locomotion: Effects of VOR adaptation SO JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION LA English DT Article ID NEUROMUSCULAR ACTIVATION PATTERNS; VISUAL-VESTIBULAR INTERACTION; HEAD MOVEMENT CONTROL; SPACE-FLIGHT; TREADMILL WALKING; VERTICAL HEAD; STABILIZATION; HUMANS; TRUNK; STRATEGIES AB We have previously shown that multiple, interdependent, full-body sensorimotor subsystems aid gaze stabilization during locomotion. In the present study we investigated how the full-body gaze control system responds following exposure to visual-vestibular conflict known to adaptively modify vestibuilo-ocular reflex (VOR) function. Subjects (n = 14) walked (6.4 km/h) on a motorized treadmill before and after they were exposed to 0.5X minifying lenses worn for 30 minutes during self-generated sinusoidal vertical head rotations performed while seated. Results indicate that, following the exposure the major changes that subjects showed were to: 1) decrease the amplitude of head pitch and vertical translation of the torso movement with respect to space; 2) increase the amount of knee and ankle flexion during the initial stance phase of the gait cycle. A correlation analysis showed that: 1) changes in the head pitch significantly co-varied with that of the vertical torso translation 2) changes in the knee flexion significantly co-varied with that of the ankle flexion during the initial stance phase of the gait cycle 3) changes in the vertical torso translation significantly co-varied with that of the ankle flexion during the initial stance phase of the gait cycle. Thus we infer that the changes in the magnitude after VOR adaptation in comparison to their pre adaptation responses serve to aid gaze stabilization during locomotion. The significant covariation of the changes between subsystems provides further evidence that the full body contributes to gaze stabilization during locomotion, and its different functional elements are subject to adaptive reorganization following exposure to visual-vestibular conflict. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Neurosci Labs, Houston, TX 77058 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Natl Space Biomed Res Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Bergaila Engn, Houston, TX USA. Wyle Labs, Houston, TX USA. RP Mulavara, AP (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Neurosci Labs, 2101 NASA Rd 1,MC-SK-B272, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM amulavar@ems.jsc.nasa.gov NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 5 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4271 J9 J VESTIBUL RES-EQUIL JI J. Vestib. Res.-Equilib. Orientat. PY 2005 VL 15 IS 5-6 BP 279 EP 289 PG 11 WC Neurosciences; Otorhinolaryngology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Otorhinolaryngology GA 044RB UT WOS:000237688900005 PM 16614474 ER PT J AU Greenblatt, RJ Quackenbush, SL Casey, RN Rovnak, J Balazs, GH Work, TM Casey, JW Sutton, CA AF Greenblatt, RJ Quackenbush, SL Casey, RN Rovnak, J Balazs, GH Work, TM Casey, JW Sutton, CA TI Genomic variation of the fibropapilloma-associated marine turtle herpesvirus across seven geographic areas and three host species SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIMPLEX-VIRUS TYPE-1; DNA-BINDING PROTEIN; GREEN TURTLES; CHELONIA-MYDAS; ERETMOCHELYS-IMBRICATA; KAPOSIS-SARCOMA; IDENTIFICATION; GENE; POLYMERASE; HYBRIDIZATION AB Fibropapillomatosis (FP) of marine turtles is an emerging neoplastic disease associated with infection by a novel turtle herpesvirus, fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus (FPTHV). This report presents 23 kb of the genome of an FPTHV infecting a Hawaiian green turtle (Chelonia mydas). By sequence homology, the open reading frames in this contig correspond to herpes simplex virus genes UL23 through UL36. The order, orientation, and homology of these putative genes indicate that FPTHV is a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae. The U(L)27-, U(L)30-, and U(L)34-homologous open reading frames from FPTHVs infecting nine FP-affected marine turtles from seven geographic areas and three turtle species (C. mydas, Caretta caretta, and Lepidochelys olivacea) were compared. A high degree of nucleotide sequence conservation was found among these virus variants. However, geographic variations were also found: the FPTHVs examined here form four groups, corresponding to the Atlantic Ocean, West pacific, mid-Pacific, and east Pacific. Our results indicate that FPTHV was established in marine turtle populations prior to the emergence of FP as it is currently known. C1 Cornell Univ, Ctr Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ithaca, NY 13045 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Honolulu Field Stn, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Casey, JW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ctr Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, C5-142, Ithaca, NY 13045 USA. EM jwc3@cornell.edu RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [2T32 ES07052-26, T32 ES007052] NR 41 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 79 IS 2 BP 1125 EP 1132 DI 10.1128/JVI.79.2.1125-1132.2005 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 885IG UT WOS:000226149700047 PM 15613340 ER PT J AU Watson, AB Ahumada, AJ AF Watson, AB Ahumada, AJ TI A standard model for foveal detection of spatial contrast SO JOURNAL OF VISION LA English DT Article DE vision; spatial; pattern; detection; threshold; contrast; contrast sensitivity; model; ModelFest ID VISUAL SIGNAL-DETECTION; RETINAL GANGLION-CELLS; PROBABILITY SUMMATION; MODULATION TRANSFER; GAIN-CONTROL; HUMAN-VISION; HUMAN EYE; ORIENTATION; SENSITIVITY; GRATINGS AB The ModelFest data set was created to provide a public source of data to test and calibrate models of foveal spatial contrast detection. It consists of contrast thresholds for 43 foveal achromatic contrast stimuli collected from each of 16 observers. We have fit these data with a variety of simple models that include one of several contrast sensitivity functions, an oblique effect, a spatial sensitivity aperture, spatial frequency channels, and nonlinear Minkowski summation. While we are able to identify one model, with particular parameters, as providing the lowest overall residual error, we also note that the differences among several good-fitting models are small. We find a strong reciprocity between the size of the spatial aperture and the value of the summation exponent: both are effective means of limiting the extent of spatial summation. The results demonstrate the power of simple models to account for the visibility of a wide variety of spatial stimuli and suggest that special mechanisms to deal with special classes of stimuli are not needed. But the results also illustrate the limited power of even this large data set to distinguish among similar competing models. We identify one model as a possible standard, suitable for simple theoretical and applied predictions. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Watson, AB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 262-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM andrew.b.watson@nasa.gov RI Bouwman, Ramona/B-7215-2013 NR 55 TC 138 Z9 141 U1 1 U2 15 PU ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC PI ROCKVILLE PA 12300 TWINBROOK PARKWAY, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-1606 USA SN 1534-7362 J9 J VISION JI J. Vision PY 2005 VL 5 IS 9 BP 717 EP 740 DI 10.1167/5.9.6 PG 24 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 993JC UT WOS:000233949400006 PM 16356081 ER PT S AU Kinsland, GL Pope, KO Cardador, MH Cooper, GRJ Cowan, DR Kobrick, M Sanchez, G AF Kinsland, Gary L. Pope, Kevin O. Hurtado Cardador, Manuel Cooper, Gordon R. J. Cowan, Duncan R. Kobrick, Michael Sanchez, Gary BE Kenkmann, T Horz, F Deutsch, A TI Topography over the Chicxulub impact crater from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data SO LARGE METEORITE IMPACTS III SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Chicxulub; SRTM; topography; impact crater ID YUCATAN PENINSULA; MEXICO; SIZE AB Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data over the Chicxulub impact crater are imaged and compared to previously available topography data. While the two data sets contain different biases related to variations in terrain and vegetation cover, the correspondence of the two sets supports earlier interpretations that the complex structure of the buried crater is expressed in the topography of the northwestern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. C1 [Kinsland, Gary L.] Univ Louisiana Lafayette, Energy Inst, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. [Pope, Kevin O.] Geo Eco Arc Res, Aquasco, MD 20608 USA. [Hurtado Cardador, Manuel] Inst Mexicano Petr, Mexico City 07730, DF, Mexico. [Cooper, Gordon R. J.] Univ Witwatersrand, Dept Geophys, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa. [Kobrick, Michael] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Sanchez, Gary] Univ Louisiana Lafayette, Reg Applicat Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. [Cowan, Duncan R.] Cowan Geodata Serv, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia. RP Kinsland, GL (reprint author), Univ Louisiana Lafayette, Energy Inst, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. EM glkinsland@louisiana.edu NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2384-6 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 384 BP 141 EP 146 DI 10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.141 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BMD23 UT WOS:000271896300009 ER PT S AU Pope, KO Ocampo, AC Fischer, AG Vega, FJ Ames, DE King, DT Fouke, BW Wachtman, RJ Kletetschka, G AF Pope, Kevin O. Ocampo, Adriana C. Fischer, Alfred G. Vega, Francisco J. Ames, Doreen E. King, David T., Jr. Fouke, Bruce W. Wachtman, Richard J. Kletetschka, Gunther BE Kenkmann, T Horz, F Deutsch, A TI Chicxulub impact ejecta deposits in southern Quintana Roo, Mexico, and central Belize SO LARGE METEORITE IMPACTS III SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Chicxulub crater; impact ejecta; Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary; Mexico; Belize ID CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY; ALBION ISLAND; ACCRETIONARY LAPILLI; CRATER; STRATIGRAPHY; BRECCIA; FACIES; ORIGIN; RIES AB Discoveries of Chicxulub impact ejecta of the Albion Formation in road cuts and quarries in southern Quintana Roo, Mexico and Belize, broaden our understanding of ejecta depositional processes in large impacts. There are numerous new exposures of ejecta near the Rio Hondo in Quintana Roo Mexico, located at distances of 330-350 km from the center of the Chicxulub crater. A single ejecta exposure was discovered near Armenia in central Belize, 470 km from Chicxulub. The Albion Formation is composed of two lithostratigraphic units: the spheroid bed and diamictite bed, originally identified at Albion Island, Belize. The new spheroid bed exposures range from 2 to 5 m thick and are composed of altered glass fragments, accretionary lapilli, and pebble-sized carbonate clasts in a fine-grained calcite matrix. The base of the spheroid bed is exposed at Ramonal South in Mexico and at Albion Island and Armenia in Belize, and at all three locations, the spheroid bed was deposited on a weathered karst land surface that had emerged in the Late Cretaceous. The new diamictite bed exposures are composed of altered glass fragments and carbonate clasts up to 9.0 x 3.2 m in size. In all but one of the new exposures, the diamictite bed extends to the surface with observed thicknesses up to 8 m. At Agua Dulce in Mexico, the weathered top of the diamictite bed is overlain by thin-bedded Tertiary carbonates. No diamictite bed is found in Armenia, where the spheroid bed is overlain with a limestone conglomerate containing altered glass shards and shocked quartz. These discoveries indicate that ejecta are emplaced in large terrestrial impacts by at least two distinct flows: (1) an initial flow involving a volatile-rich cloud of fine debris similar to a volcanic pyroclastic flow, which extends >4.7 crater radii (the spheroid bed), and (2) a later flow of coarse debris that may not extend much beyond 3.6 crater radii (the diamictite bed). The former deposit we attribute to material entrained in the impact vapor plume, and the latter to the turbulent collapse of the ejecta curtain. C1 [Pope, Kevin O.] Geo Eco Arc Res, Aquasco, MD 20608 USA. [Ocampo, Adriana C.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Fischer, Alfred G.] Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. [Vega, Francisco J.] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. [Ames, Doreen E.] Geol Survey Canada, Nat Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada. [King, David T., Jr.] Auburn Univ, Dept Geol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Fouke, Bruce W.; Wachtman, Richard J.] Univ Illinois, Dept Geol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Kletetschka, Gunther] Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. [Kletetschka, Gunther] Charles Univ Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. [Kletetschka, Gunther] Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Geol, Prague, Czech Republic. [Kletetschka, Gunther] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Pope, KO (reprint author), Geo Eco Arc Res, 16305 St Marys Church Rd, Aquasco, MD 20608 USA. EM kpope@starband.net RI Kletetschka, Gunther/C-9996-2011 OI Kletetschka, Gunther/0000-0002-0645-9037 NR 34 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2384-6 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 384 BP 171 EP 190 DI 10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.171 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BMD23 UT WOS:000271896300011 ER PT S AU Mittlefehldt, DW Horz, F See, TH Scott, ERD Mertzman, SA AF Mittlefehldt, David W. Hoerz, Friedrich See, Thomas H. Scott, Edward R. D. Mertzman, Stanley A. BE Kenkmann, T Horz, F Deutsch, A TI Geochemistry of target rocks, impact-melt particles, and metallic spherules from Meteor Crater, Arizona: Empirical evidence on the impact process SO LARGE METEORITE IMPACTS III SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE Meteor Crater; Arizona; impact-melt particles; geochemistry; target rocks; siderophile elements; projectile-target mixing ID IRON-METEORITES; SHOCK METAMORPHISM; PARENT BODY; IVA IRON; FRACTIONATION; SPHEROIDS; CLASSIFICATION; CONSTRAINTS; ORIGIN; BE-10 AB We have done lithophile- and siderophile-element analyses of a large suite of target rocks, ballistically dispersed impact-melt particles and ballistically dispersed metallic spherules from Meteor Crater, Arizona. The Moenkopi Formation (topmost unit) has a unique lithophile- element signature that confirms it as a major component of the impact-melt particles. The Kaibab Formation is very heterogeneous, containing dolomite-rich and quartz-rich layers. The lithophile- element compositions of the impact-melt particles can be entirely explained as mixtures of Moenkopi and Kaibab depleted in CO(2). The Toroweap and Coconino Formations (lowest units) are not required components, but small contributions from them cannot be excluded. We conclude the impact-melt particles were formed entirely in the upper portion of the section, above the lower two units. The impact-melt particles average similar to 14 wt% projectile material. Most siderophile-element ratios of the impact-melt particles are unchanged from those of the projectile. Many samples are depleted in Au; the most extreme depletions are in impact-melt particles with the highest Kaibab component. Kaibab rocks are highest in Br, and we suggest loss of volatile Au halides may have caused the fractionation. Ballistically dispersed metallic spherules are enriched in Co, Ni, Ir, and Au compared to Canyon Diablo metal. Element/Ni ratios deviate slightly from projectile ratios, and are inversely correlated with susceptibility to oxidation relative to Ni. We attribute this to partial oxidation of molten metal spherules during flight. Spherule compositions suggest some selective melting of graphite-troilite-schreibersite inclusions of the projectile, consistent with enhanced shock melting of these lower density phases. C1 [Mittlefehldt, David W.; Hoerz, Friedrich] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, SR, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Mertzman, Stanley A.] Franklin & Marshall Coll, Dept Geosci, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA. [Scott, Edward R. D.] Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. [See, Thomas H.] Lockheed Martin SO, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Mittlefehldt, DW (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, SR, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM david.w.mittlefehldt@nasa.gov NR 49 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2384-6 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 384 BP 367 EP 390 DI 10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.367 PG 24 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BMD23 UT WOS:000271896300021 ER PT S AU Skala, R Horz, FP Langenhorst, F AF Skala, Roman Hoerz, Friedrich P. Langenhorst, Falko BE Kenkmann, T Horz, F Deutsch, A TI Experimentally shock-loaded anhydrite: Unit-cell dimensions, microstrain and domain size from X-ray powder diffraction SO LARGE METEORITE IMPACTS III SE Geological Society of America Special Papers LA English DT Article; Book Chapter DE anhydrite; shock metamorphism; shock experiments; K-T extinction; X-ray diffraction ID AXIAL DIVERGENCE; IMPACT; DIFFRACTOMETER; VAPORIZATION; EXTINCTIONS; REFINEMENT; BOLIDE AB The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary is characterized by mass extinctions triggered by a large body impact into predominantly limestone-, dolomite-, and anhydrite-bearing sediments of the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. Decomposition of these volatile-rich minerals and associated deterioration of the atmosphere and hydrosphere rank among the most prominent kill mechanisms during this global catastrophe. As a consequence, we conducted optical and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies of anhydrite (CaSO(4)) that was experimentally shock-loaded to pressures from 4 to 64 GPa to determine the shock damage and potential loss of volatiles as a function of shock stress. We did not find any decomposition products in any of the recovered samples. It appears that anhydrite is stable over a wide pressure range (up to 64 GPa). Peak widths of the X-ray diffraction powder patterns increase with peak shock pressure up to similar to 50 GPa, yet the peaks become narrower again above this pressure, implying some recrystallization. C1 [Skala, Roman; Langenhorst, Falko] Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. [Skala, Roman] Czech Geol Survey, CZ-11821 Prague 1, Czech Republic. [Hoerz, Friedrich P.] NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, SR, Houston, TX 77058 USA. [Langenhorst, Falko] Univ Jena, Inst Geowissensch, D-07749 Jena, Germany. RP Skala, R (reprint author), Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. RI Skala, Roman/C-4442-2008 OI Skala, Roman/0000-0002-5168-1585 NR 38 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI BOULDER PA 3300 PENROSE PL, PO BOX 9140, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA SN 0072-1077 BN 978-0-8137-2384-6 J9 GEOL SOC AM SPEC PAP PY 2005 VL 384 BP 413 EP 425 DI 10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.413 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology GA BMD23 UT WOS:000271896300023 ER PT B AU Hathaway, DF AF Hathaway, DF BE Sankarasubramanian, K Penn, M Pevtsov, A TI How large-scale flows may influence solar activity SO Large-Scale Structures and their Role in Solar Activity SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Sacramento Peak Workshop on Large-Scale Structures and Their Role in Solar Activity CY OCT 18-22, 2004 CL Natl Solar Observ, Sunspot, NM HO Natl Solar Observ ID TIME-DISTANCE HELIOSEISMOLOGY; MICHELSON DOPPLER IMAGER; RING-DIAGRAM ANALYSIS; UPPER CONVECTION ZONE; DEEP MERIDIONAL FLOW; NEAR-SURFACE FLOWS; DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION; TORSIONAL OSCILLATION; ANGULAR VELOCITY; MAGNETIC-FIELDS AB Large-scale flows within the solar convection zone are the primary drivers of the Sun's magnetic activity cycle and play important roles in shaping the Sun's magnetic field. Differential rotation amplifies the magnetic field through its shearing action and converts poloidal field into toroidal field. Poleward meridional flow near the surface carries magnetic flux that reverses the magnetic poles at about the time of solar maximum. The deeper, equator-ward meridional flow can carry magnetic flux back toward the lower latitudes where it erupts through the surface to form tilted active regions that. convert toroidal fields into oppositely directed poloidal fields. These axisymmetric flows are themselves driven by large-scale convective motions. The effects of the Sun's rotation on convection produce velocity correlations that can maintain both the differential rotation and the meridonal circulation. These convective motions can also influence solar activity directly by shaping the magnetic field pattern. While considerable theoretical advances have been made toward understanding these large-scale flows, outstanding problems in matching theory to observations still remain. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Hathaway, DF (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 67 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-214-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 346 BP 19 EP 31 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDY93 UT WOS:000236273500002 ER PT B AU Jones, HP AF Jones, HP BE Sankarasubramanian, K Penn, M Pevtsov, A TI Magnetic fields and flows in open magnetic structures SO Large-Scale Structures and their Role in Solar Activity SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Sacramento Peak Workshop on Large-Scale Structures and Their Role in Solar Activity CY OCT 18-22, 2004 CL Natl Solar Observ, Sunspot, NM HO Natl Solar Observ ID POLAR CORONAL HOLES; FAST SOLAR-WIND; NM IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY; R-CIRCLE-DOT; TRANSITION REGION; SUN; INTERPLANETARY; BOUNDARY; VELOCITY; SPECTRUM AB Open magnetic structures connect the solar surface to the heliosphere and are thus of great interest in solar-terrestrial physics. This paper is a selective observational review of what is known about magnetic fields and outward flows in such regions with special focus on coronal holes and origins of the fast solar wind. First evidence of the connection between these two features was seen in Skylab data after the discovery of coronal holes whose solar roots are now known to be in unipolar photospheric regions. Subsequently many observations of have been made, ranging from oscillations in the underlying photosphere and chromosphere, to possible beginnings of the solar wind as observed by Doppler shifts in high chromospheric and transition-region lines, to coronagraphic time-lapse studies of outward-moving material which perhaps trace elements of solar-wind plasma. Some of the many unresolved and controversial issues regarding details of these observations and their association with the solar wind will be discussed. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, SW Solar Stn,NSO, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. RP Jones, HP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, SW Solar Stn,NSO, POB 26732, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. NR 47 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-214-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2005 VL 346 BP 229 EP 244 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDY93 UT WOS:000236273500024 ER PT S AU Maleki, L Matsko, AB Strekalov, D Savchenkov, AA AF Maleki, L Matsko, AB Strekalov, D Savchenkov, AA BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH TI Photonic media with whispering-gallery modes SO Laser Resonators and Beam Control VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Resonators and Beam Control VIII CY JAN 25-27, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE whispering gallery modes ID INTERFERENCE; RESONATORS AB We theoretically show that achieving high Q-factors of small whispering gallery mode resonators, together with significant non-harmonism (non-equidistance) of its modes, allows for extensive analogy between properties of atoms and the resonator modes. The non-harmonism in very high-Q microresonators is caused by the material as well as geometrical dispersion. The established analogy leads to creating of a "photonic" media with properties similar to those of atomic media. For instance, effective "two-level" systems can be formed within the resonator. The "levels" of the systems, i.e. the resonator modes, can be coupled with microwave or optical fields. Strong confinement of the light in the resonator along with high Q-factors results in nonlinear processes at low light levels even with small nonlinearities typical of optically transparent materials. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Matsko, AB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5682-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5708 BP 180 EP 186 DI 10.1117/12.609083 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BCH97 UT WOS:000229382400019 ER PT S AU Matsko, AB Savchenkov, AA Strekalov, D Mohageg, N Ilchenko, VS Maleki, L AF Matsko, AB Savchenkov, AA Strekalov, D Mohageg, N Ilchenko, VS Maleki, L BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH TI Phase diffusion of hyper-parametric oscillations in a nonlinear whispering gallery mode resonator SO Laser Resonators and Beam Control VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Resonators and Beam Control VIII CY JAN 25-27, 2005 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE whispering gallery modes; hyper-parametric frequency conversion; secondary frequency reference ID MICROCAVITIES AB We present a study of optical hyper-parametric oscillator based on a nonlinear high-Q whispering gallery mode resonator and demonstrate that the oscillator produces stable narrow band beat note of the pump, signal, and idler waves making an all-optical secondary frequency reference feasible. We discuss possibilities of tuning of the oscillator. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Matsko, AB (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5682-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5708 BP 242 EP 254 DI 10.1117/12.609084 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BCH97 UT WOS:000229382400025 ER PT J AU Goods, DE AF Goods, DE TI Revelations at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory SO LEONARDO LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Workshop on Space and the Arts CY MAY 18-21, 2004 CL Noordwijk, NETHERLANDS AB The author's 2 years of developing installations for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory have led him to an appreciation of how similar his thinking and work process are to those of the laboratory's engineers and scientists. For both, certain ideas and processes at first appear crazy and impracticable, but vision and persistence bring them to realization. The three installations described in this article pertain to a future mission that, if successful, will locate a planet similar to Earth and once again change humanity's understanding of its position in the universe. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Goods, DE (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,301-170S, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM daniel.e.goods@jpl.nasa.gov NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU M I T PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN STREET, STE 500, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142-1046 USA SN 0024-094X J9 LEONARDO JI Leonardo PY 2005 VL 38 IS 5 BP 376 EP 381 DI 10.1162/leon.2005.38.5.376 PG 6 WC Art SC Art GA 969PN UT WOS:000232246800003 ER PT J AU Rogers, EW AF Rogers, EW TI Trust in knowledge management and systems in organizations. SO LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Book Review C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Rogers, EW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM edward.w.rogers@nasa.gov NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0740-8188 J9 LIBR INFORM SCI RES JI Libr. Infor. Sci. Res. PY 2005 VL 27 IS 2 BP 273 EP 275 DI 10.1016/j.lisr.2005.01.011 PG 3 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 939XG UT WOS:000230105400011 ER PT S AU Walsh, BM Barnes, NP Petros, M Yu, JR Singh, UN AF Walsh, BM Barnes, NP Petros, M Yu, JR Singh, UN BE Singh, UN Mizutani, K TI Modeling of pulsed lasers for remote sensing SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environmental Monitoring V CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE ID TM; HO; TM,HO-YAG; ENERGIES; DYNAMICS; YAG AB Pulsed lasers are useful for remote sensing of wind and greenhouse gases to better understand the atmosphere and its impact on weather patterns and the environment. It Is not always practical to develop and optimize new laser systems empirically due to the time and expense associated with such endeavors. A practical option is to use a laser model to predict various performance parameters and compare these with the needs required for a particular remote sensing application. This approach can be very useful in determining the efficacy of potential laser systems, saving both time and money before proceeding with the actual construction of a laser device. As a pedagogical example, the modeling of diode pumped Tm:Ho:YLF and Tm:Ho:LuLF lasers are examined. Tm:Ho lasers operating around 2.0 mu m have been used for wind measurements such as clear air turbulence and wake vortices. The model predictions for the laser systems examined here are compared to the actual laser performance, validating the usefulness of the modeling approach. While Tm:Ho fluoride lasers are used as a pedagogical example, the model is applicable to any lanthanide series pulsed laser system. This provides a useful tool for investigating potential laser systems that meet the requirements desired for a variety of remote sensing applications. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Walsh, BM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5614-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5653 BP 24 EP 32 DI 10.1117/12.578954 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT00 UT WOS:000227658800003 ER PT S AU Barnes, NP Walsh, BM Reichle, DJ Axenson, TJ AF Barnes, NP Walsh, BM Reichle, DJ Axenson, TJ BE Singh, UN Mizutani, K TI Lasers for remote sensing common solutions for uncommon wavelengths SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environmental Monitoring V CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE AB Remote sensing requires efficient lasers that are tunable over a short wavelength range around a particular atmospheric absorption feature of interest. High efficiency usually implies lanthanide series lasers. Although lanthanide series lasers have sufficient tuning capability, they must operate at preselected atmospheric absorption features. Often, there is no commonly available laser that operates at the requisite wavelength. This type of problem can be addressed using compositional tuning to create a laser at a preselected wavelength where none existed before. Quantum mechanics is an invaluable tool to predict the effects of compositional tuning. Quantum mechanical predictions are confirmed with spectroscopic measurements. Laser performance data for a laser that operates at 0.9441 mu m, a preselected water vapor absorption feature, are featured. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Barnes, NP (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5614-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5653 BP 33 EP 42 DI 10.1117/12.577827 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT00 UT WOS:000227658800004 ER PT S AU McGee, TJ Twigg, L Hoegy, W Burris, J Heaps, W Sumnicht, G Hostetler, C AF McGee, TJ Twigg, L Hoegy, W Burris, J Heaps, W Sumnicht, G Hostetler, C BE Singh, UN Mizutani, K TI AROTAL: Results from two arctic campaigns SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environmental Monitoring V CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE ID STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; LIDAR; AEROSOLS AB The NASA Langley Research Center and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, have collaborated to design. build and fly a combination backscatter and Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) instrument for the measurement of aerosols, temperature and ozone from the NASA DC-8. The AROTAL (Airborne Raman Ozone Temperature and Aerosol Lidar) instrument was flown on two separate Arctic missions to look at ozone loss processes during the late winter-early spring, and to validate measurements made by the SAGE M satellite instrument. Results from this instrument have demonstrated that the SAGE III instrument is in agreement with the lidar retrievals to better than ten per cent. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP McGee, TJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5614-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5653 BP 121 EP 129 DI 10.1117/12.578959 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT00 UT WOS:000227658800012 ER PT S AU Kavaya, MJ Koch, GJ Petros, M Barnes, BW Beyon, J Amzajerdian, F Yu, JR Singh, UN AF Kavaya, MJ Koch, GJ Petros, M Barnes, BW Beyon, J Amzajerdian, F Yu, JR Singh, UN BE Singh, UN Mizutani, K TI Test bed Doppler wind lidar and intercomparison facility at NASA Langley Research Center SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environmental Monitoring V CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE lidar; wind; coherent; laser; earth remote sensing ID CALIBRATION; SENSOR AB State of the art 2-micron lasers and other lidar components under development by NASA are being demonstrated and validated in a mobile test bed Doppler wind lidar. A lidar intercomparison facility has been developed to ensure parallel alignment of up to 4 Doppler lidar systems while measuring wind. Investigations of the new components; their operation in a complete system, systematic and random errors; the hybrid (joint coherent and direct detection) approach to global wind measurement; and atmospheric wind behavior are planned. Future uses of the VALIDAR (VALIDation LIDAR) mobile lidar may include comparison with the data from an airborne Doppler wind lidar in preparation for validation by the airborne system of an earth orbiting Doppler wind lidar sensor. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Kavaya, MJ (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, MC 468, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5614-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5653 BP 167 EP 174 DI 10.1117/12.579970 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT00 UT WOS:000227658800017 ER PT S AU Soibel, A Mansour, K Shapiro, A Spiers, G Forouhar, S AF Soibel, A Mansour, K Shapiro, A Spiers, G Forouhar, S BE Singh, UN Mizutani, K TI Semiconductor lasers beyond the fiber optics telecommunication wavelength SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environmental Monitoring V CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE remote sensing; optical spectroscopy; mid-IR lasers; semiconductor lasers; Quantum Cascade Lasers ID QUANTUM-CASCADE LASERS; CONTINUOUS-WAVE OPERATION; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; TRANSITION; EMISSION AB Semiconductor lasers emitting at 1.55 microns are the cornerstone of the high bandwidth optical communications industry. Semiconductor lasers operating at this and other wavelengths are also used in the engineering, biology, chemistry and medical fields. The light emission in most semiconductor lasers is due to the optical transition between the valence and conduction bands of the semiconductor active material. This means that the intrinsic properties of the semiconductor active material i.e., the bandgap energy dictates the emission wavelength. This limits the efficient operation of these lasers at wavelengths above 3 microns. In the mid 1990s this limitation was overcome with the emergence of new laser architectures, such as the intersubband and interband Quantum Cascade (QC) lasers. The emission wavelength in these QC lasers is set by engineering the bandgap to extend the accessible spectral range well beyond 3 microns. Optical radiation from intersubband QC lasers is emitted by electrons undergoing an optical transition between the quantized energy levels in the conduction band rather than by direct transition from the conduction to the valence bands as in conventional semiconductor lasers. Quantum engineering of the electronic energy levels has enabled demonstration of intersubband QC lasers covering a very wide spectral range from 3.5 to 150 microns (except for a window for the Reststrahlen gap). Despite rapid and tremendous progress in the research and development of these QC laser sources, the technology is far from being sufficiently mature to be deployed for use in space instruments. We will discuss our efforts at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to advance QC laser technology sufficiently to enable their use in new instruments for future NASA Earth and Solar System Exploration missions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Soibel, A (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5614-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5653 BP 249 EP 256 DI 10.1117/12.578946 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT00 UT WOS:000227658800026 ER PT S AU Santa Maria, M Winker, D AF Santa Maria, M Winker, D BE Singh, UN Mizutani, K TI Sampling uncertainties in observing the global aerosol with a nadir-viewing satellite lidar SO LIDAR REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environmental Monitoring V CY NOV 09-11, 2004 CL Honolulu, HI SP SPIE DE Lidar; aerosols; climatology; sampling; CALIPSO; MATCH; chemical and transport model AB In an attempt to better understanding climate and better comprehend the effects of clouds and aerosols on the Earth's Radiation Budget, NASA has been developing several satellite missions. Among them, the Cloud-Aerosol-Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Spaceborne Observation (CALIPSO) mission will observe clouds and aerosols with a combination of lidar and passive instruments. CALIPSO will fly in formation with EOS Aqua, EOS Aura, Cloudsat and Parasol. This novel satellite formation will provide a unique comprehensive data set of cloud and aerosol optical and physical properties, and radiative fluxes. In this paper, the characterization of global aerosol properties with sparsely sampled observations is investigated using a dataset of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the MATCH climate model. MATCH is an offline Chemistry and Transport Model (ChTM) primarily developed by NCAR that includes a number of aerosol sources as well as a variety of transformation and removal mechanisms. The CALIPSO satellite is "flown" through this dataset and the aerosol optical depths at the CALIPSO footprint locations are sampled to produce an AOD subset. Averages computed from the subset are compared with averages from the full model output to investigate the magnitude of uncertainties due to sparse sampling of the aerosol field. Initially. uncertainties in satellite sparsely sampled measurements of global aerosol distribution are quantified in terms of zonal averages. The goal of this effort is to determine the correct satellite average scaling to accurately represent global aerosol coverage. Ultimately, sampling errors will also be assessed at regional scales. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Div Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RP Santa Maria, M (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Div Atmospher Sci, MS 435, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5614-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2005 VL 5653 BP 343 EP 352 DI 10.1117/12.583098 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BBT00 UT WOS:000227658800037 ER PT J AU Tinto, M Dhurandhar, SV AF Tinto, Massimo Dhurandhar, Sanjeev V. TI Time-Delay Interferometry SO LIVING REVIEWS IN RELATIVITY LA English DT Review ID LISA; BINARIES AB Equal-arm interferometric detectors of gravitational radiation allow phase measurements many orders of magnitude below the intrinsic phase stability of the laser injecting light into their arms. This is because the noise in the laser light is common to both arms, experiencing exactly the same delay, and thus cancels when it is differenced at the photo detector. In this situation, much lower level secondary noises then set the overall performance. If, however, the two arms have different lengths (as will necessarily be the case with space-borne interferometers), the laser noise experiences different delays in the two arms and will hence not directly cancel at the detector. In order to solve this problem, a technique involving heterodyne interferometry with unequal arm lengths and independent phase-difference readouts has been proposed. It relies on properly time-shifting and linearly combining independent Doppler measurements, and for this reason it has been called Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI). This article provides an overview of the theory and mathematical foundations of TDI as it will be implemented by the forthcoming space-based interferometers such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission. We have purposely left out from this first version of our "Living Review" article on TDI all the results of more practical and experimental nature, as well as all the aspects of TDI that the data analysts will need to account for when analyzing the LISA TDI data combinations. Our forthcoming "second edition" of this review paper will include these topics. C1 [Tinto, Massimo] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Tinto, Massimo] CALTECH, LIGO Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Dhurandhar, Sanjeev V.] IUCAA, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India. RP Tinto, M (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM Massimo.Tinto@jpl.nasa.gov; sanjeev@iucaa.ernet.in NR 35 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG PI CHAM PA GEWERBESTRASSE 11, CHAM, CH-6330, SWITZERLAND SN 1433-8351 J9 LIVING REV RELATIV JI Living Rev. Relativ. PY 2005 VL 8 AR 4 DI 10.12942/lrr-2005-4 PG 43 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA V25CQ UT WOS:000208456500004 PM 28163648 ER PT S AU Chui, TCP Hahn, I Penanen, K Zhong, F Strayer, D AF Chui, TCP Hahn, I Penanen, K Zhong, F Strayer, D BE Narayanan, R Chui, TCP TI Applied superconductivity exploration of the and superfluldity for the Moon and Mars SO LOW GRAVITY PHENOMENA AND CONDENSED MATTER EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE exploration; SQUID; superconductivity; superfluidity ID QUANTUM INTERFERENCE; SQUID; RADIATION; AMPLIFIER AB We discuss how superconductivity and superfluidity can be applied to solve the challenges in the exploration of the Moon and Mars. High sensitivity instruments using phenomena of superconductivity and superfluidity can potentially make significant contributions to the fields of navigation, automation, habitation, and resource location. Using the quantum nature of superconductivity, lightweight and very sensitive diagnostic tools can be made to monitor the health of astronauts. Moreover, the Moon and Mars offer a unique environment for scientific exploration. We also discuss how powerful superconducting instruments may enable scientists to seek answers to several profound questions about nature. These answers will not only deepen our appreciation of the universe, they may also open the door to paradigm-shifting technologies. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Low Temp Sci & Quantum Sensors Grp, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Low Temp Sci & Quantum Sensors Grp, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,Mail Stop 79-24, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM talso.c.chui@jpl.nasa.gov NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2005 VL 36 IS 1 SI 2005 BP 99 EP 106 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.045 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BDT04 UT WOS:000235191400015 PM 16252443 ER PT S AU Sullivan, DB Ashby, N Donley, EA Heavner, TP Hollberg, LW Jefferts, SR Klipstein, WM Phillips, WD Seidel, DJ AF Sullivan, DB Ashby, N Donley, EA Heavner, TP Hollberg, LW Jefferts, SR Klipstein, WM Phillips, WD Seidel, DJ BE Narayanan, R Chui, TCP TI PARCS: NASA's laser-cooled atomic clock in space SO LOW GRAVITY PHENOMENA AND CONDENSED MATTER EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res DE atomic clock; cesium clock; frequency standard; tests of relativity; laser-cooled clocks ID ACCURACY; NIST-F1 AB The Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space (PARCS) mission is designed to perform certain tests of relativity theory, to study the performance of individual GPS space-vehicle clocks, to study the dynamics of atom motion in micro-gravity, to advance the state-of-the art for space clocks, and to serve as a pathfinder for precision instruments based on laser cooling of atoms. After a brief overview of the project, this paper discusses the specific objectives of PARCS, describes the key subsystems, and discusses the systematic frequency shifts that limit the accuracy of the clock. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM donald.sullivan@boulder.nist.gov RI Donley, Elizabeth/A-4525-2010 NR 21 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2005 VL 36 IS 1 SI 2005 BP 107 EP 113 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.126 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BDT04 UT WOS:000235191400016 ER PT S AU Bennett, CL AF Bennett, CL BE Colless, M StaveleySmith, L Stathakis, R TI First year WMAP observations SO MAPS OF THE COSMOS SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 216th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY JUL 14-17, 2003 CL Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Int Astron Union ID MICROWAVE-ANISOTROPY-PROBE; ANGULAR POWER SPECTRUM; GALAXY REDSHIFT SURVEY; UNIVERSE; DESIGN; RADIOMETER; EMISSION AB The results of the first year WMAP sky survey are full sky microwave maps in five frequency bands from 23 to 94 GHz. Calibration errors are < 0.5% and the low systematic error level is well specified. The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is separated from the foregrounds using the multifrequency data. The 2 < 1 < 900 anisotropy power spectrum is cosmic variance limited for 1 < 354 with a signal-to-noise ratio > 1 per mode to 1 = 658. The temp erature-polarization cross-power spectrum reveals both acoustic features and a large angle correlation from reionization. The optical depth of reionization is T = 0.17 +/- 0.04. A best-fit cosmological model to the CMB and other measures of large scale structure works remarkably well with only a few parameters. The age of the best-fit universe is to = 13.7 +/- 0.2 Gyr old. The matter density is Omega(m)h(2) = 0.135(-0.009)(+0.008), the baryon density is Omega(b)h(2) = 0.0224 +/- 0.0009, and the total mass-energy of the universe is Omega(tot) = 1.02 +/- 0.02. For WMAP data alone, n(s) = 0.99 +/- 0.04. The lack of CMB fluctuation power on the largest angular scales reported by COBE and confirmed by WMAP is intriguing. WMAP continues to operate, so results will improve. C1 Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Bennett, CL (reprint author), Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 685, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM Charles.L.Bennett@NASA.gov NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-202-4 J9 IAU SYMP PY 2005 IS 216 BP 18 EP 27 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BDE52 UT WOS:000233081400002 ER PT J AU Hirst, AG Peterson, WT Rothery, P AF Hirst, AG Peterson, WT Rothery, P TI Errors in juvenile copepod growth rate estimates are widespread: problems with the Moult Rate method SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE copepod; moult rate; growth; error; stage duration; mortality ID BENGUELA UPWELLING SYSTEM; MARINE PLANKTONIC COPEPODS; SEA-OF-JAPAN; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; EGG-PRODUCTION; INLAND-SEA; SECONDARY PRODUCTION; CALANOID COPEPOD; EUTROPHIC INLET; NORTHERN CHILE AB The 'Moult Rate' (MR) method has been used widely to derive stage-specific growth rates in juvenile copepods. It is the most common field-based method. Unfortunately, the equation underlying the method is wrong and, consequently, large errors in juvenile growth rate estimates are widespread. The equation derives growth from the mean weight of 2 consecutive stages (i and i + 1) and the duration of stage i. The weight change and the period to which this change is attributed are, therefore, offset. We explore this potential source of error in the MR method critically. Errors arise as a result of 2 primary factors: (1) unequal durations of successive stages and (2) unequal rates of growth of successive stages. The method of deriving the mean weight (arithmetic or geometric) also has an impact and is examined. Using a steady-state assumption, a range of scenarios and the errors that arise are examined. The literature is then reviewed and the size of errors resulting from MR method application in both field and laboratory situations is estimated. Our results suggest that the MR method can lead to large errors in growth estimation in any stage, but some stages are particularly prone. Errors for the C5 stage are often large because the following stage (the adult) does not moult, and has a different rate of body weight increase. For the same reason, errors are also great where the following stage is not actively moulting (e.g. when diapausing). In these circumstances, published work has commonly greatly underestimated growth. For example, MR growth ranges from 11 to 47 % of the value derived correctly for this stage, g(i)_(corr) (calculated assuming the non-moulting stage does not grow). In late stages that are followed by actively moulting stages, the MR method has commonly given values in excess of 150% of g(i_corr) but underestimation also occurs, with values < 90 % of g(i_corr) We propose new methods and equations that overcome these problems. These equations are written with and without within-stage mortality included. The equations are relatively insensitive to mortality rates within the range found in the field, but only provided that the stage duration is not determined from moult rate. Stage duration estimates obtained from measuring moulting rates of field-collected animals are very sensitive to mortality rates of the animals prior to capture, and field mortality rates are often high enough to produce dramatic over-estimation of stage duration. C1 British Antarctic Survey, Nat Environm Res Council, Cambridge CB3 03T, England. Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NERC, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Huntingdon PE28 2LS, Cambs, England. RP Hirst, AG (reprint author), British Antarctic Survey, Nat Environm Res Council, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 03T, England. EM aghi@bas.ac.uk RI Hirst, Andrew/A-6296-2013 NR 52 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2005 VL 296 BP 263 EP 279 DI 10.3354/meps296263 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 957JI UT WOS:000231365700023 ER PT J AU Swimmer, Y Arauz, R Higgins, B McNaughton, L McCracken, M Ballestero, J Brill, R AF Swimmer, Y Arauz, R Higgins, B McNaughton, L McCracken, M Ballestero, J Brill, R TI Food color and marine turtle feeding behavior: Can blue bait reduce turtle bycatch in commercial fisheries? SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE sea turtle fisheries interactions; bait color; sea turtle bycatch mitigation ID CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC; SEA-TURTLES; CARETTA-CARETTA; LOGGERHEAD; CATCH AB We conducted laboratory and field experiments to investigate the behavioral responses of Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii and loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta to whole squid dyed different colors. Our ultimate goal was to identify bait modifications that could reduce the interaction of turtles with longline fishing gear. In captivity, both turtle species clearly preferred untreated squid over squid that had been dyed dark blue. Loggerhead turtles also preferred untreated squid over red-dyed squid, whereas Kemp's ridley showed the opposite response. Field trials of blue-dyed bait were conducted on commercial fishing boats in the Gulf of Papagayo, Costa Rica, where the incidental capture of olive ridley turtles Lepidochelys olivacea is high (long-term average, approximately 7 turtles per 1000 hooks). We found no differences in rates of turtle interactions (8.4 and 8.1 individuals per 1000 hooks) when using untreated versus blue-dyed baits. Although effective in laboratory settings with captive turtles, dyeing bait does not appear to have potential as an effective mitigation measure to reduce sea turtle bycatch in longline fisheries. C1 Pacific Island Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. PRETOMA, San Jose, Costa Rica. Sea Turtle Restorat Program, San Jose, Costa Rica. Galveston Sea Turtle Facil, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Swimmer, Y (reprint author), Pacific Island Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM yonat.swimmer@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2005 VL 295 BP 273 EP 278 DI 10.3354/meps295273 PG 6 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 947UC UT WOS:000230671800024 ER PT J AU Johnston, DW Westgate, AJ Read, AJ AF Johnston, DW Westgate, AJ Read, AJ TI Effects of fine-scale oceanographic features on the distribution and movements of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena in the Bay of Fundy SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE harbour porpoise; foraging; fine-scale oceanography; island wake; satellite telemetry; line transects; remote sensing ID BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; NORTH PACIFIC; HOME RANGES; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; PRIBILOF ISLANDS; FORAGING ECOLOGY; STOMACH CONTENTS; COASTAL WATERS; BASKING SHARKS; UNITED-STATES AB We describe an integrative approach to studying the fine-scale distribution of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena in the Bay of Fundy, using satellite telemetry, line transect surveys and remote sensing techniques. Analysis of satellite telemetry data from 6 porpoises (5 male, I female) revealed that over the course of a month individuals ranged across large areas (7738 to 11289 km(2)) but concentrated their movements in small focal regions (August mean = 294 km(2), September mean = 252 km(2)), often proximate to islands, headlands, or restricted channels. Line transect surveys (n = 25 flood tide, n = 20 ebb tide) in the focal region of 2 tagged animals revealed that relative porpoise density (animals km(-2)) was significantly greater during flood (9.59) than ebb tide phases (1.79). Hydro-acoustic prey surveys revealed aggregations of prey along localized fronts in this region. Remote sensing images indicated the presence of an island wake in the focal region during flood tides, providing an ecological context for our observations of high densities of porpoises. Remote sensing revealed the existence of a headland wake in the focal region of another porpoise near Campobello Island. These results support the hypothesis that regions of enhanced relative vorticity, like island and headland wakes, aggregate prey and represent important foraging habitat for harbour porpoises in the Bay of Fundy. C1 Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Johnston, DW (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Islands Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM dave.johnston@noaa.gov NR 94 TC 64 Z9 71 U1 4 U2 18 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2005 VL 295 BP 279 EP 293 DI 10.3354/meps295279 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 947UC UT WOS:000230671800025 ER PT J AU Womble, JN Willson, MF Sigler, MF Kelly, BP VanBlaricom, GR AF Womble, JN Willson, MF Sigler, MF Kelly, BP VanBlaricom, GR TI Distribution of Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus in relation to spring-spawning fish in SE Alaska SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Steller sea lion; Eumetopias jubatus; Pacific herring; Clupea pallasii; Eulachon; Thaleichthys pacificus; SE Alaska; forage fishes; spawning aggregations ID EULACHON THALEICHTHYS-PACIFICUS; PRINCE-WILLIAM SOUND; HAUL-OUT USE; SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ENERGY DENSITY; AUKE BAY; PREY; GULF; REPRODUCTION AB Energetic demands are high for Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus during spring, when females are pregnant and lactating and males are preparing for extended lasts on breeding territories. Therefore, we predicted that the distribution of sea lions in SE Alaska in spring would be influenced by the distribution of spring spawning aggregations of high-energy prey species (Pacific herring Clupea pallasii and eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus). The spatial distribution of sea lions during spring reflected the distribution of spawning eulachon in northern Southeast Alaska, particularly in Lynn Canal and along the Yakutat forelands. Haulouts with peak numbers of sea lions in spring were located significantly closer to eulachon spawning sites than haulouts that peaked at other times of year. Some haulouts were occupied only during the eulachon spawning period. The maximum number of sea lions at haulouts in spring was inversely correlated with the distance to the closest eulachon aggregation and was positively associated with the number of eulachon within 20 kin. Aerial surveys conducted every 7 to 10 d during March through May in 2002 and 2003 revealed large numbers of sea lions in the water at herring spawning sites in 2002 and 2003; however, there were no significant relationships between the number of herring spawning sites and number of sea lions (except at distances > 60 km). The number of sea lions was greater at herring spawning sites in 2003, corresponding to higher herring biomass. Seasonally aggregated, high-energy prey species influence the seasonal distribution of sea lions and may be critical to their reproductive success. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Washington, Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Womble, JN (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM jamie.womble@noaa.gov NR 73 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2005 VL 294 BP 271 EP 282 DI 10.3354/meps294271 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 943XA UT WOS:000230387600023 ER PT J AU Hurst, TP Spencer, ML Sogard, SM Stoner, AW AF Hurst, TP Spencer, ML Sogard, SM Stoner, AW TI Compensatory growth, energy storage and behavior of juvenile Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis following thermally induced growth reduction SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Pacific halibut; Hippoglossus stenolepis; thermal variation; compensatory growth; energy storage; behavior ID ATLANTIC SALMON; INTRINSIC GROWTH; MENIDIA-MENIDIA; STRIPED BASS; FOOD AVAILABILITY; ACQUISITION RATES; TRADE-OFFS; TEMPERATURE; FISHES; ALASKA AB For fishes settling over wide areas, spatial temperature variation can have a significant impact on growth rates during the early juvenile period. Size variation within cohorts and across years will depend on the thermal sensitivity of growth rate, the ability to move to favorable growth environments, and the potential to compensate for periods of reduced growth. We examined the growth, behavior and energy storage responses of juvenile Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis exposed to a thermally induced reduction in growth. Halibut reared for 12 wk at 2 degrees C then acclimated to and grown at 10 degrees C (delayed treatment) were compared to fish reared continuously at 10 degrees C (controls). Growth rates at 2 degrees C were 25% of those at 10 degrees C, resulting in a 2.4-fold difference in mass after 12 wk. Following acclimation to 10 degrees C, specific growth rates of delayed fish were 20% higher than controls. Complete compensation would have required 35 wk, assuming maintenance of observed growth rate differences between treatments. Rapid growth during the compensation phase was probably due in part to a reduction in the allocation of energy to lipid storage: length-corrected lipid levels of delayed fish were 14% lower than levels among control fish. Behavioral observations indicated that growth compensating fish were more active than control fish; this is assumed to reflect increased foraging activity. However, when presented with food, growth-compensating halibut did not initiate feeding more rapidly than control fish. The predation and starvation risks associated with increased activity and decreased energy storage appear to represent trade-offs with rapid compensatory growth in juvenile halibut. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program,Hatfield Marine Sci, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Hurst, TP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program,Hatfield Marine Sci, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM thomas.hurst@noaa.gov RI Hurst, Thomas/N-1401-2013 NR 52 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2005 VL 293 BP 233 EP 240 DI 10.3354/meps293233 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 943WY UT WOS:000230387400022 ER PT J AU Hyde, JR Lynn, E Humphreys, R Musyl, M West, AP Vetter, R AF Hyde, JR Lynn, E Humphreys, R Musyl, M West, AP Vetter, R TI Shipboard identification of fish eggs and larvae by multiplex PCR, and description of fertilized eggs of blue marlin, shortbill spearfish, and wahoo SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE dolphinfish; genetic identification; species-specific PCR; marlin; sailfish; spearfish; swordfish; wahoo ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROME-B; EARLY-LIFE-STAGES; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; GENUS SEBASTES; CHESAPEAKE BAY; RFLP ANALYSIS; DNA-DAMAGE; ATLANTIC AB The study of the early life history of large, open-ocean pelagic fishes such as tunas and billfish, and the identification of spawning and nursery habitats, has been extremely difficult as these animals are intrinsically rare, highly migratory, and difficult to study in captivity. Traditional methods such as the assembling of a developmental series of life stages, or the culturing of unknown eggs and larvae to a point where they can be identified, has not been easy or fruitful for many pelagic species. The discovery of a putative spawning 'hot spot' off the Kona coast of Hawaii, coupled with the development of shipboard approaches to real time identification and adaptive sampling of eggs, may provide new approaches and insights into the spawning ecology and reproductive biology of these highly valuable but poorly known species. Here we report the use of a shipboard PCR based assay to differentiate species of istiophorid billfish larvae and identify eggs of istiophorid and xiphiid billfish, coryphaenid dolphinfish, and wahoo. A species-specific multiplex PCR assay was designed to amplify a single, unique size fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for all 6 species of Indo-Pacific billfish, both dolphinfish, and the monospecific wahoo. A boiling technique used to extract DNA from larval eye tissue or an individual egg, combined with a single-step PCR assay and agarose electrophoresis, allowed species identification within 3 h of sample acquisition. This nearly real-time identification method for morphologically indistinguishable eggs and larvae provides an opportunity to employ adaptive sampling methods to increase sampling efficiency and will help in determining the spatial and temporal dimensions of spawning and nursery habitats offshore. This study describes the occurrence of blue marlin, dolphinfish, shortbill spearfish, swordfish and wahoo off the Kona coast by molecular approaches, and it provides the first description of the eggs of blue marlin, shortbill spearfish and wahoo. C1 Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Pelag Fisheries Res Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Technol Sydney, Westbourne St Gore Hill, NSW 2065, Australia. RP Hyde, JR (reprint author), Scripps Inst Oceanog, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM jrhyde@ucsd.edu NR 43 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 17 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2005 VL 286 BP 269 EP 277 DI 10.3354/meps286269 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 903QM UT WOS:000227440700024 ER PT S AU Withbroe, GL Guhathakurta, M Hoeksema, JT AF Withbroe, GL Guhathakurta, M Hoeksema, JT BE Zasova, L Hoeksema, JT Duncan, RV Summer, TJ TI Origins of the international living with a star program SO MARS INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE ATMOSPHERE, LIVING WITH A STAR AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE international living with a star; program solar-terrestrial physics AB This paper briefly summarizes the origins, objectives, and organizational structure for a new international cooperative program in solar-terrestrial physics, International Living With a Star. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA Headquarters, Off Space Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Withbroe, GL (reprint author), NASA Headquarters, Off Space Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA. EM george.withbroe@comcast.net NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 1 BP 40 EP 43 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2004.09.012 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BCR64 UT WOS:000230948100006 ER PT S AU Szabo, A AF Szabo, A BE Zasova, L Hoeksema, JT Duncan, RV Summer, TJ TI The living with a star (LWS) Sentinels SO MARS INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE ATMOSPHERE, LIVING WITH A STAR AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE living with a star; Sentinels; solar-terrestrial physics AB This paper gives a short account of the development of the living with a star Sentinels element. The Sentinels element is the heliospheric portion of the NASA program focused on improving our understanding of geo-effective events in the Sun-Earth connected system. The primary objectives of Sentinels are the investigation of the initiation and evolution of solar transients in the inner heliosphere, the acceleration and propagation of solar energetic particles, and the long term climatic change and structure of the inner heliosphere into which all of these geo-effective structures erupt. Due to the large volume of space to be covered, Sentinels will have to rely on, besides a dedicated mission, the observations of spacecraft from other programs of NASA and international partners along with a robust theoretical and modeling effort. The upcoming Sentinels Science and Technology Definition Team will develop specific details of this element. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Szabo, A (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 595 Bldg 21,RM 236, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM aszabo@solar.stanford.edu NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 1 BP 61 EP 64 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2004.09.013 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BCR64 UT WOS:000230948100009 ER PT S AU White, NE AF White, NE BE Zasova, L Hoeksema, JT Duncan, RV Summer, TJ TI Beyond Einstein: scientific goals and missions SO MARS INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE ATMOSPHERE, LIVING WITH A STAR AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE Einstein theory; theory of relativity; origins of the universe AB A century ago, Albert Einstein began creating his theory of relativity, the ideas we use to understand space, time, and gravity, and he took some of the first steps towards the theory of quantum mechanics, the ideas we use to understand matter and energy. Time magazine named Einstein the "Person of the Century" because his ideas transformed civilization. But his work is not finished: spacetime is not yet reconciled with the quantum. Einstein's general theory of relativity opened possibilities for the formation and structure of the Universe that seemed unbelievable even to Einstein himself but which have all been subsequently confirmed: that the whole Universe began in a hot, dense Big Bang from which all of space expanded; that dense matter could tie spacetime into tangled knots called black holes; and that "empty" space might contain energy with repulsive gravity. Despite these discoveries, we still do not understand conditions at the beginning of the Universe, how space and time behave at the edge of a black hole, or why distant galaxies are accelerating away from us. These phenomena represent the most extreme interactions of matter and energy with space and time. They are the places to look for clues to the next fundamental revolution in understanding - Beyond Einstein. (c) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP White, NE (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 660, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM nicholas.e.white@nasa.gov RI White, Nicholas/B-6428-2012 OI White, Nicholas/0000-0003-3853-3462 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 1 BP 96 EP 105 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.08.052 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BCR64 UT WOS:000230948100015 ER PT S AU Blome, HJ Wilson, TL AF Blome, HJ Wilson, TL BE Zasova, L Hoeksema, JT Duncan, RV Summer, TJ TI The quantum temperature of accelerating cosmological models of an entangled Universe SO MARS INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE ATMOSPHERE, LIVING WITH A STAR AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE quantum temperature; accelerating cosmological models; entangled universe ID HORIZONS; THERMODYNAMICS; VACUUM; FIELD AB Since the conception of quantum cosmology was introduced by Lemaitre in 1931, many authors have discussed the quantum nature of the Universe. Yet the most significant new feature of quantum physics, the notion of quantum nonlocality and its verification using Earth-based experiments, is never addressed by cosmologists because they basically do not know how to deal with it. In the spirit of making the transition "from quarks to cosmos" we will demonstrate how this is done. We show how to estimate the temperature of the flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker spacetime using a spherically symmetric approximation of the metric in conjunction with Lee's theorem for scalar quantum fields on curved backgrounds. This temperature dependence is not the same as the classical Gamow temperature which follows from general relativity for the radiation-dominated era of the Big Bang model, and we relate this result to the question of decoherence in the very early Universe. (c) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Wilson, TL (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. EM twilson@ems.jsc.nasa.gov NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 1 BP 111 EP 115 DI 10.1016/j.asr.20030.09.056 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BCR64 UT WOS:000230948100017 ER PT S AU Mitchell, JW Abe, K Anraku, K Asaoka, Y Fujikawa, M Fuke, H Haino, S Hams, T Ikeda, N Imori, M Itazaki, A Izumi, K Lee, MH Maeno, T Makida, Y Matsuda, S Matsui, N Matsukawa, T Matsumoto, H Matsunaga, H Mitsui, T Moiseev, A Motoki, M Nishimura, J Nozaki, M Omiya, H Orito, S Ormes, JF Saeki, T Sanuki, T Sasaki, M Seo, ES Shikaze, Y Sonoda, T Stephens, SA Streitmatter, RE Suzuki, J Takasugi, Y Tanaka, K Tanizaki, K Ueda, I Wang, JZ Yajima, Y Yamagami, T Yamamoto, A Yamamoto, Y Yamato, K Yoshida, T Yoshimura, K AF Mitchell, JW Abe, K Anraku, K Asaoka, Y Fujikawa, M Fuke, H Haino, S Hams, T Ikeda, N Imori, M Itazaki, A Izumi, K Lee, MH Maeno, T Makida, Y Matsuda, S Matsui, N Matsukawa, T Matsumoto, H Matsunaga, H Mitsui, T Moiseev, A Motoki, M Nishimura, J Nozaki, M Omiya, H Orito, S Ormes, JF Saeki, T Sanuki, T Sasaki, M Seo, ES Shikaze, Y Sonoda, T Stephens, SA Streitmatter, RE Suzuki, J Takasugi, Y Tanaka, K Tanizaki, K Ueda, I Wang, JZ Yajima, Y Yamagami, T Yamamoto, A Yamamoto, Y Yamato, K Yoshida, T Yoshimura, K BE Zasova, L Hoeksema, JT Duncan, RV Summer, TJ TI Precise measurements of the cosmic ray antiproton spectrum with BESS including the effects of solar modulation SO MARS INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE ATMOSPHERE, LIVING WITH A STAR AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE cosmic ray antiproton spectrum; solar modulation effects; BESS ID SUPERSYMMETRIC DARK-MATTER; PRIMORDIAL BLACK-HOLES; HELIUM SPECTRA; ONBOARD BESS; FLUX; ANTIHELIUM; MINIMUM; SPECTROMETER; ELECTRONS; LIMIT AB The Balloon Borne Experiment with a Superconducting Spectrometer (BESS) has measured the energy spectrum of cosmic-ray antiprotons between 0.18 and 4.20 GeV in eight flights between 1993 and 2002. Above about I GeV, models in which antiprotons are secondary products of the interactions of primary cosmic rays with the interstellar gas agree with the BESS antiproton spectrum. Below I GeV, the data show a possible excess antiproton flux compared to secondary model predictions, suggesting the presence of an additional source of antiprotons. The antiproton/proton ratios measured between 1993 and 1999, during the Sun's positive-polarity phase, are consistent with simple models of solar modulation. However, results from the 2000 flight, following the solar magnetic field reversal, show a sudden increase in the antiproton/proton ratio and tend to favor a charge-sign-dependent drift model. To extend BESS measurements to lower energies, an evolutionary instrument, BESS-Polar, is under construction for polar flight in 2004. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Mitchell, JW (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM john.w.mitchell@nasa.gov OI Seo, Eun-Suk/0000-0001-8682-805X NR 39 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 1 BP 135 EP 141 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.08.044 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BCR64 UT WOS:000230948100021 ER PT S AU Stephens, SA AF Stephens, SA BE Zasova, L Hoeksema, JT Duncan, RV Summer, TJ TI A closer look at the tertiary production of antiprotons in the Galaxy SO MARS INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE ATMOSPHERE, LIVING WITH A STAR AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE antiprotons; astrophysics; tertiary production; cosmic radiation ID SPECTRUM; FLUX AB Antiproton spectrum in cosmic rays, produced by the interactions of cosmic-ray nucleons with interstellar gas, has a peak around 2 GeV with a steep positive slope below I GeV at production. During the propagation of antiprotons in the Galaxy, the low energy spectrum gets modified due to ionization loss and by the energy degradation from deep-inelastic interactions. In recent years, it is believed that the latter is a dominant process in creating more low energy antiprotons. In this paper, the available data on total, elastic, annihilation and charge-exchange cross-sections at accelerator energies are carefully examined to show that the above conclusion is based partly due to incorrect parametrization of the data and partly by including charge-exchange cross-section as part of deep-inelastic process. It is shown that the deep-inelastic cross-section in (p,p) interactions starts decreasing faster than for (pp) interaction below 10 GeV due to the opening of the annihilation channel. It has a low energy cut-off at the threshold energy for pion production as in the case of protons. Though the charge-exchange process play an important role at low energies, the energy change during this process is marginal as in the case of elastic scattering and hence does not contribute to the production of tertiary antiprotons. (c) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Stephens, SA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM alfred@cosray2.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 1 BP 142 EP 146 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.08.047 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BCR64 UT WOS:000230948100022 ER PT S AU Moskalenko, IV Strong, AW Ormes, JF Mashnik, SG AF Moskalenko, IV Strong, AW Ormes, JF Mashnik, SG BE Zasova, L Hoeksema, JT Duncan, RV Summer, TJ TI Propagation of secondary antiprotons and cosmic rays in the Galaxy SO MARS INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE ATMOSPHERE, LIVING WITH A STAR AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE galactic cosmic rays; secondary antiprotons; propagation models ID LOCAL BUBBLE; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; ELEMENTS; NUCLEI; ORIGIN; SOLAR; ABUNDANCES; SPECTRA; MODELS AB Recent measurements of the cosmic ray (CR) antiproton flux have been shown to challenge existing CR propagation models. It was shown that the reacceleration models designed to match secondary to primary nuclei ratios (e.g., B/C) produce too few antiprotons. In the present paper, we discuss one possibility to overcome these difficulties. Using the measured antiproton flux and B/C ratio to fix the diffusion coefficient, we show that the spectra of primary nuclei as measured in the heliosphere may contain a fresh local "unprocessed" component at low energies perhaps associated with the Local Bubble, thus decreasing the measured secondary to primary nuclei ratio. The independent evidence for SN activity in the solar vicinity in the last few Myr supports this idea. The model reproduces antiprotons, B/C ratio, and elemental abundances up to Ni (Z <= 28). Calculated isotopic distributions of Be and B are in perfect agreement with CR data. The abundances of three "radioactive clock" isotopes in CR, Be-10, Al-26, C-16, are all consistent and indicate a halo size z(h) similar to 4 kpc based on the most accurate data taken by the ACE spacecraft. (c) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20772 USA. RP Moskalenko, IV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20772 USA. EM igor.moskalenko@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Moskalenko, Igor/A-1301-2007 OI Moskalenko, Igor/0000-0001-6141-458X NR 36 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 1 BP 156 EP 161 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.08.050 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BCR64 UT WOS:000230948100025 ER PT S AU Ptuskin, VS Moskalenko, IV Jones, FC Strong, AW Mashnik, SG AF Ptuskin, VS Moskalenko, IV Jones, FC Strong, AW Mashnik, SG BE Zasova, L Hoeksema, JT Duncan, RV Summer, TJ TI Propagation model for cosmic ray species in the Galaxy SO MARS INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE ATMOSPHERE, LIVING WITH A STAR AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Comm Space Res DE cosmic radiation; propagation model; antiprotons ID PARTIAL CROSS-SECTIONS; INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; ANTIPROTONS; REACCELERATION; HYDROGEN; HELIUM; NUCLEI; ENERGY; PROTON AB In a recent paper [Astrophys. J. 565 (2002) 280], it has been shown that the flux of secondary cosmic ray (CR) antiprotons appears to be contradictory to measurements of secondary to primary nuclei ratios in cosmic rays when calculated in the same Galactic propagation model. The contradiction appears as a value of the diffusion coefficient necessary to match the secondary ratios (p) over bar /p and B/C. In particular, it was shown that the reacceleration models designed to match secondary to primary nuclei ratios produce too few antiprotons. It is, however, clear that some reacceleration is unavoidable in the turbulent interstellar medium. Here we discuss an idea of how to improve reacceleration model by allowing for the damping of interstellar turbulences on the small scale by cosmic rays, mostly protons. This would lead to increase in the mean free path lengths at low energies, the well-known phenomena empirically discovered in the Leaky-Box models, thus producing less secondary nuclei. The effect on secondary antiprotons will be discussed elsewhere. (c) 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Moskalenko, IV (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM igor.moskalenko@gsfe.nasa.gov RI Moskalenko, Igor/A-1301-2007 OI Moskalenko, Igor/0000-0001-6141-458X NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2005 VL 35 IS 1 BP 162 EP 166 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2003.08.051 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BCR64 UT WOS:000230948100026 ER PT S AU Bowman, RC Hwang, SJ Ahn, CC Vajo, JJ AF Bowman, RC Hwang, SJ Ahn, CC Vajo, JJ BE Heben, MJ Robertson, IM Stumpf, R Vogt, T TI NMR and X-ray diffraction studies of phases in the destabilized LiH-Si system SO Materials for Hydrogen Storage-2004 SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials for Hydrogen Storage held at the 2004 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-02, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID SILICON AB Hydrogen absorption and desorption isotherms have been measured on ballmilled mixtures of LiH+Si powders to evaluate the thermodynamic parameters of these reversible reactions. The phase compositions at the various stages of reaction have been examined by Magic Angle Spinning-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS-NMR) of the Li-7, H-1, and Si-29 nuclei and powder x-ray diffraction (XRD). The initial mixtures of LiH and Si were found to convert into known Li-Si silicide intermetallics (i.e., Li12Si7, Li7Si3, and Li13Si4) as well as providing evidence for a previously unknown ternary Li-Si-H phase as hydrogen was first desorbed and then absorbed. While the absorption reactions are reversible over portions of the Li-Si-H composition range, incomplete recovery of the original LiH + Si phases was also observed under some test conditions. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Bowman, RC (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. OI Bowman, Robert/0000-0002-2114-1713 NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-785-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 837 BP 59 EP 64 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Organic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BDF67 UT WOS:000233291000009 ER PT S AU Edwards, DL Chipara, M AF Edwards, DL Chipara, M BE Chipara, M Edwards, DL Benson, RS Phillips, S TI Polymeric materials for Solar Sail: The combined effects of polymer thickness, radiation, and temperature SO Materials for Space Applications SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials for Space Applications held at the 2004 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-DEC 03, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; FILMS AB The feasibility and the performance of solar sail depend critically on the availability of light materials and extremely thin polymeric films. The main requirements imposed on solar sail materials are analyzed in depth. The potential effects of the space environment are discussed in detail, with emphasis on the radiation-temperature-polymeric film thickness relationships. It is shown that the radiation component of the space environment triggers two competing degradation processes (erosion and depolymerization) and that both processes act towards the decrease in the glass transition temperature. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, MSFC, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Edwards, DL (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, MSFC, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RI Chipara, Mircea/B-2849-2009; Chipara, Mircea/F-1552-2011 OI Chipara, Mircea/0000-0003-3584-4863 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-799-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 851 BP 21 EP 26 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BCK38 UT WOS:000229734500003 ER PT S AU Moloney, P Huffman, C Gorelik, O Nikolaev, P Arepaili, S Allada, R Springer, M Yowell, L AF Moloney, P Huffman, C Gorelik, O Nikolaev, P Arepaili, S Allada, R Springer, M Yowell, L BE Chipara, M Edwards, DL Benson, RS Phillips, S TI Advanced life support for space exploration: Air revitalization using amine coated single wall carbon nanotubes. SO MATERIALS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials for Space Applications held at the 2004 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-DEC 03, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The challenges posed by long duration human space flight have made regenerable air revitalization a critical technology. Current systems using disposable lithium hydroxide do not address the difficulties presented by long duration missions. Solid amine systems offer the capability to regeneratively adsorb CO2 using, an amine-impregnated porous substrate. Desorption of CO2 is then achieved by exposing the system to vacuum or by increasing temperature. However, thermal inefficiencies and system size constraints prevent adoption of regenerable systems on current and future space vehicles. A key challenge is the thermal management of the adsorbing bed. The adsorbing surface increases in temperature which reduces adsorbing efficiency. The removal of CO2 reduces temperature, which in turn produces a loss in regeneration efficiency. These thermal inefficiencies necessitate prohibitively large volumes of traditional solid-amine materials, which do not have optimized surface areas and pore distributions. Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) may provide a means to increase surface area of the amine support and thermal efficiency. Recent work by Cinke et. al. provided a method of functionalizing SWCNTs and increasing the surface area to the order of 1500 m(2)/g [1]. We will report on the production of free standing, high surface area carbon nanotube structures currently being impregnated with amines. This novel SWCNT/amine approach will be compared with the current state of the art polymer structure-based system and characterized using SEM, TEM, surface area analysis through Biunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and also thermogravimetric equilibrium absorption. Results of SWCNT material improvements from processing modifications will also be presented. C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP Moloney, P (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, 2101 Nasa Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-799-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 851 BP 59 EP 64 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BCK38 UT WOS:000229734500007 ER PT S AU Petkov, MP Bell, LD Walters, RJ Atwater, HA AF Petkov, MP Bell, LD Walters, RJ Atwater, HA BE Chipara, M Edwards, DL Benson, RS Phillips, S TI Total dose radiation effects in Si nanocrystal non-volatile memory transistors SO Materials for Space Applications SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials for Space Applications held at the 2004 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-DEC 03, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID CHARGE STORAGE; IMPLANTATION; INTERFACE AB We report results pertinent to the high total dose tolerance of Si nanocrystal non-volatile memory cells. The nc-Si FETs made by ion implantation retained virtually unchanged write / erase characteristics, typical for the two-state devices, to cumulative doses exceeding 15 Mrad(Si). C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Petkov, MP (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-799-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 851 BP 107 EP 112 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BCK38 UT WOS:000229734500013 ER PT S AU Good, BS Copland, E AF Good, BS Copland, E BE Chipara, M Edwards, DL Benson, RS Phillips, S TI Energetics of oxygen interstitials in Cr and V SO MATERIALS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials for Space Applications held at the 2004 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-DEC 03, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Dissolved oxygen in group IIIA-VA (Nb, Ti, Zr, Y) based alloys is a fundamental problem, affecting both mechanical properties and oxidation resistance, yet details of the phenomenon are poorly understood. In these alloys, oxygen is more stable dissolved in the metal than as an oxide-compound. In contrast, alloys based on Ni, Fe, Al and Cr exhibit almost no oxygen solubility. To improve the performance of Nb and Ti based alloys it is necessary to understand the differences in oxygen solubility between these two groups of metals. As a first step we considered the energetics of interstitial oxygen in alpha-V and alpha-Cr. Both of these metals have a BCC structure, yet the oxygen solubility in V is much higher than that in Cr. We obtain total energies, densities of states and population analyses using the CASTEP plane-wave pseudopotential density functional computer code. The differences in the energetics and electronic structures of the two materials, particularly the partial densities of states associated with the interstitial oxygen, are discussed. C1 NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Mat Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Mat Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-799-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 851 BP 245 EP 250 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BCK38 UT WOS:000229734500031 ER PT S AU von Allmen, P Lee, S Yafuso, F AF von Allmen, P Lee, S Yafuso, F BE Chipara, M Edwards, DL Benson, RS Phillips, S TI Simulation of InAsSb/InGaAs quantum dots for optical device applications SO Materials for Space Applications SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials for Space Applications held at the 2004 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-DEC 03, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Self-assembled InAsSb/InGaAs quantum dots are candidates for optical detectors and emitters in the 2-5 micron band with a wide range of applications for atmospheric chemistry studies. It is known that while the energy band gap of unstrained bulk InAs1-xSbx is smallest for x=0.62, the biaxial strain for bulk InAs1-xSbx grown on In0.53Ga0.47As shifts the energy gap to higher energies and the smallest band gap is reached for x=0.51. The aim of the present study is to examine how the electronic confinement in the quantum dots modifies these simple considerations. We have calculated the electronic structure of lens shaped InAs1-xSbx quantum dots with diameter 37 nm and height 4 nm embedded in a In0.53Ga0.47As matrix of thickness 7 nm and lattice matched to an InP buffer. The relaxed atomic positions were determined by minimizing the elastic energy obtained from a valence force field description of the inter-atomic interaction. The electronic structure was calculated with an empirical tight binding approach. For Sb concentrations larger than x=0.5, it is found that the InSb/In0.53Ga0.47As. heterostructure becomes type II leading to no electron confined in the dot. It is also found that the energy gap decreases with increasing Sb content in contradiction with previous experimental results. A possible explanation is a significant variation is quantum dot size with Sb content. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP von Allmen, P (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-799-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 851 BP 295 EP 299 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BCK38 UT WOS:000229734500037 ER PT S AU Banks, BA de Groh, KK Miller, SK AF Banks, BA de Groh, KK Miller, SK BE Chipara, M Edwards, DL Benson, RS Phillips, S TI Low earth orbital atomic oxygen interactions with spacecraft materials SO Materials for Space Applications SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials for Space Applications held at the 2004 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-DEC 03, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Atomic oxygen, formed in Earth's thermosphere, interacts readily with many materials on spacecraft flying in low Earth orbit (LEO). All hydrocarbon based polymers and graphite are easily oxidized upon the impact of similar to 4.5 eV atomic oxygen as the spacecraft ram into the residual atmosphere. The resulting interactions can change the morphology and reduce the thickness of these materials. Directed atomic oxygen erosion will result in the development of textured surfaces on all materials with volatile oxidation products. Examples from space flight samples are provided. As a result of the erosive properties of atomic oxygen on polymers and composites, protective coatings have been developed and are used to increase the functional life of polymer films and composites that are exposed to the LEO environment. The atomic oxygen erosion yields for actual and predicted LEO exposure of numerous materials are presented. Results of in-space exposure of vacuum deposited aluminum protective coatings on polyimide Kapton indicate high rates of degradation are associated with aluminum coatings on both surfaces of the Kapton. Computational modeling predictions indicate that less trapping of the atomic oxygen occurs, with less resulting damage, if only the space-exposed surface is coated with vapor deposited aluminum rather than having both surfaces coated. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Electrophys Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Banks, BA (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Electrophys Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-799-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 851 BP 331 EP 342 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BCK38 UT WOS:000229734500042 ER PT S AU Edwards, DL de Groh, KK Nehls, M Miller, SK Banks, B Stephens, C Artiaga, R Benson, R Balascuta, S Zaleski, JM Chipara, M AF Edwards, DL de Groh, KK Nehls, M Miller, SK Banks, B Stephens, C Artiaga, R Benson, R Balascuta, S Zaleski, JM Chipara, M BE Chipara, M Edwards, DL Benson, RS Phillips, S TI Spectroscopic investigations on the effect of proton bombardment of polyimide SO Materials for Space Applications SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials for Space Applications held at the 2004 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-DEC 03, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The effect of the radiation component of the space environment on polyimide films is reviewed. Experimental data obtained by electron spin resonance and dynamical mechanical analysis proved that the ionizing radiation generates free radicals with a long lifetime through a dominant chain scission mechanism. The radiation-induced shift of the glass transition of polyimide towards lower values confirms the decrease of the average molecular mass of the polymer during irradiation. The importance of polyimide for space exploration is critically analyzed. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Edwards, DL (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RI Chipara, Mircea/B-2849-2009; Artiaga, Ramon/G-4312-2010; Balascuta, Septimiu/J-7679-2015; Chipara, Mircea/F-1552-2011 OI Artiaga, Ramon/0000-0003-2506-7263; Balascuta, Septimiu/0000-0003-2331-294X; Chipara, Mircea/0000-0003-3584-4863 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-799-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 851 BP 425 EP 430 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BCK38 UT WOS:000229734500054 ER PT S AU McNamara, KM AF McNamara, KM BE Chipara, M Edwards, DL Benson, RS Phillips, S TI The condition of the materials returned by the Genesis mission SO Materials for Space Applications SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials for Space Applications held at the 2004 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-DEC 03, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc C1 NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. RP McNamara, KM (reprint author), NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-799-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 851 BP 475 EP 480 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BCK38 UT WOS:000229734500060 ER PT S AU Ray, CS Ramachandran, N Rogers, J AF Ray, CS Ramachandran, N Rogers, J BE Chipara, M Edwards, DL Benson, RS Phillips, S TI Developing glassy magnets from simulated composition of Moon/Mars regolith for exploration applications SO Materials for Space Applications SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials for Space Applications held at the 2004 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-DEC 03, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID MARS-PATHFINDER AB The feasibility of preparing glasses and developing glass-ceramic materials that display magnetic characteristics using the simulated compositions of Lunar and Martian regoliths have been demonstrated. The reported results are preliminary at this time, and are part of a larger ongoing research activity at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) with an overall goal aimed at (i) developing glass, ceramic and glass-ceramic type materials from the Lunar and Martian soil compositions in their respective simulated atmospheric conditions, (ii) exploring the potential application areas of these materials through extensive materials characterization, and (iii) further improving the related materials properties through a variation of the processing methods. This research activity is an important component of NASA's current space exploration program, which encourages feasibility studies for materials development using in situ resources on planetary bodies to meet the technological and scientific needs of future human habitats on these extra terrestrial outposts. This paper presents an overview of this on-going work at NASA (MSFC) and reports on a few selected results obtained to date. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Sci & Technol Div, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Ray, CS (reprint author), NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Explorat Sci & Technol Div, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-799-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 851 BP 487 EP 496 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BCK38 UT WOS:000229734500062 ER PT S AU Romanofsky, RR Miranda, FA Van Keuls, FW Valerio, MD AF Romanofsky, RR Miranda, FA Van Keuls, FW Valerio, MD BE Cho, YS Shiffler, D Randall, CA Tilmans, HAC Tsurumi, T TI Recent advances in microwave applications of thin ferroelectric films at the NASA Glenn Research Center SO Materials, Integration and Packaging Issues for High-Frequency Devices II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials, Integration and Packaging Issues for High-Frequency Devices II held at the 2004 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-DEC 01, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID PHASE SHIFTERS; CAPACITORS AB We report on recent developments in microwave applications and understanding of thin Ba50Sr50TiO3 films. Most of our recent efforts have focused oil developing low loss, wide band phase shifters from X-band (8.4 GHz) to Ka-Band (26.5 GHz) for scanning reflectarray antennas. Attempts to reduce tan delta by Mn-doping Ba50Sr50TiO3 films are briefly discussed. We have demonstrated a hybrid device at X-band that produces in excess of 300 degrees of phase shift with about 3.5 dB insertion loss and greater that 10% bandwidth. Preliminary results are presented here. The effects of mild (600 rad Si) proton radiation on device performance will also be discussed. Preliminary results oil optical phase shifters will be included. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Romanofsky, RR (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-781-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 833 BP 173 EP 181 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BCH83 UT WOS:000229338900024 ER PT S AU Chen, LY Hunter, GW AF Chen, LY Hunter, GW BE Cho, YS Shiffler, D Randall, CA Tilmans, HAC Tsurumi, T TI Temperature dependent dielectric properties of polyerystalline 96%Al2O3 SO Materials, Integration and Packaging Issues for High-Frequency Devices II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials, Integration and Packaging Issues for High-Frequency Devices II held at the 2004 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-DEC 01, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Polycrystalline Al2O3 substrates have been proposed and tested for high temperature micro devices packaging intended for operation at temperatures up to 500 degrees C. The dielectric properties of this material, including dielectric constant and effective volume conductivity, at elevated temperatures are of interest, especially for RF packaging applications. This article reports temperature dependent dielectric properties of polycrystalline 96% Al2O3 substrates from room temperature to 550 degrees C measured by the AC impedance method at 120 Hz, 1 kHz, 10 kHz, 100 kHz, and 1 MHz. We observed negative temperature coefficients of volume electrical conductivity of 96% Al2O3 at 1 k, 10 k, and 100 kHz between room temperature and 50 degrees C. The dielectric constant of the material increases significantly with temperature at frequencies below 10 kHz. The physical mechanisms of these dielectric behaviors of 96% Al2O3 at elevated temperatures are discussed. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Chen, LY (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr Lewis Field, Ohio Aerosp Inst, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-781-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 833 BP 249 EP 254 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BCH83 UT WOS:000229338900035 ER PT S AU Miller, SKR Banks, BA Waters, DL AF Miller, SKR Banks, BA Waters, DL BE Vandiver, PB Mass, JL Murray, A TI Atomic oxygen treatment and its effect on a variety of artists' media SO Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology VII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Symposium on Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology, held at the 2004 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 03, 2004 CL Boston, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Atomic oxygen treatment has been investigated as an unconventional option for art restoration where conventional methods have not been effective. Exposure of surfaces to atomic oxygen was first performed to investigate the durability of materials in the low Earth orbit environment of space. The use of the ground based environmental simulation chambers, developed for atomic oxygen exposure testing, has been investigated in collaboration with conservators at a variety of institutions, as a method to clean the surfaces of works of art. The atomic oxygen treatment technique has been evaluated as a method to remove soot and char from the surface of oil paint (both varnished and unvarnished), watercolors, acrylic paint, and fabric as well as the removal of graffiti and other marks from surfaces which are too porous to lend themselves to conventional solvent removal techniques. This paper will discuss the treatment of these surfaces giving an example of each and a discussion of the treatment results. C1 NASA Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-800-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2005 VL 852 BP 57 EP 62 PG 6 WC Archaeology; Art; Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Archaeology; Art; Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA BDH94 UT WOS:000233592800007 ER PT B AU Volz, MP AF Volz, MP BE Muntau, HJS Wada, H TI Semiconductor crystal growth in static and rotating magnetic fields SO MATERIALS PROCESSING IN MAGNETIC FIELDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Materials Analysis and Processing in Magnetic Fields CY MAR 17-19, 2004 CL Tallahassee, FL SP Natl Inst Mat Sci Tsukuba, Tsukuba Magnet Lab, Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab ID BRIDGMAN-STOCKBARGER GROWTH; FLOATING-ZONE GROWTH; DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION; SOLUTE REDISTRIBUTION; FLUID-FLOW; CONVECTION; MELT; ACCELERATIONS; MICROGRAVITY; SEGREGATION AB Convective transport in the melt has a major influence on the resulting material properties of semiconductor crystals. Magnetic fields can be used to control this convection. A static magnetic field establishes Lorentz forces that tend to reduce the convective intensity in the melt. In contrast, a rotating magnetic field induces a controlled flow that can alter or dominate the existing flow. Pie effectiveness of both static and rotating magnetic fields can be enhanced in a microgravity environment, where the driving force for buoyancy convection is greatly reduced. A review of semiconductor crystal growth experiments in static and rotating magnetic fields is presented and the relative advantages and limitations of these techniques is discussed. Efforts to combine the use of magnetic fields and microgravity are also described. C1 NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NR 45 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-256-372-5 PY 2005 BP 178 EP 194 DI 10.1142/9789812701800_0019 PG 17 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BDJ64 UT WOS:000233845200019 ER PT S AU Loh, CY AF Loh, CY BE Clemence, DP Tang, G TI Nonlinear aeroacoustics computations by the CE/SE method SO Mathematical Studies in Nonlinear Wave Propagation SE CONTEMPORARY MATHEMATICS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NSF-CBMS Regional Research Conference on Mathematical Methods in Nonlinear Wave Propagation CY MAY 15-19, 2002 CL N Carolina A&T State Univ, Math Dept, Greensboro, NC SP Natl Sci Fdn, Conf Board Math Sci HO N Carolina A&T State Univ, Math Dept ID TIME CONSERVATION ELEMENT; NOISE; FLOW; JET C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Taitech Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Loh, CY (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Taitech Inc, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MATHEMATICAL SOC PI PROVIDENCE PA P.O. BOX 6248, PROVIDENCE, RI 02940 USA SN 0271-4132 BN 0-8218-3349-9 J9 CONTEMP MATH PY 2005 VL 379 BP 135 EP 153 PG 19 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA BCS69 UT WOS:000231085100009 ER PT S AU Chang, SC Himansu, A Loh, CY Wang, XY Yu, ST AF Chang, SC Himansu, A Loh, CY Wang, XY Yu, ST BE Clemence, DP Tang, G TI Robust,and simple non-reflecting boundary conditions for the Euler equations - A new approach based on the space-time CE/SE method SO Mathematical Studies in Nonlinear Wave Propagation SE CONTEMPORARY MATHEMATICS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NSF-CBMS Regional Research Conference on Mathematical Methods in Nonlinear Wave Propagation CY MAY 15-19, 2002 CL N Carolina A&T State Univ, Math Dept, Greensboro, NC SP Natl Sci Fdn, Conf Board Math Sci HO N Carolina A&T State Univ, Math Dept DE non-reflecting boundary conditions; Euler equation ID SOLUTION ELEMENT METHOD; SAINT-VENANT EQUATIONS; CONSERVATION ELEMENT; HYPERBOLIC SYSTEMS; WAVES; LAYER; LAWS AB This paper reports on a significant advance in the area of non-reflecting boundary conditions (NRBCs) for unsteady flow computations. As a part of the development of the space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) method, sets of NRBCs for 11) Euler problems are developed without using any characteristics-based techniques. These conditions are much simpler than those commonly reported in the literature, yet so robust that they are applicable to subsonic, transonic and supersonic flows even in the presence of discontinuities. In addition, the straightforward multidimensional extensions of the presnt 11) NRBCs have been shown numerically to be equally simple and robust. The paper details the, theoretical underpinning of these NRBCs,. and explains their unique robustness and accuracy in terms of the conservation of space-time fluxes. Some numerical results for an extended Sod's shock-tube problem, illustrating the effectiveness of the present NRBCs are included, together with an associated simple Fortran computer program. As a preliminary to the present development, a review of the basic CE/SE schemes is also included. C1 NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Chang, SC (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MATHEMATICAL SOC PI PROVIDENCE PA P.O. BOX 6248, PROVIDENCE, RI 02940 USA SN 0271-4132 BN 0-8218-3349-9 J9 CONTEMP MATH PY 2005 VL 379 BP 155 EP 190 PG 36 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA BCS69 UT WOS:000231085100010 ER PT S AU Yun, H Wheeler, D Chen, Y DiCarlo, J AF Yun, HeeMann Wheeler, Donald Chen, Yuan DiCarlo, James BE LaraCurzio, E TI THERMO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SUPER SYLRAMIC SiC FIBERS SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 23-28, 2005 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc AB Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) reinforced by SiC fibers, such as SiC/SiC, are being targeted for application in hot-section components of advanced propulsion and power generation engines and in first walls of advanced nuclear systems. Two "Super Sylramic" SiC fiber types, recently developed at NASA using the Sylramic fiber from COI Ceramics, are candidates for providing these components with improved thermal capability and improved performance. This paper reports on the ability of these new fiber types, Super Sylramic-iBN and Super Sylramic-SiC, to meet the key fiber requirements of these applications: high strength, high creep-rupture resistance, and high thermal conductivity. For example, creep-rupture tests performed at 1300 to 1450 degrees C show that the creep resistance of these fibers is similar to 20 and similar to 7 greater than the current Sylramic and Sylramic-iBN fiber types, respectively, that have already been used to demonstrate state-of-the-art SiC/SiC composites. TEM and AES microscopic observations are presented to indicate that these improvements can be correlated with the replacement of weak grain boundary phases with stronger phases that hinder grain boundary sliding more effectively. Preliminary SiC/SiC composite results are also provided for the Super Sylramic fiber types. C1 [Yun, HeeMann; Wheeler, Donald; Chen, Yuan; DiCarlo, James] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Yun, H (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-1-57498-232-9 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2005 VL 26 IS 2 BP 59 EP 66 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BMU95 UT WOS:000273627200008 ER PT S AU Roth, DJ Jacobson, NS Gray, JN Cosgriff, LM Bodis, JR Wincheski, RA Rauser, RW Burns, EA McQuater, MS AF Roth, Don J. Jacobson, Nathan S. Gray, Joseph N. Cosgriff, Laura M. Bodis, James R. Wincheski, Russell A. Rauser, Richard W. Burns, Erin A. McQuater, Myles S. BE LaraCurzio, E TI NDE FOR CHARACTERIZING OXIDATION DAMAGE IN REINFORCED CARBON-CARBON USED ON THE NASA SPACE SHUTTLE THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES SE Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY JAN 23-28, 2005 CL Cocoa Beach, FL SP Amer Ceram Soc AB In this study, a coated reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) sample of the same structure and composition as that from the NASA space shuttle orbiter's thermal protection system was fabricated to have predictable oxidation damage. The sample was fabricated by drilling holes to the bottom of the coating and oxidizing the sample to create cavities in the carbon substrate underneath the coating as oxygen reacted with the carbon and resulted in its consumption. The cavities varied in diameter from approximately 1.4 to 3 mm (as measured optically). The sample was used as a standard to determine capabilities of state-of-the-art nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods for detecting and sizing oxidation damage beneath a mostly intact coating in RCC. Both one and two-sided NDE methods are used. One-sided methods are practical for on-wing inspection, while two-sided methods might be applicable in situations where RCC panel removal is possible. Comparisons of diameter and depth obtained from NDE measurements with those from optically-measured void sizes are shown. C1 [Roth, Don J.; Jacobson, Nathan S.; Gray, Joseph N.; Cosgriff, Laura M.; Bodis, James R.; Wincheski, Russell A.; Rauser, Richard W.; Burns, Erin A.; McQuater, Myles S.] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Roth, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, 21000 Brookpk Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM donald.j.roth@nasa.gov RI Jacobson, Nathan/A-9411-2009 NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 0196-6219 BN 978-1-57498-232-9 J9 CERAM ENG SCI PROC PY 2005 VL 26 IS 2 BP 133 EP 141 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BMU95 UT WOS:000273627200017 ER EF